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Portal alumni
(2014)
Die Beliebtheit von Medienberufen ist ungebrochen. Das zeigt sich unter anderem an der Zahl der Studieninteressierten. So haben sich allein in diesem Jahr mehr als 1 500 junge Leute auf einen der 44 Plätze für den Studiengang Medienwissenschaft an der Universität Potsdam beworben. Nach ihrem erfolgreichen Abschluss allerdings konkurrieren die Absolventen am Arbeitsmarkt mit Tausenden Abgängern anderer Hochschulen aus Film-, Medien- und Kommunikationsstudiengängen. Das sind allein in der Region Berlin-Brandenburg jährlich etwa 1 500. Doch nach jahrzehntelangem Boom der Medienbranche hat sich der Arbeitsmarkt im vergangenen Jahrzehnt drastisch verändert. Konjunkturkrise, Kursrückgänge und rückläufige Werbeinvestitionen schwächten die Medien deutlich. Es folgten daraus schlechte Gewinnergebnisse, Einsparungen und Personalreduzierung, insbesondere bei den Printmedien. Die Insolvenz der Frankfurter Rundschau oder die Einstellung der Financial Times Deutschland sind nur zwei eklatante Beispiele. Auf der anderen Seite boomt der dynamische Online-Markt aufgrund des veränderten Nutzerverhaltens insbesondere der jungen Generation, die ihre Informationen zunehmend aus Internet, Apps und sozialen Netzwerken gewinnen. Die Berufsaussichten für all Jene, die „Irgendwas mit Medien“ studieren wollen sind zwar aufgrund des Arbeitsmarktes schwieriger geworden, sie sind aber dennoch vielfältig. Guter Journalismus wird weiterhin benötigt und auch Öffentlichkeitsarbeiter sind gefragt. Darüber hinaus stehen Absolventen der Kommunikationswissenschaften die Türen in die Medienplanung oder in der Markt- und Meinungsforschung offen. Und nicht zuletzt sind Experten in der Online-Branche gefragt. Portal alumni hat sich in diesem Jahr dafür interessiert, welche Karrierewege Absolventen der der Universität Potsdam in Medienberufen bisher gegangen sind. Dabei zeigt sich, dass auch hier die Wege selten linear verlaufen und berufliche Erfolge sich keineswegs leicht einstellten.
The B fields in OB stars (BOB) survey is an ESO large programme collecting spectropolarimetric observations for a large number of early-type stars in order to study the occurrence rate, properties, and ultimately the origin of magnetic fields in massive stars. As of July 2014, a total of 98 objects were observed over 20 nights with FORS2 and HARPSpol. Our preliminary results indicate that the fraction of magnetic OB stars with an organised, detectable field is low. This conclusion, now independently reached by two different surveys, has profound implications for any theoretical model attempting to explain the field formation in these objects. We discuss in this contribution some important issues addressed by our observations (e.g., the lower bound of the field strength) and the discovery of some remarkable objects.
Nested application conditions generalise the well-known negative application conditions and are important for several application domains. In this paper, we present Local Church-Rosser, Parallelism, Concurrency and Amalgamation Theorems for rules with nested application conditions in the framework of M-adhesive categories, where M-adhesive categories are slightly more general than weak adhesive high-level replacement categories. Most of the proofs are based on the corresponding statements for rules without application conditions and two shift lemmas stating that nested application conditions can be shifted over morphisms and rules.
Im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären studentischen Projekts wurde ein Framework für mobile pervasive Lernspiele entwickelt. Am Beispiel des historischen Lernortes Park Sanssouci wurde auf dieser Grundlage ein Lernspiel für Schülerinnen und Schüler implementiert. Die geplante Evaluation soll die Lernwirksamkeit von geobasierten mobilen Lernspielen messen. Dazu wird die Intensität des Flow-Erlebens mit einer ortsgebundenen alternativen Umsetzung verglichen.
Das Projekt „Medienbildung in der LehrerInnenbildung“ hat das Ziel, den Einsatz digitaler Medien in den Lehramtsstudiengängen der Universität Potsdam nachhaltig zu fördern. Am Beispiel der Musiklehrerausbildung (Lehrstuhl für Musikpädagogik und Musikdidaktik) wurde ein Konzept für die Nutzung von Video-Podcasts in schulischen Praxisphasen entwickelt, um Studierende bei der Unterrichtsplanung zu unterstützen. Die fachspezifische Umsetzung des E-Learning-Ansatzes und die damit verbundenen Möglichkeiten und Heraus- forderungen werden gezeigt und betonen die Wichtigkeit der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Fachdidaktik und Mediendidaktik, um eine bedarfsorientierte Lösung zu finden, die praktisch umsetzbar ist.
Recently, interest in collecting and mining large sets of educational data on student background and performance to conduct research on learning and instruction has developed as an area generally referred to as learning analytics. Higher education leaders are recognising the value of learning analytics for improving not only learning and teaching but also the entire educational arena. However, theoretical concepts and empirical evidence need to be generated within the fast evolving field of learning analytics. In this paper, we introduce a holistic learning analytics framework. Based on this framework, student, learning, and curriculum profiles have been developed which include relevant static and dynamic parameters for facilitating the learning analytics framework. Based on the theoretical model, an empirical study was conducted to empirically validate the parameters included in the student profile. The paper concludes with practical implications and issues for future research.
Portal Wissen = Time
(2014)
“What then is time?”, Augustine of Hippo sighs melancholically in Book XI of “Confessions” and continues, “If no one asks me, I know; if I want to explain it to a questioner, I don’t know.” Even today, 1584 years after Augustine, time still appears mysterious. Treatises about the essence of time fill whole libraries – and this magazine.
However, questions of essence are alien to modern sciences. Time is – at least in physics – unproblematic: “Time is defined so that motion looks simple”, briefly and prosaically phrased, waves goodbye to Augustine’s riddle and to the Newtonian concept of absolute time, whose mathematical flow can only be approximately recorded with earthly instruments anyway.
In our everyday language and even in science we still speak of the flow of time but time has not been a natural condition for quite a while now. It is rather a conventional order parameter for change and movement. Processes are arranged by using a class of processes as a counting system in order to compare other processes and to organize them with the help of the temporary categories “before”, “during”, and “after”.
During Galileo’s time one’s own pulse was seen as the time standard for the flight of cannon balls. More sophisticated examination methods later made this seem too impractical. The distance-time diagrams of free-flying cannon balls turned out to be rather imprecise, difficult to replicate, and in no way “simple”. Nowadays, we use cesium atoms. A process is said to take one second when a caesium-133 atom completes 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state. A meter is the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second. Fortunately, these data are hard-coded in the Global Positioning System GPS so users do not have to reenter them each time they want to know where they are. In the future, however, they might have to download an app because the time standard has been replaced by sophisticated transitions to ytterbium.
The conventional character of the time concept should not tempt us to believe that everything is somehow relative and, as a result, arbitrary. The relation of one’s own pulse to an atomic clock is absolute and as real as the relation of an hourglass to the path of the sun. The exact sciences are relational sciences. They are not about the thing-initself as Newton and Kant dreamt, but rather about relations as Leibniz and, later, Mach pointed out.
It is not surprising that the physical time standard turned out to be rather impractical for other scientists. The psychology of time perception tells us – and you will all agree – that the perceived age is quite different from the physical age. The older we get the shorter the years seem. If we simply assume that perceived duration is inversely related to physical age and that a 20-year old also perceives a physical year as a psychological one, we come to the surprising discovery that at 90 years we are 90 years old. With an assumed life expectancy of 90 years, 67% (or 82%) of your felt lifetime is behind you at the age of 20 (or 40) physical years.
Before we start to wallow in melancholy in the face of the “relativity of time”, let me again quote Augustine. “But at any rate this much I dare affirm I know: that if nothing passed there would be no past time; if nothing were approaching, there would be no future time; if nothing were, there would be no present time.” Well, – or as Bob Dylan sings “The times they are a-changin”.
I wish you an exciting time reading this issue.
Prof. Martin Wilkens
Professor of Quantum Optics
Portal Wissen = Believe
(2014)
People want to know what is real. Children enjoy listening to a story but when my children were about four years old they started asking whether the story really happened or was just invented. Likewise, only on a higher level, our academic curiosity is fuelled by our interest in knowing what is real. When we analyze poetic texts or dreams we are trying to distinguish between the facts (e.g. neurological ones or linguistic structures) and merely assumed influences. Ideally we can present results that were logically understood by others and that we can repeat empirically. But in most cases this is not possible. We cannot read every book and cannot look through every microscope, not even within our own discipline. In the world we live in we depend on trusting the information of others, like how to get to the train station or what the weather is like in Ulaanbataar. This is why we are used to believing others, our friends or the news anchors. This is not a childish behavior but a necessity. Of course, it is risky because they could all be lying to us, like in a Truman Show situation. The only time we are able to know that we are in reality is when we transcend our selfconsciousness and when we accept two propositions: first, that we are not only objects but also subjects in the consciousness of others and second that our dialogic relations are again observed by a third party that is not part of this intersubjective world.
For religious people this is “belief” - belief as the assumption that all human relations only become real, serious and beyond any doubt if they know they are under the eyes of God. Only before Him something is in itself and not only “for me” or “among us”. That is why biblical language distinguishes between three forms of belief: the relationship with the world of things (“to believe that”), the relationship to the world of subjects (“to believe somebody”) and the assumption of a subjective supernatural reality (“to believe in” or “faith”). From an academic point of view belief is a holistic hypothesis. Belief is not the opposite of knowledge but it is the attempt to save reality from doubt by comprehending the fragile empirical world as an expression of a stable transcendent world.
When I talk to students they often ask not only about what I know but what I believe. As a professor for Religious Studies and a believing Catholic I am caught in the middle. On the one hand, it is my duty as a professor to doubt everything, i.e. to attribute each religious text to its historical context and sociological functions. On the other hand, I, as a Christian, consider certain religious documents, in my case the Bible, an interpretable but nevertheless irreversible, revealed text about the origin of reality. On weekdays the New Testament is a collection of ancient writings among many others, on Sundays it is the revelation. You can make a clear distinction between these two perspectives but it is difficult to decide whether doubt or belief is more real.
This issue of “Portal Wissen” explores this dual relationship of belief. What is the attitude of science towards belief – is it a religious one? Where does science bring things to light that we can hardly believe or that make us believe (again)? What happens if research clears up erroneous assumptions or myths? Is science able to investigate things that are convincing but inexplicable? How can it maintain its credibility and develop even so?
These questions appear again and again in the contributions of this “Portal Wissen”. They form a manifold, exciting and surprising picture of the research projects and academics at the University of Potsdam. Believe me, it will be an enjoyable read.
Prof. Johann Hafner
Professor of Religious Studies with Focus on Christianity Dean of the Faculty of Arts
Portal Wissen = Zeit
(2014)
„Was ist also 'Zeit'?“ seufzt Augustinus von Hippo im 11. Buch seiner „Confessiones“ melancholisch, und fährt fort „Wenn mich niemand danach fragt, weiß ich es; will ich einem Fragenden es erklären, weiß ich es nicht.“ Auch heute, 1584 Jahre nach Augustinus, erscheint 'Zeit' immer noch rätselhaft. Abhandlungen über das Wesen der Zeit füllen Bibliotheken. Oder eben dieses Heft.
Wesensfragen sind den modernen Wissenschaften allerdings fremd. Zeit ist – zumindest in der Physik – unproblematisch. „Time is defined so that Motion looks simple“ erkärt man kurz und trocken, und verabschiedet sich damit vom Augustinischen Rätsel oder der Newtonschen Vorstellung einer absoluten Zeit, deren mathematischen Fluss man durch irdische Instrumente eh immer nur näherungsweise erfassen kann.
In der Alltagssprache, selbst in den Wissenschaften, reden wir zwar weiterhin vom Fluss der Zeit, aber Zeit ist schon lange keine natürliche Gegebenheit mehr. Zeit ist vielmehr ein konventioneller Ordnungsparameter für Änderung und Bewegung. Geordnet werden Prozesse, indem eine Klasse von Prozessen als Zählsystem dient, um andere Prozesse mit ihnen zu vergleichen und anhand der temporären Kategorien „vorher“, „während“ und „nachher“ anzuordnen.
Zu Galileis Zeiten galt der eigene Pulsschlag als Zeitstandard für den Flug von Kanonenkugeln. Mit zunehmender Verfeinerung der Untersuchungsmethoden erschien das zu unpraktisch: Die Weg-Zeit-Diagramme frei fliegender Kanonenkugeln erweisen sich in diesem Standard ziemlich verwackelt, schlecht reproduzierbar, und keineswegs „simpel“. Heutzutage greift man zu Cäsium-Atomen. Demnach dauert ein Prozess eine Sekunde, wenn ein 133Cs-Atom genau 9 192 631 770 Schwingungen zwischen zwei sogenannten Hyperfeinzuständen des Grundzustands vollführt hat. Und ein Meter ist die Entfernung, die Licht im Vakuum in exakt 1/299 792 458 Sekunden zurücklegt. Glücklicherweise sind diese Daten im General Positioning System GPS hart kodiert, so dass der Nutzer sie nicht jedes Mal aufs Neue eingeben muss, wenn er wissen will, wo er ist. Aber schon morgen muss er sich vielleicht ein Applet runterladen, weil der Zeitstandard durch raffinierte Übergänge in Ytterbium ersetzt wurde.
Der konventionelle Charakter des Zeitbegriffs sollte nicht dazu verführen zu glauben, alles sei irgendwie relativ und daher willkürlich. Die Beziehung eines Pulsschlags zu einer Atomuhr ist absolut, und genauso real, wie die Beziehung einer Sanduhr zum Lauf der Sonne. Die exakten Wissenschaften sind Beziehungswissenschaften. Sie handeln nicht vom Ding an sich, was Newton und Kant noch geträumt haben, sondern von Beziehungen – worauf schon Leibniz und später Mach hingewiesen haben.
Kein Wunder, dass sich für andere Wissenschaften der physikalische Zeit-Standard als ziemlich unpraktisch erweist. Der Psychologie der Zeitwahrnehmung entnehmen wir – und jeder wird das bestätigen können – dass das gefühlte Alter durchaus verschieden ist vom physikalischen Alter. Je älter man ist, desto kürzer erscheinen einem die Jahre.
Unter der einfachen Annahme, dass die gefühlte Dauer umgekehrt proportional zum physikalischen Alter ist, und man als Zwanzigjähriger ein physikalisches Jahr auch psychologisch als ein Jahr empfindet, ergibt sich der erstaunliche Befund, dass man mit 90 Jahren 90 Jahre ist. Und – bei einer angenommenen Lebenserwartung von 90 Jahren – mit 20 (bzw. 40) physikalischen Jahren bereits 67 (bzw. 82) Prozent seiner gefühlten Lebenszeit hinter sich hat.
Bevor man angesichts der „Relativität von Zeit“ selbst in Melancholie versinkt, vielleicht die Fortsetzung des Eingangszitats von Augustinus: „Aber zuversichtlich behaupte ich zu wissen, dass es vergangene Zeit nicht gäbe, wenn nichts verginge, und nicht künftige Zeit, wenn nichts herankäme, und nicht gegenwärtige Zeit wenn nichts seiend wäre.“ Tja – oder mit Bob Dylan „The times they're a changing“.
Ich wünsche Ihnen eine spannende Zeit bei der Lektüre dieser Ausgabe.
Prof. Dr. Martin Wilkens
Professor für Quantenoptik
Portal Wissen = Glauben
(2014)
Menschen wollen wissen, was wirklich ist. Kinder lassen sich gern eine Geschichte erzählen, aber spätestens mit vier Jahren fragten meine, ob diese Geschichte so passiert sei oder nur erfunden. Das setzt sich fort: Auch unsere wissenschaftliche Neugier wird vom Interesse befeuert herauszufinden, was wirklich ist. Selbst dort, wo wir poetische Texte oder Träume erforschen, tun wir es in der Absicht, die realen sprachlichen Strukturen bzw. die neurologischen Faktoren von bloß vermuteten zu unterscheiden. Im Idealfall können wir Ergebnisse präsentieren, die von anderen logisch nachvollzogen und empirisch wiederholbar sind. Meistens geht das aber nicht. Wir können nicht jedes Buch lesen und nicht in jedes Mikroskop schauen, nicht einmal innerhalb der eigenen Disziplin. Wie viel mehr sind wir in der Lebenswelt darauf angewiesen, den Ausführungen anderer zu vertrauen, wenn wir wissen wollen, wo es zum Bahnhof geht oder ob es in Ulan Bator schön ist. Deshalb haben wir uns daran gewöhnt, anderen Glauben zu schenken, vom Freund bis zum Tagesschausprecher. Das ist kein kindliches Verhalten, sondern eine Notwendigkeit. Freilich ist das riskant, denn alle anderen könnten uns – wie in der „Truman- Show“ – anlügen. In der Wirklichkeit wissen wir uns erst dann, wenn wir unser Selbstbewusstsein verlassen und akzeptieren, dass wir erstens nicht nur Objekte, sondern Subjekte im Bewusstsein von anderen sind, und zweitens, dass alle unsere dialogischen Beziehungen noch einmal von einem Dritten betrachtet werden, der nicht Teil dieser Welt ist.
Für Religiöse ist das der Glaube. Glaube als Unterstellung, dass alle menschlichen Beziehungen erst dann wirklich, ernst und über Zweifel erhaben sind, wenn sie sich vor den Augen Gottes wissen. Erst vor ihm ist etwas als es selbst und nicht nur „für mich“ oder „unter uns“. Daher unterscheidet die biblische Sprache drei Formen des Glaubens: die Beziehung zur Ding-Welt („glauben, dass“), die Beziehung zur Subjekt-Welt („jemandem glauben“) und die Annahme einer subjekthaften überirdischen Wirklichkeit („glauben an“). Wissenschaftstheoretisch gesehen ist Glaube also eine Totalhypothese. Glaube ist nicht das Gegenteil von Wissen, sondern der Versuch, Wirklichkeit vor dem Zweifel zu retten, indem man die fragile empirische Welt als Ausdruck einer stabilen transzendenten Welt begreift.
Oft wollen Studierende in Gesprächen nicht nur wissen, was ich weiß, sondern, was ich glaube. Als Religionswissenschaftler und gleichzeitig gläubiger Katholik sitze ich zwischen den Stühlen: Einerseits ist es als Professor meine Aufgabe, alles zu bezweifeln, d.h. jeden religiösen Text auf seine historischen Kontexte und soziologischen Funktionen zurückzuführen. Andererseits hält der Christ in mir bestimmte religiöse Dokumente – in meinem Fall die Bibel – zwar für einen interpretierbaren, aber doch irreversiblen, offenbarten Text, der vom Ursprung der Wirklichkeit handelt. Werktags ist das Neue Testament eine antike Schriftensammlung neben vielen anderen, am Sonntag ist es die Offenbarung. Beides kann klar unterschieden werden, aber es ist schwer zu entscheiden, ob das Zweifeln oder das Glauben wirklicher ist.
Das vorliegende Heft geht diesem doppelten Verhältnis zum Glauben nach: Wie steht Wissenschaft zum Glauben – ob religiös oder nicht? Wo bringt Wissenschaft Dinge ans Licht, die wir kaum glauben mögen oder uns (wieder) glauben lassen? Was passiert, wenn Forschung irrige Annahmen oder Mythen aufklärt? Ist Wissenschaft in der Lage, Dingen auf den Grund zu gehen, die zwar überzeugend, aber unerklärbar sind? Wie kann sie selbst glaubwürdig bleiben und sich dennoch weiterentwickeln?
In den Beiträgen dieser „Portal Wissen“ scheinen diese Fragen immer wieder auf. Sie bilden ein vielfältiges, spannendes und auch überraschendes Bild der Forschungsprojekte und der Wissenschaftler an der Universität Potsdam. Glauben Sie mir, es erwartet Sie eine anregende Lektüre!
Prof. Dr. Johann Hafner
Professor für Religionswissenschaft mit dem Schwerpunkt Christentum
Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät
Unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Georadar-Wellengeschwindigkeiten wurden entwickelt und erfolgreich angewendet. Für die Verfahren wurden statistische Methoden und Schwarmintelligenz-Algorithmen benutzt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die neuen Verfahren schneller, präziser und besser reproduzierbare Ergebnisse für Georadar-Wellengeschwindigkeit erzielen als herkömmliche Verfahren.
Mit verbesserten Werten der Georadar-Wellengeschwindigkeit lassen sich die verzerrten dreidimensionalen Abbilder der obersten zehn Meter des Untergrundes, welche sich mit Georadar-Daten erzeugen lassen, korrigieren. In diesen korrigierten Abbildern sind dann realistische Tiefen von Schichten oder Objekten im Untergrund besser messbar. Außerdem verbessern präzisere Wellengeschwindigkeiten die Bestimmung von Bodenparametern, wie Wassergehalt oder Tonanteil. Die präsentierten Verfahren erlauben eine quantitative Angabe von Fehlern der bestimmten Wellengeschwindigkeit und der daraus folgenden Tiefen und Bodenparametern im Untergrund. Die Vorteile dieser neu entwickelten Verfahren zur Charakterisierung des Untergrundes der oberen Meter wurde an Feldbeispielen demonstriert.
We report on the development of an on-chip RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) with simultaneous multiplex isothermal amplification and detection on a solid surface. The isothermal RPA was applied to amplify specific target sequences from the pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella enterica and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using genomic DNA. Additionally, a positive plasmid control was established as an internal control. The four targets were amplified simultaneously in a quadruplex reaction. The amplicon is labeled during on-chip RPA by reverse oligonucleotide primers coupled to a fluorophore. Both amplification and spatially resolved signal generation take place on immobilized forward primers bount to expoxy-silanized glass surfaces in a pump-driven hybridization chamber. The combination of microarray technology and sensitive isothermal nucleic acid amplification at 38 °C allows for a multiparameter analysis on a rather small area. The on-chip RPA was characterized in terms of reaction time, sensitivity and inhibitory conditions. A successful enzymatic reaction is completed in <20 min and results in detection limits of 10 colony-forming units for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica and 100 colony-forming units for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The results show this method to be useful with respect to point-of-care testing and to enable simplified and miniaturized nucleic acid-based diagnostics.
The Babylonian Talmud (BT) attributes the idea of committing a transgression for the sake of God to R. Nahman b. Isaac (RNBI). RNBI's statement appears in two parallel sugyot in the BT (Nazir 23a; Horayot 10a). Each sugya has four textual witnesses. By comparing these textual witnesses, this paper will attempt to reconstruct the sugya's earlier (or, what some might term, original) dialectical form, from which the two familiar versions of the text in Nazir and Horayot evolved. This article reveals the specific ways in which, value-laden conceptualizations have a major impact on the Talmud's formulation, as we know it today.
Ultraschall Berlin
(2014)
We propose a novel cluster-based reduced-order modelling (CROM) strategy for unsteady flows. CROM combines the cluster analysis pioneered in Gunzburger's group (Burkardt, Gunzburger & Lee, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng, vol. 196, 2006a, pp. 337-355) and transition matrix models introduced in fluid dynamics in Eckhardt's group (Schneider, Eckhardt & Vollmer, Phys. Rev. E, vol. 75, 2007, art. 066313). CROM constitutes a potential alternative to POD models and generalises the Ulam-Galerkin method classically used in dynamical systems to determine a finite-rank approximation of the Perron-Frobenius operator. The proposed strategy processes a time-resolved sequence of flow snapshots in two steps. First, the snapshot data are clustered into a small number of representative states, called centroids, in the state space. These centroids partition the state space in complementary non-overlapping regions (centroidal Voronoi cells). Departing from the standard algorithm, the probabilities of the clusters are determined, and the states are sorted by analysis of the transition matrix. Second, the transitions between the states are dynamically modelled using a Markov process. Physical mechanisms are then distilled by a refined analysis of the Markov process, e. g. using finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) and entropic methods. This CROM framework is applied to the Lorenz attractor (as illustrative example), to velocity fields of the spatially evolving incompressible mixing layer and the three-dimensional turbulent wake of a bluff body. For these examples, CROM is shown to identify non-trivial quasi-attractors and transition processes in an unsupervised manner. CROM has numerous potential applications for the systematic identification of physical mechanisms of complex dynamics, for comparison of flow evolution models, for the identification of precursors to desirable and undesirable events, and for flow control applications exploiting nonlinear actuation dynamics.
claspfolio 2
(2014)
Building on the award-winning, portfolio-based ASP solver claspfolio, we present claspfolio 2, a modular and open solver architecture that integrates several different portfolio-based algorithm selection approaches and techniques. The claspfolio 2 solver framework supports various feature generators, solver selection approaches, solver portfolios, as well as solver-schedule-based pre-solving techniques. The default configuration of claspfolio 2 relies on a light-weight version of the ASP solver clasp to generate static and dynamic instance features. The flexible open design of claspfolio 2 is a distinguishing factor even beyond ASP. As such, it provides a unique framework for comparing and combining existing portfolio-based algorithm selection approaches and techniques in a single, unified framework. Taking advantage of this, we conducted an extensive experimental study to assess the impact of different feature sets, selection approaches and base solver portfolios. In addition to gaining substantial insights into the utility of the various approaches and techniques, we identified a default configuration of claspfolio 2 that achieves substantial performance gains not only over clasp's default configuration and the earlier version of claspfolio, but also over manually tuned configurations of clasp.
Research in rodents has shown that dietary vitamin A reduces body fat by enhancing fat mobilisation and energy utilisation; however, their effects in growing dogs remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the development of body weight and body composition and compared observed energy intake with predicted energy intake in forty-nine puppies from two breeds (twenty-four Labrador Retriever (LAB) and twenty-five Miniature Schnauzer (MS)). A total of four different diets with increasing vitamin A content between 5.24 and 104.80 mu mol retinol (5000-100 000 IU vitamin A)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) metabolisable energy were fed from the age of 8 weeks up to 52 (MS) and 78 weeks (LAB). The daily energy intake was recorded throughout the experimental period. The body condition score was evaluated weekly using a seven-category system, and food allowances were adjusted to maintain optimal body condition. Body composition was assessed at the age of 26 and 52 weeks for both breeds and at the age of 78 weeks for the LAB breed only using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The growth curves of the dogs followed a breed-specific pattern. However, data on energy intake showed considerable variability between the two breeds as well as when compared with predicted energy intake. In conclusion, the data show that energy intakes of puppies particularly during early growth are highly variable; however, the growth pattern and body composition of the LAB and MS breeds are not affected by the intake of vitamin A at levels up to 104.80 mu mol retinol (100 000 IU vitamin A)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal).
The complementary advantages of high-rate Global Positioning System (GPS) and accelerometer observations for measuring seismic ground motion have been recognised in previous research. Here we propose an approach of tight integration of GPS and accelerometer measurements. The baseline shifts of the accelerometer are introduced as unknown parameters and estimated by a random walk process in the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solution. To demonstrate the performance of the new strategy, we carried out several experiments using collocated GPS and accelerometer. The experimental results show that the baseline shifts of the accelerometer are automatically corrected, and high precision coseismic information of strong ground motion can be obtained in real-time. Additionally, the convergence and precision of the PPP is improved by the combined solution.
Object and action naming in Russian- and German- speaking monolingual and bilingual children*
(2014)
The present study investigates the influence of word category on naming performance in two populations: bilingual and monolingual children. The question is whether and, if so, to what extent monolingual and bilingual children differ with respect to noun and verb naming and whether a noun bias exists in the lexical abilities of bilingual children. Picture naming of objects and actions by Russian-German bilingual children (aged 4-7 years) was compared to age-matched monolingual children. The results clearly demonstrate a naming deficit of bilingual children in comparison to monolingual children that increases with age. Noun learning is more fragile in bilingual contexts than is verb learning. In bilingual language acquisition, nouns do not predominate over verbs as much as is seen in monolingual German and Russian children. The results are discussed with respect to semantic-conceptual aspects and language-specific features of nouns and verbs, and the impact of input on the acquisition of these word categories.
Bats are important components in tropical mammal assemblages. Unravelling the mechanisms allowing multiple syntopic bat species to coexist can provide insights into community ecology. However, dietary information on component species of these assemblages is often difficult to obtain. Here we measuredstable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in hair samples clipped from the backs of 94 specimens to indirectly examine whether trophic niche differentiation and microhabitat segregation explain the coexistence of 16 bat species at Ankarana, northern Madagascar. The assemblage ranged over 4.4% in delta N-15 and was structured into two trophic levels with phytophagous Pteropodidae as primary consumers (c. 3% enriched over plants) and different insectivorous bats as secondary consumers (c. 4% enriched over primary consumers). Bat species utilizing different microhabitats formed distinct isotopic clusters (metric analyses of delta C-13-delta N-15 bi-plots), but taxa foraging in the same microhabitat did not show more pronounced trophic differentiation than those occupying different microhabitats. As revealed by multivariate analyses, no discernible feeding competition was found in the local assemblage amongst congeneric species as compared with non-congeners. In contrast to ecological niche theory, but in accordance with studies on New and Old World bat assemblages, competitive interactions appear to be relaxed at Ankarana and not a prevailing structuring force.
Regular and irregular inflection in children's production has been examined in many previous studies. Yet, little is known about the processes involved in children's recognition of inflected words. To gain insight into how children process inflected words, the current study examines regular -t and irregular -n participles of German using the cross-modal priming technique testing 108 monolingual German-speaking children in two age groups (group I, mean age: 8;4, group II, mean age: 9;9) and a control group of.. adults. Although both age groups of children had the same full priming effect as adults for -t forms, only children of age group II showed an adult-like (partial) priming effect for -n participles. We argue that children (within the age range tested) employ the same mechanisms for regular inflection as adults but that the lexical retrieval processes required for irregular forms become more efficient when children get older.
This study investigates whether number dissimilarities on subject and object DPs facilitate the comprehension of subject-and object-extracted centre-embedded relative clauses in children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI). We compared the performance of a group of English-speaking children with G-SLI (mean age: 12; 11) with that of two groups of younger typically developing (TD) children, matched on grammar and receptive vocabulary, respectively. All groups were more accurate on subject-extracted relative clauses than object-extracted ones and, crucially, they all showed greater accuracy for sentences with dissimilar number features (i.e., one singular, one plural) on the head noun and the embedded DP. These findings are interpreted in the light of current psycholinguistic models of sentence comprehension in TD children and provide further insight into the linguistic nature of G-SLI.
Two experiments tested how faithfully German children aged 4; 5 to 5; 6 reproduce ditransitive sentences that are unmarked or marked with respect to word order and focus (Exp1) or definiteness (Exp2). Adopting an optimality theory (OT) approach, it is assumed that in the German adult grammar word order is ranked lower than focus and definiteness. Faithfulness of children's reproductions decreased as markedness of inputs increased; unmarked structures were reproduced most faithfully and unfaithful outputs had most often an unmarked form. Consistent with the OT proposal, children were more tolerant against inputs marked for word order than for focus; in conflict with the proposal, children were less tolerant against inputs marked for word order than for definiteness. Our results suggest that the linearization of objects in German double object constructions is affected by focus and definiteness, but that prosodic principles may have an impact on the position of a focused constituent.
Masked priming research with late (non-native) bilinguals has reported facilitation effects following morphologically derived prime words (scanner - scan). However, unlike for native speakers, there are suggestions that purely orthographic prime-target overlap (scandal - scan) also produces priming in non-native visual word recognition. Our study directly compares orthographically related and derived prime-target pairs. While native readers showed morphological but not formal overlap priming, the two prime types yielded the same magnitudes of facilitation for non-natives. We argue that early word recognition processes in a non-native language are more influenced by surface-form properties than in one's native language.
In the aftermath of the severe flooding in Central Europe in August 2002, a number of changes in flood policies were launched in Germany and other European countries, aiming at improved risk management. The question arises as to whether these changes have already had an impact on the residents' ability to cope with floods, and whether flood-affected private households are now better prepared than they were in 2002. Therefore, computer-aided telephone interviews with private households in Germany that suffered from property damage due to flooding in 2005, 2006, 2010 or 2011 were performed and analysed with respect to flood awareness, precaution, preparedness and recovery. The data were compared to a similar investigation conducted after the flood in 2002.
After the flood in 2002, the level of private precautions taken increased considerably. One contributing factor is the fact that, in general, a larger proportion of people knew that they were at risk of flooding. The best level of precaution was found before the flood events in 2006 and 2011. The main reason for this might be that residents had more experience with flooding than residents affected in 2005 or 2010. Yet, overall, flood experience and knowledge did not necessarily result in building retrofitting or flood-proofing measures, which are considered as mitigating damages most effectively. Hence, investments still need to be stimulated in order to reduce future damage more efficiently.
Early warning and emergency responses were substantially influenced by flood characteristics. In contrast to flood-affected people in 2006 or 2011, people affected by flooding in 2005 or 2010 had to deal with shorter lead times and therefore had less time to take emergency measures. Yet, the lower level of emergency measures taken also resulted from the people's lack of flood experience and insufficient knowledge of how to protect themselves. Overall, it was noticeable that these residents suffered from higher losses. Therefore, it is important to further improve early warning systems and communication channels, particularly in hilly areas with rapid-onset flooding.
Extreme weather events are likely to occur more often under climate change and the resulting effects on ecosystems could lead to a further acceleration of climate change. But not all extreme weather events lead to extreme ecosystem response. Here, we focus on hazardous ecosystem behaviour and identify coinciding weather conditions. We use a simple probabilistic risk assessment based on time series of ecosystem behaviour and climate conditions. Given the risk assessment terminology, vulnerability and risk for the previously defined hazard are estimated on the basis of observed hazardous ecosystem behaviour.
We apply this approach to extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystems to drought, defining the hazard as a negative net biome productivity over a 12-month period. We show an application for two selected sites using data for 1981-2010 and then apply the method to the pan-European scale for the same period, based on numerical modelling results (LPJmL for ecosystem behaviour; ERA-Interim data for climate).
Our site-specific results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, using the SPEI to describe the climate condition. The site in Spain provides an example of vulnerability to drought because the expected value of the SPEI is 0.4 lower for hazardous than for non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour. In northern Germany, on the contrary, the site is not vulnerable to drought because the SPEI expectation values imply wetter conditions in the hazard case than in the non-hazard case.
At the pan-European scale, ecosystem vulnerability to drought is calculated in the Mediterranean and temperate region, whereas Scandinavian ecosystems are vulnerable under conditions without water shortages. These first model- based applications indicate the conceptual advantages of the proposed method by focusing on the identification of critical weather conditions for which we observe hazardous ecosystem behaviour in the analysed data set. Application of the method to empirical time series and to future climate would be important next steps to test the approach.
This study investigates the spatial and temporal distributions of 14 key arboreal taxa and their driving forces during the last 22,000 calendar years before ad 1950 (kyr BP) using a taxonomically harmonized and temporally standardized fossil pollen dataset with a 500-year resolution from the eastern part of continental Asia. Logistic regression was used to estimate pollen abundance thresholds for vegetation occurrence (presence or dominance), based on modern pollen data and present ranges of 14 taxa in China. Our investigation reveals marked changes in spatial and temporal distributions of the major arboreal taxa. The thermophilous (Castanea, Castanopsis, Cyclobalanopsis, Fagus, Pterocarya) and eurythermal (Juglans, Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus) broadleaved tree taxa were restricted to the current tropical or subtropical areas of China during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and spread northward since c. 14.5 kyr BP. Betula and conifer taxa (Abies, Picea, Pinus), in contrast, retained a wider distribution during the LGM and showed no distinct expansion direction during the Late Glacial. Since the late mid-Holocene, the abundance but not the spatial extent of most trees decreased. The changes in spatial and temporal distributions for the 14 taxa are a reflection of climate changes, in particular monsoonal moisture, and, in the late Holocene, human impact. The post-LGM expansion patterns in eastern continental China seem to be different from those reported for Europe and North America, for example, the westward spread for eurythermal broadleaved taxa.
This study examines the course and driving forces of recent vegetation change in the Mongolian steppe. A sediment core covering the last 55years from a small closed-basin lake in central Mongolia was analyzed for its multi-proxy record at annual resolution. Pollen analysis shows that highest abundances of planted Poaceae and highest vegetation diversity occurred during 1977-1992, reflecting agricultural development in the lake area. A decrease in diversity and an increase in Artemisia abundance after 1992 indicate enhanced vegetation degradation in recent times, most probably because of overgrazing and farmland abandonment. Human impact is the main factor for the vegetation degradation within the past decades as revealed by a series of redundancy analyses, while climate change and soil erosion play subordinate roles. High Pediastrum (a green algae) influx, high atomic total organic carbon/total nitrogen (TOC/TN) ratios, abundant coarse detrital grains, and the decrease of C-13(org) and N-15 since about 1977 but particularly after 1992 indicate that abundant terrestrial organic matter and nutrients were transported into the lake and caused lake eutrophication, presumably because of intensified land use. Thus, we infer that the transition to a market economy in Mongolia since the early 1990s not only caused dramatic vegetation degradation but also affected the lake ecosystem through anthropogenic changes in the catchment area.
Two of a kind?
(2014)
School attacks are attracting increasing attention in aggression research. Recent systematic analyses provided new insights into offense and offender characteristics. Less is known about attacks in institutes of higher education (e.g., universities). It is therefore questionable whether the term “school attack” should be limited to institutions of general education or could be extended to institutions of higher education. Scientific literature is divided in distinguishing or unifying these two groups and reports similarities as well as differences. We researched 232 school attacks and 45 attacks in institutes of higher education throughout the world and conducted systematic comparisons between the two groups. The analyses yielded differences in offender (e.g., age, migration background) and offense characteristics (e.g., weapons, suicide rates), and some similarities (e.g., gender). Most differences can apparently be accounted for by offenders’ age and situational influences. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research and the development of preventative measures.
Leaking comprises observable behavior or statements that signal intentions of committing a violent offense and is considered an important warning sign for school shootings. School staff who are confronted with leaking have to assess its seriousness and react appropriately - a difficult task, because knowledge about leaking is sparse. The present study, therefore, examined how frequently leaking occurs in schools and how teachers identify leaking and respond to it. To achieve this aim, we informed teachers from eight schools in Germany about the definition of leaking and other warning signs and risk factors for school shootings in a one-hour information session. Teachers were then asked to report cases of leaking over a six- to nine-month period and to answer a questionnaire on leaking and its treatment after the information session and six to nine months later. Our results suggest that leaking is a relevant problem in German schools. Teachers mostly rated the information session positively and benefited in several aspects (e.g. reported more perceived courses of action or improved knowledge about leaking), but also expressed a constant need for support. Our findings highlight teachers' needs for further support and training and may be used in the planning of prevention measures for school shootings.
Although politicization is a perennial research topic in public administration to investigate relationships between ministers and civil servants, the concept still lacks clarification. This article contributes to this literature by systematically identifying different conceptualizations of politicization and suggests a typology including three politicization mechanisms to strengthen the political responsiveness of the ministerial bureaucracy: formal, functional and administrative politicization. The typology is empirically validated through a comparative case analysis of politicization mechanisms in Germany, Belgium, the UK and Denmark. The empirical analysis further refines the general idea of Western democracies becoming ‘simply’ more politicized, by illustrating how some politicization mechanisms do not continue to increase, but stabilize – at least for the time being.
Background Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI) is an established alternative therapy in patients with severe aortic stenosis and a high surgical risk. Despite a rapid growth in its use, very few data exist about the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in these patients. We assessed the hypothesis that patients after TAVI benefit from CR, compared to patients after surgical aortic-valve replacement (sAVR).
Methods From September 2009 to August 2011, 442 consecutive patients after TAVI (n=76) or sAVR (n=366) were referred to a 3-week CR. Data regarding patient characteristics as well as changes of functional (6-min walk test. 6-MWT), bicycle exercise test), and emotional status (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were retrospectively evaluated and compared between groups after propensity score adjustment.
Results Patients after TAVI were significantly older (p<0.001), more female (p<0.001), and had more often coronary artery disease (p=0.027), renal failure (p=0.012) and a pacemaker (p=0.032). During CR, distance in 6-MWT (both groups p0.001) and exercise capacity (sAVR p0.001, TAVI p0.05) significantly increased in both groups. Only patients after sAVR demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety and depression (p0.001). After propensity scores adjustment, changes were not significantly different between sAVR and TAVI, with the exception of 6-MWT (p=0.004).
Conclusions Patients after TAVI benefit from cardiac rehabilitation despite their older age and comorbidities. CR is a helpful tool to maintain independency for daily life activities and participation in socio-cultural life.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a frequent comorbidity among elderly patients and those with cardiovascular disease. CKD carries prognostic relevance. We aimed to describe patient characteristics, risk factor management and control status of patients in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), differentiated by presence or absence of CKD.
Design and methods: Data from 92,071 inpatients with adequate information to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on the Cockcroft-Gault formula were analyzed at the beginning and the end of a 3-week CR stay. CKD was defined as estimated GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
Results: Compared with non-CKD patients, CKD patients were significantly older (72.0 versus 58.0 years) and more often had diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and atherothrombotic manifestations (previous stroke, peripheral arterial disease), but fewer were current or previous smokers had a CHD family history. Exercise capacity was much lower in CKD (59 vs. 92Watts). Fewer patients with CKD were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but more had coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Patients with CKD compared with non-CKD less frequently received statins, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), clopidogrel, beta blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and more frequently received angiotensin receptor blockers, insulin and oral anticoagulants. In CKD, mean low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were slightly higher at baseline, while triglycerides were substantially lower. This lipid pattern did not change at the discharge visit, but overall control rates for all described parameters (with the exception of HDL-C) were improved substantially. At discharge, systolic blood pressure (BP) was higher in CKD (124 versus 121 mmHg) and diastolic BP was lower (72 versus 74 mmHg). At discharge, 68.7% of CKD versus 71.9% of non-CKD patients had LDL-C <100 mg/dl. Physical fitness on exercise testing improved substantially in both groups. When the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula was used for CKD classification, there was no clinically relevant change in these results.
Conclusion: Within a short period of 3-4 weeks, CR led to substantial improvements in key risk factors such as lipid profile, blood pressure, and physical fitness for all patients, even if CKD was present.
Background: Knowing and, if necessary, altering competitive athletes' real attitudes towards the use of banned performance-enhancing substances is an important goal of worldwide doping prevention efforts. However athletes will not always be willing to reporting their real opinions. Reaction time-based attitude tests help conceal the ultimate goal of measurement from the participant and impede strategic answering. This study investigated how well a reaction time-based attitude test discriminated between athletes who were doping and those who were not. We investigated whether athletes whose urine samples were positive for at least one banned substance (dopers) evaluated doping more favorably than clean athletes (non-dopers).
Methods: We approached a group of 61 male competitive bodybuilders and collected urine samples for biochemical testing. The pictorial doping Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) was used for attitude measurement. This test quantifies the difference in response latencies (in milliseconds) to stimuli representing related concepts (i.e. doping-dislike/like-[health food]).
Results: Prohibited substances were found in 43% of all tested urine samples. Dopers had more lenient attitudes to doping than non-dopers (Hedges's g = -0.76). D-scores greater than -0.57 (CI95 = -0.72 to -0.46) might be indicative of a rather lenient attitude to doping. In urine samples evidence of administration of combinations of substances, complementary administration of substances to treat side effects and use of stimulants to promote loss of body fat was common.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that athletes' attitudes to doping can be assessed indirectly with a reaction time-based test, and that their attitudes are related to their behavior. Although bodybuilders may be more willing to reveal their attitude to doping than other athletes, these results still provide evidence that the pictorial doping BIAT may be useful in athletes from other sports, perhaps as a complementary measure in evaluations of the effectiveness of doping prevention interventions.
Background
The Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa (Teleostei: Poeciliinae) is an unisexual, all-female species. It evolved through the hybridisation of two closely related sexual species and exhibits clonal reproduction by sperm dependent parthenogenesis (or gynogenesis) where the sperm of a parental species is only used to activate embryogenesis of the apomictic, diploid eggs but does not contribute genetic material to the offspring.
Here we provide and describe the first de novo assembled transcriptome of the Amazon molly in comparison with its maternal ancestor, the Atlantic molly Poecilia mexicana. The transcriptome data were produced through sequencing of single end libraries (100 bp) with the Illumina sequencing technique.
Results
83,504,382 reads for the Amazon molly and 81,625,840 for the Atlantic molly were assembled into 127,283 and 78,961 contigs for the Amazon molly and the Atlantic molly, respectively. 63% resp. 57% of the contigs could be annotated with gene ontology terms after sequence similarity comparisons. Furthermore, we were able to identify genes normally involved in reproduction and especially in meiosis also in the transcriptome dataset of the apomictic reproducing Amazon molly.
Conclusions
We assembled and annotated the transcriptome of a non-model organism, the Amazon molly, without a reference genome (de novo). The obtained dataset is a fundamental resource for future research in functional and expression analysis. Also, the presence of 30 meiosis-specific genes within a species where no meiosis is known to take place is remarkable and raises new questions for future research.
Background: Cross-sectional studies detected associations between physical fitness, living area, and sports participation in children. Yet, their scientific value is limited because the identification of cause-and-effect relationships is not possible. In a longitudinal approach, we examined the effects of living area and sports club participation on physical fitness development in primary school children from classes 3 to 6.
Methods: One-hundred and seventy-two children (age: 9-12 years; sex: 69 girls, 103 boys) were tested for their physical fitness (i.e., endurance [9-min run], speed [50-m sprint], lower- [triple hop] and upper-extremity muscle strength [1-kg ball push], flexibility [stand-and-reach], and coordination [star coordination run]). Living area (i.e., urban or rural) and sports club participation were assessed using parent questionnaire.
Results: Over the 4 year study period, urban compared to rural children showed significantly better performance development for upper- (p = 0.009, ES = 0.16) and lower-extremity strength (p < 0.001, ES = 0.22). Further, significantly better performance development were found for endurance (p = 0.08, ES = 0.19) and lower-extremity strength (p = 0.024, ES = 0.23) for children continuously participating in sports clubs compared to their non-participating peers.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sport club programs with appealing arrangements appear to represent a good means to promote physical fitness in children living in rural areas.
Background: Doping attitude is a key variable in predicting athletes' intention to use forbidden performance enhancing drugs. Indirect reaction-time based attitude tests, such as the implicit association test, conceal the ultimate goal of measurement from the participant better than questionnaires. Indirect tests are especially useful when socially sensitive constructs such as attitudes towards doping need to be described. The present study serves the development and validation of a novel picture-based brief implicit association test (BIAT) for testing athletes' attitudes towards doping in sport. It shall provide the basis for a transnationally compatible research instrument able to harmonize anti-doping research efforts.
Method: Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results.
Results: As expected, in the group of bodybuilders, indirectly measured doping attitudes as tested with the picture-based doping-BIAT were significantly less negative (eta(2) = .11). The doping-BIAT and PEAS scores correlated significantly at r = .50 for bodybuilders, and not significantly at r = .36 for handball players. There was a low error rate (7%) and a satisfactory internal consistency (r(dagger dagger) = .66) for the picture-based doping-BIAT.
Conclusions: The picture-based doping-BIAT constitutes a psychometrically tested method, ready to be adopted by the international research community. The test can be administered via the internet. All test material is available "open source". The test might be implemented, for example, as a new effect-measure in the evaluation of prevention programs.
The nature of the links between speech production and perception has been the subject of longstanding debate. The present study investigated the articulatory parameter of tongue height and the acoustic F1–F0 difference for the phonological distinction of vowel height in American English front vowels. Multiple repetitions of /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ/ in [(h)Vd] sequences were recorded in seven adult speakers. Articulatory (ultrasound) and acoustic data were collected simultaneously to provide a direct comparison of variability in vowel production in both domains. Results showed idiosyncratic patterns of articulation for contrasting the three front vowel pairs /i-ɪ/, /e-ɛ/, and /ɛ-æ/ across subjects, with the degree of variability in vowel articulation comparable to that observed in the acoustics for all seven participants. However, contrary to what was expected, some speakers showed reversals for tongue height for /ɪ/-/e/ that were also reflected in acoustics, with F1 higher for /ɪ/ than for /e/. The data suggest the phonological distinction of height is conveyed via speaker-specific articulatory-acoustic patterns that do not strictly match features descriptions. However, the acoustic signal is faithful to the articulatory configuration that generated it, carrying the crucial information for perceptual contrast.
Previous studies suggest that there are special timing relations in syllable onsets. The consonants are assumed to be timed, on the one hand, with the vocalic nucleus and, on the other hand, with each other. These competing timing relations result in the C-center effect. However, the C-center effect has not consistently been found in languages with complex onsets. Moreover, it has occasionally been found in languages disallowing complex onsets. The present study investigates onset timing in German while discussing alternative explanations (not related to bonding) for the timing patterns observed. Six German speakers were recorded via Electromagnetic Articulography. The corpus contained items with four clusters (/sk/, /kv/, /gl/, and /pl/). The clusters occur in word-initial position, word-medial position, and across a word boundary preceding different vowels. The results suggest that segmental properties (i.e., oral-laryngeal coordination, coarticulatory resistance) determine the observed timing patterns, and specifically the absence or presence of the C-center effect.
Rezensiertes Werk:
George, Rosemary Marangoly, Indian English and the Fiction of National Literature - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. - Hb. viii, 285 pp. - (Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik ; 62(4)) ISBN 978-1-107-04000-7.
In the Posthomerica references to an omnipotent fate or to the power of the gods are strikingly frequent. Modern scholarship has often treated this as Stoic. Closer reading reveals that Quintus is, on the one hand, following the Homeric concept of double motivation, according to which humans can be motivated by a deity only to an act that conforms to their character and for which they are responsible. On the other hand, Quintus gives these statements on responsibility to characters who are trying to excuse their own acts to themselves and, particularly, to others, i.e. they are motivated contextually. It would be non-Stoic to excuse oneself for a bad deed by reference to an almighty fate. It seems that Quintus, by presenting this tension, wanted the reader to reconsider and reflect
on the different concepts.
Moderne Kraftfahrzeuge verfügen über eine Vielzahl an Sensoren, welche für einen reibungslosen technischen Betrieb benötigt werden. Hierzu zählen neben fahrzeugspezifischen Sensoren (wie z.B. Motordrehzahl und Fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit) auch umweltspezifische Sensoren (wie z.B. Luftdruck und Umgebungstemperatur). Durch die zunehmende technische Vernetzung wird es möglich, diese Daten der Kraftfahrzeugelektronik aus dem Fahrzeug heraus für die verschiedensten Zwecke zu verwenden.
Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag dazu leisten, diese neue Art an massenhaften Daten im Sinne des Konzepts der „Extended Floating Car Data“ (XFCD) als Geoinformationen nutzbar zu machen und diese für raumzeitliche Visualisierungen (zur visuellen Analyse) anwenden zu können. In diesem Zusammenhang wird speziell die Perspektive des Umwelt- und Verkehrsmonitoring betrachtet, wobei die Anforderungen und Potentiale mit Hilfe von Experteninterviews untersucht werden. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche Daten durch die Kraftfahrzeugelektronik geliefert und wie diese möglichst automatisiert erfasst, verarbeitet, visualisiert und öffentlich bereitgestellt werden können. Neben theoretischen und technischen Grundlagen zur Datenerfassung und -nutzung liegt der Fokus auf den Methoden der kartographischen Visualisierung. Dabei soll der Frage nachgegangenen werden, ob eine technische Implementierung ausschließlich unter Verwendung von Open Source Software möglich ist. Das Ziel der Arbeit bildet ein zweigliedriger Ansatz, welcher zum einen die Visualisierung für ein exemplarisch gewähltes Anwendungsszenario und zum anderen die prototypische Implementierung von der Datenerfassung im Fahrzeug unter Verwendung der gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen „On Board Diagnose“-Schnittstelle und einem Smartphone-gestützten Ablauf bis zur webbasierten Visualisierung umfasst.
Downscaling of microfluidic cell culture and detection devices for electrochemical monitoring has mostly focused on miniaturization of the microfluidic chips which are often designed for specific applications and therefore lack functional flexibility. We present a compact microfluidic cell culture and electrochemical analysis platform with in-built fluid handling and detection, enabling complete cell based assays comprising on-line electrode cleaning, sterilization, surface functionalization, cell seeding, cultivation and electrochemical real-time monitoring of cellular dynamics. To demonstrate the versatility and multifunctionality of the platform, we explored amperometric monitoring of intracellular redox activity in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and detection of exocytotically released dopamine from rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used in both applications for monitoring cell sedimentation and adhesion as well as proliferation in the case of PC12 cells. The influence of flow rate on the signal amplitude in the detection of redox metabolism as well as the effect of mechanical stimulation on dopamine release were demonstrated using the programmable fluid handling capability. The here presented platform is aimed at applications utilizing cell based assays, ranging from e.g. monitoring of drug effects in pharmacological studies, characterization of neural stem cell differentiation, and screening of genetically modified microorganisms to environmental monitoring.
Hemolysis, the rupturing of red blood cells, can result from numerous medical conditions (in vivo) or occur after collecting blood specimen or extracting plasma and serum out of whole blood (in vitro). In clinical laboratory practice, hemolysis can be a serious problem due to its potential to bias detection of various analytes or biomarkers. Here we present the first ‘‘mix-and-measure’’ method to assess the degree of hemolysis in biosamples using luminescence spectroscopy. Luminescent terbium complexes (LTC) were studied in the presence of free hemoglobin (Hb) as indicators for hemolysis in TRIS-buffer, and in fresh human plasma with absorption, excitation and emission measurements. Our findings indicate dynamic as well as resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the LTC and the porphyrin ligand of hemoglobin. This transfer leads to a decrease in luminescence intensity and decay time even at nanomolar hemoglobin concentrations either in buffer or plasma. Luminescent terbium complexes are very sensitive to free hemoglobin in buffer and blood plasma. Due to the instant change in luminescence properties of the LTC in presence of Hb it is possible to access the concentration of hemoglobin via spectroscopic methods without incubation time or further treatment of the sample thus enabling a rapid and sensitive detection of hemolysis in clinical diagnostics.
Surface modification with thermoresponsive polymer brushes for a switchable electrochemical sensor
(2014)
Elaboration of switchable surfaces represents an interesting way for the development of a new generation of electrochemical sensors. In this paper, a method for growing thermoresponsive polymer brushes from a gold surface pre-modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI), subsequent layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte assembly and adsorption of a charged macroinitiator is described. We propose an easy method for monitoring the coil-to-globule phase transition of the polymer brush using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (E-QCM-D). The surface of these polymer modified electrodes shows reversible switching from the swollen to the collapsed state with temperature. As demonstrated from E-QCM-D measurements using an original signal processing method, the switch is operating in three reversible steps related to different interfacial viscosities. Moreover, it is shown that the one electron oxidation of ferrocene carboxylic acid is dramatically affected by the change from the swollen to the collapsed state of the polymer brush, showing a spectacular 86% decrease of the charge transfer resistance between the two states.
Two-photon polymerization of hydrogels – versatile solutions to fabricate well-defined 3D structures
(2014)
Hydrogels are cross-linked water-containing polymer networks that are formed by physical, ionic or covalent interactions. In recent years, they have attracted significant attention because of their unique physical properties, which make them promising materials for numerous applications in food and cosmetic processing, as well as in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Hydrogels are highly water-swellable materials, which can considerably increase in volume without losing cohesion, are biocompatible and possess excellent tissue-like physical properties, which can mimic in vivo conditions. When combined with highly precise manufacturing technologies, such as two-photon polymerization (2PP), well-defined three-dimensional structures can be obtained. These structures can become scaffolds for selective cell-entrapping, cell/drug delivery, sensing and prosthetic implants in regenerative medicine. 2PP has been distinguished from other rapid prototyping methods because it is a non-invasive and efficient approach for hydrogel cross-linking. This review discusses the 2PP-based fabrication of 3D hydrogel structures and their potential applications in biotechnology. A brief overview regarding the 2PP methodology and hydrogel properties relevant to biomedical applications is given together with a review of the most important recent achievements in the field.
Hemocompatible materials are needed for internal and extracorporeal biomedical applications, which should be realizable by reducing protein and thrombocyte adhesion to such materials. Polyethers have been demonstrated to be highly efficient in this respect on smooth surfaces. Here, we investigate the grafting of oligo- and polyglycerols to rough poly(ether imide) membranes as a polymer relevant to biomedical applications and show the reduction of protein and thrombocyte adhesion as well as thrombocyte activation. It could be demonstrated that, by performing surface grafting with oligo- and polyglycerols of relatively high polydispersity (>1.5) and several reactive groups for surface anchoring, full surface shielding can be reached, which leads to reduced protein adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen. In addition, adherent thrombocytes were not activated. This could be clearly shown by immunostaining adherent proteins and analyzing the thrombocyte covered area. The presented work provides an important strategy for the development of application relevant hemocompatible 3D structured materials.
Polyglycolide (PGA) is a biodegradable polymer with multiple applications in the medical sector. Here the synthesis of high molecular weight polyglycolide by ring-opening polymerization of diglycolide is reported. For the first time stabilizer free supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was used as a reaction medium. scCO2 allowed for a reduction in reaction temperature compared to conventional processes. Together with the lowering of monomer concentration and consequently reduced heat generation compared to bulk reactions thermal decomposition of the product occurring already during polymerization is strongly reduced. The reaction temperatures and pressures were varied between 120 and 150 °C and 145 to 1400 bar. Tin(II) ethyl hexanoate and 1-dodecanol were used as catalyst and initiator, respectively. The highest number average molecular weight of 31 200 g mol−1 was obtained in 5 hours from polymerization at 120 °C and 530 bar. In all cases the products were obtained as a dry white powder. Remarkably, independent of molecular weight the melting temperatures were always at (219 ± 2) °C.
The large-scale green synthesis of graphene-type two-dimensional materials is still challenging. Herein, we describe the ionothermal synthesis of carbon-based composites from fructose in the iron-containing ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloridoferrate(III), [Bmim][FeCl4] serving as solvent, catalyst, and template for product formation. The resulting composites consist of oligo-layer graphite nanoflakes and iron carbide particles. The mesoporosity, strong magnetic moment, and high specific surface area of the composites make them attractive for water purification with facile magnetic separation. Moreover, Fe3Cfree graphite can be obtained via acid etching, providing access to fairly large amounts of graphite material. The current approach is versatile and scalable, and thus opens the door to ionothermal synthesis towards the larger-scale synthesis of materials that are, although not made via a sustainable process, useful for water treatment such as the removal of organic molecules.
Catalytic bio–chemo and bio–bio tandem oxidation reactions for amide and carboxylic acid synthesis
(2014)
A catalytic toolbox for three different water-based one-pot cascades to convert aryl alcohols to amides and acids and cyclic amines to lactams, involving combination of oxidative enzymes (monoamine oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, galactose oxidase and laccase) and chemical oxidants (TBHP or CuI(cat)/H2O2) at mild temperatures, is presented. Mutually compatible conditions were found to afford products in good to excellent yields.
Zinc deficiency has a fundamental influence on the immune defense, with multiple effects on different immune cells, resulting in a major impairment of human health. Monocytes and macrophages are among the immune cells that are most fundamentally affected by zinc, but the impact of zinc on these cells is still far from being completely understood. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of zinc deficiency on monocytes of healthy human donors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which include monocytes, were cultured under zinc deficient conditions for 3 days. This was achieved by two different methods: by application of the membrane permeable chelator N,N,N0´,N0´-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) or by removal of zinc from the culture medium using a CHELEX 100 resin. Subsequently, monocyte functions were analyzed in response to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Zinc depletion had differential effects. On the one hand, elimination of bacterial pathogens by phagocytosis and oxidative burst was elevated. On the other hand, the production of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-6 was reduced. This suggests that monocytes shift from intercellular communication to basic innate defensive functions in response to zinc deficiency. These results were obtained regardless of the method by which zinc deficiency was achieved. However, CHELEX-treated medium strongly augmented cytokine production, independently from its capability for zinc removal. This side-effect severely limits the use of CHELEX for investigating the effects of zinc deficiency on innate immunity.
The synthesis of two novel types of π-expanded coumarins has been developed. Modified Knoevenagel bis-condensation afforded 3,9-dioxa-perylene-2,8-diones. Subsequent oxidative aromatic coupling or light driven electrocyclization reaction led to dibenzo-1,7-dioxacoronene-2,8-dione. Unparalleled synthetic simplicity, straightforward purification and superb optical properties have the potential to bring these perylene and coronene analogs towards various applications.
Photoinduced excitation energy transfer and accompanying charge separation are elucidated for a supramolecular system of a single fullerene covalently linked to six pyropheophorbide-a dye molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to gain an atomistic picture of the architecture and the surrounding solvent. Excitation energy transfer among the dye molecules and electron transfer from the excited dyes to the fullerene are described by a mixed quantum–classical version of the Förster rate and the semiclassical Marcus rate, respectively. The mean characteristic time of energy redistribution lies in the range of 10 ps, while electron transfer proceeds within 150 ps. In between, on a 20 to 50 ps time-scale, conformational changes take place in the system. This temporal hierarchy of processes guarantees efficient charge separation, if the structure is exposed to a solvent. The fast energy transfer can adopt the dye excitation to the actual conformation. In this sense, the probability to achieve charge separation is large enough since any dominance of unfavorable conformations that exhibit a large dye–fullerene distance is circumvented. And the slow electron transfer may realize an averaging with respect to different conformations. To confirm the reliability of our computations, ensemble measurements on the charge separation dynamics are simulated and a very good agreement with the experimental data is obtained.
Based on extensive Monte Carlo simulations and analytical considerations we study the electrostatically driven adsorption of flexible polyelectrolyte chains onto charged Janus nanospheres. These net-neutral colloids are composed of two equally but oppositely charged hemispheres. The critical binding conditions for polyelectrolyte chains are analysed as function of the radius of the Janus particle and its surface charge density, as well as the salt concentration in the ambient solution. Specifically for the adsorption of finite-length polyelectrolyte chains onto Janus nanoparticles, we demonstrate that the critical adsorption conditions drastically differ when the size of the Janus particle or the screening length of the electrolyte are varied. We compare the scaling laws obtained for the adsorption–desorption threshold to the known results for uniformly charged spherical particles, observing significant disparities. We also contrast the changes to the polyelectrolyte chain conformations close to the surface of the Janus nanoparticles as compared to those for simple spherical particles. Finally, we discuss experimentally relevant physico-chemical systems for which our simulations results may become important. In particular, we observe similar trends with polyelectrolyte complexation with oppositely but heterogeneously charged proteins.
Formation of a Eu(III) borate solid species from a weak Eu(III) borate complex in aqueous solution
(2014)
In the presence of polyborates (detected by 11B-NMR) the formation of a weak Eu(III) borate complex (lg β11 ∼ 2, estimated) was observed by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). This complex is a precursor for the formation of a solid Eu(III) borate species. The formation of this solid in solution was investigated by TRLFS as a function of the total boron concentration: the lower the total boron concentration, the slower is the solid formation. The solid Eu(III) borate was characterized by IR spectroscopy, powder XRD and solid-state TRLFS. The determination of the europium to boron ratio portends the existence of pentaborate units in the amorphous solid.
A feasible approach to construct multilayer films of sulfonated polyanilines – PMSA1 and PABMSA1 – containing different ratios of aniline, 2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid (MAS) and 3-aminobenzoic acid (AB), with the entrapped redox enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) on Au and ITO electrode surfaces, is described. The formation of layers has been followed and confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which demonstrates that the multilayer assembly can be achieved in a progressive and uniform manner. The gold and ITO electrodes subsequently modified with PMSA1:PQQ-GDH and PABMSA1 films are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy which show a significant direct bioelectrocatalytical response to the oxidation of the substrate glucose without any additional mediator. This response correlates linearly with the number of deposited layers. Furthermore, the constructed polymer/enzyme multilayer system exhibits a rather good long-term stability, since the catalytic current response is maintained for more than 60% of the initial value even after two weeks of storage. This verifies that a productive interaction of the enzyme embedded in the film of substituted polyaniline can be used as a basis for the construction of bioelectronic units, which are useful as indicators for processes liberating glucose and allowing optical and electrochemical transduction.
As an engineering material derived from renewable resources, wood possesses excellent mechanical properties in view of its light weight but also has some disadvantages such as low dimensional stability upon moisture changes and low durability against biological attack. Polymerization of hydrophobic monomers in the cell wall is one of the potential approaches to improve the dimensional stability of wood. A major challenge is to insert hydrophobic monomers into the hydrophilic environment of the cell walls, without increasing the bulk density of the material due to lumen filling. Here, we report on an innovative and simple method to insert styrene monomers into tosylated cell walls (i.e. –OH groups from natural wood polymers are reacted with tosyl chloride) and carry out free radical polymerization under relatively mild conditions, generating low wood weight gains. In-depth SEM and confocal Raman microscopy analysis are applied to reveal the distribution of the polystyrene in the cell walls and the lumen. The embedding of polystyrene in wood results in reduced water uptake by the wood cell walls, a significant increase in dimensional stability, as well as slightly improved mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation.
Herein, we report the chain-growth tin-free room temperature polymerization method to synthesize n-type perylene diimide-dithiophene-based conjugated polymers (PPDIT2s) suitable for solar cell and transistor applications. The palladium/electron-rich tri-tert-butylphosphine catalyst is effective to enable the chain-growth polymerization of anion-radical monomer Br-TPDIT-Br/Zn to PPDIT2 with a molecular weight up to Mw ≈ 50 kg mol−1 and moderate polydispersity. This is the second example of the polymerization of unusual anion-radical aromatic complexes formed in a reaction of active Zn and electron-deficient diimide-based aryl halides. As such, the discovered polymerization method is not a specific reactivity feature of the naphthalene-diimide derivatives but is rather a general polymerization tool. This is an important finding, given the significantly higher maximum external quantum efficiency that can be reached with PDI-based copolymers (32–45%) in all-polymer solar cells compared to NDI-based materials (15–30%). Our studies revealed that PPDIT2 synthesized by the new method and the previously published polymer prepared by step-growth Stille polycondensation show similar electron mobility and all-polymer solar cell performance. At the same time, the polymerization reported herein has several technological advantages as it proceeds relatively fast at room temperature and does not involve toxic tin-based compounds. Because several chain-growth polymerization reactions are well-suited for the preparation of well-defined multi-functional polymer architectures, the next target is to explore the utility of the discovered polymerization in the synthesis of end-functionalized polymers and block copolymers. Such materials would be helpful to improve the nanoscale morphology of polymer blends in all-polymer solar cells.
Materials derived from renewable resources are highly desirable in view of more sustainable manufacturing. Among the available natural materials, wood is one of the key candidates, because of its excellent mechanical properties. However, wood and wood-based materials in engineering applications suffer from various restraints, such as dimensional instability upon humidity changes. Several wood modification treatments increase water repellence, but the insertion of hydrophobic polymers can result in a composite material which cannot be considered as renewable anymore. In this study, we report on the grafting of the fully biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) inside the wood cell walls by Sn(Oct)2 catalysed ring-opening polymerization (ROP). The presence of polyester chains within the wood cell wall structure is monitored by confocal Raman imaging and spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. Physical tests reveal that the modified wood is more hydrophobic due to the bulking of the cell wall structure with the polyester chains, which results in a novel fully biodegradable wood material with improved dimensional stability.
A new functional luminescent lanthanide complex (LLC) has been synthesized with terbium as a central lanthanide ion and biotin as a functional moiety. Unlike in typical lanthanide complexes assembled via carboxylic moieties, in the presented complex, four phosphate groups are chelating the central lanthanide ion. This special chemical assembly enhances the complex stability in phosphate buffers conventionally used in biochemistry. The complex synthesis strategy and photophysical properties are described as well as the performance in time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assays. In those assays, this biotin-LLC transferred energy either to acceptor organic dyes (Cy5 or AF680) labelled on streptavidin or to quantum dots (QD655 or QD705) surface-functionalised with streptavidins. The permanent spatial donor–acceptor proximity is assured through strong and stable biotin–streptavidin binding. The energy transfer is evidenced from the quenching observed in donor emission and from a decrease in donor luminescence decay, both associated with simultaneous increase in acceptor intensity and in the decay time. The dye-based assays are realised in TRIS and in PBS, whereas QD-based systems are studied in borate buffer. The delayed emission analysis allows for quantifying the recognition process and for auto-fluorescence-free detection, which is particularly relevant for application in bioanalysis. In accordance with Förster theory, Förster-radii (R0) were found to be around 60 Å for organic dyes and around 105 Å for QDs. The FRET efficiency (η) reached 80% and 25% for dye and QD acceptors, respectively. Physical donor–acceptor distances (r) have been determined in the range 45–60 Å for organic dye acceptors, while for acceptor QDs between 120 Å and 145 Å. This newly synthesised biotin-LLC extends the class of highly sensitive analytical tools to be applied in the bioanalytical methods such as time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays (TR-FIA), luminescent imaging and biosensing.
Dieser Artikel adressiert zwei bisher nur wenig untersuchte Aspekte der Führungsforschung: Führungsverhalten im öffentlichen Sektor und Faktoren die Führungsverhalten beeinflussen. Mittels einer Fallstudie in der Bundesagentur für Arbeit werden explorativ Hypothesen über Einflussfaktoren des Führungsverhaltens aufgestellt. Die Studie kommt zu der Erkenntnis, dass eine oftmals angenommene Führungslücke im öffentlichen Sektor nicht bestätigt werden kann. Für das ausgeprägte Führungsverhalten, das in der Fallstudie beobachtet wurde, wird als Determinante die besondere Ausgestaltung des Managementsystems der Bundesagentur für Arbeit verantwortlich gemacht. Dazu gehört unter anderem das Performance Management System sowie die Führungskräfteauswahl und -entwicklung. Die Arbeit schließt mit Empfehlungen für weitere Forschungsansätze auf dem Gebiet der Führungsforschung im öffentlichen Sektor.
This essay approaches T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets (1935–1942) from the perspectives of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s critical practice of reparative reading and of Paul Ricoeur’s poststructuralist hermeneutics. It demonstrates that Sedgwick’s and Ricoeur’s approaches can be productively combined to investigate hermeneutic processes in which the textual energy of a dissemination of meaning is redirected by a reparative or integrative impulse. In Four Quartets, this impetus induces the creation of semantic innovation through a violation of semantic pertinence, that is, through novel, tensional and provisional connections between formerly separate textual elements and semantic units.
The system of German capitalisation seems to be based on dissimilar levels of linguistic description, i. e. semantics, morphology, and syntax. This leads to several competing scientific models as well as a large range of different rules which appear to be widely autonomous and incompatible with each other. This paper opens an integrative view on the topic by focussing on a pragmatic perspective, which is capable not only on integrating all major application areas of German capitalisation but also of motivating them. Based on theDiscourse Representation Theory (DRT) the text pragmatic model can add a functional perspective to established theories by making similar predictions on capitalisation but additionally specifying communicative reasons for them. Therefore it claims explanatory adequacy from the functional perspective.
Werner Mittenzwei’s article of 1967, the title of which coined the term “Brecht-Lukács-Debatte”, is widely considered as a milestone in the development of East German literary criticism towards an “emancipation” from party politics. By placing Mittenzwei’s contribution in the wider context of discussions about the literature of the GDR, within the SED and the writers’ union as well as at international conferences, this article attempts to trace the emergence of “Umfunktionierung” both as a key term and in its official approval by the party.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den sogenannten relativähnlichen Sätzen im Frühneuhochdeutschen und leistet somit einen Beitrag zur Subordinationsforschung des älteren Deutsch. Relativähnliche Sätze sind formal durch ein satzinitiales anaphorisches d-Element und die Endstellung des finiten Verbs gekennzeichnet. Semantisch gesehen beziehen sie sich auf den vorangehenden Satz als Ganzes, indem sie ihn in bestimmter Weise weiterführen oder kommentieren. In der bisherigen Forschung werden diese Sätze satztypologisch als Hauptsätze mit Verbendstellung analysiert (vgl. dazu Maurer 1926, Behaghel 1932 und Lötscher 2000). Nach der ausführlichen Diskussion der formalen Abhängigkeitsmarker im älteren Deutsch sowie anhand einer umfangreichen korpusbasierten Untersuchung wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass relativähnliche Sätze im Frühneuhochdeutschen auch als abhängige Sätze - analog zu den weiterführenden Relativsätzen im Gegenwartsdeutschen - analysiert werden können. Die weiterführenden Relativsätze im Gegenwartsdeutschen enthalten satzinitial auch ein anaphorisches Element, das sich auf das Gesagte in dem vorangehenden Satz bezieht. Verbendstellung weisen sie ebenfalls auf (mehr zur Grammatik der weiterführenden Relativsätze vgl. insb. Brandt 1990 und Holler 2005). Über die Untersuchung relativähnlicher Sätze hinaus befasst sich diese Arbeit ausführlich mit formalen Abhängigkeitsmarkern des älteren Deutsch, wie Verbendstellung, Einleiter und afinite Konstruktion.
עבירה לשמה
(2014)
A Transgression for the Sake of God -‘Averah li-shmah: A Tale of a Radical Idea in Talmudic Literature
All cultures, religions, and ethical or legal systems struggle with the role intention plays in evaluating actions. The Talmud compellingly elaborates on the notion of intention through the radical concept that “A sin committed for the sake of God [averah li-shmah] is greater than a commandment fulfilled not for the sake of God [mi-mizvah she-lo li-shmah].” The Babylonian Talmud attributes this concept—which challenges one of rabbinic Judaism’s most fundamental dogmas, the obligation to fulfill the commandments and avoid sin—to R. Nahman b. Isaac (RNBI), a renowned 4th century Amora. Considering the normative character of the rabbinic culture in which Halakhah (Jewish religious law) plays such a central role, this concept, seems almost like a foreign body in the Talmudic corpus.
The study focuses on the linguistic stratum of RNBI’s statement. By tracking the development of the meanings and uses of the word ‘li-shmah’ the research locates RNBI’s statement as part of the broader Talmudic discourse evaluating two levels of performing religious actions ‘li-shmah/she-lo li-shmah’. Since we wish to explain the word ‘li-shmah’ consistently both times it appears in the statement, the best translation would be ‘for the sake of God’. This translation is based on the linguistic connection between the word ‘li-shmah’ and the term ‘le-shem shamayim’ (for the sake of God) that appears in several rabbinic sources. This linguistic connection is also the key to identifying the possible root of RNBI’s concept. RNBI bolsters his idea by quoting a verse about Jael, thus implying that Jael sinned for the sake of God. The research describes at least five statements in Sages’ Literature that attribute sins for the sake of God to other biblical figures, all the while using the term ‘le-shem shamim’. Therefore we may presume that RNBI’s concept has evolved from the exegetical notion of attributing sin for the sake of God to biblical figures.
To understand the way RNBI’s statement was accepted in Talmudic culture, we must explore the textual witnesses to the literary frame of RNBI’s statement: the Talmudic sugya (Nazir 23a; Horayot 10b). We possess five versions of the sugya’s dialectical structure. Comparison of these versions, allows us to reconstruct the earlier dialectical structure, from which the familiar versions developed. The radical potential of RNBI’s statement led to cultural activity, in the transmission of the sugya, in an effort to mitigate it. This activity is reflected in late additions to the sugya identified by our research—which should be viewed as a process of self-censorship for ideological reasons.
This research explores a fundamental issue in rabbinic world: the immanent contradiction between law and intention. The research depicts in detail the movement of a radical idea from the margins culture to mainstream - in this case into the Babylonian Talmud. Therefore, the findings of this research provide substantial insight into our understanding of the interpretive process and of conceptual adaptation in rabbinic culture.
HPI Future SOC Lab
(2014)
The “HPI Future SOC Lab” is a cooperation of the Hasso-Plattner-Institut (HPI) and industrial partners. Its mission is to enable and promote exchange and interaction between the research community and the industrial partners.
The HPI Future SOC Lab provides researchers with free of charge access to a complete infrastructure of state of the art hard- and software. This infrastructure includes components, which might be too expensive for an ordinary research environment, such as servers with up to 64 cores. The offerings address researchers particularly from but not limited to the areas of computer science and business information systems. Main areas of research include cloud computing, parallelization, and In-Memory technologies.
This technical report presents results of research projects executed in 2014. Selected projects have presented their results on April 9th and September 29th 2014 at the Future SOC Lab Day events.
Der Begriff Altruismus geht auf Auguste Comte, den Gründer der Soziologie zurück. Es bezeichnet zugleich Uneigennütziges als auch selbstloses Verhalten von Individuen und wird daher oft dem egoistischen Verhalten gegenübergestellt. Die zahlreichen Anhänger des rationalen-egoistischem Paradigma lehnen die Idee der altruistischen Natur des Menschen meist ab, wohingegen die Anhänger des Altruismus nicht nur schwerer zu finden sind, sondern vor allem die Idee einer rein egoistischen Natur ablehnen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Altruismus-Begriffe der Soziologen Emile Durkheim und James Coleman, welche die Kontroverse zwischen den unterschiedlichen Paradigmen wiederspiegeln. Ziel dieser Arbeit wird es sein, die unterschiedlichen Altruismus-Konzepte von Durkheim und Coleman zunächst vorzustellen, anschließend einander gegenüberzustellen und darauf folgend zu untersuchen, welche Auswirkung ihre unterschiedlichen Weltanschauungen, Prämissen und Methodologien auf ihr Verständnis von der Logik des selbstlosen Gebens haben. Durch den Vergleich soll versucht werden die Grenzen beider Theorien aufzuzeigen und damit auch ein Ausweg aus dem methodologischem Disput, welcher folglich zur Überwindung der Altruismus-Egoismus Kontroverse beitragen soll.
Inhalt:
Alexander von Humboldt-Forschungsstelle: Ingo Schwarz zum 65. Geburtstag
Ottmar Ette: Findung und Erfindung einer Leserschaft. Neuere Editionsprojekte zu Alexander von Humboldt als Grundlage und Herausforderung künftigen Forschens
Eberhard Knobloch: Alexandre de Humboldt et le Marquis de Laplace
Oliver Schwarz: Alexander von Humboldt als astronomischer Arbeiter, Diskussionspartner und Ideengeber
Petra Werner: Innenwelten und bleiche Gärten. Alexander von Humboldt untertage und in der Caripe-Höhle
Christian Suckow: Alexander von Humboldt in Ust’-Kamenogorsk
Anne Jobst: Neue Briefe Christian Gottfried Ehrenbergs an Alexander von Humboldt
Thomas Schmuck: Humboldt, Baer und die Evolution
Manfred Ringmacher: Zwei Briefe auf Guaraní in Alexander von Humboldts Handschrift
Ute Tintemann: Julius Klaproths Mithridates-Projekt, Alexander von Humboldt und das Verlagshaus Cotta
Ulrike Leitner: „Ja! Wenn Berlin Bonn wäre!“ Friedrich Rückerts Berufung nach Berlin
Frank Holl: „Zur Freiheit bestimmt“ – Alexander von Humboldts Blick auf die Kulturen der Welt
Sebastian Panwitz: Das Humboldt-Mendelssohn-Haus Jägerstraße 22. Ein Quellenfund
Laura Péaud: Du Mexique à l‘Oural : l‘expertise humboldtienne au service du politique
Bärbel Holtz: „Cicerone“ des Königs? Alexander von Humboldt und Friedrich Wilhelm III.
Menso Folkerts: Ein unerwartetes Zusammentreffen in Sanssouci. Alexander von Humboldt und Karl Ludwig Hencke an der Tafel Friedrich Wilhelms IV.
Ulrich Päßler: Preußens Mann in Washington. Fünf Briefe Friedrich von Gerolts an Alexander von Humboldt (1858/1859)
Bill Roba: German-Iowan Strategies in Celebrating the Centennial of Alexander von Humboldt’s Birth
Regina Mikosch: Ingo Schwarz‘ Veröffentlichungen zur Alexander von Humboldt
Über die Autoren
Über die Autoren
(2014)
Luhmann in the Contact Zone
(2014)
Inhalt:
Eberhard Knobloch: Der Briefwechsel zwischen Alexander von Humboldt und Charles Lyell: Ein Überblick
Alejandro Cheirif Wolosky: La recepción humboldtiana de Cristóbal Colón
Luiz Estevam O. Fernandes: Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain: Humboldt and the history of Mexico
Dominik Erdmann/Christian Thomas: „… zu den wunderlichsten Schlangen der Gelehrsasmkeit zusammengegliedert“. Neue Materialien zu den ‚Kosmos-Vorträgen‘ Alexander von Humboldts, nebst Vorüberlegungen zu deren digitaler Edition
Konstantin Treuber „Warum ich nicht Diorit-Trachyt sagen soll.“ – Ein geologischer Brief Gustav Roses an Alexander von Humboldt
Anja Werner: Alexander von Humboldt’s Footnotes: “Networks of Knowledge” in the Sources of the 1826 Essai politique sur l’île de Cuba
Peter Honigmann: Alexander von Humboldts Journale seiner russisch-sibirischen Reise 1829 [mit einer Einführung von Eberhard Knobloch]
Die Häufung von Diabetes, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und einigen Krebsarten, deren Entstehung auf Übergewicht und Bewegungsmangel zurückzuführen sind, ist ein aktuelles Problem unserer Gesellschaft. Insbesondere mit fortschreitendem Alter nehmen die damit einhergehenden Komplikationen zu. Umso bedeutender ist das Verständnis der pathologischen Mechanismen in Folge von Adipositas, Bewegungsmangel, des Alterungsprozesses und den Einfluss-nehmenden Faktoren.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entstehung metabolischer Erkrankungen beim Menschen zu untersuchen. Die Auswertung von Verlaufsdaten anthropometrischer und metabolischer Parameter der 584 Teilnehmern der prospektiven ‚Metabolisches Syndrom Berlin Potsdam Follow-up Studie‘ wies für die gesamte Kohorte einen Anstieg an Übergewicht, ebenso eine Verschlechterung des Blutdrucks und des Glukosestoffwechsels auf. Wir untersuchten, ob das Hormon FGF21 Einfluss an dem Auftreten eines Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 (T2DM) oder des Metabolischen Syndroms (MetS) hat. Wir konnten zeigen, dass Personen, die später ein MetS entwickeln, bereits zu Studienbeginn einen erhöhten FGF21-Spiegel, einen höheren BMI, WHR, Hb1Ac und diastolischen Blutdruck aufwiesen. Neben FGF21 wurde auch Vaspin in diesem Zusammenhang untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Personen, die später einen T2DM entwickeln, neben einer Erhöhung klinischer Parameter tendenziell erhöhte Spiegel des Hormons aufwiesen. Mit FGF21 und Vaspin wurden hier zwei neue Faktoren für die Vorhersage des Metabolischen Syndroms bzw. Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 identifiziert.
Der langfristige Effekt einer Gewichtsreduktion wurde in einer Subkohorte von 60 Personen untersucht. Der überwiegende Teil der Probanden mit Gewichtsabnahme-Intervention nahm in der ersten sechsmonatigen Phase erfolgreich ab. Jedoch zeigte sich ein deutlicher Trend zur Wiederzunahme des verlorenen Gewichts über den Beobachtungszeitraum von fünf Jahren. Von besonderem Interesse war die Abschätzung des kardiovaskulären Risikos über den Framingham Score. Es wurde deutlich, dass für Personen mit konstanter Gewichtsabnahme ein deutlich geringeres kardiovaskuläres Risiko bestand. Hingegen zeigten Personen mit konstanter Wiederzunahme oder starken Gewichtsschwankungen ein hohes kardiovaskuläres Risiko. Unsere Daten legten nahe, dass eine erfolgreiche dauerhafte Gewichtsreduktion statistisch mit einem erniedrigten kardiovaskulären Risiko assoziiert ist, während Probanden mit starken Gewichtsschwankungen oder einer Gewichtszunahme ein gesteigertes Risiko haben könnten.
Um die Interaktion der molekularen Vorgänge hinsichtlich der Gewichtsreduktion und Lebensspanne untersuchen zu können, nutzen wir den Modellorganismus C.elegans. Eine kontinuierliche Restriktion wirkte sich verlängernd, eine Überversorgung verkürzend auf die Lebensspanne des Rundwurms aus. Der Einfluss eines zeitlich eingeschränkten, intermittierenden Nahrungsregimes, analog zum Weight-Cycling im Menschen, auf die Lebensspanne war von großem Interesse. Dieser regelmäßige Wechsel zwischen ad libitum Fütterung und Restriktion hatte in Abhängigkeit von der Häufigkeit der Restriktion einen unterschiedlich starken lebensverlängernden Effekt. Phänomene, wie Gewichtswiederzunahmen, sind in C.elegans nicht zu beobachten und beruhen vermutlich auf einem Mechanismus ist, der evolutionär jünger und in C.elegans noch nicht angelegt ist.
Um neue Stoffwechselwege zu identifizieren, die die Lebensspanne beeinflussen, wurden Metabolitenprofile genetischer als auch diätetischer Langlebigkeitsmodelle analysiert. Diese Analysen wiesen den Tryptophan-Stoffwechsel als einen neuen, bisher noch nicht im Fokus stehenden Stoffwechselweg aus, der mit Langlebigkeit in Verbindung steht.
Theodor Fontanes berühmte "Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg" haben nicht nur einen großen Teil zur touristischen und literarischen Erschließung der Mark Brandenburg beigetragen, sondern auch nahezu ein eigenes Genre an Spurensuchenden und Nachwanderern begründet. In den Regalen gängiger Buchhandlungen finden sich immer wieder „Wanderungen nach Fontane“, Wandernde „unterwegs mit Fontane“ oder – wie erst kürzlich im März 2014 erschienen – "Wir sind jetzt hier. Neue Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg" von Björn Kuhligk und Tom Schulz.
Dabei stellt sich die Frage: Wie wird heute, fast 150 Jahre nach Fontanes Wanderungen, die Natur als Landschaft in „neuen“ Wanderungen „neu“ verhandelt? Der Schwerpunkt dieser Fragestellung liegt dabei auf den literarischen Vermittlungsformen beider Werke; darauf, wie die Natur als Landschaft vermittelt und wie das in ihr Gesehene und Erlebte in den Texten poetisiert wird.
Bearbeitet wird die Fragestellung anhand einer Analyse der literarischen Vermittlung von Naturräumen. Die Betrachtung Fontanescher Charakteristika der Vermittlung und Literarisierung von Natur basiert in erster Linie auf der umfangreichen Forschungsliteratur. Eigene Beobachtungen aus den "Neuen Wanderungen" werden dieser gegenüber gestellt.
Aus der Zusammenstellung der so gewonnenen Eindrücke können abschließend Erkenntnisse darüber formuliert werden, inwiefern sich „alte“ und „neue“ Wanderungen ähneln und welche neuen Tendenzen die Gegenwartsliteratur aufweist.
The aim of the present thesis is to answer the question to what degree the processes involved in sentence comprehension are sensitive to task demands. A central phenomenon in this regard is the so-called ambiguity advantage, which is the finding that ambiguous sentences can be easier to process than unambiguous sentences. This finding may appear counterintuitive, because more meanings should be associated with a higher computational effort. Currently, two theories exist that can explain this finding.
The Unrestricted Race Model (URM) by van Gompel et al. (2001) assumes that several sentence interpretations are computed in parallel, whenever possible, and that the first interpretation to be computed is assigned to the sentence. Because the duration of each structure-building process varies from trial to trial, the parallelism in structure-building predicts that ambiguous sentences should be processed faster. This is because when two structures are permissible, the chances that some interpretation will be computed quickly are higher than when only one specific structure is permissible. Importantly, the URM is not sensitive to task demands such as the type of comprehension questions being asked.
A radically different proposal is the strategic underspecification model by Swets et al. (2008). It assumes that readers do not attempt to resolve ambiguities unless it is absolutely necessary. In other words, they underspecify. According the strategic underspecification hypothesis, all attested replications of the ambiguity advantage are due to the fact that in those experiments, readers were not required to fully understand the sentence.
In this thesis, these two models of the parser’s actions at choice-points in the sentence are presented and evaluated. First, it is argued that the Swets et al.’s (2008) evidence against the URM and in favor of underspecification is inconclusive. Next, the precise predictions of the URM as well as the underspecification model are refined. Subsequently, a self-paced reading experiment involving the attachment of pre-nominal relative clauses in Turkish is presented, which provides evidence against strategical underspecification. A further experiment is presented which investigated relative clause attachment in German using the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) paradigm. The experiment provides evidence against strategic underspecification and in favor of the URM. Furthermore the results of the experiment are used to argue that human sentence comprehension is fallible, and that theories of parsing should be able to account for that fact. Finally, a third experiment is presented, which provides evidence for the sensitivity to task demands in the treatment of ambiguities. Because this finding is incompatible with the URM, and because the strategic underspecification model has been ruled out, a new model of ambiguity resolution is proposed: the stochastic multiple-channel model of ambiguity resolution (SMCM). It is further shown that the quantitative predictions of the SMCM are in agreement with experimental data.
In conclusion, it is argued that the human sentence comprehension system is parallel and fallible, and that it is sensitive to task-demands.
Obwohl in den unionalen Verträgen bis heute keine Vorschrift bezüglich einer Staatshaftung der Mitgliedstaaten für Entscheidungen ihrer Gerichte existiert, hat der Gerichtshof der Europäischen Union (EuGH) in einer Reihe von Entscheidungen eine solche Haftung entwickelt und präzisiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert eingehend diese Rechtsprechung mitsamt den sich daraus ergebenden facettenreichen Rechtsfragen. Im ersten Kapitel widmet sich die Arbeit der historischen Entwicklung der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung im Allgemeinen, ausgehend von dem bekannten Francovich-Urteil aus dem Jahr 1991. Sodann werden im zweiten Kapitel die zur Haftung für judikatives Unrecht grundlegenden Entscheidungen in den Rechtssachen Köbler und Traghetti vorgestellt. In dem sich anschließenden dritten Kapitel wird der Rechtscharakter der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung – einschließlich der Frage einer Subsidiarität des unionsrechtlichen Anspruchs gegenüber bestehenden nationalen Staatshaftungsansprüchen – untersucht. Das vierte Kapitel widmet sich der Frage, ob eine unionsrechtliche Staatshaftung für judikatives Unrecht prinzipiell anzuerkennen ist, wobei die wesentlichen für und gegen eine solche Haftung sprechenden Argumente ausführlich behandelt und bewertet werden. Im fünften Kapitel werden die im Zusammenhang mit den unionsrechtlichen Haftungsvoraussetzungen stehenden Probleme der Haftung für letztinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen detailliert erörtert. Zugleich wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob eine Haftung für fehlerhafte unterinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen zu befürworten ist. Das sechste Kapitel befasst sich mit der Ausgestaltung der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung für letztinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen durch die Mitgliedstaaten, wobei u.a. zur Anwendbarkeit der deutschen Haftungsprivilegien bei judikativem Unrecht auf den unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftungsanspruch Stellung genommen wird. Im letzten Kapitel wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob der EuGH überhaupt über eine Kompetenz zur Schaffung der Staatshaftung für letztinstanzliche Gerichtsentscheidungen verfügte. Abschließend werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Arbeit präsentiert und ein Ausblick auf weitere mögliche Auswirkungen und Entwicklungen der unionsrechtlichen Staatshaftung für judikatives Unrecht gegeben.
Entwicklung von Strategien zur Attraktivitätssteigerung von Fortbildungen im Gesundheitsmanagement
(2014)
Die Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts bewirken sowohl im Bundesministerium der Finanzen BMF als auch im französischen Wirtschafts- und Finanzministerium MINEFI, der Gesunderhaltung der Beschäftigten besondere Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. Beide Verwaltungen sehen dabei die Referatsleiter/innen (RL) in der Pflicht und bieten deshalb Fortbildungen im Gesundheitsmanagement an. Das Interesse der RL für dieses Angebot ist bisher gering. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht die Ursachen für das in der deutschen und französischen Finanzverwaltung unterschiedlich geringe Interesse und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die Hemmnisse im MINEFI stärker durch soziokulturelle und institutionelle Faktoren (republikanische Elitenbildung und Positionsmacht der jeweiligen Hierarchiestufe) bedingt sind, während im BMF institutionelle und persönlichkeitsspezifische Gründe zusammentreffen. Die Behördenkultur beider Ministerien fokussiert die Arbeitsergebnisse der RL und lässt ihr Verhältnis zu den Referatsangehörigen weitestgehend außer Acht. Eine Attraktivitätssteigerung des Fortbildungsangebots im Gesundheitsmanagement setzt in beiden Verwaltungen voraus, Marketingstrategien innerhalb der Behörde zu etablieren, die die Wertigkeit des Gesundheitsmanagements im Organisationsgefüge erhöhen und dadurch die RL stärker motivieren. Dieser Change-Prozess erfordert Ausdauer und Geduld.
Co-doping of the MOF 3∞[Zn(2-methylimidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate)] (IFP-1 = Imidazolate Framework Potsdam-1) with luminescent Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions presents an approach to utilize the porosity of the MOF for the intercalation of luminescence centers and for tuning of the chromaticity to the emission of white light of the quality of a three color emitter. Organic based fluorescence processes of the MOF backbone as well as metal based luminescence of the dopants are combined to one homogenous single source emitter while retaining the MOF's porosity. The lanthanide ions Eu3+ and Tb3+ were doped in situ into IFP-1 upon formation of the MOF by intercalation into the micropores of the growing framework without a structure directing effect. Furthermore, the color point is temperature sensitive, so that a cold white light with a higher blue content is observed at 77 K and a warmer white light at room temperature (RT) due to the reduction of the organic emission at higher temperatures. The study further illustrates the dependence of the amount of luminescent ions on porosity and sorption properties of the MOF and proves the intercalation of luminescence centers into the pore system by low-temperature site selective photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM and EDX. It also covers an investigation of the border of homogenous uptake within the MOF pores and the formation of secondary phases of lanthanide formates on the surface of the MOF. Crossing the border from a homogenous co-doping to a two-phase composite system can be beneficially used to adjust the character and warmth of the white light. This study also describes two-color emitters of the formula Ln@IFP-1a–d (Ln: Eu, Tb) by doping with just one lanthanide Eu3+ or Tb3+.
Scientific inquiry requires that we formulate not only what we know, but also what we do not know and by how much. In climate data analysis, this involves an accurate specification of measured quantities and a consequent analysis that consciously propagates the measurement errors at each step. The dissertation presents a thorough analytical method to quantify errors of measurement inherent in paleoclimate data. An additional focus are the uncertainties in assessing the coupling between different factors that influence the global mean temperature (GMT).
Paleoclimate studies critically rely on `proxy variables' that record climatic signals in natural archives. However, such proxy records inherently involve uncertainties in determining the age of the signal. We present a generic Bayesian approach to analytically determine the proxy record along with its associated uncertainty, resulting in a time-ordered sequence of correlated probability distributions rather than a precise time series. We further develop a recurrence based method to detect dynamical events from the proxy probability distributions. The methods are validated with synthetic examples and
demonstrated with real-world proxy records. The proxy estimation step reveals the interrelations between proxy variability and uncertainty. The recurrence analysis of the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the last 9000 years confirms the well-known `dry' events at 8200 and 4400 BP, plus an additional significantly dry event at 6900 BP.
We also analyze the network of dependencies surrounding GMT. We find an intricate, directed network with multiple links between the different factors at multiple time delays. We further uncover a significant feedback from the GMT to the El Niño Southern Oscillation at quasi-biennial timescales. The analysis highlights the need of a more nuanced formulation of influences between different climatic factors, as well as the limitations in trying to estimate such dependencies.
Tierische und menschliche Fäkalien aus Landwirtschaft und Haushalten enthalten zahlreiche obligat und opportunistisch pathogene Mikroorganismen, deren Konzentration u. a. je nach Gesundheitszustand der betrachteten Gruppe schwankt. Neben den Krankheitserregern enthalten Fäkalien aber auch essentielle Pflanzennährstoffe (276) und dienen seit Jahrtausenden (63) als Dünger für Feldfrüchte. Mit der unbedarften Verwendung von pathogenbelastetem Fäkaldünger steigt jedoch auch das Risiko einer Infektion von Mensch und Tier. Diese Gefahr erhöht sich mit der globalen Vernetzung der Landwirtschaft, z. B. durch den Import von kontaminierten Futter- bzw. Lebensmitteln (29).
Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die milchsaure Fermentation von Rindergülle und Klärschlamm als alternative Hygienisierungsmethode gegenüber der Pasteurisation in Biogasanlagen bzw. gebräuchlichen Kompostierung vor.
Dabei wird ein Abfall der Gram-negativen Bakterienflora sowie der Enterokokken, Schimmel- und Hefepilze unter die Nachweisgrenze von 3 log10KbE/g beobachtet, gleichzeitig steigt die Konzentration der Lactobacillaceae um das Tausendfache. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass pathogene Bakterien wie Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, EHEC O:157 und vegetative Clostridum perfringens-Zellen innerhalb von 3 Tagen inaktiviert werden. Die Inaktivierung von ECBO-Viren und Spulwurmeiern erfolgt innerhalb von 7 bzw. 56 Tagen. Zur Aufklärung der Ursache der beobachteten Hygienisierung wurde das fermentierte Material auf flüchtige Fettsäuren sowie pH-Wertänderungen untersucht. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die gemessenen Werte nicht die alleinige Ursache für das Absterben der Erreger sind, vielmehr wird eine zusätzliche bakterizide Wirkung durch eine mutmaßliche Bildung von Bakteriozinen in Betracht gezogen. Die parasitizide Wirkung wird auf die physikalischen Bedingungen der Fermentation zurückgeführt.
Die methodischen Grundlagen basieren auf Analysen mittels zahlreicher klassisch-kultureller Verfahren, wie z. B. der Lebendkeimzahlbestimmung. Darüber hinaus findet die MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie und die klassische PCR in Kombination mit der Gradienten-Gelelektrophorese Anwendung, um kultivierbare Bakterienfloren zu beschreiben bzw. nicht kultivierbare Bakterienfloren stichprobenartig zu erfassen.
Neben den Aspekten der Hygienisierung wird zudem die Eignung der Methode für die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung berücksichtigt. Dies findet sich insbesondere in der Komposition des zu fermentierenden Materials wieder, welches für die verstärkte Humusakkumulation im Ackerboden optimiert wurde. Darüber hinaus wird die Masseverlustbilanz während der milchsauren Fermentation mit denen der Kompostierung sowie der Verarbeitung in der Biogasanlage verglichen und als positiv bewertet, da sie mit insgesamt 2,45 % sehr deutlich unter den bisherigen Alternativen liegt (73, 138, 458). Weniger Verluste an organischem Material während der Hygienisierung führen zu einer größeren verwendbaren Düngermenge, die auf Grund ihres organischen Ursprungs zu einer Verstärkung des Humusanteiles im Ackerboden beitragen kann (56, 132).
In der Berufsgruppe der Lehrerinnen und Lehrer besteht eine hohe Prävalenz psychischer und psychosomatischer Erkrankungen. Aus- und Weiterbildungsangebote zur Vermittlung lehrerspezifischer sozialer Kompetenzen spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Förderung der Lehrergesundheit. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde das „Lehrer/innen-Coaching nach dem Freiburger Modell“ evaluiert, welches die Kompetenz von Lehrkräften stärken soll, innerhalb der Schule und insbesondere im Unterricht, schwierige interpersonelle Situationen aktiv und konstruktiv zu gestalten. Damit sollen stressbedingte gesundheitliche Belastungen abgebaut und dem Entstehen gravierender psychischer Störungen vorgebeugt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei modifizierte Versionen dieses Programms erstmalig im Rahmen einer landesweiten Feldstudie untersucht. Die zentralen Evaluationsfragestellungen beziehen sich auf die Effektivität der Intervention als Gesundheitsförderungsmaßnahme (Akzeptanz, Wirksamkeit, Wirksamkeitsvergleich der beiden Interventionsformen im landesweiten Einsatz). Daneben strebt die Studie einen Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen einer Vorgängerstudie sowie die Generierung weiterer Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenhang zwischen Aspekten der sozialen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften und ihrer psychischen Gesundheit an. An der Maßnahme konnten alle baden-württembergischen Lehrerinnen und Lehrer mit einer Berufserfahrung von mindestens 10 Jahren teilnehmen. Für die Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit der Maßnahme und des Wirksamkeitsvergleichs der beiden unterschiedlichen Formen liegt ein quasiexperimentelles Design mit insgesamt zwei Messzeitpunkten vor. In die Auswertung zur Wirksamkeit der Intervention konnten die Daten von den 314 Teilnehmern einbezogen werden. Die Messinstrumente, die in der vorliegenden Studie zur Anwendung kamen, waren der General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), das Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-D) und die ins Deutsche übersetzte Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) in der an Lehrer adaptierten Form. Die Evaluationsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Teilnahme am „Lehrer/innen-Coaching nach dem Freiburger Modell” mit einer signifikanten Verbesserung der gesundheitsbezogenen abhängigen Variablen einhergeht. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die ausgeprägte Verbesserung der mittels GHQ-12 erfassten psychischen Gesundheit. Das Ergebnis des Prä-Post-Vergleichs der Gesundheitswerte beider Interventionsgruppen bestätigte sich auch im Vergleich zu einer Null-Interventionsgruppe: Entsprechend der Hypothese gab es bei den Teilnehmern eine signifikant stärkere Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit als bei den Nicht-Teilnehmern (Null-Interventionsgruppe). Die beiden Interventionsmodi „Kompaktform” und „Kurzform” erwiesen sich im Hinblick auf die Verbesserung der Lehrergesundheit als gleichermaßen wirksam. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse der Teilnehmerbefragung, dass die Maßnahme Anklang bei der Zielgruppe fand. Die Akzeptanz durch die Zielgruppe ist für die Wirksamkeit einer auf Freiwilligkeit basierenden verhaltenspräventiven Maßnahme naturgemäß eine essenzielle Voraussetzung. Bei der psychischen Gesundheit der Lehrer bestehen – wie aus weiteren Befunden der Studie ersichtlich – bedeutsame Zusammenhänge zu einer intakten zwischenmenschlichen Beziehung mit den Schülern, einer gelungenen, durch gegenseitige Unterstützung gekennzeichneten Interaktion im Kollegium und einem entsprechend unterstützenden Führungsverhalten der Schulleitung. Dies macht deutlich, welches besondere Gewicht einer gelingenden Beziehungsgestaltung an Schulen und im Unterricht beizumessen ist. Bezüglich der Vorgehensweise in der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden einige methodische Limitationen hinsichtlich des Designs diskutiert. Ergänzend wird im Ausblick der Evaluationsstudie darauf hingewiesen, wie sich durch die Verknüpfung des vorliegenden Programms mit weiteren, auf den Ebenen Verhalten, Verhältnisse und Führung ansetzenden gesundheitspräventiven Maßnahmen, zukünftig die Stärkung der psychischen Gesundheit von Lehrkräften weiter ausbauen ließe.
Polyadenylation is a decisive 3’ end processing step during the maturation of pre-mRNAs. The length of the poly(A) tail has an impact on mRNA stability, localization and translatability. Accordingly, many eukaryotic organisms encode several copies of canonical poly(A) polymerases (cPAPs). The disruption of cPAPs in mammals results in lethality. In plants, reduced cPAP activity is non-lethal. Arabidopsis encodes three nuclear cPAPs, PAPS1, PAPS2 and PAPS4, which are constitutively expressed throughout the plant. Recently, the detailed analysis of Arabidopsis paps1 mutants revealed a subset of genes that is preferentially polyadenylated by the cPAP isoform PAPS1 (Vi et al. 2013). Thus, the specialization of cPAPs might allow the regulation of different sets of genes in order to optimally face developmental or environmental challenges.
To gain insights into the cPAP-based gene regulation in plants, the phenotypes of Arabidopsis cPAPs mutants under different conditions are characterized in detail in the following work. An involvement of all three cPAPs in flowering time regulation and stress response regulation is shown. While paps1 knockdown mutants flower early, paps4 and paps2 paps4 knockout mutants exhibit a moderate late-flowering phenotype. PAPS1 promotes the expression of the major flowering inhibitor FLC, supposedly by specific polyadenylation of an FLC activator. PAPS2 and PAPS4 exhibit partially overlapping functions and ensure timely flowering by repressing FLC and at least one other unidentified flowering inhibitor. The latter two cPAPs act in a novel regulatory pathway downstream of the autonomous pathway component FCA and act independently from the polyadenylation factors and flowering time regulators CstF64 and FY. Moreover, PAPS1 and PAPS2/PAPS4 are implicated in different stress response pathways in Arabidopsis. Reduced activity of the poly(A) polymerase PAPS1 results in enhanced resistance to osmotic and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, paps1 mutants are cold-sensitive. In contrast, PAPS2/PAPS4 are not involved in the regulation of osmotic or cold stress, but paps2 paps4 loss-of-function mutants exhibit enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress provoked in the chloroplast. Thus, both PAPS1 and PAPS2/PAPS4 are required to maintain a balanced redox state in plants. PAPS1 seems to fulfil this function in concert with CPSF30, a polyadenylation factor that regulates alternative polyadenylation and tolerance to oxidative stress.
The individual paps mutant phenotypes and the cPAP-specific genetic interactions support the model of cPAP-dependent polyadenylation of selected mRNAs. The high similarity of the polyadenylation machineries in yeast, mammals and plants suggests that similar regulatory mechanisms might be present in other organism groups. The cPAP-dependent developmental and physiological pathways identified in this work allow the design of targeted experiments to better understand the ecological and molecular context underlying cPAP-specialization.
Ausprägungen räumlicher Identität in ehemaligen sudetendeutschen Gebieten der Tschechischen Republik
(2014)
Das tschechische Grenzgebiet ist eine der Regionen in Europa, die in der Folge des Zweiten Weltkrieges am gravierendsten von Umbrüchen in der zuvor bestehenden Bevölkerungsstruktur betroffen waren. Der erzwungenen Aussiedlung eines Großteils der ansässigen Bevölkerung folgten die Neubesiedlung durch verschiedenste Zuwanderergruppen sowie teilweise langanhaltende Fluktuationen der Einwohnerschaft. Die Stabilisierung der Bevölkerung stand sodann unter dem Zeichen der sozialistischen Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsordnung, die die Lebensweise und Raumwahrnehmung der neuen Einwohner nachhaltig prägte. Die Grenzöffnung von 1989, die politische Transformation sowie die Integration der Tschechischen Republik in die Europäische Union brachten neue demographische und sozioökonomische Entwicklungen mit sich. Sie schufen aber auch die Bedingungen dafür, sich neu und offen auch mit der spezifischen Geschichte des ehemaligen Sudetenlandes sowie mit dem Zustand der gegenwärtigen Gesellschaft in diesem Gebiet auseinanderzusetzen.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird anhand zweier Beispielregionen untersucht, welche Raumvorstellungen und Raumbindungen bei der heute in den ehemaligen sudetendeutschen Gebieten ansässigen Bevölkerung vorhanden sind und welche Einflüsse die unterschiedlichen raumstrukturellen Bedingungen darauf ausüben. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die soziale Komponente der Ausprägung räumlicher Identität gelegt, das heißt auf die Rolle von Bedeutungszuweisungen gegenüber Raumelementen im Rahmen sozialer Kommunikation und Interaktion. Dies erscheint von besonderer Relevanz in einem Raum, der sich durch eine gewisse Heterogenität seiner Einwohnerschaft hinsichtlich ihres ethnischen, kulturellen beziehungsweise biographischen Hintergrundes auszeichnet. Schließlich wird ermittelt, welche Impulse unter Umständen von einer ausgeprägten räumlichen Identität für die Entwicklung des Raumes ausgehen.
An important contribution of geosciences to the renewable energy production portfolio is the exploration and utilization of geothermal resources. For the development of a geothermal project at great depths a detailed geological and geophysical exploration program is required in the first phase. With the help of active seismic methods high-resolution images of the geothermal reservoir can be delivered. This allows potential transport routes for fluids to be identified as well as regions with high potential of heat extraction to be mapped, which indicates favorable conditions for geothermal exploitation. The presented work investigates the extent to which an improved characterization of geothermal reservoirs can be achieved with the new methods of seismic data processing. The summations of traces (stacking) is a crucial step in the processing of seismic reflection data. The common-reflection-surface (CRS) stacking method can be applied as an alternative for the conventional normal moveout (NMO) or the dip moveout (DMO) stack. The advantages of the CRS stack beside an automatic determination of stacking operator parameters include an adequate imaging of arbitrarily curved geological boundaries, and a significant increase in signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio by stacking far more traces than used in a conventional stack. A major innovation I have shown in this work is that the quality of signal attributes that characterize the seismic images can be significantly improved by this modified type of stacking in particular. Imporoved attribute analysis facilitates the interpretation of seismic images and plays a significant role in the characterization of reservoirs. Variations of lithological and petro-physical properties are reflected by fluctuations of specific signal attributes (eg. frequency or amplitude characteristics). Its further interpretation can provide quality assessment of the geothermal reservoir with respect to the capacity of fluids within a hydrological system that can be extracted and utilized. The proposed methodological approach is demonstrated on the basis on two case studies. In the first example, I analyzed a series of 2D seismic profile sections through the Alberta sedimentary basin on the eastern edge of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. In the second application, a 3D seismic volume is characterized in the surroundings of a geothermal borehole, located in the central part of the Polish basin. Both sites were investigated with the modified and improved stacking attribute analyses. The results provide recommendations for the planning of future geothermal plants in both study areas.
Weltweit streben Anti-Doping Institute danach jene Sportler zu überführen, welche sich unerlaubter Mittel oder Methoden bedienen. Die hierfür notwendigen Testsysteme werden kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt und neue Methoden aufgrund neuer Wirkstoffe der Pharmaindustrie etabliert. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war es, eine parallele Mehrkomponentenanalyse auf Basis von Antigen-Antikörper Reaktionen zu entwickeln, bei dem es primär um Verringerung des benötigten Probevolumens und der Versuchszeit im Vergleich zu einem Standard Nachweis-Verfahren ging. Neben der Verwendung eines Multiplex Ansatzes und der Mikroarraytechnologie stellten ebenfalls die Genauigkeit aller Messparameter, die Stabilität des Versuchsaufbaus sowie die Performance über einen Einfach-Blind-Ansatz Herausforderungen dar. Die Anforderung an den Multiplex Ansatz, keine falschen Signale trotz ähnlicher Strukturen zu messen, konnte durch die gezielte Kombination von spezifischen Antikörpern realisiert werden. Hierfür wurden neben Kreuzreaktivitätstests auf dem Mikroarray parallel erfolgreich Western Blot Versuche durchgeführt. Jene Antikörper, welche in diesen Versuchen die gesetzten Anforderungen erfüllten, wurden für das Ermitteln der kleinsten nachweisbaren Konzentration verwendet. Über das Optimieren der Versuchsbedingungen konnte unter Verwendung von Tween in der Waschlösung sowohl auf Glas als auch auf Kunststoff die Hintergrundfluoreszenz reduziert und somit eine Steigerung des Signal/Hintergrundverhältnisses erreicht werden. In den Versuchen zu Ermittlung der Bestimmungsgrenze wurde für das humane Choriongonadotropin (hCG-i) eine Konzentration von 10 mU/ml, für dessen beta-Untereinheit (hCG-beta) eine Konzentration von 3,6 mU/ml und für das luteinisierende Hormon (LH) eine Konzentration von 10 mU/ml bestimmt. Den ermittelten Wert im Serum für das hCG-i entspricht dem von der Welt-Anti-Dopin-Agentur (WADA) geforderten Wert in Urin von 5 mU/ml. Neben der Ermittlung von Bestimmungsgrenzen wurden diese hinsichtlich auftretender Matrixeffekte in Serum und Blut gemessen. Wie aus den Versuchen zur Ermittlung von Kreuzreaktivitäten auf dem Mikroarray zu entnehmen ist, lassen sich das LH, das hCG-i und hCG-β ebenfalls in Serum und Blut messen. Die Durchführung einer Performance-Analyse über einem Einfach-Blind-Ansatz mit 130 Serum Proben, wurde ebenfalls über dieses System realisiert. Die ausgewerteten Proben wurden anschließend über eine Grenzwertoptimierungskurve analysiert und die diagnostische Spezifität ermittelt. Für die Messungen des LH konnte eine Sensitivität und Spezifität von 100% erreicht werden. Demnach wurden alle negativen und positiven Proben eindeutig interpretiert. Für das hCG-β konnte ebenfalls eine Spezifität von 100% und eine Sensitivität von 97% erreicht werden. Die hCG-i Proben wurden mit einer Spezifität von 100% und eine Sensitivität von 97,5% gemessen. Um den Nachweis zu erbringen, dass dieser Versuchsaufbau über mehrere Wochen stabile Signale bei Vermessen von identischen Proben liefert, wurde ein über zwölf Wochen angesetzter Stabilitätstest für alle Parameter erfolgreich in Serum und Blut durchgeführt. Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit erfolgreich eine Mehrkomponentenanalyse als Multiplex Ansatz auf einem Mikroarray entwickelt werden. Die Durchführung der Performance-Analyse und des Stabilitätstests zeigen bereits die mögliche Einsatzfähigkeit dieses Tests im Kontext einer Dopinganalyse.
It is generally agreed upon that stars typically form in open clusters and stellar associations, but little is known about the structure of the open cluster system. Do open clusters and stellar associations form isolated or do they prefer to form in groups and complexes? Open cluster groups and complexes could verify star forming regions to be larger than expected, which would explain the chemical homogeneity over large areas in the Galactic disk. They would also define an additional level in the hierarchy of star formation and could be used as tracers for the scales of fragmentation in giant molecular clouds? Furthermore, open cluster groups and complexes could affect Galactic dynamics and should be considered in investigations and simulations on the dynamical processes, such as radial migration, disc heating, differential rotation, kinematic resonances, and spiral structure.
In the past decade there were a few studies on open cluster pairs (de La Fuente Marcos & de La Fuente Marcos 2009a,b,c) and on open cluster groups and complexes (Piskunov et al. 2006). The former only considered spatial proximity for the identification of the pairs, while the latter also required tangential velocities to be similar for the members. In this work I used the full set of 6D phase-space information to draw a more detailed picture on these structures. For this purpose I utilised the most homogeneous cluster catalogue available, namely the Catalogue of Open Cluster Data (COCD; Kharchenko et al. 2005a,b), which contains parameters for 650 open clusters and compact associations, as well as for their uniformly selected members. Additional radial velocity (RV) and metallicity ([M/H]) information on the members were obtained from the RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE; Steinmetz et al. 2006; Kordopatis et al. 2013) for 110 and 81 clusters, respectively. The RAVE sample was cleaned considering quality parameters and flags provided by RAVE (Matijevič et al. 2012; Kordopatis et al. 2013). To ensure that only real members were included for the mean values, also the cluster membership, as provided by Kharchenko et al. (2005a,b), was considered for the stars cross-matched in RAVE.
6D phase-space information could be derived for 432 out of the 650 COCD objects and I used an adaption of the Friends-of-Friends algorithm, as used in cosmology, to identify potential groupings. The vast majority of the 19 identified groupings were pairs, but I also found four groups of 4-5 members and one complex with 15 members. For the verification of the identified structures, I compared the results to a randomly selected subsample of the catalogue for the Milky Way global survey of Star Clusters (MWSC; Kharchenko et al. 2013), which became available recently, and was used as reference sample. Furthermore, I implemented Monte-Carlo simulations with randomised samples created from two distinguished input distributions for the spatial and velocity parameters. On the one hand, assuming a uniform distribution in the Galactic disc and, on the other hand, assuming the COCD data distributions to be representative for the whole open cluster population.
The results suggested that the majority of identified pairs are rather by chance alignments, but the groups and the complex seemed to be genuine. A comparison of my results to the pairs, groups and complexes proposed in the literature yielded a partial overlap, which was most likely because of selection effects and different parameters considered. This is another verification for the existence of such structures.
The characteristics of the found groupings favour that members of an open cluster grouping originate from a common giant molecular cloud and formed in a single, but possibly sequential, star formation event. Moreover, the fact that the young open cluster population showed smaller spatial separations between nearest neighbours than the old cluster population indicated that the lifetime of open cluster groupings is most likely comparable to that of the Galactic open cluster population itself. Still even among the old open clusters I could identify groupings, which suggested that the detected structure could be in some cases more long lived as one might think.
In this thesis I could only present a pilot study on structures in the Galactic open cluster population, since the data sample used was highly incomplete. For further investigations a far more complete sample would be required. One step in this direction would be to use data from large current surveys, like SDSS, RAVE, Gaia-ESO and VVV, as well as including results from studies on individual clusters. Later the sample can be completed by data from upcoming missions, like Gaia and 4MOST. Future studies using this more complete open cluster sample will reveal the effect of open cluster groupings on star formation theory and their significance for the kinematics, dynamics and evolution of the Milky Way, and thereby of spiral galaxies.
התזות של העבודה
תקופת חז"ל
1. איסור הנישואין מתייחס לשתי נשים – מעוברת ומנקת, ובהתאם לסוגיה הסתמאית בבבלי יבמות, מדובר באיסור שטעמו אחד. למרות תפיסה מקובלת זו, להערכתנו בהלכה הקדומה מדובר היה בשני איסורים שונים: איסור נישואי מעוברת חברו ואיסור נישואי מנקת שמת בעלה.
למסקנה זו הגענו כתוצאה משורה של ראיות:
א. הסוגיה הסתמאית במסכת יבמות מעוררת קשיים רבים (אשר פורטו בעמ' לעבודתנו). קשיים אלה והעובדה כי במחקר המודרני נהוג לשייך סוגיות סתמאיות לסוף תקופת האמוראים ואף לאחר מכן, הביאו אותנו לשער כי סוגיה זו משקפת הצגה מאוחרת של טעם הדין. טעם שונה של הדין מצוי במקורות תנאיים, והוא המשקף כנראה את טעמו הקדום של הדין .
ב. שניים מתוך שלושת המקורות התנאיים, עוסקים האחד רק במנקת והשני רק במעוברת, ולא בשתי הנשים יחד.
ג. ניתוח הלשון של המקורות, מצביע על שורה של שינויים משמעותיים, אשר יש בהם כדי ללמד כי מדובר באיסורים שונים.
2. בהלכה הקדומה נתפס איסור נישואי "מעוברת חברו" כאיסור חמור, והוא הוסמך לפסוקים מהתנ"ך שאסרו הסגת גבול. בשלב מאוחר יותר בתקופת התנאים האיסור פורש ככזה שנועד להבטיח את הנקתו של הילד, צורפה לאיסור הקביעה כי אין לשאת אלמנה מנקת, והיחס לאיסור היה מקל יותר.
למסקנה זו הגענו כתוצאה מהדברים הבאים:
א. בניגוד למקורות תנאיים שנקטו בגישה מקלה במגוון עניינים, ישנם מספר מקורות המציגים גישה מחמירה – לפיה מי שעבר ונשא אלמנה בניגוד לאיסור, "יוציא ולא יחזיר עולמית".
ב. משורה של מקורות שעסקו בדין סוטה, ניכר כי העמדה ההלכתית הקדומה נקטה בגישה לפיה מי שעבר ונשא אלמנה בניגוד לדין והוא חושד כי אשתו סטתה, אינו משקה אותה מי סוטה, שכן היא אסורה עליו עולמית. גישה מקלה יותר, לפיה יכול הוא להפרישה ולהחזירה לאחר זמן ולכן יש טעם בהשקאת הסוטה במקרה כגון זה, התגבשה בספרות התנאית רק בשלב מאוחר יותר. במקביל וללא קשר לדיני סוטה, התפתחה אצל התנאים גישה מקלה, לפיה ישנם חריגים משמעותיים לאיסור נישואי האלמנה (כגון: כאשר הילד נגמל; כאשר הילד נמסר למנקת).
ג. מקור תנאי שעסק רק במעוברת חברו ולא במנקת שמת בעלה, נקט בגישה המחמירה ("יוציא ולא יחזיר עולמית") ולא הזכיר כלל קיומה של גישה מקלה ("יכול הוא להפרישה ולהחזירה לאחר זמן".
ד. מקורות תנאיים בספרות ארץ-ישראלית (מדרש הלכה, התוספתא וברייתא בירושלמי), ראו במי שעבר ונשא כמי שעבר על איסור הנמסך לפסוקים מהתנ"ך (ספר דברים וספר משלי) והאוסרים הסגת גבול. הצענו להבין את הסגת הגבול כמתארת מסגרת שייכות, ולפיה אלמנה שייכת לבעלה המנוח וזאת בכל הקושר לחובתה להבטחת זרעו.
ה. חוקרים (כגון י' גילת) הצביעו על תופעה המאפיינת את המעבר מההלכה הקדומה אל משנתם של התנאים לאחר החורבן: מעבר מגישה מחמירה אשר אינה מכירה בהבחנה בין דין שמעמדו מדאורייתא לדין שמעמדו מדרבנן, אל גישה מקלה יותר המשתלבת עם הנמקה שונה של האיסורים הקדומים והעמדתם במעמד של דרבנן בלבד.
ו. אנו משערים, למרות שהדבר אינו בר הוכחה חותכת, כי תהליך דומה פקד את הדין בו אנו עוסקים: בהלכה הקדומה נאסרה מעוברת חברו, מכוח הפסוק המקראי האוסר על הסגת גבול. איסור זה נחשב כאיסור מהתורה, ולכן היה בו כדי לדחות את מצוות השקאת הסוטה. בשלב מאוחר יותר, כאשר המוסג השגת גבול בכל הנוגע לאלמנה נראה פחות מתאים (בין השאר, הואיל ואלמנה "קונה עצמה" במיתת הבעל – כדברי המשנה בקידושין), הוצע טעם חדש לאיסור – הפגיעה האפשרית בחלב האם. לאור הנמקה זו, חבר אל איסור נישואי מעוברת חברו, גם האיסור לשאת מנקת שמת בעלה, והאיסור בכללותו נתפס בקרב התנאים כאיסור מדרבנן בלבד ושחומרתו קלה יותר. בשלב זה, הפכה הדעה לפיה מי שעבר ונשא "יוציא ולא יחזיר עולמית" לדעת יחיד בלבד(דעת ר' מאיר), ואילו הרבים קבעו כי "יכול הוא להפרישה ולהחזירה לאחר זמן".
3. בתום תקופת האמוראים ואולי אף בתקופה הסבוראית, הוחלט לאמץ את העמדות המחמירות יותר בכל הנוגע לאיסור הנישואין. נקבע כי מלבד מקרה של מות הילד, אין לאיסור חריגים, והאיסור חל גם כאשר הילד כבר אינו יונק. כמו כן נקבע כי משך ההמתנה הנדרש הוא 24 חודשים מהמועד בו נולד הילד. קביעות אלה משקפות הכרעה לאמץ מגמה מחמירה, מתוך מכלול הדעות אשר אפשרו גם אימוץ גישה מקלה יותר.
כפי שהראנו בעבודתנו , ההכרעה לכיוון המחמיר התקבלה ככל הנראה בתקופה הסבוראית. הכרעה זו אינה מובנת מאליה, שכן היו מקורות תנאיים ואמוראיים על בסיסם ניתן היה לקבוע כי יש לאמץ גישה מקלה יותר. לדוגמא, דעת בית הלל ודעת ר' יהודה הייתה כי משך האיסור הוא 18 חודשים בלבד. דעת רשב"ג הייתה כי ניתן לקצר את האיסור בשלושה חודשים נוספים, כך באיסור יהיה למשך 15 חודשים בלבד. לאור זאת, קביעת ההלכתא הסבוראית כי משך ההמתנה הוא 24 חודשים – אינה מובנת מאליה. למרות שאין ביכולתנו להצביע בוודאות על הסבר מדוע אומצה הגישה המחמירה, בעבודתנו הצבענו על ההחמרה במצב היהודים בתקופה הרלבנטית, כרקע אשר עשוי להשתלב עם אימוץ הגישה המחמירה .
תקופת הגאונים
4. בתקופת הגאונים נשמרו חילוקי הדעות בין בני בבל לבני ארץ ישראל, אשר מקורם בהבדלים בין התלמוד הבבלי לתלמוד הירושלמי. הבדלים אלה נוגעים לשאלה מה הדין במקרה בו מת הילד, ולטענתנו גם אודות השאלה האם מי שעבר ונשא יחויב לתת לאשתו גט או שדי בהפרשה בלבד. בסופו של דבר, גאוני בבל הביאו לכך שעמדת הבבלי היא שהתקבלה בעניינים אלה בקרב פוסקי ההלכה.
בעבודתנו עמדנו על היתר שחודש בתקופת הגאונים, ועל שלבים משעורים בהתפתחותו.
תקופת הראשונים
5. בעבודתנו עמדנו על המגמה שאפיינה את פסיקת ההלכה בדין בו אנו עוסקים בתקופת הראשונים. ניסינו להסביר מדוע נעשו ניסיונות לגבש הקלות באיסור הנישואין, ומדוע בסופו של דבר, לדעת רוב הראשונים וכפי שההלכה סוכמה בשלחן ערוך, הגישות המחמירות הן שאומצו. על עניינים אלו.
6. הרחבת היקף פריסתו של האיסור: בניגוד למקורות מתקופת חז"ל מהם נראה כי האיסור חל רק על אלמנה, בתקופת הראשונים נקבע כי האיסור חל גם על גרושה שיש לה ילד מנישואיה הקודמים, וגם על רווקה שילדה ילד מחוץ למסגרת הנישואין. קביעות אלה הביאו להרחבה ניכרת של המקרים בהם חל האיסור.
בעבודתנו עמדנו על הגישות השונות שהיו בסוגיה זו: אודות גרושה אודות מי שילדה בזנות .
עמדנו על כך שישנה קירבה בין שני הנימוקים השונים שהוזכרו בראשית דרכה של ההלכה על טעם האיסור, לבין המחלוקת בין הדעות השונות בשאלת תחולת האיסור על גרושה ועל מי שילדה בזנות. בהתאם לגישה שראתה באיסור משום הסגת גבולו של הבעל הראשון, אין מקום להחלת האיסור כאשר הנישואין הסתיימו בגירושין או כאשר הילד נולד מבלי שהיה קשר נישואין בין הוריו. מנגד, בהתאם לטעם שפורט בבבלי ואשר התמקד בנזק שעלול להיגרם לילד, חשש זה רלבנטי ללא קשר לטיב היחסים בין ההורים ומשכך יש מקום להחיל את איסור הנישואין גם על גרושה וגם על מי שילדה בזנות.
7. פרשיית ר' יעקב מקרקוב והשפעתה על עמדת חכמי ספרד: ר' יעקב מקרקוב סבר כי ניתן לייצר חריגים לאיסור, וזאת על-ידי מסירת הילד למנקת בשכר ועיצוב מנגנון אשר יבטיח שהמנקת לא תפר את התחייבותה להניק את הילד. עמדה זו נדחתה בחריפות על-ידי חכמי אשכנז, אולם נראה כי היא הייתה מקובלת על הרשב"א. כאשר הרא"ש היגר מאשכנז לספרד, הוא הוביל שינוי בתפיסה הספרדית ואימוץ הגישה המחמירה שמקורה באשכנז . העמדות המקלות בסוגיה זו, ככל הנראה צונזרו באופן כה יעיל, עד כי נראה שר' יוסף קארו מחבר השלחן ערוך, לא היה מודע לקיומן.
8. יחסו של הרא"ש להיתר שקבעו הגאונים: עמדנו בפירוט על תהליך העולה ממכלול יצירותיו של הרא"ש: דחיה של היתר שיוחס לגאונים; לאחר מכן אימוץ מהוסס בשעת הדחק של ההיתר; ובסופו של דבר אימוץ היתר רחב יותר העומד בפני עצמו ואינו נשען על משנתם של הגאונים. בהמשך, עמדנו על האופן בו התייחסו חכמי ספרד להיתר הרחב שקבע הרא"ש.
סוגיה זו ממחישה את יחסם השונה של חכמי ספרד וחכמי אשכנז אל תורתם של גאוני בבל, וכן היחס השונה של חכמי ספרד וחכמי אשכנז ללגיטימיות החדשנות ההלכתית. בסוגיה זו, בניגוד לסוגיה שנדונה בסעיף הקודם, הרא"ש גילה גמישות, והסכים להתקרב לעמדת חכמי ספרד (על השערתנו אודות ההסבר לכך).
העת החדשה
9. בעת החדשה, בעקבות קיצור משך ההנקה המקובל, נוצרו שני זרמים מרכזיים ביחס אל איסור הנישואין: הגישה המחמירה מבית מדרשו של החת"ם סופר, והגישה המקלה. הגישה המחמירה מבית מדרשו של החת"ם סופר, הסכימה להתיר את איסור הנישואין, רק כאשר היה חשש שאם איסור הנישואין לא יבוטל, הילד עלול לצאת ממסגרת החיים הדתיים. גישתו המחמירה של החת"ם סופר, הושפעה להערכתנו מהעובדה שאחד מראשוני תנועת הרפורמה, ר' אהרן חורין, טען כי יש לבטל את איסור הנישואין . על-מנת לחזק את תוקפו של האיסור, תלמידו של החת"ם סופר – המהר"ם שיק, טען כי מדובר באיסור מהתורה.
10. הגישה המקלה: גישה זו מורכבת מפסקי הלכה של פוסקים שונים, אשר הסכימו לאמץ הקלות באיסור הנישואין (לפירוט ההקלות העיקריות). הקלות אלה משקפות את גמישותו הרבה של הטקסט המתפרש. אותם טקסטים עצמם שהובנו בעבר באופן מחמיר, פורשו לפתע באופן מקל הרבה יותר. אנו מעריכים כי שינוי הפרשנות נבע משינוי המציאות הסובבת.
11. גם בעלי הגישה המקלה, הושפעו מעמדותיו של החת"ם סופר. השפעה זו באה לידי ביטוי בכך שבעלי הגישה המקלה היו מוכנים לאמץ גישות מקלות שנדחו על-ידי פוסקי ההלכה בעבר, אולם בדרך כלל הם לא היו מוכנים להכיר בצורך בשינוי דרמטי במעמדו של הדין, לאור שינוי המציאות. להערכתנו, עמדה שמרנית זו מובילה לתוצאות בלתי ראויות, והיא אינה משקפת בחינה אמיצה של מידת הרלבנטיות של איסור הנישואין למציאות החיים היהודיים בעשורים האחרונים.
Der Bittergeschmack dient Säugern vermutlich zur Wahrnehmung und Vermeidung toxischer Substanzen. Bitterstoffe können jedoch auch gesund sein oder werden oft bereitwillig mit der Nahrung aufgenommen. Ob sie geschmacklich unterschieden werden können, ist allerdings umstritten. Detektiert werden Bitterstoffe von oralen Bittergeschmacksrezeptoren, den TAS2R (human) bzw. Tas2r (murin). In der Literatur gibt es aber immer mehr Hinweise darauf, dass überdies Tas2r nicht nur in extragustatorischen Organen exprimiert werden, sondern dort auch wichtige Aufgaben erfüllen könnten, was wiederum die Aufklärung ihrer noch nicht vollständig entschlüsselten Funktionsweisen erfordert. So ist noch unbekannt, ob alle bisher als funktionell identifizierten Tas2r wirklich gustatorische Funktionen erfüllen.
Im Rahmen der Charakterisierung neu generierter, im Locus des Bittergeschmacksrezeptors Tas2r131 genetisch modifizierter Mauslinien, wurde in vorliegender Arbeit die gustatorische sowie extragustatorische Expression von Tas2r131 untersucht. Dass Tas2r131 nicht nur in Pilzpapillen, Wall- und Blätterpapillen (VP+FoP), Gaumen, Ductus nasopalatinus, Vomeronasalorgan und Kehldeckel, sondern auch in Thymus, Testes und Nebenhodenkopf, in Gehirnarealen sowie im Ganglion geniculatum nachgewiesen wurde, bildete die Grundlage für weiterführende Studien. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt außerdem, dass Tas2r108, Tas2r126, Tas2r135, Tas2r137 und Tas2r143 in Blut exprimiert werden, was auf eine heterogene Funktion der Tas2r hindeutet. Dass zusätzlich erstmals die Expression aller 35 als funktionell beschriebenen Tas2r im gustatorischen VP+FoP-Epithel von C57BL/6-Mäusen nachgewiesen wurde, verweist auf deren Relevanz als funktionelle Geschmacksrezeptoren.
Weiter zeigten Untersuchungen zur Aufklärung eines möglichen Bitter-Unterscheidungsvermögens in Geschmackspapillen von Mäusen mit fluoreszenzmarkierten oder ablatierten Tas2r131-Zellen, dass Tas2r131 exprimierende Zellen eine Tas2r-Zellsubpopulation bilden. Darüber hinaus existieren innerhalb der Bitterzellen geordnete Tas2r-Expressionsmuster, die sich nach der chromosomalen Lage ihrer Gene richten. Isolierte Bitterzellen reagieren heterogen auf bekannte Bitterstoffe. Und Mäuse mit ablatierter Tas2r131-Zellpopulation besitzen noch andere Tas2r-Zellen und schmecken damit einige Bitterstoffe kaum noch, andere aber noch sehr gut. Diese Befunde belegen die Existenz verschiedener gustatorischer Tas2r-Zellpopulationen, welche die Voraussetzung bilden, Bitterstoffe heterogen zu detektieren. Ob dies die Grundlage für ein divergierendes Verhalten gegenüber unverträglichen und harmlosen oder gar nützlichen Bitterstoffen darstellt, kann mit Hilfe der dargelegten Tas2r-Expressionsmuster künftig in Verhaltensexperimenten geprüft werden.
Die Bittergeschmackswahrnehmung in Säugetieren stellt sich als ein hochkomplexer Mechanismus dar, dessen Vielschichtigkeit durch die hier neu aufgezeigten heterogenen Tas2r-Expressions- und Funktionsmuster erneut verdeutlicht wird.
The data quality of real-world datasets need to be constantly monitored and maintained to allow organizations and individuals to reliably use their data. Especially, data integration projects suffer from poor initial data quality and as a consequence consume more effort and money. Commercial products and research prototypes for data cleansing and integration help users to improve the quality of individual and combined datasets. They can be divided into either standalone systems or database management system (DBMS) extensions. On the one hand, standalone systems do not interact well with DBMS and require time-consuming data imports and exports. On the other hand, DBMS extensions are often limited by the underlying system and do not cover the full set of data cleansing and integration tasks.
We overcome both limitations by implementing a concise set of five data cleansing and integration operators on the parallel data analytics platform Stratosphere. We define the semantics of the operators, present their parallel implementation, and devise optimization techniques for individual operators and combinations thereof. Users specify declarative queries in our query language METEOR with our new operators to improve the data quality of individual datasets or integrate them to larger datasets. By integrating the data cleansing operators into the higher level language layer of Stratosphere, users can easily combine cleansing operators with operators from other domains, such as information extraction, to complex data flows. Through a generic description of the operators, the Stratosphere optimizer reorders operators even from different domains to find better query plans.
As a case study, we reimplemented a part of the large Open Government Data integration project GovWILD with our new operators and show that our queries run significantly faster than the original GovWILD queries, which rely on relational operators. Evaluation reveals that our operators exhibit good scalability on up to 100 cores, so that even larger inputs can be efficiently processed by scaling out to more machines. Finally, our scripts are considerably shorter than the original GovWILD scripts, which results in better maintainability of the scripts.
Following the principles of green chemistry, a simple and efficient synthesis of functionalised imidazolium zwitterionic compounds from renewable resources was developed based on a modified one-pot Debus-Radziszewski reaction. The combination of different carbohydrate-derived 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds and amino acids is a simple way to modulate the properties and introduce different functionalities. A representative compound was assessed as an acid catalyst, and converted into acidic ionic liquids by reaction with several strong acids. The reactivity of the double carboxylic functionality was explored by esterification with long and short chain alcohols, as well as functionalised amines, which led to the straightforward formation of surfactant-like molecules or bifunctional esters and amides. One of these di-esters is currently being investigated for the synthesis of poly(ionic liquids). The functionalisation of cellulose with one of the bifunctional esters was investigated and preliminary tests employing it for the functionalisation of filter papers were carried out successfully. The imidazolium zwitterions were converted into ionic liquids via hydrothermal decarboxylation in flow, a benign and scalable technique. This method provides access to imidazolium ionic liquids via a simple and sustainable methodology, whilst completely avoiding contamination with halide salts. Different ionic liquids can be generated depending on the functionality contained in the ImZw precursor. Two alanine-derived ionic liquids were assessed for their physicochemical properties and applications as solvents for the dissolution of cellulose and the Heck coupling.