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- Sentence comprehension (8)
- Service-oriented Systems Engineering (8)
- Spain (8)
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- Subduktion (8)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (8)
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- Theoretical calculations (8)
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- Through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (8)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (8)
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- Vitamin A (8)
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- X-ray structure (8)
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- acceleration (8)
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- algae (8)
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- force (8)
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- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- galaxies (8)
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- genetics (8)
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- isomerization (8)
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- landscape of fear (8)
- light (8)
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- persistence (8)
- phosphorylation (8)
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- quantification (8)
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- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
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- restoration (8)
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- rotation (8)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- snow (8)
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- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
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- suspended sediment (8)
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- treeline (8)
- trends (8)
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- ventral striatum (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- 20. Jahrhundert (7)
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- ADHD (7)
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- Anpassung (7)
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- Aromaticity (7)
- BMI (7)
- C. elegans (7)
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- Capsella (7)
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- DNA damage (7)
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- Design Thinking (7)
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- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
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- function (7)
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- gene flow (7)
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- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
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- inference (7)
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- isotopes (7)
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- low-energy electrons (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- manifolds with singularities (7)
- measurement (7)
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- methane (7)
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- microtubules (7)
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- muscle (7)
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- neuromuscular control (7)
- neutron diffraction (7)
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- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
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- programming (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- propensity score matching (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pseudodifferential operators (7)
- public management (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- radiocarbon (7)
- recombination (7)
- reconstruction (7)
- reflection (7)
- repair (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- scattering (7)
- secular trend (7)
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- selenium (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
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- silicon (7)
- size (7)
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- sorption (7)
- speciation (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
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- surfactants (7)
- surveillance (7)
- tVNS (7)
- techniques: image processing (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- tomography (7)
- topography (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- trunk (7)
- ultrafast dynamics (7)
- uncertainty analysis (7)
- variation (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
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- weight loss (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
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- AFM (6)
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- Ageing (6)
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- Assessment (6)
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- Datenbank (6)
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- EEG/ERP (6)
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- Hodge theory (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Immunoassay (6)
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- Interaction (6)
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- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
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- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (6)
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- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
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- R&D (6)
- Raman (6)
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- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
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- Rheologie (6)
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- SDS-PAGE (6)
- SWIM (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
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- Self-paced reading (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Speech perception (6)
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- Sternentwicklung (6)
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- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
- admixture (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- agreement (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- amino acids (6)
- animal movement (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antibody (6)
- antioxidants (6)
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- attitudes (6)
- bias (6)
- big data (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- black holes (6)
- brain (6)
- bryophytes (6)
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- cardiorespiratory fitness (6)
- cartel (6)
- change (6)
- change detection (6)
- characteristics (6)
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- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- collusion (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- competence (6)
- constraints (6)
- contrast (6)
- conversation analysis (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- databases (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- domestication (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- effectiveness (6)
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- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
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- enzymes (6)
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- extension (6)
- eye movement (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- first-passage time (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geodynamics (6)
- geology (6)
- geometric Brownian motion (6)
- givenness (6)
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- habituation (6)
- heat stress (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
- holding capacity (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- impacts (6)
- infancy (6)
- infection (6)
- injury (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- leadership (6)
- lifespan (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetic nanoparticles (6)
- magnetism (6)
- mapping (6)
- maturation (6)
- meaning (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microbial diversity (6)
- mind wandering (6)
- molecular modeling (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- moment tensor (6)
- multicore architectures (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- non-fullerene acceptors (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- p53 (6)
- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perovskite (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- politics (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- presupposition (6)
- probiotics (6)
- process mining (6)
- projections (6)
- protection (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- racism (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- relative index (6)
- religion (6)
- reproduction (6)
- research projects (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- running (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scale development (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- sensitivity analysis (6)
- sensor (6)
- sensors (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- spectra (6)
- speed (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stochastic differential equations (6)
- stroke (6)
- sucrose (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- surgery (6)
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- tomato (6)
- tools (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- trust (6)
- tundra (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- video analysis (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- walking (6)
- water balance (6)
- wetlands (6)
- women (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 19. Jahrhundert (5)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- ARPES (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Afrika (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Age of acquisition (5)
- Agency (5)
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- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
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- Atiyah-Patodi-Singer theory (5)
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- Cayley Graph (5)
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- Conservation (5)
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- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data profiling (5)
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- Decision making (5)
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- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Elliptic complexes (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Emulsion (5)
- Entwicklung (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
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- 4 (4)
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- Perovskites (4)
- Perowskit (4)
- Persistence (4)
- Pflanzen (4)
- Phasenübergang (4)
- Photochemie (4)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (4)
- Photokatalyse (4)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (4)
- Physical fitness (4)
- Pinus sylvestris (4)
- Placenta (4)
- Planetary rings (4)
- Plasmodium falciparum (4)
- Politik (4)
- Populationsdynamik (4)
- Power (4)
- Predictive models (4)
- Probabilistic Cellular Automata (4)
- Probabilistic forecasting (4)
- Process Mining (4)
- Process modeling (4)
- Production (4)
- Proteom (4)
- Proteomics (4)
- Psychologie (4)
- Psychology (4)
- Psychometric properties (4)
- Psychotherapy research (4)
- Quality management (4)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (4)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (4)
- RNA-seq (4)
- RNAseq (4)
- RPA (4)
- Radiation belts (4)
- Random Forests (4)
- Rashba effect (4)
- Rauschen (4)
- Reachability (4)
- Reading development (4)
- Reading motivation (4)
- Reading strategies (4)
- Recovery (4)
- Recurrence plot (4)
- Refugees (4)
- Regeneration (4)
- Regulation (4)
- Relativsätze (4)
- Religion (4)
- Research School (4)
- Resistance (4)
- Retrieval (4)
- Rhizosphere (4)
- Risk reduction (4)
- Rodents (4)
- Russland (4)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (4)
- SAR (4)
- SARS-CoV-2 (4)
- SDGs (4)
- SDS PAGE (4)
- SEM (4)
- Salivary gland (4)
- Salmonella (4)
- Salts (4)
- Scale development (4)
- Scrum (4)
- Secondary Education (4)
- Sediment connectivity (4)
- Sedimentology (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Self-control (4)
- Self-efficacy (4)
- Self-employment (4)
- Self-esteem (4)
- Semiarid (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sensitivity analysis (4)
- Serotonin (4)
- Sexual victimization (4)
- Shrub encroachment (4)
- Sicherheit (4)
- Sick leave (4)
- Simulated patients (4)
- Simulationen (4)
- Software (4)
- Soil hydrology (4)
- Solidago gigantea (4)
- Species distribution modelling (4)
- Sport (4)
- Sprachverständnis (4)
- Standardized patients (4)
- Staphylococcus aureus (4)
- Start-Up Subsidies (4)
- Start-up subsidies (4)
- Statistical methods (4)
- Sterne (4)
- Sternentstehung (4)
- Stickstoff (4)
- Storytelling (4)
- Strategic foresight (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Structure elucidation (4)
- Städte (4)
- Sun (4)
- Supervision (4)
- Surface roughness (4)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (4)
- Survival (4)
- Swedish (4)
- System (4)
- Systems biology (4)
- TEM (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Teacher motivation (4)
- Teacher self-efficacy (4)
- Team sports (4)
- Telerehabilitation (4)
- Temperatur (4)
- Tenside (4)
- Thermal effects (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermoresponsive (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Trace elements (4)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (4)
- Transkriptomik (4)
- Triassic (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (4)
- Türkisch (4)
- UAV (4)
- UNFCCC (4)
- Ukraine (4)
- Ultrasound (4)
- Uncertainties (4)
- Underspecification (4)
- VIIRS DNB (4)
- Van Allen Probes (4)
- Variabilität (4)
- Vegetation change (4)
- Verification (4)
- Verwaltung (4)
- Verwaltungsreform (4)
- Virtuelle Maschinen (4)
- Virus (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- Weathering (4)
- Weight (4)
- Weight bias internalization (4)
- West Africa (4)
- West Antarctica (4)
- Wissensmanagement (4)
- Work ability (4)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray scattering (4)
- X-rays (4)
- XRF (4)
- Xanthomonas (4)
- Zaremba problem (4)
- accretion (4)
- accretion, accretion disks (4)
- accuracy (4)
- achilles tendinopathy (4)
- action language (4)
- action processing (4)
- action words (4)
- actuation (4)
- adaptive force (4)
- additive particles (4)
- adherence (4)
- adipogenesis (4)
- adiponectin (4)
- adjectives (4)
- administrative reform (4)
- advanced dynamic flow (4)
- aerosol size distribution (4)
- affective (4)
- agent-based model (4)
- agility (4)
- agreement attraction (4)
- aldehyde oxidase (4)
- allelopathy (4)
- anaphors (4)
- antifouling (4)
- antilocality (4)
- app (4)
- aptamers (4)
- aquatic ecosystems (4)
- aqueous-solution (4)
- arabidopsis (4)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (4)
- architecture (4)
- argumentation (4)
- arsenolipids present (4)
- association (4)
- astronomy (4)
- astrophysical plasmas (4)
- atherosclerosis (4)
- attachment (4)
- augmented reality (4)
- automatic evaluation (4)
- automatic evaluations (4)
- automation (4)
- autonomy (4)
- balance training (4)
- biodiversity exploratories (4)
- bioelectrocatalysis (4)
- biogeochemistry (4)
- biological age (4)
- bis-MGD (4)
- black hole physics (4)
- body composition (4)
- body image (4)
- branching (4)
- brushes (4)
- brushite (4)
- bulk heterojunction (4)
- business (4)
- business model (4)
- capacity building (4)
- carbon isotopes (4)
- carbon nitrides (4)
- carbon pricing (4)
- cardiomyopathy (4)
- catchments (4)
- categories (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cell wall (4)
- cell-free protein synthesis (4)
- change management (4)
- charcoal (4)
- chirality (4)
- circular dichroism (4)
- citizenship (4)
- civil war (4)
- cleft (4)
- climate change impacts (4)
- climate extremes (4)
- climate warming (4)
- clinical sample (4)
- clone (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-occurrence analysis (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- codon usage (4)
- coefficient (4)
- coevolution (4)
- cognitive enhancement (4)
- cognitive modeling (4)
- collaborative consumption (4)
- collagen (4)
- colloids (4)
- colonization (4)
- color (4)
- combat sports (4)
- common vole (4)
- community structure (4)
- compliance (4)
- composites (4)
- computer games (4)
- computer science education (4)
- computer-based training (4)
- concepts (4)
- conceptualization (4)
- conduct problems (4)
- conductivity (4)
- confidence (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- content-addressable memory (4)
- contracts (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- convolutional neural network (4)
- coping strategies (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- core (4)
- coreference (4)
- coronary heart disease (4)
- corrosion (4)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (4)
- counting (4)
- covariance (4)
- creep (4)
- crop production (4)
- cross-cultural comparison (4)
- cross-national (4)
- crosslinking (4)
- cyberbullying victimization (4)
- cyclic voltammetry (4)
- cylindrospermopsin (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytochrome c (4)
- data mining (4)
- data preparation (4)
- data quality (4)
- deep-sea (4)
- deforestation (4)
- deformation (4)
- degenerative disc disease (4)
- deposition (4)
- design (4)
- deutsch-jüdische Geschichte (4)
- diabetes mellitus (4)
- dictator game (4)
- differential operators (4)
- differentiation (4)
- digital (4)
- digital platforms (4)
- digitalisation (4)
- disability (4)
- discourse production (4)
- distributed systems (4)
- diversification (4)
- dog (4)
- downscaling (4)
- dropout (4)
- drought stress (4)
- drugs (4)
- dual-process (4)
- dyadic coping (4)
- dye removal (4)
- dynamic (4)
- dynamical models (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- e-government (4)
- eco-evolutionary experience (4)
- edge effect (4)
- effect (4)
- elections (4)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (4)
- electron-transfer (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- elliptic operator (4)
- emissions (4)
- emotional expression (4)
- emulsion (4)
- emulsion polymerization (4)
- endophytes (4)
- enhancement (4)
- entanglement (4)
- entrepreneurship education (4)
- environmental filtering (4)
- environmental policy (4)
- equifinality (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- ethnicity (4)
- evaluative study (4)
- evaporites (4)
- event-related brain potentials (4)
- evolutionary history (4)
- exercise intensity (4)
- experimental design (4)
- exploratory-behavior (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- face perception (4)
- fatty acid (4)
- fatty acid metabolism (4)
- fatty-acids (4)
- fault (4)
- fence ecology (4)
- ferroelectric polymers (4)
- fiction (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- finger counting (4)
- first language acquisition (4)
- first-passage (4)
- fixation durations (4)
- floral scent (4)
- flower development (4)
- fluctuating light (4)
- fluctuations (4)
- fluid inclusions (4)
- fluorescent dyes (4)
- food choice (4)
- forest (4)
- formal verification (4)
- fractional dynamics (4)
- framework (4)
- friendship (4)
- frustration (4)
- functional response (4)
- fundamental frequency (4)
- fungi (4)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- garden-path effect (4)
- gaze-contingent displays (4)
- gene regulation (4)
- gene regulatory networks (4)
- genealogy (4)
- genetic diversity (4)
- genome-wide association (4)
- geomorphometry (4)
- geothermal energy (4)
- geovisualization (4)
- glaciers (4)
- global jets (4)
- global positioning system (4)
- global sensitivity analysis (4)
- glomerular filtration rate (4)
- glucose oxidation (4)
- glucosinolates (4)
- glutathione (4)
- graph theory (4)
- graph transformation (4)
- graph transformation systems (4)
- graphs (4)
- ground reaction force (4)
- ground-penetrating radar (4)
- groundwater recharge (4)
- group field theory (4)
- gut microbiota (4)
- handgrip strength (4)
- handwriting (4)
- health care (4)
- healthcare (4)
- heat (4)
- helical magnetic fields (4)
- hemocompatibility (4)
- heritage language (4)
- heterostyly (4)
- heuristics (4)
- high-intensity interval training (4)
- historiography (4)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (4)
- honey bee (4)
- human capital (4)
- human rights (4)
- human-computer interaction (4)
- hybrid (4)
- hydrological modeling (4)
- hydrological models (4)
- hyporheic zone (4)
- immune system (4)
- immunology (4)
- implicit attitude (4)
- impulsivity (4)
- in vitro (4)
- individual (4)
- inertial measurement unit (4)
- insulin signaling (4)
- interactional linguistics (4)
- interception (4)
- interest (4)
- interface (4)
- interference control (4)
- intergovernmental relations (4)
- international organisations (4)
- intersectionality (4)
- intrusion detection (4)
- inverse analysis (4)
- ionic conductivity (4)
- ionic strength (4)
- job satisfaction (4)
- joint Simon effect (4)
- joint action (4)
- karst (4)
- kernel methods (4)
- kidney transplantation (4)
- knickpoint (4)
- knowledge (4)
- komplexe Netzwerke (4)
- künstliche Intelligenz (4)
- lactate (4)
- land-use intensity (4)
- language contact (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
- laser pulses (4)
- laterality (4)
- law (4)
- left periphery (4)
- lexical access (4)
- lexicon (4)
- lichens (4)
- life satisfaction (4)
- lifestyle (4)
- light variability (4)
- line: identification (4)
- linear hypersubstitution (4)
- lipopolysaccharide (4)
- loading rate (4)
- locomotion (4)
- locus coeruleus (4)
- long-distance dispersal (4)
- long-term effects (4)
- low-back-pain (4)
- lower critical solution temperature (4)
- machine (4)
- macrocycles (4)
- macrophages (4)
- magnetostriction (4)
- magnetotellurics (4)
- mammals (4)
- manifold with singularities (4)
- mass (4)
- mathematics instruction (4)
- meadow (4)
- measurement invariance (4)
- mechanical properties (4)
- mechanical tendinous oscillations (4)
- media (4)
- memory effects (4)
- mesenchymal stem cells (4)
- mesoporous materials (4)
- metabolic engineering (4)
- metabolic regulation (4)
- metadata (4)
- metagenomics (4)
- metaphor (4)
- meteorological drought (4)
- methods: statistical (4)
- methyl orange (4)
- methylene blue (4)
- methylmercury (4)
- miRNAs (4)
- micro-CT (4)
- microRNA (4)
- microgels (4)
- micronutrients (4)
- mid-temperature transition (4)
- mild cognitive impairment (4)
- mitochondrial DNA (4)
- mixtures (4)
- mobile links (4)
- model-driven engineering (4)
- modular production (4)
- molecular evolution (4)
- molecules (4)
- monoclonal antibody (4)
- morphogenesis (4)
- muscle oxygen saturation (4)
- music information retrieval (4)
- myocardial infarction (4)
- n-alkanes (4)
- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
- nanolenses (4)
- nanotriangles (4)
- narrative (4)
- nested graph conditions (4)
- network reconstruction (4)
- neurodegenerative diseases (4)
- neuroenhancement (4)
- neurotoxicity (4)
- neutrinos (4)
- new species (4)
- new technology (4)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (4)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (4)
- non-linear dynamics (4)
- non-native speakers (4)
- non-photorealistic rendering (4)
- nonlinear (4)
- nonlinear operator (4)
- numerical (4)
- numerical model (4)
- ocean (4)
- ocean acidification (4)
- ocean color remote sensing (4)
- online (4)
- online discrimination (4)
- online learning (4)
- ontogeny (4)
- open data (4)
- open-circuit voltage (4)
- operating systems (4)
- optimal foraging (4)
- optimal transport (4)
- optimization (4)
- organ size (4)
- organic carbon (4)
- organic chemistry (4)
- osmotic-pressure (4)
- osteoblast (4)
- other-race effect (4)
- outcomes (4)
- paleoaltimetry (4)
- paleoclimatology (4)
- paleogenomics (4)
- paleolimnology (4)
- palladium (4)
- parafoveal-on-foveal effect (4)
- parental mediation (4)
- part 1 (4)
- partial clone (4)
- partial least squares (4)
- particle acceleration (4)
- pathway (4)
- people (4)
- permafrost thaw (4)
- persulfide (4)
- phase (4)
- phase oscillators (4)
- phenols (4)
- phenotyping (4)
- photoelectron (4)
- photofragmentation (4)
- photogrammetry (4)
- photoisomerization (4)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (4)
- photooxygenation (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- photovoltaic devices (4)
- physical performance (4)
- physics education (4)
- physiological consequences (4)
- phytolith (4)
- picture naming (4)
- picture-word interference (4)
- planetary rings (4)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (4)
- plant cell wall (4)
- plant development (4)
- plant growth (4)
- plant population and community dynamics (4)
- plasma membrane (4)
- plasma-membrane (4)
- platelets (4)
- playa (4)
- plume (4)
- point process (4)
- policy-making (4)
- politeness (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- polyadenylation (4)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (4)
- polymer chemistry (4)
- polypeptide (4)
- polypropylene (4)
- polysemy (4)
- population structure (4)
- populations (4)
- pornography (4)
- poröse Materialien (4)
- potato (4)
- power spectral analysis (4)
- pragmatics (4)
- pre-school (4)
- preactivation (4)
- precision agriculture (4)
- precuneus (4)
- preference assessment (4)
- pressure (4)
- principal component analysis (4)
- proactive aggression (4)
- proactivity (4)
- probabilistic timed systems (4)
- problem-solving (4)
- process (4)
- process analytical technology (4)
- production (4)
- properties (4)
- protein engineering (4)
- protein modification (4)
- protein-protein interactions (4)
- proteinuria (4)
- proteome (4)
- psychological distress (4)
- psychosocial moderators (4)
- pubertal timing (4)
- public policy (4)
- qualitative Analyse (4)
- qualitative analysis (4)
- qualitative research (4)
- quality assurance (4)
- quantitative Analyse (4)
- quantum gravity (4)
- questionnaire (4)
- quorum sensing (4)
- radicals (4)
- rampage (4)
- random walk (4)
- random walks (4)
- randomized controlled trial (4)
- rape myth acceptance (4)
- rare earth elements (4)
- rate of perceived exertion (4)
- reactive aggression (4)
- real-time (4)
- recollection (4)
- recombinant inbred line (4)
- recurrence (4)
- recurrence plot (4)
- redox state (4)
- reference (4)
- reforms (4)
- regime shift (4)
- regression (4)
- regularity (4)
- relatedness (4)
- remagnetization (4)
- replication (4)
- representation learning (4)
- reproductive strategies (4)
- reproductive success (4)
- research (4)
- research school (4)
- resistin (4)
- resonance energy transfer (4)
- reward anticipation (4)
- risk perceptions (4)
- risk reduction (4)
- river incision (4)
- rivers (4)
- robustness (4)
- rolling averages (4)
- root traits (4)
- rotifer (4)
- run time analysis (4)
- runners (4)
- rural (4)
- salivary alpha-amylase (4)
- salt (4)
- salt pan (4)
- sanctions (4)
- scaffolding (4)
- scenario (4)
- scenario analysis (4)
- scenarios (4)
- school adjustment (4)
- school children (4)
- school mathematics (4)
- school shooting (4)
- screening (4)
- sea level (4)
- secondary school (4)
- sedimentology (4)
- self-control (4)
- self-evaluation (4)
- self-objectification (4)
- self-sovereign identity (4)
- selfing syndrome (4)
- sequence (4)
- sexual assault (4)
- sexual coercion (4)
- sexual selection (4)
- sexual victimization (4)
- sexualization (4)
- shape (4)
- shape memory (4)
- shape-memory polymers (4)
- shrub encroachment (4)
- signal propagation (4)
- similarity measures (4)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (4)
- skill (4)
- skin (4)
- small mammals (4)
- smart contracts (4)
- social acceptance (4)
- social capital (4)
- social status (4)
- software (4)
- software development (4)
- soils (4)
- space (4)
- space use (4)
- spatial (4)
- spatially explicit model (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- species distribution modelling (4)
- specific root length (4)
- spectral analysis (4)
- speech segmentation (4)
- spelling (4)
- stakeholder participation (4)
- star product (4)
- stars: black holes (4)
- stars: distances (4)
- stars: low-mass (4)
- stars: oscillations (4)
- starspots (4)
- start-up subsidies (4)
- states (4)
- statins (4)
- statistical seismology (4)
- stellar physics (4)
- sterols (4)
- stochastic process (4)
- storage (4)
- strain localization (4)
- stress response (4)
- stress tolerance (4)
- subdiffusion (4)
- subjective well-being (4)
- subsidence (4)
- substance use (4)
- sucrose responsiveness (4)
- summer monsoon (4)
- supergene (4)
- supernova remnants (4)
- supernovae: general (4)
- supervisor support (4)
- survey (4)
- sustainable chemistry (4)
- symbiosis (4)
- synchrotron radiation (4)
- synthetische Biologie (4)
- tandem solar cells (4)
- teacher (4)
- teacher beliefs (4)
- teacher learning (4)
- thermal (4)
- thermokarst lakes (4)
- thermoresponsiv (4)
- thiouracil (4)
- tocopherols (4)
- trade (4)
- trajectories (4)
- transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (4)
- transparency (4)
- treatment (4)
- trustworthiness (4)
- typology (4)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (4)
- ungulate (4)
- value creation (4)
- vascular plants (4)
- verbs (4)
- vertical coupling (4)
- veterinary cordon fence (4)
- virus (4)
- virus infection (4)
- viscosity (4)
- visible-light (4)
- vocabulary (4)
- voice (4)
- vowels (4)
- water fluxes (4)
- water security (4)
- water treatment (4)
- water-balance (4)
- water-soluble polymers (4)
- wave-particle interactions (4)
- wavelength (4)
- weak ergodicity breaking (4)
- web application (4)
- weight (4)
- weighted moving averages (4)
- wettability (4)
- wh-movement (4)
- willingness to intervene (4)
- working memory updating (4)
- workplace (4)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (4)
- yedoma (4)
- young adults (4)
- zebularine (4)
- 'eta' invariant (3)
- 1799-1804 (3)
- 2D (3)
- 2D perovskites (3)
- 2nd-language grammar (3)
- 3D Point Clouds (3)
- 3D city models (3)
- 3D geovisualization (3)
- 3D-Visualisierung (3)
- 4-nitrophenol (3)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (3)
- A-bar-movement (3)
- ABCB7 (3)
- AGN (3)
- AHP (3)
- ASIC (3)
- AUD (3)
- Abandonment (3)
- Abbau (3)
- Acacia mellifera (3)
- Academic achievement (3)
- Academic self-concept (3)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (3)
- Achilles and patellar tendon (3)
- Achilles tendon (3)
- Acid sphingomyelinase (3)
- Acquisition (3)
- Action processing (3)
- Acute coronary syndrome (3)
- Adam Smith (3)
- Additive manufacturing (3)
- Adverbial Quantification (3)
- Aerosol (3)
- Aerosole (3)
- Aesthetics (3)
- Affective Computing (3)
- African indigenous vegetables (3)
- Agrammatic aphasia (3)
- Agricultural landscape (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aldehyde oxidase (3)
- Aldehyde oxidoreductase (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algorithmen (3)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (3)
- Alpine Fault (3)
- Aluminum alloys (3)
- Alzheimer (3)
- Ambiguity (3)
- Amides (3)
- Amphibia (3)
- Amplicon sequencing (3)
- Ancient forest (3)
- Ankle injury (3)
- Anomalous diffusion (3)
- Anti-doping guideline (3)
- Anti-doping program (3)
- Antibiotic resistance (3)
- Antibiotics (3)
- Antifouling (3)
- Aphis fabae (3)
- Approximate Bayesian Computation (3)
- Arabica coffee beans (3)
- Aral Sea (3)
- Arbeitslosigkeit (3)
- Arctic Ocean (3)
- Arctic haze (3)
- Arctic tundra (3)
- Array Seismology (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- Arsenic (3)
- Artificial intelligence (3)
- Asian American (3)
- Asparagales (3)
- Asplanchna brightwellii (3)
- Astrocytes (3)
- Astrophotonik (3)
- Astrophysics (3)
- Atiyah-Bott condition (3)
- Atiyah-Bott obstruction (3)
- Atlantic-Ocean (3)
- Atmosphere (3)
- Attitude (3)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (3)
- August 2002 flood (3)
- Auxin transport (3)
- Außenpolitik (3)
- Azobenzene (3)
- Azobenzene containing cationic surfactants (3)
- BIAT (3)
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- Türkei (3)
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- Understanding (3)
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- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (3)
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- coping (3)
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- coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (3)
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- langevin equation (3)
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- majority rule (3)
- manifolds with conical singularities (3)
- manufacturing (3)
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- niche and fitness differences (3)
- niche width (3)
- nineteenth century (3)
- nitrogen limitation (3)
- noisy systems (3)
- nominalization (3)
- non-Langevin recombination (3)
- non-Markov drift (3)
- non-athletes (3)
- non-categoricity (3)
- non-equilibrium (3)
- nonfullerene acceptors (3)
- nonradiative voltage losses (3)
- nonstationarity (3)
- northern high latitudes (3)
- noun (3)
- novel ecosystems (3)
- novelty (3)
- nucleobases (3)
- number concepts (3)
- number processing (3)
- numerical modelling (3)
- numerical models (3)
- numerische Kognition (3)
- nutrient limitation (3)
- nutrient retention (3)
- nutrient supply (3)
- nutritional ecology (3)
- oarsmen (3)
- object search (3)
- ocean heat uptake (3)
- offspring (3)
- oil (3)
- oil palm (3)
- older adults (3)
- oligomerization (3)
- olivine (3)
- on-water performance (3)
- one-carbon metabolism (3)
- online disinhibition (3)
- open (3)
- open education (3)
- open-field (3)
- openHPI (3)
- optical manipulation (3)
- optical spectroscopy (3)
- optimality theory (3)
- optische Fasern (3)
- organic electronics (3)
- organic solar cell (3)
- organic synthesis (3)
- organic-matter (3)
- organische Solarzellen (3)
- organisches Material (3)
- organizations (3)
- organosilica (3)
- origins (3)
- orogenic peridotite (3)
- orogeny (3)
- osteoclast (3)
- outcome (3)
- outcome measures (3)
- outlier detection (3)
- overreaching (3)
- overtraining (3)
- overweight children (3)
- oxygen isotopes (3)
- oxygen reduction reaction (3)
- palaeolimnology (3)
- paleo-sediment (3)
- paleogenetics (3)
- paleovegetation (3)
- parafoveal (3)
- parallel processing (3)
- parameter (3)
- parameterization (3)
- parameterized complexity (3)
- parasitoid (3)
- parchment (3)
- parental leave (3)
- particles (3)
- party competition (3)
- pasture (3)
- patient education (3)
- pea (3)
- peace (3)
- peacebuilding (3)
- peacekeeping (3)
- peak height velocity (3)
- peak torque (3)
- peatlands (3)
- peer influences (3)
- perceived predation risk (3)
- perceived stress (3)
- perception and action (3)
- performance information (3)
- performance management (3)
- performance measurement (3)
- periphyton (3)
- permafrost ecosystems (3)
- personality traits (3)
- perspective taking (3)
- phagocytosis (3)
- pharmacokinetics (3)
- phase behavior (3)
- phase dynamics (3)
- phase transfer (3)
- phenomenology (3)
- phonological development (3)
- phonology (3)
- phosphatidylserine (3)
- phospholipids (3)
- photocurrent generation (3)
- photoionization (3)
- photosensitive surfactants (3)
- photoswitches (3)
- photosynthetic rate (3)
- physical aggression (3)
- physical conditioning human (3)
- phytoplankton communities (3)
- piezoelectret (3)
- piezoelectrets (3)
- pigment composition (3)
- pitch angle (3)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (3)
- plant invasion (3)
- plant science (3)
- plant volatiles (3)
- plant-plant interactions (3)
- platform (3)
- plausibility (3)
- pluvial floods (3)
- plyometrics (3)
- pneumonia (3)
- point clouds (3)
- point-of-care (3)
- policy advice (3)
- policy analysis (3)
- policy evaluation (3)
- political ideology (3)
- pollination (3)
- poly(A) polymerase (3)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (3)
- poly(ether imide) (3)
- polyesters (3)
- polyglycerol (3)
- polymer solar cells (3)
- polymersomes (3)
- polymorphism (3)
- polysulfobetaine (3)
- population growth rate (3)
- possessives (3)
- post-natal (3)
- potassium channel (3)
- poverty (3)
- power spectrum (3)
- pp-wave solutions (3)
- pragmaticalisation (3)
- pre-activity (3)
- pre-natal (3)
- pre-service teachers (3)
- precaution (3)
- predation risk (3)
- predator-prey (3)
- predator-prey model (3)
- prediction models (3)
- preference (3)
- prefixes (3)
- preprocessing (3)
- pressures (3)
- prevalence information (3)
- primary care (3)
- primary metabolism (3)
- primary school children (3)
- prior knowledge (3)
- privatization (3)
- proactive personality (3)
- probability (3)
- probability density function (3)
- probes (3)
- process modeling (3)
- production planning (3)
- prognosis (3)
- proliferation (3)
- property rights (3)
- prosocial (3)
- prosody processing (3)
- protein binding (3)
- protein restriction (3)
- protein search (3)
- protein self-assembly (3)
- protein-phenol interactions (3)
- proteomic analysis (3)
- protonation (3)
- prototype-willingness-model (3)
- pseudo-differential boundary value problems (3)
- pseudo-differential operators (3)
- psycho-oncology (3)
- psychopathology (3)
- psychopower (3)
- puberty (3)
- public good (3)
- public service delivery (3)
- public transport (3)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (3)
- pump-probe (3)
- punishment (3)
- quantitative research (3)
- quantum dynamics (3)
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- quasars (3)
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- questions (3)
- radial flow (3)
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- radiocarbon dating (3)
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- rainfall gradient (3)
- range dynamics (3)
- range of motion (3)
- range size (3)
- rate of torque development (3)
- reactance (3)
- reaction mechanisms (3)
- reading comprehension (3)
- real options (3)
- rearrangement (3)
- reasoning (3)
- reception (3)
- reciprocal processes (3)
- recommendations (3)
- record linkage (3)
- recurrence analysis (3)
- recurrence quantification analysis (3)
- red meat (3)
- redox (3)
- redox chemistry (3)
- reference material (3)
- referential choice (3)
- refinement (3)
- refugee youth (3)
- regime shifts (3)
- regional development (3)
- regioselectivity (3)
- regression tree (3)
- relationship constellations (3)
- relationships (3)
- relative clause (3)
- relative rank (3)
- relaxation (3)
- relevance (3)
- religiosity (3)
- remission (3)
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- replacement (3)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (3)
- requirements (3)
- research design (3)
- research framework (3)
- reservoir (3)
- residue (3)
- resolution (3)
- resonance energy-transfer (3)
- resurrection plants (3)
- return to work (3)
- reveals (3)
- reward (3)
- rhizosphere (3)
- rifting (3)
- ring current (3)
- ring current electrons (3)
- risk attitudes (3)
- risk aversion (3)
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- risk management cycle (3)
- river (3)
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- robbery (3)
- rock (3)
- rodent (3)
- role-play (3)
- running mechanics (3)
- runoff generation (3)
- sACC (3)
- salinity (3)
- salt diffusion (3)
- sample preparation (3)
- sarcopenia (3)
- satellite data (3)
- savanna ecology (3)
- scalability (3)
- scaled Brownian motion (3)
- scene perception (3)
- schwarze Löcher (3)
- science (3)
- science mapping (3)
- seawater (3)
- second language acquisition (3)
- second language processing (3)
- secondary metabolites (3)
- sedentary (3)
- sediment core (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sediment routing (3)
- sedimentation (3)
- sediments (3)
- seed dispersal syndrome (3)
- seismic monitoring (3)
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- seismisches Rauschen (3)
- selenoprotein P (3)
- self threat (3)
- self-assembled monolayers (3)
- self-organisation (3)
- self-regulated learning (3)
- self-similarity (3)
- semantic (3)
- semantic priming (3)
- semiconductors (3)
- sensor data (3)
- sensorimotor control (3)
- sensorimotor training (3)
- sentence parsing (3)
- separation (3)
- separation of powers (3)
- serine cycle (3)
- serum (3)
- sexual self-esteem (3)
- sexual violence (3)
- shallow structure hypothesis (3)
- shape-memory polymer (3)
- short-read mapping (3)
- sibilant (3)
- sick leave (3)
- sickness absence (3)
- signalling (3)
- silica (3)
- similarity (3)
- similarity-based interference (3)
- simulation model (3)
- simultaneous bilingualism (3)
- singularity (3)
- situated processes (3)
- size distribution (3)
- skeletal muscle (3)
- skeletal robustness (3)
- skew Brownian motion (3)
- slope aspect (3)
- smart materials (3)
- smartphone (3)
- soccer players (3)
- social environment (3)
- social network (3)
- social network analysis (3)
- social reactivity (3)
- social valuation (3)
- sociality (3)
- sociolinguistics (3)
- sociometric status (3)
- sodium hydroxide etching (3)
- soft actuators (3)
- soft robotics (3)
- soil aggregation (3)
- soil hydrology (3)
- soil landscape (3)
- soil texture (3)
- sol-gel (3)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (3)
- solubility (3)
- solute transport (3)
- somatic variables (3)
- source parameters (3)
- spatial scales (3)
- spatially explicit (3)
- speaking children (3)
- special education (3)
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- species assembly (3)
- species composition (3)
- species recognition (3)
- specific language impairment (3)
- specific surface area (3)
- specificity (3)
- spectroelectrochemistry (3)
- sphingomyelin (3)
- sphingosine (3)
- sphingosine kinase (3)
- spider silk (3)
- spin (3)
- spin-orbit coupling (3)
- starch granule initiation (3)
- starch granule surface (3)
- starch granules (3)
- starch morphology (3)
- starch synthase (3)
- stars: (3)
- stars: coronae (3)
- stars: individual (WR 6) (3)
- stars: pre-main sequence (3)
- statistical (3)
- statistical methods (3)
- stellar populations (3)
- stellar winds (3)
- stereoselectivity (3)
- stereotypes (3)
- stochastic bridge (3)
- stochastic processes (theory) (3)
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- stochastic thermodynamics (3)
- stochastic time series (3)
- stochastische Prozesse (3)
- stoichiometry (3)
- stokes shift (3)
- stopover (3)
- strategic uncertainty (3)
- strategies (3)
- stratification (3)
- stress-gradient hypothesis (3)
- strike-slip fault (3)
- student achievement (3)
- students (3)
- study (3)
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- subcellular localization (3)
- submarine (3)
- substrate (3)
- succession (3)
- sufficiency (3)
- summer (3)
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- supercapacitors (3)
- supersaturated species coexistence (3)
- supervised machine learning (3)
- supramolecular chemistry (3)
- surface functionalization (3)
- surface treatment (3)
- surface-relief gratings (3)
- surfaces (3)
- survey experiment (3)
- sustainability science (3)
- sustainable consumption (3)
- synchronization transition (3)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (3)
- syrphids (3)
- tablet (3)
- tacit knowledge (3)
- talent (3)
- talent identification (3)
- talk-in-interaction (3)
- tandem reaction (3)
- tandem reactions (3)
- tannic acid (3)
- task (3)
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- teacher training (3)
- teachers (3)
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- technical advance (3)
- teleconnections (3)
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- temperament (3)
- temperature dependence (3)
- temperature fluctuation (3)
- temperature variability (3)
- temporal dynamics (3)
- territorial reforms (3)
- testing (3)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (3)
- text analysis (3)
- text mining (3)
- texture (3)
- thaw (3)
- the Cauchy problem (3)
- theorem (3)
- theoretical chemistry (3)
- theoretische Chemie (3)
- therapy (3)
- thermal field (3)
- thermal properties (3)
- thermobarometry (3)
- theta (3)
- thin-films (3)
- time averaging (3)
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- time-resolved luminescence (3)
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- timing (3)
- tourism (3)
- tourmaline (3)
- township tourism (3)
- trace elements (3)
- training intervention (3)
- trait convergence and divergence (3)
- trait emotional intelligence (3)
- trait variation (3)
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- transmission (3)
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- trehalose 6-phosphate (3)
- triglycerides (3)
- trnL (3)
- trophic apparatus (3)
- trophic interactions (3)
- tropics (3)
- trunk muscles (3)
- tunnel vision (3)
- type 2 (3)
- type specimens (3)
- type-III effector (3)
- tyramine (3)
- ubiquitination (3)
- ultrafast X-ray diffraction (3)
- ultrafast molecular dynamics (3)
- ultraschnell (3)
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- universal quantifiers (3)
- untargeted metabolomics (3)
- upper mantle (3)
- user types (3)
- user-generated content (3)
- value change (3)
- variance (3)
- varved lake sediments (3)
- varves (3)
- vascular calcification (3)
- vascularization (3)
- vegetables (3)
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- venom (3)
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- victim (3)
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- virtuelle Maschinen (3)
- virulence (3)
- viscoelasticity (3)
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- vitamins (3)
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- weathering (3)
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- wind (3)
- wind erosion (3)
- wind speed (3)
- window of opportunity (3)
- winter wheat (3)
- word recognition (3)
- working-memory (3)
- writing acquisition (3)
- youth soccer (3)
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- ziji (3)
- Übergangsmetalle (3)
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- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (2)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (2)
- (Anti)aromaticity (2)
- (SEPE) factors (2)
- (dis)affiliation (2)
- (dis)agreement (2)
- (pronominal) resumption (2)
- ) (2)
- 0thers’ behavior (2)
- 1 (2)
- 1-aminodecylidene bis-phosphonic acid (2)
- 1.5 degrees C (2)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (2)
- 1D (2)
- 2 Different Strains (2)
- 2-Azaspiro[4.5]deca-1-ones (2)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (2)
- 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (2)
- 21st-Century (2)
- 24 h recall (2)
- 26D15 (2)
- 2D-LC-MS/MS (2)
- 2P cross section (2)
- 3-color fret (2)
- 3-mercaptopropionic acid (2)
- 31C20 (2)
- 35B09 (2)
- 35R02 (2)
- 39A12 (primary) (2)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (2)
- 3D modeling (2)
- 3D structure (2)
- 3D thermal model (2)
- 3D tissue model (2)
- 3D-Geovisualisierung (2)
- 3D-Punktwolken (2)
- 3D-Stadtmodelle (2)
- 4-nitrobenzenethiol (2)
- 454 pyrosequencing (2)
- 454-pyrosequencing (2)
- 47A52 (2)
- 5-day waves (2)
- 58E35 (secondary) (2)
- 6.5-Day wave (2)
- 65R20 (2)
- 65R32 (2)
- 78A46 (2)
- A. tenuissima (2)
- ABA (2)
- AC electroosmosis (2)
- ACWR (2)
- ADMET (2)
- AG (2)
- AIP1 (2)
- ALOS World 3D (2)
- AMNET (2)
- AMSTAR 2 (2)
- AOT bilayer (2)
- APC concentration gradient (2)
- APCI (2)
- ARCH (2)
- ARL3 (2)
- ASI-3 (2)
- ASTER GDEM (2)
- ATCUN motif (2)
- ATP (2)
- ATRP (2)
- AU (2)
- AUTOSAR (2)
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- Abstraktion (2)
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- Acadian (2)
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- Acer platanoides (2)
- Achievement emotions (2)
- Achlya (2)
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- Acidification (2)
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- Acidothermus (2)
- Acoustic Analysis (2)
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- Actin (2)
- Action (2)
- Action effects (2)
- Action prediction (2)
- Activation suppression model (2)
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- Actuation (2)
- Actuator (2)
- Actuators (2)
- Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) (2)
- Adana Basin (2)
- Adenylyl cyclase (2)
- Adhesion (2)
- Adhäsion (2)
- Adsorbent (2)
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- Advanced Dynamic Flow (2)
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- Affekt (2)
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- African climate (2)
- AgI (2)
- Age (2)
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- Agent-based models (2)
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- Agile (2)
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- Agricultural management (2)
- Agricultural soils (2)
- Agriculture (2)
- AgroScapeLabs (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Akkretion (2)
- Akt pathway (2)
- Aktivität (2)
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- Alexander von Humboldt (2)
- Algorithm (2)
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- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (2)
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- App (2)
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- Ar dating (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 age (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 dating (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (2)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (2)
- Arabica coffee (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (2)
- Aragonite (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
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- Arbeitssuchverhalten (2)
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- Archaeolithoporella (2)
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- Arctic studies (2)
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- Arenesulfonamides (2)
- Argentine margine (2)
- Argument-Structure-Ordering Principle (2)
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- Armut (2)
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- Artof (2)
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- Aspekt (2)
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- BEEHAVE (2)
- BEMOVI (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501) (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 501 (2)
- BMI change (2)
- BRD (2)
- Back pain diagnosis (2)
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- Bayesian (2)
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- Music (2)
- Mustererkennung (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Mutator locus (2)
- Myelosuppression (2)
- Myodes voles (2)
- Mysticism (2)
- Myth-Activism (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- N2 (2)
- NAB (2)
- NAC (2)
- NAC transcription factor (2)
- NAFLD/MAFLD (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NDVI (2)
- NETCONF (2)
- NF1 (2)
- NHCs (2)
- NLO (2)
- NMR structure (2)
- NOR (2)
- NP-completeness (2)
- NTA (2)
- NW Himalaya (2)
- NW Turkey (2)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (2)
- Nachwuchsathleten (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Nahrungssulfonate (2)
- Namche Barwa (2)
- Nandrolone decanoate (2)
- Nanoeisen (2)
- Nanogranitoids (2)
- Nanohybrid (2)
- Nanoparticle uptake (2)
- Nanostrukturen (2)
- Nanotechnologie (2)
- Nanotoxicology (2)
- Narrative (2)
- Nash equilibrium (2)
- National Socialism (2)
- National-Parks (2)
- Natural Hazards (2)
- Natural products (2)
- Naturgefahr (2)
- Naturschutz (2)
- Nazi Germany (2)
- Near East (2)
- Near-surface geophysics (2)
- Nearshore zone (2)
- Negative (2)
- Negotiation Performance (2)
- Neoliberalism (2)
- Neolithic period (2)
- Neoromicia (2)
- Neotropics (2)
- Nest predation (2)
- Nested graph conditions (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Network analysis (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Networked foresight (2)
- Networks (2)
- Netzwerk (2)
- Netzwerkanalyse (2)
- Netzwerke des Wissens (2)
- Neural Networks (2)
- Neuroendocrine tumors (2)
- Neuropeptide Y (2)
- Neurostimulation (2)
- Neutral tone (2)
- Neutrophils (2)
- Nevado Coropuna (2)
- New Guinea (2)
- New Public Governance (2)
- New business formation (2)
- New institutionalism (2)
- Ngizim (2)
- Nichtgleichgewicht (2)
- Nigeria (2)
- Nighttime illumination (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nitrogen deposition (2)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
- Noise-induced phenomena (2)
- Non-canonical sentences (2)
- Non-independent mate choice (2)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (2)
- Non-monetary valuation (2)
- Non-monotonic reasoning (2)
- Non-stationarity (2)
- Non-uniqueness (2)
- Nonlinear Laplace operator (2)
- Nonlinear coupling (2)
- Noradrenaline (2)
- Nordic catchments (2)
- Nordic walking (2)
- Nordkorea (2)
- North America (2)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (2)
- North Calabrian Unit (2)
- North Korea (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Northwest Passage (2)
- Northwestern Anatolia (2)
- Norwegian (2)
- Norwegisch (2)
- Nostoc (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- Nrf2 (2)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Numerov's method (2)
- Nursing home (2)
- Nutrient (2)
- Nutritional counseling (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-antigen specific phage (2)
- OBIA (2)
- OCP-Place (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- OSL (2)
- OSL dating (2)
- OTDR (2)
- OV–VO (2)
- Oberflächenchemie (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Object Shift (2)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (2)
- Ocean acidification (2)
- Ocean color remote sensing (2)
- Ocean sciences (2)
- Oculomotor control (2)
- Offending (2)
- Office chair (2)
- Offspring weight (2)
- Ohrid-Prespa region (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Oligopoly competition (2)
- Oligosaccharides (2)
- Olympic Games (2)
- Omicron (2)
- On-demand release (2)
- Online-Lernen (2)
- Onsager-Machlup functional (2)
- Ontologie (2)
- Ontology (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- Open Access (2)
- Open Educational Practices (2)
- Open access (2)
- OpenForecast (2)
- Ophrys (2)
- Optical remote sensing (2)
- Optical sensor (2)
- Optics and photonics (2)
- Optimalitätstheorie (2)
- Optionality (2)
- OptoGait (2)
- Orbital forcing (2)
- Order-preserving transformations (2)
- Organ Discharge Patterns (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic electronics (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Organic matter degradation (2)
- Organic matter mineralization (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organisationstheorie (2)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (2)
- Orogen (2)
- Orogenic wedge (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Orthopedics (2)
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
- Oryza sativa (2)
- Oscillator ensembles (2)
- Ostafrika (2)
- Ostafrikanisches Grabensystem (2)
- Ostdetuschland (2)
- Osteoblast (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- Oszillatoren (2)
- Outcome measures (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- Outflows (2)
- Overhead athletes (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- Oxygen saturation (2)
- Oyster Crassostrea-gigas (2)
- P ligands (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE) (2)
- P-waves (2)
- PARAFAC (2)
- PAS domain (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PCK (2)
- PCLake (2)
- PCPDTBT (2)
- PDLC (2)
- PEDOT (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PER (2)
- PET (2)
- PHQ-4 score (2)
- PI3K (2)
- PISA (2)
- PLA (2)
- PLS (2)
- PLS regression (2)
- PLSR (2)
- PLV (2)
- PNIPAM (2)
- POF (2)
- POL (2)
- PPGIS (2)
- PPMS (2)
- PRISM model checker (2)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (2)
- PTCTL (2)
- PTEN (2)
- PTSD (2)
- Pain occurrence (2)
- Pain screening (2)
- Pak choi (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Palaeotropics (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (2)
- Paleoecology (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogenetics (2)
- Paleoseismologie (2)
- Palmitate (2)
- Paläogeographie (2)
- Paläoklimadynamik (2)
- Paläomagnetik (2)
- Panama (2)
- Panasqueira (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Paratethys (2)
- Paraíba (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Parkinson disease (2)
- Parkinson' s disease (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Participant Orientation (2)
- Particle swarm optimization (2)
- Partikelverben (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Passive (2)
- Passive Microwave (2)
- Pastoralism (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Path modelling (2)
- Pathological Narcissism Inventory (2)
- Pathologies (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Pattern Recognition (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Pause (2)
- Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer (2)
- Peat (2)
- Pedagogical content knowledge (2)
- Pedagogical issues (2)
- Pediastrum (2)
- Peer Assessment (2)
- Peer-to-Peer ridesharing (2)
- Peptid (2)
- Percolation (2)
- Periplaneta americana (2)
- Perm (2)
- Permafrostdegradation (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Perovskite solar cell (2)
- Perowskit-Solarzellen (2)
- Persian (2)
- Personalised medicine (2)
- Personality traits (2)
- Persönlichkeitsentwicklung (2)
- Perturbed complexes (2)
- Perylene (2)
- Petrography (2)
- Petrologie (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Pfadmodell (2)
- Pflanze (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Phantoms (2)
- Pharmacokinetics (2)
- Phase Locking Value (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Phenological modelling (2)
- Phenylpropanoids (2)
- Philosophical anthropology (2)
- Phonetik (2)
- Phonologie (2)
- Phonology (2)
- Phononen (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Phosphate (2)
- Phospholipid (2)
- Phospholipid binding proteins (2)
- Phospholipids (2)
- Phosphorus limitation (2)
- Phosphorylation Site (2)
- Photodynamics (2)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- Photoexcitations (2)
- Photogrammetrie (2)
- Photogrammetry (2)
- Photometrie (2)
- Photopolymer (2)
- Photopolymerization (2)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (2)
- Photovoltaics (2)
- Phylogenetic analysis (2)
- Phylogenetic-Relationships (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Phylogeographie (2)
- Physical Network (2)
- Physical exercise (2)
- Physical training (2)
- Physik (2)
- Physiology (2)
- Phytoliths (2)
- Phänologie (2)
- Picard-Fuchs equations (2)
- Picture-word interference (2)
- Piezoelektrizität (2)
- Pigments (2)
- Pilze (2)
- Pinus pinaster (2)
- Pipe networks (2)
- Pipistrellus (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Pitch (2)
- Plackett–Burman design (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- Planing (2)
- Plant community (2)
- Plant development (2)
- Plant functional groups (2)
- Plant growth (2)
- Plant height (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Plant sciences (2)
- Plant-based diet (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Plasmaphysik (2)
- Plasmonics (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Platelets (2)
- Platform Innovation (2)
- Platform economy (2)
- Plato (2)
- Pliocene (2)
- Pluralism (2)
- Podanthus mitiqui (2)
- Poecili-Mexicana (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Poincare inequality (2)
- Point-based rendering (2)
- Point-light action (2)
- Pointing (2)
- Polarization (2)
- Polen (2)
- Policy Reform (2)
- Policy advice (2)
- Policy change (2)
- Politics & International Relations (2)
- Politics of childhood (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Pollen trap (2)
- Pollimyrus-Isidori (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelectrolyte (2)
- Polyelectrolytes (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymer chemistry (2)
- Polymer dispersions (2)
- Polymerisation (2)
- Polymerization (2)
- Polymerphysik (2)
- Polypeptid (2)
- Polypropylen (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Ponds (2)
- Population density (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Population-Growth (2)
- Porosity (2)
- Porous carbon (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Poshtuk metapelites (2)
- Position Generator (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postmasburg manganese field (2)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Potsdam Grievance Statistics File (PGSF) (2)
- Pragmatik (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Predation (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Prediabetes (2)
- Predictability (2)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (2)
- Predictive processing (2)
- Predictor (2)
- Preference (2)
- Preference Handling (2)
- Preis der Anarchie (2)
- Preprocessing (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preterm birth (2)
- Price of Anarchy (2)
- Primary school children (2)
- Primates (2)
- Primula (2)
- Prisoner's Dilemma (2)
- Privatsphäre (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Proactivity (2)
- Probability (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Problem Solving (2)
- Problem solving (2)
- Process Enactment (2)
- Process Modelling (2)
- Process model (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Programming (2)
- Projection (2)
- Projektion (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
- Prosodic boundaries (2)
- Prosody-syntax interface (2)
- Prospective (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protective factors (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein restriction (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Protein–protein interaction (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Prozessausführung (2)
- Präferenzen (2)
- Prävalenz (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psychodiagnostics (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychometric evaluation (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (2)
- Psychotherapie (2)
- Public Management (2)
- Public Service Motivation (2)
- Public organizations (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Punch (2)
- Pupillometrie (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QCA (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quality of Life (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenoptik (2)
- Quantenpunkt (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Quasars (2)
- Quercus (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
- Quercus pubescens (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- RDF (2)
- RDoC (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiative transfer (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Randwertprobleme (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realismus (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence Plots (2)
- Red Cross (2)
- Redox (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexion (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reflexivpronomen (2)
- Reform Judaism (2)
- Reformjudentum (2)
- Refugee Tales (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relation historique (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
- Relevanz (2)
- Religiosity (2)
- Remote Sensing (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
- Renal function (2)
- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Research Domain Criteria (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinyl esters (2)
- Revenue Autonomy (2)
- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk perception (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rohstoffe (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rumpf (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
- Russisch (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Röntgenstrahlung (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SCFA (2)
- SCP (2)
- SD3 (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFA (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
- SLI (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPB (2)
- SPDEs (2)
- SPM (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccade (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Sakkadendetektion (2)
- Salt Range (2)
- Salt pan (2)
- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Samara (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Santa-Barbara system (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
- Saprolegniaceae (2)
- Sarcopenia (2)
- Sars-CoV-2 (2)
- Satellite magnetics (2)
- Satellitenbilder (2)
- Satisfiability (2)
- Satzverständnis (2)
- Sauerstoff (2)
- Savanna ecology (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Scanning electron microscopy (2)
- Scattering theory (2)
- Scenario (2)
- Scenarios (2)
- Scene perception (2)
- Schaum (2)
- Schema-Entdeckung (2)
- Scher-Montroll transport (2)
- Schizophrenia (2)
- Schnee (2)
- Schnellkraft (2)
- Schriftspracherwerb (2)
- Schrodinger equation (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Schwarmbeben (2)
- Schwarzes Loch (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Scientific discovery learning (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Scotland (2)
- Scotophilus (2)
- Se (2)
- Sea of Marmara (2)
- Second Empire (2)
- Second Life (2)
- Second World (2)
- Secularism (2)
- Secure Configuration (2)
- Sediment Flux (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment magnetism (2)
- Sediment reuse (2)
- Sedimentary basin (2)
- Sedimentation (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seismic anisotropy (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Selbstassemblierung (2)
- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selektion (2)
- Selektivität (2)
- Selen (2)
- Self (2)
- Self-assembly (2)
- Self-concept (2)
- Self-harm (2)
- Self-organization (2)
- Self-reflection (2)
- Semantic classification task (2)
- Semantic preview benefit (2)
- Semantic priming (2)
- Semantics (2)
- Sensitivitätsanalyse (2)
- Sensor (2)
- Sensor fusion (2)
- Sensory perception (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Serum (2)
- Service-Oriented Architecture (2)
- Service-Orientierte Architekturen (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Sexualization (2)
- Shadowgraphy (2)
- Shale gas (2)
- Shallow processing (2)
- Shame (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shannon entropy (2)
- Shape memory (2)
- Shape-memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
- Shona (2)
- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shoulder (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Sierra Leone (2)
- Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Signal detection theory (2)
- Signal transduction (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Silizium (2)
- Simon effect (2)
- Simulation model (2)
- Sinai diffusion (2)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (2)
- Single/dual tasking (2)
- Sinkholes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Site response (2)
- Situated cognition (2)
- Situations (2)
- Siwaliks (2)
- Skalierbarkeit (2)
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Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (4966)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4692)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3314)
- Institut für Chemie (2910)
- Institut für Mathematik (1869)
- Department Psychologie (1482)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (1030)
- Department Linguistik (1006)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (858)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (839)
The bimolecular recombination characteristics of conjugated polymer poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,5-bis 3-tetradecylthiophen-2-y1 thiazolo 5,4-d thiazole)-2,5diy1] (PDTSiTTz) blended with the fullerene series PC60BM, ICMA, ICBA, and ICTA have been investigated using microsecond and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, in conjunction with electroluminescence measurements and ambient photoemission spectroscopy. The non-Langevin polymer PDTSiTTz allows an inspection of intrinsic bimolecular recombination rates uninhibited by diffusion, while the low oscillator strengths of fullerenes allow polymer features to dominate, and we compare our results to those of the well-known polymer Si-PCPDTBT. Using mu s-TAS, we have shown that the trap -limited decay dynamics of the PDTSiTTz polaron becomes progressively slower across the fullerene series, while those of Si-PCPDTBT are invariant. Electroluminescence measurements showed an unusual double peak in pristine PDTSiTTz, attributed to a low energy intragap charge transfer state, likely interchain in nature. Furthermore, while the pristine PDTSiTTz showed a broad, low-intensity density of states, the ICBA and ICTA blends presented a virtually identical DOS to Si-PCPDTBT and its blends. This has been attributed to a shift from a delocalized, interchain highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the pristine material to a dithienosilole-centered HOMO in the blends, likely a result of the bulky fullerenes increasing interchain separation. This HOMO localization had a side effect of progressively shifting the polymer HOMO to shallower energies, which was correlated with the observed decrease in bimolecular recombination rate and increased "trap" depth. However, since the density of tail states remained the same, this suggests that the traditional viewpoint of "trapping" being dominated by tail states may not encompass the full picture and that the breadth of the DOS may also have a strong influence on bimolecular recombination.
Understanding and constraining the source of geodetic deformation in volcanic areas is an important component of hazard assessment. Here, we analyse deformation and seismicity for one year before the March 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption in Iceland. We generate a high-resolution catalogue of 39,500 earthquakes using optical cable recordings and develop a poroelastic model to describe three pre-eruptional uplift and subsidence cycles at the Svartsengi geothermal field, 8 km west of the eruption site. We find the observed deformation is best explained by cyclic intrusions into a permeable aquifer by a fluid injected at 4 km depth below the geothermal field, with a total volume of 0.11 ± 0.05 km3 and a density of 850 ± 350 kg m–3. We therefore suggest that ingression of magmatic CO2 can explain the geodetic, gravity and seismic data, although some contribution of magma cannot be excluded.
The Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (ca. 56 million years ago) offers a primary analogue for future global warming and carbon cycle recovery. Yet, where and how massive carbon emissions were mitigated during this climate warming event remains largely unknown. Here we show that organic carbon burial in the vast epicontinental seaways that extended over Eurasia provided a major carbon sink during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. We coupled new and existing stratigraphic analyses to a detailed paleogeographic framework and using spatiotemporal interpolation calculated ca. 720–1300 Gt organic carbon excess burial, focused in the eastern parts of the Eurasian epicontinental seaways. A much larger amount (2160–3900 Gt C, and when accounting for the increase in inundated shelf area 7400–10300 Gt C) could have been sequestered in similar environments globally. With the disappearance of most epicontinental seas since the Oligocene-Miocene, an effective negative carbon cycle feedback also disappeared making the modern carbon cycle critically dependent on the slower silicate weathering feedback.
This thesis focuses on the molecular evolution of Macroscelidea, commonly referred to as sengis. Sengis are a mammalian order belonging to the Afrotherians, one of the four major clades of placental mammals. Sengis currently consist of twenty extant species, all of which are endemic to the African continent. They can be separated in two families, the soft-furred sengis (Macroscelididae) and the giant sengis (Rhynchocyonidae). While giant sengis can be exclusively found in forest habitats, the different soft-furred sengi species dwell in a broad range of habitats, from tropical rain-forests to rocky deserts.
Our knowledge on the evolutionary history of sengis is largely incomplete. The high level of superficial morphological resemblance among different sengi species (especially the soft-furred sengis) has for example led to misinterpretations of phylogenetic relationships, based on morphological characters. With the rise of DNA based taxonomic inferences, multiple new genera were defined and new species described. Yet, no full taxon molecular phylogeny exists, hampering the answering of basic taxonomic questions. This lack of knowledge can be to some extent attributed to the limited availability of fresh-tissue samples for DNA extraction. The broad African distribution, partly in political unstable regions and low population densities complicate contemporary sampling approaches. Furthermore, the DNA information available usually covers only short stretches of the mitochondrial genome and thus a single genetic locus with limited informational content.
Developments in DNA extraction and library protocols nowadays offer the opportunity to access DNA from museum specimens, collected over the past centuries and stored in natural history museums throughout the world. Thus, the difficulties in fresh-sample acquisition for molecular biological studies can be overcome by the application of museomics, the research field which emerged from those laboratory developments.
This thesis uses fresh-tissue samples as well as a vast collection museum specimens to investigate multiple aspects about the macroscelidean evolutionary history. Chapter 4 of this thesis focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of all currently known sengi species. By accessing DNA information from museum specimens in combination of fresh tissue samples and publicly available genetic resources it produces the first full taxon molecular phylogeny of sengis. It confirms the monophyly of the genus Elephantulus and discovers multiple deeply divergent lineages within different species, highlighting the need for species specific approaches. The study furthermore focuses on the evolutionary time frame of sengis by evaluating the impact of commonly varied parameters on tree dating. The results of the study show, that the mitochondrial information used in previous studies to temporal calibrate the Macroscelidean phylogeny led to an overestimation of node ages within sengis. Especially soft-furred sengis are thus much younger than previously assumed. The refined knowledge of nodes ages within sengis offer the opportunity to link e.g. speciation events to environmental changes.
Chapter 5 focuses on the genus Petrodromus with its single representative Petrodromus tetradactylus. It again exploits the opportunities of museomics and gathers a comprehensive, multi-locus genetic dataset of P. tetradactylus individuals, distributed across most the known range of this species. It reveals multiple deeply divergent lineages within Petrodromus, whereby some could possibly be associated to previously described sub-species, at least one was formerly unknown. It underscores the necessity for a revision of the genus Petrodromus through the integration of both molecular and morphological evidence. The study, furthermore identifies changing forest distributions through climatic oscillations as main factor shaping the genetic structure of Petrodromus.
Chapter 6 uses fresh tissue samples to extent the genomic resources of sengis by thirteen new nuclear genomes, of which two were de-novo assembled. An extensive dataset of more than 8000 protein coding one-to-one orthologs allows to further refine and confirm the temporal time frame of sengi evolution found in Chapter 4. This study moreover investigates the role of gene-flow and incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) in sengi evolution. In addition it identifies clade specific genes of possible outstanding evolutionary importance and links them to potential phenotypic traits affected. A closer investigation of olfactory receptor proteins reveals clade specific differences. A comparison of the demographic past of sengis to other small African mammals does not reveal a sengi specific pattern.
Many geophysical inverse problems are known to be ill-posed and, thus, requiring some kind of regularization in order to provide a unique and stable solution. A possible approach to overcome the inversion ill-posedness consists in constraining the position of the model interfaces. For a grid-based parameterization, such a structurally constrained inversion can be implemented by adopting the usual smooth regularization scheme in which the local weight of the regularization is reduced where an interface is expected. By doing so, sharp contrasts are promoted at interface locations while standard smoothness constraints keep affecting the other regions of the model. In this work, we present a structurally constrained approach and test it on the inversion of frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (FD-EMI) data using a regularization approach based on the Minimum Gradient Support stabilizer, which is capable to promote sharp transitions everywhere in the model, i.e., also in areas where no structural a prioriinformation is available. Using 1D and 2D synthetic data examples, we compare the proposed approach to a structurally constrained smooth inversion as well as to more standard (i.e., not structurally constrained) smooth and sharp inversions. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach helps in finding a better and more reliable reconstruction of the subsurface electrical conductivity distribution, including its structural characteristics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that it allows to promote sharp parameter variations in areas where no structural information are available. Lastly, we apply our structurally constrained scheme to FD-EMI field data collected at a field site in Eastern Germany to image the thickness of peat deposits along two selected profiles. In this field example, we use collocated constant offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data to derive structural a priori information to constrain the inversion of the FD-EMI data. The results of this case study demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed approach.
The use of automated tools to reconstruct lipid metabolic pathways is not warranted in plants. Here, the authors construct Plant Lipid Module for Arabidopsis rosette using constraint-based modeling, demonstrate its integration in other plant metabolic models, and use it to dissect the genetic architecture of lipid metabolism.
Lipids play fundamental roles in regulating agronomically important traits. Advances in plant lipid metabolism have until recently largely been based on reductionist approaches, although modulation of its components can have system-wide effects. However, existing models of plant lipid metabolism provide lumped representations, hindering detailed study of component modulation. Here, we present the Plant Lipid Module (PLM) which provides a mechanistic description of lipid metabolism in the Arabidopsis thaliana rosette. We demonstrate that the PLM can be readily integrated in models of A. thaliana Col-0 metabolism, yielding accurate predictions (83%) of single lethal knock-outs and 75% concordance between measured transcript and predicted flux changes under extended darkness. Genome-wide associations with fluxes obtained by integrating the PLM in diel condition- and accession-specific models identify up to 65 candidate genes modulating A. thaliana lipid metabolism. Using mutant lines, we validate up to 40% of the candidates, paving the way for identification of metabolic gene function based on models capturing natural variability in metabolism.
An earthquake swarm affected the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, a unique rift basin in transition from intra-arc rifting to ocean spreading. The swarm, counting similar to 85,000 volcano-tectonic earthquakes since August 2020, is located close to the Orca submarine volcano, previously considered inactive. Simultaneously, geodetic data reported up to similar to 11 cm north-westward displacement over King George Island. We use a broad variety of geophysical data and methods to reveal the complex migration of seismicity, accompanying the intrusion of 0.26-0.56 km(3) of magma. Strike-slip earthquakes mark the intrusion at depth, while shallower normal faulting the similar to 20 km long lateral growth of a dike. Seismicity abruptly decreased after a Mw 6.0 earthquake, suggesting the magmatic dike lost pressure with the slipping of a large fault. A seafloor eruption is likely, but not confirmed by sea surface temperature anomalies. The unrest documents episodic magmatic intrusion in the Bransfield Strait, providing unique insights into active continental rifting.
The prevalence of obesity in the pediatric population has become a major public health issue. Indeed, the dramatic increase of this epidemic causes multiple and harmful consequences, Physical activity, particularly physical exercise, remains to be the cornerstone of interventions against childhood obesity. Given the conflicting findings with reference to the relevant literature addressing the effects of exercise on adiposity and physical fitness outcomes in obese children and adolescents, the effect of duration-matched concurrent training (CT) [50% resistance (RT) and 50% high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT)] on body composition and physical fitness in obese youth remains to be elucidated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 9-weeks of CT compared to RT or HIIT alone, on body composition and selected physical fitness components in healthy sedentary obese youth. Out of 73 participants, only 37; [14 males and 23 females; age 13.4 +/- 0.9 years; body-mass-index (BMI): 31.2 +/- 4.8 kg center dot m-2] were eligible and randomized into three groups: HIIT (n = 12): 3-4 setsx12 runs at 80-110% peak velocity, with 10-s passive recovery between bouts; RT (n = 12): 6 exercises; 3-4 sets x 10 repetition maximum (RM) and CT (n = 13): 50% serial completion of RT and HIIT. CT promoted significant greater gains compared to HIIT and RT on body composition (p < 0.01, d = large), 6-min-walking test distance (6 MWT-distance) and on 6 MWT-VO2max (p < 0.03, d = large). In addition, CT showed substantially greater improvements than HIIT in the medicine ball throw test (20.2 vs. 13.6%, p < 0.04, d = large). On the other hand, RT exhibited significantly greater gains in relative hand grip strength (p < 0.03, d = large) and CMJ (p < 0.01, d = large) than HIIT and CT. CT promoted greater benefits for fat, body mass loss and cardiorespiratory fitness than HIIT or RT modalities. This study provides important information for practitioners and therapists on the application of effective exercise regimes with obese youth to induce significant and beneficial body composition changes. The applied CT program and the respective programming parameters in terms of exercise intensity and volume can be used by practitioners as an effective exercise treatment to fight the pandemic overweight and obesity in youth.
Background
Teleost fishes comprise more than half of the vertebrate species. Within teleosts, most phylogenies consider the split between Osteoglossomorpha and Euteleosteomorpha/Otomorpha as basal, preceded only by the derivation of the most primitive group of teleosts, the Elopomorpha. While Osteoglossomorpha are generally species poor, the taxon contains the African weakly electric fish (Mormyroidei), which have radiated into numerous species. Within the mormyrids, the genus Campylomormyrus is mostly endemic to the Congo Basin. Campylomormyrus serves as a model to understand mechanisms of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation, especially with regard to its highly diverse species-specific electric organ discharges (EOD). Currently, there are few well-annotated genomes available for electric fish in general and mormyrids in particular. Our study aims at producing a high-quality genome assembly and to use this to examine genome evolution in relation to other teleosts. This will facilitate further understanding of the evolution of the osteoglossomorpha fish in general and of electric fish in particular.
Results
A high-quality weakly electric fish (C. compressirostris) genome was produced from a single individual with a genome size of 862 Mb, consisting of 1,497 contigs with an N50 of 1,399 kb and a GC-content of 43.69%. Gene predictions identified 34,492 protein-coding genes, which is a higher number than in the two other available Osteoglossomorpha genomes of Paramormyrops kingsleyae and Scleropages formosus. A Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution (CAFE5) comparing 33 teleost fish genomes suggests an overall faster gene family turnover rate in Osteoglossomorpha than in Otomorpha and Euteleosteomorpha. Moreover, the ratios of expanded/contracted gene family numbers in Osteoglossomorpha are significantly higher than in the other two taxa, except for species that had undergone an additional genome duplication (Cyprinus carpio and Oncorhynchus mykiss). As potassium channel proteins are hypothesized to play a key role in EOD diversity among species, we put a special focus on them, and manually curated 16 Kv1 genes. We identified a tandem duplication in the KCNA7a gene in the genome of C. compressirostris.
Conclusions
We present the fourth genome of an electric fish and the third well-annotated genome for Osteoglossomorpha, enabling us to compare gene family evolution among major teleost lineages. Osteoglossomorpha appear to exhibit rapid gene family evolution, with more gene family expansions than contractions. The curated Kv1 gene family showed seven gene clusters, which is more than in other analyzed fish genomes outside Osteoglossomorpha. The KCNA7a, encoding for a potassium channel central for EOD production and modulation, is tandemly duplicated which may related to the diverse EOD observed among Campylomormyrus species.
Recently, there has been an upsurge of activity in image-based non-photorealistic rendering (NPR), and in particular portrait image stylisation, due to the advent of neural style transfer (NST). However, the state of performance evaluation in this field is poor, especially compared to the norms in the computer vision and machine learning communities. Unfortunately, the task of evaluating image stylisation is thus far not well defined, since it involves subjective, perceptual, and aesthetic aspects. To make progress towards a solution, this paper proposes a new structured, three-level, benchmark dataset for the evaluation of stylised portrait images. Rigorous criteria were used for its construction, and its consistency was validated by user studies. Moreover, a new methodology has been developed for evaluating portrait stylisation algorithms, which makes use of the different benchmark levels as well as annotations provided by user studies regarding the characteristics of the faces. We perform evaluation for a wide variety of image stylisation methods (both portrait-specific and general purpose, and also both traditional NPR approaches and NST) using the new benchmark dataset.
Arctic coasts are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and the loss of permafrost, sea ice and glaciers. Assessing the influence of anthropogenic warming on Arctic coastal dynamics, however, is challenged by the limited availability of observational, oceanographic and environmental data. Yet, with the majority of permafrost coasts being erosive, coupled with projected intensification of erosion and flooding, understanding these changes is critical. In this Review, we describe the morphological diversity of Arctic coasts, discuss important drivers of coastal change, explain the specific sensitivity of Arctic coasts to climate change and provide an overview of pan-Arctic shoreline change and its multifaceted impacts. Arctic coastal changes impact the human environment by threatening coastal settlements, infrastructure, cultural sites and archaeological remains. Changing sediment fluxes also impact the natural environment through carbon, nutrient and pollutant release on a magnitude that remains difficult to predict. Increasing transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration efforts will build the foundation for identifying sustainable solutions and adaptation strategies to reduce future risks for those living on, working at and visiting the rapidly changing Arctic coast.
We present observations with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope of seven compact low-mass star-forming galaxies at redshifts, z, in the range 0.3161-0.4276, with various O3Mg2 = [O III] lambda 5007/Mg II lambda 2796+2803 and Mg-2 = Mg II lambda 2796/Mg II lambda 2803 emission-line ratios. We aim to study the dependence of leaking Lyman continuum (LyC) emission on the characteristics of Mg ii emission together with the dependencies on other indirect indicators of escaping ionizing radiation. LyC emission with escape fractions f(esc)(LyC) = 3.1-4.6 per cent is detected in four galaxies, whereas only 1 sigma upper limits of f(esc)(LyC) in the remaining three galaxies were derived. A strong narrow Ly alpha emission line with two peaks separated by V-sep similar to 298-592 km s(-1) was observed in four galaxies with detected LyC emission and very weak Ly alpha emission is observed in galaxies with LyC non-detections. Our new data confirm the tight anticorrelation between f(esc)(LyC) and V-sep found for previous low-redshift galaxy samples. V-sep remains the best indirect indicator of LyC leakage among all considered indicators. It is found that escaping LyC emission is detected predominantly in galaxies with Mg-2 greater than or similar to 1.3. A tendency of an increase of f(esc)(LyC) with increasing of both the O3Mg2 and Mg-2 is possibly present. However, there is substantial scatter in these relations not allowing their use for reliable prediction of f(esc)(LyC).
Oxygen (O-2) availability in soils is vital for plant growth and productivity. The transport and consumption of O-2 in the root zone is closely linked to soil moisture content, the spatial distribution of roots, as well as structure and heterogeneity of the surrounding soil. In this study, we measure three-dimensional root system architecture and the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture (& theta;) and O-2 concentrations in the root zone of maize (Zea mays) via non-invasive imaging, and then construct and parameterize a reactive transport model based on the experimental data. The combination of three non-invasive imaging methods allowed for a direct comparison of simulation results with observations at high spatial and temporal resolution. In three different modeling scenarios, we investigated how the results obtained for different levels of conceptual complexity in the model were able to match measured & theta; and O-2 concentration patterns. We found that the modeling scenario that considers heterogeneous soil structure and spatial variability of hydraulic parameters (permeability, porosity, and van Genuchten & alpha; and n), better reproduced the measured & theta; and O-2 patterns relative to a simple model with a homogenous soil domain. The results from our combined imaging and modeling analysis reveal that experimental O-2 and water dynamics can be reproduced quantitatively in a reactive transport model, and that O-2 and water dynamics are best characterized when conditions unique to the specific system beyond the distribution of roots, such as soil structure and its effect on water saturation and macroscopic gas transport pathways, are considered.
Any system at play in a data-driven project has a fundamental requirement: the ability to load data. The de-facto standard format to distribute and consume raw data is CSV. Yet, the plain text and flexible nature of this format make such files often difficult to parse and correctly load their content, requiring cumbersome data preparation steps. We propose a benchmark to assess the robustness of systems in loading data from non-standard CSV formats and with structural inconsistencies. First, we formalize a model to describe the issues that affect real-world files and use it to derive a systematic lpollutionz process to generate dialects for any given grammar. Our benchmark leverages the pollution framework for the csv format. To guide pollution, we have surveyed thousands of real-world, publicly available csv files, recording the problems we encountered. We demonstrate the applicability of our benchmark by testing and scoring 16 different systems: popular csv parsing frameworks, relational database tools, spreadsheet systems, and a data visualization tool.
Over the six decades since it officially ended, the Algerian War has become a key event for marking, retrospectively, the beginning of a new era in European, Western and global history. This new era is characterized by the proclaimed end of Western hegemony – by the proclaimed end of European history as global, universal history. This era, our era, understands itself as the time after the domination of the West, a time or multiple times of “post”: the time of postcolonialism, but also postmodernity, postsecularism, posthumanism.
The times of “post” are characterized by a fundamental reconfiguration of the relations between European civilization and its Others, first and foremost by the proclaimed split between Europe and its Others, and more generally by the disintegration, disruption and dispersion of the – allegedly – unified space of culture, knowledge and discourse. The postcolonial era is an era of diversity and difference, an era of dispersions and diasporas, where the space of culture is a space of multiple cultures, a space of in-between, of “inter”: the space of the intercultural, but also the interreligious, interethnic, interracial and inter-epistemic.
This conference will reflect on the “inter” in the time of “post”. We invited scholars, thinkers, intellectuals and artists to discuss various aspects and models of intercultural dynamics that have been developed and articulated in the aftermath of the Algerian War or of other events that marked the decline of Western hegemony, such as the Second Vatican, May 1968 or the Vietnam War. How did the age of decolonization reshape the discourse and practice of intercultural relations? To what extent interculturality itself is a sign or a site of decolonization? To what extent, on the contrary, intercultural relations may reproduce colonial or generate neocolonial patterns?
Contributions examine the emergence of intercultural notions and practices in various intellectual traditions, European or non-European; the development of new categories and constellations of identity, otherness and dialogue; the interrelations between epistemic, cultural, discursive, religious and political aspects; as well as reactions to these new developments and various forms of critique and resistance. We are especially interested in how this reflection may shed light on socio-political and cultural phenomena, trends and concerns of the present time.
In the first book-length study of Takkanot Kandiyah, Martin Borýsek analyses this fascinating corpus of Hebrew texts written between 1228 –1583 by the leaders of the Jewish community in Candia, the capital of Venetian Crete. Collected in the 16th century by the Cretan Jewish historian Elijah Capsali, the communal byelaws offer a unique perspective on the history of a vibrant, culturally diverse Jewish community during three centuries of Venetian rule. As well as confronting practical problems such as deciding whether Christian wine can be made kosher by adding honey, or stopping irresponsible Jewish youths disturbing religious services by setting off fireworks in the synagogue, Takkanot Kandiyah presents valuable material for the study of communal autonomy and institutional memory in pre-modern Jewish society.
In search of ovidian hebrew
(2022)
This paper focuses on the first substantial translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses into modern Hebrew, whose author was Yehoshua Friedman (1885–1934). The first part of the paper sets Friedman into the context of modern Hebrew classical philology and explores the character of his verse. The core of the text consists of three case studies of selected excerpts from Ovid’s story of Apollo and Daphne (Met. I, 456–465; 481–482; 545–552). Based on detailed linguistic and stylistic analysis of these texts, I argue that Friedman did not simply adopt a pre-existing linguistic register, but rather created an original Ovidian idiom that helped to win him lasting significance in the history of Hebrew translations from classical languages.
Miguel de Luna as arbitrista
(2023)
This article deals with Miguel de Luna, a Morisco from Granada, who is most famous for his involvement in the Lead Books of Sacromonte affair. In the following pages I will, however, focus on a facet of his life that has been rather neglected. Rather than recount again his activities as translator for Arabic, I will shed light on his work as physician and claim that his medical paper on the benefits of bathing and the reopening of public baths in Granada may very well put him in league with the arbitristas, a group of intellectuals who advised the monarch in economic and financial matters.
Interfaith controversies and disputes regarding the role of reason in interpreting the Scriptures characterised scholarly discussion in the Low Countries between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Jewish author Abraham Gómez Silveira contributed to this discussion with an eclectic body of literature. This article focuses on his Libro Mudo (Mute Book), which embodies his efforts to present the Jewish religion as the only rational one and the Christian dogma as irrational. In order to corroborate his reading, Silveira mostly bases his argumentation on non-Jewish texts. By selecting passages from the New Testaments, Christian religious commentaries as well as Qur'anic excerpts, Silveira aims to demonstrate that even non-Jewish sources prove the rationality of the Jewish theological system. The novelty of Silveira's approach consists in confuting Christian dogma by accepting the Gospels as reliable historical sources. In this argumentative structure, the Qur'an has a similar although not identical function.
The Jewish population of early modern Italy was characterised by its inner diversity, which found its expression in the coexistence of various linguistic, cultural and liturgical traditions, as well as social and economic patterns. The contributions in this volume aim to explore crucial questions concerning the self-perception and identity of early modern Italian Jews from new perspectives and angles.
Multijunction solar cells can overcome the fundamental efficiency limits of single-junction devices. The bandgap tunability of metal halide perovskite solar cells renders them attractive for multijunction architectures(1). Combinations with silicon and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as all-perovskite tandem cells, have been reported(2-5). Meanwhile, narrow-gap non-fullerene acceptors have unlocked skyrocketing efficiencies for organic solar cells(6,7). Organic and perovskite semiconductors are an attractive combination, sharing similar processing technologies. Currently, perovskite-organic tandems show subpar efficiencies and are limited by the low open-circuit voltage (V-oc) of wide-gap perovskite cells(8) and losses introduced by the interconnect between the subcells(9,10). Here we demonstrate perovskite-organic tandem cells with an efficiency of 24.0 per cent (certified 23.1 per cent) and a high V-oc of 2.15 volts. Optimized charge extraction layers afford perovskite subcells with an outstanding combination of high V-oc and fill factor. The organic subcells provide a high external quantum efficiency in the near-infrared and, in contrast to paradigmatic concerns about limited photostability of non-fullerene cells(11), show an outstanding operational stability if excitons are predominantly generated on the non-fullerene acceptor, which is the case in our tandems. The subcells are connected by an ultrathin (approximately 1.5 nanometres) metal-like indium oxide layer with unprecedented low optical/electrical losses. This work sets a milestone for perovskite-organic tandems, which outperform the best p-i-n perovskite single junctions(12) and are on a par with perovskite-CIGS and all-perovskite multijunctions(13).
A combinatorial study of the effect of in-mixing of various guests on the thermoelectric properties of the host workhorse polymer poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT) is presented. Specifically, the composition and thickness for doped films of PBTTT blended with different polymers are varied. Some blends at guest weight fractions around 10-15% exhibit up to a fivefold increase in power factor compared to the reference material, leading to zT values around 0.1. Spectroscopic analysis of the charge-transfer species, structural characterization using grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman, and atomic force microscopy, and Monte Carlo simulations are employed to determine that the key to improved performance is for the guest to promote long-range electrical connectivity and low disorder, together with similar highest occupied molecular orbital levels for both materials in order to ensure electronic connectivity are combined.
We present proper motion (PM) measurements within the central region of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), using near-infrared data from the VISTA survey of the Magellanic Cloud system (VMC). This work encompasses 18 VMC tiles covering a total sky area of similar to 28 deg(2). We computed absolute stellar PMs from multiepoch observations in the K-s filter over time baselines between similar to 12 and 47 months. Our final catalogue contains similar to 6322 000 likely LMC member stars with derived PMs. We employed a simple flat-rotating disc model to analyse and interpret the PM data. We found a stellar centre of rotation (alpha(0) = 79.95 degrees(+0.22)(-0.23), delta(0) = -69.31 degrees(+0.12)(-0.11)) that is in agreement with that resulting from Hubble Space Telescope data. The inferred viewing angles of the LMC disc (i = 33.5 degrees(+1.2)(-1.3), Theta = 129.8 degrees(+1.9)(-1.9)) are in good agreement with values from the literature but suggest a higher inclination of the central parts of the LMC. Our data confirm a higher rotation amplitude for the young (less than or similar to 0.5 Gyr) stars compared to the intermediate-age/old (greater than or similar to 1 Gyr) population, which can be explained by asymmetric drift. We constructed spatially resolved velocity maps of the intermediate-age/old and young populations. Intermediate-age/old stars follow elongated orbits parallel to the bar's major axis, providing first observational evidence for x(1) orbits within the LMC bar. In the innermost regions, the motions show more chaotic structures. Young stars show motions along a central filamentary bar structure.
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive therapeutic immunosuppression that compromises their immune response to infections and vaccines. For this reason, SOT patients have a high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increased risk of death from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, the efficiency of immunotherapies and vaccines is reduced due to the constant immunosuppression in this patient group. Here, we propose adoptive transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells made resistant to a common immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, for optimized performance in the immunosuppressed patient. Using a ribonucleoprotein approach of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we have generated tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products from convalescent donors and demonstrate their specificity and function through characterizations at the single-cell level, including flow cytometry, single-cell RNA (scRNA) Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (CITE), and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analyses. Based on the promising results, we aim for clinical validation of this approach in transplant recipients. Additionally, we propose a combinatory approach with tacrolimus, to prevent an overshooting immune response manifested as bystander T cell activation in the setting of severe COVID-19 immunopathology, and tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products, allowing for efficient clearance of viral infection. Our strategy has the potential to prevent severe COVID-19 courses in SOT or autoimmunity settings and to prevent immunopathology while providing viral clearance in severe non-transplant COVID-19 cases.
Background and aims: Accurate and user-friendly assessment tools quantifying alcohol consumption are a prerequisite to effective prevention and treatment programmes, including Screening and Brief Intervention. Digital tools offer new potential in this field. We developed the ‘Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool’ (AAA-Tool), a mobile app providing an interactive version of the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) that facilitates the description of individual alcohol consumption via culturally informed animation features. This pilot study evaluated the Russia-specific version of the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool with regard to (1) its usability and acceptability in a primary healthcare setting, (2) the plausibility of its alcohol consumption assessment results and (3) the adequacy of its Russia-specific vessel and beverage selection. Methods: Convenience samples of 55 patients (47% female) and 15 healthcare practitioners (80% female) in 2 Russian primary healthcare facilities self-administered the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool and rated their experience on the Mobile Application Rating Scale – User Version. Usage data was automatically collected during app usage, and additional feedback on regional content was elicited in semi-structured interviews. Results: On average, patients completed the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool in 6:38 min (SD = 2.49, range = 3.00–17.16). User satisfaction was good, with all subscale Mobile Application Rating Scale – User Version scores averaging >3 out of 5 points. A majority of patients (53%) and practitioners (93%) would recommend the tool to ‘many people’ or ‘everyone’. Assessed alcohol consumption was plausible, with a low number (14%) of logically impossible entries. Most patients reported the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool to reflect all vessels (78%) and all beverages (71%) they typically used. Conclusion: High acceptability ratings by patients and healthcare practitioners, acceptable completion time, plausible alcohol usage assessment results and perceived adequacy of region-specific content underline the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool's potential to provide a novel approach to alcohol assessment in primary healthcare. After its validation, the Animated Alcohol Assessment Tool might contribute to reducing alcohol-related harm by facilitating Screening and Brief Intervention implementation in Russia and beyond.
Simulating the space weather in the AU Mic system: stellar winds and extreme coronal mass ejections
(2022)
Two close-in planets have been recently found around the M-dwarf flare star AU Microscopii (AU Mic). These Neptune-sized planets (AU Mic b and c) seem to be located very close to the so-called "evaporation valley" in the exoplanet population, making this system an important target for studying atmospheric loss on exoplanets. This process, while mainly driven by high-energy stellar radiation, will be strongly mediated by the space environment surrounding the planets. Here we present an investigation of this last area, performing 3D numerical modeling of the quiescent stellar wind from AU Mic, as well as time-dependent simulations describing the evolution of a highly energetic coronal mass ejection (CME) event in this system. Observational constraints on the stellar magnetic field and properties of the eruption are incorporated in our models. We carry out qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the stellar wind, the emerging CMEs, as well as the expected steady and transient conditions along the orbit of both exoplanets. Our results predict extreme space weather for AU Mic and its planets. This includes sub-Alfvenic regions for the large majority of the exoplanet orbits, very high dynamic and magnetic pressure values in quiescence (varying within 10(2)-10(5) times the dynamic pressure experienced by Earth), and an even harsher environment during the passage of any escaping CME associated with the frequent flaring observed in AU Mic. These space weather conditions alone pose an immense challenge for the survival of exoplanetary atmospheres (if any) in this system.
Introduction
Attempts to improve cognitive abilities via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have led to ambiguous results, likely due to the method's susceptibility to methodological and inter-individual factors. Conventional tDCS, i.e., using an active electrode over brain areas associated with the targeted cognitive function and a supposedly passive reference, neglects stimulation effects on entire neural networks.
Methods
We investigated the advantage of frontoparietal network stimulation (right prefrontal anode, left posterior parietal cathode) against conventional and sham tDCS in modulating working memory (WM) capacity dependent transfer effects of a single-session distractor inhibition (DIIN) training. Since previous results did not clarify whether electrode montage drives this individual transfer, we here compared conventional to frontoparietal and sham tDCS and reanalyzed data of 124 young, healthy participants in a more robust way using linear mixed effect modeling.
Results
The interaction of electrode montage and WM capacity resulted in systematic differences in transfer effects. While higher performance gains were observed with increasing WM capacity in the frontoparietal stimulation group, low WM capacity individuals benefited more in the sham condition. The conventional stimulation group showed subtle performance gains independent of WM capacity.
Discussion
Our results confirm our previous findings of WM capacity dependent transfer effects on WM by a single-session DIIN training combined with tDCS and additionally highlight the pivotal role of the specific electrode montage. WM capacity dependent differences in frontoparietal network recruitment, especially regarding the parietal involvement, are assumed to underlie this observation.
Background
There is consistent evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with an increased psychosocial burden on children and adolescents and their parents. Relatively little is known about its particular impact on high-risk groups with chronic physical health conditions (CCs). Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to analyze the multiple impacts on health care and psychosocial well-being on these children and adolescents and their parents.
Methods
We will implement a two-stage approach. In the first step, parents and their underage children from three German patient registries for diabetes, obesity, and rheumatic diseases, are invited to fill out short questionnaires including questions about corona-specific stressors, the health care situation, and psychosocial well-being. In the next step, a more comprehensive, in-depth online survey is carried out in a smaller subsample.
Discussion
The study will provide insights into the multiple longer-term stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with a child with a CC. The simultaneous consideration of medical and psycho-social endpoints will help to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions affecting family functioning, psychological well-being, and health care delivery.
Introduction General and particularly sport-specific testing is an integral aspect of performance optimization in artistic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, however, only non-specific field tests have been used to assess endurance performance (e.g., Multistage Shuttle Run Test; Cooper's Test).
Methods This study aimed to examine the validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics. Fourteen elite-level gymnasts (i.e., eight males and six females) participated in this study. The newly developed artistic gymnastics-specific endurance test (AGSET) was conducted on two different occasions seven days apart to determine its reliability. To assess the concurrent validity of AGSET, participants performed the multistage shuttle run test (MSRT). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were directly assessed using a portable gas analyzer system during both protocols. Additionally, the total time maintained (TTM) during the AGSET, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) during the two protocols were collected.
Results The main findings indicated that all variables derived from the AGSET (i.e., VO2max, MAS, HRmax, BLa, and RER) displayed very good relative (all intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] > 0.90) and absolute (all typical errors of measurement [TEM] < 5%) reliability. Further, results showed that the ability of the AGSET to detect small changes in VO2max, MAS, BLa, and RER was good (smallest worthwhile change [SWC0.2] > TEM), except HRmax (SWC0.2 < TEM). Additionally, results showed a nearly perfect association between the VO2max values derived from the AGSET and MSRT (r = 0.985; coefficient of determination [R-2] = 97%) with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). The mean (bias) +/- 95% limits of agreement between the two protocols were 0.28 +/- 0.55 mlminkg-1.
Discussion AGSET seems to present very good reliability and concurrent validity for assessing endurance performance in elite artistic gymnastics. In addition, the newly developed protocol presents a good ability to detect small changes in performance.
Background Anxiety and depressive disorders share common features of mood dysfunctions. This has stimulated interest in transdiagnostic dimensional research as proposed by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) aiming to improve the understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the processing of RDoC domains in relation to disease severity in order to identify latent disorder-specific as well as transdiagnostic indicators of disease severity in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders.
Methods Within the German research network for mental disorders, 895 participants (n = 476 female, n = 602 anxiety disorder, n = 257 depressive disorder) were recruited for the Phenotypic, Diagnostic and Clinical Domain Assessment Network Germany (PD-CAN) and included in this cross-sectional study. We performed incremental regression models to investigate the association of four RDoC domains on disease severity in patients with affective disorders: Positive (PVS) and Negative Valance System (NVS), Cognitive Systems (CS) and Social Processes (SP).
Results The results confirmed a transdiagnostic relationship for all four domains, as we found significant main effects on disease severity within domain-specific models (PVS: & beta; = -0.35; NVS: & beta; = 0.39; CS: & beta; = -0.12; SP: & beta; = -0.32). We also found three significant interaction effects with main diagnosis showing a disease-specific association.
Limitations The cross-sectional study design prevents causal conclusions. Further limitations include possible outliers and heteroskedasticity in all regression models which we appropriately controlled for.
Conclusion Our key results show that symptom burden in anxiety and depressive disorders is associated with latent RDoC indicators in transdiagnostic and disease-specific ways.
Progressive habitat fragmentation threatens plant species with narrow habitat requirements. While local environmental conditions define population growth rates and recruitment success at the patch level, dispersal is critical for population viability at the landscape scale. Identifying the dynamics of plant meta-populations is often confounded by the uncertainty about soil-stored population compartments. We combined a landscape-scale assessment of an amphibious plant's population structure with measurements of dispersal complexity in time to track dispersal and putative shifts in functional connectivity. Using 13 microsatellite markers, we analyzed the genetic structure of extant Oenanthe aquatica populations and their soil seed banks in a kettle hole system to uncover hidden connectivity among populations in time and space. Considerable spatial genetic structure and isolation-by-distance suggest limited gene flow between sites. Spatial isolation and patch size showed minor effects on genetic diversity. Genetic similarity found among extant populations and their seed banks suggests increased local recruitment, despite some evidence of migration and recent colonization. Results indicate stepping-stone dispersal across adjacent populations. Among permanent and ephemeral demes the resulting meta-population demography could be determined by source-sink dynamics. Overall, these spatiotemporal connectivity patterns support mainland-island dynamics in our system, highlighting the importance of persistent seed banks as enduring sources of genetic diversity.
How to not induce SNAs
(2023)
People respond faster to smaller numbers in their left space and to larger numbers in their right space. Here we argue that movements in space contribute to the formation of spatial-numerical associations (SNAs). We studied the impact of continuous isometric forces along the horizontal or vertical cardinal axes on SNAs while participants performed random number production and arithmetic verification tasks. Our results suggest that such isometric directional force do not suffice to induce SNAs.
Background
Machine learning models promise to support diagnostic predictions, but may not perform well in new settings. Selecting the best model for a new setting without available data is challenging. We aimed to investigate the transportability by calibration and discrimination of prediction models for cognitive impairment in simulated external settings with different distributions of demographic and clinical characteristics.
Methods
We mapped and quantified relationships between variables associated with cognitive impairment using causal graphs, structural equation models, and data from the ADNI study. These estimates were then used to generate datasets and evaluate prediction models with different sets of predictors. We measured transportability to external settings under guided interventions on age, APOE & epsilon;4, and tau-protein, using performance differences between internal and external settings measured by calibration metrics and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC).
Results
Calibration differences indicated that models predicting with causes of the outcome were more transportable than those predicting with consequences. AUC differences indicated inconsistent trends of transportability between the different external settings. Models predicting with consequences tended to show higher AUC in the external settings compared to internal settings, while models predicting with parents or all variables showed similar AUC.
Conclusions
We demonstrated with a practical prediction task example that predicting with causes of the outcome results in better transportability compared to anti-causal predictions when considering calibration differences. We conclude that calibration performance is crucial when assessing model transportability to external settings.
BackgroundIn spring of 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next 2 years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Did these social restrictions and temporary school lockdowns affect children's physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump test), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). A total of 125,893 children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2022. Primary analyses focused on 98,510 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged 8 to 9 years) from 515 schools. Secondary analyses included 27,383 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged 9 to 10 years), who have been shown to exhibit lower physical fitness than expected for their age. Linear mixed models fitted pre-pandemic quadratic secular trends, and took into account differences between children and schools.ResultsThird-graders exhibited lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerUP in the Covid pandemic cohorts (2020-2022) compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts (2016-2019). Children's powerLOW and static balance were higher in the pandemic cohorts compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts. From 2020 to 2021, coordination, powerLOW and powerUP further declined. Evidence for some post-pandemic physical fitness catch-up was restricted to powerUP. Cohen's |ds| for comparisons of the pandemic cohorts 2020-2022 with pre-pandemic cohorts 2016-2019 ranged from 0.02 for powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. Within the pandemic cohorts, keyage children exhibited developmental losses ranging from approximately 1 month for speed to 5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance. For powerLOW and static balance, the positive pandemic effects translate to developmental gains of 1 and 7 months, respectively. Pre-pandemic secular trends may account for some of the observed differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts, especially in powerLOW, powerUP and static balance. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children in cardiorespiratory endurance, powerUP and balance.ConclusionsThe Covid-19 pandemic was associated with declines in several physical fitness components in German third-graders. Pandemic effects are still visible in 2022. Health-related interventions should specifically target those physical fitness components that were negatively affected by the pandemic (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed).
Metabolic engineering of microalgae offers a promising solution for sustainable biofuel production, and rational design of engineering strategies can be improved by employing metabolic models that integrate enzyme turnover numbers. However, the coverage of turnover numbers for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a model eukaryotic microalga accessible to metabolic engineering, is 17-fold smaller compared to the heterotrophic cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we generate quantitative protein abundance data of Chlamydomonas covering 2337 to 3708 proteins in various growth conditions to estimate in vivo maximum apparent turnover numbers. Using constrained-based modeling we provide proxies for in vivo turnover numbers of 568 reactions, representing a 10-fold increase over the in vitro data for Chlamydomonas. Integration of the in vivo estimates instead of in vitro values in a metabolic model of Chlamydomonas improved the accuracy of enzyme usage predictions. Our results help in extending the knowledge on uncharacterized enzymes and improve biotechnological applications of Chlamydomonas.
Spatial and temporal variation in perceived predation risk is an important determinant of movement and foraging activity of animals. Foraging in this landscape of fear, individuals need to decide where and when to move, and what resources to choose. Foraging theory predicts the outcome of these decisions based on energetic trade-offs, but complex interactions between perceived predation risk and preferences of foragers for certain functional traits of their resources are rarely considered. Here, we studied the interactive effects of perceived predation risk on food trait preferences and foraging behavior in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in experimental landscapes. Individuals (n = 19) were subjected for periods of 24 h to two extreme, risk-uniform landscapes (either risky or safe), containing 25 discrete food patches, filled with seeds of four plant species in even amounts. Seeds varied in functional traits: size, nutrients, and shape. We evaluated whether and how risk modifies forager preference for functional traits. We also investigated whether perceived risk and distance from shelter affected giving-up density (GUD), time in patches, and number of patch visits. In safe landscapes, individuals increased time spent in patches, lowered GUD and visited distant patches more often compared to risky landscapes. Individuals preferred bigger seeds independent of risk, but in the safe treatment they preferred fat-rich over carb-rich seeds. Thus, higher densities of resource levels remained in risky landscapes, while in safe landscapes resource density was lower and less diverse due to selective foraging. Our results suggest that the interaction of perceived risk and dietary preference adds an additional layer to the cascading effects of a landscape of fear which affects biodiversity at resource level.
The detection of communities in graph datasets provides insight about a graph's underlying structure and is an important tool for various domains such as social sciences, marketing, traffic forecast, and drug discovery. While most existing algorithms provide fast approaches for community detection, their results usually contain strictly separated communities. However, most datasets would semantically allow for or even require overlapping communities that can only be determined at much higher computational cost. We build on an efficient algorithm, FOX, that detects such overlapping communities. FOX measures the closeness of a node to a community by approximating the count of triangles which that node forms with that community. We propose LAZYFOX, a multi-threaded adaptation of the FOX algorithm, which provides even faster detection without an impact on community quality. This allows for the analyses of significantly larger and more complex datasets. LAZYFOX enables overlapping community detection on complex graph datasets with millions of nodes and billions of edges in days instead of weeks. As part of this work, LAZYFOX's implementation was published and is available as a tool under an MIT licence at https://github.com/TimGarrels/LazyFox.
Protein-protein-interactions play an important role in many cellular functions. Quantitative non-invasive techniques are applied in living cells to evaluate such interactions, thereby providing a broader understanding of complex biological processes. Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy describes a group of quantitative microscopy approaches for the characterization of molecular interactions at single cell resolution. Through the obtained molecular brightness, it is possible to determine the oligomeric state of proteins. This is usually achieved by fusing fluorescent proteins (FPs) to the protein of interest. Recently, the number of novel green FPs has increased, with consequent improvements to the quality of fluctuation-based measurements. The photophysical behavior of FPs is influenced by multiple factors (including photobleaching, protonation-induced "blinking" and long-lived dark states). Assessing these factors is critical for selecting the appropriate fluorescent tag for live cell imaging applications. In this work, we focus on novel green FPs that are extensively used in live cell imaging. A systematic performance comparison of several green FPs in living cells under different pH conditions using Number & Brightness (N & B) analysis and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was performed. Our results show that the new FP Gamillus exhibits higher brightness at the cost of lower photostability and fluorescence probability (pf), especially at lower pH. mGreenLantern, on the other hand, thanks to a very high pf, is best suited for multimerization quantification at neutral pH. At lower pH, mEGFP remains apparently the best choice for multimerization investigation. These guidelines provide the information needed to plan quantitative fluorescence microscopy involving these FPs, both for general imaging or for protein-protein-interactions quantification via fluorescence fluctuation-based methods.
When two initially thermal many-body systems start to interact strongly, their transient states quickly become non-Gibbsian, even if the systems eventually equilibrate. To see beyond this apparent lack of structure during the transient regime, we use a refined notion of thermality, which we call g-local. A system is g-locally thermal if the states of all its small subsystems are marginals of global thermal states. We numerically demonstrate for two harmonic lattices that whenever the total system equilibrates in the long run, each lattice remains g-locally thermal at all times, including the transient regime. This is true even when the lattices have long-range interactions within them. In all cases, we find that the equilibrium is described by the generalized Gibbs ensemble, with three-dimensional lattices requiring special treatment due to their extended set of conserved charges. We compare our findings with the well-known two-temperature model. While its standard form is not valid beyond weak coupling, we show that at strong coupling it can be partially salvaged by adopting the concept of a g-local temperature.
Psychology and nutritional science research has highlighted the impact of negative emotions and cognitive load on calorie consumption behaviour using subjective questionnaires. Isolated studies in other domains objectively assess cognitive load without considering its effects on eating behaviour. This study aims to explore the potential for developing an integrated eating behaviour assistant system that incorporates cognitive load factors. Two experimental sessions were conducted using custom-developed experimentation software to induce different stimuli. During these sessions, we collected 30 h of physiological, food consumption, and affective states questionnaires data to automatically detect cognitive load and analyse its effect on food choice. Utilising grid search optimisation and leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, a support vector machine model achieved a mean classification accuracy of 85.12% for the two cognitive load tasks using eight relevant features. Statistical analysis was performed on calorie consumption and questionnaire data. Furthermore, 75% of the subjects with higher negative affect significantly increased consumption of specific foods after high-cognitive-load tasks. These findings offer insights into the intricate relationship between cognitive load, affective states, and food choice, paving the way for an eating behaviour assistant system to manage food choices during cognitive load. Future research should enhance system capabilities and explore real-world applications.
Core-collapse supernova remnants are structures of the interstellar medium (ISM) left behind the explosive death of most massive stars ( ?40 M-?). Since they result in the expansion of the supernova shock wave into the gaseous environment shaped by the star's wind history, their morphology constitutes an insight into the past evolution of their progenitor star. Particularly, fast-mo ving massiv e stars can produce asymmetric core-collapse superno va remnants. We inv estigate the mixing of materials in core-collapse supernova remnants generated by a moving massive 35 M-? star, in a magnetized ISM. Stellar rotation and the wind magnetic field are time-dependently included into the models which follow the entire evolution of the stellar surroundings from the zero-age main-sequence to 80 kyr after the supernova explosion. It is found that very little main-sequence material is present in remnants from moving stars, that the Wolf-Rayet wind mixes very efficiently within the 10 kyr after the explosion, while the red supergiant material is still unmixed by 30 per cent within 50 kyr after the supernova. Our results indicate that the faster the stellar motion, the more complex the internal organization of the supernova remnant and the more ef fecti ve the mixing of ejecta therein. In contrast, the mixing of stellar wind material is only weakly affected by progenitor motion, if at all.
In precision agriculture, the estimation of soil parameters via sensors and the creation of nutrient maps are a prerequisite for farmers to take targeted measures such as spatially resolved fertilization. In this work, 68 soil samples uniformly distributed over a field near Bonn are investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). These investigations include the determination of the total contents of macro- and micronutrients as well as further soil parameters such as soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) content, and soil texture. The applied LIBS instruments are a handheld and a platform spectrometer, which potentially allows for the single-point measurement and scanning of whole fields, respectively. Their results are compared with a high-resolution lab spectrometer. The prediction of soil parameters was based on multivariate methods. Different feature selection methods and regression methods like PLS, PCR, SVM, Lasso, and Gaussian processes were tested and compared. While good predictions were obtained for Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Cu, and silt content, excellent predictions were obtained for K, Fe, and clay content. The comparison of the three different spectrometers showed that although the lab spectrometer gives the best results, measurements with both field spectrometers also yield good results. This allows for a method transfer to the in-field measurements.
This review discusses picosecond ultrasonics experiments using ultrashort hard x-ray probe pulses to extract the transient strain response of laser-excited nanoscopic structures from Bragg-peak shifts. This method provides direct, layer-specific, and quantitative information on the picosecond strain response for structures down to few-nm thickness. We model the transient strain using the elastic wave equation and express the driving stress using Gruneisen parameters stating that the laser-induced stress is proportional to energy density changes in the microscopic subsystems of the solid, i.e., electrons, phonons and spins. The laser-driven strain response can thus serve as an ultrafast proxy for local energy-density and temperature changes, but we emphasize the importance of the nanoscale morphology for an accurate interpretation due to the Poisson effect. The presented experimental use cases encompass ultrathin and opaque metal-heterostructures, continuous and granular nanolayers as well as negative thermal expansion materials, that each pose a challenge to established all-optical techniques.
The Gutenberg-Richter (GR) and the Omori-Utsu (OU) law describe the earthquakes' energy release and temporal clustering and are thus of great importance for seismic hazard assessment. Motivated by experimental results, which indicate stress-dependent parameters, we consider a combined global data set of 127 main shock-aftershock sequences and perform a systematic study of the relationship between main shock-induced stress changes and associated seismicity patterns. For this purpose, we calculate space-dependent Coulomb Stress (& UDelta;CFS) and alternative receiver-independent stress metrics in the surrounding of the main shocks. Our results indicate a clear positive correlation between the GR b-value and the induced stress, contrasting expectations from laboratory experiments and suggesting a crucial role of structural heterogeneity and strength variations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the aftershock productivity increases nonlinearly with stress, while the OU parameters c and p systematically decrease for increasing stress changes. Our partly unexpected findings can have an important impact on future estimations of the aftershock hazard.
Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment
(2023)
Previous research has shown that children who were enrolled to school according to the legal key date (i.e., keyage children, between eight and nine years in third grade) exhibited a linear physical fitness development in the ninth year of life. In contrast, children who were enrolled with a delay (i.e., older-than-keyage children [OTK], between nine and ten years in third grade) exhibited a lower physical fitness compared to what would be expected for their age. In these studies, cross-sectional age differences within third grade and timing of school enrollment were confounded. The present study investigated the longitudinal development of keyage and OTK children from third to fifth grade. This design also afforded a comparison of the two groups at the same average chronological age, that is a dissociation of the effects of timing of school enrollment and age. We tested six physical fitness components: cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, power of lower and upper limbs, and static balance. 1502 children (i.e., 1206 keyage and 296 OTK children) from 35 schools were tested in third, fourth, and fifth grade. Except for cardiorespiratory endurance, both groups developed from third to fourth and from fourth to fifth grade and keyage children outperformed OTK children at the average ages of 9.5 or 10.5 years. For cardiorespiratory endurance, there was no significant gain from fourth to fifth grade and keyage and OTK children did not differ significantly at 10.5 years of age. One reason for a delayed school enrollment could be that a child is (or is perceived as) biologically younger than their chronological age at the school entry examination, implying a negative correlation between chronological and biological age for OTK children. Indeed, a simple reflection of chronological age brought the developmental rate of the chronologically youngest OTK children in line with the developmental rate observed for keyage children, but did not eliminate all differences. The mapping of chronological and biological age of OTK children and other possible reasons for lower physical fitness of OTK children remain a task for future research.
The NGC 346 young stellar system and associated N66 giant H ii region in the Small Magellanic Cloud are the nearest example of a massive star-forming event in a low metallicity (Z approximate to 0.2Z (circle dot)) galaxy. With an age of less than or similar to 3 Myr this system provides a unique opportunity to study relationships between massive stars and their associated H ii region. Using archival data, we derive a total H alpha luminosity of L(H alpha) = 4.1 x 10(38) erg s(-1) corresponding to an H-photoionization rate of 3 x 10(50) s(-1). A comparison with a predicted stellar ionization rate derived from the more than 50 known O-stars in NGC 346, including massive stars recently classified from Hubble Space Telescope far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra, indicates an approximate ionization balance. Spectra obtained with SALT suggest the ionization structure of N66 could be consistent with some leakage of ionizing photons. Due to the low metallicity, the FUV luminosity from NGC 346 is not confined to the interstellar cloud associated with N66. Ionization extends through much of the spatial extent of the N66 cloud complex, and most of the cloud mass is not ionized. The stellar mass estimated from nebular L(H alpha) appears to be lower than masses derived from the census of resolved stars which may indicate a disconnect between the formation of high and low mass stars in this region. We briefly discuss implications of the properties of N66 for studies of star formation and stellar feedback in low metallicity environments.
The unmixed debris of Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus in the form of a pair of halo stellar overdensities
(2022)
In the first billion years after its formation, the galaxy underwent several mergers with dwarf satellites of various masses. The debris of Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), the galaxy responsible for the last significant merger of the Milky Way, dominates the inner halo and has been suggested to be the progenitor of both the Hercules-Aquila Cloud (HAC) and Virgo Overdensity (VOD). We combine SEGUE, APOGEE, Gaia, and StarHorse distances to characterize the chemodynamical properties and verify the link between HAC, VOD, and GSE. We find that the orbital eccentricity distributions of the stellar overdensities and GSE are comparable. We also find that they have similar, strongly peaked, metallicity distribution functions, reinforcing the hypothesis of common origin. Furthermore, we show that HAC and VOD are indistinguishable from the prototypical GSE population within all chemical-abundance spaces analyzed. All these evidences combined provide a clear demonstration that the GSE merger is the main progenitor of the stellar populations found within these halo overdensities.
All plant cells are encased in primary cell walls that determine plant morphology, but also protect the cells against the environment. Certain cells also produce a secondary wall that supports mechanically demanding processes, such as maintaining plant body stature and water transport inside plants. Both these walls are primarily composed of polysaccharides that are arranged in certain patterns to support cell functions. A key requisite for patterned cell walls is the arrangement of cortical microtubules that may direct the delivery of wall polymers and/or cell wall producing enzymes to certain plasma membrane locations. Microtubules also steer the synthesis of cellulose-the load-bearing structure in cell walls-at the plasma membrane. The organization and behaviour of the microtubule array are thus of fundamental importance to cell wall patterns. These aspects are controlled by the coordinated effort of small GTPases that probably coordinate a Turing's reaction-diffusion mechanism to drive microtubule patterns. Here, we give an overview on how wall patterns form in the water-transporting xylem vessels of plants. We discuss systems that have been used to dissect mechanisms that underpin the xylem wall patterns, emphasizing the VND6 and VND7 inducible systems, and outline challenges that lay ahead in this field.
Outcome-dependent effects of walking speed and age on quantitative and qualitative gait measures
(2022)
Background: Walking speed predicts many clinical outcomes in old age. However, a comprehensive assessment of how walking speed affects accelerometer based quantitative and qualitative gait measures in younger and older adults is lacking. Research question: What is the relationship between walking speed and quantitative and qualitative gait outcomes in younger and older adults? Methods: Younger (n = 27, age: 21.6) and older participants (n = 27, age: 69.5) completed 340 steps on a treadmill at speeds of 0.70 to a maximum of 1.75 m.s(-1). We used generalized additive mixed models to determine the relationship between walking speed and quantitative (stride length, stride time, stride frequency and their variability) and qualitative (stride regularity, stability, smoothness, symmetry, synchronization, predictability) gait measures extracted from trunk accelerations. Results: The type of relationship between walking speed and the majority of gait measures (quantitative and qualitative) was characterized as logarithmic, with more prominent speed-effects at speeds below 1.20 m.s(-1). Changes in quantitative measures included shorter strides, longer stride times, and a lower stride frequency, with more variability at lower speeds independent of age. For qualitative measures, we found a decrease in gait symmetry, stability and regularity in all directions with decreasing speeds, a decrease in gait predictability (Vertical, V, anterior-posterior, AP) and stronger gait synchronization (AP-mediolateral, ML, AP-V), and direction dependent effects of gait smoothness, which decreased in V direction, but increased in AP and ML directions with decreasing speeds. We found outcome-dependent effects of age on the quantitative and qualitative gait measures, with either no differences between age-groups, age-related differences that existed regardless of speed, and age-related differences in the type of relationship with walking speed. Significance: The relationship between walking speed and quantitative and qualitative gait measures, and the effects of age on this relationship, depends on the type of gait measure studied.
Efficient Removal of Tetracycline and Bisphenol A from Water with a New Hybrid Clay/TiO2 Composite
(2023)
New TiO2 hybrid composites were prepared fromkaolinclay, predried and carbonized biomass, and titanium tetraisopropoxideand explored for tetracycline (TET) and bisphenol A (BPA) removalfrom water. Overall, the removal rate is 84% for TET and 51% for BPA.The maximum adsorption capacities (q (m))are 30 and 23 mg/g for TET and BPA, respectively. These capacitiesare far greater than those obtained for unmodified TiO2. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution does not change theadsorption capacity of the adsorbent. pH changes only slightly changeBPA adsorption, while a pH > 7 significantly reduces the adsorptionof TET on the material. The Brouers-Sotolongo fractal modelbest describes the kinetic data for both TET and BPA adsorption, predictingthat the adsorption process occurs via a complex mechanism involvingvarious forces of attraction. Temkin and Freundlich isotherms, whichbest fit the equilibrium adsorption data for TET and BPA, respectively,suggest that adsorption sites are heterogeneous in nature. Overall,the composite materials are much more effective for TET removal fromaqueous solution than for BPA. This phenomenon is assigned to a differencein the TET/adsorbent interactions vs the BPA/adsorbent interactions:the decisive factor appears to be favorable electrostatic interactionsfor TET yielding a more effective TET removal.
The active global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused more than 426 million cases and 5.8 million deaths worldwide. The development of completely new drugs for such a novel disease is a challenging, time intensive process. Despite researchers around the world working on this task, no effective treatments have been developed yet. This emphasizes the importance of drug repurposing, where treatments are found among existing drugs that are meant for different diseases. A common approach to this is based on knowledge graphs, that condense relationships between entities like drugs, diseases and genes. Graph neural networks (GNNs) can then be used for the task at hand by predicting links in such knowledge graphs. Expanding on state-of-the-art GNN research, Doshi et al. recently developed the Dr-COVID model. We further extend their work using additional output interpretation strategies. The best aggregation strategy derives a top-100 ranking of 8,070 candidate drugs, 32 of which are currently being tested in COVID-19-related clinical trials. Moreover, we present an alternative application for the model, the generation of additional candidates based on a given pre-selection of drug candidates using collaborative filtering. In addition, we improved the implementation of the Dr-COVID model by significantly shortening the inference and pre-processing time by exploiting data-parallelism. As drug repurposing is a task that requires high computation and memory resources, we further accelerate the post-processing phase using a new emerging hardware-we propose a new approach to leverage the use of high-capacity Non-Volatile Memory for aggregate drug ranking.
Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high-performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free-charge generation and photoluminescence in wnon-fullereneacceptor (NFA)-based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and the NFA Y5-a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artifacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady-state photoluminescence intensity and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low-offset system is entirely controlled by the field-dependent dissociation of local excitons into charge-transfer states. (c) 2023 Author(s).
Ore precipitation in porphyry copper systems is generally characterized by metal zoning (Cu-Mo to Zn-Pb-Ag), which is suggested to be variably related to solubility decreases during fluid cooling, fluid-rock interactions, partitioning during fluid phase separation and mixing with external fluids. Here, we present new advances of a numerical process model by considering published constraints on the temperature- and salinity-dependent solubility of Cu, Pb and Zn in the ore fluid. We quantitatively investigate the roles of vapor-brine separation, halite saturation, initial metal contents, fluid mixing and remobilization as first-order controls of the physical hydrology on ore formation. The results show that the magmatic vapor and brine phases ascend with different residence times but as miscible fluid mixtures, with salinity increases generating metal-undersaturated bulk fluids. The release rates of magmatic fluids affect the location of the thermohaline fronts, leading to contrasting mechanisms for ore precipitation: higher rates result in halite saturation without significant metal zoning, lower rates produce zoned ore shells due to mixing with meteoric water. Varying metal contents can affect the order of the final metal precipitation sequence. Redissolution of precipitated metals results in zoned ore shell patterns in more peripheral locations and also decouples halite saturation from ore precipitation.
We present a Reduced Order Model (ROM) which exploits recent developments in Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for solving inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). In the proposed approach, the presence of simulated data for the fluid dynamics fields is assumed. A POD-Galerkin ROM is then constructed by applying POD on the snapshots matrices of the fluid fields and performing a Galerkin projection of the NSE (or the modified equations in case of turbulence modeling) onto the POD reduced basis. A POD-Galerkin PINN ROM is then derived by introducing deep neural networks which approximate the reduced outputs with the input being time and/or parameters of the model. The neural networks incorporate the physical equations (the POD-Galerkin reduced equations) into their structure as part of the loss function. Using this approach, the reduced model is able to approximate unknown parameters such as physical constants or the boundary conditions. A demonstration of the applicability of the proposed ROM is illustrated by three cases which are the steady flow around a backward step, the flow around a circular cylinder and the unsteady turbulent flow around a surface mounted cubic obstacle.
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) produces a large amount of oil from the fruit. However, increasing the oil production in this fruit is still challenging. A recent study has shown that starch metabolism is essential for oil synthesis in fruit-producing species. Therefore, the transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq was performed to observe gene expression alteration related to starch metabolism genes throughout the maturity stages of oil palm fruit with different oil yields. Gene expression profiles were examined with three different oil yields group (low, medium, and high) at six fruit development phases (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 22 weeks after pollination). We successfully identified and analyzed differentially expressed genes in oil palm mesocarps during development. The results showed that the transcriptome profile for each developmental phase was unique. Sucrose flux to the mesocarp tissue, rapid starch turnover, and high glycolytic activity have been identified as critical factors for oil production in oil palms. For starch metabolism and the glycolytic pathway, we identified specific gene expressions of enzyme isoforms (isozymes) that correlated with oil production, which may determine the oil content. This study provides valuable information for creating new high-oil-yielding palm varieties via breeding programs or genome editing approaches.
Background
Self-regulation (SR) as the ability to regulate one's own physical state, emotions, cognitions, and behavior, is considered to play a pivotal role in the concurrent and subsequent mental and physical health of an individual. Although SR skills encompass numerous sub-facets, previous research has often focused on only one or a few of these sub-facets, and only rarely on adolescence. Therefore, little is known about the development of the sub-facets, their interplay, and their specific contributions to future developmental outcomes, particularly in adolescence. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to prospectively examine (1) the development of SR and (2) their influence on adolescent-specific developmental outcomes in a large community sample.
Methods/design
Based on previously collected data from the Potsdam Intrapersonal Developmental Risk (PIER) study with three measurement points, the present prospective, longitudinal study aims to add a fourth measurement point (PIERYOUTH). We aim to retain at least 1074 participants now between 16 and 23 years of the initially 1657 participants (6-11 years of age at the first measurement point in 2012/2013; 52.2% female). The study will continue to follow a multi-method (questionnaires, physiological assessments, performance-based computer tasks), multi-facet (assessing various domains of SR), and multi-rater (self-, parent-, and teacher-report) approach. In addition, a broad range of adolescent-specific developmental outcomes is considered. In doing so, we will cover the development of SR and relevant outcomes over the period of 10 years. In addition, we intend to conduct a fifth measurement point (given prolonged funding) to investigate development up to young adulthood.
Discussion
With its broad and multimethodological approach, PIERYOUTH aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the development and role of various SR sub-facets from middle childhood to adolescence. The large sample size and low drop-out rates in the first three measurements points form a sound database for our present prospective research.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00030847.
Keeping cool on hot days
(2023)
Long-lived organisms are likely to respond to a rapidly changing climate with behavioral flexibility. Animals inhabiting the arid parts of southern Africa face a particularly rapid rise in temperature which in combination with food and water scarcity places substantial constraints on the ability of animals to tolerate heat. We investigated how three species of African antelope-springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and eland T. oryx-differing in body size, habitat preference and movement ecology, change their activity in response to extreme heat in an arid savanna. Serving as a proxy for activity, dynamic body acceleration data recorded every five minutes were analyzed for seven to eight individuals per species for the three hottest months of the year. Activity responses to heat during the hottest time of day (the afternoons) were investigated and diel activity patterns were compared between hot and cool days. Springbok, which prefer open habitat, are highly mobile and the smallest of the species studied, showed the greatest decrease in activity with rising temperature. Furthermore, springbok showed reduced mean activity over the 24 h cycle on hot days compared to cool days. Large-bodied eland seemed less affected by afternoon heat than springbok. While eland also reduced diurnal activity on hot days compared to cool days, they compensated for this by increasing nocturnal activity, possibly because their predation risk is lower. Kudu, which are comparatively sedentary and typically occupy shady habitat, seemed least affected during the hottest time of day and showed no appreciable difference in diel activity patterns between hot and cool days. The interplay between habitat preference, body size, movement patterns, and other factors seems complex and even sub-lethal levels of heat stress have been shown to impact an animal's long-term survival and reproduction. Thus, differing heat tolerances among species could result in a shift in the composition of African herbivore communities as temperatures continue to rise, with significant implications for economically important wildlife-based land use and conservation.
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment.
Students enter school with a vast range of individual differences, resulting from the complex interplay between genetic dispositions and unequal environmental conditions. Schools thus face the challenge of organizing instruction and providing equal opportunities for students with diverse needs. Schools have traditionally managed student heterogeneity by sorting students both within and between schools according to their academic ability. However, empirical evidence suggests that such tracking approaches increase inequalities. In more recent years, driven largely by technological advances, there have been calls to embrace students' individual differences in the classroom and to personalize students' learning experiences. A central justification for personalized learning is its potential to improve educational equity. In this paper, we discuss whether and under which conditions personalized learning can indeed increase equity in K-12 education by bringing together empirical and theoretical insights from different fields, including the learning sciences, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. We distinguish between different conceptions of equity and argue that personalized learning is unlikely to result in "equality of outcomes" and, by definition, does not provide "equality of inputs". However, if implemented in a high-quality way, personalized learning is in line with "adequacy" notions of equity, which aim to equip all students with the basic competencies to participate in society as active members and to live meaningful lives.
Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature - QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km(2)) and Vernagt (11.4 km(2)), in the upper otztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach).Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance.Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of "peak sediment". We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.
Background:
Contamination detection is a important step that should be carefully considered in early stages when designing and performing microbiome studies to avoid biased outcomes. Detecting and removing true contaminants is challenging, especially in low-biomass samples or in studies lacking proper controls. Interactive visualizations and analysis platforms are crucial to better guide this step, to help to identify and detect noisy patterns that could potentially be contamination. Additionally, external evidence, like aggregation of several contamination detection methods and the use of common contaminants reported in the literature, could help to discover and mitigate contamination.
Results:
We propose GRIMER, a tool that performs automated analyses and generates a portable and interactive dashboard integrating annotation, taxonomy, and metadata. It unifies several sources of evidence to help detect contamination. GRIMER is independent of quantification methods and directly analyzes contingency tables to create an interactive and offline report. Reports can be created in seconds and are accessible for nonspecialists, providing an intuitive set of charts to explore data distribution among observations and samples and its connections with external sources. Further, we compiled and used an extensive list of possible external contaminant taxa and common contaminants with 210 genera and 627 species reported in 22 published articles.
Conclusion:
GRIMER enables visual data exploration and analysis, supporting contamination detection in microbiome studies. The tool and data presented are open source and available at https://gitlab.com/dacs-hpi/grimer.
Background
The aggregation of a series of N-of-1 trials presents an innovative and efficient study design, as an alternative to traditional randomized clinical trials. Challenges for the statistical analysis arise when there is carry-over or complex dependencies of the treatment effect of interest.
Methods
In this study, we evaluate and compare methods for the analysis of aggregated N-of-1 trials in different scenarios with carry-over and complex dependencies of treatment effects on covariates. For this, we simulate data of a series of N-of-1 trials for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain based on assumed causal relationships parameterized by directed acyclic graphs. In addition to existing statistical methods such as regression models, Bayesian Networks, and G-estimation, we introduce a carry-over adjusted parametric model (COAPM).
Results
The results show that all evaluated existing models have a good performance when there is no carry-over and no treatment dependence. When there is carry-over, COAPM yields unbiased and more efficient estimates while all other methods show some bias in the estimation. When there is known treatment dependence, all approaches that are capable to model it yield unbiased estimates. Finally, the efficiency of all methods decreases slightly when there are missing values, and the bias in the estimates can also increase.
Conclusions
This study presents a systematic evaluation of existing and novel approaches for the statistical analysis of a series of N-of-1 trials. We derive practical recommendations which methods may be best in which scenarios.
Jewish Studies and Postcolonial Studies are often thought to be at odds. Both disciplines intensively debate modernity, troubling its universalist claims and showing the contradictory nature of its promises. The call to provincialize Europe allows scholars from both disciplines to think, articulate and represent modern experiences beyond Europe and engage critically with traditions of modernity across disciplines, temporalities and geographies. Mapping Sephardi and other minor perspectives on modernity from across the globe in this volume, we are presenting fascinating cases and exploring new terrain where a fruitful encounter between Jewish and Postcolonial Studies can happen.
Graphene is well-knownfor its unique combination of electricaland mechanical properties. However, its vanishing band gap limitsthe use of graphene in microelectronics. Covalent functionalizationof graphene has been a common approach to address this critical issueand introduce a band gap. In this Article, we systematically analyzethe functionalization of single-layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene(BLG) with methyl (CH3) using periodic density functionaltheory (DFT) at the PBE+D3 level of theory. We also include a comparisonof methylated single-layer and bilayer graphene, as well as a discussionof different methylation options (radicalic, cationic, and anionic).For SLG, methyl coverages ranging from 1/8 to 1/1, (i.e.,the fully methylated analogue of graphane) are considered. We findthat up to a coverage theta of 1/2, graphene readily accepts CH3, with neighbor CH3 groups preferring trans positions. Above theta = 1/2, the tendency to accept further CH3 weakens and the lattice constant increases. The band gapbehaves less regularly, but overall it increases with increasing methylcoverage. Thus, methylated graphene shows potential for developingband gap-tuned microelectronics devices and may offer further functionalizationoptions. To guide in the interpretation of methylation experiments,vibrational signatures of various species are characterized by normal-modeanalysis (NMA), their vibrational density of states (VDOS), and infrared(IR) spectra, the latter two are obtained from ab initio moleculardynamics (AIMD) in combination with a velocity-velocity autocorrelationfunction (VVAF) approach.
Genomic and epigenomic determinants of heat stress-induced transcriptional memory in Arabidopsis
(2023)
Background
Transcriptional regulation is a key aspect of environmental stress responses. Heat stress induces transcriptional memory, i.e., sustained induction or enhanced re-induction of transcription, that allows plants to respond more efficiently to a recurrent HS. In light of more frequent temperature extremes due to climate change, improving heat tolerance in crop plants is an important breeding goal. However, not all heat stress-inducible genes show transcriptional memory, and it is unclear what distinguishes memory from non-memory genes. To address this issue and understand the genome and epigenome architecture of transcriptional memory after heat stress, we identify the global target genes of two key memory heat shock transcription factors, HSFA2 and HSFA3, using time course ChIP-seq.
Results
HSFA2 and HSFA3 show near identical binding patterns. In vitro and in vivo binding strength is highly correlated, indicating the importance of DNA sequence elements. In particular, genes with transcriptional memory are strongly enriched for a tripartite heat shock element, and are hallmarked by several features: low expression levels in the absence of heat stress, accessible chromatin environment, and heat stress-induced enrichment of H3K4 trimethylation. These results are confirmed by an orthogonal transcriptomic data set using both de novo clustering and an established definition of memory genes.
Conclusions
Our findings provide an integrated view of HSF-dependent transcriptional memory and shed light on its sequence and chromatin determinants, enabling the prediction and engineering of genes with transcriptional memory behavior.
Rankings have grown in importance in the last decades. This is particularly evident in, but not limited to, academia. In this paper, we propose a power analytical take on academic rankings as a transnational(izing) phenomenon. In doing so, we make two contributions. First, we develop a conceptual definition of rankings as consecratory institutions. After providing an overview of the most prominent types of rankings in the academic field and discussing the different forms they can take, we suggest that rankings operate through subjectivation, zero-sum comparisons, quantification, publication and generating a doxical belief. Second, we propose that rankings fulfil a strategic double function. As a particularly momentous consecratory institution, rankings propel power shifts in the academic field and beyond by preferring (and being pushed by) specific academic milieus, types of agents, paradigms, and strategies. As a dispositif, rankings operate at the intersection of different fields, open academic fields up for a lay audience and advance processes of transnationalization by facilitating new modes of governance for hubs of state institutions, private corporations, media corporations, and data providers. Concluding, we argue that the consecration and dispositif functions rely on some basic principles of the practical functioning of rankings.
Economic evaluation of digital therapeutic care apps for unsupervised treatment of low back pain
(2023)
Background:
Digital therapeutic care (DTC) programs are unsupervised app-based treatments that provide video exercises and educational material to patients with nonspecific low back pain during episodes of pain and functional disability. German statutory health insurance can reimburse DTC programs since 2019, but evidence on efficacy and reasonable pricing remains scarce. This paper presents a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) to evaluate the efficacy and cost-utility of a DTC app against treatment as usual (TAU) in Germany.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to perform a PSA in the form of a Monte Carlo simulation based on the deterministic base case analysis to account for model assumptions and parameter uncertainty. We also intend to explore to what extent the results in this probabilistic analysis differ from the results in the base case analysis and to what extent a shortage of outcome data concerning quality-of-life (QoL) metrics impacts the overall results.
Methods:
The PSA builds upon a state-transition Markov chain with a 4-week cycle length over a model time horizon of 3 years from a recently published deterministic cost-utility analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a cohort size of 10,000 was employed to evaluate the cost-utility from a societal perspective. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were derived from Veterans RAND 6-Dimension (VR-6D) and Short-Form 6-Dimension (SF-6D) single utility scores. Finally, we also simulated reducing the price for a 3-month app prescription to analyze at which price threshold DTC would result in being the dominant strategy over TAU in Germany.
Results:
The Monte Carlo simulation yielded on average a euro135.97 (a currency exchange rate of EUR euro1=US $1.069 is applicable) incremental cost and 0.004 incremental QALYs per person and year for the unsupervised DTC app strategy compared to in-person physiotherapy in Germany. The corresponding incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) amounts to an additional euro34,315.19 per additional QALY. DTC yielded more QALYs in 54.96% of the iterations. DTC dominates TAU in 24.04% of the iterations for QALYs. Reducing the app price in the simulation from currently euro239.96 to euro164.61 for a 3-month prescription could yield a negative ICUR and thus make DTC the dominant strategy, even though the estimated probability of DTC being more effective than TAU is only 54.96%.
Conclusions:
Decision-makers should be cautious when considering the reimbursement of DTC apps since no significant treatment effect was found, and the probability of cost-effectiveness remains below 60% even for an infinite willingness-to-pay threshold. More app-based studies involving the utilization of QoL outcome parameters are urgently needed to account for the low and limited precision of the available QoL input parameters, which are crucial to making profound recommendations concerning the cost-utility of novel apps.
In this programmatic introduction, we lay out the foundations of an approach to analyzing knowledge-based political phenomena beyond the nation state from a field perspective. We understand transnational field analysis as a research program comprising genuine theoretical and methodological assumptions. While extant research is well aware of the theoretical assumptions of transnational field analysis, there is thus far relatively little awareness of the importance of its methodological premises. Addressing this imbalanced picture, we identify five methodological principles and specify consequences for studies of transnational fields. Our approach emphasizes that performing transnational field analysis goes beyond “taking a theory to the field”; it means engaging in and reflecting upon a complex research process that simultaneously draws upon and constructs theories of fields.
Reliability of the active knee joint position sense test and influence of limb dominance and sex
(2023)
The output of a sensorimotor performance can be measured with the joint position sense (JPS) test. However, investigations of leg dominance, sex and quality measures on this test are limited. Therefore, these potential influencing factors as well as reliability and consistency measures were evaluated for angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity during the active knee JPS test in healthy participants. Twenty healthy participants (10 males; 10 females; age 29 +/- 8 years; height 165 +/- 39 cm; body mass 69 +/- 13 kg) performed a seated knee JPS test with a target angle of 50 degrees. Measurements were conducted in two sessions separated by two weeks and consisted of two blocks of continuous angular reproduction (three minutes each block). The difference between reproduced and target angle was identified as angular error measured by an electrogoniometer. During reproduction, the neuromuscular activity of the quadriceps muscle was assessed by surface electromyography. Neuromuscular activity was normalized to submaximal voluntary contraction (subMVC) and displayed per muscle and movement phase. Differences between leg dominance and sex were calculated using Friedman-test (alpha = 0.05). Reliability measures including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis (bias +/- limits of agreement (LoA)) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were analysed. No significant differences between leg dominance and sex were found in angular error and neuromuscular activity. Angular error demonstrated inter-session ICC scores of 0.424 with a bias of 2.4 degrees (+/- 2.4 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 6.8 degrees and moderate intra-session ICC (0.723) with a bias of 1.4 degrees (+/- 1.65 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 4.7 degrees. Neuromuscular activity for all muscles and movement phases illustrated inter-session ICC ranging from 0.432 to 0.809 with biases between - 2.5 and 13.6% subMVC and MDC from 13.4 to 63.9% subMVC. Intra-session ICC ranged from 0.705 to 0.987 with biases of - 7.7 to 2.4% subMVC and MDC of 2.7 to 46.5% subMVC. Leg dominance and sex seem not to influence angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity. Poor to excellent relative reliability paired with an acceptable consistency confirm findings of previous studies. Comparisons to pathological populations should be conducted with caution.
In the following pages I discuss how,and to what extent, the eminent Zionist thinker Max Nordau, himself of Sephardic ancestry, viewed the history of the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula in the context of his general critique of assimilation not only in regard to Jews,but in a more comprehensive understanding as well. My focus here is on the significance of assimilation in the history of the Jews on the Iberian Peninsula as reflected in Nordau’s writings, with an additional emphasis on his two visits to Spain, thefirst in 1875 and again between 1914 and 1920. In so doing, I attempt to integrate Ashkenazic and Sephardic history into one field of Jewish Studies. The relationship between the two has not yet been researched comprehensively, particularly in the context of the historical study of Zionism.
Carvajal and the Franciscans
(2022)
Luis de Carvajal the Younger (1567–1596) is without doubt one of the most famous victims of the Mexican Inquisition. In 1595, Luis and his family were found guilty of “Judaizing” and sentenced to death. Due to his autobiography and letters which survived in the dossiers of his trials, scholars have been able to trace important aspects of Carvajal’s life, his religious thought, and his self-fashioning as a Jewish martyr. However, one question that has not yet been entirely discussed is Carvajal’s messianism in the context of New World geographies and influences.
This chapter uses Carvajal’s autobiography, his letters, and his declarations during the trials to analyze the meaning of “the Americas” in Carvajal’s eschatological thought and to reflect upon possible influences from Mexican Franciscans and Christian millenarians with whom Carvajal was in contact between 1590 and 1595. It places Carvajal’s case in the broader context of recent studies of “converso messianism” and Jewish-Christian interactions in early modern eschatological and millenarian settings. It thus contributes to the exploration of entanglements between Jewish and Christian eschatological expectations in the early modern Atlantic World.
In Time and the Other Johannes Fabian analysed how modern conceptions of time were “not only secularized and naturalized but also thoroughly spatialized.” According to Fabian, this was particularly visible in modern anthropology which “promoted a scheme in terms of which not only past cultures but all living societies were irrevocably placed on a temporal slope, a stream of Time – some upstream, others downstream.”3 Anthropologists attributed otherness to a distant past which was traditionally associated with cultural retardation, i.e. a lower degree of development, progress, and civilization. Cultural difference was expressed in terms of temporal distance while temporal distance was attributed to spatial remoteness. The result was a phenomenon that Fabian coined “the denial of coevalness” which pointed towards “a persistent and systematic tendency to place the referent(s) of anthropology in a Time other than the present of the producer of anthropological discourse.
Nationalism was declared to be dead too early. A postnational age was announced, and liberalism claimed to have been victorious by the end of the Cold War. At the same time postnational order was proclaimed in which transnational alliances like the European Union were supposed to become more important in international relations. But we witnessed the rise a strong nationalism during the early 21st century instead, and right wing parties are able to gain more and more votes in elections that are often characterized by nationalist agendas. This volume shows how nationalist dreams and fears alike determine politics in an age that was supposed to witness a rather peaceful coexistence by those who consider transnational ideas more valuable than national demands. It will deal with different case studies to show why and how nationalism made its way back to the common consciousness and which elements stimulated the re-establishment of the aggressive nation state. The volume will therefore look at the continuities of empire, actual and imagined, the role of "foreign-" and "otherness" for nationalist narratives, and try to explain how globalization stimulated the rise of 21st century nationalisms as well.
This year’s edition of the Yearbook of the Selma Stern Center for Jewish Studies Berlin-Brandenburg (ZJS) highlights innovative approaches to the study of Sephardic history in colonial and postcolonial contexts beyond Europe. The authors intertwine the particularities of their case studies with reflections on patterns of belonging, memorial cultures, and a transnational network of connections spanning from early modern times to the twentieth century.
In the context of the early modern Atlantic world, two essays explore the notion of a Sephardic empire among Portuguese Jewish communities as well as transatlantic entanglements in and beyond the Danish Caribbean. In the frameworks of Spain as well as (post-)colonial Egypt and Morocco, three articles reflect on Jewish citizenship, modes of belonging, and present-day commemorative events of Jewish history across the Mediterranean and beyond.
These collected contributions are the outcome of activities at the ZJS dedicated to Sephardic Studies during the academic year 2020—21.
Religious Mapping Erbil (RME) is a joint project of teams from the Catholic University in Erbil (CUE), Salahaddin University-Erbil (SUE) and Tishk International University (TIU) under the guidance of the University of Potsdam (UP). From 2018 to 2022, the project was financed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
This project involves scholars of various disciplines including religious studies, Islamic studies, English language, applied computing, and computer engineering. The research is a cooperation of students, PhD candidates and advanced scholars.
The project attempts to display the religious diversity in Erbil, the fast-changing capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. Unlike a census or a survey, which focuses on individuals, RME presents the locations (mosques, churches, synagogues, temples and other venues) together with the history and social profiles of the congregations meeting there. [insert tiny map or part of it]
The data were obtained by visiting the locations, observing their services, interviewing community leaders (mostly imams and priests), evaluating information from the Ministry of Endowment and Religious Affairs, and by consulting websites. All investigations followed the same pattern, consisting of (I) spatiotemporal and (III) social dimensions, framed by (II) religious performance.
Integrated Seismic Program (ISP) is a graphical user interface designed to facilitate and provide a user-friendly framework for performing diverse common and advanced tasks in seismological research. ISP is composed of five main modules for earthquake location, time-frequency analysis and advanced signal processing, implementation of array techniques to estimate the slowness vector, seismic moment tensor inversion, and receiver function computation and analysis. In addition, several support tools are available, allowing the user to create an event database, download data from International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks services, inspect the background noise, and compute synthetic seismograms. ISP is written in Python3, supported by several open-source and/or publicly available tools. Its modular design allows for new features to be added in a collaborative development environment.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an herbaceous annual crop of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). It is increasingly cultivated for its nutritious grains, which are rich in protein and essential amino acids, lipids, and minerals. Quinoa exhibits a high tolerance towards various abiotic stresses including drought and salinity, which supports its agricultural cultivation under climate change conditions. The use of quinoa grains is compromised by anti-nutritional saponins, a terpenoid class of secondary metabolites deposited in the seed coat; their removal before consumption requires extensive washing, an economically and environmentally unfavorable process; or their accumulation can be reduced through breeding. In this study, we analyzed the seed metabolomes, including amino acids, fatty acids, and saponins, from 471 quinoa cultivars, including two related species, by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Additionally, we determined a large number of agronomic traits including biomass, flowering time, and seed yield. The results revealed considerable diversity between genotypes and provide a knowledge base for future breeding or genome editing of quinoa.
Geometry, 11B, 13C chemical shifts and the spatial magnetic properties (Through-Space NMR Shieldings -TSNMRS) of both cations and anions of boron-trapped N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) and of the corresponding diborane/diborene/diboryne dis-carbene adducts have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept; the TSNMRS results are visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction. The ICSS of the TSNMRS (actually the anisotropy effects measurable in 1H NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the present multiple bond character of the Carbene-Boron bond in the trapped NHCs and CAACs. Results are confirmed by bond length and 11B/13C chemical shift variations. Thus the partial multiple bond character of the Carbene-Boron bond cannot be expressed by the arrow of weak, much longer dative bonds and should be omitted as in other covalent lone pair-it or triel bonds. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The heat is on
(2023)
Climate conditions severely impact the activity and, consequently, the fitness of wildlife species across the globe. Wildlife can respond to new climatic conditions, but the pace of human-induced change limits opportunities for adaptation or migration. Thus, how these changes affect behavior, movement patterns, and activity levels remains unclear. In this study, we investigate how extreme weather conditions affect the activity of European hares (Lepus europaeus) during their peak reproduction period. When hares must additionally invest energy in mating, prevailing against competitors, or lactating, we investigated their sensitivities to rising temperatures, wind speed, and humidity. To quantify their activity, we used the overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) calculated from tri-axial acceleration measurements of 33 GPS-collared hares. Our analysis revealed that temperature, humidity, and wind speed are important in explaining changes in activity, with a strong response for high temperatures above 25 & DEG;C and the highest change in activity during temperature extremes of over 35 & DEG;C during their inactive period. Further, we found a non-linear relationship between temperature and activity and an interaction of activity changes between day and night. Activity increased at higher temperatures during the inactive period (day) and decreased during the active period (night). This decrease was strongest during hot tropical nights. At a stage of life when mammals such as hares must substantially invest in reproduction, the sensitivity of females to extreme temperatures was particularly pronounced. Similarly, both sexes increased their activity at high humidity levels during the day and low wind speeds, irrespective of the time of day, while the effect of humidity was stronger for males. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex relationships between extreme weather conditions and mammal behavior, critical for conservation and management. With ongoing climate change, extreme weather events such as heat waves and heavy rainfall are predicted to occur more often and last longer. These events will directly impact the fitness of hares and other wildlife species and hence the population dynamics of already declining populations across Europe.
Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) has been shown to be modified by external factors such as perceived danger, the use of tools, and social factors. Especially in times of social distancing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to study factors that modify PPS and IPD. The present work addresses the question of whether wearing a face mask as a protection tool and social interaction impact the perception of IPD. We tested estimated IPD in pictures at three distances: 50 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm in both social interaction (shaking hands) and without interaction and when the two people in the pictures wore a face mask or not. Data from 60 subjects were analyzed in a linear mixed model (on both difference in distance estimation to the depicted distance and in absolute distance estimation) and in a 3 (distance: 50, 90, 150) x 2 (interaction: no interaction, shake hands), x 2 face mask (no mask, mask) rmANOVA on distance estimation difference. All analyses showed that at a distance of 50 and 90 cm, participants generally underestimated the IPD while at an IPD of 150 cm, participants overestimated the distance. This could be grounded in perceived danger and avoidance behavior at closer distances, while the wider distance between persons was not perceived as dangerous. Our findings at an IPD of 90 cm show that social interaction has the largest effect at the border of our PPS, while the face mask did not affect social interaction at either distance. In addition, the ANOVA results indicate that when no social interaction was displayed, participants felt less unsafe when depicted persons wore a face mask at distances of 90 and 150 cm. This shows that participants are on the one hand aware of the given safety measures and internalized them; on the other hand, that refraining from physical social interaction helps to get close to other persons.
Sensorimotor control can be impaired by slacked muscle spindles. This was shown for reflex responses and, recently, also for muscular stability in the sense of Adaptive Force (AF). The slack in muscle spindles was generated by contracting the lengthened muscle followed by passive shortening. AF was suggested to specifically reflect sensorimotor control since it requires tension-length control in adaptation to an increasing load. This study investigated AF parameters in reaction to another, manually performed slack procedure in a preselected sample (n = 13). The AF of 11 elbow and 12 hip flexors was assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) using a handheld device. Maximal isometric AF was significantly reduced after manual spindle technique vs. regular MMT. Muscle lengthening started at 64.93 & PLUSMN; 12.46% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During regular MMT, muscle length could be maintained stable until 92.53 & PLUSMN; 10.12% of MVIC. Hence, muscular stability measured by AF was impaired after spindle manipulation. Force oscillations arose at a significantly lower level for regular vs. spindle. This supports the assumption that they are a prerequisite for stable adaptation. Reduced muscular stability in reaction to slack procedures is considered physiological since sensory information is misled. It is proposed to use slack procedures to test the functionality of the neuromuscular system, which is relevant for clinical practice.
Introduction
Balance is vital for human health and experiments have been conducted to measure the mechanisms of postural control, for example studying reflex responses to simulated perturbations. Such studies are frequent in walking but less common in running, and an understanding of reflex responses to trip-like disturbances could enhance our understanding of human gait and improve approaches to training and rehabilitation. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the technical validity and reliability of a treadmill running protocol with perturbations. A further exploratory aim was to evaluate the associated neuromuscular reflex responses to the perturbations, in the lower limbs.
Methods
Twelve healthy participants completed a running protocol (9 km/h) test-retest (2 weeks apart), whereby 30 unilateral perturbations were executed via the treadmill belts (presets:2.0 m/s amplitude;150 ms delay (post-heel contact);100ms duration). Validity of the perturbations was assessed via mean +/- SD comparison, percentage error calculation between the preset and recorded perturbation characteristics (PE%), and coefficient of variation (CV%). Test-retest reliability (TRV%) and Bland-Altman analysis (BLA; bias +/- 1.96 * SD) was calculated for reliability. To measure reflex activity, electromyography (EMG) was applied in both legs. EMG amplitudes (root mean square normalized to unperturbed strides) and latencies [ms] were analysed descriptively.
Results
Left-side perturbation amplitude was 1.9 +/- 0.1 m/s, delay 105 +/- 2 ms, and duration 78 +/- 1 ms. Right-side perturbation amplitude was 1.9 +/- 0.1 m/s, delay 118 +/- 2 ms, duration 78 +/- 1 ms. PE% ranged from 5-30% for the recorded perturbations. CV% of the perturbations ranged from 19.5-76.8%. TRV% for the perturbations was 6.4-16.6%. BLA for the left was amplitude: 0.0 +/- 0.3m/s, delay: 0 +/- 17 ms, duration: 2 +/- 13 ms, and for the right was amplitude: 0.1 +/- 0.7, delay: 4 +/- 40 ms, duration: 1 +/- 35 ms. EMG amplitudes ranged from 175 +/- 141%-454 +/- 359% in both limbs. Latencies were 109 +/- 12-116 +/- 23 ms in the tibialis anterior, and 128 +/- 49-157 +/- 20 ms in the biceps femoris.
Discussion
Generally, this study indicated sufficient validity and reliability of the current setup considering the technical challenges and limitations, although the reliability of the right-sided perturbations could be questioned. The protocol provoked reflex responses in the lower extremities, especially in the leading leg. Acute neuromusculoskeletal adjustments to the perturbations could be studied and compared in clinical and healthy running populations, and the protocol could be utilised to monitor chronic adaptations to interventions over time.
High-solid-content polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate dispersions of polymer particles with a 50 nm to 500 nm mean particle diameter and 12-55% (w/w) solid content have been produced via emulsion polymerization and characterized regarding their optical and physical properties. Both systems have been analyzed with common particle-size-measuring techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) and compared to inline particle size distribution (PSD) measurements via photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy in undiluted samples. It is shown that particle size measurements of undiluted polystyrene dispersions are in good agreement between analysis methods. However, for polyvinyl acetate particles, size determination is challenging due to bound water in the produced polymer. For the first time, water-swelling factors were determined via an iterative approach of PDW spectroscopy error (X-2) minimization. It is shown that water-swollen particles can be analyzed in high-solid-content solutions and their physical properties can be assumed to determine the refractive index, density, and volume fraction in dispersion. It was found that assumed water swelling improved the reduced scattering coefficient fit by PDW spectroscopy by up to ten times and particle size determination was refined and enabled. Particle size analysis of the water-swollen particles agreed well with offline-based state-of-the-art techniques.
This study provides a synthesis of corpus-based and experimental investigations of word-order preferences in German infinitival complementation. We carried out a systematic analysis of present-day German corpora to establish frequency distributions of different word-order options: extraposition, intraposition, and 'third construction'. We then examined, firstly, whether and to what extent corpus frequencies and processing economy constraints can predict the acceptability of these three word-order variants, and whether subject raising and subject control verbs form clearly distinguishable subclasses of infinitive-embedding verbs in terms of their word-order behaviour. Secondly, our study looks into the issue of coherence by comparing acceptability ratings for monoclausal coherent and biclausal incoherent construals of intraposed infinitives, and by examining whether a biclausal incoherent analysis gives rise to local and/or global processing difficulty. Taken together, our results revealed that (i) whilst the extraposition pattern consistently wins out over all other word-order variants for control verbs, neither frequency nor processing-based approaches to word-order variation can account for the acceptability of low-frequency variants, (ii) there is considerable verb-specific variation regarding word-order preferences both between and within the two sets of raising and control verbs under investigation, and (iii) although monoclausal coherent intraposition is rated above biclausal incoherent intraposition, the latter is not any more difficult to process than the former. Our findings indicate that frequency of occurrence and processing-related constraints interact with idiosyncratic lexical properties of individual verbs in determining German speakers' structural preferences.
How to confuse motor control
(2023)
Adaptation to external forces relies on a well-functioning proprioceptive system including muscle spindle afferents. Muscle length and tension control in reaction to external forces is most important regarding the Adaptive Force (AF). This study investigated the effect of different procedures, which are assumed to influence the function of muscle spindles, on the AF. Elbow flexors of 12 healthy participants (n = 19 limbs) were assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) with different procedures: regular MMT, MMT after precontraction (self-estimated 20% MVIC) in lengthened position with passive return to test position (CL), and MMT after CL with a second precontraction in test position (CL-CT). During regular MMTs, muscles maintained their length up to 99.7% +/- 1.0% of the maximal AF (AF(max)). After CL, muscles started to lengthen at 53.0% +/- 22.5% of AF(max). For CL-CT, muscles were again able to maintain the static position up to 98.3% +/- 5.5% of AF(max). AFiso(max) differed highly significantly between CL vs. CL-CT and regular MMT. CL was assumed to generate a slack of muscle spindles, which led to a substantial reduction of the holding capacity. This was immediately erased by a precontraction in the test position. The results substantiate that muscle spindle sensitivity seems to play an important role for neuromuscular functioning and musculoskeletal stability.
Effects of exercise treatment on functional outcome parameters in mid-portion achilles tendinopathy
(2023)
Exercise interventions are evident in the treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the effect of different exercise treatments on improving a specific function (e.g., strength) in this population. Thus, this study aimed to systematically review the effect of exercise treatments on different functional outcomes in mid-portion AT. An electronic database of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to 21 February 2023. Studies that investigated changes in plantar flexor function with exercise treatments were considered in mid-portion AT. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were included. Functional outcomes were classified by kinetic (e.g., strength), kinematic [e.g., ankle range of motion (ROM)], and sensorimotor (e.g., balance index) parameters. The types of exercise treatments were classified into eccentric, concentric, and combined (eccentric plus concentric) training modes. Quality assessment was appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale for RCTs, and the Joanna Briggs Institute scale for CCTs. The search yielded 2,260 records, and a total of ten studies were included. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a qualitative synthesis was performed. Eccentric training led to improvements in power outcomes (e.g., height of countermovement jump), and in strength outcomes (e.g., peak torque). Concentric training regimens showed moderate enhanced power outcomes. Moreover, one high-quality study showed an improvement in the balance index by eccentric training, whereas the application of concentric training did not. Combined training modalities did not lead to improvements in strength and power outcomes. Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM measures did not show relevant changes by the exercise treatments. In conclusion, eccentric training is evident in improving strength outcomes in AT patients. Moreover, it shows moderate evidence improvements in power and the sensorimotor parameter "balance index". Concentric training presents moderate evidence in the power outcomes and can therefore be considered as an alternative to improve this function. Kinematic analysis of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM might not be useful in AT people. This study expands the knowledge what types of exercise regimes should be considered to improve the functional outcomes in AT.
High pressure and high temperature experiments performed with laser-heated diamond anvil cells (LH-DAC) are being extensively used in geosciences to study matter at conditions prevailing in planetary interiors. Due to the size of the apparatus itself, the samples that are produced are extremely small, on the order of few tens of micrometers. There are several ways to analyze the samples and extract physical, chemical or structural information, using either in situ or ex situ methods. In this paper, we compare two nanoprobe techniques, namely nano-XRF and NanoSIMS, that can be used to analyze recovered samples synthetized in a LH-DAC. With these techniques, it is possible to extract the spatial distribution of chemical elements in the samples. We show the results for several standards and discuss the importance of proper calibration for the acquisition of quantifiable results. We used these two nanoprobe techniques to retrieve elemental ratios of dilute species (few tens of ppm) in quenched experimental molten samples relevant for the formation of the iron-rich core of the Earth. We finally discuss the applications of such probes to constrain the partitioning of trace elements between metal and silicate phases, with a focus on moderately siderophile elements, tungsten and molybdenum.
We explore the role of non-ergodicity in the relationship between income inequality, the extent of concentration in the income distribution, and income mobility, the feasibility of an individual to change their position in the income rankings. For this purpose, we use the properties of an established model for income growth that includes 'resetting' as a stabilizing force to ensure stationary dynamics. We find that the dynamics of inequality is regime-dependent: it may range from a strictly non-ergodic state where this phenomenon has an increasing trend, up to a stable regime where inequality is steady and the system efficiently mimics ergodicity. Mobility measures, conversely, are always stable over time, but suggest that economies become less mobile in non-ergodic regimes. By fitting the model to empirical data for the income share of the top earners in the USA, we provide evidence that the income dynamics in this country is consistently in a regime in which non-ergodicity characterizes inequality and immobility. Our results can serve as a simple rationale for the observed real-world income dynamics and as such aid in addressing non-ergodicity in various empirical settings across the globe.This article is part of the theme issue 'Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies'.
IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has huge influences on daily life and is not only associated with physical but also with major psychological impacts. Mental health problems and disorders are frequently present in elite paralympic athletes. Due to the pandemic situation, new stressors (e.g., loss of routine, financial insecurity) might act upon the athletes. Therefore, the assessment of mental health in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic is important to identify prevalence of psychological problems and propose countermeasures. MethodsThe mental health of German paralympic athletes was longitudinally monitored (starting in May 2019). The athletes completed the Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) on a weekly basis and reported a stress level, training hours, and training load. During the pandemic, 8 measurement time points (March 2020 to April 2021) were used to reflect the psychological health course of the athletes. In parallel, a convenience sample of the general population was questioned about their psychological distress, including the PHQ-4. To be included in the analysis, participants of both groups had to complete at least 4 measurement time points. Matching of the para-athletes and the general population sample was prioritized upon completion of the same measurement time points, gender, and age. ResultsSeventy-eight paralympic athletes (40 women, 38 men, age: 29.8 +/- 11.4 years) met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-eight matched pairs of the general population (40 women; 38 men; age: 30.5 +/- 10.9 years) were identified. The para-athletes had a significantly (p r <0.48) lower PHQ-4 value at each measurement time point compared to the matched control group. No significant age or sex differences were evident regarding the symptom burden. In para-athletes, no significant and a weak positive correlation was found between decreased training load and PHQ-4 values and a stress level, respectively. Reduced physical activity was significantly (p <0.0001) associated with higher PHQ-4 values in the general population sample. DiscussionLower PHQ-4 values were reported by the para-athletes compared to the general population sample. However, small sample sizes must be considered while interpreting the data. Nevertheless, adequate support for individuals suffering from severe psychopathological symptoms should be provided for para-athletes as well as for the general population.
Spatially explicit knowledge on grassland extent and management is critical to understand and monitor the impact of grassland use intensity on ecosystem services and biodiversity. While regional studies allow detailed insights into land use and ecosystem service interactions, information on a national scale can aid biodiversity assessments. However, for most European countries this information is not yet widely available. We used an analysis-ready-data cube that contains dense time series of co-registered Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data, covering the extent of Germany. We propose an algorithm that detects mowing events in the time series based on residuals from an assumed undisturbed phenology, as an indicator of grassland use intensity. A self-adaptive ruleset enabled to account for regional variations in land surface phenology and non-stationary time series on a pixelbasis. We mapped mowing events for the years from 2017 to 2020 for permanent grassland areas in Germany. The results were validated on a pixel level in four of the main natural regions in Germany based on reported mowing events for a total of 92 (2018) and 78 (2019) grassland parcels. Results for 2020 were evaluated with combined time series of Landsat, Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope data. The mean absolute percentage error between detected and reported mowing events was on average 40% (2018), 36% (2019) and 35% (2020). Mowing events were on average detected 11 days (2018), 7 days (2019) and 6 days (2020) after the reported mowing. Performance measures varied between the different regions of Germany, and lower accuracies were found in areas that are revisited less frequently by Sentinel-2. Thus, we assessed the influence of data availability and found that the detection of mowing events was less influenced by data availability when at least 16 cloud-free observations were available in the grassland season. Still, the distribution of available observations throughout the season appeared to be critical. On a national scale our results revealed overall higher shares of less intensively mown grasslands and smaller shares of highly intensively managed grasslands. Hotspots of the latter were identified in the alpine foreland in Southern Germany as well as in the lowlands in the Northwest of Germany. While these patterns were stable throughout the years, the results revealed a tendency to lower management intensity in the extremely dry year 2018. Our results emphasize the ability of the approach to map the intensity of grassland management throughout large areas despite variations in data availability and environmental conditions.
In vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) is associated with an increased risk of preterm (33rd-37th gestational week) and early preterm birth (20th-32nd gestational week). The underlying general and procedure related risk factors are not well understood so far. 4328 infertile women undergoing IVF/ICSI were entered into this study. The study population was divided into three groups: (a) early preterm birth group (n = 66), (b) preterm birth group (n = 675) and (c) full-term birth group (n = 3653). Odds for preterm birth were calculated by stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. We identified seven independent risk factors for preterm birth and four independent risk factors for early preterm birth. Older (> 39) or younger (< 25) maternal age (OR: 1.504, 95% CI 1.108-2.042, P = 0.009; OR: 2.125, 95% CI 1.049-4.304, P = 0.036, respectively), multiple pregnancy (OR: 9.780, 95% CI 8.014-11.935, P < 0.001; OR: 8.588, 95% CI 4.866-15.157, P < 0.001, respectively), placenta previa (OR: 14.954, 95% CI 8.053-27.767, P < 0.001; OR: 16.479, 95% CI 4.381-61.976, P < 0.001, respectively), and embryo reduction (OR: 3.547, 95% CI 1.736-7.249, P = 0.001; OR: 7.145, 95% CI 1.990-25.663, P = 0.003, respectively) were associated with preterm birth and early preterm birth, whereas gestational hypertension (OR: 2.494, 95% CI 1.770-3.514, P < 0.001), elevated triglycerides (OR: 1.120, 95% CI 1.011-1.240, P = 0.030) and shorter activated partial thromboplastin time (OR: 0.967, 95% CI 0.949-0.985, P < 0.001) were associated only with preterm birth. In conclusion, preterm and early preterm birth risk factors in patients undergoing assisted IVF/ICSI are in general similar to those in natural pregnancy. The lack of some associations in the early preterm group was most likely due to the lower number of early preterm birth cases. Only embryo reduction represents an IVF/ICSI specific risk factor.
ObjectiveA role for microRNAs is implicated in several biological and pathological processes. We investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on molecular markers of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. MethodsEighteen male Wistar rats (260 +/- 10 g; aged 8 weeks) with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (55 mg/kg, IP) were randomly allocated to three groups: control, MICT, and HIIT. The two different training protocols were performed 5 days each week for 5 weeks. Cardiac performance (end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, ejection fraction), the expression of miR-206, HSP60, and markers of apoptosis (cleaved PARP and cytochrome C) were determined at the end of the exercise interventions. ResultsBoth exercise interventions (HIIT and MICT) decreased blood glucose levels and improved cardiac performance, with greater changes in the HIIT group (p < 0.001, eta(2): 0.909). While the expressions of miR-206 and apoptotic markers decreased in both training protocols (p < 0.001, eta(2): 0.967), HIIT caused greater reductions in apoptotic markers and produced a 20% greater reduction in miR-206 compared with the MICT protocol (p < 0.001). Furthermore, both training protocols enhanced the expression of HSP60 (p < 0.001, eta(2): 0.976), with a nearly 50% greater increase in the HIIT group compared with MICT. ConclusionsOur results indicate that both exercise protocols, HIIT and MICT, have the potential to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy by modifying the expression of miR-206 and its downstream targets of apoptosis. It seems however that HIIT is even more effective than MICT to modulate these molecular markers.
A 3-D crustal shear wave velocity model and Moho map below the Semail Ophiolite, eastern Arabia
(2022)
The Semail Ophiolite in eastern Arabia is the largest and best-exposed slice of oceanic lithosphere on land. Detailed knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the shallow crust, in particular during and after ophiolite obduction in Late Cretaceous times is contrasted by few constraints on physical and compositional properties of the middle and lower continental crust below the obducted units. The role of inherited, pre-obduction crustal architecture remains therefore unaccounted for in our understanding of crustal evolution and the present-day geology. Based on seismological data acquired during a 27-month campaign in northern Oman, Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography and Receiver Function analysis provide for the first time a 3-D radially anisotropic shear wave velocity (V-S) model and a consistent Moho map below the iconic Semail Ophiolite. The model highlights deep crustal boundaries that segment the eastern Arabian basement in two distinct units. The previously undescribed Western Jabal Akhdar Zone separates Arabian crust with typical continental properties and a thickness of similar to 40-45 km in the northwest from a compositionally different terrane in the southeast that is interpreted as a terrane accreted during the Pan-African orogeny in Neoproterozoic times. East of the Ibra Zone, another deep crustal boundary, crustal thickness decreases to 30-35 km and very high lower crustal V-S suggest large-scale mafic intrusions into, and possible underplating of the Arabian continental crust that occurred most likely during Permian breakup of Pangea. Mafic reworking is sharply bounded by the (upper crustal) Semail Gap Fault Zone, northwest of which no such high velocities are found in the crust. Topography of the Oman Mountains is supported by a mild crustal root and Moho depth below the highest topography, the Jabal Akhdar Dome, is similar to 42 km. Radial anisotropy is robustly resolved in the upper crust and aids in discriminating dipping allochthonous units from autochthonous sedimentary rocks that are indistinguishable by isotropic V-S alone. Lateral thickness variations of the ophiolite highlight the Haylayn Ophiolite Massif on the northern flank of Jabal Akhdar Dome and the Hawasina Window as the deepest reaching unit. Ophiolite thickness is similar to 10 km in the southern and northern massifs, and <= 5 km elsewhere.
Pre-exposing (priming) plants to mild, non-lethal elevated temperature improves their tolerance to a later higher-temperature stress (triggering stimulus), which is of great ecological importance. 'Thermomemory' is maintaining this tolerance for an extended period of time. NAM/ATAF1/2/ CUC2 (NAC) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that modulate responses to abiotic stresses, including heat stress (HS). Here, we investigated the potential role of NACs for thermomemory. We determined the expression of 104 Ara bidopsis NAC genes after priming and triggering heat stimuli, and found ATAF1 expression is strongly induced right after priming and declines below control levels thereafter during thermorecovery. Knockout mutants of ATAF1 show better thermomemory than wild type, revealing a negative regulatory role. Differential expression analyses of RNA-seq data from ATAF1 overexpressor, ataf1 mutant and wild-type plants after heat priming revealed five genes that might be priming-associated direct targets of ATAF1: AT2G31260 (ATG9), AT2G41640 (GT61), AT3G44990 (XTH31), AT4G27720 and AT3G23540. Based on co-expression analyses applied to the aforementioned RNA-seq profiles, we identified ANAC055 to be transcriptionally co-regulated with ATAF1. Like atafl, anac055 mutants show improved thermomemory, revealing a potential co-control of both NACTFs over thermomemory. Our data reveals a core importance of two NAC transcription factors, ATAF1 and ANAC055, for thermomemory.
The Kolumbo submarine volcano in the southern Aegean (Greece) is associated with repeated seismic unrest since at least two decades and the causes of this unrest are poorly understood. We present a ten-month long microseismicity data set for the period 2006-2007. The majority of earthquakes cluster in a cone-shaped portion of the crust below Kolumbo. The tip of this cone coincides with a low Vp-anomaly at 2-4 km depth, which is interpreted as a crustal melt reservoir. Our data set includes several earthquake swarms, of which we analyze the four with the highest events numbers in detail. Together the swarms form a zone of fracturing elongated in the SW-NE direction, parallel to major regional faults. All four swarms show a general upward migration of hypocenters and the cracking front propagates unusually fast, compared to swarms in other volcanic areas. We conclude that the swarm seismicity is most likely triggered by a combination of pore-pressure perturbations and the re-distribution of elastic stresses. Fluid pressure perturbations are induced likely by obstructions in the melt conduits in a rheologically strong layer between 6 and 9 km depth. We conclude that the zone of fractures below Kolumbo is exploited by melts ascending from the mantle and filling the crustal melt reservoir. Together with the recurring seismic unrest, our study suggests that a future eruption is probable and monitoring of the Kolumbo volcanic system is highly advisable.
PRI: Re-analysis of a public mass cytometry dataset reveals patterns of effective tumor treatments
(2022)
Recently, mass cytometry has enabled quantification of up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. It remains a challenge to analyze such high-dimensional data to exploit the richness of the inherent information, even though many valuable new analysis tools have already been developed. We propose a novel algorithm "pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)" to tackle these high-dimensional protein combinations in the data. PRI is a tool for the analysis and visualization of cytometry data based on a three or more-parametric binning approach, feature engineering of bin properties of multivariate cell data, and a pseudo-multiparametric visualization. Using a publicly available mass cytometry dataset, we proved that reproducible feature engineering and intuitive understanding of the generated bin plots are helpful hallmarks for re-analysis with PRI. In the CD4(+)T cell population analyzed, PRI revealed two bin-plot patterns (CD90/CD44/CD86 and CD90/CD44/CD27) and 20 bin plot features for threshold-independent classification of mice concerning ineffective and effective tumor treatment. In addition, PRI mapped cell subsets regarding co-expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 with two major transcription factors and further delineated a specific Th1 cell subset. All these results demonstrate the added insights that can be obtained using the non-cluster-based tool PRI for re-analyses of high-dimensional cytometric data.
In recent years, due to its great promise in boosting the energy density of lithium batteries for future energy storage, research on the Li metal anode, as an alternative to the graphite anode in Li-ion batteries, has gained significant momentum. However, the practical use of Li metal anodes has been plagued by unstable Li (re)deposition and poor cyclability. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to the stabilization of Li metal anodes, the mechanisms of electrochemical (re-)deposition/dissolution of Li and solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) formation remain elusive. This article highlights the recent mechanistic understandings and observations of Li deposition/dissolution and SEI formation achieved from advanced characterization techniques and simulation methods, and discusses major limitations and open questions in these processes. In particular, the authors provide their perspectives on advanced and emerging/potential methods for obtaining new insights into these questions. In addition, they give an outlook into cutting-edge interdisciplinary research topics for Li metal anodes. It pushes beyond the current knowledge and is expected to accelerate development toward a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding, in order to guide future research on Li metal anodes toward practical application.