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The study of subnational and local government systems and reforms has become an increasingly salient topic in comparative public administration. In many European countries, policy implementation, the execution of public tasks and the delivery of services to citizens are largely carried out by local governments, which, at the same time, have been subjected to multiple reforms and sometimes comprehensive institutional re-organizations. This chapter discusses analytical key concepts and outcomes of the comparative study of local governments and local government reforms. It outlines frameworks and analytical tools to capture the variety of institutional settings and developments at the local level of government. It provides an introduction into crucial comparative dimensions, such as functional, territorial and political profiles of local governments, and analyses current reform approaches and outcomes based on recent empirical findings. Finally, the chapter addresses salient issues to be taken up in future comparative studies about local government.
Over the past decades, the traditional profile of the German administrative system has significantly been reshaped and remoulded through reforms and transformations. Manifold modernization efforts have been undertaken to adjust administrative structures and procedures to increasing challenges and pressures. In this chapter, the attempt is made to outline major institutional reform paths in Germany from Weberian bureaucracy to most recent reforms towards a digital transformation of public administration. We will show to what extent the German administrative system has moved away from the classical Weberian bureaucracy to a hybrid system where elements of the ‘old’ model and new reform paradigms such as the NPM and digital government are hybridized, labelled the Neo Weberian State. The question will be addressed as to what extent this shift has taken shape and which hurdles and path-dependencies can be identified to explain partial persistence and continuity over time.
Region ohne Richtung
(2023)
Welche Auswirkungen wird die aufziehende Großmächtekonkurrenz also auf die regionale Sicherheitsordnung haben? Der Beitrag nähert sich dieser Frage über die regionalen Bedingungsfaktoren, die den Rahmen für jegliche Ingerenz extraregionaler Mächte bilden: Die regionalen Sicherheitskomplexe in Lateinamerika und der Karibik, einschließlich der Regionalorganisationen und Regionalmächte, sowie der Einflusssphären und Anreizsysteme der Großmächte. Am Ende wagt der Beitrag einen Ausblick auf die Entwicklung der lateinamerikanischen Sicherheitspolitik im Angesicht der Geopolitik der Großmächte. Die hier vorgestellte Kernthese wagt ein strukturelles und deshalb wenig alarmistisches Argument: Die Großmächtekonkurrenz wird die bestehende Fragmentierung der regionalen Sicherheitsordnung weiter vertiefen, doch wird die Region gleichzeitig nicht substanziell an Agency gegenüber den Großmächten verlieren. Der Schlüssel hierzu ist die außenpolitische Maxime der „gebundenen Äquidistanz“, die Dependenzen diversifiziert und damit nicht als Widerspruch, sondern als Positivsummenspiel versteht.
Der Beitrag widmet sich zwei überaus fruchtbaren theoretischen Ansätzen in der Policy-Forschung und darüber hinaus: der Vetospielertheorie und Vetopunkt-Ansätzen. Neben den Grundzügen beider Ansätze stellen wir grundlegende Entwicklungslinien und Probleme dieser Literaturen anhand beispielhafter Studien dar. Es zeigt sich, dass beide Ansätze teils kontroverse Annahmen treffen, zu denen es plausible Alternativen gibt. Zum Beispiel kann das Verhalten von Koalitionsparteien im Policy-Prozess anders als von der Vetospielertheorie angenommen modelliert werden. Die kausalen Effekte bestimmter Institutionen oder Vetopunkte können zudem je nach Kontext variieren. Diesem Kontext sollte größere Beachtung geschenkt werden.
Prima del Novecento
(2023)
1933
(2023)
Nach der einleitenden Bemerkung, dass die alteuropäische (mittelalterliche und früh neuzeitliche) Identität grundsätzlich konfessionell bestimmt war (Heiraten, Vergabe von Ämtern, Kriegsbündnisse u. a. orientierten sich an der Konfession), gliederte der Referent seinen Vortrag in zwei Abschnitte:
Teil 1: Reflexion über die christliche Identität Alteuropas an der Schwelle vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit
Teil 2: Die Folgen von Katholischer Reform, Reformation und Gegenreformation für die europäische Geschichte im Konfessionellen Zeitalter, mit einigen Ausblicken auf das aufgeklärte, säkulare 18. Jahrhundert
In the last two centuries BC, with the Republic limping towards its end, the cultivated ruling elite began to lose its moral and political authority.1 Its members not only held themselves responsible for the so-called crisis of tradition, but at the same time also conveyed the impression of a loss of memory, as if all Romans were suffering from some kind of amnesia or identity crisis.2 In particular, institutional figures such as pontiffs and augurs, who had preserved Rome’s memory throughout its history, were accused of neglecting their duties and, by extension, of allowing ancient practices and values to slowly disappear.3 Accordingly, Cicero and Varro, both perfect representatives of this elite, employed recurrent terms such as neglect (neglegentia/neglegere), involuntary abandon (amittere), oblivion (oblivio), vanishing of institutions (evanescere), and ignorance (ignoratio/ignorare) to describe this critical loss of information; they depicted the citizenry of Rome (civitas) as disoriented and estranged, incapable of sharing any common knowledge or values.
§ 31 Angemeldete Marken
(2023)
§ 27 Rechtsübergang
(2023)
§ 30 Lizenzen
(2023)
Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 27–31
(2023)
In this chapter, I consider the unity of self-consciousness and objectivity. Starting from the notion that the objective character and the self-conscious character of thought seem in tension, I discuss Sebastian Rödl’s Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and his thesis that this tension is merely apparent. This resolution suggests an immediate route to absolute idealism. I recall two Hegelian objections against such an immediate route. Against this background, it transpires that the dissolution of the apparent opposition of objectivity and self-consciousness can only be a preliminary step, opening our eyes to an actual opposition animating the pursuit of knowledge: the opposition of knowledge of nature and self-knowledge. This actual opposition cannot be removed as merely apparent and instead has to be sublated through articulation of its speculative unity. I consider two paradigms for the exposition of such a speculative unity: Kant’s account of judgments of beauty, and Hegel’s account of the speculative unity of life and self-consciousness. I close by contrasting these two approaches with Rödl’s characterization, which strikes me as one-sided. Absolute idealism, properly understood, requires us to develop the speculative unity of knowledge of nature and self-knowledge from both sides, showing us that knowledge of nature is self-knowledge, but equally: that self-knowledge requires knowledge of ourselves as nature.
Process mining (PM) has established itself in recent years as a main method for visualizing and analyzing processes. However, the identification of knowledge has not been addressed adequately because PM aims solely at data-driven discovering, monitoring, and improving real-world processes from event logs available in various information systems. The following paper, therefore, outlines a novel systematic analysis view on tools for data-driven and machine learning (ML)-based identification of knowledge-intensive target processes. To support the effectiveness of the identification process, the main contributions of this study are (1) to design a procedure for a systematic review and analysis for the selection of relevant dimensions, (2) to identify different categories of dimensions as evaluation metrics to select source systems, algorithms, and tools for PM and ML as well as include them in a multi-dimensional grid box model, (3) to select and assess the most relevant dimensions of the model, (4) to identify and assess source systems, algorithms, and tools in order to find evidence for the selected dimensions, and (5) to assess the relevance and applicability of the conceptualization and design procedure for tool selection in data-driven and ML-based process mining research.
Militärische Sozialisation
(2023)
Zwar gibt es für jeden Beruf und in vielen Betrieben spezielle Ausbildungs- oder Traineeprogramme. Zumeist aber unterscheiden sich diese in Inhalt und der Art ihrer Vermittlung von der Ausbildung, die Soldaten und Soldatinnen erhalten. In diesem Beitrag wird der Begriff der militärischen Sozialisation in Bezug zu den neueren Konzeptionen des Sozialisationsbegriffs gesetzt. Danach werden verschiedene Sozialisationskonzepte, die auf die militärische Sozialisation angewendet wurden, vorgestellt. Dazu gehören Goffmans Theorie der totalen Institution, Foucaults Idee der Disziplinierung und entwicklungstheoretische Ansätze. Gezeigt wird aber auch, wie schwierig es ist, militärische Sozialisation empirisch zu fassen.
§2 Anwendungsbereich
(2023)
In this chapter, we conduct bibliometric performance analyses and a co-citation analysis on all articles relating to family firms indexed in Scopus and Web of Science and all articles published in the Family Business Review, Journal of Family Business Management, and the Journal of Family Business Strategy. Based on the literature sample of 4,056 articles published between 1960 and 2020 by 3,600 authors in 783 journals and their 175,163 references, we identify the most productive and most cited journals, the most cited authors, and the 25 most cited articles. Our science mapping reveals the agency theory, definitions, entrepreneurship, internationalization, ownership, resources, socioemotional wealth, and succession as the predominant research themes in family firm research. Whereas entrepreneurship explicitly appears in one of the clusters, innovation does not yet. Based on our findings, we propose a research framework and point to several research gaps to be addressed by future research.
Dieser Beitrag arbeitet die Spezifik von Verwaltungen als besonderen Organisationstypen heraus. Verwaltungen werden typischerweise und orientiert an Weber als Prototypen von Organisationen angesehen. Das erschwert die Aufgabenstellung. Ankerpunkte für die Beobachtung der Verwaltung als Organisationstypus sind die Besonderheit ihres Entscheidens, das Verhältnis zu Politik und Öffentlichkeit, die Etappen von Verwaltungsreformen und die Frage, ob in der Veränderungsresistenz möglicherweise eine Spezifität von Verwaltungen liegen könnte.
Militärische Organisationen
(2023)
Die Spezifik militärischer Organisationen als Organisationstypus lässt sich aus der Bestimmung von Kriegen als Trias von „Gewalt + Organisation + Legitimation“ ableiten. Der Kern des Typs liegt entsprechend zum einen darin, die Fähigkeit zum organisierten Kampf zu entwickeln, d. h., bei seinen Mitgliedern die Fähigkeit zu erzeugen, Gewalt strategisch einzusetzen und diese auch selbst zu ertragen, und zum anderen, die Etablierung dieser Fähigkeit und ihren Einsatz auch zu legitimieren. Der Beitrag arbeitet darüber hinaus die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der drei Subtypen militärischer Organisationen – reguläre Streitkräfte, private militärische Organisationen und Guerilla – heraus. Die Unterschiede liegen darin, wie sie sich legitimieren und finanzieren, wie sie ihr Personal akquirieren und ausbilden, und welche Bedeutung militärische Symbole und Rituale haben.
The authors propose that while tacit knowledge is a valuable resource for developing new business models, its externalization presents several challenges. One major challenge is that individuals often don’t recognize their tacit knowledge resources, while another is the reluctance to share one’s knowledge with others. Addressing these challenges, the authors present an application-oriented serious game-based haptic modeling approach for externalize tacit knowledge, which can be used to develop the first versions of business models based on tacit knowledge. Both conceptual and practical design fundamentals are presented based on elaborated theoretical approaches, which were developed with the help of a design science approach. The development of the research process is presented step by step, whereby we focused on the high accessibility of the presented research. Practitioners are presented with guidelines for implementing their serious game projects. Scientists benefit from starting points for their research topics of externalization, internalization, and socialization of tacit knowledge, development of business models, and serious games or gamification. The paper concludes with open research desiderata and questions from the presented research process.
Business processes are regularly modified either to capture requirements from the organization’s environment or due to internal optimization and restructuring. Implementing the changes into the individual work routines is aided by change management tools. These tools aim at the acceptance of the process by and empowerment of the process executor. They cover a wide range of general factors and seldom accurately address the changes in task execution and sequence. Furthermore, change is only framed as a learning activity, while most obstacles to change arise from the inability to unlearn or forget behavioural patterns one is acquainted with. Therefore, this paper aims to develop and demonstrate a notation to capture changes in business processes and identify elements that are likely to present obstacles during change. It connects existing research from changes in work routines and psychological insights from unlearning and intentional forgetting to the BPM domain. The results contribute to more transparency in business process models regarding knowledge changes. They provide better means to understand the dynamics and barriers of change processes.
With the latest technological developments and associated new possibilities in teaching, the personalisation of learning is gaining more and more importance. It assumes that individual learning experiences and results could generally be improved when personal learning preferences are considered. To do justice to the complexity of the personalisation possibilities of teaching and learning processes, we illustrate the components of learning and teaching in the digital environment and their interdependencies in an initial model. Furthermore, in a pre-study, we investigate the relationships between the learner's ability to (digital) self-organise, the learner’s prior- knowledge learning in different variants of mode and learning outcomes as one part of this model. With this pre-study, we are taking the first step towards a holistic model of teaching and learning in digital environments.
Artikel 7 Schulwesen
(2023)
Artikel 6 Ehe und Familie, Elternrecht, Wächteramt, Trennungsamt, Mutterschutz, uneheliche Kinder
(2023)
Vorwort
(2023)
Der Persönlichkeitsschutz von Politikern in Zeiten von hate speech und öffentlicher Vorführung
(2023)
§ 651v BGB Reisevermittlung
(2023)