Bronze Open-Access
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (352)
- Other (54)
- Working Paper (22)
- Review (10)
- Conference Proceeding (4)
- Report (3)
- Part of a Book (2)
- Part of Periodical (2)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Keywords
- stars: massive (11)
- subdwarfs (11)
- gamma rays: general (10)
- stars: atmospheres (10)
- stars: winds, outflows (9)
- stars: early-type (8)
- ISM: supernova remnants (7)
- stars: abundances (7)
- stars: mass-loss (7)
- Magellanic Clouds (6)
- X-rays: binaries (6)
- catalogs (6)
- cosmic rays (6)
- galaxies: ISM (6)
- galaxies: starburst (6)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (6)
- acceleration of particles (5)
- astroparticle physics (5)
- galaxies: abundances (5)
- galaxies: high-redshift (5)
- stars: evolution (5)
- surveys (5)
- Arabidopsis (4)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (4)
- COVID-19 (4)
- Sun: activity (4)
- Sun: chromosphere (4)
- binaries: close (4)
- dark ages, reionization, first stars (4)
- galaxies: dwarf (4)
- methods: observational (4)
- stars: fundamental parameters (4)
- stars: horizontal-branch (4)
- stars: magnetic field (4)
- techniques: imaging spectroscopy (4)
- white dwarfs (4)
- Africa (3)
- ISM: structure (3)
- binaries: general (3)
- binaries: spectroscopic (3)
- climate change (3)
- galaxies: evolution (3)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (3)
- galaxies: interactions (3)
- hydrodynamics (3)
- mental health (3)
- organic solar cells (3)
- resilience (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: rotation (3)
- techniques: spectroscopic (3)
- Agentenbasierte Modellierung (2)
- Algeria (2)
- Chinese (2)
- Earthquake source observations (2)
- Experience (2)
- Galaxy: general (2)
- Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- Galaxy: stellar content (2)
- German (2)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (2)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- Industrie 4.0 (2)
- Krisenfrüherkennung (2)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (2)
- Mental arithmetic (2)
- Mental number line (2)
- Migration (2)
- Migrationspolitik (2)
- Numerical distance effect (2)
- Risikoanalyse (2)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (2)
- Vorausschau (2)
- Vorhersage (2)
- Wanderungsprognosen (2)
- Waveform inversion (2)
- admixture (2)
- adolescence (2)
- anomalous diffusion (2)
- binaries: eclipsing (2)
- charge transport (2)
- convection (2)
- data (2)
- dialysis (2)
- dust, extinction (2)
- event-related potentials (2)
- first stars (2)
- galaxies: active (2)
- galaxies: star formation (2)
- gamma rays: galaxies (2)
- gamma rays: stars (2)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (2)
- gender (2)
- learning factory (2)
- machine learning (2)
- maschinelles Lernen (2)
- microscopy (2)
- migration (2)
- modeling (2)
- morphology (2)
- motivation (2)
- mtDNA (2)
- outflows (2)
- permafrost (2)
- photocurrent generation (2)
- pulsars: general (2)
- radiative transfer (2)
- self-harm (2)
- shock waves (2)
- stars: activity (2)
- stars: black holes (2)
- stars: chemically peculiar (2)
- stars: distances (2)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- stars: winds (2)
- sunspots (2)
- techniques: image processing (2)
- trade-offs (2)
- turbulence (2)
- ultraviolet: galaxies (2)
- 2-oxazoline (1)
- 3-BrPA (1)
- 30S subunit (1)
- 7924 (1)
- 7934 (1)
- 7959 (1)
- ABCE model (1)
- AKI (1)
- APETALA2 (1)
- Acacia plantation (1)
- Active Labor Market Policy (1)
- Actor-partner mediator model (1)
- Adaptive dynamics (1)
- Additive mixed models (1)
- Adolescence (1)
- Amedeo Guillet (1)
- Anatomy (1)
- Annaba (1)
- Anpassungsfähigkeit (1)
- Antifeminismus (1)
- Anwendungssystemarchitekturen (1)
- Aquatic ecosystems (1)
- Argasidae (1)
- Asia (1)
- Ask avoidance (1)
- Assays (1)
- Assistenzsysteme (1)
- Attention (1)
- Aufklärung (1)
- Auger decay (1)
- Ausbildung (1)
- Auswahlvorgehen (1)
- Automatisierung (1)
- Auxin (1)
- Auxin transport (1)
- B8 fibroblasts (1)
- BEI (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: general (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: 1ES 2322-409 (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk501 (1)
- Bats (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical modeling (1)
- Berühren (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Big Five (1)
- Bildung (1)
- Bildungsgerechtigkeit (1)
- Bilingual aphasia (1)
- Biofilms (1)
- Biographie (1)
- Biological Assay (1)
- Brachionus calyciflorus (1)
- Brandenburg (Kfstm.) (1)
- Bryophyte (1)
- CAM (1)
- CCM (1)
- CKD (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- CO₂-Fußabdruck (1)
- Capsella (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Cardiomyocyte proliferation (1)
- Carl Muecke (1)
- Cartography (1)
- Caspar Schmalkalden (1)
- Categorization (1)
- Cattaneo equation (1)
- Charitable giving (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chile (1)
- Chinese American (1)
- Chlorenchyma (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Chronic heart failure (1)
- Classifiers (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Color (1)
- Common Integrated Risk Analysis Model (CIRAM) (1)
- Competency Traps (1)
- Convergent validity (1)
- Coreference (1)
- Coronary artery disease (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Cross-linguistic (1)
- Crowdsourcing (1)
- Cue-based retrieval (1)
- Cultural identity compatibility (1)
- DFT (1)
- DPP-4 (1)
- DPP-4 inhibitors (1)
- DUF300 proteins (1)
- De Rham complex (1)
- Deutsches Reich (1)
- Dezentrale Liniensteuerung (1)
- Diabetes (1)
- Difference-in-Differences (1)
- Diffusion models (1)
- Digitale Plattformen (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Discounting (1)
- Discounting inventory (1)
- Discriminant validity (1)
- Displacement Forecasting (1)
- E-DSGE (1)
- EARLY STARVATION1 (1)
- ERP (1)
- ERP system (1)
- ERP-Auswahl (1)
- ERP-Systeme (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Edge-Gateway (1)
- Elapidae (1)
- Electrochemical impedance (1)
- Embodied cognition (1)
- Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) (1)
- Employee Training (1)
- Endothelial integrity (1)
- Environmental gradients (1)
- Eros (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Eubacterium ramulus (1)
- Evidenzbasierte Versorgung (1)
- Executive-legislative relations (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Exploratory and confirmatory analyses (1)
- Extremotolerant (1)
- Eye movements (1)
- Eye movements and reading (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FISH (1)
- FNR (1)
- Fabriksoftware (1)
- Facial mimicry (1)
- Fagus (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Fertigungsumstrukturierung (1)
- Festung (1)
- Fixation location (1)
- Fluorescence screening (1)
- Forschung-Praxis-Kooperation (1)
- Fox H-functions (1)
- Franco (1)
- Franco-Prussian War (1)
- Francs-tireurs (1)
- Frauen (1)
- Frauenhass (1)
- Fraxinus (1)
- Friends (1)
- Frontex (1)
- Frontex Risk Analysis Network (FRAN) (1)
- Functional groups (1)
- GFLASSO (1)
- GHG Protocol (1)
- GLP-1 and SDF-1a (1)
- GPA (1)
- Galaxies: high-redshift (1)
- Galaxies: interactions (1)
- Galaxy: center (1)
- Galaxy: structure (1)
- Gene duplication (1)
- Generalstab (1)
- Geneva convention of 1864 (1)
- Geographie (1)
- German colonialism (1)
- German university teacher training (1)
- German-Australian entanglements (1)
- Germany (1)
- Gewalt (1)
- Glucose tolerance (1)
- Graphene derivates (1)
- Graphene oxide (1)
- Grimmia sp (1)
- H II regions (1)
- H3K4 methylation (1)
- HGT (1)
- HPLC (1)
- HSF (1)
- Haar system (1)
- Hanau (1)
- Health risk assessment (1)
- Heart development (1)
- Heart failure (1)
- Heart valve correction (1)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and colour-magnitude diagrams (1)
- Herzinsuffizienz (1)
- Herzklappenkorrektur (1)
- Hessen-Kassel (1)
- Heteroptera (1)
- High resolution (1)
- High-fat-sucrose-salt diet (1)
- Higher education (1)
- Hilbert Scales (1)
- Hill numbers (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Hodge theory (1)
- Hospitalisation (1)
- Human Capital Investment (1)
- Human Capital Investments (1)
- Hydrenchyma (1)
- IOM (1)
- ISM: bubbles (1)
- ISM: general (1)
- ISM: jets and outflows (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- ISM: magnetic fields (1)
- ISO 14067 (1)
- Iberia (1)
- Imageability (1)
- Implementation (1)
- Incels (1)
- Incremental validity (1)
- Indigenous knowledges and ontologies (1)
- Individual school self-concept (1)
- Individualisierte Serialisierung (1)
- Industrie 4.0-Box (1)
- Industry 4.0 (1)
- Infinite-dimensional SDE (1)
- Informationspolitik (1)
- Ingenieurkorps (1)
- Institutions (1)
- Integrative taxonomy (1)
- Intelligence (1)
- Interaction effects (1)
- Interfacial capacitance (1)
- Internationale Kooperation (1)
- Inverse theory (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Isla Vista (1)
- Israel (1)
- Italian East Africa (1)
- Italy (1)
- Ixodidae (1)
- Job Satisfaction (1)
- Job Search (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- KI (1)
- KI-basierte Produktionsplanung (1)
- KMU (1)
- Kartographie (1)
- Kernelization (1)
- Klassifikationsschema (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Kompetenzfalle (1)
- Kooperation (1)
- Koronare Herzerkrankung (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Kriegsartikel (1)
- Kryptologie (1)
- Kugelmenschen (1)
- Kunststoffindustrie (1)
- Kursachsen (1)
- Labor Market Mobility (1)
- Land use (1)
- Landvermessung (1)
- Landwehr (1)
- Language acquisition (1)
- Language production (1)
- Latent change model (1)
- Leaf shape (1)
- Lebensqualität (1)
- Lehrkräftebildung (1)
- Leopard cat (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Lernfabrik (1)
- Liebe (1)
- Linguistics (1)
- LumiraDx INR Test (1)
- LumiraDx Platform (1)
- M37 (NGC2099) (1)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (1)
- MES (1)
- MPNST (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Magellanic Cloud (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Manager Decisions (1)
- Manosphere (1)
- Maternal folate treatment (1)
- Meat (1)
- Mechanotransduction (1)
- Meditation (1)
- Menger algebra of rank n (1)
- Mesostigmata (1)
- Microbial ecology (1)
- Microplastics (MP) (1)
- Militärgerichtsbarkeit (1)
- Militärgeschichte (1)
- Militärstrafrecht (1)
- Militärökonomie (1)
- Mittag-Leffler functions (1)
- Mixed models (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (1)
- Mood (1)
- Morphological evolution (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Mysticism (1)
- N400 (1)
- NF1 (1)
- NIA1 (1)
- NIA2 (1)
- NSU (1)
- Naja guineensis sp nov. (1)
- Naja melanoleuca (1)
- Naja savannula sp nov. (1)
- Navier-Stokes equations (1)
- Nepal (1)
- Neumann problem (1)
- Niederlande (1)
- Non-Markov drift (1)
- Non-parametric curve estimation (1)
- Non-regular drift (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- Normierung (1)
- Number interference (1)
- Number-size congruency effect (1)
- Numerical cognition (1)
- Nycteribiidae (1)
- Offizierskorps (1)
- Open innovation (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organizational Learning (1)
- PA28 (1)
- PAS 2050 (1)
- PCK (1)
- PHQ-4 score (1)
- PTH (1)
- Pact on Migration and Asylum (1)
- Paired comparison (1)
- Paleoclimate (1)
- Paleolimnology (1)
- Parafoveal (1)
- Paternal programming (1)
- Peer cultural socialisation (1)
- Philologie (1)
- Phonetics (1)
- Phonology (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Phytohormone (1)
- Plant development (1)
- Plant performance (1)
- Plattform Ökosystem (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Police (1)
- Policy Reform (1)
- Politics of childhood (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Population viability analysis (1)
- Post mortem chemistry (1)
- Potenziale (1)
- Precession (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preußen (1)
- Probability distributions (1)
- Professional Services Unternehmen (1)
- Professional knowledge (1)
- Provenance (1)
- Prozessintegration (1)
- Prozesswissen (1)
- Psycholinguistic models (1)
- Psychosocial distress (1)
- Psychosozialer Distress (1)
- Psychotherapie (1)
- QTL (1)
- Quality management (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quercus (1)
- RNA Imaging (1)
- RNA in situ hybridization (1)
- ROCK (1)
- RPA (1)
- Rationality (1)
- Reafference principle (1)
- Rechtsextremismus (1)
- Rechtsterrorismus (1)
- Reddit (1)
- Reglement (1)
- Regression splines (1)
- Relative clause (1)
- Remote patient management (1)
- Repeated request (1)
- Right-Wing Terrorism (1)
- Risk Attitudes (1)
- Robotic Process Automation (1)
- RsgA (1)
- Russian (1)
- Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (1)
- SDS-PAGE (1)
- SEC-HPLC (1)
- SMEs (1)
- STM (1)
- Sachsen (1)
- Sachsen-Gotha (1)
- Sarcomere (1)
- School (1)
- Schottky junction (1)
- Schweden (1)
- Search Frictions (1)
- Search Heuristics (1)
- Second World War (1)
- Seismic noise (1)
- Seismicity and tectonics (1)
- Semantic preview benefit (1)
- Sentence comprehension (1)
- Sentence processing (1)
- Sexismus (1)
- Shewanella (1)
- Similarity-based interference (1)
- Siphonaptera (1)
- Size-weight illusion (1)
- Small (1)
- Social school self-concept (1)
- Sokrates (1)
- Soldatenhandel (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Spain (1)
- Spatial-numerical (1)
- Specific entropy (1)
- Spionage (1)
- Sprache (1)
- Stage-based model (1)
- Stages of Concern (1)
- Start-Up Subsidies (1)
- Statistical inverse problem (1)
- Storage cost (1)
- Streblidae (1)
- Subjective well-being (1)
- Suchheuristiken (1)
- Sun: corona (1)
- Sun: faculae, plages (1)
- Sun: filaments (1)
- Sun: infrared (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sun: photosphere (1)
- TTR (1)
- Tasks (1)
- Techniques: imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Telemonitoring (1)
- Text comprehension (1)
- Tikhonov regularization (1)
- Time-resolved crystallography (1)
- Trabeculation (1)
- Training (1)
- Transient receptor potential channels (1)
- Trinkgelage (1)
- Truppenexporte (1)
- Tupaia (1)
- Turkish minority (1)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (1)
- UNHCR (1)
- UV irradiation (1)
- Ultraviolet: ISM (1)
- Unintended Consequence (1)
- Universitätsschule (1)
- Validation (1)
- Variation (1)
- Variational principle (1)
- Verhaltensänderung (1)
- Visual world paradigm (1)
- Viverridae (1)
- Vulnerable communities (1)
- Weisheit (1)
- Weiterbildung (1)
- Western Central Africa (1)
- William James (1)
- Wissenstransfer (1)
- Word recognition (1)
- Word segmentation (1)
- Work-related Training (1)
- Working memory (1)
- X-rays : stars (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Circinus X-1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: GRS 1915+105 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: V4641 Sgr (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Vela Jr (RX J08520-4622) (1)
- X-rays: stars (1)
- Zea mays (1)
- abstract concepts (1)
- academic achievement (1)
- accretion, accretion disks (1)
- acid sphingomyelinase (1)
- action problems (1)
- activity (1)
- activity - sun (1)
- acute kidney injury (1)
- acute renal failure (1)
- adaptability (1)
- addenda (1)
- adipose tissue (1)
- adsorption (1)
- affect (1)
- age of acquisition (1)
- age-appropriate competence development (1)
- aging (1)
- agreement attraction (1)
- algebra of rank n (1)
- algorithms (1)
- anaerobic respiration (1)
- analysis - techniques (1)
- and tissue-specificity (1)
- animal movement (1)
- animal personality (1)
- anti-gender (1)
- anti-infective (1)
- aphasia treatment (1)
- application system architectures (1)
- appropriateness (1)
- arctic tundra (1)
- artificial intelligence (1)
- assembly (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- assessment (1)
- assistance systems (1)
- associations (1)
- astroparticle physic (1)
- atmosphere - sun (1)
- authority (1)
- automatic chambers (1)
- automation (1)
- autonomic nervous system (1)
- autotrophic respiration (1)
- basal area increment (1)
- beach sediments (1)
- beaver (1)
- behavioral economics (1)
- behaviour (1)
- benefits (1)
- benzimidazoles (1)
- benzodiazepines (1)
- best practices (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- betriebliche Lernprozesse (1)
- bicameralism (1)
- bilingualism (1)
- bimodality (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- biogeography (1)
- biological robustness (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- bioremediation (1)
- blended learning (1)
- block copolymers (1)
- bottleneck (1)
- brassinosteroid signaling (1)
- brown dwarfs (1)
- bulk heterojunctions (1)
- business process platform (1)
- business services (1)
- bystander (1)
- calcium (1)
- carbon emissions (1)
- carbon flows (1)
- carbon pricing (1)
- cardiovascular rehabilitation (1)
- cataclysmic variables (1)
- catalogues (1)
- catechol (1)
- cationic ring-opening polymerization (1)
- cell (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- ceramide (1)
- change of behavior (1)
- charge localisation (1)
- child asylum-seekers (1)
- childhood (1)
- chloroplast ribosome (1)
- chromium (1)
- chromosphere - methods (1)
- civet oil (1)
- classical solution (1)
- classification scheme (1)
- climate (1)
- clinical nephrology (1)
- clinical supervision (1)
- cliquy tree (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- cluster model (1)
- co-function network (1)
- coexistence (1)
- cognitive (1)
- cohomology (1)
- collective memory (1)
- colonialism (1)
- comets: general (1)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (1)
- communication (1)
- commuting (1)
- competition (1)
- complex I (1)
- complex emotions (1)
- computational biochemistry (1)
- computational linguistics (1)
- conceptual metaphor (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- conomics (1)
- constitutive androstane receptor (1)
- constrains (1)
- contact resistance (1)
- content (1)
- contextual constraint (1)
- contextual restriction (1)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (1)
- control body weight (1)
- conversation analysis (1)
- cooperation (1)
- copper immobilization (1)
- coronavirus 2019 (1)
- corpus linguistics (1)
- corrinoid-containing enzymes (1)
- cosmopolitanism and nationalism (1)
- costs (1)
- country (1)
- coupling function (1)
- cow-side assay (1)
- critical period for language (1)
- critical thermal maximum (1)
- cross-modal generalisation (1)
- crossover dynamics (1)
- cryptic species (1)
- crystallography (1)
- cultural identity (1)
- cultural minority youth (1)
- dark ages (1)
- dark ages, reionization (1)
- dark diversity (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data assimilation (1)
- decision-making (1)
- decisions (1)
- decolorization (1)
- deep learning (1)
- deep neural networks (1)
- degenerative disc disease (1)
- delta drift (1)
- demographic change (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- depression (1)
- depressive symptoms (1)
- derivation (1)
- design parameters (1)
- diabetic nephropathy (1)
- didactic concept (1)
- didactic framework (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- diffusion (1)
- digital platforms (1)
- displacement forecasting (1)
- dissociative electron attachment (1)
- dndBCDE (1)
- domain purity (1)
- donor-acceptor interfaces (1)
- double dividend (1)
- double flowers (1)
- drainage-based land use (1)
- drug discovery (1)
- dyadic coping (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic binary choice (1)
- earthquake (1)
- earthquakes (1)
- ecological speciation (1)
- education (1)
- electro-mechanically active polymers (1)
- electro-modulation microscopy (1)
- electromagnetic (1)
- electropolymerization (1)
- elephantid evolution (1)
- ellipsis identity (1)
- embodied cognition (1)
- emotional (1)
- empathy (1)
- enantiospecificity (1)
- end-stage kidney disease (1)
- endogenous growth (1)
- energetic offset (1)
- energy expenditure (1)
- energy gradients (1)
- engagement (1)
- ensemble prediction (1)
- enterprise system (1)
- environmental footprint (1)
- environmental gradient (1)
- environmental tax reform (1)
- enzyme induction (1)
- enzymology (1)
- epigenetics (1)
- equivalent-circuit (1)
- errata (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evidence-based care (1)
- exact algorithms (1)
- exercise (1)
- experience; (1)
- expression (1)
- extensive margin (1)
- eye movements (1)
- fachliches Lernen (1)
- factory software (1)
- falling groundwater level (1)
- featured (1)
- femtosecond laser spectroscopy (1)
- fiber (1)
- fill factor (1)
- first contact (1)
- fitness gradient (1)
- flavanone (1)
- flavanonol (1)
- flavonoid (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood risk (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flower development (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence image analysis (1)
- fluvial response (1)
- food prices (1)
- food security governance (1)
- forced migrants (1)
- forecast (1)
- foreign language (1)
- forest management (1)
- forest specialists (1)
- formation (1)
- fosfomycin (1)
- fossil placer (1)
- fractional dynamic equations (1)
- galaxies (1)
- galaxies: (1)
- galaxies: haloes (1)
- galaxies: individual: Antennae Galaxy (1)
- galaxies: individual: LMC (1)
- galaxies: individual: NGC 4038, NGC 4039 (1)
- galaxies: individual: PKS 0625-354 (1)
- galaxies: jets (1)
- gamma diversity (1)
- gamma rays: ISM (1)
- gamma-ray burst: general (1)
- gamma-rays: stars (1)
- gas-phase reactions (1)
- gender research (1)
- gender stereotype (1)
- gene flow (1)
- gene function prediction (1)
- gene sequencing (1)
- generalized diffusion equation (1)
- genome-wide association (1)
- gentrification (1)
- geochemistry (1)
- geometrical deformations (1)
- geophysics (1)
- global change (1)
- global climate governance (1)
- global warming potential (1)
- globular clusters: general (1)
- globular clusters: individual: 47 Tuc (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 2808 (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6656 (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC5139 (1)
- glucan (1)
- glucose homeostasis (1)
- glucose metabolism (1)
- glycolysis (1)
- goal-setting (1)
- governance (1)
- gravitational waves (1)
- habitat generalist (1)
- haptic feedback (1)
- hate crime (1)
- health (1)
- health communication (1)
- health complaints (1)
- heat stress (1)
- heat tolerance (1)
- heavy minerals (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heterotrophic respiration (1)
- high-dimensional fixed effects (1)
- higher education (1)
- historical ecology (1)
- hole (1)
- home office (1)
- homoeotic (1)
- homogenisation (1)
- horizontal innovation (1)
- housing market (1)
- human activity (1)
- human capital (1)
- human immunodeficiency virus (1)
- humanitarianism; (1)
- hybrid capture (1)
- hybrid materials (1)
- hydrogen (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrology (1)
- hypothalamus (1)
- image processing (1)
- implicit theory of intelligence (1)
- incidental parameter bias correction (1)
- incoherent light (1)
- independency tree (1)
- individual (1)
- individual niche specialization (1)
- individual: CU Vir (1)
- inducible defence (1)
- industrial innovation (1)
- industrielle Innovationen (1)
- industry 4.0 (1)
- inflammation (1)
- inflection (1)
- influenza (1)
- infrared: galaxies (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- infrared: planetary systems (1)
- inheritance of (1)
- innocence (1)
- instabilities (1)
- instrumentation: adaptive optics (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- intake screening (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- inter-organizational order (1)
- inter-organizational relations (1)
- interactional linguistics (1)
- interactions (1)
- intergalactic medium (1)
- intermediaries (1)
- international normalized ratio (1)
- international organizations (1)
- interpersonal relations (1)
- interstitial space fluid (1)
- intestinal bacteria (1)
- intraclass correlation (1)
- inverse micelles (1)
- iron regulation (1)
- iron-sulfur cluster (1)
- isotopic methods (1)
- kernel density estimation (1)
- kognitive Assistenzsysteme (1)
- labor productivity (1)
- labour migration (1)
- lake (1)
- land-use (1)
- language acquisition (1)
- language and aging (1)
- language change (1)
- large-scale assessment (1)
- large-scale structure of Universe (1)
- late Holocene (1)
- late bilinguals (1)
- learning environment (1)
- learning scenario for manufacturing (1)
- learning styles (1)
- levee en masse (1)
- life history (1)
- life satisfaction (1)
- lifespan (1)
- line: profiles (1)
- linear distance (1)
- linear term (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- lipid rafts (1)
- liver (1)
- liver toxicity (1)
- lncRNA (1)
- local convex hull (1)
- long-term use (1)
- low donor content (1)
- mRNA Quantification (1)
- macrosurfactants (1)
- mammoth (1)
- mathematics (1)
- matrix protein (1)
- measurement error (1)
- mechanosensing (1)
- menopause (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- metabolic regulation (1)
- metabolomics (1)
- method comparison (1)
- method development (1)
- methods (1)
- methods: data analysis (1)
- methods: numerical (1)
- methylmercury (1)
- micelles (1)
- microRNA172 (1)
- microdialysis (1)
- microwave (1)
- military culture (1)
- military effectiveness (1)
- minimax convergence rates (1)
- minimum convex polygon (1)
- miscellaneous (1)
- mitochondrial DNA (1)
- mitochondrial respiration (1)
- mitogenome (1)
- mixed domains (1)
- mixtures (1)
- mobility (1)
- model error (1)
- model membranes (1)
- modelling (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (1)
- mouse (1)
- movement ecology (1)
- multi-layer systems (1)
- multicultural (1)
- multidiversity (1)
- multilevel models (1)
- mutants (1)
- myth of Franktireurkrieg (1)
- n-ary operation (1)
- n-ary term (1)
- naringenin (1)
- natural field experiment (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- neurosemantics (1)
- nineteenth-century newspapers (1)
- nitrate assimilation (1)
- nitrogen deposition (1)
- nociception (1)
- non-Ricardian households (1)
- non-normality (1)
- nonfullerene acceptors (1)
- nonparametric statistics (1)
- novae (1)
- novae, cataclysmic variables (1)
- nucleobase (1)
- nutritional factors (1)
- obesity (1)
- oil palm plantation (1)
- older people (1)
- omics (1)
- open clusters and associations: individual: (1)
- open science (1)
- ophenylenediamine (1)
- optimal trait (1)
- oral anticoagulation (1)
- organic field-effect transistors (1)
- organic photovoltaics (1)
- organisational change (1)
- organizational fields (1)
- osmosensing (1)
- osteoarthritis (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- p53 (1)
- palaeogenome (1)
- paleoceanography (1)
- paleoclimate (1)
- paleogenomics (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- palygorskite (1)
- pandemic (1)
- parameterized complexity (1)
- parent-adolescent cultural conflict (1)
- parliamentary government (1)
- partial Menger (1)
- participatory research (1)
- particle filter (1)
- percolation threshold (1)
- personality (1)
- phagotrophy (1)
- pharmacodynamics (1)
- phase approximation (1)
- phase dynamics (1)
- phase response curve (1)
- phenolic acid (1)
- phenotypic plasticity (1)
- phenprocoumon (1)
- phosphatidylserine (1)
- phosphoglucan (1)
- photocatalysts (1)
- photoexcited hole transfer (1)
- photoluminescence (1)
- photon statistics (1)
- photosphere (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- phylotypes (1)
- phytodiversity (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (1)
- planets and satellites: composition (1)
- plant development (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plastics industry (1)
- platelets (1)
- platform ecosystem (1)
- platform-based business models (1)
- plattformbasierte Geschäftsmodelle (1)
- point process (1)
- point-of-care (1)
- political science (1)
- politics (1)
- polymer solar cells (1)
- population pharmacokinetics (1)
- population recovery (1)
- potentials (1)
- precipitation anomaly (1)
- predator-prey dynamics (1)
- predicting irregular migration (1)
- prediction (1)
- pregnane X-receptor (1)
- presidential government (1)
- prevention (1)
- priming (1)
- probability of target attainment (1)
- problem solving (1)
- process integration (1)
- process knowledge (1)
- processing (1)
- product carbon footprint (1)
- productivity slowdown (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- prominences (1)
- proper motion (1)
- proper motions (1)
- prosodic boundary cues (1)
- prosody processing (1)
- psycholinguistic databases (1)
- psycholinguistics (1)
- psychotherapy (1)
- psychotherapy trainees (1)
- psychotherapy training (1)
- public relation (1)
- pulsars: individual (PSR J2032+4127, VER J2032+414, MAGIC J2032+4127) (1)
- pulsars: individual: LS V+22 25 (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (1)
- pulsars: individual: rho Ophiuchi A (1)
- quality manager (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantitative migration prediction (1)
- quasars: absorption lines (1)
- quasars: individual: LBQS 0302-0018 (1)
- quasars: individual: LBQS 0302-0019 (1)
- quasars: individual: PKS1127-145 (1)
- r-hypersubstitution (1)
- r-term (1)
- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal (1)
- radiative forcing (1)
- rainforest crisis (1)
- randomized controlled intervention study (1)
- range distribution (1)
- rangeland (1)
- rapid eGFRcrea decline (1)
- reaction norm (1)
- reading (1)
- recombination (1)
- recombination losses (1)
- red meat (1)
- reductase (1)
- reductive dehalogenase (1)
- refugees (1)
- regional network (1)
- regression towards the mean (1)
- reionization (1)
- relational identity (1)
- relationship satisfaction (1)
- remanufacturing (1)
- removal subsidies (1)
- rent control (1)
- repeated measures (1)
- replication (1)
- representative longitudinal survey data (1)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (1)
- reproduction (1)
- research (1)
- research transparency (1)
- resonant X-ray scattering (1)
- retinoid-binding protein (1)
- revenue recycling (1)
- ribosome assembly (1)
- risk factors (1)
- risks (1)
- rotifers (1)
- salmon (1)
- saproxylic beetles (1)
- scenario modeling (1)
- school meanings related content knowledge (1)
- school motivation (1)
- science & technology (1)
- scopoletin (1)
- screen-printed (1)
- sea of islands (1)
- seasonal forecast (1)
- sediment yield (1)
- self-employment (1)
- self-isolation (1)
- self-perceived ability (1)
- semantic priming (1)
- semi-arid savanna (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensitive periods (1)
- sensitizers (1)
- sentence comprehension (1)
- sentence production (1)
- severe acute respiratory (1)
- shaking (1)
- shrub encroachment (1)
- shrub expansion (1)
- siege of Paris 1870 (1)
- signals (1)
- silviculture (1)
- skewed distributions (1)
- sluicing (1)
- smFISH (1)
- small mammals (1)
- small molecules (1)
- social capital (1)
- social identity complexity (1)
- sociality (1)
- sociolinguistics (1)
- soil CO2 sampling tubes (1)
- solar wind (1)
- space use (1)
- spatial grain (1)
- spatial semantics (1)
- specialisation (1)
- species accumulation curve (1)
- species divergence (1)
- species niche (1)
- species richness (1)
- species turnover (1)
- spectroscopic - astronomical databases (1)
- speech perception (1)
- stakeholders (1)
- standards (1)
- star navigation (1)
- starch granule surface (1)
- starch phosphorylation (1)
- stars (1)
- stars : Wolf-Rayet (1)
- stars : atmospheres (1)
- stars : early-type (1)
- stars : evolution (1)
- stars : individual : xi Per (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Oph (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Ori (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Pup (1)
- stars : mass-loss (1)
- stars : winds, outflows (1)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (1)
- stars: early-typeP (1)
- stars: emission-line, Be (1)
- stars: horizontal branch (1)
- stars: individual (MT91 213) (1)
- stars: individual: Feige 46 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 137366 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 93129A (1)
- stars: individual: LP 40-365 (1)
- stars: individual: PG 1610+062 (1)
- stars: individual: SMC AB 6 (1)
- stars: low-mass (1)
- stars: neutron (1)
- stars: oscillations (1)
- stars: solar-type (1)
- stars: variables: general (1)
- starvation (1)
- stellar content (1)
- storage (1)
- stream (1)
- streamflow (1)
- struvite (1)
- student achievement (1)
- study (1)
- subdiffusion (1)
- subject-oriented learning (1)
- subjective (1)
- sulfoxide (1)
- sun (1)
- superdiffusion and (1)
- supergiants (1)
- superluminescent diodes (1)
- supernovae: general (1)
- superposition of n-ary operations and n-ary (1)
- supervisory strategies (1)
- susicidal ideation (1)
- sustainability (1)
- switching function (1)
- syndrome coronavirus 2 (1)
- synthesis (1)
- systematics (1)
- systems (1)
- systems biology (1)
- teaching (1)
- teaching and learning (1)
- techniques: high angular resolution (1)
- telegrapher's equation (1)
- telemetry (1)
- temperate forests (1)
- temperature (1)
- terms (1)
- terms-of-trade effects (1)
- the Consensus Model (1)
- therapeutic competence (1)
- thermokarst (1)
- thin-film actuators (1)
- threshold (1)
- threshold voltages (1)
- time-resolved X-ray probing (1)
- tonoplast (1)
- tracking data (1)
- trade (1)
- trade policy (1)
- training (1)
- trait emotional intelligence (1)
- transcriptional memory (1)
- transfusion-related acute lung injury (1)
- transient spectroscopy (1)
- translation (1)
- transnational governance arrangements (1)
- tree-ring analysis (1)
- trend (1)
- triazole fungicides (1)
- tropical peatland (1)
- trust (1)
- type 2 diabetes (1)
- tyrosinase (1)
- uncertainty quantification (1)
- unilateral climate policy (1)
- vacuole integrity (1)
- vagal sympathetic activity (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- victimization (1)
- vinylidenefluoride(VDF)-based polymers (1)
- virtual reality (1)
- visions of democracy (1)
- vitamin (1)
- vitamin B-12 (1)
- vitamin K antagonist therapy (1)
- vocational training (1)
- war (1)
- waste reuse (1)
- water dikinase (1)
- waves (1)
- wayfinding (1)
- welfare (1)
- wh-in-situ (1)
- wh-movement (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- word process (1)
- words as social tools (1)
- ökologischer Fußabdruck (1)
- абстрактные концепты (1)
- воплощенное познание (1)
- гидрология (1)
- глубокие нейронные сети (1)
- глубокое обучение (1)
- концептуальная метафора (1)
- машинное обучение (1)
- моделирование (1)
- нейросемантика (1)
- пространственная семантика (1)
- психолингвистическая база данных (1)
- слова как социальные инструменты (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (124)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (70)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (38)
- Department Psychologie (22)
- Fachgruppe Betriebswirtschaftslehre (21)
- Extern (18)
- Center for Economic Policy Analysis (CEPA) (17)
- Fachgruppe Volkswirtschaftslehre (17)
- Department Linguistik (16)
- Institut für Mathematik (12)
Levy walks (LWs) are spatiotemporally coupled random-walk processes describing superdiffusive heat conduction in solids, propagation of light in disordered optical materials, motion of molecular motors in living cells, or motion of animals, humans, robots, and viruses. We here investigate a key feature of LWs-their response to an external harmonic potential. In this generic setting for confined motion we demonstrate that LWs equilibrate exponentially and may assume a bimodal stationary distribution. We also show that the stationary distribution has a horizontal slope next to a reflecting boundary placed at the origin, in contrast to correlated superdiffusive processes. Our results generalize LWs to confining forces and settle some longstanding puzzles around LWs.
Context
The recently claimed discovery of a massive (M-BH = 68(-13)(+11) M-circle dot) black hole in the Galactic solar neighborhood has led to controversial discussions because it severely challenges our current view of stellar evolution.
Aims
A crucial aspect for the determination of the mass of the unseen black hole is the precise nature of its visible companion, the B-type star LSV +22 25. Because stars of different mass can exhibit B-type spectra during the course of their evolution, it is essential to obtain a comprehensive picture of the star to unravel its nature and, thus, its mass.
Methods
To this end, we study the spectral energy distribution of LSV +22 25 and perform a quantitative spectroscopic analysis that includes the determination of chemical abundances for He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ar, and Fe.
Results
Our analysis clearly shows that LSV +22 25 is not an ordinary main sequence B-type star. The derived abundance pattern exhibits heavy imprints of the CNO bi-cycle of hydrogen burning, that is, He and N are strongly enriched at the expense of C and O. Moreover, the elements Mg, Al, Si, S, Ar, and Fe are systematically underabundant when compared to normal main-sequence B-type stars. We suggest that LSV +22 25 is a stripped helium star and discuss two possible formation scenarios. Combining our photometric and spectroscopic results with the Gaia parallax, we infer a stellar mass of 1.1 +/- 0.5 M-circle dot. Based on the binary system's mass function, this yields a minimum mass of 2-3 M-circle dot for the compact companion, which implies that it may not necessarily be a black hole but a massive neutron- or main sequence star.
Conclusions
The star LSV +22 25 has become famous for possibly having a very massive black hole companion. However, a closer look reveals that the star itself is a very intriguing object. Further investigations are necessary for complete characterization of this object.
1. We generally assume that animals should maximize information acquisition about their environment to make prudent decisions. But this is a naive assumption, as gaining information typically involves costs. <br /> 2. This is especially so in the social context, where interests between interacting partners usually diverge. The arms race involved in mutual assessment is characterized by the attempt to obtain revealing information from a partner while providing only as much information by oneself as is conducive to one's own intentions. <br /> 3. If obtaining information occasions costs in terms of time, energy and risk, animals should be selected to base their decisions on a cost-benefit ratio that takes account of the trade-off between the risk of making wrong choices and the costs involved in information acquisition, processing and use. <br /> 4. In addition, there may be physiological and/or environmental constraints limiting the ability to obtaining, processing and utilizing reliable information. <br /> 5. Here, we discuss recent empirical evidence for the proposition that social decisions are to an important extent based on the costs that result from acquiring, processing, evaluating and storing information. Using examples from different taxa and ecological contexts, we aim at drawing attention to the often neglected costs of information recipience, with emphasis on the potential role of sensory ecology and cognition in social decisions.
The 10th edition of the International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology (RAA2019) was held in Potsdam (Germany) from 3 to 7 September 2019, with eight keynote lectures, 35 oral presentations and 18 Poster Presentations. The number of active participants was 68 delegates from 20 countries among the 236 authors that presented at least one work.
The prehistory of electrets is not known yet, but it is quite likely that the electrostatic charging behavior of amber (Greek: τò ηλεκτρoν, i.e., “electron”) already was familiar to people in ancient cultures (China, Egypt, Greece, etc.), before the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales of Miletus (6th century BCE)-or rather his disciples and followers-reported it in writing (cf. Figure 1). More than two millennia later, William Gilbert (1544–1603), the physician of Queen Elizabeth I, coined the term “electric” in his book De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (1600) for dielectric materials that attract like amber and that included sulfur and glass [1]. The second half of the 18th century saw the invention of the electrophorus or electrophore [2], a capacitive electret device, in 1762 by Johan Carl Wilcke (1732–1796).
This paper presents an exploratory study investigating the influence of the factors (1) intermediary participation, (2) decision-making authority, (3) position in the enterprise, and (4) experience in open innovation on the perception and assessment of the benefits and risks expected from participating in open innovation projects. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The result of this paper is an empirical evidence showing whether and how these factors affect the perception of potential benefits and risks expected within the context of open innovation project participation. Furthermore, the identified effects are discussed against the theory. Existing theory regarding the benefits and risks of open innovation is expanded by (1) finding that they are perceived mostly independently of the factors, (2) confirming the practical relevance of benefits and risks, and (3) enabling a finer distinction between their degrees of relevance according to respective contextual specifics.
Corona sei Dank?!
(2020)
Say it with double flowers
(2020)
Every year, lovers world-wide rely on mutants to show their feelings on Valentine's Day. This is because many of the most popular ornamental flowering plants have been selected to form extra petals at the expense of reproductive organs to enhance their attractiveness and aesthetic value to humans. This so-called 'double flower' (DF) phenotype, first described more than 2000 years ago (Meyerowitz et al., 1989) is present, for example, in many modern roses, carnations, peonies, and camellias. Gattolin et al. (2020) now identify a unifying explanation for the molecular basis of many of these DF cultivars.
Führung. Groß. Gedacht. Militärische Führung in den deutschen Streitkräften des 20. Jahrhunderts
(2020)
Hintergrund: Im Rahmen des reformierten Psychotherapeutengesetzes wird eine starkere Praxisorientierung in der klinisch-psychologischen Lehre und in der Prufung psychotherapeutischer Kompetenzen verankert. Hierbei sollen Studierende durch die Interaktion mit standardisierten Patient*innen (SP) therapeutische Kompetenzen erwerben und demonstrieren. Fragestellung: Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, eine evidenzbasierte Umsetzung dieser neuen Lehr- und Prufungsformate zu unterstutzen, indem bisherige Forschungsbefunde zum Einsatz von SP dargestellt und Bereiche, in denen weitere Forschung notwendig ist, aufgezeigt werden. Ergebnisse: Empirische Befunde zeigen, dass SP psychische Storungen authentisch darstellen konnen. Voraussetzung dafur sind beispielsweise die Auswahl geeigneter SP, detaillierte Rollenanleitungen, spezifisches Training, Feedback und Nachschulungen. Auch wenn einige Forschungsfragen, wie zur vergleichenden Wirksamkeit des Einsatzes von SP, noch unbeantwortet sind, lassen sich praktische Implikationen fur SP-Programme in Lehre, Prufung und Forschung ableiten, die in einem Ablaufschema dargestellt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Einsatz von SP bietet gro ss es Potenzial fur die klinisch-psychologische Lehre und Ausbildungsforschung. Um den Einsatz von SP an anderen Standorten zu unterstutzen, werden Beispielmaterialien (z.B. Rollenanleitung) in den elektronischen Supplementen (siehe www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000509249 fur alle Supplemente) zum Artikel zur Verfugung gestellt.
Die Rolle Italiens im Zweiten Weltkrieg wird, trotz enormer Fortschritte in den letzten Jahren, häufig stiefmütterlich behandelt oder bleibt das Metier einiger Spezialisten. Emanuele Sica und Richard Carrier, beide ausgewiesene Experten und in Kanada lehrend, haben einen anregenden Sammelband vorgelegt, der vergleichende (Ein‑)Blicke gestattet. Der Band überzeugt durch eine gute Balance zwischen quellengesättigten Beiträgen und neuen Erkenntnissen sowie sekundärliteraturgestützten Synthesen. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt hierbei deutlich auf militärischen Themen, auch wenn durchaus sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte einfließen.
Der erste Abschnitt untersucht die Besatzungsherrschaft in Jugoslawien, Kreta und Südfrankreich. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zur italienischen Besatzungsherrschaft haben in den letzten Jahren das ehemals vorherrschende Bild des »guten Italieners« einer notwendigen Korrektur unterzogen. Diese Besatzungen können mittlerweile als eines der am besten erforschten Felder bezeichnet werden.
Eric Gobetti und Federico Goddi steuern konzise Zusammenfassungen ihrer Monografien bei. Gobetti, der die italienische Besatzung Jugoslawiens von 1941 bis 1943 beleuchtet, hebt die zugleich arrogante und unkoordinierte Okkupationspolitik sowie die kontraproduktive Zusammenarbeit mit lokalen radikalen Nationalisten hervor. Diese beiden Faktoren, so Gobetti, bestärkten den Widerstand gegen die Italiener und beendeten faschistische Träume eines Imperiums entlang der Adria. Goddi analysiert in seinem primärquellenreichen Beitrag die Reaktionen des italienischen Militärs auf den montenegrinischen Aufstand am 13. Juli 1941. Anhand des Militärgerichts in Cetinje verdeutlicht der Autor die unterschiedlichen Repressionsinstrumente und die Zusammenarbeit mit lokalen Kollaborateuren, wobei nicht immer deutlich wird, in welche Richtung Goddi argumentiert.
Der Beitrag von Paolo Fonzi über das italienische Besatzungsregime auf Kreta ist besonders hervorzuheben. Fonzi zeigt, dass im Vergleich zur italienischen Besatzung auf dem griechischen Festland die Herrschaft über den östlichen Teil Kretas weniger brutal war. Das lag nicht an der sprichwörtlichen Milde der Italiener, sondern an situativen Gegebenheiten. Die Italiener versuchten, wie in anderen Teilen Griechenlands, ihre Zone vom deutschen Besatzungsgebiet »abzutrennen« und eine italienische Sphäre zu errichten. Allerdings fielen die Zwangsmaßnahmen, etwa im wirtschaftlichen oder kulturellen Bereich, viel geringer aus als andernorts, was sich darin niederschlug, dass sich im Osten der Insel keine Guerrillabewegung bildete. Neben der generell geringen Partisanenaktivität auf den griechischen Inseln führt Fonzi dies auch auf die große Zahl der italienischen Soldaten (15 000–22 000) in Relation zur Zivilbevölkerung (70 000) zurück. Schaut man jedoch auf die Zahlen in Montenegro aus Goddis Beitrag (107 000 italienische Soldaten – 390 000 Zivilisten) scheint das zahlenmäßige Verhältnis nicht ungewöhnlich, auch wenn in beiden Fällen die Zahl der Soldaten sehr hoch ist. Überzeugender ist Fonzis Analyse der lokalen Kultur als hemmender Faktor. Im Osten der Insel sei die Tradition des Widerstandes und des Militärdienstes allgemein weniger verankert gewesen. Zudem halfen die Italiener der Bevölkerung Engpässe in der Lebensmittelversorgung zu vermeiden. Die Beiträge zur Besatzung, abgerundet durch eine Studie zur italienischen Besatzung in (Südost‑)Frankreich, zeigen daher unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen und Reaktionen des Militärs, je nach Situation.
Der zweite Abschnitt widmet sich einem oft vernachlässigten Kapitel der italienischen Rolle im Zweiten Weltkrieg: dem Kampf regulärer Einheiten, also nicht der Resistenza, gegen die Wehrmacht und die italienische faschistische Republik im Norden ab Oktober 1943. Richard Carrier analysiert die ambivalenten britischen und amerikanischen Einschätzungen des taufrischen Bündnispartners, die internen Probleme der »neuen« Armee (die das Fundament der Streitkräfte nach 1945 bildete und somit institutionelle Kontinuität »bewahrte«) sowie den nicht unbedeutenden aktiven und passiven Einsatz italienischer Soldaten an der Seite der Alliierten. Niccolò Da Lio skizziert in einer Militärgeschichte »von unten« die Motivation und Gefühlslagen der Soldaten nach dem 8. September 1943 (Waffenstillstand zwischen Italien und den Alliierten) bis zur Befreiung des Landes.
Der dritte Abschnitt des Sammelbandes widmet sich der Rolle der Resistenza und geht auf verschiedene Facetten des Bürgerkriegs ein, etwa die Miteinbeziehung von Frauen oder die Bestrafung von Faschisten bis 1945. Der letzte Teil des Bandes untersucht den Einsatz der istrischen Minderheit im Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion und die Kriegserfahrung italienisch-stämmiger Soldaten der Alliierten im Geburtsland ihrer Vorfahren sowie die Aufarbeitung deutscher Kriegsverbrechen in Italien nach dem 8. September 1943.
Das Vor‑ und Nachwort der Herausgeber spannt einen gelungenen Bogen, zeigt Forschungstendenzen auf, fasst Ergebnisse des Bandes zusammen und liefert zugleich Anreize für weitere Studien. Zu bemängeln ist, dass sich auf 366 Seiten keine Karte findet und dem Leser daher eine detaillierte Kenntnis, zum Beispiel der Geografie Montenegros, abverlangt wird. Dennoch wird das vorliegende Werk für viele Kollegen ein wichtiger und ständiger Begleiter werden, denn es leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag, um Italiens Rolle (und die des Königlichen Heeres) im Zweiten Weltkrieg besser zu verstehen.
In light of substantial new discoveries of hot subdwarfs by ongoing spectroscopic surveys and the availability of new all-sky data from ground-based photometric surveys and the Gaia mission Data Release 2, we compiled an updated catalogue of the known hot subdwarf stars. The catalogue contains 5874 unique sources including 528 previously unknown hot subdwarfs and provides multi-band photometry, astrometry from Gaia, and classifications based on spectroscopy and colours. This new catalogue provides atmospheric parameters of 2187 stars and radial velocities of 2790 stars from the literature. Using colour, absolute magnitude, and reduced proper motion criteria, we identified 268 previously misclassified objects, most of which are less luminous white dwarfs or more luminous blue horizontal branch and main-sequence stars.
Background: The LumiraDx INR Test is a new point-of-care diagnostic test designed to analyze fingerstick blood samples. The test was assessed in patients receiving phenprocoumon (NCT04074980).
Methods: Venous plasma international normalized ratio (INR) was measured using the LumiraDx INR Test. LumiraDx INR Test-ascertained capillary whole blood INR was compared with venous plasma INR measured using the IL ACL Elite Pro and Sysmex CS-5100 reference instruments.
Results: A total of 102 patients receiving phenprocoumon were recruited. The INR results from venous plasma and capillary whole blood that were analyzed on the LumiraDx INR Test correlated well with those measured using the IL ACL Elite Pro (plasma: n = 25, r = 0.981; capillary blood: n = 74, r = 0.949) and the Sysmex CS-5100 (n = 73, r = 0.950).
Conclusions: The LumiraDx INR Test showed high accuracy in analyzing venous plasma and capillary whole blood from patients receiving phenprocoumon.
Effects of social and individual school self-concepts on school engagement during adolescence
(2020)
While school self-concept is an important facilitator of a student's school engagement, previous studies rarely investigated whether it may also explain the change in students' school engagement during secondary school. Moreover, as social relations play an increasingly important role in adolescence, the current research distinguishes between the social and individual school self-concepts of a student. Whereas individual school self-concept uses the perception of a student's own ability in the past in order to estimate perceived current ability, social school self-concept refers to the comparison of a student's own perceived current ability with the current perceived abilities of others. We examined the role of students' individual and social school self-concepts in the development of behavioral and emotional school engagement during the period from grade 8 to grade 9. The sample consisted of 1088 German adolescents at the first measurement time (M-age = 13.70, SD = 0.53; 53.9% girls). The findings suggested a significant decline in both emotional and behavioral school engagement over the span of 1.5 years. In addition, social-but not individual-school self-concept was associated with the change in both dimensions of school engagement over time, such as it may intensify a student's decline in school engagement levels. This might be due to the fact that students with a high social school self-concept tend to increasingly emphasize competition and comparison and strive for high grades, which lowers students' school participation and identification in the long term.
Tikhonov regularization with oversmoothing penalty for nonlinear statistical inverse problems
(2020)
In this paper, we consider the nonlinear ill-posed inverse problem with noisy data in the statistical learning setting. The Tikhonov regularization scheme in Hilbert scales is considered to reconstruct the estimator from the random noisy data. In this statistical learning setting, we derive the rates of convergence for the regularized solution under certain assumptions on the nonlinear forward operator and the prior assumptions. We discuss estimates of the reconstruction error using the approach of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces.
This chapter takes the ongoing conflict in South Sudan as a starting point for assessing the concept of transitional justice as such and its implementation in the country in particular. Following a brief description of the conflict and the peace processes, the author sheds light on the shortcomings of the established concept of transitional justice in the situation at hand. Then, the author outlines the alternate concept of transformational justice und takes a closer look at its implications on the situation in South Sudan. The author highlights existing initiatives of transformative justice and is very much in favour of their victim-centered approach.
At different times and places, civic engagement in nonviolent resistance (NVR) has repeatedly shown to be an effective tool in times of conflict to initiate societal change from below. History teaches us that there have been successes (Mahatma Gandhi in India) and failures (the Tiananmen Square protests in China).
Along with the recognition of the duality between transformative potential and stark consequences, the historical development of NVR was accompanied by the emergence of scholarly debate, fractured along disputes around purpose, character and effectivity of nonviolent actions taken by civil society stakeholders engaged in making their voices heard. One of the field’s current points of interest is the examination of the long-term effects of NVR movements resulting in societal transformation on the stability and adequacy of a subsequently altered or emerging democracy, suggesting that NVR contributes positively to the sustainable and representative design of an egalitarian governing system.
The conclusion of the Nepalese civil war in 2006 should pose as an unambiguous example for the illustration of this phenomenon, but simultaneously raises the question why there was no successful implementation of a transitional process focusing on the needs of the victims.
Transitional justice is conventionally theorized as how a society deals with past injustices after regime change and alongside democratization. Nonetheless, scholars have not reached a consensus on what is to be included or excluded. Recent ideas of transformative justice seek to expand the understanding of transitional justice to include systemic restructuring and socioeconomic considerations. In the context of Nicaragua — where two transitions occurred within an 11-year span — very little transitional justice took place, in terms of the conventional concept of top-down legalistic mechanisms; however, distinct structural changes and socioeconomic policies can be found with each regime change. By analyzing the transformative justice elements of Nicaragua’s dual transition, this chapter seeks to expand the understanding of transitional justice to include how these factors influence goals of transitions such as sustainable peace and reconciliation for past injustices. The results argue for increased attention to transformative justice theories and a more nuanced conception of justice.
While the concept of transitional justice and its range of measures have gained importance on an international level to come to terms with major crimes of the past, colonial crimes and mass violence committed by Western actors have not been addressed by transitional justice so far. In this chapter, the Herero’s and Nama’s struggle for justice for the genocide on their ancestors by Germany from 1904 – 1908 and the arising challenges are set in relation to conceptual debates in the field of transitional justice. Building on current debates in the field, suggesting more structural and transformative conceptualizations of transitional justice and an approach ‘from below’, it is argued that decolonial activism of formerly colonized communities and transitional justice debates can inform each other in a dialogic and fruitful form to formulate suggestions for a process towards post-colonial justice.
This paper aims to contribute a different approach to transitional justice, one in which political decisions are rocketed to the forefront of the research. Theory asserts that, after a transition to democracy, it is the constituency who defines the direction a country will take. Therefore, pleasing them should be at the fore of the responses taken by those in power. However, reality distances itself from theory. History provides us with many examples of the contrary, which indicates that the politicization of transitional justice is an ever-present event. The first section will outline current definitions and obstacles faced by transitional justice, focusing on the implicit ties between them and the aforementioned politicization. An original categorization of Transitional Justice as a method of analysis will also be introduced, which I denominate Political Opportunism. The case of Argentina, a country that is usually described as a model to export but that after 35 years is still dealing with the consequences brought by the contradictions of using several methods of justice, will then be reinterpreted through this perspective. At the end of the paper, the inevitable question will be posed: can this new angle be exported and implemented in every transition?
This chapter deals with the problem that theories of peace building, conflict resolution and reconciliation were predominately created in the West and, therefore, do not necessarily fit the understanding of peace, conflict, and resolution in non-Western societies and cultures. Within these societies, the acceptance of suffering may also be higher, which leads to different priorities of conflict resolution approaches. Furthermore, this chapter deals with the question of whether the current understanding of wars and the nature of conflict change the basis of established conflict theories. These theoretical approaches are then applied in Sierra Leone as a non-Western negotiation scenario.
Aus dem Inhalt:
Themenschwerpunkt: Pandemie und Menschenrechte
- Prozeduralisierung gegen Diskriminierung? Menschen mit Behinderungen, das Bundesverfassungsgericht und das ‚Triage-Problem‘ in der Pandemie
- Aus der Krise lernen – grund- und menschenrechtliche Erwägungen der Corona-Schutzmaßnahmen als Vorbild für einen ambitionierten Klimaschutz
- Die Impfpflicht-Debatte auf dem philosophischen Prüfstand
Bericht über die Tätigkeit des Menschenrechtsausschusses der Vereinten Nationen im Jahre 2021 – Teil II: Individualbeschwerden
Rapid decline of glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine (eGFRcrea) is associated with severe clinical endpoints. In contrast to cross-sectionally assessed eGFRcrea, the genetic basis for rapid eGFRcrea decline is largely unknown. To help define this, we meta-analyzed 42 genome-wide association studies from the Chronic Kidney Diseases Genetics Consortium and United Kingdom Biobank to identify genetic loci for rapid eGFRcrea decline. Two definitions of eGFRcrea decline were used: 3 mL/min/1.73m(2)/year or more ("Rapid3"; encompassing 34,874 cases, 107,090 controls) and eGFRcrea decline 25% or more and eGFRcrea under 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) at follow-up among those with eGFRcrea 60 mL/min/1.73m(2) or more at baseline ("CKDi25"; encompassing 19,901 cases, 175,244 controls). Seven independent variants were identified across six loci for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25: consisting of five variants at four loci with genome-wide significance (near UMOD-PDILT (2), PRKAG2, WDR72, OR2S2) and two variants among 265 known eGFRcrea variants (near GATM, LARP4B). All these loci were novel for Rapid3 and/or CKDi25 and our bioinformatic follow-up prioritized variants and genes underneath these loci. The OR2S2 locus is novel for any eGFRcrea trait including interesting candidates. For the five genome-wide significant lead variants, we found supporting effects for annual change in blood urea nitrogen or cystatin-based eGFR, but not for GATM or (LARP4B). Individuals at high compared to those at low genetic risk (8-14 vs. 0-5 adverse alleles) had a 1.20-fold increased risk of acute kidney injury (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.33). Thus, our identified loci for rapid kidney function decline may help prioritize therapeutic targets and identify mechanisms and individuals at risk for sustained deterioration of kidney function.
Aim The Discounting Inventory was developed to provide researchers and practitioners with a standardized tool to asses individual differences in delay, probabilistic, effort and social discounting, all related to behavioral impulsivity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the Discounting Inventory was evaluated by comparing its associations with external variables to those obtained using standardized discounting measures with the same external variables. Subjects and methods A sample of 347 volunteers was examined. The first questionnaire completed by all participants was the Discounting Inventory. Individuals also completed the traditional discounting measure using pairs of hypothetical choices. The external measures included the Sensation Seeking Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsivity Venturesomeness Empathy Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, and Temperament and Character Inventory. Results The results revealed that although almost all correlations were significant for both the Discounting Inventory and the traditional discounting measures, most of the correlations between external variables and the Discounting Inventory were significantly higher than those between external variables and traditional discounting measures. However, both discounting measures were most strongly correlated with external measures of impulsivity, which is not surprising given the fact that discounting is seen as a behavioral impulsivity. Finally, most relationships between the Discounting Inventory and external variables were incrementally valid over the traditional discounting measures. Conclusion The Discounting Inventory can help to diagnose problems with behavioral impulsivity.
The focus in this article, through a reading of the German-Australian newspaper Der Kosmopolit, is on the legacies of entangled imperial identities in the period of the nineteenth-century German Enlightenment. Attention is drawn to members of the liberal nationalist generation of 1848 who emigrated to the Australian colonies and became involved in intellectual activities there. The idea of entanglement is applied to the philosophical orientation of the German-language newspaper that this group formed, Der Kosmopolit, which was published between 1856 and 1957. Against simplistic notions that would view cosmopolitanism as the opposite of nationalism, it is argued that individuals like Gustav Droege and Carl Muecke deployed an entangled ‘cosmo-nationalism’ in ways that both advanced German nationalism and facilitated their own engagement with and investment in Australian colonial society.
BACKGROUND: Under normal nutritional and health conditions, body height, weight and head circumference are significantly related. We hypothesize that the apparent general association between weight, height, and head circumference of the growing child might be misleading. METHODS: We reanalyzed data of 7,444 boys and 7,375 girls measured in East-Germany between 1986 and 1990, aged from 0 to 7 y with measurements of body length/height, leg length, sitting height, biacromial shoulder breadth, thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, thoracic circumference, body weight, head volume, percentage of body fat, and hip skinfold vertical, using principal component analysis. RESULTS: Strong associations exist between skeletal growth, fat accumulation, and head volume increments. Yet in spite of this general proportionality, skeletal growth, fat acquisition, and head growth exhibit different patterns. Three components explain between almost 60% and more than 75% of cumulative variance between birth and age 7 y. Parameters of skeletal growth predominantly load on the first component and clearly separate from indicators of fat deposition. After age of 2 y, head volume loads on a separate third component in both sexes indicating independence of head growth. CONCLUSION: Under appropriate nutritional and health circumstances, nutritional status, body size, and head circumference are not related.
Influenza A virus matrix protein 1 (M1) is an essential component involved in the structural stability of the virus and in the budding of new virions from infected cells. A deeper understanding of the molecular basis of virion formation and the budding process is required in order to devise new therapeutic approaches. We performed a detailed investigation of the interaction between M1 and phosphatidylserine (PS) (i.e., its main binding target at the plasma membrane [PM]), as well as the distribution of PS itself, both in model membranes and in living cells. To this end, we used a combination of techniques, including Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), confocal microscopy imaging, raster image correlation spectroscopy, and number and brightness (N&B) analysis. Our results show that PS can cluster in segregated regions in the plane of the lipid bilayer, both in model bilayers constituted of PS and phosphatidylcholine and in living cells. The viral protein M1 interacts specifically with PS-enriched domains, and such interaction in turn affects its oligomerization process. Furthermore, M1 can stabilize PS domains, as observed in model membranes. For living cells, the presence of PS clusters is suggested by N&B experiments monitoring the clustering of the PS sensor lactadherin. Also, colocalization between M1 and a fluorescent PS probe suggest that, in infected cells, the matrix protein can specifically bind to the regions of PM in which PS is clustered. Taken together, our observations provide novel evidence regarding the role of PS-rich domains in tuning M1-lipid and M1-M1 interactions at the PM of infected cells. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus particles assemble at the plasma membranes (PM) of infected cells. This process is orchestrated by the matrix protein M1, which interacts with membrane lipids while binding to the other proteins and genetic material of the virus. Despite its importance, the initial step in virus assembly (i.e., M1-lipid interaction) is still not well understood. In this work, we show that phosphatidylserine can form lipid domains in physical models of the inner leaflet of the PM. Furthermore, the spatial organization of PS in the plane of the bilayer modulates M1-M1 interactions. Finally, we show that PS domains appear to be present in the PM of living cells and that M1 seems to display a high affinity for them.
We establish in this paper the existence of weak solutions of infinite-dimensional shift invariant stochastic differential equations driven by a Brownian term. The drift function is very general, in the sense that it is supposed to be neither bounded or continuous, nor Markov. On the initial law we only assume that it admits a finite specific entropy and a finite second moment.
The originality of our method leads in the use of the specific entropy as a tightness tool and in the description of such infinite-dimensional stochastic process as solution of a variational problem on the path space. Our result clearly improves previous ones obtained for free dynamics with bounded drift.
Acid sphingomyelinase mediates murine acute lung injury following transfusion of aged platelets
(2017)
Pulmonary complications from stored blood products are the leading cause of mortality related to transfusion. Transfusion-related acute lung injury is mediated by antibodies or bioactive mediators, yet underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Sphingolipids such as ceramide regulate lung injury, and their composition changes as a function of time in stored blood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that aged platelets may induce lung injury via a sphingolipid-mediated mechanism. To assess this hypothesis, a two-hit mouse model was devised. Recipient mice were treated with 2 mg/kg intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (priming) 2 h before transfusion of 10 ml/kg stored (1-5 days) platelets treated with or without addition of acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor ARC39 or platelets from acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice, which both reduce ceramide formation. Transfused mice were examined for signs of pulmonary neutrophil accumulation, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and histological evidence of lung injury. Sphingolipid profiles in stored platelets were analyzed by mass spectrophotometry. Transfusion of aged platelets into primed mice induced characteristic features of lung injury, which increased in severity as a function of storage time. Ceramide accumulated in platelets during storage, but this was attenuated by ARC39 or in acid sphingomyelinase-deficient platelets. Compared with wild-type platelets, transfusion of ARC39-treated or acid sphingomyelinase-deficient aged platelets alleviated lung injury. Aged platelets elicit lung injury in primed recipient mice, which can be alleviated by pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of acid sphingomyelinase. Interventions targeting sphingolipid formation represent a promising strategy to increase the safety and longevity of stored blood products.
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the more commonly occurring mental disorders following potentially traumatizing events soldiers may encounter when deployed abroad. One of the first-line recommended treatment options is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The number of studies assessing the effectiveness of EMDR in German soldiers under routine conditions is currently almost nil. Methods: A retrospective, quasi-experimental effectiveness study on EMDR in an inpatient setting is presented using a prepost design. The study compares symptom reduction in soldiers (N = 78) with a wait-list (N = 18). Effect sizes of EMDR were measured for PTSD, symptoms of depression, and general mental health. Results: Effect size for EMDR treatment of PTSD was d = 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51 to 1.36, for symptoms of depression d = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.36, and for general psychiatric symptoms d = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.17 to 1.21. The effects resulting from EMDR treatment were somewhat weaker than those reported in comparable studies in civilians. Conclusion: EMDR therapy is an effective treatment to reduce symptoms of PTSD and depression. However, in the military context it needs to be complemented by treatment options that specifically address further conditions perpetuating the disorders.
Phylogeography of the Small Indian Civet and Origin of Introductions to Western Indian Ocean Islands
(2016)
The biogeographic dynamics affecting the Indian subcontinent, East and Southeast Asia during the Plio-Pleistocene has generated complex biodiversity patterns. We assessed the molecular biogeography of the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) through mitogenome and cytochrome b + control region sequencing of 89 historical and modern samples to (1) establish a time-calibrated phylogeography across the species’ native range and (2) test introduction scenarios to western Indian Ocean islands. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses identified 3 geographic lineages (East Asia, sister-group to Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent + northern Indochina) diverging 3.2–2.3 million years ago (Mya), with no clear signature of past demographic expansion. Within Southeast Asia, Balinese populations separated from the rest 2.6–1.3 Mya. Western Indian Ocean populations were assigned to the Indian subcontinent + northern Indochina lineage and had the lowest mitochondrial diversity. Approximate Bayesian computation did not distinguish between single versus multiple introduction scenarios. The early diversification of the small Indian civet was likely shaped by humid periods in the Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene that created evergreen rainforest barriers, generating areas of intra-specific endemism in the Indian subcontinent, East, and Southeast Asia. Later, Pleistocene dispersals through drier conditions in South and Southeast Asia were likely, giving rise to the species’ current natural distribution. Our molecular data supported the delineation of only 4 subspecies in V. indica, including an endemic Balinese lineage. Our study also highlighted the influence of prefirst millennium AD introductions to western Indian Ocean islands, with Indian and/or Arab traders probably introducing the species for its civet oil.
Job satisfaction has been found to impact behavioral choices at the workplace. Since levels of satisfaction are not guaranteed to remain high, understanding the consequences of job dissatisfaction is essential. Hence, I analyze the relationship between a worker’s job satisfaction and her training investments. Based on my theoretical model, I expect a U-shaped relationship if dissatisfied workers attempt to improve the situation or plan to quit. In contrast, there is an overall positive relationship if dissatisfied workers neglect their duties. Using logit regressions with the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey I find tentative evidence that there is on average an overall positive relationship with a 1 standard deviation increase in job satisfaction being associated with a 1.5% increased likelihood of participating in training. A closer inspection of the reasons for training as well as quit intentions reveals some hints of a U-shaped relationship. My results highlight the importance of considering the source of dissatisfaction as there are heterogeneous effects along different job satisfaction facets.
The Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis is a habitat generalist that is widely distributed across Southeast Asia. Based on morphological traits, this species has been subdivided into 12 subspecies. Thus far, there have been few molecular studies investigating intraspecific variation, and those had been limited in geographic scope. For this reason, we aimed to study the genetic structure and evolutionary history of this species across its very large distribution range in Asia. We employed both PCR-based (short mtDNA fragments, 94 samples) and high throughput sequencing based methods (whole mitochondrial genomes, 52 samples) on archival, noninvasively collected and fresh samples to investigate the distribution of intraspecific genetic variation. Our comprehensive sampling coupled with the improved resolution of a mitochondrial genome analyses provided strong support for a deep split between Mainland and Sundaic Leopard cats. Although we identified multiple haplogroups within the species’ distribution, we found no matrilineal evidence for the distinction of 12 subspecies. In the context of Leopard cat biogeography, we cautiously recommend a revision of the Prionailurus bengalensis subspecific taxonomy: namely, a reduction to 4 subspecies (2 mainland and 2 Sundaic forms).
We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people’s mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.
In light of climate change mitigation efforts, revenues from climate policies are growing, with no consensus yet on how they should be used. Potential efficiency gains from reducing distortionary taxes and the distributional implications of different revenue recycling schemes are currently debated. To account for households heterogeneity and dynamic trade-offs, we study the macroeconomic and welfare performance of different revenue recycling schemes using an Environmental Two-Agent New-Keynesian model, calibrated on the German economy. We find that, in the long run, welfare gains are higher when revenues are used to reduce distortionary taxes on capital, but this comes at the cost of higher inequality: while all households prefer labor income tax reductions to lump-sum transfers, only financially unconstrained households are better off when reducing taxes on capital income. Interestingly, we find that over the transition period relevant to meet short-medium run climate targets, labor income tax cuts are the most efficient and equitable instrument.
Twenty two species of ectoparasites (Family Nycteribiidae: Nycteribia (Listropoda) schmidlii schmidlii, Nycteribia (Nycteribia) latreillii, Nycteribia (Nycteribia) pedicularia, Penicillidia (Penicillidia) dufourii, and Phthiridium biarticulatum; Family Streblidae: Brachytarsina (Brachytarsina) flavipennis and Raymondia huberi; Order Siphonaptera: Rhinolophopsylla unipectinata arabs, Nycteridopsylla longiceps, Araeopsylla gestroi, Ischnopsyllus intermedius, and Ischnopsyllus octactenus; Order Heteroptera: Cimex pipistrelli, Cimex lectularius, and Cacodmus vicinus; Class Arachnida: Order Mesostigmata: Spinturnix myoti and Eyndhovenia euryalis; Order Ixodida: Family Argasidae: Argas transgariepinus and Argas vespertilionis; Family Ixodidae: Hyalomma dromedarii, Ixodes ricinus, and Ixodes vespertilionis) were recovered from 19 bat species in Algeria. New host records for bats are recorded for the first time: N. schmidlii from Rh. clivosus and R. cystops; N. latreillii from Rh. blasii and P. gaisleri; R. huberi from Rh. clivosus; C. pipistrelli from E. isabellinus and H. savii; C. vicinus from E. isabellinus; S. myoti from P. gaisleri; E. euryalis from P. gaisleri and Rh. blasii; A. vespertilionis from P. gaisleri; I. ricinus from T. teniotis and Rh. hipposideros and H. dromedarii from P. kuhlii. Raymondia huberi is recorded for the first time from Algeria.
Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of long-term benzodiazepine use in older adults treated in general and neuropsychiatric practices in Germany. Methods: This study included 32,182 patients over the age of 65 years who received benzodiazepine prescriptions for the first time between January 2010 and December 2014 in general and neuropsychiatric practices in Germany. Follow up lasted until July 2016. The main outcome measure was the proportion of patients treated with benzodiazepines for >6 months. Results: The proportion of patients with benzodiazepine therapy for >6 months increased with age (65-70 years: 12.3%; 71-80 years: 15.5%; 81-90 years: 23.7%; >90 years: 31.6%) but did not differ significantly between men (15.5%) and women (17.1%). The proportion of patients who received benzodiazepines for >6 months was higher among those with sleep disorders (21.1%), depression (20.8%) and dementia (32.1%) than among those with anxiety (15.5%). By contrast, this proportion was lower among people diagnosed with adjustment disorders (7.7%) and back pain (3.8%). Conclusion: Overall, long-term use of benzodiazepines is common in older people, particularly in patients over the age of 80 and in those diagnosed with dementia, sleep disorders, or depression.
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most frequent, devastating and costly complications of diabetes. The available therapeutic approaches are limited. Dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors represent a new class of glucose-lowering drugs that might also have reno-protective properties. DPP-4 exists in two forms: a plasma membranebound form and a soluble form, and can exert many biological actions mainly through its peptidase activity and interaction with extracellular matrix components. The kidneys have the highest DPP-4 expression level in mammalians. DPP-4 expression and urinary activity are up-regulated in diabetic nephropathy, highlighting its role as a potential target to manage diabetic nephropathy. Preclinical animal studies and some clinical data suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors decrease the progression of diabetic nephropathy in a blood pressure-and glucose-independent manner. Many studies reported that these reno-protective effects could be due to increased half-life of DPP-4 substrates such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and stromal derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1a). However, the underlying mechanisms are far from being completely understood and clearly need further investigations.
A new isoflavone, 8-prenylmilldrone (1), and four new rotenoids, oblarotenoids A-D (2-5), along with nine known compounds (6-14), were isolated from the CH2Cl2/CH3OH (1:1) extract of the leaves of Millettia oblata ssp. teitensis by chromatographic separation. The purified compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, whereas the absolute configurations of the rotenoids were established on the basis of chiroptical data and in some cases by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Maximaisoflavone J (11) and oblarotenoid C (4) showed weak activity against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 33.3 and 93.8 mu M, respectively.
Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are cation selective transmembrane receptors with diverse structures, activation mechanisms and physiological functions. TRP channels act as cellular sensors for a plethora of stimuli, including temperature, membrane voltage, oxidative stress, mechanical stimuli, pH and endogenous as well as exogenous ligands, thereby illustrating their versatility. As such, TRP channels regulate various functions in both excitable and non-excitable cells, mainly by mediating Ca2+ homeostasis. Dysregulation of TRP channels is implicated in many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, muscular dystrophies and hyperalgesia. However, the importance of TRP channel expression, physiological function and regulation in chondrocytes and intervertebral disc (IVD) cells is largely unexplored. Osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative disc disease (DDD) are chronic age-related disorders that significantly affect the quality of life by causing pain, activity limitation and disability. Furthermore, currently available therapies cannot effectively slow-down or stop progression of these diseases. Both OA and DDD are characterised by reduced tissue cellularity, enhanced inflammatory responses and molecular, structural and mechanical alterations of the extracellular matrix, hence affecting load distribution and reducing joint flexibility. However, knowledge on how chondrocytes and IVD cells sense their microenvironment and respond to its changes is still limited. In this review, we introduced six families of mammalian TRP channels, their mechanisms of activation as well as activation-driven cellular consequences. We summarised the current knowledge on TRP channel expression and activity in chondrocytes and IVD cells and the significance of TRP channels as therapeutic targets for the treatment of OA and DDD.
Clinical supervision is regarded as one of the most important components of psychotherapy training. In clinical practice, it has been found that the implementation of clinical supervision varies substantially and often differs from the recommendations made in the literature. The objective of the current study was to investigate the frequency of topics (e.g. ethical issues) and techniques (e.g. role play) in the clinical supervision of psychotherapy trainees in Germany. To this end, we considered supervisions in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy (PT). A total of 791 psychotherapy trainees (533 CBT and 242 PT) were asked via the internet to provide information about their current supervision sessions. We found that clinical supervision in psychotherapy training addressed topics that are central for the effective treatment of supervised patients (i.e. therapeutic interventions, therapeutic alliance, maintaining factors, and therapeutic goals). However, the most frequently used intervention in clinical supervision in psychotherapy training was case discussion. Rarely were techniques used that allowed the supervisor to give the supervisee feedback based on the supervisee's demonstrated competencies. For example, 46% of the supervisors never used audiotapes or videotapes in the supervision. Differences between CBT and PT were rather small. Current practice regarding the techniques used in clinical supervision for psychotherapy trainees contradicts recommendations for active and feedback-oriented clinical supervision. Thus the potential of clinical supervision might not be fully used in clinical practice.
We study the degree of second-order coherence of the emission of a high-power multi-quantum well superluminescent diode with a lateral tapered amplifier section with and without optical feedback. When operated in an external cavity, the degree of second-order coherence changed from the almost thermal case of g((2))(0)approximate to 1.9 towards the mostly coherent case of g((2)) (0) approximate to 1.2 when the injection current at the tapered section was increased. We found good agreement with semi-classical laser theory near and below threshold while above laser threshold a slightly higher g((2))(0) was observed. As a free running device, the superluminescent diode yielded more than 400 mW of optical output power with good spatial beam quality of M-slow(2) < 1.6. In this case, the degree of second-order coherence dropped only slightly from 1.9 at low powers to 1.6 at the maximum output power. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of a high-power tapered superluminescent diode concerning the degree of second-order coherence. Such a device might be useful for real-world applications probing the second order coherence function, such as ghost imaging.
Paclitaxel is a commonly used cytotoxic anticancer drug with potentially life-threatening toxicity at therapeutic doses and high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability. Thus, drug and effect monitoring is indicated to control dose-limiting neutropenia. Joerger et al. (2016) developed a dose individualization algorithm based on a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model describing paclitaxel and neutrophil concentrations. Furthermore, the algorithm was prospectively compared in a clinical trial against standard dosing (Central European Society for Anticancer Drug Research Study of Paclitaxel Therapeutic Drug Monitoring; 365 patients, 720 cycles) but did not substantially improve neutropenia. This might be caused by misspecifications in the PK/PD model underlying the algorithm, especially without consideration of the observed cumulative pattern of neutropenia or the platinum-based combination therapy, both impacting neutropenia. This work aimed to externally evaluate the original PK/PD model for potential misspecifications and to refine the PK/PD model while considering the cumulative neutropenia pattern and the combination therapy. An underprediction was observed for the PK (658 samples), the PK parameters, and these parameters were re-estimated using the original estimates as prior information. Neutrophil concentrations (3274 samples) were over-predicted by the PK/PD model, especially for later treatment cycles when the cumulative pattern aggravated neutropenia. Three different modeling approaches (two from the literature and one newly developed) were investigated. The newly developed model, which implemented the bone marrow hypothesis semiphysiologically, was superior. This model further included an additive effect for toxicity of carboplatin combination therapy. Overall, a physiologically plausible PK/PD model was developed that can be used for dose adaptation simulations and prospective studies to further improve paclitaxel/ carboplatin combination therapy.
Der Leserbrief fokussiert in weiten Teilen auf das Gutachterwesen, weshalb wir ausschließlich auf die inhaltlichen Punkte im Zusammenhang mit unserer Arbeit eingehen. Untersucht wurden schmerzpsychologische Interventionen, wie beschrieben definiert als psychologische Interventionen, deren primäres Ziel die Schmerzreduktion war.
Die extrahierten Zielgrößen, wie Lebensqualität oder Depressivität, ergaben sich aus den in den Primärstudien untersuchten Hauptoutcomes und nicht aus der Suchstrategie.
Zur Einschätzung der methodischen Qualität der Primärstudien konnte ein Kriterium des von Johannsen und Kollegen [2] gebildeten Scores nicht berücksichtigt werden, da die eingeschlossenen Primärstudien keine metaanalytische Zusammenfassung erlaubten. Stellt man dies in Rechnung, bleibt die Vergleichbarkeit beider Werte erhalten.
Die Evidenzsynthese erfolgte narrativ in Text- und Tabellenform, d. h. in Form einer strukturierten Zusammenfassung und Diskussion von Studien [1].
Um unsere Arbeit zu fokussieren, hätten wir eine weitergehende Gegenüberstellung wie auch eine Überprüfung von Zitaten und Übersetzungen selbstverständlich vorgenommen, wenn wir den Hinweis dazu vor Publikation erhalten hätten.
The ecological relevance of fungi in freshwater ecosystems is becoming increasingly evident, particularly in processing the extensive amounts of polymeric organic carbon such as cellulose, chitin, and humic substances (HS). We isolated several fungal strains from oligo-mesotrophic Lake Stechlin, Brandenburg, Germany, and analyzed their ability to degrade polymeric-like substrates. Using liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection, we determined the byproducts of HS transformation by the freshwater fungus Cladosporium sp. KR14. We demonstrate the ability of this fungus to degrade and simultaneously synthesize HS, and that transformation processes were intensified when iron, as indicator of the occurrence of Fenton reactions, was present in the medium. Furthermore, we showed that structural complexity of the HS produced changed with the availability of other polymeric substances in the medium. Our study highlights the contribution of freshwater Ascomycetes to the transformation of complex organic compounds. As such, it has important implications for understanding the ecological contribution of fungi to aquatic food webs and related biogeochemical cycles.
Context. Massive stars severely influence their environment by their strong ionizing radiation and by the momentum and kinetic energy input provided by their stellar winds and supernovae. Quantitative analyses of massive stars are required to understand how their feedback creates and shapes large scale structures of the interstellar medium. The giant H II region N206 in the Large Magellanic Cloud contains an OB association that powers a superbubble filled with hot X-ray emitting gas, serving as an ideal laboratory in this context. Aims. We aim to estimate stellar and wind parameters of all OB stars in N206 by means of quantitative spectroscopic analyses. In this first paper, we focus on the nine Of-type stars located in this region. We determine their ionizing flux and wind mechanical energy. The analysis of nitrogen abundances in our sample probes rotational mixing. Methods. We obtained optical spectra with the multi-object spectrograph FLAMES at the ESO-VLT. When possible, the optical spectroscopy was complemented by UV spectra from the HST, IUE, and FUSE archives. Detailed spectral classifications are presented for our sample Of-type stars. For the quantitative spectroscopic analysis we used the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet model atmosphere code. We determined the physical parameters and nitrogen abundances of our sample stars by fitting synthetic spectra to the observations. Results. The stellar and wind parameters of nine Of-type stars, which are largely derived from spectral analysis are used to construct wind momentum luminosity relationship. We find that our sample follows a relation close to the theoretical prediction, assuming clumped winds. The most massive star in the N206 association is an Of supergiant that has a very high mass-loss rate. Two objects in our sample reveal composite spectra, showing that the Of primaries have companions of late O subtype. All stars in our sample have an evolutionary age of less than 4 million yr, with the O2-type star being the youngest. All these stars show a systematic discrepancy between evolutionary and spectroscopic masses. All stars in our sample are nitrogen enriched. Nitrogen enrichment shows a clear correlation with increasing projected rotational velocities. Conclusions. The mechanical energy input from the Of stars alone is comparable to the energy stored in the N206 superbubble as measured from the observed X-ray and H alpha emission.
Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).
The visual number world
(2018)
In the domain of language research, the simultaneous presentation of a visual scene and its auditory description (i.e., the visual world paradigm) has been used to reveal the timing of mental mechanisms. Here we apply this rationale to the domain of numerical cognition in order to explore the differences between fast and slow arithmetic performance, and to further study the role of spatial-numerical associations during mental arithmetic. We presented 30 healthy adults simultaneously with visual displays containing four numbers and with auditory addition and subtraction problems. Analysis of eye movements revealed that participants look spontaneously at the numbers they currently process (operands, solution). Faster performance was characterized by shorter latencies prior to fixating the relevant numbers and fewer revisits to the first operand while computing the solution. These signatures of superior task performance were more pronounced for addition and visual numbers arranged in ascending order, and for subtraction and numbers arranged in descending order (compared to the opposite pairings). Our results show that the visual number world-paradigm provides on-line access to the mind during mental arithmetic, is able to capture variability in arithmetic performance, and is sensitive to visual layout manipulations that are otherwise not reflected in response time measurements.
Feeling Half-Half?
(2018)
Growing up in multicultural environments, Turkish-heritage individuals in Europe face specific challenges in combining their multiple cultural identities to form a coherent sense of self. Drawing from social identity complexity, this study explores four modes of combining cultural identities and their variation in relational contexts. Problem-centered interviews with Turkish-heritage young adults in Austria revealed the preference for complex, supranational labels, such as multicultural. Furthermore, most participants described varying modes of combining cultural identities over time and across relational contexts. Social exclusion experiences throughout adolescence related to perceived conflict of cultural identities, whereas multicultural peer groups supported perceived compatibility of cultural identities. Findings emphasize the need for complex, multidimensional approaches to study ethnic minorities’ combination of cultural identities.
For the first time a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based sensor for tyrosinase is described. This sensor is based on the electropolymerization of scopoletin or o-phenylenediamine in the presence of tyrosinase from mushrooms, which has a high homology to the human enzyme. The template was removed either by treatment with proteinase Kor by alkaline treatment. The measuring signal was generated either by measuring the formation of a product by the target enzyme or by evaluation of the permeability of the redox marker ferricyanide. The o-phenylenediamine-based MIP sensor has a linear measuring range up to 50 nM of tyrosinase with a limit of detection of 3.97 nM (R 2 = 0.994) and shows good discrimination towards other proteins, e.g., bovine serum albumin and cytochrome c.
The article analyses the type of bicameralism we find in Australia as a distinct executive-legislative system – a hybrid between parliamentary and presidential government – which we call ‘semi-parliamentary government’. We argue that this hybrid presents an important and underappreciated alternative to pure parliamentary government as well as presidential forms of the power-separation, and that it can achieve a certain balance between competing models or visions of democracy. We specify theoretically how the semi-parliamentary separation of powers contributes to the balancing of democratic visions and propose a conceptual framework for comparing democratic visions. We use this framework to locate the Australian Commonwealth, all Australian states and 22 advanced democratic nation-states on a two-dimensional empirical map of democratic patterns for the period from 1995 to 2015.
This paper investigates the transferability of calibrated HBV model parameters under stable and contrasting conditions in terms of flood seasonality and flood generating processes (FGP) in five Norwegian catchments with mixed snowmelt/rainfall regimes. We apply a series of generalized (differential) split-sample tests using a 6-year moving window over (i) the entire runoff observation periods, and (ii) two subsets of runoff observations distinguished by the seasonal occurrence of annual maximum floods during either spring or autumn. The results indicate a general model performance loss due to the transfer of calibrated parameters to independent validation periods of -5 to -17%, on average. However, there is no indication that contrasting flood seasonality exacerbates performance losses, which contradicts the assumption that optimized parameter sets for snowmelt-dominated floods (during spring) perform particularly poorly on validation periods with rainfall-dominated floods (during autumn) and vice versa.
Exploring generalisation following treatment of language deficits in aphasia can provide insights into the functional relation of the cognitive processing systems involved. In the present study, we first review treatment outcomes of interventions targeting sentence processing deficits and, second report a treatment study examining the occurrence of practice effects and generalisation in sentence comprehension and production. In order to explore the potential linkage between processing systems involved in comprehending and producing sentences, we investigated whether improvements generalise within (i.e., uni-modal generalisation in comprehension or in production) and/or across modalities (i.e., cross-modal generalisation from comprehension to production or vice versa). Two individuals with aphasia displaying co-occurring deficits in sentence comprehension and production were trained on complex, non-canonical sentences in both modalities. Two evidence-based treatment protocols were applied in a crossover intervention study with sequence of treatment phases being randomly allocated. Both participants benefited significantly from treatment, leading to uni-modal generalisation in both comprehension and production. However, cross-modal generalisation did not occur. The magnitude of uni-modal generalisation in sentence production was related to participants’ sentence comprehension performance prior to treatment. These findings support the assumption of modality-specific sub-systems for sentence comprehension and production, being linked uni-directionally from comprehension to production.
Hot localised charge carriers on the Si(111)-7x7 surface are modelled by small charged clusters. Such resonances induce non-local desorption, i.e. more than 10 nm away from the injection site, of chlorobenzene in scanning tunnelling microscope experiments. We used such a cluster model to characterise resonance localisation and vibrational activation for positive and negative resonances recently. In this work, we investigate to which extent the model depends on details of the used cluster or quantum chemistry methods and try to identify the smallest possible cluster suitable for a description of the neutral surface and the ion resonances. Furthermore, a detailed analysis for different chemisorption orientations is performed. While some properties, as estimates of the resonance energy or absolute values for atomic changes, show such a dependency, the main findings are very robust with respect to changes in the model and/or the chemisorption geometry. [GRAPHICS] .
Between-School Variation in Students' Achievement, Motivation, Affect, and Learning Strategies
(2017)
To plan group-randomized trials where treatment conditions are assigned to schools, researchers need design parameters that provide information about between-school differences in outcomes as well as the amount of variance that can be explained by covariates at the student (L1) and school (L2) levels. Most previous research has offered these parameters for U.S. samples and for achievement as the outcome. This paper and the online supplementary materials provide design parameters for 81 countries in three broad outcome categories (achievement, affect and motivation, and learning strategies) for domain-general and domain-specific (mathematics, reading, and science) measures. Sociodemographic characteristics were used as covariates. Data from representative samples of 15-year-old students stemmed from five cycles of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA; total number of students/schools: 1,905,147/70,098). Between-school differences as well as the amount of variance explained at L1 and L2 varied widely across countries and educational outcomes, demonstrating the limited generalizability of design parameters across these dimensions. The use of the design parameters to plan group-randomized trials is illustrated.
The aim of our study was to examine the extent to which linguistic approaches to sentence comprehension deficits in aphasia can account for differential impairment patterns in the comprehension of wh-questions in bilingual persons with aphasia (PWA). We investigated the comprehension of subject and object wh-questions in both Turkish, a wh-in-situ language, and German, a wh-fronting language, in two bilingual PWA using a sentence-to-picture matching task. Both PWA showed differential impairment patterns in their two languages. SK, an early bilingual PWA, had particular difficulty comprehending subject which-questions in Turkish but performed normal across all conditions in German. CT, a late bilingual PWA, performed more poorly for object which-questions in German than in all other conditions, whilst in Turkish his accuracy was at chance level across all conditions. We conclude that the observed patterns of selective cross-linguistic impairments cannot solely be attributed either to difficulty with wh-movement or to problems with the integration of discourse-level information. Instead our results suggest that differences between our PWA’s individual bilingualism profiles (e.g. onset of bilingualism, premorbid language dominance) considerably affected the nature and extent of their impairments.
Single molecule RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) enables gene transcription to be assessed at the cellular level. In this point of view article, we describe our recent smFISH research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and discuss how this technique could further knowledge of plant gene transcription in the future.
Is there an ideal time window for language acquisition after which nativelike representation and processing are unattainable? Although this question has been heavily debated, no consensus has been reached. Here, we present evidence for a sensitive period in language development and show that it is specific to grammar. We conducted a masked priming task with a group of Turkish-German bilinguals and examined age of acquisition (AoA) effects on the processing of complex words. We compared a subtle but meaningful linguistic contrast, that between grammatical inflection and lexical-based derivation. The results showed a highly selective AoA effect on inflectional (but not derivational) priming. In addition, the effect displayed a discontinuity indicative of a sensitive period: Priming from inflected forms was nativelike when acquisition started before the age of 5 but declined with increasing AoA. We conclude that the acquisition of morphological rules expressing morphosyntactic properties is constrained by maturational factors.
In October 2016, following a campaign led by Labour Peer Lord Alfred Dubs, the first child asylum-seekers allowed entry to the UK under new legislation (the ‘Dubs amendment’) arrived in England. Their arrival was captured by a heavy media presence, and very quickly doubts were raised by right-wing tabloids and politicians about their age. In this article, I explore the arguments underpinning the Dubs campaign and the media coverage of the children’s arrival as a starting point for interrogating representational practices around children who seek asylum. I illustrate how the campaign was premised on a universal politics of childhood that inadvertently laid down the terms on which these children would be given protection, namely their innocence.
The universality of childhood fuels public sympathy for child asylum-seekers, underlies the ‘child first, migrant second’ approach advocated by humanitarian organisations, and it was a key argument in the ‘Dubs amendment’. Yet the campaign highlights how representations of child asylum-seekers rely on codes that operate to identify ‘unchildlike’ children. As I show, in the context of the criminalisation of undocumented migrants‘, childhood is no longer a stable category which guarantees protection, but is subject to scrutiny and suspicion and can, ultimately, be disproved.
A geological transect across the suture separating northwestern South America from the Panama Arc helps document the provenance and thermal history of both crustal domains and the suture zone. During middle Miocene, strata were being accumulated over the suture zone between the Panama Arc and the continental margin. Integrated provenance analyses of those middle Miocene strata show the presence of mixed sources that includes material derived from the two major crustal domains: the old northwestern South American orogens and the younger Panama Arc. Coeval moderately rapid exhumation of Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene sediments forming the reference continental margin is suggested from our inverse thermal modeling. Strata within the suture zone are intruded by similar to 12 Ma magmatic arc-related plutons, marking the transition from a collisional orogen to a subduction-related one. Renewed late Miocene to Pliocene acceleration of the exhumation rates is the consequence of a second tectonic pulse, which is likely to be triggered by the onset of a flat-slab subduction of the Nazca plate underneath the northernmost Andes of Colombia, suggesting that late Miocene to Pliocene orogeny in the Northern Andes is controlled by at least two different tectonic mechanisms.
1. For managed temperate forests, conservationists and policymakers favour fine-grained uneven-aged (UEA) management over more traditional coarse-grained even-aged (EA) management, based on the assumption that within-stand habitat heterogeneity enhances biodiversity. There is, however, little empirical evidence to support this assumption. We investigated for the first time how differently grained forest management systems affect the biodiversity of multiple above- and below-ground taxa across spatial scales. 2. We sampled 15 taxa of animals, plants, fungi and bacteria within the largest contiguous beech forest landscape of Germany and classified them into functional groups. Selected forest stands have been managed for more than a century at different spatial grains. The EA (coarse-grained management) and UEA (fine-grained) forests are comparable in spatial arrangement, climate and soil conditions. These were compared to forests of a nearby national park that have been unmanaged for at least 20years. We used diversity accumulation curves to compare -diversity for Hill numbers D-0 (species richness), D-1 (Shannon diversity) and D-2 (Simpson diversity) between the management systems. Beta diversity was quantified as multiple-site dissimilarity. 3. Gamma diversity was higher in EA than in UEA forests for at least one of the three Hill numbers for six taxa (up to 77%), while eight showed no difference. Only bacteria showed the opposite pattern. Higher -diversity in EA forests was also found for forest specialists and saproxylic beetles. 4. Between-stand -diversity was higher in EA than in UEA forests for one-third (all species) and half (forest specialists) of all taxa, driven by environmental heterogeneity between age-classes, while -diversity showed no directional response across taxa or for forest specialists. 5. Synthesis and applications. Comparing EA and uneven-aged forest management in Central European beech forests, our results show that a mosaic of different age-classes is more important for regional biodiversity than high within-stand heterogeneity. We suggest reconsidering the current trend of replacing even-aged management in temperate forests. Instead, the variability of stages and stand structures should be increased to promote landscape-scale biodiversity.
We provide the first estimates of the impact of managers’ risk preferences on their training allocation decisions. Our conceptual framework links managers’ risk preferences to firms’ training decisions through the bonuses they expect to receive. Risk-averse managers are expected to select workers with low turnover risk and invest in specific rather than general training. Empirical evidence supporting these predictions is provided using a novel vignette study embedded in a nationally representative survey of firm managers. Risk-tolerant and risk-averse decision makers have significantly different training preferences. Risk aversion results in increased sensitivity to turnover risk. Managers who are risk-averse offer significantly less general training and, in some cases, are more reluctant to train workers with a history of job mobility. All managers, irrespective of their risk preferences, are sensitive to the investment risk associated with training, avoiding training that is more costly or targets those with less occupational expertise or nearing retirement. This suggests the risks of training are primarily due to the risk that trained workers will leave the firm (turnover risk) rather than the risk that the benefits of training do not outweigh the costs (investment risk).
We trace the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of massive star-forming galaxies (greater than or similar to 10(10)M(circle dot)) from z similar to 2 to 7. Our method is substantially different from previous analyses, as it does not rely on direct estimates of star formation rate, but on the differential evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF). We show the reliability of this approach by means of semianalytical and hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We then apply it to real data, using the SMFs derived in the COSMOS and CANDELS fields. We find that the sSFR is proportional to (1 + z)(1.1) (+/-) (0.2) at z > 2, in agreement with other observations but in tension with the steeper evolution predicted by simulations from z similar to 4 to 2. We investigate the impact of several sources of observational bias, which, however, cannot account for this discrepancy. Although the SMF of high-redshift galaxies is still affected by significant errors, we show that future large-area surveys will substantially reduce them, making our method an effective tool to probe the massive end of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies.
Aims:
We aim to investigate the dust depletion properties of optically thick gas in and around galaxies and its origin we study in detail the dust depletion patterns of Ti, Mn, and Ca in the multi-component damped Lyman alpha (DLA) absorber at z(abs) = 0.313 toward the quasar PKS 1127-145. Methods:
We performed a detailed spectral analysis of the absorption profiles of Ca II, Mn II, TIII, and Na I associated with the DLA toward PKS 1127-145, based on optical high-resolution data obtained with the UVES instrument at the Very Large Telescope. We obtained column densities and Doppler-parameters for the ions listed above and determine their gas-phase abundances, from which we conclude on their dust depletion properties. We compared the Ca and Ti depletion properties of this DLA with that of other DLAs.
Results:
One of the six analyzed absorption components (component 3) shows a striking underabundance of Ti and Mn in the gas-phase, indicating the effect of dust depletion for these elements and a locally enhanced dust-to-gas ratio. In this DLA and in other similar absorbers, the Mn II abundance follows that of Ti II very closely, implying that both ions are equally sensitive to the dust depletion effects.
Conclusions:
Our analysis indicates that the DLA toward PKS 1127 145 has multiple origins. With its narrow line width and its strong dust depletion, component 3 points toward the presence of a neutral gas disk from a faint LSB galaxy in front of PKS 1127 145, while the other, more diffuse and dust-poor, absorption components possibly are related to tidal gas features from the interaction between the various, optically confirmed galaxy-group members. In general, the Mn/Ca II ratio in sub-DLAs and DLAs possibly serves as an important indicator to discriminate between dust-rich and dust-poor in neutral gas in and around galaxies.
Context:
The first directly detected gravitational waves (GW 150914) were emitted by two coalescing black holes (BHs) with masses of ≈ 36 M⊙ and ≈ 29 M⊙. Several scenarios have been proposed to put this detection into an astrophysical context. The evolution of an isolated massive binary system is among commonly considered models.
Aims:
Various groups have performed detailed binary-evolution calculations that lead to BH merger events. However, the question remains open as to whether binary systems with the predicted properties really exist. The aim of this paper is to help observers to close this gap by providing spectral characteristics of massive binary BH progenitors during a phase where at least one of the companions is still non-degenerate.
Methods:
Stellar evolution models predict fundamental stellar parameters. Using these as input for our stellar atmosphere code (Potsdam Wolf-Rayet), we compute a set of models for selected evolutionary stages of massive merging BH progenitors at different metallicities.
Results:
The synthetic spectra obtained from our atmosphere calculations reveal that progenitors of massive BH merger events start their lives as O2-3V stars that evolve to early-type blue supergiants before they undergo core-collapse during the Wolf-Rayet phase. When the primary has collapsed, the remaining system will appear as a wind-fed high-mass X-ray binary. Based on our atmosphere models, we provide feedback parameters, broad band magnitudes, and spectral templates that should help to identify such binaries in the future.
Conclusions:
While the predicted parameter space for massive BH binary progenitors is partly realized in nature, none of the known massive binaries match our synthetic spectra of massive BH binary progenitors exactly. Comparisons of empirically determined mass-loss rates with those assumed by evolution calculations reveal significant differences. The consideration of the empirical mass-loss rates in evolution calculations will possibly entail a shift of the maximum in the predicted binary-BH merger rate to higher metallicities, that is, more candidates should be expected in our cosmic neighborhood than previously assumed.
Understanding the molecular basis of morphological change remains a central challenge in evolutionary-developmental biology. The transition from outbreeding to selfing is often associated with a dramatic reduction in reproductive structures and functions, such as the loss of attractive pheromones in hermaphroditic Caenorhabditis elegans and a reduced flower size in plants. Here, we demonstrate that variation in the level of the brassinosteroid-biosynthesis enzyme CYP724A1 contributes to the reduced flower size of selfing Capsella rubella compared with its outbreeding ancestor Capsella grandiflora. The primary transcript of the C. rubella allele is spliced more efficiently than that of C. grandiflora, resulting in higher brassinosteroid levels. These restrict organ growth by limiting cell proliferation. More efficient splicing of the C. rubella allele results from two de novo mutations in the selfing lineage. Thus, our results highlight the potentially widespread importance of differential splicing efficiency and higher-than-optimal hormone levels in generating phenotypic variation.
S-test results for the USGS and RELM forecasts. The differences between the simulated log-likelihoods and the observed log-likelihood are labelled on the horizontal axes, with scaling adjustments for the 40year.retro experiment. The horizontal lines represent the confidence intervals, within the 0.05 significance level, for each forecast and experiment. If this range contains a log-likelihood difference of zero, the forecasted log-likelihoods are consistent with the observed, and the forecast passes the S-test (denoted by thin lines). If the minimum difference within this range does not contain zero, the forecast fails the S-test for that particular experiment, denoted by thick lines. Colours distinguish between experiments (see Table 2 for explanation of experiment durations). Due to anomalously large likelihood differences, S-test results for Wiemer-Schorlemmer.ALM during the 10year.retro and 40year.retro experiments are not displayed. The range of log-likelihoods for the Holliday-et-al.PI forecast is lower than for the other forecasts due to relatively homogeneous forecasted seismicity rates and use of a small fraction of the RELM testing region.
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best subsidies for CDR when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage, terms-of-trade and fossil resource rent dynamics. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, terms-of-trade effects exacerbate this wedge for net resource exporters, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, the optimal removal subsidy may fall below the carbon tax for resource-poor countries when marginal environmental damages are small.
Using a standard repeated measures model with arbitrary true score distribution and normal error variables, we present some fundamental closed-form results which explicitly indicate the conditions under which regression effects towards (RTM) and away from the mean are expected. Specifically, we show that for skewed and bimodal distributions many or even most cases will show a regression effect that is in expectation away from the mean, or that is not just towards but actually beyond the mean. We illustrate our results in quantitative detail with typical examples from experimental and biometric applications, which exhibit a clear regression away from the mean (‘egression from the mean’) signature. We aim not to repeal cautionary advice against potential RTM effects, but to present a balanced view of regression effects, based on a clear identification of the conditions governing the form that regression effects take in repeated measures designs.
To better assess ecosystem C budgets of croplands and understand their potential response to climate and management changes, detailed information on the mechanisms and environmental controls driving the individual C flux components are needed. This accounts in particular for the ecosystem respiration (R-eco) and its components, the autotrophic (R-a) and heterotrophic respiration (R-h) which vary tremendously in time and space. This study presents a method to separate R-eco into R-a [as the sum of R-a (shoot) and R-a (root)] and R-h in order to detect temporal and small-scale spatial dynamics within their relative contribution to overall R-eco. Thus, predominant environmental drivers and underlying mechanisms can be revealed. R-eco was derived during nighttime by automatic chamber CO2 flux measurements on plant covered plots. R-h was derived from CO2 efflux measurements, which were performed in parallel to R-eco measurements on a fallow plot using CO2 sampling tubes in 10 cm soil depth. R-a (root) was calculated as the difference between sampling tube CO2 efflux measurements on a plant covered plot and R-h. R-a (shoot) was calculated as R-eco - R-a (root) - R-h. Measurements were carried out for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the crop season 2015 at an experimental plot located in the hummocky ground moraine landscape of NE Germany. R-eco varied seasonally from < 1 to 9.5 g C m(-2) d(-1), and was higher in adult (a) and reproductive (r) than juvenile (j) stands (gC m(-2) d(-1): j = 1.2, a = 4.6, r = 5.3). Observed R-a and R-h were in general smaller compared to the independently measured R-eco, contributing in average 58% and 42% to R-eco. However, both varied strongly regarding their environmental drivers and particular contribution throughout the study period, following the seasonal development of soil temperature and moisture (R-h) as well as crop development (R-a). Thus, our results consistently revealed temporal dynamics regarding the relative contribution of R-a (root) and R-a (shoot) to R-a, as well as of R-a and R-h to R-eco. Based on the observed results, implications for partitioning of R-eco in croplands are given.
Participatory design (PD) in HCI has been successfully applied to vulnerable groups, but further research is still needed on forced migrants. We report on a month-long case study with a group of about 25 young forced migrants (YFMs), where we applied and adapted strategies from PD and participatory research (PR). We gained insights into the benefits and drawbacks of combining PD and PR concepts in this particular scenario. The PD+PR approach supported intercultural collaborations between YFMs and young members of the host community. It also enabled communication across language barriers by using visual and “didactic reduction” resources. On a theoretical level, the experiences we gained allowed us to reflect on the role of “safe spaces” for participation and the need for further discussing it in PD. Our results can benefit researchers who take part in technology-related participatory processes with YFMs.
The increasing availability of earth observations necessitates mathematical methods to optimally combine such data with hydrologic models. Several algorithms exist for such purposes, under the umbrella of data assimilation (DA). However, DA methods are often applied in a suboptimal fashion for complex real-world problems, due largely to several practical implementation issues. One such issue is error characterization, which is known to be critical for a successful assimilation. Mischaracterized errors lead to suboptimal forecasts, and in the worst case, to degraded estimates even compared to the no assimilation case. Model uncertainty characterization has received little attention relative to other aspects of DA science. Traditional methods rely on subjective, ad hoc tuning factors or parametric distribution assumptions that may not always be applicable. We propose a novel data-driven approach (named SDMU) to model uncertainty characterization for DA studies where (1) the system states are partially observed and (2) minimal prior knowledge of the model error processes is available, except that the errors display state dependence. It includes an approach for estimating the uncertainty in hidden model states, with the end goal of improving predictions of observed variables. The SDMU is therefore suited to DA studies where the observed variables are of primary interest. Its efficacy is demonstrated through a synthetic case study with low-dimensional chaotic dynamics and a real hydrologic experiment for one-day-ahead streamflow forecasting. In both experiments, the proposed method leads to substantial improvements in the hidden states and observed system outputs over a standard method involving perturbation with Gaussian noise.
Sucrose nonfermenting related kinase1 (SnRK1) is a conserved energy sensor kinase that regulates cellular adaptation to energy deficit in plants. Activation of SnRK1 leads to the down-regulation of ATP-consuming biosynthetic processes and the stimulation of energy-generating catabolic reactions by transcriptional reprogramming and posttranslational modifications. Although considerable progress has been made during the last years in understanding the SnRK1 signaling pathway, many of its components remain unidentified. Here, we show that the catalytic alpha-subunits KIN10 and KIN11 of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SnRK1 complex interact with the STOREKEEPER RELATED1/G-Element Binding Protein (STKR1) inside the plant cell nucleus. Overexpression of STKR1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants led to reduced growth, a delay in flowering, and strongly attenuated senescence. Metabolite profiling revealed that the transgenic lines exhausted their carbohydrates during the dark period to a greater extent than the wild type and accumulated a range of amino acids. At the global transcriptome level, genes affected by STKR1 overexpression were broadly associated with systemic acquired resistance, and transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance toward a virulent strain of the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. We discuss a possible connection of STKR1 function, SnRK1 signaling, and plant immunity.
We obtain a generalized diffusion equation in modified or Riemann-Liouville form from continuous time random walk theory. The waiting time probability density function and mean squared displacement for different forms of the equation are explicitly calculated. We show examples of generalized diffusion equations in normal or Caputo form that encode the same probability distribution functions as those obtained from the generalized diffusion equation in modified form. The obtained equations are general and many known fractional diffusion equations are included as special cases.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that magnetism and enhanced X-ray emission are likely correlated in early B-type stars: similar fractions of them (similar to 10%) are strong and hard X-ray sources and possess strong magnetic fields. It is also known that some B-type stars have spots on their surface. Yet up to now no X-ray activity associated with spots on early-type stars was detected. In this Letter we report the detection of a magnetic field on the B2V star rho Oph A. Previously, we assessed that the X-ray activity of this star is associated with a surface spot, herewith we establish its magnetic origin. We analyze spectra of rho Oph A obtained with the FORS2 spectrograph at ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) at two epochs, and detect a longitudinal component of the magnetic field of the order of similar to 500 G in one of the datasets. The detection of the magnetic field only at one epoch can be explained by stellar rotation which is also invoked to explain observed periodic X-ray activity. From archival HARPS ESO VLT high resolution spectra we derived the fundamental stellar parameters of rho Oph A and further constrained its age. We conclude that rho Oph A provides strong evidence for the presence of active X-ray emitting regions on young magnetized early type stars.
Organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require energetic offsets between the donor and acceptor to obtain high short-circuit currents (J(SC)) and fill factors (FF). However, it is necessary to reduce the energetic offsets to achieve high open-circuit voltages (V-OC). Recently, reports have highlighted BHJ blends that are pushing at the accepted limits of energetic offsets necessary for high efficiency. Unfortunately, most of these BHJs have modest FF values. How the energetic offset impacts the solar cell characteristics thus remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive characterization of the losses in a polymer:fullerene BHJ blend, PIPCP:phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), that achieves a high V-OC (0.9 V) with very low energy losses (E-loss = 0.52 eV) from the energy of absorbed photons, a respectable J(SC) (13 mA cm(-2)), but a limited FF (54%) is reported. Despite the low energetic offset, the system does not suffer from field-dependent generation and instead it is characterized by very fast nongeminate recombination and the presence of shallow traps. The charge-carrier losses are attributed to suboptimal morphology due to high miscibility between PIPCP and PC61BM. These results hold promise that given the appropriate morphology, the J(SC), V-OC, and FF can all be improved, even with very low energetic offsets.
We give a new and very short proof of a theorem of Greiner asserting that a positive and contractive -semigroup on an -space is strongly convergent in case it has a strictly positive fixed point and contains an integral operator. Our proof is a streamlined version of a much more general approach to the asymptotic theory of positive semigroups developed recently by the authors. Under the assumptions of Greiner's theorem, this approach becomes particularly elegant and simple. We also give an outlook on several generalisations of this result.
Much of the literature in the field of international relations is currently concerned with the changing patterns of authority in world politics. This is particularly evident in the policy domain of climate change, where a number of authors have observed a relocation of authority in global climate governance. These scholars claim that multilateral treaty making has lost much of its spark, and they emphasize the emergence of transnational governance arrangements, such as city networks, private certification schemes, and business self-regulation. However, the different types of interactions between the various transnational climate initiatives and the intergovernmental level have not been studied in much detail and only recently attracted growing scholarly interest. Therefore, the present article addresses this issue and focuses on the interplay between three different transnational climate governance arrangements and the international climate regime. The analysis in this article underscores that substate and nonstate actors have attained several authoritative functions in global climate policy making. Nevertheless, the three case studies also demonstrate that this development does not imply that we are witnessing a general shift of authority away from the intergovernmental level toward transnational actors. Instead, what can be observed in global climate governance is an ongoing reconfiguration of authority, which apparently reaffirms the centrality of the international climate regime. Thus, this article points to the need for a more nuanced perspective on the changing patterns of authority in global climate governance. In a nutshell, this study shows that the international climate regime is not the only location where the problem of climate change is addressed, while it highlights the persistent authority of state-based forms of regulation.
How AAA(+) chaperones conformationally remodel specific target proteins in an ATP-dependent manner is not well understood. Here, we investigated the mechanism of the AAA(+) protein Rubisco activase (Rca) in metabolic repair of the photosynthetic enzyme Rubisco, a complex of eight large (RbcL) and eight small (RbcS) subunits containing eight catalytic sites. Rubisco is prone to inhibition by tight-binding sugar phosphates, whose removal is catalyzed by Rca. We engineered a stable Rca hexamer ring and analyzed its functional interaction with Rubisco. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange and chemical crosslinking showed that Rca structurally destabilizes elements of the Rubisco active site with remarkable selectivity. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that Rca docks onto Rubisco over one active site at a time, positioning the C-terminal strand of RbcL, which stabilizes the catalytic center, for access to the Rca hexamer pore. The pulling force of Rca is fine-tuned to avoid global destabilization and allow for precise enzyme repair.
Subsidizing the geographical mobility of unemployed workers may improve welfare by relaxing their financial constraints and allowing them to find jobs in more prosperous regions. We exploit regional variation in the promotion of mobility programs along administrative borders of German employment agency districts to investigate the causal effect of offering such financial incentives on the job search behavior and labor market integration of unemployed workers. We show that promoting mobility – as intended – causes job seekers to increase their search radius, apply for and accept distant jobs. At the same time, local job search is reduced with adverse consequences for reemployment and earnings. These unintended negative effects are provoked by spatial search frictions. Overall, the unconditional provision of mobility programs harms the welfare of unemployed job seekers.
Aims. To gain a realistic picture of the donor star in Vela X-1, we constructed a hydrodynamically consistent atmosphere model describing the wind stratification while properly reproducing the observed donor spectrum. To investigate how X-ray illumination affects the stellar wind, we calculated additional models for different X-ray luminosity regimes. Methods. We used the recently updated version of the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet code to consistently solve the hydrodynamic equation together with the statistical equations and the radiative transfer. Results. The wind flow in Vela X-1 is driven by ions from various elements, with Fe III and S III leading in the outer wind. The model-predicted mass-loss rate is in line with earlier empirical studies. The mass-loss rate is almost unaffected by the presence of the accreting NS in the wind. The terminal wind velocity is confirmed at u(infinity) approximate to 600 km s(-1). On the other hand, the wind velocity in the inner region where the NS is located is only approximate to 100 km s(-1), which is not expected on the basis of a standard beta-velocity law. In models with an enhanced level of X-rays, the velocity field in the outer wind can be altered. If the X-ray flux is too high, the acceleration breaks down because the ionization increases. Conclusions. Accounting for radiation hydrodynamics, our Vela X-1 donor atmosphere model reveals a low wind speed at the NS location, and it provides quantitative information on wind driving in this important HMXB.
Recent advances in gene function prediction rely on ensemble approaches that integrate results from multiple inference methods to produce superior predictions. Yet, these developments remain largely unexplored in plants. We have explored and compared two methods to integrate 10 gene co-function networks for Arabidopsis thaliana and demonstrate how the integration of these networks produces more accurate gene function predictions for a larger fraction of genes with unknown function. These predictions were used to identify genes involved in mitochondrial complex I formation, and for five of them, we confirmed the predictions experimentally. The ensemble predictions are provided as a user-friendly online database, EnsembleNet. The methods presented here demonstrate that ensemble gene function prediction is a powerful method to boost prediction performance, whereas the EnsembleNet database provides a cutting-edge community tool to guide experimentalists.
A prediction of the current paradigm of the hierarchical assembly of galaxies is the presence of supermassive dual black holes at separations of a few kpc or less. In this context, we report the detection of a narrow-line emitter within the extended Ly alpha nebula (similar to 120 kpc diameter) of the luminous radio-quiet quasi-stellar object (QSO) LBQS 0302 0019 at z = 3 : 286. We identify several high-ionization narrow emission lines (He II, C IV, C III) associated with this point-like source, which we have named "Jil", which is only similar to 20 kpc (2 : 0 0 9) away from the QSO in projection. Emission-line diagnostics confirm that the source is likely powered by photoionization of an obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) three orders of magnitude fainter than the QSO. The system represents the tightest unobscured/obscured dual AGN currently known at z > 3, highlighting the power of MUSE to detect these elusive systems.
Fragmentation of endohedral fullerene Ho3N@C-80 in an intense femtosecond near-infrared laser field
(2018)
The fragmentation of gas phase endohedral fullerene, Ho3N@C-80, was investigated using femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses with an ion velocity map imaging spectrometer. We observed that Ho+ abundance associated with carbon cage opening dominates at an intensity of 1.1 x 10(14) W/cm(2). As the intensity increases, the Ho+ yield associated with multifragmentation of the carbon cage exceeds the prominence of Ho+ associated with the gentler carbon cage opening. Moreover, the power law dependence of Ho+ on laser intensity indicates that the transition of the most likely fragmentation mechanisms occurs around 2.0 x 10(14) W/cm(2).
Concerted Action of Evolutionarily Ancient and Novel SNARE Complexes in Flowering-Plant Cytokinesis
(2018)
Membrane vesicles delivered to the cell-division plane fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane during plant cytokinesis, starting in the cell center. In Arabidopsis, this requires SNARE complexes involving the cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE. However, cytokinesis still occurs in knolle mutant embryos, suggesting contributions from KNOLLE-independent SNARE complexes. Here we show that Qa-SNARE SYP132, having counterparts in lower plants, functionally overlaps with the flowering plant-specific KNOLLE. SYP132 mutation causes cytokinesis defects, knolle syp132 double mutants consist of only one or a few multi-nucleate cells, and SYP132 has the same SNARE partners as KNOLLE. SYP132 and KNOLLE also have non-overlapping functions in secretion and in cellularization of the embryo-nourishing endosperm resulting from double fertilization unique to flowering plants. Evolutionarily ancient non-specialized SNARE complexes originating in algae were thus amended by the appearance of cytokinesis-specific SNARE complexes, meeting the high demand for membrane-fusion capacity during endosperm cellularization in angiosperms.
We report the detection of the Lyman continuum (LyC) radiation of the compact star-forming galaxy (SFG) J1154+2443 observed with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. This galaxy, at a redshift of z = 0.3690, is characterized by a high emission-line flux ratio O-32 = [O III] lambda 5007/[O II] lambda 3727 = 11.5. The escape fraction of the LyC radiation f(esc)(LyC) in this galaxy is 46 per cent, the highest value found so far in low-redshift SFGs and one of the highest values found in galaxies at any redshift. The narrow double-peaked Ly alpha emission line is detected in the spectrum of J1154+2443 with a separation between the peaks V-sep of 199 km s(-1), one of the lowest known for Ly alpha-emitting galaxies, implying a high f(esc)(Ly alpha). Comparing the extinction-corrected Ly alpha/H beta flux ratio with the case B value, we find f(esc)(Ly alpha) = 98 per cent. Our observations, combined with previous detections in the literature, reveal an increase of O-32 with increasing f(esc)(LyC). We also find a tight anticorrelation between f(esc)(LyC) and V-sep. The surface brightness profile derived from the COS acquisition image reveals a bright star-forming region in the centre and an exponential disc in the outskirts with a disc scale length alpha = 1.09 kpc. J1154+2443, compared to other known low-redshift LyC leakers, is characterized by the lowest metallicity, 12+log O/H = 7.65 +/- 0.01, the lowest stellar mass M-star = 108.20 M-circle dot, a similar star formation rate SFR = 18.9 M-circle dot yr(-1), and a high specific SFR of 1.2 x 10(-7) yr(-1).
Periodic environments determine the life cycle of many animals across the globe and the timing of important life history events, such as reproduction and migration. These adaptive behavioural strategies are complex and can only be fully understood (and predicted) within the framework of natural selection in which species adopt evolutionary stable strategies. We present sOAR, a powerful and user-friendly implementation of the well-established framework of optimal annual routine modelling. It allows determining optimal animal life history strategies under cyclic environmental conditions using stochastic dynamic programming. It further includes the simulation of population dynamics under the optimal strategy. sOAR provides an important tool for theoretical studies on the behavioural and evolutionary ecology of animals. It is especially suited for studying bird migration. In particular, we integrated options to differentiate between costs of active and passive flight into the optimal annual routine modelling framework, as well as options to consider periodic wind conditions affecting flight energetics. We provide an illustrative example of sOAR where food supply in the wintering habitat of migratory birds significantly alters the optimal timing of migration. sOAR helps improving our understanding of how complex behaviours evolve and how behavioural decisions are constrained by internal and external factors experienced by the animal. Such knowledge is crucial for anticipating potential species’ response to global environmental change.
Galaxies are surrounded by sizeable gas reservoirs which host a significant amount of metals: the circum-galactic medium (CGM). The CGM acts as a mediator between the galaxy and the extragalactic medium. However, our understanding of how galaxy mergers, a major evolutionary transformation, impact the CGM remains deficient. We present a theoretical study of the effect of galaxy mergers on the CGM. We use hydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations of a major merger selected from the Illustris project such that the z = 0 descendant has a halo mass and stellar mass comparable to the Milky Way. To study the CGM we then re-simulated this system at a 40 times better mass resolution, and included detailed post-processing ionization modelling. Our work demonstrates the effect the merger has on the characteristic size of the CGM, its metallicity, and the predicted covering fraction of various commonly observed gas-phase species, such as H I, C IV, and O VI. We show that merger-induced outflows can increase the CGM metallicity by 0.2-0.3 dex within 0.5 Gyr post-merger. These effects last up to 6 Gyr post-merger. While the merger increases the total metal covering fractions by factors of 2-3, the covering fractions of commonly observed UV ions decrease due to the hard ionizing radiation from the active galactic nucleus, which we model explicitly. Our study of the single simulated major merger presented in this work demonstrates the significant impact that a galaxy interaction can have on the size, metallicity, and observed column densities of the CGM.
Pace-of-life syndromes
(2018)
This introduction to the topical collection on Pace-of-life syndromes: a framework for the adaptive integration of behaviour, physiology, and life history provides an overview of conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and empirical progress in research on pace-of-life syndromes (POLSs) over the last decade. The topical collection has two main goals. First, we briefly describe the history of POLS research and provide a refined definition of POLS that is applicable to various key levels of variation (genetic, individual, population, species). Second, we summarise the main lessons learned from current POLS research included in this topical collection. Based on an assessment of the current state of the theoretical foundations and the empirical support of the POLS hypothesis, we propose (i) conceptual refinements of theory, particularly with respect to the role of ecology in the evolution of (sexual dimorphism in) POLS, and (ii) methodological and statistical approaches to the study of POLS at all major levels of variation. This topical collection further holds (iii) key empirical examples demonstrating how POLS structures may be studied in wild populations of (non) human animals, and (iv) a modelling paper predicting POLS under various ecological conditions. Future POLS research will profit from the development of more explicit theoretical models and stringent empirical tests of model assumptions and predictions, increased focus on how ecology shapes (sex-specific) POLS structures at multiple hierarchical levels, and the usage of appropriate statistical tests and study designs. Significance statement As an introduction to the topical collection, we summarise current conceptual, theoretical, methodological and empirical progress in research on pace-of-life syndromes (POLSs), a framework for the adaptive integration of behaviour, physiology and life history at multiple hierarchical levels of variation (genetic, individual, population, species). Mixed empirical support of POLSs, particularly at the within-species level, calls for an evaluation and refinement of the hypothesis. We provide a refined definition of POLSs facilitating testable predictions. Future research on POLSs will profit from the development of more explicit theoretical models and stringent empirical tests of model assumptions and predictions, increased focus on how ecology shapes (sex-specific) POLSs structures at multiple hierarchical levels and the usage of appropriate statistical tests and study designs.
Infants as young as six months are sensitive to prosodic phrase boundaries marked by three acoustic cues: pitch change, final lengthening, and pause. Behavioral studies suggest that a language-specific weighting of these cues develops during the first year of life; recent work on German revealed that eight-month-olds, unlike six-month-olds, are capable of perceiving a prosodic boundary on the basis of pitch change and final lengthening only. The present study uses Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neuro-cognitive development of prosodic cue perception in German-learning infants. In adults’ ERPs, prosodic boundary perception is clearly reflected by the so-called Closure Positive Shift (CPS). To date, there is mixed evidence on whether an infant CPS exists that signals early prosodic cue perception, or whether the CPS emerges only later—the latter implying that infantile brain responses to prosodic boundaries reflect acoustic, low-level pause detection.
We presented six- and eight-month-olds with stimuli containing either no boundary cues, only a pitch cue, or a combination of both pitch change and final lengthening. For both age groups, responses to the former two conditions did not differ, while brain responses to prosodic boundaries cued by pitch change and final lengthening showed a positivity that we interpret as a CPS-like infant ERP component. This hints at an early sensitivity to prosodic boundaries that cannot exclusively be based on pause detection. Instead, infants’ brain responses indicate an early ability to exploit subtle, relational prosodic cues in speech perception—presumably even earlier than could be concluded from previous behavioral results.
Maize is the cereal crop with the highest production worldwide, and its oil is a key energy resource. Improving the quantity and quality of maize oil requires a better understanding of lipid metabolism. To predict the function of maize genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, we assembled transcriptomic and lipidomic data sets from leaves of B73 and the high-oil line By804 in two distinct time-series experiments. The integrative analysis based on high-dimensional regularized regression yielded lipid-transcript associations indirectly validated by Gene Ontology and promoter motif enrichment analyses. The co-localization of lipid-transcript associations using the genetic mapping of lipid traits in leaves and seedlings of a B73 x By804 recombinant inbred line population uncovered 323 genes involved in the metabolism of phospholipids, galactolipids, sulfolipids and glycerolipids. The resulting association network further supported the involvement of 50 gene candidates in modulating levels of representatives from multiple acyl-lipid classes. Therefore, the proposed approach provides high-confidence candidates for experimental testing in maize and model plant species.
Context. Recently, the high-energy (HE, 0.1-100 GeV) gamma-ray emission from the object LMC P3 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) has been discovered to be modulated with a 10.3-day period, making it the first extra-galactic gamma-ray binary. Aims. This work aims at the detection of very-high-energy (VHE, >100 GeV) gamma-ray emission and the search for modulation of the VHE signal with the orbital period of the binary system. Methods. LMC P3 has been observed with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.); the acceptance-corrected exposure time is 100 h. The data set has been folded with the known orbital period of the system in order to test for variability of the emission. Results. VHE gamma-ray emission is detected with a statistical significance of 6.4 sigma. The data clearly show variability which is phase-locked to the orbital period of the system. Periodicity cannot be deduced from the H.E.S.S. data set alone. The orbit-averaged luminosity in the 1-10 TeV energy range is (1.4 +/- 0.2) x 10(35) erg s(-1). A luminosity of (5 +/- 1) x 10(35) erg s(-1) is reached during 20% of the orbit. HE and VHE gamma-ray emissions are anti-correlated. LMC P3 is the most luminous gamma-ray binary known so far.