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- Hasso Plattner Institute (8)
- Individual differences (8)
- Interactional Linguistics (8)
- Judaism (8)
- Klausurtagung (8)
- Kohlenstoff (8)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (8)
- Landsat (8)
- Landslide (8)
- Language (8)
- Last Glacial Maximum (8)
- Lepus europaeus (8)
- Management (8)
- Metabolism (8)
- Microtus arvalis (8)
- Modelling (8)
- Morphology (8)
- NICS (8)
- Netzwerke (8)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (8)
- Optimization (8)
- Overweight (8)
- PUFA (8)
- Phytoplankton (8)
- Polymere (8)
- Prediction (8)
- Prevention (8)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8)
- Quality of life (8)
- Randomized controlled trial (8)
- Security (8)
- Sentence comprehension (8)
- Service-oriented Systems Engineering (8)
- Spain (8)
- Sphingolipids (8)
- Sprachverarbeitung (8)
- Subduktion (8)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (8)
- Sustainability (8)
- Svalbard (8)
- Taxonomy (8)
- Tectonics (8)
- Theoretical calculations (8)
- Thermokarst (8)
- Through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (8)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (8)
- Translation (8)
- Unsicherheit (8)
- Validation (8)
- Vitamin A (8)
- X-ray refraction (8)
- X-ray structure (8)
- Younger Dryas (8)
- Youth (8)
- Zooplankton (8)
- acceleration (8)
- acculturation (8)
- adolescent (8)
- alien species (8)
- animal movement (8)
- astrophysics (8)
- attitude (8)
- auxin (8)
- biofilm (8)
- biomineralization (8)
- block copolymer (8)
- carbon cycle (8)
- carbon dioxide (8)
- cardiovascular diseases (8)
- cells (8)
- charge transfer (8)
- chronic kidney disease (8)
- clefts (8)
- climate impacts (8)
- climate-change mitigation (8)
- consistency (8)
- convection (8)
- coronary artery disease (8)
- cortisol (8)
- cytotoxicity (8)
- data profiling (8)
- density functional calculations (8)
- diet (8)
- dissociative electron attachment (8)
- efficiency (8)
- electrospinning (8)
- energy policy (8)
- ensemble Kalman filter (8)
- executive functions (8)
- extension (8)
- extinction (8)
- flood (8)
- flow (8)
- fluorescence microscopy (8)
- force (8)
- forest management (8)
- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- frequency (8)
- galaxies (8)
- galaxies: dwarf (8)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (8)
- genetics (8)
- geochemistry (8)
- graphene (8)
- identity (8)
- imaging (8)
- immigration (8)
- immobilization (8)
- inclusion (8)
- inference (8)
- injury risk (8)
- instability (8)
- insurance (8)
- integration (8)
- intelligence (8)
- intergovernmental relations (8)
- international organizations (8)
- isomerization (8)
- isometric muscle action (8)
- land use change (8)
- landscape of fear (8)
- light (8)
- lipid metabolism (8)
- major depressive disorder (8)
- mathematical modeling (8)
- mathematische Modellierung (8)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (8)
- mechanisms (8)
- mechanobiology (8)
- membrane (8)
- membranes (8)
- microfluidics (8)
- microscopy (8)
- minerals (8)
- morphological processing (8)
- multicore architectures (8)
- nanocomposite (8)
- narcissism (8)
- natural language processing (8)
- natural products (8)
- neuromuscular control (8)
- neuroplasticity (8)
- neutron diffraction (8)
- noise (8)
- nuclear lamina (8)
- numerical relativity (8)
- numerical simulation (8)
- numerical simulations (8)
- oscillations (8)
- outflows (8)
- pain (8)
- parliamentary government (8)
- perceptual span (8)
- persistence (8)
- perturbation (8)
- phase transition (8)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (8)
- plankton (8)
- plant diversity (8)
- polarization (8)
- polyelectrolyte (8)
- pregnancy (8)
- productivity (8)
- pronouns (8)
- proteasome (8)
- pulsars: general (8)
- quality (8)
- quantification (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
- rehabilitation (8)
- representation (8)
- reproducibility (8)
- research projects (8)
- residual stress (8)
- resources (8)
- restoration (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (8)
- seismic hazard (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- snow (8)
- social inclusion (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- surveillance (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- teaching (8)
- techniques: image processing (8)
- time-series (8)
- topography (8)
- treeline (8)
- trends (8)
- urbanization (8)
- variation (8)
- ventral striatum (8)
- visualization (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- youth sports (8)
- 20. Jahrhundert (7)
- 20th century (7)
- ADHD (7)
- Alps (7)
- Anisotropy (7)
- Anisotropy effect (7)
- Apoptosis (7)
- Aromaticity (7)
- Atmosphäre (7)
- BMI (7)
- COVID-19 pandemic (7)
- Capsella (7)
- Central Europe (7)
- Complex networks (7)
- Connectivity (7)
- Conversation Analysis (7)
- Crustal structure (7)
- Cytotoxicity (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- Decision-making (7)
- Dirac operator (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Eutrophication (7)
- Fokus (7)
- GIS (7)
- Geochemistry (7)
- Geophysik (7)
- Global change (7)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Information Structure (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Japanese (7)
- K-theory (7)
- Klimaänderung (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Leguminosae (7)
- LiDAR (7)
- Longitudinal study (7)
- Magnetismus (7)
- Mekong Delta (7)
- Meta-analysis (7)
- Molecular dynamics (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Monsun (7)
- Movement (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- Namibia (7)
- Navier-Stokes equations (7)
- Norway (7)
- Nutrition (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Paläoklimatologie (7)
- Patterns (7)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (7)
- Perception (7)
- Photosynthese (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
- Prevalence (7)
- Prosodie (7)
- Protein (7)
- RIXS (7)
- Raman (7)
- Remote sensing (7)
- Ring current effect (7)
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- Seesedimente (7)
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- Soil erosion (7)
- Soil moisture (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- Starch metabolism (7)
- Survey (7)
- Switzerland (7)
- TAVI (7)
- Theory (7)
- Tien Shan (7)
- Time series (7)
- Time series analysis (7)
- Tolkien (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- United Nations (7)
- Unsicherheiten (7)
- Vesikel (7)
- Visualisierung (7)
- Vulnerabilität (7)
- Walking (7)
- Water quality (7)
- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Zinc (7)
- acquisition (7)
- admixture (7)
- aggregation (7)
- air pollution (7)
- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
- antioxidants (7)
- arctic (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- articulation (7)
- bicameralism (7)
- big data (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
- birth weight (7)
- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
- change (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- child development (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
- coastal erosion (7)
- coherence (7)
- community ecology (7)
- comparison (7)
- competence (7)
- complex systems (7)
- complexes (7)
- complexity (7)
- control (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- defense (7)
- density (7)
- dietary patterns (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- dust (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- economy (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- energy storage (7)
- entropy (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- enzymes (7)
- experiments (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fNIRS (7)
- first passage (7)
- first passage time (7)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies: abundances (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geodynamics (7)
- giving-up density (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- habitat (7)
- heart (7)
- heart rate variability (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- holocene (7)
- home range (7)
- human impact (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- institutions (7)
- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- life history (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- magnetism (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- manifolds with singularities (7)
- mapping (7)
- measurement (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metabolic networks (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
- microtubules (7)
- modality (7)
- modern Jewish history (7)
- molecular modeling (7)
- multilingualism (7)
- muscle (7)
- nonergodicity (7)
- nuclear envelope (7)
- organic matter (7)
- organic photovoltaics (7)
- orthography (7)
- overweight (7)
- oxygen (7)
- pH (7)
- palaeoclimate (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- pandemic (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- pathogens (7)
- phase transitions (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- pollution (7)
- polyzwitterions (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- presidential government (7)
- production control (7)
- programming (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- propensity score matching (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- pseudodifferential operators (7)
- public management (7)
- radiocarbon (7)
- recombination (7)
- reconstruction (7)
- reflection (7)
- repair (7)
- reproduction (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- scattering (7)
- secular trend (7)
- sediment transport (7)
- seismicity (7)
- selenium (7)
- self-concept (7)
- self-regulation (7)
- sensors (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- sharing economy (7)
- silicon (7)
- silver nanoparticles (7)
- size (7)
- social capital (7)
- social rejection (7)
- soil organic carbon (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- speciation (7)
- speed (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- support vector machine (7)
- surfactants (7)
- surgery (7)
- tVNS (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- tomography (7)
- traits (7)
- transcriptome (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- trunk (7)
- ultrafast dynamics (7)
- uncertainty analysis (7)
- verification (7)
- water management (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Agency (6)
- Alaska (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Aphasie (6)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- Assessment (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Balance (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Big Five (6)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (6)
- Biofilm (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- Bodenfeuchte (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- CO2 (6)
- Caribbean (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Cystic fibrosis (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Datenbank (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Diversity (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Earthquake dynamics (6)
- Earthquake hazards (6)
- Electrical conductivity (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Europa (6)
- European hare (6)
- Facebook (6)
- Flood (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Geomagnetism (6)
- Geomorphology (6)
- Governance (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- Hodge theory (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Immunoassay (6)
- Induced seismicity (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Japan (6)
- Kant (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Lakes (6)
- Land use change (6)
- Language acquisition (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Late Pleistocene (6)
- Levy flights (6)
- Local Group (6)
- Longitudinal (6)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (6)
- Mandarin Chinese (6)
- Massenspektrometrie (6)
- Measurement (6)
- Mediterranean (6)
- Mental arithmetic (6)
- Methane (6)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (6)
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- Middle East (6)
- Mobility (6)
- Modell (6)
- Monitoring (6)
- Mortality (6)
- Movement ecology (6)
- NASH (6)
- NE81 (6)
- Nachhaltigkeit (6)
- Nanostruktur (6)
- Neotektonik (6)
- Neumann problem (6)
- Neural networks (6)
- Neuroenhancement (6)
- Neurotoxicity (6)
- Nutrients (6)
- O-antigen (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- PBPK (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phase transitions (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
- Poecilia mexicana (6)
- Polyelektrolyte (6)
- Polymerchemie (6)
- Polymers (6)
- Population genetics (6)
- Predictors (6)
- Prenatal stress (6)
- Priming (6)
- Prozessmodellierung (6)
- Prunus avium L. (6)
- Pseudo-differential operators (6)
- Pyrenees (6)
- Quasare (6)
- R&D (6)
- Reinforcement learning (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- SARS-CoV-2 (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- SWIM (6)
- Saturn (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Second World War (6)
- Sediment (6)
- Seismic tomography (6)
- Self-paced reading (6)
- Sensitivity analysis (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Solanum lycopersicum (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- TMS (6)
- TRMM (6)
- Temperature (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- Time reference (6)
- Toeplitz operators (6)
- Topic (6)
- Topography (6)
- Toxicity (6)
- Transformation (6)
- Twitter (6)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (6)
- Variability (6)
- Vegetation (6)
- Vietnam (6)
- Vietnamese (6)
- Water (6)
- West Bohemia (6)
- Westerlies (6)
- Wind erosion (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- agreement (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- amino acids (6)
- anger (6)
- animacy (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antibody (6)
- apoptosis (6)
- arenes (6)
- attitudes (6)
- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- biomimetic sensors (6)
- biosensors (6)
- black holes (6)
- blockchain (6)
- brain (6)
- bryophytes (6)
- business processes (6)
- capacity (6)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (6)
- cartel (6)
- cell-free protein synthesis (6)
- change detection (6)
- characteristics (6)
- chemical modification (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- collaboration (6)
- collusion (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- composition (6)
- computed tomography (6)
- computer vision (6)
- constraints (6)
- context (6)
- contrast (6)
- conversation analysis (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crisis management (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cystic fibrosis (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- databases (6)
- decarbonization (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- digital (6)
- digital learning (6)
- domestication (6)
- dopamine (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dynamic (6)
- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- economics (6)
- effectiveness (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- elementary particles (6)
- energy efficiency (6)
- engagement (6)
- english (6)
- entrepreneurship education (6)
- environmental change (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- eye movement (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- feedback (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first-passage time (6)
- floodplain (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- fragmentation (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geology (6)
- geometric Brownian motion (6)
- givenness (6)
- glacier (6)
- global (6)
- global warming (6)
- grammar (6)
- gravity (6)
- groundwater (6)
- habituation (6)
- herbivory (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- high pressure (6)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
- holding capacity (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- impacts (6)
- infancy (6)
- infection (6)
- injury (6)
- institutional change (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- knowledge transfer (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- künstliche Intelligenz (6)
- leadership (6)
- lifespan (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- locus of control (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetic nanoparticles (6)
- massive stars (6)
- maturation (6)
- meaning (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microbial diversity (6)
- mind wandering (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- moment tensor (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- network analysis (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- non-fullerene acceptors (6)
- nucleation (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organization (6)
- p53 (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perovskite (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plasma membrane (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- politics (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- presupposition (6)
- probiotics (6)
- process mining (6)
- projections (6)
- prosocial behavior (6)
- protection (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- quality management (6)
- racism (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- relative index (6)
- religion (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- running (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- salt stress (6)
- savanna (6)
- scale development (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- seismic tomography (6)
- self-healing (6)
- sensitivity analysis (6)
- sensor (6)
- sentence production (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- spectra (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stellar evolution (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stochastic differential equations (6)
- stroke (6)
- sucrose (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- teacher education (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tools (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- tundra (6)
- uncertainty quantification (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- validation study (6)
- video analysis (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- visual attention (6)
- walking (6)
- water balance (6)
- water resources (6)
- weight loss (6)
- wetlands (6)
- women (6)
- words (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 19. Jahrhundert (5)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- ARPES (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- Adolescent (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Afrika (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Age of acquisition (5)
- Air pollution (5)
- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arctic lakes (5)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Artificial Intelligence (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Atiyah-Patodi-Singer theory (5)
- Aufmerksamkeit (5)
- Australien (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
- Basketball (5)
- Bayesian inversion (5)
- Bayesian networks (5)
- Bilingualism (5)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (5)
- Biodiversity exploratories (5)
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- coefficient (4)
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- confidence (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
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- garden-path effect (4)
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- methyl orange (4)
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- miRNAs (4)
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- morphogenesis (4)
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- organ size (4)
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- osmotic-pressure (4)
- osteoblast (4)
- other-race effect (4)
- outcomes (4)
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- part 1 (4)
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- point process (4)
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- politeness (4)
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- precision agriculture (4)
- precuneus (4)
- preference assessment (4)
- pressure (4)
- principal component analysis (4)
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- probabilistic timed systems (4)
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- process (4)
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- protein engineering (4)
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- proteinuria (4)
- proteome (4)
- psychological distress (4)
- psychosocial moderators (4)
- pubertal timing (4)
- public policy (4)
- qualitative Analyse (4)
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- random walk (4)
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- randomized controlled trial (4)
- rape myth acceptance (4)
- rare earth elements (4)
- rate of perceived exertion (4)
- reactive aggression (4)
- real-time (4)
- recollection (4)
- recombinant inbred line (4)
- recurrence (4)
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- recurrence plot (4)
- recurrence quantification analysis (4)
- redox state (4)
- reference (4)
- referential choice (4)
- refinement (4)
- reforms (4)
- refugee (4)
- regime shift (4)
- regularity (4)
- relatedness (4)
- remagnetization (4)
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- resistin (4)
- resonance energy transfer (4)
- reward anticipation (4)
- risk perceptions (4)
- risk reduction (4)
- river incision (4)
- robustness (4)
- rolling averages (4)
- rotifer (4)
- run time analysis (4)
- runners (4)
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- salivary alpha-amylase (4)
- salt (4)
- salt pan (4)
- sanctions (4)
- scaffolding (4)
- scenario (4)
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- selfing syndrome (4)
- semantic (4)
- semiconductors (4)
- sequence (4)
- sexual assault (4)
- sexual coercion (4)
- sexual selection (4)
- sexualization (4)
- shape (4)
- shape memory (4)
- shape-memory polymers (4)
- shrub encroachment (4)
- signal propagation (4)
- similarity measures (4)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (4)
- single-case experimental design (4)
- skill (4)
- skin (4)
- small mammals (4)
- smart contracts (4)
- social acceptance (4)
- social network analysis (4)
- social status (4)
- sociolinguistics (4)
- software development (4)
- soil hydrology (4)
- soil texture (4)
- soils (4)
- space (4)
- space use (4)
- spatial (4)
- spatially explicit model (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- species distribution modelling (4)
- specific root length (4)
- speech segmentation (4)
- spelling (4)
- stakeholder participation (4)
- star product (4)
- stars: black holes (4)
- stars: low-mass (4)
- stars: oscillations (4)
- starspots (4)
- start-up subsidies (4)
- states (4)
- statins (4)
- stellar physics (4)
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- storage (4)
- strain localization (4)
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- subdiffusion (4)
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- summer monsoon (4)
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- survey (4)
- sustainable chemistry (4)
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- teacher (4)
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- treatment (4)
- trustworthiness (4)
- type-III effector (4)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (4)
- ungulate (4)
- value creation (4)
- vascular plants (4)
- vegetables (4)
- venom (4)
- verbs (4)
- vertical coupling (4)
- veterinary cordon fence (4)
- virus (4)
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- viscosity (4)
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- vocabulary (4)
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- wave-particle interactions (4)
- wavelength (4)
- weak ergodicity breaking (4)
- weight (4)
- weighted moving averages (4)
- wettability (4)
- wetting (4)
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- Spatial cognition (3)
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- Species comparison (3)
- Speed (3)
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- Sphingosine kinase (3)
- Split-belt treadmill (3)
- Sprache (3)
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- Squeak (3)
- Stage-based model (3)
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- Surprisal (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Swarm constellation (3)
- Synthetic biology (3)
- Systematics (3)
- TD-DFT (3)
- TMAO reductase (3)
- TTR (3)
- Tagalog acquisition (3)
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- TanDEM-X (3)
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- Tanzania (3)
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- Tibet (3)
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- Tools (3)
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- Tracking (3)
- Transcription (3)
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- Transfer (3)
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- Transport (3)
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- Tripel-Graph-Grammatik (3)
- Trochaic Law (3)
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- Trunk muscle strength (3)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (3)
- Type 1 diabetes (3)
- Türkei (3)
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- Understanding (3)
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- Wilhelm von Humboldt (3)
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- Young athletes (3)
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- [4+2] cycloaddition (3)
- ab initio (3)
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- abstraction (3)
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- acceptability judgments (3)
- acceptance (3)
- accommodation (3)
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- actin cytoskeleton (3)
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- active layer (3)
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- acute (3)
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- additive Fertigung (3)
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- adulthood (3)
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- aerosol (3)
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- affective priming (3)
- age differences (3)
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- aggressive peers (3)
- aging brain (3)
- aid effectiveness (3)
- albuminuria (3)
- allocation policies (3)
- alteration geochemistry (3)
- ambient noise (3)
- amitriptyline (3)
- analytics (3)
- anaphor resolution (3)
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- ancient sedimentary DNA (3)
- animal behaviour (3)
- annotation (3)
- antecedent complexity (3)
- anterior cruciate ligament (3)
- anthracene (3)
- anthropogenic environment (3)
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- anti-doping (3)
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- aphids (3)
- app (3)
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- application (3)
- approach (3)
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- arable land (3)
- area (3)
- argument mining (3)
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- artificial muscles (3)
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- aspect (3)
- aspect ratio (3)
- assemblies (3)
- assimilation (3)
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- asymmetry (3)
- asymptotic behavior (3)
- asymptotic expansion (3)
- athlete (3)
- atmospheric deposition (3)
- atmospheric effects (3)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (3)
- attentional demand (3)
- attenuation tomography (3)
- attraction (3)
- auditory perception (3)
- authentication (3)
- authenticity (3)
- authoritarianism (3)
- authority (3)
- autism (3)
- automatic processing (3)
- auxiliary control (3)
- auxotrophy (3)
- azobenzene surfactant (3)
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- bandgap (3)
- basal accretion (3)
- basic psychological need frustration (3)
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- bat fatalities (3)
- batch effect (3)
- bats (3)
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- benchmark (3)
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- beta-cell (3)
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- bone (3)
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- brassinosteroid (3)
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- calculation (3)
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- capillary recruitment (3)
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- caregiver (3)
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- cartographic design (3)
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- catalogues (3)
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- cis-regulatory evolution (3)
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- clay (3)
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- cluster (3)
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- cocoa processing (3)
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- code generation (3)
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- cold (3)
- collective dynamics (3)
- collective memory (3)
- collective team identification (3)
- college students (3)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (3)
- community assembly (3)
- companies (3)
- compensatory dynamics (3)
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- competitive growth (3)
- complementarity (3)
- complex (3)
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- conservation laws (3)
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- constraint-based modeling (3)
- consumption (3)
- consumptive resistance (3)
- contact (3)
- content areas (3)
- continental lithosphere (3)
- continuous time random walk (3)
- contrastive focus (3)
- controlled radical polymerization (3)
- coping (3)
- coping styles (3)
- coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (3)
- coronary bypass grafting (3)
- corpus analysis (3)
- correlated noise (3)
- cosmology (3)
- cost-benefit analysis (3)
- cost-effectiveness (3)
- counterterrorism (3)
- counting process (3)
- coupled oscillators (3)
- coupled rotators (3)
- coupling (3)
- course design (3)
- critical avalanche dynamics (3)
- critical phenomena (3)
- crop (3)
- cross-curriculum (3)
- cross-domain priming (3)
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- crowding (3)
- crowdsourcing (3)
- crust (3)
- cryolithology (3)
- cryptic species (3)
- crystalline (3)
- cue validity (3)
- cultural conceptualisations (3)
- cultural conceptualizations (3)
- cultural identity (3)
- curvature (3)
- cybervictimization (3)
- cycloaddition (3)
- cylindrical geometry (3)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (3)
- damage estimation (3)
- damage modeling (3)
- dark ages (3)
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- data fusion (3)
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- database systems (3)
- de Rham complex (3)
- debugging (3)
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- decision tree (3)
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- decompositon (3)
- deduplication (3)
- deep convection (3)
- deep neural networks (3)
- defense against predation (3)
- definition (3)
- degraded DNA (3)
- dehydration (3)
- delta-D values (3)
- democratic theory (3)
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- dendroclimatology (3)
- denitrification (3)
- density functional theory (3)
- denudation (3)
- dependency (3)
- depressive disorder (3)
- desiccation (3)
- design parameters (3)
- detection (3)
- developing countries (3)
- diagnostics (3)
- dialect (3)
- diamond anvil cell (3)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (3)
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- differential gene expression (3)
- diffraction (3)
- diffusing diffusivity (3)
- digital elevation model (3)
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- discharge (3)
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- eco-evolutionary feedbacks (3)
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- ecological stoichiometry (3)
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- ego depletion (3)
- elastic properties (3)
- elastomers (3)
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- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (3)
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- electron dynamics (3)
- electrophysiological evidence (3)
- elemental composition (3)
- elevated plus-maze (3)
- elite athlete (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- embedded systems (3)
- emergency management (3)
- emotional intelligence (3)
- emotional valence (3)
- employment services (3)
- empowerment (3)
- encoding (3)
- end-stage kidney disease (3)
- endoperoxides (3)
- endothelial cells (3)
- endothelin (3)
- endothelin-converting enzyme (3)
- endozoochory (3)
- endurance exercise (3)
- energy transfer (3)
- energy transition (3)
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- enjoyment (3)
- ensemble prediction (3)
- enterprise systems (3)
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- envy (3)
- enzyme immobilization (3)
- enzymology (3)
- ephrin (3)
- episodic memory (3)
- epistemic modality (3)
- epizoochory (3)
- equality (3)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (3)
- equation (3)
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- equatorial ionosphere (3)
- equi-singular connections (3)
- erythropoiesis (3)
- escherichia-coli (3)
- establishment (3)
- estimation (3)
- eta invariant (3)
- ethnic differences (3)
- ethnic identity (3)
- ethnic-racial identity (3)
- evaluative priming (3)
- evaporation (3)
- event (3)
- event-related potentials (ERP) (3)
- eventology (3)
- everyday life (3)
- evidence (3)
- evolution equation (3)
- exchange (3)
- executive personalism (3)
- exercise adherence (3)
- exercise training (3)
- expansion microscopy (3)
- experience (3)
- experimental linguistics (3)
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- exploitation (3)
- exploration (3)
- explosives (3)
- extracellular matrix (3)
- extraction and characterization methods (3)
- extremes (3)
- eye-movements (3)
- eye-voice span (3)
- face morphing (3)
- facial feedback (3)
- factor analysis (3)
- factor structure (3)
- failure (3)
- faking (3)
- fault reactivation (3)
- feminism (3)
- fermentation (3)
- fermentation-related enzymes (3)
- ferroelectrets (3)
- fibers (3)
- fibrosis (3)
- field test (3)
- field theory (3)
- fieldwork (3)
- figurative language (3)
- film (3)
- filter (3)
- financial time series (3)
- finite element modeling (3)
- first stars (3)
- first-hitting time (3)
- fiscal policy (3)
- fitness consequences (3)
- fixation locations (3)
- flares (3)
- flavonoid (3)
- flavonoids (3)
- flood hazard (3)
- flood hazards (3)
- flood loss (3)
- flood risk analysis (3)
- floodplain sedimentation (3)
- floodplains (3)
- flowering (3)
- fluctuation-dissipation theorem (3)
- fluid flow (3)
- fluid-rock interaction (3)
- fluorescence lifetime (3)
- flux (3)
- foam (3)
- focal adhesion (3)
- focus constructions (3)
- focus movement (3)
- food neophilia (3)
- food security (3)
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- forest structure (3)
- forestREplot (3)
- formal languages (3)
- formale Verifikation (3)
- formate dehydrogenase (3)
- formation damage (3)
- frailty (3)
- framework (3)
- frameworks (3)
- freedom (3)
- freedom restriction (3)
- fricative (3)
- functional (3)
- functional capacity (3)
- functional dependencies (3)
- functional dependency (3)
- functional near-infrared spectroscopy (3)
- functionalization (3)
- fungal diversity (3)
- fuzzy logic (3)
- gait analysis (3)
- galaxies: individual: LMC (3)
- galaxies: magnetic fields (3)
- galaxy structure (3)
- gallbladder cancer (3)
- games (3)
- garnet (3)
- gas adsorption (3)
- gels (3)
- gender gap (3)
- gender inequality (3)
- gender pay gap (3)
- gender wage gap (3)
- gene duplication (3)
- gene family (3)
- gene regulatory network (3)
- generalizability (3)
- generalization (3)
- genetic programming (3)
- genome assembly (3)
- genome scan (3)
- genome sequence (3)
- genomic DNA conformation (3)
- genotype (3)
- geometry (3)
- geospatial data (3)
- geostatistics (3)
- geothermal (3)
- gesture (3)
- glacial erosion (3)
- glacial hazards (3)
- glacial lake outburst floods (3)
- glacial refugia (3)
- glass (3)
- global environmental change (3)
- global monsoon (3)
- global surface warming (3)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6397 (3)
- glucan (3)
- glucocorticoid receptor (3)
- glycaemic control (3)
- glycogen (3)
- glycopolymers (3)
- goal frames (3)
- goblet cells (3)
- good governance (3)
- government (3)
- gradient boosting (3)
- gradient flow (3)
- grain-size distribution (3)
- grammatical illusion (3)
- granite (3)
- granitoids (3)
- graph (3)
- graph constraints (3)
- graphite (3)
- graphomotor control (3)
- grassland (3)
- grasslands (3)
- green (3)
- green growth (3)
- green-green dilemma (3)
- grief (3)
- gross primary production (3)
- ground reaction forces (3)
- grouping (3)
- growth rate (3)
- guilt (3)
- habit formation (3)
- habitat loss (3)
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- hand (3)
- hantavirus (3)
- hard core potential (3)
- harmonization (3)
- hazards (3)
- health behavior (3)
- health policy (3)
- heart rate (3)
- heat flow (3)
- heat stress memory (3)
- heath potentials (3)
- hemoglobin (3)
- heritage speakers (3)
- heterogene Katalyse (3)
- heterogene Photokatalyse (3)
- heterogeneous photocatalysis (3)
- hierarchical clustering (3)
- high temperature (3)
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- hillslopes (3)
- hip (3)
- historical DNA (3)
- honey bees (3)
- honeybee (3)
- hormones (3)
- hospitalization (3)
- hostile attribution bias (3)
- housing (3)
- hoverflies (3)
- human activity recognition (3)
- human evolution (3)
- human-robot interaction (3)
- hybrid model (3)
- hydraulic fracturing (3)
- hydrogen bonds (3)
- hydrogenation (3)
- hydrogeology (3)
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- hyperbolic tilings (3)
- hypersound (3)
- hyporheische Zone (3)
- hypothesis (3)
- hypoxia (3)
- iCheck (3)
- ice (3)
- ice sheet (3)
- identity management (3)
- ideology (3)
- ill-posed problem (3)
- image-based representation (3)
- imidazolium (3)
- imitation (3)
- impact assessment (3)
- impairment (3)
- impedance spectroscopy (3)
- implementation (3)
- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- implicit learning (3)
- in-service teacher training (3)
- inbreeding depression (3)
- incision (3)
- incremental graph pattern matching (3)
- index of elliptic operators in subspaces (3)
- indirect facilitation (3)
- indirect tests (3)
- individual anaerobic threshold (3)
- individuelle Unterschiede (3)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
- industry 4.0 (3)
- infant (3)
- inferences (3)
- infiltration (3)
- inflammatory bowel disease (3)
- inflectional morphology (3)
- information and communication technologies (3)
- information integration (3)
- infrared: diffuse background (3)
- infrastructure (3)
- injection (3)
- injury prevention (3)
- inner magnetosphere (3)
- input frequency (3)
- insects (3)
- institutional interplay (3)
- instrumental variables (3)
- instrumentation (3)
- intensification (3)
- intentional forgetting (3)
- intercultural competence (3)
- interface engineering (3)
- interfacial recombination (3)
- interferometry (3)
- intergalaktisches Medium (3)
- interindividual differences (3)
- interleukin-8 (3)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (3)
- international (3)
- international bureaucracies (3)
- international comparison (3)
- international migration (3)
- intervention locality (3)
- intonation (3)
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- intracellular-transport (3)
- intraclass correlation (3)
- intraspecific variation (3)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (3)
- invasion (3)
- inverse ill-posed problem (3)
- inverse micelles (3)
- inverse theory (3)
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- irrigation (3)
- islands (3)
- isokinetic (3)
- isotopic composition (3)
- isotopic tiling theory (3)
- iterative regularization (3)
- job creation (3)
- job demands-resources model (3)
- job search (3)
- just transition (3)
- kana (3)
- kanji (3)
- kernel density estimation (3)
- kettle hole (3)
- kidney (3)
- kinetic instabilities (3)
- knowledge sharing (3)
- kognitive Modellierung (3)
- komplexe Systeme (3)
- komplexes Netzwerk (3)
- körperliche Fitness (3)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- labor supply (3)
- lactate threshold (3)
- lake monitoring (3)
- land cover change (3)
- land management (3)
- land-use (3)
- landing positions (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language comprehension (3)
- language courses (3)
- language proficiency (3)
- languages (3)
- larch (3)
- large-scale (3)
- last glacial period (3)
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- late childhood (3)
- latitude (3)
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- leaking (3)
- learning and memory (3)
- learning factories (3)
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- lifetime (3)
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- limits (3)
- line: profiles (3)
- linear mixed model (3)
- linear programming (3)
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- linked employer-employee data (3)
- lipid (3)
- liquid-phase catalysis (3)
- literacy acquisition (3)
- literatures of the world (3)
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- load (3)
- logarithmic source condition (3)
- logic (3)
- logic programming (3)
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- longevity (3)
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- lower (3)
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- mitochondrial dysfunction (3)
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- molybdenum (3)
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- monomer (3)
- monomers (3)
- mood (3)
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- nominalization (3)
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- oligomerization (3)
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- oxygen isotopes (3)
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- palaeolimnology (3)
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- policy advice (3)
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- political ideology (3)
- poly(A) polymerase (3)
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- prior knowledge (3)
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- shallow structure hypothesis (3)
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- stars: (3)
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- ) (2)
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- 1 (2)
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- 1.5 degrees C (2)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (2)
- 1D (2)
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- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (2)
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- 3-color fret (2)
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- 31C20 (2)
- 35B09 (2)
- 35R02 (2)
- 39A12 (primary) (2)
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- 47A52 (2)
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- 58E35 (secondary) (2)
- 6.5-Day wave (2)
- 65R20 (2)
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- 78A46 (2)
- A. tenuissima (2)
- ABA (2)
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- AG (2)
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- Mediterranean diet (2)
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- Mediterranean shrubland (2)
- Medusa (2)
- Meeresspiegelanstieg (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Megamodell (2)
- Meiosis (2)
- Melampyrum pratense (2)
- Mellin symbols with values in the edge calculus (2)
- Melt inclusions (2)
- Membran (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Menarche (2)
- Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (2)
- Mental disorder (2)
- Mercuric mercury (2)
- Mercury (2)
- Meromorphic operator-valued symbols (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Mesokristalle (2)
- Mesoporous silicon (2)
- Mesozoic (2)
- Meta-Kommunikation (2)
- Metaanalysis (2)
- Metabarcoding (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metaboliten (2)
- Metabolites (2)
- Metabolom (2)
- Metabolome analysis (2)
- Metacognition (2)
- Metacommunity (2)
- Metadata Discovery (2)
- Metadaten (2)
- Metagemeinschaften (2)
- Metal Metabolism (2)
- Metal complexation (2)
- Metal oxides (2)
- Metall (2)
- Metamaterials (2)
- Metanome (2)
- Metaphor (2)
- Metasprache (2)
- Metaverse (2)
- Meteorites (2)
- Meteorologie (2)
- Methan (2)
- Methanogenic archaea (2)
- Methode (2)
- Metschnikowia (2)
- MiSpEx Network (2)
- MiSpEx-network (2)
- Mice (2)
- Micelle (2)
- Michael addition (2)
- Michelin star (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Microarrays (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Microbial community (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microcebus berthae (2)
- Microemulsion (2)
- Microlensing (2)
- Microorganisms (2)
- Microperoxidase-11 (2)
- Micropollutants (2)
- Microsaccade (2)
- Microsatellite analysis (2)
- Microscopy (2)
- Microstructure (2)
- Microvascular blood filling (2)
- Microwave chemistry (2)
- Middle Eocene deformation (2)
- Middle Strand (2)
- Mikroalgen (2)
- Mikrokredite (2)
- Mikrolinsen (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Mikrotubuli (2)
- Mikroökonometrie (2)
- Milchstraße (2)
- Mild cognitive impairment (2)
- Milium effusum (2)
- Milky Way (2)
- Milky Way evolution (2)
- Mimicry (2)
- Mindestlohn (2)
- Minerals (2)
- Minimalist Program (2)
- Minimalist program (2)
- Minimax convergence rates (2)
- Minimum Wage (2)
- Ministerial bureaucracy (2)
- Ministerialverwaltung (2)
- Miozän (2)
- Mirror Principle (2)
- Missions (2)
- Mitogenomes (2)
- Mitosis (2)
- Mittag-Leffler function (2)
- Mittelmeerraum (2)
- Mixed mating (2)
- Mixotrophy (2)
- Mixtures (2)
- Mizelle (2)
- Mizellen (2)
- MoVo (2)
- Moa (2)
- Mobile Health (2)
- Mobile devices (2)
- Mobile diagnostics (2)
- Mobile learning (2)
- Modality (2)
- Mode function (2)
- Model Synchronization (2)
- Model calibration (2)
- Model checking (2)
- Model order reduction (2)
- Model transformation (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modellprüfung (2)
- Moderation (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Mojave toxin (2)
- Molasse Basin (2)
- Molecular orientation (2)
- Molekularer Motor (2)
- Molybdopterin (2)
- Moment tensor inversion (2)
- Momententensoren (2)
- Monetary Fund (2)
- Monolayer (2)
- Monoschicht (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Mood (2)
- Moon (2)
- Mormyrid Fish (2)
- Morocco (2)
- Morphemes (2)
- Morphogenese (2)
- Morphological structure (2)
- Morphometry (2)
- Morse-Smale property (2)
- Mortalität (2)
- Mother-infant interaction (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Mountain building (2)
- Mouse (2)
- Mowing (2)
- Mozambique (2)
- MtDNA (2)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (2)
- Multi-method (2)
- Multiblock copolymer (2)
- Multilayer (2)
- Multilayers (2)
- Multilevel latent change model (2)
- Multilevel modeling (2)
- Multilingualism (2)
- Multimodal analysis (2)
- Multimodality (2)
- Multiple Spell-Out (2)
- Multiple sclerosis (2)
- Multiple zeta values (2)
- Multivariate Analyse (2)
- Multivariate data analysis (2)
- Muntjac (2)
- Muscle mass (2)
- Muscle power (2)
- Muscle twitch (2)
- Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- Musculoskeletal injury (2)
- Museum collections (2)
- Music (2)
- Mustererkennung (2)
- MutMap (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Mutator locus (2)
- Myelosuppression (2)
- Myodes voles (2)
- Mysticism (2)
- Myth-Activism (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- N-of-1 trial (2)
- N2 (2)
- NAB (2)
- NAC (2)
- NAC transcription factor (2)
- NAFLD/MAFLD (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NBR1 (2)
- NDVI (2)
- NETCONF (2)
- NF1 (2)
- NHCs (2)
- NLO (2)
- NMR structure (2)
- NOR (2)
- NP-completeness (2)
- NTA (2)
- NW Himalaya (2)
- NW Turkey (2)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (2)
- Nachwuchsathleten (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Nahrungssulfonate (2)
- Namche Barwa (2)
- Nandrolone decanoate (2)
- Nanoeisen (2)
- Nanogranitoids (2)
- Nanohybrid (2)
- Nanoparticle uptake (2)
- Nanostrukturen (2)
- Nanotechnologie (2)
- Nanotoxicology (2)
- Narrative (2)
- Nash equilibrium (2)
- National Socialism (2)
- National-Parks (2)
- Natural Hazards (2)
- Natural products (2)
- Naturgefahr (2)
- Naturschutz (2)
- Nazi Germany (2)
- Near East (2)
- Near-surface geophysics (2)
- Nearshore zone (2)
- Negative (2)
- Negotiation Performance (2)
- Neoliberalism (2)
- Neolithic period (2)
- Neoromicia (2)
- Neotropics (2)
- Nest predation (2)
- Nested graph conditions (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Network analysis (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Networked foresight (2)
- Netzwerk (2)
- Netzwerkanalyse (2)
- Netzwerke des Wissens (2)
- Neural Networks (2)
- Neuroendocrine tumors (2)
- Neuropeptide Y (2)
- Neurostimulation (2)
- Neutral tone (2)
- Neutrophils (2)
- Nevado Coropuna (2)
- New Guinea (2)
- New Public Governance (2)
- New Spain (2)
- New business formation (2)
- New institutionalism (2)
- Ngizim (2)
- Nichtgleichgewicht (2)
- Nigeria (2)
- Nighttime illumination (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nitrogen deposition (2)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
- Noise-induced phenomena (2)
- Non-canonical sentences (2)
- Non-independent mate choice (2)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (2)
- Non-monetary valuation (2)
- Non-monotonic reasoning (2)
- Non-stationarity (2)
- Non-uniqueness (2)
- Nonlinear Laplace operator (2)
- Nonlinear coupling (2)
- Noradrenaline (2)
- Nordic catchments (2)
- Nordic walking (2)
- Nordkorea (2)
- North America (2)
- North Calabrian Unit (2)
- North Iran (2)
- North Korea (2)
- North Pacific (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (2)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Northwest Passage (2)
- Northwestern Anatolia (2)
- Norwegian (2)
- Norwegisch (2)
- Nostoc (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- Nrf2 (2)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (2)
- Number-space association (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Numerov's method (2)
- Nursing home (2)
- Nutrient (2)
- Nutritional counseling (2)
- Ny-Alesund (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-antigen specific phage (2)
- OBIA (2)
- OCP-Place (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- OSL (2)
- OSL dating (2)
- OTDR (2)
- OV–VO (2)
- Oberflächenchemie (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Object Shift (2)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (2)
- Ocean acidification (2)
- Ocean color remote sensing (2)
- Ocean sciences (2)
- Oculomotor control (2)
- Offending (2)
- Office chair (2)
- Offspring weight (2)
- Ohrid-Prespa region (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Oligopoly competition (2)
- Oligosaccharides (2)
- Olympic Games (2)
- Omicron (2)
- On-demand release (2)
- Online-Lernen (2)
- Onsager-Machlup functional (2)
- Ontologie (2)
- Ontology (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- Open Educational Practices (2)
- OpenForecast (2)
- Ophrys (2)
- Optical remote sensing (2)
- Optical sensor (2)
- Optics and photonics (2)
- Optimalitätstheorie (2)
- Optionality (2)
- OptoGait (2)
- Optoelectronics (2)
- Orbital forcing (2)
- Order-preserving transformations (2)
- Organ Discharge Patterns (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic electronics (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Organic matter degradation (2)
- Organic matter mineralization (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organisationstheorie (2)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (2)
- Orogen (2)
- Orogenic wedge (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Orthopedics (2)
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
- Oryza sativa (2)
- Oscillator ensembles (2)
- Ostafrika (2)
- Ostafrikanisches Grabensystem (2)
- Ostdetuschland (2)
- Osteoblast (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- Outcome measures (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- Outflows (2)
- Overhead athletes (2)
- Oxygen (2)
- Oxygen saturation (2)
- Oyster Crassostrea-gigas (2)
- P ligands (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE) (2)
- P-waves (2)
- PARAFAC (2)
- PAS domain (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PCK (2)
- PCLake (2)
- PCPDTBT (2)
- PDLC (2)
- PEDOT (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PER (2)
- PHQ-4 score (2)
- PI3K (2)
- PISA (2)
- PLA (2)
- PLS (2)
- PLS regression (2)
- PLSR (2)
- PLV (2)
- PNIPAM (2)
- POF (2)
- POL (2)
- PPGIS (2)
- PPMS (2)
- PRISM model checker (2)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (2)
- PTCTL (2)
- PTEN (2)
- PTSD (2)
- Pain occurrence (2)
- Pain screening (2)
- Pak choi (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Palaeotropics (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (2)
- Paleoecology (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogenetics (2)
- Paleoseismologie (2)
- Palmitate (2)
- Paläogeographie (2)
- Paläoklimadynamik (2)
- Paläomagnetik (2)
- Panama (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Paratethys (2)
- Paraíba (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Parkinson disease (2)
- Parkinson' s disease (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Participant Orientation (2)
- Particle swarm optimization (2)
- Partikelverben (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Passive (2)
- Passive Microwave (2)
- Pastoralism (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Path modelling (2)
- Pathological Narcissism Inventory (2)
- Pathologies (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Pattern Recognition (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Pause (2)
- Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer (2)
- Peat (2)
- Pedagogical content knowledge (2)
- Pedagogical issues (2)
- Pediastrum (2)
- Peer Assessment (2)
- Peer-to-Peer ridesharing (2)
- Peptid (2)
- Percolation (2)
- Periplaneta americana (2)
- Perm (2)
- Permafrostdegradation (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Perovskite solar cell (2)
- Perowskit-Solarzellen (2)
- Persian (2)
- Personalised medicine (2)
- Personality traits (2)
- Personalized medicine (2)
- Persönlichkeitsentwicklung (2)
- Perturbed complexes (2)
- Perylene (2)
- Petrography (2)
- Petrologie (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Pfadmodell (2)
- Pflanze (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenökologie (2)
- Phantoms (2)
- Pharmacokinetics (2)
- Phase Locking Value (2)
- Phase morphology (2)
- Phenological modelling (2)
- Phenylpropanoids (2)
- Philosophical anthropology (2)
- Phonetik (2)
- Phonologie (2)
- Phonology (2)
- Phononen (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Phosphate (2)
- Phospholipid (2)
- Phospholipid binding proteins (2)
- Phospholipids (2)
- Phosphorus limitation (2)
- Phosphorylation Site (2)
- Photodynamics (2)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- Photoexcitations (2)
- Photogrammetrie (2)
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- Photometrie (2)
- Photopolymer (2)
- Photopolymerization (2)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (2)
- Photosphere (2)
- Photovoltaics (2)
- Phylogenetic analysis (2)
- Phylogenetic-Relationships (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Phylogeographie (2)
- Physical Network (2)
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- Physik (2)
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- Phytoliths (2)
- Phänologie (2)
- Picard-Fuchs equations (2)
- Pichia pastoris (2)
- Picture-word interference (2)
- Piezoelektrizität (2)
- Pigments (2)
- Pilze (2)
- Pinus pinaster (2)
- Pipe networks (2)
- Pipistrellus (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Pitch (2)
- Plackett–Burman design (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- PlanetScope (2)
- Planing (2)
- Plant community (2)
- Plant development (2)
- Plant functional groups (2)
- Plant functional trait (2)
- Plant growth (2)
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- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plant performance (2)
- Plant sciences (2)
- Plant-based diet (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Plasmonics (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Platelets (2)
- Platform Innovation (2)
- Platform economy (2)
- Plato (2)
- Pliocene (2)
- Pluralism (2)
- Podanthus mitiqui (2)
- Poecili-Mexicana (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Poincare inequality (2)
- Point-based rendering (2)
- Point-light action (2)
- Pointing (2)
- Polarization (2)
- Polen (2)
- Policy Reform (2)
- Policy advice (2)
- Policy change (2)
- Politics & International Relations (2)
- Politics of childhood (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Pollen trap (2)
- Pollimyrus-Isidori (2)
- Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelectrolyte (2)
- Polyelectrolytes (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethyleneimine (2)
- Polymer chemistry (2)
- Polymer dispersions (2)
- Polymerisation (2)
- Polymerization (2)
- Polymerphysik (2)
- Polypeptid (2)
- Polypropylen (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Pond (2)
- Ponds (2)
- Population density (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Population-Growth (2)
- Porosity (2)
- Porous carbon (2)
- Porous silicon (2)
- Poshtuk metapelites (2)
- Position Generator (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postmasburg manganese field (2)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Potsdam Grievance Statistics File (PGSF) (2)
- Pragmatik (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Predation (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Prediabetes (2)
- Predictability (2)
- Prediction of disability/intensity (2)
- Predictive processing (2)
- Predictor (2)
- Preference (2)
- Preference Handling (2)
- Preis der Anarchie (2)
- Preprocessing (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preterm birth (2)
- Price of Anarchy (2)
- Primary school children (2)
- Primates (2)
- Primula (2)
- Prisoner's Dilemma (2)
- Privatsphäre (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Proactivity (2)
- Probability (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Problem Solving (2)
- Problem solving (2)
- Process Enactment (2)
- Process Modelling (2)
- Process model (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Programming (2)
- Projection (2)
- Projektion (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
- Prosodic boundaries (2)
- Prosody-syntax interface (2)
- Prospective (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protective factors (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein restriction (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Protein–protein interaction (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Prozessausführung (2)
- Präferenzen (2)
- Prävalenz (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psychodiagnostics (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychometric evaluation (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (2)
- Psychotherapie (2)
- Public Management (2)
- Public Service Motivation (2)
- Public organizations (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Punch (2)
- Pupillometrie (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QCA (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL mapping (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quality of Life (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenoptik (2)
- Quantenpunkt (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Quasars (2)
- Quercus (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
- Quercus pubescens (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- RDF (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- ROF1 (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiative transfer (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Randwertprobleme (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realismus (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence Plots (2)
- Recurrence plots (2)
- Red Cross (2)
- Redox (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexion (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reflexivpronomen (2)
- Reform Judaism (2)
- Reformjudentum (2)
- Refugee Tales (2)
- Regime shifts (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relation historique (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
- Relevanz (2)
- Religiosity (2)
- Remote Sensing (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
- Renal function (2)
- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinyl esters (2)
- Revenue Autonomy (2)
- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rheological modeling (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (2)
- RiPPs (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk perception (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rohstoffe (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
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- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
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- Russisch (2)
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- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
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- SCP (2)
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- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFA (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
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- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
- SLI (2)
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- SMEs (2)
- SOA (2)
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- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPB (2)
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- SPM (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccade (2)
- Sahel (2)
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- Sakkadendetektion (2)
- Salt Range (2)
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- Santa-Barbara system (2)
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- Scenario (2)
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- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
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- absolute (2)
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- acceptability (2)
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- animal welfare (2)
- anisotropic effects (2)
- anisotropy (2)
- ankles (2)
- anniversary issue (2)
- annotation projection (2)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (5048)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4793)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3387)
- Institut für Chemie (2932)
- Institut für Mathematik (1890)
- Department Psychologie (1498)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (1056)
- Department Linguistik (1029)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (860)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (844)
On 12 August 2021, a > 220 s lasting complex earthquake with Mw > 8.2 hit the South Sandwich Trench. Due to its remote location and short interevent times, reported earthquake parameters varied significantly between different international agencies. We studied the complex rupture by combining different seismic source characterization techniques sensitive to different frequency ranges based on teleseismic broadband recordings from 0.001 to 2 Hz, including point and finite fault inversions and the back-projection of high-frequency signals.
We also determined moment tensor solutions for 88 aftershocks. The rupture initiated simultaneously with a rupture equivalent to a M-w 7.6 thrust earthquake in the deep part of the seismogenic zone in the central subduction interface and a shallow megathrust rupture, which propagated unilaterally to the south with a very slow rupture velocity of 1.2 km/s and varying strike following the curvature of the trench.
The slow rupture covered nearly two-thirds of the entire subduction zone length, and with M-w 8.2 released the bulk of the total moment of the whole earthquake.
Tsunami modeling indicates the inferred shallow rupture can explain the tsunami records. The southern segment of the shallow rupture overlaps with another activation of the deeper part of the megathrust equivalent to M-w 7.6. The aftershock distribution confirms the extent and curvature of the rupture. Some mechanisms are consistent with the mainshocks, but many indicate also activation of secondary faults. Rupture velocities and radiated frequencies varied strongly between different stages of the rupture, which might explain the variability of published source parameters.
Plain Language Summary
The earthquake of 12 August 2021 along the deep-sea trench of the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic reached a magnitude of 8.2 and triggered a tsunami. The automatic earthquake parameter determination of different agencies showed very different results shortly after the earthquake and partially underestimated the tsunami potential of the earthquake.
A possible reason was the complex rupture process and that the tsunami was generated by a long and shallow slow slip rupture sandwiched between more conventional fast slip subevents at its northern and southern ends. In addition, the fault surface, which extended over 450 km, was highly curved striking 150 degrees-220 degrees.
We investigated the different components of the seismic wavefields in different frequency ranges and with different methods.
The analysis shows how even complex earthquakes can be deciphered by combining analyzing methods. The comparison with aftershocks and the triggered tsunami waves confirms our model that explains the South Sandwich rupture by four subevents in the plate boundary along the curved deep-sea trench. Here, the depth, rupture velocities, and slip on each segment of the rupture vary considerably.
The method can also be applied to other megathrust earthquakes and help to further improve tsunami warnings in the future.
The ambitious climate targets set by industrialized nations worldwide cannot be met without decarbonizing the building stock.
Using Germany as a case study, this paper takes stock of the extensive set of energy efficiency policies that are already in place and clarifies that they have been designed "in good faith" but lack in overall effectiveness as well as cost-efficiency in achieving these climate targets.
We map out the market failures and behavioural considerations that are potential reasons for why realized energy savings fall below expectations and why the household adoption of energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies has remained low. We highlight the pressing need for data and modern empirical research to develop targeted and cost-effective policies seeking to correct these market failures.
To this end, we identify some key research questions and identify gaps in the data required for evidence-based policy.
Hematology, hormones, inflammation, and muscle damage in elite and professional soccer players
(2021)
Background
Knowledge of the long-term effects of soccer training on hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance may help to better design strength and conditioning programs for performance development and injury prevention for the individual player and the team.
Objectives
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and discuss evidence on the long-term effects of soccer training on selected hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in elite and professional soccer players. A second goal was to investigate associations between selected physiological markers and measures of performance.
Methods
Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until August 2020 to identify articles related to soccer training effects. To be included in this systematic review, studies had to examine male elite (national level) and/or professional (international level) soccer players aged > 17 years and a soccer training period > 4 weeks, and report outcomes related to hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and performance markers.
Results
The search syntax initially identified 2420 records. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 20 eligible studies were included in this systematic review, with training durations lasting between 4 and 18 weeks in 15 studies, around 6 months in four studies, and around 1 year in one study. Effects of long-term soccer training revealed parameter-specific increases or decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance. Two studies showed a moderate increase in hematological markers such as hemoglobin (effect size [ES] = 0.67-0.93). Parameter-specific changes were noted for hormonal markers in the form of increases for total testosterone (ES = 0.20-0.67) and free testosterone (FT) (ES = 0.20-0.65) and decreases for cortisol (ES = - 0.28 to - 1.31). Finally, moderate to very large increases were found for muscle damage markers such as creatine kinase (ES = 0.94-6.80) and physical performance such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.50-1.11) and squat jump (SJ) height (ES = 0.65-1.28). After long-term periods of soccer training, significant positive correlations were found between percentage change (Delta%) in FT and Delta% in CMJ height (r = 0.94; p = 0.04) and between Delta% in total testosterone/cortisol (TT/C) ratio and Delta% in SJ (r = 0.89; p = 0.03).
Conclusions
Findings suggest that long-term soccer training induces increases/decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in male elite and professional soccer players. These fluctuations can be explained by different contextual factors (e.g., training load, duration of training, psychological factors, mood state). Interestingly, the observed changes in hormonal parameters (FT and TT/C) were related to vertical jump performance changes (e.g., CMJ and SJ). Anabolic hormones and TT/C can possibly be used as a tool to identify physical performance alteration after long-term soccer training.
Background:
The current range of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) has placed more importance on the accurate monitoring of disease progression for timely and appropriate treatment decisions. With a rising number of measurements for disease progression, it is currently unclear how well these measurements or combinations of them can monitor more mildly affected RRMS patients.
Objectives:
To investigate several composite measures for monitoring disease activity and their potential relation to the biomarker neurofilament light chain (NfL) in a clearly defined early RRMS patient cohort with a milder disease course.
Methods:
From a total of 301 RRMS patients, a subset of 46 patients being treated with a continuous first-line therapy was analyzed for loss of no evidence of disease activity (lo-NEDA-3) status, relapse-associated worsening (RAW) and progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), up to seven years after treatment initialization.
Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for time-to-event analysis. Additionally, a Cox regression model was used to analyze the effect of NIL levels on outcome measures in this cohort.
Results:
In this mildly affected cohort, both lo-NEDA-3 and PIRA frequently occurred over a median observational period of 67.2 months and were observed in 39 (84.8%) and 23 (50.0%) patients, respectively.
Additionally, 12 out of 26 PIRA manifestations (46.2%) were observed without a corresponding lo-NEDA-3 status. Jointly, either PIRA or lo-NEDA-3 showed disease activity in all patients followed-up for at least the median duration (67.2 months). NfL values demonstrated an association with the occurrence of relapses and RAW.
Conclusion:
The complementary use of different disease progression measures helps mirror ongoing disease activity in mildly affected early RRMS patients being treated with continuous first-line therapy.
This book provides a novel analysis for the syntax of the clausal left periphery, focusing on various finite clause types and especially on embedded clauses. It investigates how the appearance of multiple projections interacts with economy principles and with the need for marking syntactic information overtly. In particular, the proposed account shows that a flexible approach assuming only a minimal number of projections is altogether favourable to cartographic approaches. The main focus of the book is on West Germanic, in particular on English and German, yet other Germanic and non-Germanic languages are also discussed for comparative purposes.
Rapid innovation and proliferation of software as a medical device have accelerated the clinical use of digital technologies across a wide array of medical conditions.
Current regulatory pathways were developed for traditional (hardware) medical devices and offer a useful structure, but the evolution of digital devices requires concomitant innovation in regulatory approaches to maximize the potential benefits of these emerging technologies.
A number of specific adaptations could strengthen current regulatory oversight while promoting ongoing innovation.
New middle Miocene to Pliocene (~14–3 Ma) apatite fission track (AFT) cooling ages combined with published K–Ar/Ar–Ar and zircon fission track (ZFT) ages from the Hazara and Swat regions of Pakistan are used to explain the Oligocene to Pliocene structural evolution in the Western Himalaya. The structural model explains the distribution of K–Ar/Ar–Ar ages in three distinct age groups (Proterozoic, Paleozoic-Mesozoic, and Eocene to Oligocene). The Proterozoic to Mesozoic sequence of northern Hazara and Swat experienced elevated temperature and pressure conditions, evident by reset Eocene to Oligocene K–Ar/Ar–Ar hornblende and Eocene to Miocene muscovite ages, caused by Kohistan overthrusting the Indian margin during and after the India–Asia collision. Samples from the Indus syntaxis with Paleo to Mesoproterozoic K–Ar/Ar–Ar hornblende ages and Eocene to Oligocene Ar–Ar muscovite ages show no signs of Cenozoic metamorphism; these samples were thermally imprinted up to the Ar–Ar muscovite closure temperature. Neoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic rocks from the southern parts of Hazara and Swat show Mesozoic to Oligocene partially reset Ar–Ar muscovite ages and preservation of Ordovician metamorphism. The combined analysis of published K–Ar/Ar–Ar (muscovite), ZFT, and new AFT ages (~14–12 Ma) suggests that the Main Central thrust/Panjal thrust was active from Oligocene to early Miocene (~30–18 Ma), and the Nathia-Gali and Main Boundary thrusts were active from the middle to late Miocene (~14–9 Ma) in the Hazara area. New and published AFT ages (~6–3 Ma) from the Indus syntaxis suggest that early Pliocene tectonic thickening in the hinterland formed the N–S trending Indus anticline, creating an erosional half window in the Main Mantle thrust, forming the Indus syntaxis, and dividing the Main Central thrust sheet into the Hazara and Swat segments.
Localized surface plasmon resonances on noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) can efficiently drive reactions of adsorbed ligand molecules and provide versatile opportunities in chemical synthesis. The driving forces of these reactions are typically elevated temperatures, hot charge carriers, or enhanced electric fields.
In the present work, dehalogenation of halogenated thiophenols on the surface of AuNPs has been studied by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a function of the photon energy to track the kinetics and identify reaction products.
Reaction rates are found to be surprisingly similar for different halothiophenols studied here, although the bond dissociation energies of the C-X bonds differ significantly. Complementary information about the electronic properties at the AuNP surface, namely, work-function and valence band states, has been determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of isolated AuNPs in the gas-phase.
In this way, it is revealed how the electronic properties are altered by the adsorption of the ligand molecules, and we conclude that the reaction rates are mainly determined by the plasmonic properties of the AuNPs. SERS spectra reveal differences in the reaction product formation for different halogen species, and, on this basis, the possible reaction mechanisms are discussed to approach an understanding of opportunities and limitations in the design of catalytical systems with plasmonic NPs.
Microviridins are a prominent family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) featuring characteristic lactone and lactam rings. Their unusual cage-like architecture renders them highly potent serine protease inhibitors of which individual variants specifically inhibit different types of proteases of pharmacological interest.
While posttranslational modifications are key for the stability and bioactivity of RiPPs, additional attractive properties can be introduced by functional tags.
To date - although highly desirable - no method has been reported to incorporate functional tags in microviridin scaffolds or the overarching class of graspetides.
In this study, a chemoenzymatic in vitro platform is used to introduce functional tags in various microviridin variants yielding biotinylated, dansylated or propargylated congeners.
This straightforward approach paves the way for customized protease inhibitors with built-in functionalities that can help to unravel the still elusive ecological roles and targets of this remarkable class of compounds and to foster applications based on protease inhibition.
Recent theories suggest a shift from model-based goal-directed to model-free habitual decision-making in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is yet unclear, whether this shift in the decision process is heritable. We investigated 32 patients with OCD, 27 unaffected siblings (SIBs) and 31 healthy controls (HCs) using the two-step task. We computed behavioral and reaction time analyses and fitted a computational model to assess the balance between model-based and model-free control. 80 subjects also underwent structural imaging. We observed a significant ordered effect for the shift towards model-free control in the direction OCD>SIB>HC in our computational parameter of interest. However less directed analyses revealed no shift towards model-free control in OCDs. Nonetheless, we found evidence for reduced model-based control in OCDs compared to HCs and SIBs via 2nd stage reaction time analyses. In this measure SIBs also showed higher levels of model-based control than HCs. Across all subjects these effects were associated with the surface area of the left medial/right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, correlations between bilateral putamen/right caudate volumes and these effects varied as a function of group: they were negative in SIBs and OCDs, but positive in HCs. Associations between fronto-striatal regions and model-based reaction time effects point to a potential endophenotype for OCD.
We propose lacunarity as a novel recurrence quantification measure and illustrate its efficacy to detect dynamical regime transitions which are exhibited by many complex real-world systems. We carry out a recurrence plot-based analysis for different paradigmatic systems and nonlinear empirical data in order to demonstrate the ability of our method to detect dynamical transitions ranging across different temporal scales. It succeeds to distinguish states of varying dynamical complexity in the presence of noise and non-stationarity, even when the time series is of short length. In contrast to traditional recurrence quantifiers, no specification of minimal line lengths is required and geometric features beyond linear structures in the recurrence plot can be accounted for. This makes lacunarity more broadly applicable as a recurrence quantification measure. Lacunarity is usually interpreted as a measure of heterogeneity or translational invariance of an arbitrary spatial pattern. In application to recurrence plots, it quantifies the degree of heterogeneity in the temporal recurrence patterns at all relevant time scales. We demonstrate the potential of the proposed method when applied to empirical data, namely time series of acoustic pressure fluctuations from a turbulent combustor. Recurrence lacunarity captures both the rich variability in dynamical complexity of acoustic pressure fluctuations and shifting time scales encoded in the recurrence plots. Furthermore, it contributes to a better distinction between stable operation and near blowout states of combustors.
Like many other regions in central Europe, Germany experienced sequential summer droughts from 2015 to 2018. As one of the environmental consequences, river nitrate concentrations have exhibited significant changes in many catchments.
However, catchment nitrate responses to the changing weather conditions have not yet been mechanistically explored.
Thus, a fully distributed, process-based catchment Nitrate model (mHM-Nitrate) was used to reveal the causal relations in the Bode catchment, of which river nitrate concentrations have experienced contrasting trends from upstream to downstream reaches. The model was evaluated using data from six gauging stations, reflecting different levels of runoff components and their associated nitrate-mixing from upstream to downstream.
Results indicated that the mHM-Nitrate model reproduced dynamics of daily discharge and nitrate concentration well, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency >= 0.73 for discharge and Kling-Gupta Efficiency >= 0.50 for nitrate concentration at most stations.
Particularly, the spatially contrasting trends of nitrate con-centration were successfully captured by the model.
The decrease of nitrate concentration in the lowland area in drought years (2015-2018) was presumably due to (1) limited terrestrial export loading (ca. 40 % lower than that of normal years 2004-2014), and (2) increased in-stream retention efficiency (20 % higher in summer within the whole river network).
From a mechanistic modelling perspective, this study provided insights into spatially heterogeneous flow and nitrate dynamics and effects of sequential droughts, which shed light on water -quality responses to future climate change, as droughts are projected to be more frequent.
An epilepsy diagnosis has large consequences for an individual but is often difficult to make in clinical practice.
Novel biomarkers are thus greatly needed. Here, we give an overview of how thousands of common genetic factors that increase the risk for epilepsy can be summarized as epilepsy polygenic risk scores (PRS).
We discuss the current state of research on how epilepsy PRS can serve as a biomarker for the risk for epilepsy. The high heritability of common forms of epilepsy, particularly genetic generalized epilepsy, indicates a promising potential for epilepsy PRS in diagnosis and risk prediction.
Small sample sizes and low ancestral diversity of current epilepsy genome-wide association studies show, however, a need for larger and more diverse studies before epilepsy PRS could be properly implemented in the clinic.
Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre of 1801/2 is considered to be the beginning of his late phase. In this phase he supposedly alters his earlier thinking and, instead of the transcendental unity of the I, conceptualizes a higher transcendent and simple unity; a unity that has been claimed to correspond to Neoplatonism. I refute these two arguments here. First, through a comparison between the Wissenschaftslehre of 1801/2 and that of 1794/5, I show that both versions contain a similar analysis of the supreme unity. Second, I show that in 1801/2 Fichte explicitly dissociates the supreme unity from transcendence and simplicity. His conception of the supreme unity in fact levels a critique upon such concept of unity. Instead of the transcendent One, which is hierarchically prior to multiplicity, Fichte formulates in both 1794/5 and 1801/2 a complicated concept of the supreme unity. On Fichte’s account, this unity “hovers” between multiplicity and unity as simplicity.
Fichte claims in Section 5 of the Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (GWL) that the absolute I contains a difference between two directions. In this paper, I argue that this specific claim complements, rather than contradicts, his general position in Section 1, according to which the absolute I is a simple identity or a point. I first show that we can identify a version of what I call Fichte’s Two-Directions Theory in texts written both before and after the GWL. I term this version his Two-Series Theory. Drawing on this reading, I demonstrate, in contrast to previous research, that Fichte consistently formulates the absolute I in a twofold manner: as a pure act that precedes any difference and as a proposition that contains a relation. I further argue that Fichte’s treatment of the absolute I as a simple unity and as a unity of two directions maps onto two stages within his philosophical investigation. On my account, Fichte seeks to comprehend the absolute I by considering the I’s activity both as it is in itself and as it presents itself to thought.
In this topical review, we give an overview of the structure and dynamics of a single polymer chain in active baths, Gaussian or non-Gaussian.
The review begins with the discussion of single flexible or semiflexible linear polymer chains subjected to two noises, thermal and active.
The active noise has either Gaussian or non-Gaussian distribution but has a memory, accounting for the persistent motion of the active bath particles. This finite persistence makes the reconfiguration dynamics of the chain slow as compared to the purely thermal case and the chain swells.
The active noise also results superdiffusive or ballistic motion of the tagged monomer. We present all the calculations in details but mainly focus on the analytically exact or almost exact results on the topic, as obtained from our group in recent years.
In addition, we briefly mention important works of other groups and include some of our new results. The review concludes with pointing out the implications of polymer chains in active bath in biologically relevant context and its future directions.
We introduce the concept of TRAP (Traces and Permutations), which can roughly be viewed as a wheeled PROP (Products and Permutations) without unit. TRAPs are equipped with a horizontal concatenation and partial trace maps.
Continuous morphisms on an infinite-dimensional topological space and smooth kernels (respectively, smoothing operators) on a closed manifold form a TRAP but not a wheeled PROP.
We build the free objects in the category of TRAPs as TRAPs of graphs and show that a TRAP can be completed to a unitary TRAP (or wheeled PROP).
We further show that it can be equipped with a vertical concatenation, which on the TRAP of linear homomorphisms of a vector space, amounts to the usual composition. The vertical concatenation in the TRAP of smooth kernels gives rise to generalised convolutions.
Graphs whose vertices are decorated by smooth kernels (respectively, smoothing operators) on a closed manifold form a TRAP. From their universal properties we build smooth amplitudes associated with the graph.
Studies investigating the effect of aboveground herbivory on plants often use clipping to simulate the effects of herbivores, for practical reasons. However, herbivore movements and transfer of oral secretions during herbivory may cause a different response in plant physiology and morphology compared to clipping.
While studies have compared effects of real herbivory vs. clipping on biomass production, plant physiology, and shoot morphology, no study has compared such effects on root morphology.
Therefore, we investigated the effect of herbivory by grasshoppers, herbivory simulated by clipping, and no herbivory on root morphological traits of ten grassland plant species. Root morphological traits were differently affected by the two herbivory treatments. Grasshopper herbivory significantly changed root morphology toward thinner roots with increased specific root length and root area, and decreased root tissue density compared to untreated control plants.
Clipping had mostly similar, but weaker effects on root morphology than grasshopper herbivory.
On the species level, grasshopper herbivory led to strongest changes in root morphology in almost all cases. In contrast, depending on the species, clipping resulted in varying root morphological trait values similar to grasshopper-damaged plants, or in some cases, more closely aligned with control plants.
Though clipping was partly able to mimic the effects of herbivory by grasshoppers, results also indicate that, depending on the species, grasshopper herbivory had different but mostly stronger effects. We, therefore, recommend that future studies apply herbivory with real herbivores to better reflect natural responses in plants and related processes that root morphological traits mediate.
In the Science of Logic, Hegel criticizes Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre for advancing from the beginning through external reflection and thus failing to understand both the nature of the beginning and the proper method to advance from it. This article shows that Fichte's advance from the beginning preempts Hegel's critique and shares Hegel's premises with respect to the method of advancing. The author first analyzes Hegel's critique of Fichte in the Science of Logic, which he follows by showing that Fichte levels a similar critique against Schelling's conception of the beginning set out in his system of 1801. Turning to the Wissenschaftslehre of 1794/5, the author then demonstrates that Fichte's method of advancing from the beginning addresses every point of Hegel's critique. He concludes by identifying the similarity and difference between Fichte's and Hegel's methods of advancing.
Symptom Checker Applications (SCA) are mobile applications often designed for the end-user to assist with symptom assessment and self-triage. SCA are meant to provide the user with easily accessible information about their own health conditions.
However, SCA raise questions regarding ethical, legal, and social aspects (ELSA), for example, regarding fair access to this new technology.
The aim of this scoping review is to identify the ELSA of SCA in the scientific literature. A scoping review was conducted to identify the ELSA of SCA. Ten databases (e.g., Web of Science and PubMed) were used. Studies on SCA that address ELSA, written in English or German, were included in the review.
The ELSA of SCA were extracted and synthesized using qualitative content analysis. A total of 25,061 references were identified, of which 39 were included in the analysis. The identified aspects were allotted to three main categories: (1) Technology; (2) Individual Level; and (3) Healthcare system.
The results show that there are controversial debates in the literature on the ethical and social challenges of SCA usage. Furthermore, the debates are characterised by a lack of a specific legal perspective and empirical data.
The review provides an overview on the spectrum of ELSA regarding SCA. It offers guidance to stakeholders in the healthcare system, for example, patients, healthcare professionals, and insurance providers and could be used in future empirical research to investigate the perspectives of those affected, such as users.
Hailed as an innovative concept in antiquity, Plotinus’ concept of the ‘we’ occupies a nuanced and somewhat elusive systematic position. On the one hand, it locates itself in the realm of the soul rather than the intellect; at the same time, however, it manifests a self-conscious dimension typically ascribed to the intellect rather than the soul. This paper attempts to resolve this ambiguity by interpreting the ‘we’ as a potential of self-consciousness, which explains why the ‘we’ can become similar to, but not identical with, the actual self-consciousness of the intellect. The proposed definition not only brings clarity to the seemingly paradoxical formulations surrounding the ‘we’ in Plotinus’ philosophy but also sheds light on the allegories that Plotinus employs.
Moreover, my analysis highlights the similarity between the Plotinian ‘we’ and the characterizations of the self within the Kantian tradition. Drawing on Cassirer’s dichotomy between concepts of substance and concepts of function, and Kant’s assertion that the ‘I think’ represents a potentiality rather than an actuality of self-consciousness, this study attempts to provide a conceptual bridge between the Plotinian and Kantian frameworks.
Cultural Linguistics
(2024)
Without a doubt, not only through numerous landmark publications (e.g., Sharifian 2003, 2011, 2015, 2017a, b), Farzad Sharifian has shaped the field of Cultural Linguistics like no one has. The success of Cultural Linguistics has been due, to a considerable extent, to the integration of previous theoretical concepts, methods, and terminologies into a unified theoretical approach. However, this process of integration, to our minds, has not been completed. In fact, the first author of this chapter, in a couple of his publications (Wolf et al. 2021; Kühmstedt and Wolf 2022) was about to enter into a terminological debate with Farzad Sharifian, when he left us too early. In this chapter, we would like to take up and systematize this debate. Primarily, as regards theory, we will focus on the relation of Cultural Linguistics to Cognitive Sociolinguistics, and as regards terminology, on the central concept of “cultural conceptualization.” By doing so, it is our hope to solidify the paradigm of Cultural Linguistics even more and to provide a further terminological refinement for “cultural conceptualization.”
The BEEHAVE model simulates the population dynamics and foraging activity of a single honey bee colony (Apis mellifera) in great detail. Although it still makes numerous simplifying assumptions, it appears to capture a wide range of empirical observations.
It could, therefore, in principle, also be used as a tool in beekeeper education, as it allows the implementation and comparison of different management options.
Here, we focus on treatments aimed at controlling the mite Varroa destructor. However, since BEEHAVE was developed in the UK, mite treatment includes the use of a synthetic acaricide, which is not part of Good Beekeeping Practice in Germany.
A practice that consists of drone brood removal from April to June, treatment with formic acid in August/September, and treatment with oxalic acid in November/December. We implemented these measures, focusing on the timing, frequency, and spacing between drone brood removals.
The effect of drone brood removal and acid treatment, individually or in combination, on a mite-infested colony was examined. We quantify the efficacy of Varroa mite control as the reduction of mites in treated bee colonies compared to untreated bee colonies. We found that drone brood removal was very effective, reducing mites by 90% at the end of the first simulation year after the introduction of mites. This value was significantly higher than the 50-67% reduction expected by bee experts and confirmed by empirical studies.
However, literature reports varying percent reductions in mite numbers from 10 to 85% after drone brood removal. The discrepancy between model results, empirical data, and expert estimates indicate that these three sources should be reviewed and refined, as all are based on simplifying assumptions.
These results and the adaptation of BEEHAVE to the Good Beekeeping Practice are a decisive step forward for the future use of BEEHAVE in beekeeper education in Germany and anywhere where organic acids and drone brood removal are utilized.
The optical properties, chemical composition, and potential chromophores of brown carbon (BrC) aerosol particles were studied during typical summertime and wintertime at a kerbside in downtown Karl-sruhe, a city in central Europe.
The average absorption coefficient and mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (Abs(365) and MAE(365)) of methanol-soluble BrC (MS-BrC) were lower in the summer period (1.6 +/- 0.5 Mm(-1), 0.5 +/- 0.2 m(2) g(-1)) than in the winter period (2.8 +/- 1.9 Mm(-1), 1.1 +/- 0.3 m(2) g(-1)). Using a parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to identify chromophores, two different groups of highly oxygenated humic-like substances (HO-HULIS) dominated in summer and contributed 96 +/- 6 % of the total fluorescence intensity.
In contrast, less-oxygenated HULIS (LO-HULIS) dominated the total fluorescence intensity in winter with 57 +/- 12 %, followed by HO-HULIS with 31 +/- 18 %. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of organic compounds detected in real time by an online aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) led to five characteristic organic compound classes.
The statistical analysis of PARAFAC components and PMF factors showed that LO-HULIS chromophores were most likely emitted from biomass burning in winter. HO-HULIS chromophores could be low-volatility oxy-genated organic aerosol from regional transport and oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in summer.
Five nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) were identified by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (C7H7O3N, C7H7O4N, C6H5O5N, C6H5O4N, and C6H5O3N), which contributed 0.03 +/- 0.01 % to the total organic mass but can explain 0.3 +/- 0.1 % of the total absorption of MS-BrC at 365 nm in winter.
Furthermore, we identified 316 potential brown carbon molecules which accounted for 2.5 +/- 0.6 % of the organic aerosol mass. Using an average mass absorption efficiency (MAE(365)) of 9.5 m(2)g(-1) for these compounds, we can es-timate their mean light absorption to be 1.2 +/- 0.2 Mm(-1), accounting for 32 +/- 15 % of the total absorption of MS-BrC at 365 nm.
This indicates that a small fraction of brown carbon molecules dominates the overall ab-sorption. The potential BrC molecules assigned to the LO-HULIS component had a higher average molecular weight (265 +/- 2 Da) and more nitrogen-containing molecules (62 +/- 1 %) than the molecules assigned to the HOHULIS components.
Our analysis shows that the LO-HULIS, with a high contribution of nitrogen-containing molecules originating from biomass burning, dominates aerosol fluorescence in winter, and HO-HULIS, with fewer nitrogen-containing molecules as low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol from regional transport and oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), dominates in summer.
This paper examines the claim that the two final articles of Rav Kook’s book Ikvei Hatzon were written as a response to a lecture given by Hermann Cohen. It first reviews Cohen’s lecture showing that, regarding the concept of God, Cohen argues for the compatibility of Judaism and Kantianism in denying the dogmatic-mythological preoccupation with the existence of God in favor of understanding God as the basis of morality. Second, it analyzes Kook’s articles, demonstrating that he accepts the compatibility of Judaism and Kantianism together with the denial of the dogmatic relation to God as a substance.
Nevertheless, Kook is not satisfied with the critical view that denies the dogmatic relation to the substance altogether, since it formulates a merely negative relationship with God. Instead, he develops his concept of the Divine Ideals, which synthesizes the dogmatic preoccupation with substantiality and the critical denial of it. The Divine Ideals are the moral progression of man, through which man gradually becomes identical to God. Within the Divine Ideals, dogmatism becomes an emotional striving to be identical with God as a substance, while criticism is the intellectual negation of the possibility of such identity, which ensures that the process will continue indefinitely.
Background
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a significant contributor to the global burden of disease. Altered leptin levels are known to be associated with depressive symptoms, however discrepancies in the results of increased or decreased levels exist. Due to various limitations associated with commonly used antidepressant drugs, alternatives such as exercise therapy are gaining more importance. Therefore, the current study investigates whether depressed patients have higher leptin levels compared to healthy controls and if exercise is efficient to reduce these levels.
Methods
Leptin levels of 105 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD; 45.7% female, age mean ± SEM: 39.1 ± 1.0) and 34 healthy controls (HC; 61.8% female, age mean ± SEM: 36.0 ± 2.0) were measured before and after a bicycle ergometer test. Additionally, the MDD group was separated into three groups: two endurance exercise intervention groups (EX) differing in their intensities, and a waiting list control group (WL). Leptin levels were measured pre and post a 12-week exercise intervention or the waiting period.
Results
Baseline data showed no significant differences in leptin levels between the MDD and HC groups. As expected, correlation analyses displayed significant relations between leptin levels and body weight (HC: r = 0.474, p = 0.005; MDD: r = 0.198, p = 0.043) and even more with body fat content (HC: r = 0.755, p < 0.001; MDD: r = 0.675, p < 0.001). The acute effect of the bicycle ergometer test and the 12-week training intervention showed no significant changes in circulating leptin levels.
Conclusion
Leptin levels were not altered in patients with major depression compared to healthy controls and exercise, both the acute response and after 12 weeks of endurance training, had no effect on the change in leptin levels.
Trial registration
The study was registered at the German register for clinical studies (DRKS) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00008869 on 28/07/2015.
How predictable is the next move of an animal? Specifically, which factors govern the short- and long-term motion patterns and the overall dynamics of land-bound, plant-eating animals in general and ruminants in particular? To answer this question, we here study the movement dynamics of springbok antelopes Antidorcas marsupialis. We propose several complementary statistical-analysis techniques combined with machine-learning approaches to analyze—across multiple time scales—the springbok motion recorded in long-term GPS tracking of collared springboks at a private wildlife reserve in Namibia. As a result, we are able to predict the springbok movement within the next hour with a certainty of about 20%. The remaining about 80% are stochastic in nature and are induced by unaccounted factors in the modeling algorithm and by individual behavioral features of springboks. We find that directedness of motion contributes approximately 17% to this predicted fraction. We find that the measure for directedeness is strongly dependent on the daily cycle of springbok activity. The previously known daily affinity of springboks to their water points, as predicted from our machine-learning algorithm, overall accounts for only about 3% of this predicted deterministic component of springbok motion. Moreover, the resting points are found to affect the motion of springboks at least as much as the formally studied effects of water points. The generality of these statements for the motion patterns and their underlying behavioral reasons for other ruminants can be examined on the basis of our statistical-analysis tools in the future.
Adapting to a changing environment: inspiration for planetary health from east African communities
(2022)
The ability to catalyze diverse reactions with relevance for chemical and pharmaceutical research and industry has led to an increasing interest in fungal enzymes.
There is still an enormous potential considering the sheer amount of new enzymes from the huge diversity of fungi.
Most of these fungal enzymes have not been characterized yet due to the lack of high throughput synthesis and analysis methods.
This bottleneck could be overcome by means of cell-free protein synthesis. In this study, cell-free protein synthesis based on eukaryotic cell lysates was utilized to produce a functional glycoside hydrolase (GH78) from the soft-rot fungus Xylaria polymorpha (Ascomycota).
The enzyme was successfully synthesized under different reaction conditions.
We characterized its enzymatic activities and immobilized the protein via FLAG-Tag interaction. Alteration of several conditions including reaction temperature, template design and lysate supplementation had an influence on the activity of cell-free synthesized GH78.
Consequently this led to a production of purified GH78 with a specific activity of 15.4 U mg? 1.
The results of this study may be foundational for future high throughput fungal enzyme screenings, including substrate spectra analysis and mutant screenings.
Introduction
Elderly patients after hospitalisation for acute events on account of age-related diseases (eg, joint or heart valve replacement surgery) are often characterised by a remarkably reduced functional health. Multicomponent rehabilitation (MR) is considered an appropriate approach to restore the functioning of these patients. However, its efficacy in improving functioning-related outcomes such as care dependency, activities of daily living (ADL), physical function and health-related quality of life (HRQL) remains unclarified. We outline the research framework of a scoping review designed to map the available evidence of the effects of MR on the independence and functional capacity of elderly patients hospitalised for age-related diseases in four main medical specialties beyond geriatrics.
Methods and analysis
The biomedical databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, ICTRP Search Platform, ClinicalTrials) and additionally Google Scholar will be systematically searched for studies comparing centre-based MR with usual care in patients ≥75 years of age, hospitalised for common acute events due to age-related diseases (eg, joint replacement, stroke) in one of the specialties of orthopaedics, oncology, cardiology or neurology. MR is defined as exercise training and at least one additional component (eg, nutritional counselling), starting within 3 months after hospital discharge. Randomised controlled trials as well as prospective and retrospective controlled cohort studies will be included from inception and without language restriction. Studies investigating patients <75 years, other specialties (eg, geriatrics), rehabilitation definition or differently designed will be excluded. Care dependency after at least a 6-month follow-up is set as the primary outcome. Physical function, HRQL, ADL, rehospitalisation and mortality will be additionally considered. Data for each outcome will be summarised, stratified by specialty, study design and type of assessment. Furthermore, quality assessment of the included studies will be performed.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval is not required. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and/or international congresses.
Step selection analysis (SSA) is a common framework for understanding animal movement and resource selection using telemetry data. Such data are, however, inherently autocorrelated in space, a complication that could impact SSA‐based inference if left unaddressed. Accounting for spatial correlation is standard statistical practice when analysing spatial data, and its importance is increasingly recognized in ecological models (e.g. species distribution models). Nonetheless, no framework yet exists to account for such correlation when analysing animal movement using SSA.
Here, we extend the popular method integrated step selection analysis (iSSA) by including a Gaussian field (GF) in the linear predictor to account for spatial correlation. For this, we use the Bayesian framework R‐INLA and the stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) technique.
We show through a simulation study that our method provides accurate fixed effects estimates, quantifies their uncertainty well and improves the predictions. In addition, we demonstrate the practical utility of our method by applying it to three wolverine (Gulo gulo) tracks.
Our method solves the problems of assuming spatially independent residuals in the SSA framework. In addition, it offers new possibilities for making long‐term predictions of habitat usage.
Protist grazing pressure plays a major role in controlling aquatic bacterial populations, affecting energy flow through the microbial loop and biogeochemical cycles. Predator-escape mechanisms might play a crucial role in energy flow through the microbial loop, but are yet understudied. For example, some bacteria can use planktonic as well as surface-associated habitats, providing a potential escape mechanism to habitat-specific grazers.
We investigated the escape response of the marine bacterium Marinobacter adhaerens in the presence of either planktonic (nanoflagellate: Cafeteria roenbergensis) or surface-associated (amoeba: Vannella anglica) protist predators, following population dynamics over time.
In the presence of V. anglica, M. adhaerens cell density increased in the water, but decreased on solid surfaces, indicating an escape response towards the planktonic habitat. In contrast, the planktonic predator C. roenbergensis induced bacterial escape to the surface habitat. While C. roenbergensis cell numbers dropped substantially after a sharp initial increase, V. anglica exhibited a slow, but constant growth throughout the entire experiment.
In the presence of C. roenbergensis, M. adhaerens rapidly formed cell clumps in the water habitat, which likely prevented consumption of the planktonic M. adhaerens by the flagellate, resulting in a strong decline in the predator population.
Our results indicate an active escape of M. adhaerens via phenotypic plasticity (i.e., behavioral and morphological changes) against predator ingestion.
This study highlights the potentially important role of behavioral escape mechanisms for community composition and energy flow in pelagic environments, especially with globally rising particle loads in aquatic systems through human activities and extreme weather events.
The present-day structure of the Eastern Cordillera in NW Argentina is governed by structural and lithological heterogeneities inherited from preceding deformation phases, which influence the localization of newly-formed faults and the inversion of pre-existing structures.
The Salta Rift Basin formed during a Late Jurassic-Cretaceous extensional phase and created a dominant structural and stratigraphic imprint in NW Argentina that is partic-ularly evident within the Eastern Cordillera, where uplift and exhumation have exposed the Salta Group syn-rift succession.
Although in general, the Salta Group rests upon Paleozoic rocks, locally the Tacuru Group forms an intermediate succession, consisting of interfingering eolian sandstones and proximal fault-related conglomerates with a Jurassic maximum depositional age. This succession might be the key to unraveling the Mesozoic history of NW Argentina, prior to the deposition of the Salta Group.
The conglomerates represent the earliest deposits related to extension in the western Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin, which is also documented in predominantly Jurassic zircon (U-Th-Sm)/He cooling ages of the rift shoulders. The detrital zircon U-Pb age signature and sandstone provenance of the Tacuru Group conglomerates differs strongly from the Salta Group syn-rift strata, which show a more regional signal.
These variations and the angularity of the unconformity may be connected to a rotation of the extension direction in the western Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin.
Probabilistic models to inform landslide early warning systems often rely on rainfall totals observed during past events with landslides. However, these models are generally developed for broad regions using large catalogs, with dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of landslide occurrences. This study evaluates strategies for training landslide forecasting models with a scanty record of landslide-triggering events, which is a typical limitation in remote, sparsely populated regions. We evaluate 136 statistical models trained on a precipitation dataset with five landslide-triggering precipitation events recorded near Sitka, Alaska, USA, as well as 6000 d of non-triggering rainfall (2002–2020). We also conduct extensive statistical evaluation for three primary purposes: (1) to select the best-fitting models, (2) to evaluate performance of the preferred models, and (3) to select and evaluate warning thresholds. We use Akaike, Bayesian, and leave-one-out information criteria to compare the 136 models, which are trained on different cumulative precipitation variables at time intervals ranging from 1 h to 2 weeks, using both frequentist and Bayesian methods to estimate the daily probability and intensity of potential landslide occurrence (logistic regression and Poisson regression). We evaluate the best-fit models using leave-one-out validation as well as by testing a subset of the data. Despite this sparse landslide inventory, we find that probabilistic models can effectively distinguish days with landslides from days without slide activity. Our statistical analyses show that 3 h precipitation totals are the best predictor of elevated landslide hazard, and adding antecedent precipitation (days to weeks) did not improve model performance. This relatively short timescale of precipitation combined with the limited role of antecedent conditions likely reflects the rapid draining of porous colluvial soils on the very steep hillslopes around Sitka. Although frequentist and Bayesian inferences produce similar estimates of landslide hazard, they do have different implications for use and interpretation: frequentist models are familiar and easy to implement, but Bayesian models capture the rare-events problem more explicitly and allow for better understanding of parameter uncertainty given the available data. We use the resulting estimates of daily landslide probability to establish two decision boundaries that define three levels of warning. With these decision boundaries, the frequentist logistic regression model incorporates National Weather Service quantitative precipitation forecasts into a real-time landslide early warning “dashboard” system (https://sitkalandslide.org/, last access: 9 October 2023). This dashboard provides accessible and data-driven situational awareness for community members and emergency managers.
Increased rates of glacier retreat and thinning need accurate local estimates of glacier elevation change to predict future changes in glacier runoff and their contribution to sea level rise. Glacier elevation change is typically derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) tied to surface change analysis from satellite imagery. Yet, the rugged topography in mountain regions can cast shadows onto glacier surfaces, making it difficult to detect local glacier elevation changes in remote areas. A rather untapped resource comprises precise, time-stamped metadata on the solar position and angle in satellite images. These data are useful for simulating shadows from a given DEM. Accordingly, any differences in shadow length between simulated and mapped shadows in satellite images could indicate a change in glacier elevation relative to the acquisition date of the DEM. We tested this hypothesis at five selected glaciers with long-term monitoring programmes. For each glacier, we projected cast shadows onto the glacier surface from freely available DEMs and compared simulated shadows to cast shadows mapped from ∼40 years of Landsat images. W validated the relative differences with geodetic measurements of glacier elevation change where these shadows occurred. We find that shadow-derived glacier elevation changes are consistent with independent photogrammetric and geodetic surveys in shaded areas. Accordingly, a shadow cast on Baltoro Glacier (the Karakoram, Pakistan) suggests no changes in elevation between 1987 and 2020, while shadows on Great Aletsch Glacier (Switzerland) point to negative thinning rates of about 1 m yr−1 in our sample. Our estimates of glacier elevation change are tied to occurrence of mountain shadows and may help complement field campaigns in regions that are difficult to access. This information can be vital to quantify possibly varying elevation-dependent changes in the accumulation or ablation zone of a given glacier. Shadow-based retrieval of glacier elevation changes hinges on the precision of the DEM as the geometry of ridges and peaks constrains the shadow that we cast on the glacier surface. Future generations of DEMs with higher resolution and accuracy will improve our method, enriching the toolbox for tracking historical glacier mass balances from satellite and aerial images.
We propose a generalization of the widely used fractional Brownian motion (FBM), memory-multi-FBM (MMFBM), to describe viscoelastic or persistent anomalous diffusion with time-dependent memory exponent α(t ) in a changing environment. In MMFBM the built-in, long-range memory is continuously modulated by α(t ). We derive the essential statistical properties of MMFBM such as its response function, mean-squared displacement (MSD), autocovariance function, and Gaussian distribution. In contrast to existing forms of FBM with time-varying memory exponents but a reset memory structure, the instantaneous dynamic of MMFBM is influenced by the process history, e.g., we show that after a steplike change of α(t ) the scaling exponent of the MSD after the α step may be determined by the value of α(t ) before the change. MMFBM is a versatile and useful process for correlated physical systems with nonequilibrium initial conditions in a changing environment.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) allows for a reliable assessment of oxygenated blood flow in relevant brain regions. Recent advancements in immersive virtual reality (VR)-based technology have generated many new possibilities for its application, such as in stroke rehabilitation. In this study, we asked whether there is a difference in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) within brain motor areas during hand/arm movements between immersive and non-immersive VR settings. Ten healthy young participants (24.3 ± 3.7, three females) were tested using a specially developed VR paradigm, called “bus riding”, whereby participants used their hand to steer a moving bus. Both immersive and non-immersive conditions stimulated brain regions controlling hand movements, namely motor cortex, but no significant differences in HbO2 could be found between the two conditions in any of the relevant brain regions. These results are to be interpreted with caution, as only ten participants were included in the study.
In the Gasht-Masuleh area in the Alborz Mountains, gabbroic magma intruded Palaeozoic metasediments and Mesozoic sediments and crystallised as isotropic and cumulate gabbros. LREE enrichment points to relatively low degrees of mantle melting and depletion of Ti, Nb and Ta relative to primitive mantle points to an arc related component in the magma. Clinopyroxene compositions indicate MORB to arc signatures. U–Pb zircon crystallisation ages of 99.5 ± 0.6 Ma and 99.4 ± 0.6 Ma and phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar ages of 97.1 ± 0.4 Ma, 97.5 ± 0.4 Ma, 97.1 ± 0.1 Ma, within 2σ error, indicate that gabbro intrusion occurred in the (Albian-)Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous). As active subduction did not take place in the Cretaceous in North Iran, the small volume mafic magmatism in the Gasht-Masuleh area must be due to local, extension-related mantle melting. Melting was most likely caused by far field effects triggered by roll-back of the Neo-Tethys subducting slab. As subduction took place at a distance of ~ 400 km (present distance) from the Alborz Mountains, the observed arc geochemical signatures must be inherited from a previous subduction event and concomitant mantle metasomatism, possibly in combination with contamination of the magma by crustal material.
We present real-world data processing on measured electron time-of-flight data via neural networks. Specifically, the use of disentangled variational autoencoders on data from a diagnostic instrument for online wavelength monitoring at the free electron laser FLASH in Hamburg. Without a-priori knowledge the network is able to find representations of single-shot FEL spectra, which have a low signal-to-noise ratio. This reveals, in a directly human-interpretable way, crucial information about the photon properties. The central photon energy and the intensity as well as very detector-specific features are identified. The network is also capable of data cleaning, i.e. denoising, as well as the removal of artefacts. In the reconstruction, this allows for identification of signatures with very low intensity which are hardly recognisable in the raw data. In this particular case, the network enhances the quality of the diagnostic analysis at FLASH. However, this unsupervised method also has the potential to improve the analysis of other similar types of spectroscopy data.
In recurrence analysis, the tau-recurrence rate encodes the periods of the cycles of the underlying high-dimensional time series. It, thus, plays a similar role to the autocorrelation for scalar time-series in encoding temporal correlations.
However, its Fourier decomposition does not have a clean interpretation. Thus, there is no satisfactory analogue to the power spectrum in recurrence analysis.
We introduce a novel method to decompose the tau-recurrence rate using an over-complete basis of Dirac combs together with sparsity regularization.
We show that this decomposition, the inter-spike spectrum, naturally provides an analogue to the power spectrum for recurrence analysis in the sense that it reveals the dominant periodicities of the underlying time series.
We show that the inter-spike spectrum correctly identifies patterns and transitions in the underlying system in a wide variety of examples and is robust to measurement noise.
Anger, indignation, guilt, rumination, victim compensation, and perpetrator punishment are considered primary responses associated with justice sensitivity (JS).
However, injustice and high JS may predispose to further responses.
We had N = 293 adults rate their JS, 17 potential responses toward 12 unjust scenarios from the victim's, observer's, beneficiary's, and perpetrator's perspectives, and several control variables.
Unjust situations generally elicited many affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses. JS generally predisposed to strong affective responses toward injustice, including sadness, pity, disappointment, and helplessness. It impaired trivialization, victim-blaming, or justification, which may otherwise help cope with injustice.
It predisposed to conflict solutions and victim compensation. Particularly victim and beneficiary JS had stronger effects in unjust situations from the corresponding perspective.
These findings add to a better understanding of the main and interaction effects of unjust situations from different perspectives and the JS facets, differences between the JS facets, as well as the links between JS and behavior and well-being.
The pathogenesis of influenza A viruses (IAVs) is influenced by several factors, including IAV strain origin and reassortment, tissue tropism and host type. While such factors were mostly investigated in the context of virus entry, fusion and replication, little is known about the viral-induced changes to the host lipid membranes which might be relevant in the context of virion assembly. In this work, we applied several biophysical fluorescence microscope techniques (i.e., Förster energy resonance transfer, generalized polarization imaging and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) to quantify the effect of infection by two IAV strains of different origin on the plasma membrane (PM) of avian and human cell lines. We found that IAV infection affects the membrane charge of the inner leaflet of the PM. Moreover, we showed that IAV infection impacts lipid–lipid interactions by decreasing membrane fluidity and increasing lipid packing. Because of such alterations, diffusive dynamics of membrane-associated proteins are hindered. Taken together, our results indicate that the infection of avian and human cell lines with IAV strains of different origins had similar effects on the biophysical properties of the PM.
Background: Socially assistive devices (care robots, companions, smart screen assistants) have been advocated as a promising tool in elderly care in Western healthcare systems. Ethical debates indicate various challenges. One of the most prevalent arguments in the debate is the double-benefit argument claiming that socially assistive devices may not only provide benefits for autonomy and well-being of their users but might also be more efficient than other caring practices and might help to mitigate scarce resources in healthcare. Against this background, we used a subset of comparative empirical studies from a comprehensive systematic review on effects and perceptions of human-machine interaction with socially assistive devices to gather and appraise all available evidence supporting this argument from the empirical side.
Methods: Electronic databases and additional sources were queried using a comprehensive search strategy which generated 9851 records. Studies were screened independently by two authors. Methodological quality of studies was assessed. For 39 reports using a comparative study design, a narrative synthesis was performed.
Results: The data shows positive evidential support to claim that some socially assistive devices (Paro) might be able to contribute to the well-being and autonomy of their users. However, results also indicate that these positive findings may be heavily dependent on the context of use and the population. In addition, we found evidence that socially assistive devices can have negative effects on certain populations. Evidence regarding the claim of efficiency is scarce. Existing results indicate that socially assistive devices can be more effective than standard of care but are far less effective than plush toys or placebo devices.
Discussion: We suggest using the double-benefit argument with great caution as it is not supported by the currently available evidence. The occurrence of potentially negative effects of socially assistive devices requires more research and indicates a more complex ethical calculus than suggested by the double-benefit argument.
Organic thin films are widely used in organic electronics and coatings. Such films often feature film-depth dependent variations of composition and optoelectronic properties. State-of-the-art depth profiling methods such as mass spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy rely on non-intrinsic species (vaporized ions, etching-induced surface defects), which are chemically and functionally different from the original materials. Here we introduce an easily-accessible and generally applicable depth profiling method: film-depth-dependent infrared (FDD-IR) spectroscopy profilometry based on directly measuring the intrinsic material after incremental surface-selective etching by a soft plasma, to study the material variations along the surface-normal direction. This depth profiling uses characteristic vibrational signatures of the involved compounds, and can be used for both conjugated and non-conjugated, neutral and ionic materials. A film-depth resolution of one nanometer is achieved. We demonstrate the application of this method for investigation of device-relevant thin films, including organic field-effect transistors and organic photovoltaic cells, as well as ionized dopant distributions in doped semiconductors.
RangeShifter 2.0
(2021)
Process-based models are becoming increasingly used tools for understanding how species are likely to respond to environmental changes and to potential management options. RangeShifter is one such modelling platform, which has been used to address a range of questions including identifying effective reintroduction strategies, understanding patterns of range expansion and assessing population viability of species across complex landscapes. Here we introduce a new version, RangeShifter 2.0, which incorporates important new functionality. It is now possible to simulate dynamics over user-specified, temporally changing landscapes. Additionally, we integrated a new genetic module, notably introducing an explicit genetic modelling architecture, which allows for simulation of neutral and adaptive genetic processes. Furthermore, emigration, transfer and settlement traits can now all evolve, allowing for sophisticated simulation of the evolution of dispersal. We illustrate the potential application of RangeShifter 2.0's new functionality by two examples. The first illustrates the range expansion of a virtual species across a dynamically changing UK landscape. The second demonstrates how the software can be used to explore the concept of evolving connectivity in response to land-use modification, by examining how movement rules come under selection over landscapes of different structure and composition. RangeShifter 2.0 is built using object-oriented C++ providing computationally efficient simulation of complex individual-based, eco-evolutionary models. The code has been redeveloped to enable use across operating systems, including on high performance computing clusters, and the Windows graphical user interface has been enhanced. RangeShifter 2.0 will facilitate the development of in-silico assessments of how species will respond to environmental changes and to potential management options for conserving or controlling them. By making the code available open source, we hope to inspire further collaborations and extensions by the ecological community.
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoal Leishmania parasites. Previous studies have shown that endoperoxides (EP) can selectively kill Leishmania in host cells.
Therefore, we studied in this work a set of new anthracene-derived EP (AcEP) together with their non-endoperoxidic analogs in model systems of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) and J774 macrophages for their antileishmanial activity and selectivity.
The mechanism of effective compounds was explored by studying their reaction with iron (II) in chemical systems and in Leishmania. The correlation of structural parameters with activity demonstrated that in this compound set, active compounds had a LogP(OW) larger than 3.5 and a polar surface area smaller than 100 angstrom(2).
The most effective compounds (IC50 in LtP < 2 mu M) with the highest selectivity (SI > 30) were pyridyl-/tert-butyl-substituted AcEP.
Interestingly, also their analogs demonstrated activity and selectivity. In mechanistic studies, it was shown that EP were activated by iron in chemical systems and in LtP due to their EP group.
However, the molecular structure beyond the EP group significantly contributed to their differential mitochondrial inhibition in Leishmania.
The identified compound pairs are a good starting point for subsequent experiments in pathogenic Leishmania in vitro and in animal models.
Nanoporous microparticles prepared from poly(ether imide) (PEI) are discussed as candidate adsorber materials for the removal of uremic toxins during apheresis. Polymers exhibiting such porosity can induce the formation of micro-gas/air pockets when exposed to fluids. Such air presenting material surfaces are reported to induce platelet activation and thrombus formation. Physical or chemical treatments prior to implantation are discussed to reduce the formation of such gas nuclei. Here, we report about the influence of different rewetting procedures - as chemical treatments with solvents on the thrombogenicity of hydrophobic PEI microparticles and PEI microparticles hydrophilized by covalent attachment of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) of two different chain lengths. <br /> Autoclaved dry PEI particles of all types with a diameter range of 200 - 250 mu m and a porosity of about 84%+/- 2% were either rewetted directly with phosphate buffered saline (24 h) or after immersion in an ethanol-series. Thrombogenicity of the particles was studied in vitro upon contact with human sodium citrated whole blood for 60 min at 5 rpm vertical rotation. Numbers of non-adherent platelets were quantified, and adhesion of blood cells was qualitatively analyzed by bright field microscopy. Platelet activation (percentage of CD62P positive platelets and amounts of soluble P-Selectin) and platelet function (PFA100 closure times) were analysed. <br /> Retention of blood platelets on the particles was similar for all particle types and both rewetting procedures. Non-adherent platelets were less activated after contact with ethanol-treated particles of all types compared to those rewetted with phosphate buffered saline as assessed by a reduced number of CD62P-positive platelets and reduced amounts of secreted P-Selectin (P < 0.05 each). Interestingly, the hydrophilic surfaces significantly increased the number of activated platelets compared to hydrophobic PEI regardless of the rewetting agent. This suggests that, apart from wettability, other material properties might be more important to regulate platelet activation. PFA100 closure times were reduced and within the reference ranges in the ethanol group, however, significantly increased in the saline group. No substantial difference was detected between the tested surface modifications. In summary, rewetting with ethanol resulted in a reduced thrombogenicity of all studied microparticles regardless of their wettability, most likely resulting from the evacuation of air from the nanoporous particles.
Gravitational waves emitted from the coalescence of neutron star binaries open a new window to probe matter and fundamental physics in unexplored, extreme regimes. To extract information about the supranuclear matter inside neutron stars and the properties of the compact binary systems, robust theoretical prescriptions are required. We give an overview about general features of the dynamics and the gravitational wave signal during the binary neutron star coalescence. We briefly describe existing analytical and numerical approaches to investigate the highly dynamical, strong-field region during the merger. We review existing waveform approximants and discuss properties and possible advantages and shortcomings of individual waveform models, and their application for real gravitational-wave data analysis.
Animal societies are structured of dominance hierarchy (DH). DH can be viewed as networks and analyzed by graph theory. We study the impact of state-dependent feedback (winner-loser effect) on the emergence of local dominance structures after pairwise contests between initially equal-ranking members (equal resource-holding-power, RHP) of small and large social groups. We simulated pairwise agonistic contests between individuals with and without a priori higher RHP by Monte-Carlo-method. Random pairwise contests between equal-ranking competitors result in random dominance structures (‘Null variant’) that are low in transitive triads and high in pass along triads; whereas state-dependent feedback (‘Winner-loser variant’) yields centralized ‘star’ structured DH that evolve from competitors with initially equal RHP and correspond to hierarchies that evolve from keystone individuals. Monte-Carlo simulated DH following state-dependent feedback show motif patterns very similar to those of a variety of natural DH, suggesting that state-dependent feedback plays a pivotal role in robust self-organizing phenomena that transcend the specifics of the individual. Self-organization based on state-dependent feedback leads to social structures that correspond to those resulting from pre-existing keystone individuals. As the efficiency of centralized social networks benefits both, the individual and the group, centralization of social networks appears to be an important evolutionary goal.
In this study, the synthesis of new 5 (2-x-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2H-tetrazole-2-carboxamides (X = H and Cl) is reported coupled with the investigation of their dynamic H-1-NMR via rotation about C-N bonds in the moiety of urea group [a; CO-NMe2] in DMSO solvent (298-373 K). Accordingly, activation free energies of 17.32 and 17.50 kcal mol(-1) were obtained for X = H and Cl respectively, with respect to the conformational isomerization about the Me2N-C=O bond (a rotation). Moreover, a and b [b; 2-tetrazolyl-CO rotations] barrier to rotations in 5-(2-x-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2H-tetrazole-2-carboxamides were also calculated by B3LYP/6-311++G** procedure. The optimized geometry parameters are well consistent with the X-ray data. Computed rotational energy barriers (X = Cl) for a and b were estimated to be 17.52 and 2.53 kcal mol(-1), respectively, the former in agreement with the dynamic NMR results. X-ray structures verify that just 2-acylated tetrazoles are formed in the case of 5-(2-x-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2H-tetrazole-2-carboxamides. A planar trigonal orientation of the Me2N group was proven by X-ray data, which is coplanar to the carbonyl group, coupled with partial double bond C-N character. This also illustrates the syn-periplanar position of the tetrazolyl ring with C=O group. In solution, the planes containing tetrazolyl ring and the carbonyl bond are almost perpendicular to each other (because of steric effects as confirmed by calculations) while the planes containing carbonyl bond and Me2N group are coplanar. This phenomenon is in contrast with similar urea derivatives and explains the reason for the unusually high rotational energy barrier of these compounds. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
SONAR
(2023)
Accurate and comprehensive nursing documentation is essential to ensure quality patient care. To streamline this process, we present SONAR, a publicly available dataset of nursing activities recorded using inertial sensors in a nursing home. The dataset includes 14 sensor streams, such as acceleration and angular velocity, and 23 activities recorded by 14 caregivers using five sensors for 61.7 hours. The caregivers wore the sensors as they performed their daily tasks, allowing for continuous monitoring of their activities. We additionally provide machine learning models that recognize the nursing activities given the sensor data. In particular, we present benchmarks for three deep learning model architectures and evaluate their performance using different metrics and sensor locations. Our dataset, which can be used for research on sensor-based human activity recognition in real-world settings, has the potential to improve nursing care by providing valuable insights that can identify areas for improvement, facilitate accurate documentation, and tailor care to specific patient conditions.
Background:
Despite an increasing demand for surgical treatment of lipedema, the evidence for liposuction is still limited. Little is known about the influence of disease stage, patient age, body mass index, or existing comorbidities on clinical outcomes.
It was hypothesized that younger patients with lower body mass index and stage would report better results.
Methods:
This retrospective, single-center, noncomparative study included lipedema patients who underwent liposuction between July of 2009 and July of 2019.
After a minimum of 6 months since the last surgery, all patients completed a disease-related questionnaire. The primary endpoint was the need for complex decongestive therapy based on a composite score. Secondary endpoints were the severity of disease-related complaints measured on a visual analogue scale.
Results:
One hundred six patients underwent a total of 298 large-volume liposuctions (mean lipoaspirate, 6355 +/- 2797 ml). After a median follow-up of 20 months, a median complex decongestive therapy score reduction of 37.5 percent (interquartile range, 0 to 88.8 percent; p < 0.0001) was observed.
An improvement in lipedema-associated symptoms was also observed (p < 0.0001). The percentage reduction in complex decongestive therapy scores was greater in patients with a body mass index less than or equal to 35 kg/m(2) (p < 0.0001) and in stage I and II patients (p = 0.0019).
Conclusion:
Liposuction reduces the severity of symptoms and the need for conservative treatment in lipedema patients, especially if it is performed in patients with a body mass index below 35 kg/m(2) at an early stage of the disease.
Late Miocene-Pliocene onset of fluvial incision of the Cauca River Canyon in the Northern Andes
(2022)
The incision of kilometer-scale canyons into high-standing topography is often used to constrain the surface uplift history of mountain ranges, controlled by tectonic and geodynamic processes.
However, changes in climate may also be responsible for canyon incision. This study deciphers the timing of incision of the similar to 2.5-km-deep Cauca River Canyon in the Central Cordillera of the Northern Andes using the cooling (exhumation) history of rocks from the canyon walls and a regional analysis of channel steepness in rivers.
Ten bedrock samples and one detrital sample were collected on the eastern border of the canyon between 300 m and 2300 m of elevation.
Bedrock and detrital AFT data yield ages from 50 to 38 Ma, while two bed-rock AHe ages from the valley bottom yield ages of 7-6 Ma.
The AHe ages and inverse thermal history models reveal a previously unidentified late Miocene (ca. 7-6 Ma) pulse of exhumation that we interpret as the age of a single incision event that formed the Cauca River Canyon.
We conclude that the Cauca River Canyon was carved as a response to rock uplift in the northern Central Cordillera and propagation of an erosion wave into the mountain range starting in the latest Miocene.
Small temporary wetlands, like kettle holes, provide many valuable ecosystem functions and serve as refuge habitats in otherwise monotonous agricultural landscapes. However, the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in these habitats are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how three taxa (vascular plants, ground beetles and spiders) respond to small-scale flooding and disturbance gradients in kettle holes as well as kettle hole area. For this purpose, we determined total, hygrophilic and red list species richness for all taxa and activity density for arthropods along transects extending from the edge towards the center of kettle holes. Furthermore, we calculated the community-weighted mean body size for arthropods and seed mass for plants as surrogates for the ability to respond to disturbance. Our analyses revealed that in particular plants and ground beetles showed strong responses along the small-scale spatial gradient. Total plant species richness decreased towards the center, while hygrophilic plant species increased. In contrast, both total and hygrophilic species richness of ground beetles increased towards the center. Spiders showed similar responses as ground beetles, but less pronounced. We found no evidence that disturbance at the edge of kettle holes leads to smaller body sizes or seed masses. However, arthropods in adjacent arable fields (one meter from the kettle hole edge) were particularly small. Kettle hole area had only weak effects on plants, but not on arthropods. Our study indicates that differences in the depth at the drier edge and the moist, regularly flooded center have a large and taxon-dependent influence on the species composition. Therefore, small-scale heterogeneity seems to be an important predictor for the maintenance of species diversity.
Formate dehydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. These enzymes play an important role in CO2 reduction and serve as nicotinamide cofactor recycling enzymes. More recently, the CO2-reducing activity of formate dehydrogenases, especially metal-containing formate dehydrogenases, has been further explored for efficient atmospheric CO2 capture. Here, we investigate the nicotinamide binding site of formate dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus for its specificity toward NAD+ vs. NADP+ reduction. Starting from the NAD+-specific wild-type RcFDH, key residues were exchanged to enable NADP+ binding on the basis of the NAD+-bound cryo-EM structure (PDB-ID: 6TG9). It has been observed that the lysine at position 157 (Lys157) in the β-subunit of the enzyme is essential for the binding of NAD+. RcFDH variants that had Glu259 exchanged for either a positively charged or uncharged amino acid had additional activity with NADP+. The FdsBL279R and FdsBK276A variants also showed activity with NADP+. Kinetic parameters for all the variants were determined and tested for activity in CO2 reduction. The variants were able to reduce CO2 using NADPH as an electron donor in a coupled assay with phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH), which regenerates NADPH. This makes the enzyme suitable for applications where it can be coupled with other enzymes that use NADPH.
Due to their sessile lifestyle, plants are constantly exposed to pathogens and possess a multi-layered immune system that prevents infection. The first layer of immunity called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), enables plants to recognise highly conserved molecules that are present in pathogens, resulting in immunity from non-adaptive pathogens. Adapted pathogens interfere with PTI, however the second layer of plant immunity can recognise these virulence factors resulting in a constant evolutionary battle between plant and pathogen. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease in tomato and pepper plants. Like many Gram-negative bacteria, Xcv possesses a type-III secretion system, which it uses to translocate type-III effectors (T3E) into plant cells. Xcv has over 30 T3Es that interfere with the immune response of the host and are important for successful infection. One such effector is the Xanthomonas outer protein M (XopM) that shows no similarity to any other known protein. Characterisation of XopM and its role in virulence was the focus of this work.
While screening a tobacco cDNA library for potential host target proteins, the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein 1-2 like (VAP12) was identified. The interaction between XopM and VAP12 was confirmed in the model species Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis as well as in tomato, a Xcv host. As plants possess multiple VAP proteins, it was determined that the interaction of XopM and VAP is isoform specific.
It could be confirmed that the major sperm protein (MSP) domain of NtVAP12 is sufficient for binding XopM and that binding can be disrupted by substituting one amino acid (T47) within this domain. Most VAP interactors have at least one FFAT (two phenylalanines [FF] in an acidic tract) related motif, screening the amino acid sequence of XopM showed that XopM has two FFAT-related motifs. Substitution of the second residue of each FFAT motif (Y61/F91) disrupts NtVAP12 binding, suggesting that these motifs cooperatively mediate this interaction. Structural modelling using AlphaFold further confirmed that the unstructured N-terminus of XopM binds NtVAP12 at its MSP domain, which was further confirmed by the generation of truncated XopM variants.
Infection of pepper leaves, with a XopM deficient Xcv strain did not result in a reduction of virulence in comparison to the Xcv wildtype, showing that the function of XopM during infection is redundant. Virus-induced gene silencing of NbVAP12 in N. benthamiana plants also did not affect Xcv virulence, which further indicated that interaction with VAP12 is also non-essential for Xcv virulence. Despite such findings, ectopic expression of wildtype XopM and XopMY61A/F91A in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings enhanced the growth of a non-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 strain. XopM was found to interfere with the PTI response allowing Pst growth independent of its binding to VAP. Furthermore, transiently expressed XopM could suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS; one of the earliest PTI responses) production in N. benthamiana leaves. The FFAT double mutant XopMY61A/F91A as well as the C-terminal truncation variant XopM106-519 could still suppress the ROS response while the N-terminal variant XopM1-105 did not. Suppression of ROS production is therefore independent of VAP binding. In addition, tagging the C-terminal variant of XopM with a nuclear localisation signal (NLS; NLS-XopM106-519) resulted in significantly higher ROS production than the membrane localising XopM106-519 variant, indicating that XopM-induced ROS suppression is localisation dependent.
To further characterise XopM, mass spectrometry techniques were used to identify post-translational modifications (PTM) and potential interaction partners. PTM analysis revealed that XopM contains up to 21 phosphorylation sites, which could influence VAP binding. Furthermore, proteins of the Rab family were identified as potential plant protein interaction partners. Rab proteins serve a multitude of functions including vesicle trafficking and have been previously identified as T3E host targets. Taking this into account, a model of virulence of XopM was proposed, with XopM anchoring itself to VAP proteins to potentially access plasma membrane associated proteins. XopM possibly interferes with vesicle trafficking, which in turn suppresses ROS production through an unknown mechanism.
In this work it was shown that XopM targets VAP proteins. The data collected suggests that this T3E uses VAP12 to anchor itself into the right place to carry out its function. While more work is needed to determine how XopM contributes to virulence of Xcv, this study sheds light onto how adapted pathogens overcome the immune response of their hosts. It is hoped that such knowledge will contribute to the development of crops resistant to Xcv in the future.
Housing in metabolic cages can induce a pronounced stress response. Metabolic cage systems imply housing mice on metal wire mesh for the collection of urine and feces in addition to monitoring food and water intake. Moreover, mice are single-housed, and no nesting, bedding, or enrichment material is provided, which is often argued to have a not negligible impact on animal welfare due to cold stress. We therefore attempted to reduce stress during metabolic cage housing for mice by comparing an innovative metabolic cage (IMC) with a commercially available metabolic cage from Tecniplast GmbH (TMC) and a control cage. Substantial refinement measures were incorporated into the IMC cage design. In the frame of a multifactorial approach for severity assessment, parameters such as body weight, body composition, food intake, cage and body surface temperature (thermal imaging), mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), fur score, and fecal corticosterone metabolites (CMs) were included. Female and male C57BL/6J mice were single-housed for 24 h in either conventional Macrolon cages (control), IMC, or TMC for two sessions. Body weight decreased less in the IMC (females—1st restraint: −6.94%; 2nd restraint: −6.89%; males—1st restraint: −8.08%; 2nd restraint: −5.82%) compared to the TMC (females—1st restraint: −13.2%; 2nd restraint: −15.0%; males—1st restraint: −13.1%; 2nd restraint: −14.9%) and the IMC possessed a higher cage temperature (females—1st restraint: 23.7 °C; 2nd restraint: 23.5 °C; males—1st restraint: 23.3 °C; 2nd restraint: 23.5 °C) compared with the TMC (females—1st restraint: 22.4 °C; 2nd restraint: 22.5 °C; males—1st restraint: 22.6 °C; 2nd restraint: 22.4 °C). The concentration of fecal corticosterone metabolites in the TMC (females—1st restraint: 1376 ng/g dry weight (DW); 2nd restraint: 2098 ng/g DW; males—1st restraint: 1030 ng/g DW; 2nd restraint: 1163 ng/g DW) was higher compared to control cage housing (females—1st restraint: 640 ng/g DW; 2nd restraint: 941 ng/g DW; males—1st restraint: 504 ng/g DW; 2nd restraint: 537 ng/g DW). Our results show the stress potential induced by metabolic cage restraint that is markedly influenced by the lower housing temperature. The IMC represents a first attempt to target cold stress reduction during metabolic cage application thereby producing more animal welfare friendlydata.
The order of destruction
(2024)
This book studies sugarcane monoculture, the dominant form of cultivation in the colonial Caribbean, in the later 1600s and 1700s up to the Haitian Revolution. Researching travel literature, plantation manuals, Georgic poetry, letters, and political proclamations, this book interprets texts by Richard Ligon, Henry Drax, James Grainger, Janet Schaw, and Toussaint Louverture. As the first extended investigation into its topic, this book reads colonial Caribbean monoculture as the conjunction of racial capitalism and agrarian capitalism in the tropics. Its eco-Marxist perspective highlights the dual exploitation of the soil and of enslaved agricultural producers under the plantation regime, thereby extending Marxist analysis to the early colonial Caribbean. By focusing on textual form (in literary and non-literary texts alike), this study discloses the bearing of monoculture on contemporary writers' thoughts. In the process, it emphasizes the significance of a literary tradition that, despite its ideological importance, is frequently neglected in (postcolonial) literary studies and the environmental humanities. Located at a crossroads of disciplines and perspectives, this study will be of interest to literary critics and historians working in the early Americas, to students and scholars of agriculture, colonialism, and (racial) capitalism, to those working in the environmental humanities, and to Marxist academics. It will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of language and literature, post-colonial studies, cultural studies, diaspora studies, and the Global South studies
We present SURFER, a novel reduced model for estimating the impact of CO2 emissions and solar radiation modification options on sea level rise and ocean acidification over timescales of several thousands of years.
SURFER has been designed for the analysis of CO2 emission and solar radiation modification policies, for supporting the computation of optimal (CO2 emission and solar radiation modification) policies and for the study of commitment and responsibility under uncertainty.
The model is based on a combination of conservation laws for the masses of atmospheric and oceanic carbon and for the oceanic temperature anomalies, and of adhoc parameterisations for the different sea level rise contributors: ice sheets, glaciers and ocean thermal expansion. It consists of 9 loosely coupled ordinary differential equations, is understandable, fast and easy to modify and calibrate.
It reproduces the results of more sophisticated, high-dimensional earth system models on timescales up to millennia.
The ‘social brain’, consisting of areas sensitive to social information, supposedly gates the mechanisms involved in human language learning. Early preverbal interactions are guided by ostensive signals, such as gaze patterns, which are coordinated across body, brain, and environment. However, little is known about how the infant brain processes social gaze in naturalistic interactions and how this relates to infant language development. During free-play of 9-month-olds with their mothers, we recorded hemodynamic cortical activity of ´social brain` areas (prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junctions) via fNIRS, and micro-coded mother’s and infant’s social gaze. Infants’ speech processing was assessed with a word segmentation task. Using joint recurrence quantification analysis, we examined the connection between infants’ ´social brain` activity and the temporal dynamics of social gaze at intrapersonal (i.e., infant’s coordination, maternal coordination) and interpersonal (i.e., dyadic coupling) levels. Regression modeling revealed that intrapersonal dynamics in maternal social gaze (but not infant’s coordination or dyadic coupling) coordinated significantly with infant’s cortical activity. Moreover, recurrence quantification analysis revealed that intrapersonal maternal social gaze dynamics (in terms of entropy) were the best predictor of infants’ word segmentation. The findings support the importance of social interaction in language development, particularly highlighting maternal social gaze dynamics.
A minimal light-driven approach was established for studying enzymatic CO2 conversion spectroscopically. The system consists of a photosensitizer Eosin Y, EDTA as a sacrificial electron donor and substrate source, and formate dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus (RcFDH) as a biocatalyst. This simplified three-component system provides a photo-triggered control for in situ characterization of the entire catalytic reaction. Direct reduction of RcFDH by the photosensitizer without additional electron carriers was confirmed via UV-Vis spectroscopy, while GC-MS and IR spectroscopy were used to follow photoinduced CO2 generation from EDTA and its subsequent enzymatic reduction, yielding the product formate. Photo-driven and in vitro, dye-based CO2 reduction was inhibited by azide under a mixed (competitive-non-competitive) inhibition mode. IR spectroscopy reveals displacement of the competitively-bound azide by CO2, reflecting an interaction of both with the active site cofactor. This work comprises a proof-of-concept for a new approach to employ light for regulating the reaction of formate dehydrogenases and other CO2 reductases.
Carl Bergmann was an astute naturalist and physiologist. His ideas about animal size and shape were important advances in the pre-Darwinian nineteenth century. Bergmann's rule claims that that in cold climates, large body mass increases the ratio of volume-to-surface area and provides for maximum metabolic heat retention in mammals and birds. Conversely, in warmer temperatures, smaller body mass increases surface area relative to volume and allows for greater heat loss. For humans, we now know that body size and shape are regulated more by social-economic-political-emotional (SEPE) factors as well as nutrition-infection interactions. Temperature has virtually no effect. Bergmann's rule is a "just-so" story and should be relegated to teaching and scholarship about the history of science. That "rule" is no longer acceptable science and has nothing to tell us about physiological anthropology.
Since the first reported case of COVID-19 in 2019 in China and the official declaration from the World Health Organization in March 2021 as a pandemic, fast and accurate diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has played a major role worldwide. For this reason, various methods have been developed, comprising reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoassays, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and bio(mimetic)sensors. Among the developed methods, RT-PCR is so far the gold standard. Herein, we give an overview of the MIP-based sensors utilized since the beginning of the pandemic.
Strain NGK35T is a motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped (1.0-2.1 mu m long and 0.6-0.8 mu m wide), aerobic bacterium that was isolated from plastic-polluted landfill soil. The strain grew at temperatures between 6 and 37 degrees C (optimum, 28 degrees C), in 0-10 % NaCl (optimum, 1 %) and at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.5).
It was positive for cytochrome c oxidase, catalase as well as H2S production, and hydrolysed casein and urea. It used a variety of different carbon sources including citrate, lactate and pyruvate.
The predominant membrane fatty acids were C-16:1 cis9 and C-16:0, followed by C-17:0 cyclo and C-18:1 cis11. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by diphosphatidyglycerol. The only quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NGK35(T) belongs to the genus Paenalcaligenes (family Alcaligenaceae), appearing most closely related to Paenalcaligenes hominis CCUG 53761A(T) (96.90 %) and Paenalcaligenes suwonensis ABC02-12(T) (96.94 %).
The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NGK35(T) was 52.1 mol%. Genome-based calculations (genome-to-genome distance, average nucleotide identity and DNA G+C content) clearly indicated that the isolate represents a novel species within the genus Paenalcaligenes.
Based on phenotypic and molecular characterization, strain NGK35(T) can clearly be differentiated from its phylogenetic neighbours establishing a novel species, for which the name Paenalcaligenes niemegkensis sp. nov. is proposed.
The type strain is NGK35T (=DSM 113270(T)=NCCB 100854(T)).
Tropical cyclones range among the costliest of all meteorological events worldwide and planetary scale warming provides more energy and moisture to these storms. Modelling the national and global economic repercussions of 2017's Hurricane Harvey, we find a qualitative change in the global economic response in an increasingly warmer world.
While the United States were able to balance regional production failures by the original 2017 hurricane, this option becomes less viable under future warming.
In our simulations of over 7000 regional economic sectors with more than 1.8 million supply chain connections, the US are not able to offset the losses by use of national efforts with intensifying hurricanes under unabated warming.
At a certain warming level other countries have to step in to supply the necessary goods for production, which gives US economic sectors a competitive disadvantage. In the highly localized mining and quarrying sector-which here also comprises the oil and gas production industry-this disadvantage emerges already with the original Hurricane Harvey and intensifies under warming.
Eventually, also other regions reach their limit of what they can offset.
While we chose the example of a specific hurricane impacting a specific region, the mechanism is likely applicable to other climate-related events in other regions and other sectors.
It is thus likely that the regional economic sectors that are best adapted to climate change gain significant advantage over their competitors under future warming.
Background:
The medical care of patients with myositis is a great challenge in clinical practice. This is due to the rarity of these disease, the complexity of diagnosis and management as well as the lack of systematic analyses.
Objectives:
Therefore, the aim of this project was to obtain an overview of the current care of myositis patients in Germany and to evaluate epidemiological trends in recent years.
Methods:
In collaboration with BARMER Insurance, retrospective analysis of outpatient and inpatient data from an average of approximately 8.7 million insured patients between January 2005 and December 2019 was performed using ICD-10 codes for myositis for identification of relevant data.
In addition, a comparative analysis was performed between myositis patients and an age-matched comparison group from other populations insured by BARMER.
Results:
45,800 BARMER-insured individuals received a diagnosis of myositis during the observation period, with a relatively stable prevalence throughout. With regard to comorbidities, a significantly higher rate of cardiovascular disease as well as neoplasm was observed compared to the control group within the BARMER-insured population. In addition, myositis patients suffer more frequently from psychiatric disorders, such as depression and somatoform disorders.
However, the ICD-10 catalogue only includes the specific coding of "dermatomyositis" and "polymyositis" and thus does not allow for a sufficient analysis of all idiopathic inflammatory myopathies subtypes.
Conclusion:
The current data provide a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of myositis in Germany, highlighting the multimorbidity of myositis patients. This underlines the need for multidisciplinary management. However, the ICD-10 codes currently still in use do not allow for specific analysis of the subtypes of myositis.
The upcoming ICD-11 coding may improve future analyses in this regard.
The bulk built-in current sensor (BBICS) is a cost-effective solution for detection of energetic particle strikes in integrated circuits.
With an appropriate number of BBICSs distributed across the chip, the soft error locations can be identified, and the dynamic fault-tolerant mechanisms can be activated locally to correct the soft errors in the affected logic.
In this work, we introduce a pulse stretching BBICS (PS-BBICS) constructed by connecting a standard BBICS and a custom-designed pulse stretching cell.
The aim of PS-BBICS is to enable the on-chip measurement of the single event transient (SET) pulse width, allowing to detect the linear energy transfer (LET) of incident particles, and thus assess more accurately the radiation conditions.
Based on Spectre simula-tions, we have shown that for the LET from 1 to 100 MeV cm2 mg -1, the SET pulse width detected by PS-BBICS varies by 620-800 ps. The threshold LET of PS-BBICS increases linearly with the number of monitored inverters, and it is around 1.7 MeV cm2 mg- 1 for ten monitored inverters.
On the other hand, the SET pulse width is in-dependent of the number of monitored inverters for LET > 4 MeV cm2 mg -1. It was shown that supply voltage, temperature and process variations have strong impact on the response of PS-BBICS.
Background:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease in which related to obesity, metabolic disorders and is considered as one of the main causes of infertility in women. This trial was investigated the effects of green cardamom on the expression of genes implicated in obesity and diabetes among obese women with PCOS.
Methods:
One hundred ninety-four PCOS women were randomly divided two groups: intervention (n = 99; 3 g/day green cardamom) and control groups (n = 95). All of them were given low calorie diet. Anthropometric, glycemic and androgen hormones were assessed before and after 16-week intervention. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to measure fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), peroxisome proliferative activating receptor- (PPAR-), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta (ACAB), leptin receptor (LEPR), ghrelin, and lamin A/C (LAMIN) genes expression in each group.
Results:
Anthropometric indices were significantly decreased after intervention in both two studied groups. Glycemic indices and androgen hormones were significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the control group. The expression levels of FTO, CPT1A, LEPR, and LAMIN were significantly downregulated compared to control group (P < 0.001), as well as, PPAR-y was significantly upregulated in the intervention group after intervention with green cardamom compared to control group (P < 0.001).
Conclusion:
This current study showed that the administration of green cardamom is a beneficial approach for improving anthropometric, glycemic, and androgen hormones, as well as obesity and diabetes genes expression in PCOS women under the low-calorie diet.
Photosynthetic activity in both algae and cyanobacteria changes in response to cues of predation
(2022)
A plethora of adaptive responses to predation has been described in microscopic aquatic producers.
Although the energetic costs of these responses are expected, with their consequences going far beyond an individual, their underlying molecular and metabolic mechanisms are not fully known.
One, so far hardly considered, is if and how the photosynthetic efficiency of phytoplankton might change in response to the predation cues. Our main aim was to identify such responses in phytoplankton and to detect if they are taxon-specific.
We exposed seven algae and seven cyanobacteria species to the chemical cues of an efficient consumer, Daphnia magna, which was fed either a green alga, Acutodesmus obliquus, or a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus (kairomone and alarm cues), or was not fed (kairomone alone).
In most algal and cyanobacterial species studied, the quantum yield of photosystem II increased in response to predator fed cyanobacterium, whereas in most of these species the yield did not change in response to predator fed alga.
Also, cyanobacteria tended not to respond to a non-feeding predator. The modal qualitative responses of the electron transport rate were similar to those of the quantum yield.
To our best knowledge, the results presented here are the broadest scan of photosystem II responses in the predation context so far.
Regional Flood Frequency Analysis (RFFA) is one of the widely used approaches for estimating design floods in the ungauged basins.
We developed an eXtreme Gradient Boost (XGB) machine learning model for RFFA and flood estimation.
Our approach relies on developing a regression model between flood quantiles and the commonly available catchment descriptors.
We used CAMELs data for 671 catchments from the USA to test the approach's efficacy. The results were compared with the traditional Multiple Linear Regression methods and Artificial Neural Networks.
Results revealed that the XGB-based approach estimated design flood with the highest accuracy during training and validation with minor mean absolute error, root mean square error values, and percentage bias ranging from -10 to + 10.
The importance of each catchment feature is visualized by three different approaches Gini Impurity, Permutation, and Dropout Loss Feature Ranking. We observed that the most dominating variables are rainfall intensity, slope, snow fraction, soil porosity, and temperature. It is observed that the importance of these variables is a function of the hydroclimatic regions and varies with space.
In contrast, mean annual areal potential evapotranspiration, mean annual rainfall, fraction forest area, and soil conductivity have low significance in estimating design flood for an ungauged catchment.
Indeed, the proposed XGB-based approach has broader applicability and replicability.
We prove that optimal lower eigenvalue estimates of Zhong-Yang type as well as a Cheng-type upper bound for the first eigenvalue hold on closed manifolds assuming only a Kato condition on the negative part of the Ricci curvature.
This generalizes all earlier results on Lp-curvature assumptions.
Moreover, we introduce the Kato condition on compact manifolds with boundary with respect to the Neumann Laplacian, leading to Harnack estimates for the Neumann heat kernel and lower bounds for all Neumann eigenvalues, which provides a first insight in handling variable Ricci curvature assumptions in this case.
Diffusive search for a static target is a common problem in statistical physics with numerous applications in chemistry and biology.
We look at this problem from a different perspective and investigate the statistics of encounters between the diffusing particle and the target. While an exact solution of this problem was recently derived in the form of a spectral expansion over the eigenbasis of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator, the latter is generally difficult to access for an arbitrary target.
In this paper, we present three complementary approaches to approximate the probability density of the rescaled number of encounters with a small target in a bounded confining domain. In particular, we derive a simple fully explicit approximation, which depends only on a few geometric characteristics such as the surface area and the harmonic capacity of the target, and the volume of the confining domain.
We discuss the advantages and limitations of three approaches and check their accuracy.
We also deduce an explicit approximation for the distribution of the first-crossing time, at which the number of encounters exceeds a prescribed threshold. Its relations to common first-passage time problems are discussed.
First-passage times in conical varying-width channels biased by a transverse gravitational force
(2022)
We study the crossing time statistic of diffusing point particles between the two ends of expanding and narrowing two-dimensional conical channels under a transverse external gravitational field.
The theoretical expression for the mean first-passage time for such a system is derived under the assumption that the axial diffusion in a two-dimensional channel of smoothly varying geometry can be approximately described as a one-dimensional diffusion in an entropic potential with position-dependent effective diffusivity in terms of the modified Fick-Jacobs equation.
We analyze the channel crossing dynamics in terms of the mean first-passage time, combining our analytical results with extensive two-dimensional Brownian dynamics simulations, allowing us to find the range of applicability of the one-dimensional approximation.
We find that the effective particle diffusivity decreases with increasing amplitude of the external potential.
Remarkably, the mean first-passage time for crossing the channel is shown to assume a minimum at finite values of the potential amplitude.
There is increasing evidence linking the mass-extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary to an asteroid impact near Chicxulub, Mexico. Here we use model simulations to explore the combined effect of sulfate aerosols, carbon dioxide and dust from the impact on the oceans and the marine biosphere in the immediate aftermath of the impact. We find a strong temperature decrease, a brief algal bloom caused by nutrients from both the deep ocean and the projectile, and moderate surface ocean acidification. Comparing the modeled longer-term post-impact warming and changes in carbon isotopes with empirical evidence points to a substantial release of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. Overall, our results shed light on the decades to centuries after the Chicxulub impact which are difficult to resolve with proxy data.
Plain Language Summary The sudden disappearance of the dinosaurs and many other species during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction 66 million years ago marks one of the most profound events in the history of life on Earth. The impact of a large asteroid near Chicxulub, Mexico, is increasingly recognized as the trigger of this extinction, causing global darkness and a pronounced cooling. However, the links between the impact and the changes in the biosphere are not fully understood. Here, we investigate how life in the ocean reacts to the perturbations in the decades and centuries after the impact. We find a short-lived algal bloom caused by the upwelling of nutrients from the deep ocean and nutrient input from the impactor.
Previous studies suggest that associations between numbers and space are mediated by shifts of visuospatial attention along the horizontal axis. In this study, we investigated the effect of vertical shifts of overt attention, induced by optokinetic stimulation (OKS) and monitored through eye-tracking, in two tasks requiring explicit (number comparison) or implicit (parity judgment) processing of number magnitude. Participants were exposed to black-and-white stripes (OKS) that moved vertically (upward or downward) or remained static (control condition). During the OKS, participants were asked to verbally classify auditory one-digit numbers as larger/smaller than 5 (comparison task; Exp. 1) or as odd/even (parity task; Exp. 2). OKS modulated response times in both experiments. In Exp.1, upward attentional displacement decreased the Magnitude effect (slower responses for large numbers) and increased the Distance effect (slower responses for numbers close to the reference). In Exp.2, we observed a complex interaction between parity, magnitude, and OKS, indicating that downward attentional displacement slowed down responses for large odd numbers. Moreover, eye tracking analyses revealed an influence of number processing on eye movements both in Exp. 1, with eye gaze shifting downwards during the processing of small numbers as compared to large ones; and in Exp. 2, with leftward shifts after large even numbers (6,8) and rightward shifts after large odd numbers (7,9). These results provide evidence of bidirectional links between number and space and extend them to the vertical dimension. Moreover, they document the influence of visuo-spatial attention on processing of numerical magnitude, numerical distance, and parity. Together, our findings are in line with grounded and embodied accounts of numerical cognition.
Forage supply of savanna grasslands plays a crucial role for local food security and consequently, a reliable monitoring system could help to better manage vital forage resources. To help installing such a monitoring system, we investigated whether in-situ hyperspectral data could be resampled to match the spectral resolution of multi- and hyperspectral satellites; if the type of sensor affected model transfer; and if spatio-temporal patterns of forage characteristics could be related to environmental drivers. We established models for forage quantity (green biomass) and five forage quality proxies (metabolisable energy, acid/neutral detergent fibre, ash, phosphorus). Hyperspectral resolution of the Hyperion satellite mostly resulted in higher accuracies (i.e. higher R-2, lower RMSE). When applied to satellite data, though, the greater quality of the multispectral Sentinel-2 satellite data leads to more realistic forage maps. By analysing a three-year time series, we found plant phenology and cumulated precipitation to be the most important environmental drivers of forage supply. We conclude that none of the investigated satellites provide optimal conditions for monitoring purposes. Future hyperspectral satellite missions like EnMAP, combining the high information level of Hyperion with the good data quality and resolution of Sentinel-2, will provide the prerequisites for installing a regular monitoring service.
The history of the Messiah in Judaism is a history of disappointed hopes. Again and again, there were salvation fi gures to whom this role was ascribed. But redemption from occupation and foreign rule, exile, oppression and persecution failed to materialize. Therefore, the expectation of the Messiah fell to the periphery of Jewish theology. This article examinesin what ways the messianic concept plays a role in modern times and what it contributes to describing the relationship between God and humanity in Judaism. The author intends to show the development from the abandonment of a personal Messiah towards the affi rmation of the prophets’ hope for a universal messianic age in which the duty of all people to participate in the healing of the world becomes central. What becomes also clear is: The messiah idea cannot be a bridge between Christianity and Judaism.
Rhythmicity characterizes both interpersonal synchrony and spoken language. Emotions and language are forms of interpersonal communication, which interact with each other throughout development. We investigated whether and how emotional synchrony between mothers and their 9-month-old infants relates to infants' word segmentation as an early marker of language development. Twenty-six 9-month-old infants and their German-speaking mothers took part in the study. To measure emotional synchrony, we coded positive, neutral and negative emotional expressions of the mothers and their infants during a free play session. We then calculated the degree to which the mothers' and their infants' matching emotional expressions followed a predictable pattern. To measure word segmentation, we familiarized infants with auditory text passages and tested how long they looked at the screen while listening to familiar versus novel words. We found that higher levels of predictability (i.e. low entropy) during mother-infant interaction is associated with infants' word segmentation performance. These findings suggest that individual differences in word segmentation relate to the complexity and predictability of emotional expressions during mother-infant interactions.
In You Shall Be as Gods, Erich Fromm (1900–1980) defines his position as nontheistic mysticism. This research clarifies the term, considers its importance within Fromm’s humanism, and explores its potential origins. The nontheistic mystical position plays a central role in Fromm’s understanding of the relationship between mysticism and organized religion, religion and religiosity, and it clarifies the relationship between religion, philosophy, and social psychoanalysis, whose combination constitutes his humanistic ethics. Nontheistic mysticism relates, as well, to Fromm’s understanding of human nature; it involves the question of the relationship between language, perception, and experience. The nontheistic mystical position is linked to Fromm’s negative theology, the x experience, and idolatry. Hence, the nontheistic mystical position is relevant to Fromm’s understanding of self-realization and his vision of a sane society. Unlike some scholarly opinion, the conclusions of this paper suggest that Fromm’s humanism is not radical, as long as radical is defined as an absolute atheistic secular feature that eliminates the range of religious language and experience. Rather, it is a broad and cautious humanism that, on the one hand, internalizes the transcendent divinity into the human subject and transforms it into anthropological–ethical phenomena, but, on the other, implies that atheism carries the risk of an idolatrous identification of the human being with God. Consequently, this humanism requires a religious–mystical component to adequately portray the spiritual and ethical potentials of humanity and its challenges. Nontheistic mysticism is a consciousness mechanism aimed at the fine-tuning of the individual’s moral compass, which is affected by the pathologies of normalcy that prevail in all societies.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used for a wide range of applications in astronomy, including for the restoration of degraded images using a spatially invariant point spread function (PSF) across the field of view. Most existing development techniques use a single PSF in the deconvolution process, which is unrealistic when spatially variable PSFs are present in real observation conditions. Such conditions are simulated in this work to yield more realistic data samples. We propose a method that uses a simulated spatially variable PSF for the T80-South (T80-S) telescope, an 80-cm survey imager at Cerro Tololo (Chile). The synthetic data use real parameters from the detector noise and atmospheric seeing to recreate the T80-S observational conditions for the CNN training. The method is tested on real astronomical data from the T80-S telescope. We present the simulation and training methods, the results from real T80-S image CNN prediction, and a comparison with space observatory Gaia. A CNN can fix optical aberrations, which include image distortion, PSF size and profile, and the field position variation while preserving the source's flux. The proposed restoration approach can be applied to other optical systems and to post-process adaptive optics static residual aberrations in large-diameter telescopes.
This longitudinal study aimed to investigate how motivational transitions of adolescents in the domain of mathematics from Grades 9 to 10 were related to student-perceived mathematics teacher support and student -oriented teaching. Data were drawn from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and its German national extension called PISA Plus 2012-2013. We used a subsample of 2605 students (51.0 % girls) from 198 classrooms. Using latent profile analyses, we identified three motivational patterns based on expectancy-value theory that were meaningfully associated with students' mathematics test scores and work ethics. Latent transition analyses showed that these patterns were mostly stable across time. Occurring changes were characterized by a decrease in mathematics motivation across time. Student-oriented teaching as reported by students in Grade 9 impeded maladaptive motivational transitions. Students with particularly low interest and utility value benefitted from teachers who direct their instruction at students' motivational characteristics.
Purpose: Coarticulatory effects in speech vary across development, but the sources of this variation remain unclear. This study investigated whether developmental differences in intrasyllabic coarticulation degree could be explained by differences in children's articulatory patterns compared to adults.
Method: To address this question, we first compared the tongue configurations of 3-to 7-year-old German children to those of adults. The observed developmental differences were then examined through simulations with Task Dynamics Application, a Task Dynamics simulation system, to establish which articulatory modifications could best reproduce the empirical results. To generate syllables simulating the lack of tongue gesture differentiation, we tested three simulation scenarios.
Results: We found that younger speakers use less differentiated articulatory patterns to achieve alveolar constrictions than adults. The simulations corresponding to undifferentiated control of tongue tip and tongue body resulted in (a) tongue shapes similar to those observed in natural speech and (b) higher degrees of intrasyllabic coarticulation in children when compared to adults.
Conclusions: Results provide evidence that differences in articulatory patterns contribute to developmental differences in coarticulation degree. This study further shows that empirically informed modeling can advance our understanding of changes in coarticulatory patterns across age.
The article explores the philosophical exegesis in Obadiah Sforno's sixteenth-century Psalms commentary and its reception in Berlin of the late eighteenth century, where it was reprinted in the Haskalah's biggest bestseller-an edition of Moses Mendelssohn's Psalms translation with Hebrew commentary.
While the inclusion of entire commentaries by earlier exegetes was unique among all Haskalah Bible editions, I argue that the choice to include Sforno's commentary alongside Mendelssohn's translation of Psalms, itself an expression of Mendelssohn's political-theological defense of Judaism, was intended to buttress shared philosophical doctrines and concepts located by the two scholars in Psalms, notwithstanding temporal and cultural divergences: imitatio Dei, the salvation of the individual soul, and Israel's eternity.
In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of a stochastic multi-site, multi-variate weather generator at the scale of entire Germany and parts of the neighbouring countries covering the major German river basins Elbe, Upper Danube, Rhine, Weser and Ems with a total area of approximately 580,000 km(2). The regional weather generator, which is based on a first-order multi-variate auto-regressive model, is setup using 53-year long daily observational data at 528 locations. The performance is evaluated by investigating the ability of the weather generator to replicate various important statistical properties of the observed variables including precipitation occurrence and dry/wet transition probabilities, mean daily and extreme precipitation, multi-day precipitation sums, spatial correlation structure, areal precipitation, mean daily and extreme temperature and solar radiation. We explore two marginal distributions for daily precipitation amount: mixed Gamma-Generalized Pareto and extended Generalized Pareto. Furthermore, we introduce a new procedure to estimate the spatial correlation matrix and model mean daily temperature and solar radiation. The extensive evaluation reveals that the weather generator is greatly capable of capturing most of the crucial properties of the weather variables, particularly of extreme precipitation at individual locations. Some deficiencies are detected in capturing spatial precipitation correlation structure that leads to an overestimation of areal precipitation extremes. Further improvement of the spatial correlation structure is envisaged for future research. The mixed marginal model found to outperform the extended Generalized Pareto in our case. The use of power transformation in combination with normal distribution significantly improves the performance for non-precipitation variables. The weather generator can be used to generate synthetic event footprints for large-scale trans-basin flood risk assessment.
More than 30 years have passed since Mehler et al. (1988) proposed that newborns can discriminate between languages that belong to different rhythm classes: stress-, syllable- or mora-timed. Thereupon they developed the hypothesis that infants are sensitive to differences in vowel and consonant interval durations as acoustic correlates of rhythm classes. It remains unknown exactly which durational computations infants use when perceiving speech for the purposes of distinguishing languages. Here, a meta-analysis of studies on infants' language discrimination skills over the first year of life was conducted, aiming to quantify how language discrimination skills change with age and are modulated by rhythm classes or durational metrics. A systematic literature search identified 42 studies that tested infants' (birth to 12 months) discrimination or preference of two language varieties, by presenting infants with auditory or audio-visual continuous speech. Quantitative data synthesis was conducted using multivariate random effects meta-analytic models with the factors rhythm class difference, age, stimulus manipulation, method, and metrics operationalising proportions of and variability in vowel and consonant interval durations, to explore which factors best account for language discrimination or preference. Results revealed that smaller differences in vowel interval variability (oV) and larger differences in successive consonantal interval variability (rPVI-C) were associated with more successful language discrimination, and better accounted for discrimination results than the factor rhythm class. There were no effects of age for discrimination but results on preference studies were affected by age: the older infants get, the more they prefer non-native languages that are rhythmically similar to their native language, but not non-native languages that are rhythmically distinct. These findings can inform theories on language discrimination that have previously focussed on rhythm class, by providing a novel way to operationalise rhythm in language in the extent to which it accounts for infants' language discrimination abilities.
Temperature is an important factor governing microbe-mediated carbon feedback from permafrost soils. The link between taxonomic and functional microbial responses to temperature change remains elusive due to the lack of studies assessing both aspects of microbial ecology. Our previous study reported microbial metabolic and trophic shifts in response to short-term temperature increases in Arctic peat soil, and linked these shifts to higher CH4 and CO2 production rates (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, E2507-E2516). Here, we studied the taxonomic composition and functional potential of samples from the same experiment. We see that along a high-resolution temperature gradient (1-30 degrees C), microbial communities change discretely, but not continuously or stochastically, in response to rising temperatures. The taxonomic variability may thus in part reflect the varied temperature responses of individual taxa and the competition between these taxa for resources. These taxonomic responses contrast the stable functional potential (metagenomic-based) across all temperatures or the previously observed metabolic or trophic shifts at key temperatures. Furthermore, with rising temperatures we observed a progressive decrease in species diversity (Shannon Index) and increased dispersion of greenhouse gas (GHG) production rates. We conclude that the taxonomic variation is decoupled from both the functional potential of the community and the previously observed temperature-dependent changes in microbial function. However, the reduced diversity at higher temperatures might help explain the higher variability in GHG production at higher temperatures.
Trade-offs between traits are present across different levels of biological systems and ultimately reflect constraints imposed by physicochemical laws and the structure of underlying biochemical networks. Yet, mechanistic explanation of how trade-offs between molecular traits arise and how they relate to optimization of fitness-related traits remains elusive. Here, we introduce the concept of relative flux trade-offs and propose a constraint-based approach, termed FluTOr, to identify metabolic reactions whose fluxes are in relative trade-off with respect to an optimized fitness-related cellular task, like growth. We then employed FluTOr to identify relative flux trade-offs in the genome-scale metabolic networks of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Arabidopsis thaliana. For the metabolic models of E. coli and S. cerevisiae we showed that: (i) the identified relative flux trade-offs depend on the carbon source used and that (ii) reactions that participated in relative trade-offs in both species were implicated in cofactor biosynthesis. In contrast to the two microorganisms, the relative flux trade-offs for the metabolic model of A. thaliana did not depend on the available nitrogen sources, reflecting the differences in the underlying metabolic network as well as the considered environments. Lastly, the established connection between relative flux trade-offs allowed us to identify overexpression targets that can be used to optimize fitness-related traits. Altogether, our computational approach and findings demonstrate how relative flux trade-offs can shape optimization of metabolic tasks, important in biotechnological applications.
Formal constraints on crossing dependencies have played a large role in research on the formal complexity of natural language grammars and parsing. Here we ask whether the apparent evidence for constraints on crossing dependencies in treebanks might arise because of independent constraints on trees, such as low arity and dependency length minimization. We address this question using two sets of experiments. In Experiment 1, we compare the distribution of formal properties of crossing dependencies, such as gap degree, between real trees and baseline trees matched for rate of crossing dependencies and various other properties. In Experiment 2, we model whether two dependencies cross, given certain psycholinguistic properties of the dependencies. We find surprisingly weak evidence for constraints originating from the mild context-sensitivity literature (gap degree and well-nestedness) beyond what can be explained by constraints on rate of crossing dependencies, topological properties of the trees, and dependency length. However, measures that have emerged from the parsing literature (e.g., edge degree, end-point crossings, and heads' depth difference) differ strongly between real and random trees. Modeling results show that cognitive metrics relating to information locality and working-memory limitations affect whether two dependencies cross or not, but they do not fully explain the distribution of crossing dependencies in natural languages. Together these results suggest that crossing constraints are better characterized by processing pressures than by mildly context-sensitive constraints.
Innate or acquired?
(2021)
In this chapter, some of the findings from sociolinguistic interviews with 25 speakers of Indian English and 26 speakers of Nigerian English are presented. Emanating from a larger research project concerned with conceptualizations of gender, the current analysis focuses on conceptualizations of homosexuality and makes use of the analytical tools provided by Cultural Linguistics and Cognitive Sociolinguistics. In particular, the notions of “cultural conceptualizations” (e.g., Sharifian, 2011, 2017) and “cultural model” (e.g., Wolf & Polzenhagen, 2009; also cf. Schneider, 2014) are addressed.
At the time of data collection, discriminatory legislation concerning homosexuality was in force in India and Nigeria. Opinion polls likewise echoed a negative stance towards homosexuality among the population of the two countries. This raised the expectation that similar conceptualizations of homosexuality might be found in Indian and Nigerian English, both in terms of their negative connotation and of how homosexuality would exactly be conceptualized. However, this expectation was not fulfilled. Firstly, the acceptance among the Indian participants to this study was generally greater. Secondly, homosexuality was predominantly conceptualized as an innate condition in the Indian English data, while it was prevalently understood as an acquired condition by the Nigerian informants. Drawing from earlier findings within the context of the same project (Finzel, 2021; fc.), I suggest that these differences can be explained with culture-specific models of gender that lend their logic to conceptualizations of homosexuality.
Most, if not all, of the studies in Cultural Linguistics have (a) taken a synchronic perspective or (b) focused on specific, intracultural conceptualizations. In my chapter, I will look at a cluster of conceptualizations that have been found to exist in different historical periods, in different languages and varieties, and on different continents. The case in point is conceptualizations of magical practices based on menstrual blood. The existence of these conceptualizations across time and space raises the challenging questions of their motivation, and, more generally, the “flow of conceptualizations.” While these questions will be pursued in my chapter, the main focus will be on an elaboration of the conceptual network of conceptualizations pertaining to menstrual blood magic.
Microbiomes have an immense potential to enhance plant resilience to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, intrinsic microbial communities respond to changes in their host's physiology and environment during plant's life cycle. The potential of the inherent plant microbiome has been neglected for a long time, especially for the postharvest period. Currently, close to 50% of all produced fruits and vegetables are lost either during production or storage. Biological control of spoilage and storage diseases is still lacking sufficiency. Today, novel multiomics technologies allow us to study the microbiome and its responses on a community level, which will help to advance current classic approaches and develop more effective and robust microbiome-based solutions for fruit and vegetable storability, quality, and safety.
Otter shrew mitogenomes (Afrotheria, Potamogalidae) reconstructed from historical museum skins
(2022)
African otter shrews (Potamogalidae) are Afrotherian mammals adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Given their rareness, genetic data on otter shrews are limited. By applying laboratory methods tuned for the recovery of archival DNA and an iterative mapping approach, we reconstructed whole mitochondrial genomes of the Giant (Potamogale velox) and Ruwenzori pygmy otter shrew (Micropotamogale ruwenzorii) from historical museum skins. Phylogenetic analyses are consistent with previous reports in recovering a sister relationship between African otter shrews and Malagasy tenrecs. The long branches separating both lineages, however, support their recognition as separate families.
Critical role of parasite-mediated energy pathway on community response to nutrient enrichment
(2022)
Parasites form an integral part of food webs, however, they are often ignored in classic food web theory or limited to the investigation of trophic transmission pathways. Specifically, direct consumption of parasites by nonhost predators is rarely considered, while it can contribute substantially to energy flow in food webs. In aquatic systems, chytrids constitute a major group of fungal parasites whose free-living infective stages (zoospores) form a highly nutritional food source to zooplankton. Thereby, the consumption of zoospores can create an energy pathway from otherwise inedible phytoplankton to zooplankton ( "mycoloop "). This parasite-mediated energy pathway might be of special importance during phytoplankton blooms dominated by inedible or toxic primary producers like cyanobacteria, which are on the rise with eutrophication and global warming. We theoretically investigated community dynamics and energy transfer in a food web consisting of an edible nonhost and an inedible host phytoplankton species, a parasitic fungus, and a zooplankton species grazing on edible phytoplankton and fungi. Food web dynamics were investigated along a nutrient gradient contrasting nonadaptive zooplankton species representative for filter feeders like cladocerans and zooplankton with the ability to actively adapt their feeding preferences like many copepod species. Overall, the importance of the mycoloop for zooplankton increases with nutrient availability. This increase is smooth for nonadaptive consumers. For adaptive consumers, we observe an abrupt shift from an almost exclusive preference for edible phytoplankton at low nutrient levels to a strong preference for parasitic fungi at high nutrient levels. The model predicts that parasitic fungi could contribute up to 50% of the zooplankton diet in nutrient-rich environments, which agrees with empirical observations on zooplankton gut content from eutrophic systems during blooms of inedible diatoms or cyanobacteria. Our findings highlight the role of parasite-mediated energy pathways for predictions of energy flow and community composition under current and future environmental change.
Multi-species biofilms are more resistant against stress compared to single-species biofilms. However, the mechanisms underlying this common observation remain elusive. Therefore, we studied biofilm formation of well-known opportunistic pathogens (Acinetobacter baumanii, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) in various approaches. Synergistic effects in their multi species biofilms were observed. Using metatranscriptomics, changes in the gene expression of the involved members became evident, and provided explanations for the improved survivability under nutrient limitation and exposure to disinfectants. Genes encoding proteins for vitamin B6 synthesis and iron uptake were linked to synergism in the multi-species biofilm under nutrient-limited conditions. Our study indicates that sub-lethal concentrations of an alcohol-based disinfectant enhance biofilm yields in multi-species assemblages. A reduction of the dominant taxa in the multi-species biofilm under disinfectant pressure allowed minor taxa to bloom. The findings underline the importance of minor but antimicrobial-resistant species that serve as "protectors" for the whole assemblage due to upregulation of genes involved in defence mechanisms and biofilm formation. This ultimately results in an increase in the total yield of the multi-species biofilm. We conclude that inter-species interactions may be crucial for the survival of opportunistic pathogens; especially under conditions that are typically found under hospital settings.
The acquisition of clitics still remains a highly controversial issue in Greek acquisition literature despite the bulk of studies performed.
Object clitics have been shown to be early acquired by monolingual children in terms of production rates, whereas only highly proficient bilingual children achieve target-like performance.
Crucially, errors in gender marking are persistent for monolingual and bilingual children even when adult-like production rates are achieved.
This study aims to readdress the acquisition of clitics in an innovative way, by entering the variable of gender in an experimental design targeting to assess production and processing by bilingual and monolingual children.
Moreover, we examined the role of language proficiency (in terms of general verbal intelligence and syntactic production abilities). The groups had comparable performance in both tasks (in terms of correct responses and error distribution in production and reaction times in comprehension).
However, verbal intelligence had an effect on the performance of the monolingual but not of the bilingual group in the production task, and bilingual children were overall slower in the comprehension task. Syntactic production abilities did not have any effect. We argue that gender marking affects clitic processing, and we discuss the implications of our findings for bilingual acquisition.