Antoine Fages, Kristian Hanghoj, Naveed Khan, Charleen Gaunitz, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Michela Leonardi, Christian McCrory Constantz, Cristina Gamba, Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid, Silvia Albizuri, Ahmed H. Alfarhan, Morten Allentoft, Saleh Alquraishi, David Anthony, Nurbol Baimukhanov, James H. Barrett, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Norbert Benecke, Eloisa Bernaldez-Sanchez, Luis Berrocal-Rangel, Fereidoun Biglari, Sanne Boessenkool, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Gottfried Brem, Dorcas Brown, Joachim Burger, Eric Crubezy, Linas Daugnora, Hossein Davoudi, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Maria de los Angeles de Chorro y de Villa-Ceballos, Sabine Deschler-Erb, Cleia Detry, Nadine Dill, Maria do Mar Oom, Anna Dohr, Sturla Ellingvag, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Homa Fathi, Sabine Felkel, Carlos Fernandez-Rodriguez, Esteban Garcia-Vinas, Mietje Germonpre, Jose D. Granado, Jon H. Hallsson, Helmut Hemmer, Michael Hofreiter, Aleksei Kasparov, Mutalib Khasanov, Roya Khazaeli, Pavel Kosintsev, Kristian Kristiansen, Tabaldiev Kubatbek, Lukas Kuderna, Pavel Kuznetsov, Haeedeh Laleh, Jennifer A. Leonard, Johanna Lhuillier, Corina Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck, Andrey Logvin, Lembi Lougas, Arne Ludwig, Cristina Luis, Ana Margarida Arruda, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Raquel Matoso Silva, Victor Merz, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Bryan K. Miller, Oleg Monchalov, Fatemeh A. Mohaseb, Arturo Morales, Ariadna Nieto-Espinet, Heidi Nistelberger, Vedat Onar, Albina H. Palsdottir, Vladimir Pitulko, Konstantin Pitskhelauri, Melanie Pruvost, Petra Rajic Sikanjic, Anita Rapan Papesa, Natalia Roslyakova, Alireza Sardari, Eberhard Sauer, Renate Schafberg, Amelie Scheu, Jorg Schibler, Angela Schlumbaum, Nathalie Serrand, Aitor Serres-Armero, Beth Shapiro, Shiva Sheikhi Seno, Irina Shevnina, Sonia Shidrang, John Southon, Bastiaan Star, Naomi Sykes, Kamal Taheri, William Taylor, Wolf-Rudiger Teegen, Tajana Trbojevic Vukicevic, Simon Trixl, Dashzeveg Tumen, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Emma Usmanova, Ali Vahdati, Silvia Valenzuela-Lamas, Catarina Viegas, Barbara Wallner, Jaco Weinstock, Victor Zaibert, Benoit Clavel, Sebastien Lepetz, Marjan Mashkour, Agnar Helgason, Kari Stefansson, Eric Barrey, Eske Willerslev, Alan K. Outram, Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando

• Horse domestication revolutionized warfare and accelerated travel, trade, and the geographic expansion of languages. Here, we present the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes (>= 1-fold coverage), 87 of which are new. This extensive dataset allows us to assess the modem legacy of past equestrian civilisations. We find that two extinct horse lineages existed during early domestication, one at the far western (Iberia) and the other at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia. None of these contributed significantly to modern diversity. We show that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia. Multiple alleles associated with elite-racing, including at the MSTN "speed gene," only rose in popularity within the last millennium. Finally, the development of modem breeding impacted genetic diversity more dramatically than the previous millennia of human management.