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Nachdem sich das BVerfG 2005 auf eine verfassungsrechtliche Garantie einer zwingenden, bedarfsunabhängigen Mindestbeteiligung der nächsten Angehörigen am Nachlass festgelegt hat, ist die Diskussion um das Pflichtteilsrecht abgeebbt. Ein radikaler Vorschlag aus dem Schrifttum könnte den Diskurs jetzt neu entfachen: An die Stelle des Quotenpflichtteils soll ein bedarfsabhängiger Angehörigenschutz in Form eines passiv vererblichen Unterhaltsanspruchs treten. Der Beitrag greift diesen Ansatz auf, beleuchtet Vorzüge und Schwächen des vorgelegten Konzepts und formuliert Fragen für die weitere rechtspolitische Debatte. Ergänzt werden die Überlegungen durch den Entwurf eines gesetzlichen Pflegevermächtnisses. De lege ferenda wird für einen vollständigen Systemwechsel von der zwingenden Mindestbeteiligung naher Angehöriger zu einer von den Gedanken der Alimentation und der Äquivalenz getragenen Nachlassteilhabe plädiert.
Probier mal was Neues!
(2023)
Berufswahl differenzieren(d)
(2023)
The genetic structure of Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei) on the central and western North Pacific feeding grounds was investigated using a total of 1195 mitochondrial control region sequences and 1182 microsatellite genotypes at 17 loci in specimens collected from three longitudinal areas, 1W (135 degrees E-165 degrees E), 1E (165 degrees E-180 degrees), and 2 (180 degrees-155 degrees W). Genetic diversities were similar among areas and a haplotype network did not show any geographic structure, while an analysis of molecular variance found evidence of genetic structure in this species. Pairwise FST and G'ST estimates and heterogeneity tests attributed this structure to weak but significant differentiation between areas 1W/1E and 2. A Mantel test and a high-resolution analysis of genetic diversity statistics showed a weak spatial cline of genetic differentiation. These findings could be reconciled by two possible stock structure scenarios: (1) a single population with kin-association affecting feeding ground preference and (2) two populations with feeding ground preference for either area 1W or area 2. An estimated dispersal rate between areas 1W and 2 indicates that both scenarios should be considered as a precautionary principle in stock assessments.
Megatrends, affecting multiple aspects of future society, economy, and technology, drive today's business world. They are expected to impact all areas in companies and will, therefore, most likely occur in business negotiations. Although several studies address future developments of different business divisions, the megatrends' impact on negotiations has, thus far, not been analyzed. We designed a model including the three megatrends, i.e., globalization and economic shift, digitalization and new technologies, and demographic and social change, which have main effects on specific negotiation aspects. Our study combined an online survey and expert interviews with negotiation practitioners to provide a first broad view of how megatrends affect future business negotiations. The results confirm our model and reveal a close connection of megatrends and single negotiation aspects. Among others, we examine an orientation toward global partners, an increased interconnection through various electronic systems, as well as two opposite relationship directions - long-term and integrative through strategic cooperation vs. short-term and distributive through competition and new technologies.
A new solid-state material, N-butyl pyridinium diiodido argentate(I), is synthesized using a simple and effective one-pot approach. In the solid state, the compound exhibits 1D ([AgI2](-))(n) chains that are stabilized by the N-butyl pyridinium cation. The 1D structure is further manifested by the formation of long, needle-like crystals, as revealed from electron microscopy. As the general composition is derived from metal halide-based ionic liquids, the compound has a low melting point of 100-101 degrees C, as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. Most importantly, the compound has a conductivity of 10(-6) S cm(-1) at room temperature. At higher temperatures the conductivity increases and reaches to 10(-4 )S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. In contrast to AgI, however, the current material has a highly anisotropic 1D arrangement of the ionic domains. This provides direct and tuneable access to fast and anisotropic ionic conduction. The material is thus a significant step forward beyond current ion conductors and a highly promising prototype for the rational design of highly conductive ionic solid-state conductors for battery or solar cell applications.
No evidence of growth impairment after forced migration in Polish school children after World War II
(2023)
Background: Migration is omnipresent. It can come hand in hand with emotional stress which is known to influence the growth of children.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse whether type of migration (forced or voluntary) and the geographic direction had influenced the growth of Polish children after World War II.
Sample and Methods: A sub dataset of 2,208 individuals between the ages of 2-20, created from data of the 2nd Polish Anthropological Survey carried out in 1966–1969, including anthropometrical data and social and demographic information based on questionnaire, was used to analyse migration effects.
Results: No association could be found between the direction of migration and the height of the children. The confidence intervals of the means of all classified migration categories overlap significantly and the effect size of the influence of migration category on height is ds=.140, which is too low to see any effects, even if there were one.
Conclusion: Neither forced nor voluntary migration in Poland after World War II led to a change in height in children of migrating families.
The St. Nicolas House Algorithm (SNHA) finds association chains of direct dependent variables in a data set. The dependency is based on the correlation coefficient, which is visualized as an undirected graph. The network prediction is improved by a bootstrap routine. It enables the computation of the empirical p-value, which is used to evaluate the significance of the predicted edges. Synthetic data generated with the Monte Carlo method were used to firstly compare the Python package with the original R package, and secondly to evaluate the predicted network using the sensitivity, specificity, balanced classification rate and the Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC). The Python implementation yields the same results as the R package. Hence, the algorithm was correctly ported into Python. The SNHA scores high specificity values for all tested graphs. For graphs with high edge densities, the other evaluation metrics decrease due to lower sensitivity, which could be partially improved by using bootstrap,while for graphs with low edge densities the algorithm achieves high evaluation scores. The empirical p-values indicated that the predicted edges indeed are significant.
Background: Assessing short-term growth in humans is still fraught with difficulties. Especially when looking for small variations and increments, such as mini growth spurts, high precision instruments or frequent measurements are necessary. Daily measurements however require a lot of effort, both for anthropologists and for the subjects. Therefore, new sophisticated approaches are needed that reduce fluctuations and reveal underlying patterns.
Objectives: Changepoints are abrupt variations in the properties of time series data. In the context of growth, such variations could be variation in mean height. By adjusting the variance and using different growth models, we assessed the ability of changepoint analysis to analyse short-term growth and detect mini growth spurts.
Sample and Methods: We performed Bayesian changepoint analysis on simulated growth data using the bcp package in R. Simulated growth patterns included stasis, linear growth, catch-up growth, and mini growth spurts. Specificity and a normalised variant of the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) were used to assess the algorithm’s performance. Welch’s t-test was used to compare differences of the mean.
Results: First results show that changepoint analysis can detect mini growth spurts. However, the ability to detect mini growth spurts is highly dependent on measurement error. Data preparation, such as ranking and rotating time series data, showed negligible improvements. Missing data was an issue and may affect the prediction quality of the classification metrics.
Conclusion: Changepoint analysis is a promising tool to analyse short-term growth. However, further optimisation and analysis of real growth data is needed to make broader generalisations.
Human growth data analysis and statistics – the 5th Gülpe International Student Summer School
(2023)
The Summer School in Gülpe (Ecological Station of the University of Potsdam) offers an exceptional learning opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and skills to real-world problems. With the guidance of experienced human biologists, statisticians, and programmers, students have the unique chance to analyze their own data and gain valuable insights. This interdisciplinary setting not only bridges different research areas but also leads to highly valuable outputs. The progress of students within just a few days is truly remarkable, especially when they are motivated and receive immediate feedback on their questions, problems, and results. The Summer School covers a wide range of topics, with this year’s focus mainly on two areas: understanding the impact of socioeconomic and physiological factors on human development and mastering statistical techniques for analyzing data such as changepoint analysis and the St. Nicolas House Analysis (SNHA) to visualize interacting variables. The latter technique, born out of the Summer School’s emphasis on gaining comprehensive data insights and understanding major relationships, has proven to be a valuable tool for researchers in the field. The articles in this special issue demonstrate that the Summer School in Gülpe stands as a testament to the power of practical learning and collaboration. Students who attend not only gain hands-on experience but also benefit from the expertise of professionals and the opportunity to engage with peers from diverse disciplines.
Twenty-four scientists met for the annual Auxological conference held at Krobielowice castle, Poland, to discuss the diverse influences of the environment and of social behavior on growth following last year’s focus on growth and public health concerns (Hermanussen et al., 2022b). Growth and final body size exhibit marked plastic responses to ecological conditions. Among the shortest are the pygmoid people of Rampasasa, Flores, Indonesia, who still live under most secluded insular conditions. Genetics and nutrition are usually considered responsible for the poor growth in many parts of this world, but evidence is accumulating on the prominent impact of social embedding on child growth. Secular trends not only in the growth of height, but also in body proportions, accompany the secular changes in the social, economic and political conditions, with major influences on the emotional and educational circumstances under which the children grow up (Bogin, 2021). Aspects of developmental tempo and aspects of sports were discussed, and the impact of migration by the example of women from Bangladesh who grew up in the UK. Child growth was considered in particular from the point of view of strategic adjustments of individual size within the network of its social group. Theoretical considerations on network characteristics were presented and related to the evolutionary conservation of growth regulating hypothalamic neuropeptides that have been shown to link behavior and physical growth in the vertebrate species. New statistical approaches were presented for the evaluation of short term growth measurements that permit monitoring child growth at intervals of a few days and weeks.
Über kaum ein Thema werden so hitzige Debatten geführt wie über Geschlechtsidentität. Das Wissen darum, dass Gender sozial konstruiert ist, wird von Anti-Gender Aktivist*innen häufig als ‚Gender-Ideologie‘ bezeichnet und ruft heftige Gegenreaktionen hervor. Dies gilt nicht nur in Deutschland – sondern länderübergreifend. Auffällig viele der transnationalen Anti- Gender Mobilisierungen der letzten 20 Jahre finden bezogen auf Bildungseinrichtungen statt. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der besonderen Rolle der Universität und der Wissenschaft für transnationale Anti-Gender Diskurse. Anhand verschiedener Beispiele zeige ich auf, dass das Verhältnis zwischen Anti-Gender Bewegungen und Wissenschaft geprägt ist von widersprüchlichen Dynamiken, von Abgrenzung aber auch Imitation. In ihrem Zusammenspiel wirken beide Dynamiken mobilisierend und tragen zum Erstarken regressiver Rollenbilder und antidemokratischer rechter Bewegungen in der breiteren Gesellschaft bei. Der letzte Teil des Beitrags ruft daher zu mehr Selbstreflexion der wissenschaftlichen Praxis auf Grundlage feministischer und intersektionaler Ansätze auf.
This essay takes an Anglophone Cultural Studies approach to reflect on the interdependence among as well as the individual (implicit) impact of the elements constituting our (embodied) power structures. These are, e.g., bodily experience/s such as shame and fear, everyday and institutional discourses and practices, but also manifestations of differences and particularities that we transform into phenomena such as “norms”, “binary systems” and “binary organisations”. The analysis of seemingly cyclic “Othering processes” and patterns of violence shows how people who identify as trans*, inter*, or non-binary have to live through and embody epistemological, emotional, and/or physical violence. At the same time, the descriptions illustrate numberless potential forms of resistance and change.
Im Gedenken an Heinz Krumpel
Mit meinem Freund Heinz Krumpel verband mich eine stets heitere, unbedingte, jahrzehntelange Freundschaft. Ich darf sagen, dass nie etwas diese Freundschaft trübte. In unseren Gesprächen gab es niemals eine Einleitung, ein wechselseitiges Sich-Beschnuppern, eine Einstimmung auf den jeweils Anderen. „Glaubst Du auch, dass Clavijero der wichtigste Aufklärungsphilosoph Lateinamerikas war?“ oder „Kants kategorischer Imperativ gilt noch heute, meinst Du nicht?“ waren übliche Eröffnungssätze unserer Gespräche. Und zwar gleichgültig, ob wir uns in Toluca, Mexiko-Stadt oder Potsdam begegneten. Stets war von der ersten Sekunde an Vertrautheit die Grundlage.
Heinz Krumpel hat in einer stark auf sich selbst bezogenen deutschen Philosophie, die am inter- und transkulturellen Austausch nur wenig Interesse zeigte, immer das offene Gespräch mit Lateinamerika gesucht. Die Philosophie anderer Breitengrade, anderer Denkrichtungen, vor allem aber die Philosophie der von ihm so geliebten lateinamerikanischen Welt lagen ihm am Herzen, waren für ihn eine Herzensangelegenheit. Die Hochachtung vor den großen Philosophen dieser Welt, der respektvolle Umgang und die bohrenden Fragen, die er an ihre philosophischen Ansätze richtete, waren die Grundlage dafür, dass er über Jahrzehnte einem Denken treu blieb, das den meisten Philosophen des deutschsprachigen Raumes noch nicht einmal vom Hörensagen bekannt war. Heinz Krumpel ließ sich dadurch nicht entmutigen, veröffentlichte in schöner Reihenfolge Bücher und Aufsätze, die den Weg zu dieser Welt, zu seiner Welt ebneten.
Daher rührte auch sein Interesse für Alexander von Humboldt. Der preußische Kultur- und Naturforscher war für ihn der Garant dafür, dass zwischen den Amerikas und Europa, dass zwischen Mexiko, Kolumbien, Peru oder Argentinien der Gesprächsfaden niemals abreißen durfte. Dass der Denker der Wechselwirkung stets das Symbol für eine transatlantische Wechselwirkung war und ist. Wie oft haben wir uns in unseren Gesprächen gefragt, wie Alexander die Entwicklung der Philosophie nach Hegel, bei dem er noch Vorlesungen gehört hatte, bewertet hätte.
Dass Heinz Krumpel sich für die Sache Alexander von Humboldts stark machte und sich selbstverständlich auch für unsere Zeitschrift HiN – Alexander von Humboldt im Netz einsetzte, verstand sich von selbst. Heinz hatte die Lektionen der Geschichte gelernt und stand nicht nur für den Polylog, den er auf vielen Ebenen führte, sondern auch und gerade für das Polylogische, das Viellogische. Für ein Denken, das die eigenen Positionen kritisch und selbstreflexiv aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln befragt. So habe ich ihn kennengelernt, so werde ich ihn immer im Gedächtnis behalten.
Unsere Zeitschrift verneigt sich in Dankbarkeit für die jahrzehntelange Unterstützung vor Heinz Krumpel. Ich habe daher einen seiner beiden Söhne darum gebeten, einen Nachruf für unsere Zeitschrift zu verfassen – im Andenken an einen Menschen, dessen Heiterkeit, dessen Selbstkritik und dessen Spontaneität uns allen präsent und gegenwärtig sind.
Ottmar Ette
Der Humboldtsche Magnetische Verein (1829–1834) mit seinem Zentrum in Berlin, an dem 4 weitere Stationen mitwirkten, hatte einen Vorläufer, die Societas meteorologica Palatina (1780–1795). Diese verfügte über 17 über die Nordhalbkugel verteilte Stationen, an denen magnetische Beobachtungen durchgeführt wurden. Der Nachfolgeverein mit 61 über den Globus verteilten Stationen war der Göttinger Magnetische Verein (1834–1841).
Der Humboldtsche Magnetische Verein war der erste, an dem die Gleichzeitigkeit der Beobachtungen, sog. korrespondierende Beobachtungen, anhand Berliner Zeit eingeführt wurden. Diese Methode wurde in Göttingen, wo Gauß und Weber seit 1834 über ein Magnetisches Observatorium verfügten, übernommen, modifiziert und verbessert, alle 61 angeschlossenen Stationen beobachteten gemäß Göttinger mittlerer Zeit.
Der vorliegende Text versucht, das in der Humboldt-Forschung weithin bekannte und gut erforschte Thema „Humboldt und die Sklaverei“ biographisch neu einzuordnen und orientiert sich dabei an folgender These: Humboldt durchläuft in den Jahrzehnten nach Beginn seiner Reise durch die amerikanischen Tropen (1799–1804) verschiedene Phasen in der Beschäftigung mit dem Thema Sklaverei. Im Laufe dieser Phasen, die keineswegs einer chronologischen Ordnung folgen, sondern zum Teil parallel verlaufen, nimmt Humboldt verschiedene soziale Rollen an, die ihren Ausdruck in spezifischen Haltungen und Handlungen finden. In ihrer Summe zeichnen sie ein für das Verständnis von Humboldts Persönlichkeit typisches Psychogramm: ein selbstbewusster Moralist, ein rigoroser, beinahe kriminalistisch agierender Wissenschaftler, ein politisch zurückhaltender Akteur.
Humboldtian science aims at an empirically supported transdisciplinary and at the same time transareal development of a world consciousness. In the development of this world consciousness, not only Europe and the Americas, but also Central Asia and especially China play an important role. The Humboldt Center for Transdisciplinary Studies (HCTS) in Changsha, is attempting to address the fact that China has been largely left out of international Humboldt studies and that Alexander von Humboldt was intensively engaged with Central Asia and China for decades. Therefore, the Humboldt Center in Changsha sets itself the goal of expanding Humboldt Studies to include this important aspect, to stimulate and coordinate special research work, and to build scientific and cultural bridges between Germany and China, Europe and Asia.
Die abgetrennte Zunge by Katharina Wesselmann deals with gender and power relations in ancient literature and beyond. It has received widespread attention, particularly in popular media. In this interview, thersites examines the book from an academic perspective. We talk to Katharina Wesselmann about the reactions to her work, her methodology and her conclusions. The primary focus of this interview is on what ancient texts may tell us about today’s gender issues and vice versa – it, thus, entails a broader discussion about modern Classics.
Sophocle sur Netflix
(2023)
The paper focuses on two recent occurrences of a Sophoclean drama on screen, Electra in the romantical movie Marriage Story, and Philoctetes in an episode of the mainstream medical series New Amsterdam, both productions currently available on the popular streaming service Netflix. The case studies explore the mechanisms of the use of these dramas and their significance in both productions, showing that they are partly used for their “classical” authority, are deeply integrated within the scenarios, and help to design the narratives, the characters and their (social and personal) relationships.
La heráldica amazónica
(2023)
Nowadays, we know about 4,475 iconographic representations dedicated to the Amazonian universe in Antiquity. Most of them belong to vase painting pieces (3,448). This current work analyze the Amazonian emblems that appear in a high percentage of these representations (725), together with the few examples associated with other artistic supports. In that way, we will study the chosen designs, which of them achieved greater popularity and the possible reasons why some of them were more popular in certain contexts. According to the results, we can discover that the Amazons present a type of emblem very similar to that used by the hoplites who fought against them in the same representation of the Amazonomachy. It is true that we appreciate a greater interest in certain models within a broad group of options that became traditional for Amazonian representations, but the results of this study suggest that the artists freely chose between them. However, his decision could be influenced by aspects such as the predominant trends in each period, the tastes of the export markets or the influence generated by other types of works (mainly paintings, reliefs or sculptures) whose popularity made them models.
The long term relationship between Medicaid expansion and adult life-threatening chronic conditions
(2023)
We test whether the expansions of children's Medicaid eligibility in the 1980s–1990s resulted in long-term health benefits in terms of severe chronic conditions. Still relatively rare in the field, we use prospective individual-level panel data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) along with the higher quality income measures from the Cross-National Equivalent File (adjusting for taxes, transfers and household size). We observe severe chronic conditions (high blood pressure/heart disease, cancer, diabetes, or lung disease) at ages 30–56 (average age 43.1) for 4670 respondents who were also prospectively observed during childhood (i.e., at ages 0–17). Our analysis exploits within-region temporal variation in childhood Medicaid eligibility and adjusts for state- and individual-level controls. We uniquely concentrate attention on adjusting for childhood income. A standard deviation greater childhood Medicaid eligibility significantly reduces the probability of severe chronic conditions in adulthood by 0.05 to 0.12 (16%–37.5% reduction from mean 0.32). Across the range of observed childhood Medicaid eligibility, the probability is approximately cut in half. Greater childhood Medicaid eligibility also substantially reduces childhood income disparities in severe chronic conditions. At higher levels of childhood Medicaid eligibility, we find no significant childhood income disparities in adult severe chronic conditions.
Anknüpfend an den letztjährigen Bericht des Autors (Wagner NJW 2022, NJW Jahr 2022 Seite 1861) informiert diese Abhandlung die Praxis wiederum über die jüngsten rechtsvereinheitlichenden Arbeiten und Pläne in der justiziellen Zusammenarbeit in Zivilsachen sowie über den Stand der deutschen „Begleitgesetzgebung“. Darüber hinaus wird die aktuelle Rechtsprechung des EuGH zur ziviljustiziellen Zusammenarbeit vorgestellt.
Europäischer Beschluss zur vorläufigen Kontenpfändung und Arrest mit nachfolgender Kontenpfändung
(2023)
Mit der Kontenpfändungsverordnung (EuKPfVO) hat der europäische Gesetzgeber Neuland betreten. Der Europäische Beschluss zur vorläufigen Kontenpfändung (EuKPfB) steht dem Gläubiger als eine Alternative zu den Maßnahmen zur vorläufigen Pfändung nach dem nationalen Recht zur Verfügung (Art. 1 Abs. 2 EuKPfVO). Auf den ersten Blick weist der EuKPfB eine gewisse Nähe zu einer Kontenpfändung aufgrund eines dinglichen Arrests auf. Im Folgenden soll daher untersucht werden, ob und ggfs. welche konzeptionellen Unterschiede es diesbezüglich gibt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch zu klären, was sich hinter dem EuKPfB eigentlich verbirgt.
Im Rahmen der EuGVVO hat der Kläger seine Klage grundsätzlich in dem Staat zu erheben, in dem der Beklagte seinen Wohnsitz hat. Ausnahmen hiervon gibt es insbesondere in Versicherungs-, Verbraucher- und Arbeitssachen. Der Versicherungsnehmer und der Verbraucher können gegen den Versicherer bzw. gegen den Unternehmer insbesondere an ihrem Wohnsitz gerichtlich vorgehen. Der Arbeitnehmer kann seine Klage gegen den Arbeitgeber zwar nicht an seinem Wohnsitz, aber an dem Ort erheben, an dem oder von dem aus er gewöhnlich seine Arbeit verrichtet (gewöhnlicher Arbeitsort). Zuständigkeitsrechtliche Probleme ergeben sich, wenn der Versicherungsnehmer, der Verbraucher oder der Arbeitnehmer seine Forderung an einen Dritten abtritt. Dann ist in erster Linie zu klären, ob der Dritte die abgetretene Forderung auch an seinem Wohnsitz bzw. an seinem gewöhnlichen Arbeitsort erheben kann. Diese Problematik ist Gegenstand des Beitrags.
Social Scoring
(2023)
Taubblind, Juristin
(2023)
Whistleblowing
(2023)
Der "Smarte Hühnerstall"
(2023)
A right to research?
(2023)
Wirtschafts- und Sozialverträglichkeit des Klimaschutzes als Verfassungsgebot und Staatsräson
(2023)
This article provides an overview of developments in Brussels in the field of judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters from January 2022 until December 2022. It presents newly adopted legal instruments and summarizes current projects that are making their way through the EU legislative process. It also refers to the laws enacted at the national level in Germany as a result of new European instruments. Furthermore, the authors look at areas of law where the EU has made use of its external competence. They discuss both important decisions and pending cases before the CJEU as well as important decisions from German courts pertaining to the subject matter of the article. In addition, the article also looks at current projects and the latest developments at the Hague Conference of Private International Law.
Zu den priorisierten Legislativvorhaben der EU-Kommission zählten zuletzt vor allem auch solche, welche die Nutzbarkeit von Daten zur Wohlfahrtssteigerung im Binnenmarkt zum Gegenstand haben. Der Data Governance Act ist bereits in Kraft; nun liegt der Vorschlag für einen Data Act vor. Dieser Beitrag behandelt dessen Verhältnis zum EU-Datenschutzrecht. Hierbei wird deutlich, wie schmerzlich eine ausgefeilte sekundärrechtliche Konkurrenzlehre fehlt.
Soziale Schließung
(2023)
Angesichts der dramatischen Lage in der Ukraine untersucht der folgende Beitrag, auf welchem Wege, vor welchen völkerrechtlichen Gerichten, in welchem Umfang und mit welcher Aussicht auf Erfolg die Ukraine oder einzelne ukrainische Staatsangehörige Sicherheitsschutz vor der russischen Invasion und/oder den im Zusammenhang damit bereits begangenen oder noch bevorstehenden Völkerrechtsverstößen Rechtsschutz erlangen können. Im Einzelnen handelt es sich hierbei um zwei anhängige Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Gerichtshof, mehrere Staaten- sowie eine große Vielzahl von Individualbeschwerden vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte; ein Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Seegerichtshof; zahlreiche Investitionsverfahren vor internationalen Schiedsgerichten sowie schließlich zwei "Situationen" vor dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof. Abschließend wird die Option der Schaffung eines ad-hoc-Tribunals für das Verbrechen der Aggression behandelt.
Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt den Leserinnen und Lesern einen Überblick über die Planung und Durchführung einer erfolgreichen Vorbereitung auf die Erste Juristische Prüfung. Ausgangspunkt ist die Darstellung der verschiedenen Strategien der Examensvorbereitung sowie der Vorgehensweisen zur Erstellung eines Stoff- und Zeitplanes. Daran knüpfen Ausführungen zur Lernphase an, d. h. im Einzelnen zur Strukturierung des Lernalltags und zum Klausurentraining. Abschließend folgen Erläuterungen zum Ablauf der mündlichen Prüfung und zur zugehörigen Vorbereitung. Die Darstellung zielt darauf ab, die Studierenden bei der Planung ihrer persönlichen Examensvorbereitung zu unterstützen.
Verantwortungseigentum ist mittlerweile mehr als ein Nischenthema innerhalb der Rechtswissenschaft und unternehmerischen Praxis. Unternehmen werden in Verantwortungseigentum gegründet oder umgewandelt, also die persönlichen Gewinne der Gesellschafter perpetuiert und die Nachfolge reguliert. Auch der Profifußball stellt sich immer wieder die Frage nach der richtigen Balance zwischen Gewinnstreben und Gemeinwohl. Das wirft Fragen nach alternativen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten auf, für die das Verantwortungseigentum eine Lösung bieten könnte.
Tiere
(2023)
The main reason for human dignity is our capacity for autonomy. By virtue of our gift of reason we can relativize our purposes in the interests of others and set limits for ourselves. This also gives rise to our duty to recognize and respect animals. From the recognition of every living being as an end in itself follows the duty to respect its intrinsic value. But since animals are not recognized de lege lata as legal subjects with their own rights and cannot adequately assert their interests, the right to rights based on their dignity remains only a moral one. Law that does not posit this right is immoral and therefore unjust.
A review of all research papers published in the European Sociological Review in 2016 and 2017 (N = 118) shows that only a minority of papers clearly define the parameter of interest and provide sufficient reasoning for the selected control variables of the statistical analysis. Thus, the vast majority of papers does not reach minimal standards for the selection of control variables. Consequently, a majority of papers interpret biased coefficients, or statistics without proper sociological meaning. We postulate that authors and reviewers should be more careful about control variable selection. We propose graphical causal models in the form of directed acyclic graphs as an example for a parsimonious and powerful means to that end.
Im Vergleich zu Umfragen an Wahrscheinlichkeitsstichproben bieten Umfragen an Access-Panels, die auf Nicht-Wahrscheinlichkeitsstichproben basieren, unbestreitbare wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Diese Vorteile gehen jedoch mit unvermeidbaren Qualitätseinbußen einher, die auch dann bestehen bleiben, wenn Erstere sehr niedrige Responseraten haben. Daher müssen die wirtschaftlichen Vorteile und die methodischen Einschränkungen gegeneinander abgewogen werden. Es wird argumentiert, dass diese Abwägung anhand normativer Festlegungen erfolgen muss. Unter Anwendung der hier vorgeschlagenen Maßstäbe kommt der Beitrag zu dem Schluss, dass die Qualitätsansprüche an über Massenmedien verbreitete Meinungsumfragen höher sein sollten als für rein (sozial)wissenschaftliche Zwecke.
The Adaptive Force (AF) reflects the neuromuscular capacity to adapt to external loads during holding muscle actions and is similar to motions in real life and sports. The maximal isometric AF (AFisoₘₐₓ) was considered to be the most relevant parameter and was assumed to have major importance regarding injury mechanisms and the development of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of different torque parameters over the course of 30 repeated maximal AF trials. In addition, maximal holding vs. maximal pushing isometric muscle actions were compared. A side consideration was the behavior of torques in the course of repeated AF actions when comparing strength and endurance athletes. The elbow flexors of n = 12 males (six strength/six endurance athletes, non-professionals) were measured 30 times (120 s rest) using a pneumatic device. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was measured pre and post. MVIC, AFisoₘₐₓ, and AFₘₐₓ (maximal torque of one AF measurement) were evaluated regarding different considerations and statistical tests. AFₘₐₓ and AFisoₘₐₓ declined in the course of 30 trials [slope regression (mean ± standard deviation): AFₘₐₓ = −0.323 ± 0.263; AFisoₘₐₓ = −0.45 ± 0.45]. The decline from start to end amounted to −12.8% ± 8.3% (p < 0.001) for AFₘₐₓ and −25.41% ± 26.40% (p < 0.001) for AFisoₘₐₓ. AF parameters declined more in strength vs. endurance athletes. Thereby, strength athletes showed a rather stable decline for AFmax and a plateau formation for AFisoₘₐₓ after 15 trials. In contrast, endurance athletes reduced their AFₘₐₓ, especially after the first five trials, and remained on a rather similar level for AFisomax. The maximum of AFisoₘₐₓ of all 30 trials amounted 67.67% ± 13.60% of MVIC (p < 0.001, n = 12), supporting the hypothesis of two types of isometric muscle action (holding vs. pushing). The findings provided the first data on the behavior of torque parameters after repeated isometric–eccentric actions and revealed further insights into neuromuscular control strategies. Additionally, they highlight the importance of investigating AF parameters in athletes based on the different behaviors compared to MVIC. This is assumed to be especially relevant regarding injury mechanisms.
The retention of actinides in different oxidation states (An(X), X = III, IV, VI) by a calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phase with a Ca/Si (C/S) ratio of 0.8 was investigated in the presence of gluconate (GLU). The actinides considered were Am(III), Th(IV), Pu(IV), and U(VI). Eu(III) was investigated as chemical analogue for Am(III) and Cm(III). In addition to the ternary systems An(X)/GLU/C-S-H, also binary systems An(X)/C-S-H, GLU/C-S-H, and An(X)/GLU were studied. Complementary analytical techniques were applied to address the different specific aspects of the binary and ternary systems. Time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) was applied in combination with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to identify retained species and to monitor species-selective sorption kinetics. ¹³C and ²⁹Si magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to determine the bulk structure and the composition of the C-S-H surface, respectively, in the absence and presence of GLU. The interaction of Th(IV) with GLU in different electrolytes was studied by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). The influence of GLU on An(X) retention was investigated for a large concentration range up to 10⁻² M. The results showed that GLU had little to no effect on the overall An(X) retention by C-S-H with C/S of 0.8, regardless of the oxidation state of the actinides. For Eu(III), the TRLFS investigations additionally implied the formation of a Eu(III)-bearing precipitate with dissolved constituents of the C-S-H phase, which becomes structurally altered by the presence of GLU. For U(VI) sorption on the C-S-H phase, only a small influence of GLU could be established in the luminescence spectroscopic investigations, and no precipitation of U(VI)-containing secondary phases could be identified.
Satisfaction and frustration of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as assessed with the 24-item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), have been found to be crucial indicators of individuals’ psychological health. To increase the usability of this scale within a clinical and health services research context, we aimed to validate a German short version (12 items) of this scale in individuals with depression including the examination of the relations from need frustration and need satisfaction to ill-being and quality of life (QOL). This cross-sectional study involved 344 adults diagnosed with depression (Mage (SD) = 47.5 years (11.1); 71.8% females). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the short version of the BPNSFS was not only reliable, but also fitted a six-factor structure (i.e., satisfaction/frustration X type of need). Subsequent structural equation modeling showed that need frustration related positively to indicators of ill-being and negatively to QOL. Surprisingly, need satisfaction did not predict differences in ill-being or QOL. The short form of the BPNSFS represents a practical instrument to measure need satisfaction and frustration in people with depression. Further, the results support recent evidence on the importance of especially need frustration in the prediction of psychopathology.
Development of self-concept and task interest has been shown to be affected by social comparison processes in a variety of cross-sectional studies. A potential explanation for these effects is an effect of social comparative performance feedback on an individual’s self-evaluation of performance, which in turn influences development of self-concept and task interest. There are, however, only few studies addressing this topic with experimental designs. This study was aimed at closing this research gap by experimentally manipulating social comparative performance. Feedback given was based on 2 × 2 experimental conditions: social position (high vs. low) and average performance of the reference group (high vs. low). Results show a strong effect of social position on self-evaluation of performance and smaller effects on self-concept and task interest.
Exercise or not?
(2023)
Objective: Individuals’ decisions to engage in exercise are often the result of in-the-moment choices between exercise and a competing behavioral alternative. The purpose of this study was to investigate processes that occur in-the-moment (i.e., situated processes) when individuals are faced with the choice between exercise and a behavioral alternative during a computerized task. These were analyzed against the background of interindividual differences in individuals’ automatic valuation and controlled evaluation of exercise.
Method: In a behavioral alternatives task 101 participants were asked whether they would rather choose an exercise option or a behavioral alternative in 25 trials. Participants’ gaze behavior (first gaze and fixations) was recorded using eye-tracking. An exercise-specific affect misattribution procedure (AMP) was used to assess participants’ automatic valuation of exercise before the task. After the task, self-reported feelings towards exercise (controlled evaluation) and usual weekly exercise volume were assessed. Mixed effects models with random effects for subjects and trials were used for data analysis.
Results: Choosing exercise was positively correlated with individuals’ automatic valuation (r = 0.20, p = 0.05), controlled evaluation (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), and their weekly exercise volume (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). Participants showed no bias in their initial gaze or number of fixations towards the exercise or the non-exercise alternative. However, participants were 1.30 times more likely to fixate on the chosen alternative first and more frequently, but this gaze behavior was not related to individuals’ automatic valuation, controlled evaluation, or weekly exercise volume.
Conclusion: The results suggest that situated processes arising from defined behavioral alternatives may be independent of individuals’ general preferences. Despite one’s best general intention to exercise more, the choice of a non-exercise alternative behavior may seem more appealing in-the-moment and eventually be chosen. New psychological theories of health behavior change should therefore better consider the role of potentially conflicting alternatives when it comes to initiating physical activity or exercise.
Poor dietary quality is a major cause of morbidity, making the promotion of healthy eating a societal priority. Older adults are a critical target group for promoting healthy eating to enable healthy aging. One factor suggested to promote healthy eating is the willingness to try unfamiliar foods, referred to as food neophilia. This two-wave longitudinal study explored the stability of food neophilia and dietary quality and their prospective relationship over three years, analyzing self-reported data from N = 960 older adults (MT1 = 63.4, range = 50–84) participating in the NutriAct Family Study (NFS) in a cross-lagged panel design. Dietary quality was rated using the NutriAct diet score, based on the current evidence for chronic disease prevention. Food neophilia was measured using the Variety Seeking Tendency Scale. The analyses revealed high a longitudinal stability of both constructs and a small positive cross-sectional correlation between them. Food neophilia had no prospective effect on dietary quality, whereas a very small positive prospective effect of dietary quality on food neophilia was found. Our findings give initial insights into the positive relation of food neophilia and a health-promoting diet in aging and underscore the need for more in-depth research, e.g., on the constructs’ developmental trajectories and potential critical windows of opportunity for promoting food neophilia.
Mehr als nur Ehefrauen
(2023)
Frauen im Widerstand
(2023)
Krisen in Afganisthan
(2023)
Mehr als nur Ehefrauen
(2023)
Die Umweltkrise zwingt zur Debatte über das Freiheitsverständnis des Grundgesetzes. Mit dem Klimawandel nehmen nicht nur Extremwetterereignisse, Dürren und Hunger zu, sondern auch Gefahren für Demokratie und Frieden. Dass die Krise menschgemacht ist, bedeutet, dass Menschen ihre Freiheit bewusst oder unbewusst zu willkürlich, exzessiv und rücksichtslos gebraucht haben. Der Beitrag schlägt darum in Abkehr vom bisherigen Freiheitsdogma „tun und lassen, was man will“ eine alternative Interpretation des Art. 2 Abs. 1 GG vor. Erst wenn eine Grundpflicht für einen nachhaltigen Freiheitsgebrauch an die Seite des staatlichen Schutzauftrages gestellt wird, kann das Verfassungsrecht dem Ernst dieser Menschheitskrise gerecht werden.
Transferability of data-driven models to predict urban pluvial flood water depth in Berlin, Germany
(2023)
Data-driven models have been recently suggested to surrogate computationally expensive hydrodynamic models to map flood hazards. However, most studies focused on developing models for the same area or the same precipitation event. It is thus not obvious how transferable the models are in space. This study evaluates the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on the U-Net architecture and the random forest (RF) algorithm to predict flood water depth, the models' transferability in space and performance improvement using transfer learning techniques. We used three study areas in Berlin to train, validate and test the models. The results showed that (1) the RF models outperformed the CNN models for predictions within the training domain, presumable at the cost of overfitting; (2) the CNN models had significantly higher potential than the RF models to generalize beyond the training domain; and (3) the CNN models could better benefit from transfer learning technique to boost their performance outside training domains than RF models.
Many widely used observational data sets are comprised of several overlapping instrument records. While data inter-calibration techniques often yield continuous and reliable data for trend analysis, less attention is generally paid to maintaining higher-order statistics such as variance and autocorrelation. A growing body of work uses these metrics to quantify the stability or resilience of a system under study and potentially to anticipate an approaching critical transition in the system. Exploring the degree to which changes in resilience indicators such as the variance or autocorrelation can be attributed to non-stationary characteristics of the measurement process – rather than actual changes in the dynamical properties of the system – is important in this context. In this work we use both synthetic and empirical data to explore how changes in the noise structure of a data set are propagated into the commonly used resilience metrics lag-one autocorrelation and variance. We focus on examples from remotely sensed vegetation indicators such as vegetation optical depth and the normalized difference vegetation index from different satellite sources. We find that time series resulting from mixing signals from sensors with varied uncertainties and covering overlapping time spans can lead to biases in inferred resilience changes. These biases are typically more pronounced when resilience metrics are aggregated (for example, by land-cover type or region), whereas estimates for individual time series remain reliable at reasonable sensor signal-to-noise ratios. Our work provides guidelines for the treatment and aggregation of multi-instrument data in studies of critical transitions and resilience.
Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einer problematischen Seite der Samen- und Eizellenspende. Konkret konzentriert er sich auf die Anonymität im Rahmen dieses Verfahrens, die in manchen europäischen Staaten als eine gesetzliche Bedingung festgelegt ist. Es geht um eine Konsequenz der unklaren Regulierung auf EU-Ebene, die es ermöglicht, nationale Vorschriften nach individuellen Präferenzen des Gesetzgebers zu konzipieren. Trotzdem muss auch der menschenrechtliche Kontext berücksichtigt werden, weil die Anonymität des:der Spender:in dazu führt, dass das Kind de facto keine Chancen hat, seine (genetischen oder biologischen) Eltern zu kennen. Im Prinzip verletzt ein solcher Ansatz das Recht des Kindes auf Kenntnis der eigenen Abstammung, das in entsprechenden Menschenrechtskonventionen verankert und in der Judikatur des EGMR interpretiert wurde.
Das Vorsorgeprinzip ist ein mittlerweile weit verbreiteter und etablierter Grundsatz des internationalen und europäischen Umweltrechts. Demnach sollen auch in Situationen wissenschaftlicher Unsicherheit präventive Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um schwerwiegende Umweltschäden zu vermeiden. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Rolle des Vorsorgeprinzips im Zusammenhang mit menschenrechtlichen Klimaklagen, die aufgrund langsamer politischer Fortschritte und erfolgreicher Gerichtsentscheidungen zunehmend an Popularität gewinnen.
Zunächst wird ein Überblick über die Entwicklung und den materiellen Gehalt des Vorsorgeprinzips im internationalen und europäischen Recht gegeben. Obwohl das Vorsorgeprinzip seit den 1980er Jahren ein fixer Bestandteil des internationalen Umweltrechts ist, bestehen über dessen genauen Inhalt und Rechtsnatur nach wie vor Kontroversen. Im Unionsrecht wurde das Vorsorgeprinzip insbesondere durch die Rechtsprechung des EuGH konkretisiert.
Im nächsten Teil des Beitrags wird beleuchtet, welche Bedeutung der EGMR dem Vorsorgeprinzip in umweltrechtlichen Fällen bisher zugemessen hat. Hierbei steht die Entscheidung Tǎtar gegen Rumänien im Mittelpunkt. Gegenstand dieser Entscheidung war der Goldabbau in der rumänischen Stadt Baia Mare, der unter anderem unter dem Einsatz von Natriumzyanid erfolgte und zu wesentlichen Schadstoffbelastungen führte. Der EGMR bejahte unter Verweis auf das Vorsorgeprinzip eine Verletzung von Art. 8 EMRK, obwohl der Beschwerdeführer die Kausalität zwischen der Schadstoffbelastung und der behaupteten Schädigung nicht nachweisen konnte. Eine Analyse der nachfolgenden Entscheidungen veranschaulicht jedoch, dass sich das Vorsorgeprinzip noch nicht als fixer Bestandteil in der Rechtsprechung des EGMR etablieren konnte.
Abschließend wird gezeigt, welchen Beitrag das Vorsorgeprinzip zu der bisher wohl erfolgreichsten Klimaklage „Urgenda“ leistete. Das Vorsorgeprinzip wurde vom niederländischen Höchstgericht in diesem Fall insbesondere herangezogen, um Schutzpflichten aus Art. 2 und Art. 8 EMRK abzuleiten und den staatlichen Ermessenspielraum einzuschränken.
Spätestens seit dem Brand einer Textilfabrik in Karatschi, Pakistan, deren Hauptabnehmer das deutsche Textilunternehmen KiK war, ist die Frage nach der zivilrechtlichen Justiziabilität von Menschenrechtsverletzungen im Ausland auch in der Bundesrepublik angekommen. Parallel hierzu hatte bereits der Einsturz des Rana Plaza, einem Fabrikgebäude in Dhaka, Bangladesch, das zahlreiche Zulieferfirmen der europäischen sowie u.s.-amerikanischen Bekleidungsindustrie beherbergte, traurige Berühmtheit erlangt. Beide Vorfälle hatten in den Industriestaaten des globalen Nordens eine nachhaltige Debatte darüber ausgelöst, welche Verantwortung inländischen Abnehmerunternehmen für die Einhaltung internationaler Menschenrechtsstandards entlang der global angelegten Lieferkette zukommt. An deren vorläufigem Ende steht eine Reihe von Spezialgesetzen, die heimischen Betrieben ausdifferenzierte Sorgfalts- und Überwachungspflichten bezüglich der Arbeitsbedingungen in den – häufig im globalen Süden gelegenen – Produktionsstätten auferlegen.
Als Folge dieses geostrategischen Nord-Süd-Konfliktes wohnt in Deutschland erhobenen Menschenrechtsklagen im Regelfall ein grenzüberscheitendes Moment inne, weshalb sich die Rechtsverfolgung individuell Betroffener mit den Fragen des Internationalen Privatrechts nach der gerichtlichen Zuständigkeit sowie des anwendbaren Sachrechts konfrontiert sieht. Dass ein Verfahren bereits auf dieser Ebene scheitern kann, verdeutlicht auf paradigmatische Weise das eingangs erwähnte Verfahren gegen KiK vor dem LG Dortmund, in welchem das ungünstige pakistanische Verjährungsrecht zur Anwendung gelangte.
Rechtspolitisch wird die Funktion des Rechtsgebietes indes unterschiedlich beurteilt. Während ein Ansatz gleichsam auf materieller Ebene die Entwicklung spezieller Sorgfaltsnormen für Unternehmen in Abnehmerstaaten verfolgt („Verantwortungslösung“), führt eine andere Auffassung den Kern der Problematik nicht auf das – oftmals durchaus funktionale – Produktionslandrecht, sondern vielmehr auf dessen strukturelle Durchsetzungsdefizite zurück („Kognitionslösung“).
Der Beitrag vollzieht die Implikationen beider Ansätze für Zivilprozesse in Deutschland nach. Hierfür wird die Menschenrechtsklage zunächst in das deutsche Verfahrensrecht eingeordnet (I.) bevor die Rolle des Internationalen Privatrechtes erörtert werden kann (II.). Anschließend werden sowohl die Sorgfaltsregime in den Abnehmerstaaten (III.) als auch Rechtsbehelfe in den Produktionsländern am Beispiel Bangladeschs (IV.) in den Blick genommen.
In Vorbereitung der Allgemeinen Bemerkung Nr. 36 zum Recht auf Leben vollzieht der Menschenrechtsausschuss der Vereinten Nationen eine begriffliche Wendung: Fortan wird der Ausschuss nicht mehr von “vulnerable persons”, sondern von “persons in situations of vulnerability” sprechen. Zugleich scheint in der Wendung ein geändertes Verständnis von Vulnerabilität zu liegen, welches strukturelle Ungleichheiten und äußere Umstände, die Verwundbarkeit erzeugen, begrifflich erfasst. Das neue Verständnis scheint damit auch die Problematik der Zuschreibung von Verwundbarkeit zu entschärfen, die ihrerseits zu Marginalisierung betroffener Individuen führen kann. Der Beitrag vollzieht die Debatte um das neue Verständnis von Vulnerabilität im Menschenrechtsausschuss nach, und kontextualisiert diese innerhalb der aktuellen Spruchpraxis des Ausschusses. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dabei den Klimafällen, welche, so wird argumentiert, in besonderer Weise äußere, vulnerabilitätsproduzierende Umstände adressieren. Schließlich werden die potenziellen Stärken und Schwächen der begrifflichen Wendung reflektiert.
Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction, we demonstrate the manipulation of the picosecond strain response of a metallic heterostructure consisting of a dysprosium (Dy) transducer and a niobium (Nb) detection layer by an external magnetic field. We utilize the first-order ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic phase transition of the Dy layer, which provides an additional large contractive stress upon laser excitation compared to its zerofield response. This enhances the laser-induced contraction of the transducer and changes the shape of the picosecond strain pulses driven in Dy and detected within the buried Nb layer. Based on our experiment with rare-earth metals we discuss required properties for functional transducers, which may allow for novel field-control of the emitted picosecond strain pulses.
Records from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) are highly contaminated by noise, which is much stronger compared to data from most land stations, especially on the horizontal components. As a consequence, the high energy of the oceanic noise at frequencies below 1 Hz considerably complicates the analysis of the teleseismic earthquake signals recorded by OBSs.
Previous studies suggested different approaches to remove low-frequency noises from OBS recordings but mainly focused on the vertical component. The records of horizontal components, which are crucial for the application of many methods in passive seismological analysis of body and surface waves, could not be much improved in the teleseismic frequency band. Here we introduce a noise reduction method, which is derived from the harmonic–percussive separation algorithms used in Zali et al. (2021), in order to separate long-lasting narrowband signals from broadband transients in the OBS signal. This leads to significant noise reduction of OBS records on both the vertical and horizontal components and increases the earthquake signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without distortion of the broadband earthquake waveforms. This is demonstrated through tests with synthetic data. Both SNR and cross-correlation coefficients showed significant improvements for different realistic noise realizations. The application of denoised signals in surface wave analysis and receiver functions is discussed through tests with synthetic and real data.
Defining the metaverse
(2023)
The term Metaverse is emerging as a result of the late push by multinational technology conglomerates and a recent surge of interest in Web 3.0, Blockchain, NFT, and Cryptocurrencies. From a scientific point of view, there is no definite consensus on what the Metaverse will be like. This paper collects, analyzes, and synthesizes scientific definitions and the accompanying major characteristics of the Metaverse using the methodology of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Two revised definitions for the Metaverse are presented, both condensing the key attributes, where the first one is rather simplistic holistic describing “a three-dimensional online environment in which users represented by avatars interact with each other in virtual spaces decoupled from the real physical world”. In contrast, the second definition is specified in a more detailed manner in the paper and further discussed. These comprehensive definitions offer specialized and general scholars an application within and beyond the scientific context of the system science, information system science, computer science, and business informatics, by also introducing open research challenges. Furthermore, an outlook on the social, economic, and technical implications is given, and the preconditions that are necessary for a successful implementation are discussed.
Recent research suggests that design thinking practices may foster the development of needed capabilities in new digitalised landscapes. However, existing publications represent individual contributions, and we lack a holistic understanding of the value of design thinking in a digital world. No review, to date, has offered a holistic retrospection of this research. In response, in this bibliometric review, we aim to shed light on the intellectual structure of multidisciplinary design thinking literature related to capabilities relevant to the digital world in higher education and business settings, highlight current trends and suggest further studies to advance theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Our study addresses this aim using bibliometric methods—bibliographic coupling and co-word analysis as they are particularly suitable for identifying current trends and future research priorities at the forefront of the research. Overall, bibliometric analyses of the publications dealing with the related topics published in the last 10 years (extracted from the Web of Science database) expose six trends and two possible future research developments highlighting the expanding scope of the design thinking scientific field related to capabilities required for the (more sustainable and human-centric) digital world. Relatedly, design thinking becomes a relevant approach to be included in higher education curricula and human resources training to prepare students and workers for the changing work demands. This paper is well-suited for education and business practitioners seeking to embed design thinking capabilities in their curricula and for design thinking and other scholars wanting to understand the field and possible directions for future research.
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
Intuitively, strongly constraining contexts should lead to stronger probabilistic representations of sentences in memory. Encountering unexpected words could therefore be expected to trigger costlier shifts in these representations than expected words. However, psycholinguistic measures commonly used to study probabilistic processing, such as the N400 event-related potential (ERP) component, are sensitive to word predictability but not to contextual constraint. Some research suggests that constraint-related processing cost may be measurable via an ERP positivity following the N400, known as the anterior post-N400 positivity (PNP). The PNP is argued to reflect update of a sentence representation and to be distinct from the posterior P600, which reflects conflict detection and reanalysis. However, constraint-related PNP findings are inconsistent. We sought to conceptually replicate Federmeier et al. (2007) and Kuperberg et al. (2020), who observed that the PNP, but not the N400 or the P600, was affected by constraint at unexpected but plausible words. Using a pre-registered design and statistical approach maximising power, we demonstrated a dissociated effect of predictability and constraint: strong evidence for predictability but not constraint in the N400 window, and strong evidence for constraint but not predictability in the later window. However, the constraint effect was consistent with a P600 and not a PNP, suggesting increased conflict between a strong representation and unexpected input rather than greater update of the representation. We conclude that either a simple strong/weak constraint design is not always sufficient to elicit the PNP, or that previous PNP constraint findings could be an artifact of smaller sample size.
Das Fenster zum Garten
(2023)
Digitalization, as well as sustainability, are gaining increased relevance and have attracted significant attention in research and practice. However, the research already published about this topic examining digitalization in the retail sector does not consider the acceptance of related innovations, nor their impact on sustainability. Therefore, this article critically analyzes the acceptance of customers towards digital technologies in fashion stores as well as their impact on sustainability in the textile industry. The comprehensive analysis of the literature and the current state of research provide the basis of this paper. Theoretical models, such as the Technology-Acceptance-Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT 2) enable the evaluation of expectations and acceptance, as well as the assessment of possible inhibitory factors for the subsequent descriptive and statistical examination of the acceptance of digital technologies in fashion stores. The research on this subject was examined in a quantitative way. The key findings show that customers do accept digital technologies in fashion stores. The final part of this contribution describes the innovative Digitalization 4 Sustainability Framework which shows that digital technologies at the point of sale (PoS) in fashion stores could have a positive impact on sustainability. Overall, this paper shows that it is particularly important for fashion stores to concentrate on their individual strengths and customer needs as well as to indicate a more sustainable way by using digital technologies, in order to achieve added value for the customers and to set themselves apart from the competition while designing a more sustainable future. Moreover, fashion stores should make it a point of their honor to harness the power of digitalization for sake of sustainability and economic value creation.