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To plan cluster-randomized trials with sufficient statistical power to detect intervention effects on student achievement, researchers need multilevel design parameters, including measures of between-classroom and between-school differences and the amounts of variance explained by covariates at the student, classroom, and school level. Previous research has mostly been conducted in the United States, focused on two-level designs, and limited to core achievement domains (i.e., mathematics, science, reading). Using representative data of students attending grades 1-12 from three German longitudinal large-scale assessments (3,963 <= N <= 14,640), we used three- and two-level latent (covariate) models to provide design parameters and corresponding standard errors for a broad array of domain-specific (e.g., mathematics, science, verbal skills) and domain-general (e.g., basic cognitive functions) achievement outcomes. Three covariate sets were applied comprising (a) pretest scores, (b) sociodemographic characteristics, and (c) their combination. Design parameters varied considerably as a function of the hierarchical level, achievement outcome, and grade level. Our findings demonstrate the need to strive for an optimal fit between design parameters and target research context. We illustrate the application of design parameters in power analyses.
The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effects of technology use for relationship maintenance on the longitudinal associations among self-isolation during the coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic and romantic relationship quality among adolescents. Participants were 239 (120 female; M age = 16.69, standard deviation [SD] = 0.61; 60 percent Caucasian) 11th and 12th graders from three midwestern high schools. To qualify for this study, adolescents had to be in the same romantic relationship for the duration of the study, similar to 7 months (M length of relationship = 10.03 months). Data were collected in October of 2019 (Time 1) and again 7 months later in May of 2020 (Time 2). Adolescents completed a romantic relationship questionnaire at Time 1 and again at Time 2, along with questionnaires on frequency of self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and use of technology for romantic relationship maintenance. Findings revealed that increases in self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic related positively to the use of technology for romantic relationship maintenance and negatively to Time 2 romantic relationship quality. High use of technology for romantic relationship maintenance buffered against the negative effects of self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents' romantic relationship quality 7 months later, whereas low use strengthened the negative relationship between self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and romantic relationship quality. These findings suggest the importance of considering the implications of societal crisis or pandemics on adolescents' close relationships, particularly their romantic relationships.
The present study examined the moderating role of parents' victimization status during adolescence in the associations between parenting styles, depression, and anxiety among relationally victimized adolescents. There were 436 relationally victimized adolescents (M age = 13.26 years, SD = .56) included in this study, along with their parents (n = 436; M age = 47.01 years, SD = .83; 86% mothers), from the Midwestern region of the United States (N = 872). Adolescents completed questionnaires on their experiences of relational victimization, depression, and anxiety, and perceptions of their parents' parenting styles. Their parents completed a questionnaire on their relational victimization status during adolescence. Findings from the study revealed that the relationships between the permissive parenting style, depression, and anxiety among relationally victimized adolescents were stronger when adolescents' parents were also victims of relational bullying during adolescence. These findings underscore the importance of considering parents' peer victimization history during adolescence.
Spacing repeated study phases across multiple sessions instead of studying and restudying the learning material in one session only is an effective strategy to promote lasting learning. However, most studies demonstrating the spacing effect were conducted in the laboratory, using simple verbal material. Learning in educational contexts differs regarding the complexity and coherence of the learning material and concerning the role of motivational and affective learner characteristics. Studies conducted in educational contexts suggest that the spacing effect is not as robust here. For example, acquiring mathematical skills or nonrepeated, consecutive information does not reliably benefit from spacing. After an overview of studies addressing the spacing effect in the laboratory and in educational contexts, we discuss various open questions that need to be addressed by future research before recommending spacing as a learning strategy to promote meaningful and lasting learning at schools and universities.
Teacher collaboration is an important feature of job satisfaction and self-efficacy for teachers.
Moreover, the collaboration of teachers is important for adopting professional changes as professional development (PD) activities that include opportunities for collaboration have been shown to support teachers in improving classroom practice.
This may even lead to higher student performance.
Situated in the context of the Advanced Placement (AP) reform in the United States, we investigated the perceived importance of opportunities to collaborate with colleagues as a rationale to participate in PD (N = 3,725 teachers).
The opportunity to collaborate with colleagues was a primary rationale why teachers selected PD activities.
While this rationale is only slightly related to school and teacher characteristics, it was related to PD characteristics.
Specifically, opportunities to collaborate with colleagues were important to teachers in selecting informal face-to-face (FtF) PD activities.
We conclude that collaborative structures benefit all forms of teacher professional development.
Robust research continues to broaden and deepen the field's understanding of immigrants' ethnic-racial identity and mental health.
We highlight opportunities to pioneer the literature by questioning "who" is meant by immigrant (clearly defining generational status, going beyond covariate and difference -based approaches, focusing on immigrants from under-studied ethnic-racial backgrounds), "what" is meant by iden-tity (ethnic/heritage/native, conjoined with multiple identities such as national, regional, politicized), "where" experiences are taking place (globalization, differences in how immigrants are defined and viewed across contexts), and the "why" or importance of continuing this work (identity as resilience against mental health risks).
Targeting under-researched in-tersections among the "who-what-where-why" can build knowledge and insight for researchers and practitioners who work with immigrant families, and perhaps for immigrants themselves.
Cities and other human settlements are major contributors to climate change and are highly vulnerable to its impacts. They are also uniquely positioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead adaptation efforts. These compound challenges and opportunities require a comprehensive perspective on the public policy of human settlements. Drawing on core literature that has driven debate around cities and climate over recent decades, we put forward a set of boundary objects that can be applied to connect the knowledge of epistemic communities and support an integrated urbanism. We then use these boundary objects to develop the Goals-Intervention-Stakeholder-Enablers (GISE) framework for a public policy of human settlements that is both place-specific and provides insights and tools useful for climate action in cities and other human settlements worldwide. Using examples from Berlin, we apply this framework to show that climate mitigation and adaptation, public health, and well-being goals are closely linked and mutually supportive when a comprehensive approach to urban public policy is applied.
Die Schulinspektion evaluiert Schulen mit dem Ziel der Qualitätssicherung von Unterrichts- und Schulqualität.
Dies gilt insbesondere für Schulen, an denen „erheblicher Entwicklungsbedarf“ festgestellt wurde.
Diese Schulen bekommen zusätzliche Unterstützung, erfahren aber auch zusätzlichen Druck durch diese Einordnung.
Die weitere Entwicklung dieser Schulen ist bisher kaum erforscht. Diese Studie untersucht mit Daten der Schulinspektion, der amtlichen Statistik und Leistungsdaten von 333 Berliner Grundschulen Veränderungen in Indikatoren der Unterrichts- und Schulqualität, der Schulleistung, und der Zusammensetzung der Schülerschaft (SES und Anteil mit nicht-deutscher Herkunftssprache) nach der Diagnose „erheblicher Entwicklungsbedarf“.
Die empirischen Analysen zeigten, dass sich bei diesen Schulen die Unterrichts- und Schulqualität nur geringfügig veränderte, sich der Leistungsabstand zu allen anderen Grundschulen nicht statistisch signifikant verringerte, und sich die Zusammensetzung der Schülerschaft hinsichtlich des sozioökonomischen Status (SES) nicht veränderte. Jedoch erhöhte sich der Anteil von Kindern mit nicht-deutscher Herkunftssprache statistisch signifikant.
The literature on social inequality in study abroad almost exclusively focuses on university students.
This paper systematically examines the role of socioeconomic status (SES) for study abroad intent (SAI) and uptake across all levels of pre-college education in Japan, thereby also providing a first in-depth empirical study on pre-college study abroad (PSA) in this country.
Drawing on theories of social inequality (especially the effectively main-tained inequality (EMI) thesis) in combination with elements from cumulative advantage and life course research, we understand the intention and final decision to study abroad as an outcome of SES-specific differ-ences in educational biographies, with higher SES families seeking transnational education for their children to achieve status advantages.
Using large-scale cross-sectional data for Japan (N = 15,450) for children aged three to eighteen years, binary and generalized ordered logit regressions show that children from high SES families are generally more likely to (1) express SAI (especially for college) and take up PSA; and (2) choose more exclusive forms of PSA, i.e. earlier and more lengthy stays. Findings further indicate that (3) the SES-gap in the likelihood to show SAI or take up PSA is highest at the pre-and high school levels.
Applying the KHB method we found that (4) the percentage of SES effects on SAI mediated through earlier PSA experience is marginal or even reversed at times. We conclude that early PSA experience is positively related to further SAI, with high SES students likely accumulating transnational human capital to a greater extent, possibly acquiring status advantages.
In sum, our results support the EMI and cumulative advantage perspectives, indicating undetected first-and second-level horizontal inequalities in Japanese education and call for similar research in other national contexts.
This study investigates alternatively certified (AC) teachers' motives for teaching, their well-being, and their intention to stay in the profession.
We conducted multivariate covariance analyses using a largescale dataset of 446 traditionally certified (TC) teachers and 143 AC teachers at secondary schools in Germany. Findings show that AC teachers reported more frequently than TC teachers that they chose teaching due to social influences and because of more time for their family. Furthermore, AC teachers report significantly higher enthusiasm for teaching.
No differences were found regarding emotional exhaustion or the intention to stay in the profession.
As school learning should enable people to self-determine their own lives, its long-lasting relevance for participation in further education is an essential outcome. Contemporary adult education research shows that beliefs and memories from one's school years have an impact on the motivation to pursue further education in working life.
However, almost no longitudinal research exists that investigates the long-term forces behind adults' motivation to educate themselves. Hence, the present study examined whether students' learning-related behaviour, cognitions and emotions that developed in their school years are related to the subjective value they place on further education, their expectations of success in solving further learning tasks, and thus the likelihood of participating in further education. Corresponding structural equation analyses on data from the German panel study LifE (n = 1,110) revealed that the learning behaviour, ability self-concept and test anxiety at the age of 12, along with their individual change between the ages of 12 and 16, are associated in different ways with the attainment value and subjective costs placed on further education and expectations of success at the age of 35.
In contrast, no influence of youth characteristics on the likelihood of participating in further education could be found. The findings indicate that especially the development of learning-related cognitions and emotions in secondary school is sustainably related to the individual's success expectancy and achievement value of further education. Long-term dependencies should be further investigated with regard to academic domains and socio-economic pathways.
Video-based reflection in teacher education: comparing virtual reality and real classroom videos
(2022)
While previous studies have examined the use of real-world classroom videos to support the development of student teachers' reflective skills, there has been little research to date on the use of virtual reality (VR) videos in teacher education to provide opportunities for authentic reflec-tion.
This mixed-methods study investigated changes in reflection-related self-efficacy and dif-ferences in written reflection processes using a quasi-experimental design with two types of reflection stimuli.
One group of 46 student teachers used a VR-based video to reflect on in-struction while another group of 23 student teachers used a real classroom video.
We found an increase in reflection-related self-efficacy over time among participants in the VR group only. We also found that VR videos triggered similar reflection processes to real classroom videos.
This study shows, for the first time, that video-based reflection on VR classroom videos produced comparable results to reflection on real classroom videos. This indicates that VR can be used successfully in teacher education and that it offers a useful learning tool for teacher education programs.
Shadow education has become part of mass schooling in many societies. Against the background of the continuing expansion of formal education and the persistence of educational and social inequalities, the growing influence of shadow education begs major implications for the postulated goal of equality in educational opportunities. This chapter addresses this issue both theoretically and empirically, focusing on the following question: What is the relationship between the continuous growth of SE across the world and the persistence of social inequality in educational attainment? First, existing findings on the topic are reviewed before I draw on and expand neo-institutionalist and social reproduction theories to incorporate SE, thereby identifying the universal causes for the inevitable expansion of SE and its relation to social inequality across the world. Finally, policy implications and future research directions are discussed. The results of this analysis indicate that even though there exist tremendous differences in the effects of family background on SE use in different regions and systems of education across the world, SE always feeds into the broader institutionalization of education and its role for social stratification. SE might occupy a key role in maintaining vertical and horizontal inequalities in educational attainment in schooled societies, which continue to struggle with inequity of educational opportunities and outcomes in spite of massive educational expansion at the higher education levels and more equity in educational opportunities.
Several lines of research have demonstrated spatial-numerical associations in both adults and children, which are thought to be based on a spatial representation of numerical information in the form of a mental number line. The acquisition of increasingly precise mental number line representations is assumed to support arithmetic learning in children. It is further suggested that sensorimotor experiences shape the development of number concepts and arithmetic learning, and that mental arithmetic can be characterized as “motion along a path” and might constitute shifts in attention along the mental number line. The present study investigated whether movements in physical space influence mental arithmetic in primary school children, and whether the expected effect depends on concurrency of body movements and mental arithmetic. After turning their body towards the left or right, 48 children aged 8 to 10 years solved simple subtraction and addition problems. Meanwhile, they either walked or stood still and looked towards the respective direction. We report a congruency effect between body orientation and operation type, i.e., higher performance for the combinations leftward orientation and subtraction and rightward orientation and addition. We found no significant difference between walking and looking conditions. The present results suggest that mental arithmetic in children is influenced by preceding sensorimotor cues and not necessarily by concurrent body movements.
MARLA
(2024)
Serious games
(2024)
Background:
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex developmental genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability and deficits in executive functions which result in disorganisation and poor personal autonomy.
Aims:
This study aimed to determine impairments in planning skills of adults with PWS, in relation with their intellectual disabilities, as well as the influence of food compulsions on their performance.
Methods and procedures:
A modified version of the Zoo Map from the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome was used in three groups: a group of adults with PWS in comparison with two groups both matched on chronological age, one with typical development (TD) and one with intellectual disability (ID).
Outcomes and results:
Compared to TD adults, both adults with PWS and ID showed increased planning time and lower raw scores on the planning task. The execution time and the number of errors were higher in the PWS group compared to the comparison groups. All three groups performed worse in the non-food condition only for number of errors and raw score.
Conclusions and implications:
Planning abilities were impaired in PWS adults. Results also showed that intellectual level plays a role in participants' performance. These findings are essential to understand the difficulties of people with PWS daily life.
Motivational profiles across domains and academic choices within Eccles et al.’s situated expectancy
(2021)
This longitudinal person-centered study aimed to identify profiles of subjective task values and ability self-concepts of adolescents in the domain of mathematics, English, biology, and physics in Grades 10 and 12. We were interested in gendered changes of profile membership, and in relations between profile membership and educational and occupational outcomes in adulthood. Data were drawn from the Michigan Study of Adolescent and Adult Life Transitions. We focused on students who participated in the data collection in Grades 10 and 12 (N = 911; 56.1% female; M-age = 16.49, SD = .63; 91.2% European American, 4.6% African American, and 2.1% other ethnic groups such as Hispanic, Asian, Native American). Data on subsequent college majors were assessed 2, 6, and 10 years after finishing high school and data on occupational outcomes was assessed up to 22 years after high school. Using Latent Profile Analyses, our findings revealed five profiles in grade 10 and four profiles in grade 12, which were meaningfully related to student gender. Latent Transition Analyses showed that motivational beliefs became more hierarchical over time. Gendered changes in profile membership occurred, with boys experiencing a process of specialization into mathematics domains. We were also able to show that gender-specific intraindividual hierarchies of motivational beliefs were related to gender-specific specialization processes in adolescence and to subsequent gendered choices throughout the life course.
Providing students with efficient instruction tailored to their individual characteristics in the cognitive and affective domains is an important goal in research on computer-based learning. This is especially important when seeking to enhance students' learning experience, such as by counteracting boredom, a detrimental emotion for learning. However, studies comparing instructional strategies triggered by either cognitive or emotional characteristics are surprisingly scarce. In addition, little research has examined the impact of these types of instructional strategies on performance and boredom trajectories within a lesson. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of an intelligent tutoring system that adapted variable levels of hint details to a combination of students' dynamic, self-reported emotions and task performance (i.e., the experimental condition) to a traditional hint delivery approach consisting of a progressive, incremental supply of details following students' failures (i.e., the control condition). Linear mixed models of time-related changes in task performance and the intensity of boredom over two 1-h sessions showed that students (N = 104) in the two conditions exhibited equivalent progression in task performance and similar trajectories in boredom intensity. However, a consideration of students' achievement levels in the analyses (i.e., their final performance on the task) revealed that higher achievers in the experimental condition showed a reduction in boredom during the first session, suggesting possible benefits of using emotional information to increase the contingency of the hint delivery strategy and improve students’ learning experience.
One of the main challenges of education in modern societies is to effectively address the variability of students in academic learning settings. Students vary in terms of their individual learning preconditions, such as achievement and preknowledge, but also motivation and emotion. Teachers, in turn, have limited resources to provide each learner with individually tailored instruction. This research overview reviews research on artificially intelligent teaching assistants and their role in providing adaptive learning opportunities in relation to learners’ heterogeneous individual learning preconditions in the field of motivation and emotion.
Digitale Medien erlangen eine zunehmende Bedeutung für die Gestaltung von unterrichtlichen Lehr- und Lernprozessen (KMK, 2021; Scheiter, 2021). Die erfolgreiche Integration digitaler Medien und die qualitätsvolle Gestaltung digitalgestützten Unterrichts ist dabei abhängig von den digitalen Kompetenzen der beteiligten Lehrkräfte (KMK, 2021; Lachner et al., 2020). Lehrkräftefortbildungen zu Themen digitaler Medien sind in diesem Kontext von großer Relevanz. Die Teilnahme an Fortbildungen zu digitalen Themen kann zur Förderung der (selbsteingeschätzten) digitalen Kompetenzen sowie des digitalgestützten Unterrichts beitragen (KMK, 2021; SWK, 2022). Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Lehrkräftefortbildungen, Kompetenzen und Handeln von Lehrkräften werden auf theoretischer Ebene im Modell der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der professionellen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften nach Kunter et al. (2011) beschrieben. Allerdings ist bislang ungeklärt, inwiefern die für allgemeine Lehrkräftefortbildungen formulierten Zusammenhänge auch auf den digitalen Kontext übertragbar sind. Bisher weisen nur wenige empirische Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass digitalbezogene Lehrkräftefortbildungen mit selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen (z. B. Mayer et al., 2021; Ning et al., 2022; Reisoğlu, 2022) und dem digitalgestützten Unterrichtshandeln zusammenhängen (z. B. Alt, 2018; Gisbert Cervera & Lázaro Cantabrana, 2015). Eine zentrale Rolle für qualitätsvolles Unterrichtshandeln spielen die Handlungskompetenzen von Lehrkräften (Kunter et al., 2011). Auch im digitalen Kontext sind (selbsteingeschätzte) Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften für das unterrichtliche Handeln mit digitalen Medien relevant (z. B. Hatlevik, 2017; Spiteri & Rundgren, 2020). Eine systematische Darstellung von Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften für den unterrichtsbezogenen Einsatz digitaler Medien leistet der European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu; Redecker & Punie, 2017). Jedoch liegen bisher nur wenige empirische Forschungsarbeiten zur Validierung dieses Rahmenmodells vor (z. B. Antonietti et al., 2022). Dabei bietet das DigCompEdu-Modell im Vergleich zu anderen Kompetenzmodellen wie beispielsweise dem Modell des Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK; Mishra & Koehler, 2006) einen differenzierten Blick auf verschiedene Kompetenzdimensionen.
Die aufgezeigten Forschungslücken aufnehmend, befasst sich die vorliegende Dissertation mit den Faktoren, die zu einer hohen Unterrichtsqualität im digitalgestützten Unterricht beitragen. Die drei empirischen Studien dieser Dissertation behandeln aus verschiedenen Perspektiven die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Lehrkräftefortbildungen, den selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften und der selbstberichteten digitalgestützten Unterrichtsqualität. Die Studien orientieren sich dabei theoriegeleitet an den Annahmen des Modells der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der professionellen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften nach Kunter et al. (2011).
Studie 1 widmet sich der Frage, inwieweit die Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und Lehrkräftekooperationen im digitalen Kontext mit selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen, Interesse am digitalgestützten Unterrichten und qualitätsvollem Unterrichten mit digitalen Medien zusammenhängen. Die Ergebnisse manifester Pfadmodelle verdeutlichen, dass die Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und Kooperationen mit hohen digitalen Kompetenzen, einem hohen Interesse am digitalgestützten Unterrichten und einem selbstberichteten häufigen Einsatz digitaler Medien zur Umsetzung qualitätsvollen Unterrichtens (kognitive Aktivierung und Individualisierung) einhergingen. Digitalgestütztes Unterrichtshandeln wurde in bisherigen empirischen Studien vorrangig über die Nutzungshäufigkeit digitaler Medien im Unterricht erhoben, welche jedoch keine Rückschlüsse auf die Qualität des Einsatzes zulässt (Lachner et al., 2020; Scheiter, 2021). Der qualitätsvolle Einsatz digitaler Medien entlang der drei generischen Basisdimensionen (Klieme et al., 2009) wird daher in allen drei Studien der Dissertation berücksichtigt. In Studie 1 konnte zudem gezeigt werden, dass die selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen im Bereich TPACK die querschnittlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Teilnahmehäufigkeit von Lehrkräften an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und der Nutzungshäufigkeit digitaler Medien zur Umsetzung von kognitiver Aktivierung und Individualisierung vermitteln.
In Studie 2 wurden Skalen zur Erfassung selbsteingeschätzter digitaler Kompetenzen basierend auf dem DigCompEdu-Modell entwickelt und getestet. Konkret wurde dabei die Kompetenzdimension der Lernerorientierung mit den Subdimensionen Differenzierung und Aktive Einbindung von Schüler*innen in den Blick genommen. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Strukturgleichungsmodellierungen legen eine bifaktorielle Faktorstruktur nahe, die sowohl die zwei theoretisch angenommenen Subdimensionen repräsentiert als auch einen generellen Faktor beinhaltet, der sich als übergreifende Lernerorientierung interpretiert lässt. Die selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen in Bereich der Lernerorientierung standen in signifikant positivem Zusammenhang mit dem selbstberichteten Einsatz digitaler Medien zur selbstberichteten Umsetzung qualitätsvollen Unterrichtshandelns (Klassenführung, kognitive Aktivierung und konstruktive Unterstützung).
Studie 3 führt die Themenfelder der Fortbildungen und der Kompetenzen im digitalen Kontext zusammen und befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Fortbildungsthemen und digitalen Kompetenzen. Ergebnisse von Pfadmodellierungen zeigen, dass die Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen zu den technologisch-pädagogisch-inhaltlichen Themen „Computergestützte Förderung der Schüler*innen“ und „Fachspezifische Unterrichtsentwicklung mit digitalen Medien“ mit dem selbstberichteten qualitätsvollen Einsatz digitaler Medien zur kognitiven Aktivierung und konstruktiven Unterstützung einhergehen. Diese Befunde stärken die Annahme, dass Lehrkräfte für einen qualitätsvollen Einsatz digitaler Medien sowohl technologische als auch pädagogisch didaktische Kompetenzen benötigen (Lipowsky & Rzejak, 2021; Mishra & Koehler, 2006; Scheiter & Lachner, 2019) und Fortbildungen folglich technologische mit unterrichtspraktischen Inhalten kombinieren sollten (Bonnes et al., 2022). Zudem zeigt die Studie basierend auf den theoretischen Annahmen von Kunter et al. (2011), dass selbsteingeschätzte digitale Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Teilnahmehäufigkeit an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und der selbstberichteten digitalgestützten Unterrichtsqualität vermittelten.
In der abschließenden Gesamtdiskussion der Dissertation werden die Befunde vor dem Hintergrund des dargelegten Forschungsstandes und hinsichtlich der Forschungslücken diskutiert und auf Grundlage der Befunde der drei Studien forschungs- und praxisrelevante Implikationen abgeleitet.
Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Lehr- und anderen Fachkräften stellt in Modellen inklusiver Schul- und Unterrichtsentwicklung sowie Schuleffektivität ein wichtiges Element dar. Wenngleich Kooperation als bedeutsam postuliert wird, so belegen Studien, dass diese bisher überwiegend in autonomieerhaltenden Formen praktiziert wird. Als entwicklungsförderlich gelten jedoch v.a. komplexere Formen der Zusammenarbeit. Vor dem Hintergrund inklusiver Bildung und dem Anspruch einer bestmöglichen individuellen Entwicklung der Schüler*innen stellt die Zusammenarbeit von Lehr- und Fachkräften folglich ein sehr bedeutsames Thema dar. Es ist zu hinterfragen, wie sich die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Lehr- und Fachkräften im Primar- wie Sekundarstufenbereich an inklusiven Schulen gestaltet, welche Faktoren diese beeinflussen und welche Relevanz die unterschiedlichen Formen der Zusammenarbeit im Prozess inklusiver Schulentwicklung einnehmen. Bestehende Forschungsdesiderata aufgrei-fend, fokussiert die vorliegende Dissertation auf die realisierte Zusammenarbeit von Lehr- und Fachkräften im Primar- und Sekundarstufenbereich inklusiver Schulen, am Beispiel des Landes Brandenburg. Neben den realisierten Formen der Zusammenarbeit, stehen insbesondere die Identifikation von Kooperationsmustern von Lehr- und Fachkräften sowie von Schulen, und deren Zusammenhänge mit der Leistungsentwicklung von Schüler*innen im Kern des Forschungsinteresses.
Die vorliegende Dissertation bearbeitet insgesamt sechs Forschungsfragen, welche in drei Teilstudien adressiert werden: Zunächst werden mittels deskriptiver Analysen sowie Mehrebenenmodellierungen die Ausgangslage multiprofessioneller Kooperation (erste Forschungsfrage) sowie deren Rahmenbedingungen (zweite Forschungsfrage) im Primar- wie Sekundarstufenbereich erfasst (Teilstudie 1). Lehr- und Fachkräfte kooperierten überwiegend in autonomieerhaltenden, austauschbasierten Formen. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass insbesondere die individuelle Offenheit zur Zusammenarbeit sowie die subjektiv wahrgenommene Unterstützung durch die Schulleitung bedeutsame Faktoren für die Realisierung multiprofessioneller Kooperation darstellten. Die Fragestellungen drei und vier befassen sich mit der Identifikation von Mustern im Kooperationsverhalten (Teilstudie 2). Zum einen geht es hierbei um personenbezogene Profile von Lehr- und Fachkräften (dritte Forschungsfrage), zum anderen um schulbezogene Profile (vierte Forschungsfrage), welche mittels des personenzentrierten Ansatzes der latenten Profilanalysen unter Berücksichtigung der Mehrebenenstruktur identifiziert werden. Hinsichtlich des individuellen Kooperationsverhaltens konnten vier Profile eruiert werden, bzgl. des schulspezifischen Kooperationsverhaltens drei. Die Mehrheit der Lehr- und Fachkräfte konnte im „regularly“-Profil verortet werden, d.h. nach eigener Einschätzung kooperierten diese überdurchschnittlich häufig im Austausch miteinander und arbeitsteilig, aber auch regelmäßig kokonstruktiv. Auf Schulebene zeigte sich, dass etwa jede zweite inklusive Schule im Land Brandenburg über eine hoch ausgeprägte Kooperationskultur verfügte. Im Fokus der Teilstudie 3 wird den Fragen nachgegangen, in welchem Zusammenhang die schulspezifischen Kooperationskulturen mit der Leistungsentwicklung von Schüler*innen in der Primar- wie Sekundarstufe steht. Mittels autoregressiver Mehrebenenanalysen wird einerseits der Zusammenhang mit der Leistungsentwicklung aller Schüler*innen (fünfte Forschungsfrage) untersucht, sowie spezifisch auf die Entwicklung von Schüler*innen mit und ohne sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf (sechste Forschungsfrage) fokussiert. Ein zentrales Ergebnis war hierbei, dass Schüler*innen mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf in der Primar- wie Sekundarstufe in ihrer Leistungsentwicklung am stärksten profitierten, wenn sie an Schulen lernten, an denen sich die Lehr- und Fachkräfte sehr regelmäßig über Lernstände der Schüler*innen austauschten (Austausch), Arbeitspakete für differenzierte Lernangebote erarbeiteten und verteilten (Arbeitsteilung) und darüber hinaus gelegentlich gemeinsam Problemlösungen entwickelten (Kokonstruktion).
Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der postulierten Relevanz multiprofessioneller Kooperation für inklusive Schul- und Unterrichtsentwicklungsprozesse eingeordnet und diskutiert. Weiterhin werden verschiedene praktische Implikationen für die Unterstützung multiprofessioneller Zusammenarbeit im Primar- und Sekundarstufenbereich abgeleitet.
Drawing on the social-ecological perspective, this longitudinal study investigated the potential moderating effect of gender in the relationships among Machiavellianism, popularity goals, and cyberbullying involvement (i.e. victimization, perpetration) among adolescents from China, Cyprus, India, and the United States.
There were 2,452 adolescents (M-age = 14.85; SD = .53; 13-16 years old; 49.1% girls) from China, Cyprus, India, and the United States included in this study.
They completed surveys on Machiavellianism, popularity goals, and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration during the fall of 2014 (Time 1). One year later, during the fall of 2015, adolescents completed surveys on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration.
Findings revealed that Machiavellianism and popularity goals were both associated positively with Time 2 cyberbullying victimization and perpetration for all adolescents. The associations between Machiavellianism and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration and between popularity goals and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration were stronger for Chinese and Indian boys than girls.
Opposite patterns were found for popularity goals and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration for adolescents from the United States.
Gender did not moderate any of the associations for Cypriot adolescents or for Time 2 cyberbullying victimization.
The social-ecological perspective provides a useful understanding of how various contexts influence bullying.
Both children and adults have been shown to benefit from the integration of multisensory and sensorimotor enrichment into pedagogy. For example, integrating pictures or gestures into foreign language (L2) vocabulary learning can improve learning outcomes relative to unisensory learning. However, whereas adults seem to benefit to a greater extent from sensorimotor enrichment such as the performance of gestures in contrast to multisensory enrichment with pictures, this is not the case in elementary school children. Here, we compared multisensory- and sensorimotor-enriched learning in an intermediate age group that falls between the age groups tested in previous studies (elementary school children and young adults), in an attempt to determine the developmental time point at which children's responses to enrichment mature from a child-like pattern into an adult-like pattern. Twelve-year-old and fourteen-year-old German children were trained over 5 consecutive days on auditorily presented, concrete and abstract, Spanish vocabulary. The vocabulary was learned under picture-enriched, gesture-enriched, and non-enriched (auditory-only) conditions. The children performed vocabulary recall and translation tests at 3 days, 2 months, and 6 months post-learning. Both picture and gesture enrichment interventions were found to benefit children's L2 learning relative to non-enriched learning up to 6 months post-training. Interestingly, gesture-enriched learning was even more beneficial than picture-enriched learning for the 14-year-olds, while the 12-year-olds benefitted equivalently from learning enriched with pictures and gestures. These findings provide evidence for opting to integrate gestures rather than pictures into L2 pedagogy starting at 14 years of age.
The present study proposes and tests pathways by which racial discrimination might be positively related to bullying victimization among Black and White adolescents. Data were derived from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a national survey that provides data on children's physical and mental health and their families. Data were collected from households with one or more children between June 2016 to February 2017.
A letter was sent to randomly selected households, who were invited to participate in the survey. The caregivers consisted of 66.9% females and 33.1% males for the White sample, whose mean age was 47.51 (SD = 7.26), and 76.8% females and 23.2% males for the Black sample, whose mean age was 47.61 (SD = 9.71).
In terms of the adolescents, 49.0% were females among the White sample, whose mean age was 14.73 (SD = 1.69). For Black adolescents, 47.9% were females and the mean age was 14.67(SD = 1.66).
Measures for the study included bullying perpetration, racial discrimination, academic disengagement, and socio-demographic variables of the parent and child.
Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and structural path analyses.
For adolescents in both racial groups, racial discrimination appears to be positively associated with depression, which was positively associated with bullying perpetration. For White adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with academic disengagement, which was also positively associated with bullying perpetration. For Black adolescents, although racial discrimination was not significantly associated with academic disengagement, academic disengagement was positively associated with bullying perpetration.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderating effect of technology use for friendship maintenance in the associations between self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and friendship quality, measured 6 months later (Time 2). Participants were 1,567 seventh and eighth graders (51% female; 51% white; M-age = 13.47) from the United States. They completed questionnaires on friendship quality at Time 1, and self-isolation during COVID-19 and technology use for friendship maintenance and friendship quality at Time 2. The findings revealed that self-isolation during COVID-19 was related positively to technology use for friendship maintenance and negatively to Time 2 friendship quality. Higher technology use for friendship maintenance buffered against the negative impacts on friendship quality associated with self-isolation during COVID-19, while lower technology use had the opposite effects on Time 2 friendship quality.
Teaching quality is a key factor in student academic success, but few studies have investigated how teaching quality changes at the beginning of secondary education and how such changes are predicted by dimensions of teacher motivation. This study investigated the changes in class-level student perceptions of teaching quality over one school year at the beginning of secondary school and examined how teachers? self-efficacy and enthusiasm predicted such changes. Data from 1996 students (53.8% male; mean age: 11.09 years, SD = 0.55) and their homeroom teachers (N = 105), who were surveyed at the beginning of Grades 5 and 6, were analyzed. Results showed a significant decline in class-level student-perceived emotional support, classroom management, and instructional clarity. Teacher-reported self-efficacy was not significantly related to changes in teaching quality. Teacher-reported enthusiasm buffered the decline in students? class-level classroom management.
Schools are key contexts for the development of adolescents' critical consciousness. We explored how three dimensions of the classroom cultural diversity climate (critical consciousness, color-evasion, and multiculturalism) related to adolescents' critical reflection (i.e., perceived societal Islamophobia) and intended critical action (i.e., political activism). Our sample included adolescents experiencing high (second generation, Muslim, N = 237) versus low (non-immigrant descent, non-Muslim, N = 478) stigmatization in Germany. Multilevel analyses revealed that for both groups a critical consciousness climate, but not a color-evasive or a multicultural climate, was positively associated with perceived societal Islamophobia and intended critical action. Thus, to promote adolescents' critical consciousness, schools should go beyond emphasizing a common humanity and celebrating cultural diversity and include explicit discussions of social inequity.
Descriptive analyses of socially important or theoretically interesting phenomena and trends are a vital component of research in the behavioral, social, economic, and health sciences.
Such analyses yield reliable results when using representative individual participant data (IPD) from studies with complex survey designs, including educational large-scale assessments (ELSAs) or social, health, and economic survey and panel studies. The meta-analytic integration of these results offers unique and novel research opportunities to provide strong empirical evidence of the consistency and generalizability of important phenomena and trends.
Using ELSAs as an example, this tutorial offers methodological guidance on how to use the two-stage approach to IPD meta-analysis to account for the statistical challenges of complex survey designs (e.g., sampling weights, clustered and missing IPD), first, to conduct descriptive analyses (Stage 1), and second, to integrate results with three-level meta-analytic and meta-regression models to take into account dependencies among effect sizes (Stage 2).
The two-stage approach is illustrated with IPD on reading achievement from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We demonstrate how to analyze and integrate standardized mean differences (e.g., gender differences), correlations (e.g., with students' socioeconomic status [SES]), and interactions between individual characteristics at the participant level (e.g., the interaction between gender and SES) across several PISA cycles.
All the datafiles and R scripts we used are available online. Because complex social, health, or economic survey and panel studies share many methodological features with ELSAs, the guidance offered in this tutorial is also helpful for synthesizing research evidence from these studies.
Der vorliegende Beitrag informiert über 14 deutschsprachige Programme zur Prävention und Intervention bei Hatespeech unter Kindern und Jugendlichen (Jahrgangsstufen 5–12). Inhalte und Durchführungsmodalitäten der Programme sowie Ergebnisse einer kriteriengeleiteten Qualitätseinschätzung anhand von fünf Kriterien werden im Hinblick auf deren Anwendung in der schulischen Praxis beschrieben und erörtert. Der Überblick über Schwerpunkte, Stärken und Entwicklungspotentiale schulbezogener Hatespeech-Programme ermöglicht Leser*innen eine informierte Entscheidung über den Einsatz der Programme in der Schule sowie in der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.
Der vorliegende Beitrag informiert über 14 deutschsprachige Programme zur Prävention und Intervention bei Hatespeech unter Kindern und Jugendlichen (Jahrgangsstufen 5–12). Inhalte und Durchführungsmodalitäten der Programme sowie Ergebnisse einer kriteriengeleiteten Qualitätseinschätzung anhand von fünf Kriterien werden im Hinblick auf deren Anwendung in der schulischen Praxis beschrieben und erörtert. Der Überblick über Schwerpunkte, Stärken und Entwicklungspotentiale schulbezogener Hatespeech-Programme ermöglicht Leser*innen eine informierte Entscheidung über den Einsatz der Programme in der Schule sowie in der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.
Background
Building on the Realistic Accuracy Model, this paper explores whether it is easier for teachers to assess the achievement of some students than others. Accordingly, we suggest that certain individual characteristics of students, such as extraversion, academic self-efficacy, and conscientiousness, may guide teachers' evaluations of student achievement, resulting in more appropriate judgements and a stronger alignment of assigned grades with students' actual achievement level (as measured using standardized tests).
Aims
We examine whether extraversion, academic self-efficacy, and conscientiousness moderate the relations between teacher-assigned grades and students' standardized test scores in mathematics.
Sample
This study uses a representative sample of N = 5,919 seventh-grade students in Germany (48.8% girls; mean age: M = 12.5, SD = 0.62) who participated in a national, large-scale assessment focusing on students' academic development.
Methods
We specified structural equation models to examine the inter-relations of teacher-assigned grades with students' standardized test scores in mathematics, Big Five personality traits, and academic self-efficacy, while controlling for students' socioeconomic status, gender, and age.
Results
The correlation between teacher-assigned grades and standardized test scores in mathematics was r = .40. Teacher-assigned grades more closely related to standardized test scores when students reported higher levels of conscientiousness (beta = .05, p = .002). Students' extraversion and academic self-efficacy did not moderate the relationship between teacher-assigned grades and standardized test scores.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that students' conscientiousness is a personality trait that seems to be important when it comes to how closely mathematics teachers align their grades to standardized test scores.
Prior research suggests that teachers with higher levels of empathy are more willing to intervene in bullying among students. However, these findings are based on hypothetical bullying situations and teachers' self-reports. In this study with 2,071 German students and their 556 teachers, we analysed reactions to hypothetical relational bullying situations as well as retrospectively reported bullying situations both from the teachers' as well as the students' perspectives. Results showed that teachers with higher levels of empathy reported stronger intentions to intervene in hypothetical relational bullying situations but were not more likely to intervene in retrospectively reported bullying situations. From the students' perspective, teachers' empathy was neither connected to the teachers' intention to intervene nor to the likelihood of intervention in the retrospectively reported situations. These different results could be taken as an opportunity to investigate whether existing findings could be influenced by methodological aspects such as teachers' self-reports. Implications for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between problematic online gaming and subjective health complaints and depressive symptoms, and the moderation of console-gaming aggression (i.e. verbal aggression, camping, trolling) in this relationship. Participants were 202 adolescents (86% boys; M age = 12.99 years) in the 7(th) or 8(th) grade who played first-person shooter games. They completed questionnaires on problematic online gaming, console-gaming aggression, subjective health complaints, and depressive symptoms. Six months later (Time 2), they completed questionnaires on subjective health complaints and depressive symptoms again. Findings revealed that problematic online gaming and console-gaming aggression were positive predictors of Time 2 subjective health complaints and depressive symptoms, while controlling for Time 1 levels and gender. Moderating effects were found as well, indicating that high levels of console-gaming aggression increased the positive relationship between problematic online gaming and depressive symptoms. These effects were also replicated for verbal aggression, problematic online gaming, and subjective health complaints. These findings suggest the importance of considering the implications of console-gaming aggression and problematic online gaming for the physical and mental health of adolescents.
IMPACT SUMMARY
Prior State of Knowledge. Problematic online gaming and aggressive behaviors are linked to negative outcomes, including depression and subjective health complaints. Longitudinal research further supports this connection for depression, but not for subjective health complaints or various types of aggression via console games.
Novel Contributions. Few studies have focused on various types of aggression and the longitudinal associations among problematic online gaming, depression, and subjective health complaints, while controlling for previous levels of depression and subjective health complaints. The present research addresses these gaps.
Practical Implications. Findings of the present research has implications for clinicians and researchers concerned with identifying adolescents who might be at risk for negative outcomes.
Objective:
Following a life course perspective, this study examines the link between partnership trajectories and three dimensions of psychological well-being: psychological health, overall sense of self-worth and quality of life.
Background:
Assuming that life outcomes are the result of prior decisions, experiences and events, partnership histories can be seen as a resource for psychological well-being. Furthermore, advantages or disadvantages from living with or without a partner should accumulate over time. While previous cross-sectional research has mainly focused on the influence of partnership status or a status change on well-being, prior longitudinal studies could not control for reverse causality of well-being and partnership trajectories. This research addresses the question of how different patterns of partnership biographies are related to a person's well-being in middle adulthood. Selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being as well as current life conditions are also taken into account.
Method:
Using data from the German LifE Study, the partnership trajectories between ages of 16 and 45 are classified by sequence and cluster analysis. OLS regression is then used to examine the link between types of partnership trajectories and depression, self-esteem and overall life satisfaction at age 45.
Results:
For women, well-being declined when experiencing unstable non-cohabitational union trajectories or divorce followed by unpartnered post-marital trajectories. Men suffered most from being long-term single. The results could not be explained by selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being.
Conclusion:
While women seem to 'recover' from most of the negative effects of unstable partnership trajectories through a new partnership, for men it was shown that being mainly unpartnered has long-lasting effects on their psychological well-being.
Do stereotypes strike twice?
(2019)
Stereotypes influence teachers' perception of and behaviour towards students, thus shaping students' learning opportunities. The present study investigated how 315 Australian pre-service teachers' stereotypes about giftedness and gender are related to their perception of students' intellectual ability, adjustment, and social-emotional ability, using an experimental vignette approach and controlling for social desirability in pre-service teachers' responses. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that pre-service teachers associated giftedness with higher intellectual ability, but with less adjustment compared to average-ability students. Furthermore, pre-service teachers perceived male students as less socially and emotionally competent and less adjusted than female students. Additionally, pre-service teachers seemed to perceive female average-ability students' adjustment as most favourable compared to male average-ability students and gifted students. Findings point to discrepancies between actual characteristics of gifted female and male students and stereotypes in teachers' beliefs. Consequences of stereotyping and implications for teacher education are discussed.
Do stereotypes strike twice?
(2019)
Stereotypes influence teachers' perception of and behaviour towards students, thus shaping students' learning opportunities. The present study investigated how 315 Australian pre-service teachers' stereotypes about giftedness and gender are related to their perception of students' intellectual ability, adjustment, and social-emotional ability, using an experimental vignette approach and controlling for social desirability in pre-service teachers' responses. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that pre-service teachers associated giftedness with higher intellectual ability, but with less adjustment compared to average-ability students. Furthermore, pre-service teachers perceived male students as less socially and emotionally competent and less adjusted than female students. Additionally, pre-service teachers seemed to perceive female average-ability students' adjustment as most favourable compared to male average-ability students and gifted students. Findings point to discrepancies between actual characteristics of gifted female and male students and stereotypes in teachers' beliefs. Consequences of stereotyping and implications for teacher education are discussed.
Online hate speech has become a widespread problem in the daily life of adolescents. Despite growing societal and academic interest in this online risk, not much is known about the relationship between online hate speech victimization (OHSV) and adolescents' mental well-being.
In addition, potential factors influencing the magnitude of this relationship remain unclear. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the relationship between OHSV and depressive symptoms and the buffering effects of resilience in this relationship. The sample consists of 1,632 adolescents (49.1% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (M-age = 13.83, SDage = 1.23), recruited from nine schools across Spain.
Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHSV, depressive symptoms, and resilience. Regression analyses revealed that OHSV was positively linked to depressive symptoms.
In addition, victims of online hate speech were less likely to report depressive symptoms when they reported average or high levels of resilience (i.e., social competence, personal competence, structured style, social resources, and family cohesion) compared with those with low levels of resilience.
Our findings highlight the need for the development of intervention programs and the relevance of focusing on internal and external developmental assets to mitigate negative outcomes for victims of online hate speech.
Despite public discourses highlighting the negative consequences of time spent online (TSO) for children's well-being, Norwegian children (aged 9-16 years) use the Internet more than other European children and score higher on self-reported life satisfaction (SRLS).
To explore the possibility that TSO might contribute to high life satisfaction or other underlying explanatory factors, we investigate the relationship between TSO and SRLS in Norway while also accounting for how individual, family, school, and broader social circumstances influence this relationship.
Countering prevailing discourses, we find a positive relationship between TSO and SRLS, which remains positive and significant even after a wider range of variables are accounted for.
By explaining the circumstances under which TSO has a positive effect on SRLS, this article provides evidence of the complex role that digital technology plays in the lives of children.
It also provides a critique of the often simplistic arguments found in public discourses around children's digital media use.
Krankheitsängste in verschiedenen Populationen und die Effektivität ambulanter Verhaltenstheraphie
(2023)
Deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles for conversational agents in digital health
(2021)
Background:
Recent years have witnessed a constant increase in the number of people with chronic conditions requiring ongoing medical support in their everyday lives. However, global health systems are not adequately equipped for this extraordinarily time-consuming and cost-intensive development. Here, conversational agents (CAs) can offer easily scalable and ubiquitous support. Moreover, different aspects of CAs have not yet been sufficiently investigated to fully exploit their potential. One such trait is the interaction style between patients and CAs. In human-to-human settings, the interaction style is an imperative part of the interaction between patients and physicians. Patient-physician interaction is recognized as a critical success factor for patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, and subsequent treatment outcomes. However, so far, it remains effectively unknown how different interaction styles can be implemented into CA interactions and whether these styles are recognizable by users.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to develop an approach to reproducibly induce 2 specific interaction styles into CA-patient dialogs and subsequently test and validate them in a chronic health care context.
Methods:
On the basis of the Roter Interaction Analysis System and iterative evaluations by scientific experts and medical health care professionals, we identified 10 communication components that characterize the 2 developed interaction styles: deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles. These communication components were used to develop 2 CA variations, each representing one of the 2 interaction styles. We assessed them in a web-based between-subject experiment. The participants were asked to put themselves in the position of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of the 2 CAs and subsequently asked to identify the respective interaction style. Chi-square test was used to assess the correct identification of the CA-patient interaction style.
Results:
A total of 88 individuals (42/88, 48% female; mean age 31.5 years, SD 10.1 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and participated in the web-based experiment. The participants in both the paternalistic and deliberative conditions correctly identified the underlying interaction styles of the CAs in more than 80% of the assessments (X-1(,8)8(2)=38.2; P<.001; phi coefficient r(phi)=0.68). The validation of the procedure was hence successful.
Conclusions:
We developed an approach that is tailored for a medical context to induce a paternalistic and deliberative interaction style into a written interaction between a patient and a CA. We successfully tested and validated the procedure in a web-based experiment involving 88 participants. Future research should implement and test this approach among actual patients with chronic diseases and compare the results in different medical conditions. This approach can further be used as a starting point to develop dynamic CAs that adapt their interaction styles to their users.
Detrimental effects of adverse family conditions for children's wellbeing are well-documented, but little is known about the impact of specific risk factors, or about potential protective factors that buffer the effects of family risk factors on negative development.
We investigated the impact of five important family risk factors (e.g., parental conflict) on internalizing and externalizing problems and the potential buffering effects of peer acceptance and academic skills at two measurement points two years apart in 1195 7-to 10-year-olds (T1: M-Age = 8.54).
Latent change models showed that increases in risk factors over the two years predicted increasing internalizing and externalizing problems. Parental conflict was the most impactful risk factor, although peer acceptance and academic skills showed some buffering effects.
The results highlight the necessity of investigating cumulative and single risk factors, specifically interparental conflict, and emphasize the need to strengthen children's internal and social resources to buffer the effects of adverse family conditions.
Wer ist leistungsstark?
(2022)
Leistungsstarke Kinder und Jugendliche sind in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Fokus der Bildungspolitik und der Bildungsforschung gerückt. Allerdings gibt es in der Forschung bislang kein geteiltes Verständnis darüber, was genau unter akademischer Leistungsstärke zu verstehen ist.
Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen systematischen Überblick darüber, wie Forschende, die seit dem Jahr 2000 die Gruppe der leistungsstarken Schülerinnen und Schüler erforschten, Leistungsstärke in ihren Studien operationalisiert haben.
Dabei wurde insbesondere untersucht, welche Leistungsindikatoren genutzt wurden, ob ein spezifischer Fachbezug hergestellt wurde und welche Cut-off-Werte und Vergleichsmaßstäbe angelegt wurden. Die systematische Datenbanksuche lieferte insgesamt N = 309 Artikel, von denen n = 55 die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine große Vielfalt in der Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke vorliegt. Die meistgenutzten Leistungsindikatoren waren Noten und Testwerte, wobei fächerübergreifende und fachspezifische Definitionen beide häufig waren. Die Cut-off-Werte der Studien waren zum Teil schwierig vergleichbar, aber dort, wo ein Populationsbezug hergestellt werden konnte, lag der Median des Populationsanteils Leistungsstarker bei 10 Prozent.
Die Studie diskutiert methodische und inhaltliche Rahmenbedingungen, welche sich auf die Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke und ihre Vergleichbarkeit über Studien hinweg auswirken.
Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt mit Empfehlungen zur Operationalisierung von Leistungsstärke.
In the present paper we empirically investigate the psychometric properties of some of the most famous statistical and logical cognitive illusions from the "heuristics and biases" research program by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, who nearly 50 years ago introduced fascinating brain teasers such as the famous Linda problem, the Wason card selection task, and so-called Bayesian reasoning problems (e.g., the mammography task). In the meantime, a great number of articles has been published that empirically examine single cognitive illusions, theoretically explaining people's faulty thinking, or proposing and experimentally implementing measures to foster insight and to make these problems accessible to the human mind. Yet these problems have thus far usually been empirically analyzed on an individual-item level only (e.g., by experimentally comparing participants' performance on various versions of one of these problems). In this paper, by contrast, we examine these illusions as a group and look at the ability to solve them as a psychological construct. Based on an sample of N = 2,643 Luxembourgian school students of age 16-18 we investigate the internal psychometric structure of these illusions (i.e., Are they substantially correlated? Do they form a reflexive or a formative construct?), their connection to related constructs (e.g., Are they distinguishable from intelligence or mathematical competence in a confirmatory factor analysis?), and the question of which of a person's abilities can predict the correct solution of these brain teasers (by means of a regression analysis).
It is well-documented that academic achievement is associated with students' self-perceptions of their academic abilities, that is, their academic self-concepts. However, low-achieving students may apply self-protective strategies to maintain a favorable academic self-concept when evaluating their academic abilities. Consequently, the relation between achievement and academic self-concept might not be linear across the entire achievement continuum. Capitalizing on representative data from three large-scale assessments (i.e., TIMSS, PIRLS, PISA; N = 470,804), we conducted an integrative data analysis to address nonlinear trends in the relations between achievement and the corresponding self-concepts in mathematics and the verbal domain across 13 countries and 2 age groups (i.e., elementary and secondary school students). Polynomial and interrupted regression analyses showed nonlinear relations in secondary school students, demonstrating that the relations between achievement and the corresponding self-concepts were weaker for lower achieving students than for higher achieving students. Nonlinear effects were also present in younger students, but the pattern of results was rather heterogeneous. We discuss implications for theory as well as for the assessment and interpretation of self-concept.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all schools in Germany were locked down for several months in 2020. How schools realized teaching during the school lockdown greatly varied from school to school. N = 2,647 parents participated in an online survey and rated the following activities of teachers in mathematics, language arts (German), English, and science / biology during the school lockdown: frequency of sending task assignments, task solutions and requesting for solutions, giving task-related feedback, grading tasks, providing lessons per videoconference, and communicating via telecommunication tools with students and / or parents. Parents also reported student academic outcomes during the school lockdown (child's learning motivation, competent and independent learning, learning progress). Parents further reported student characteristics and social background variables: child's negative emotionality, school engagement, mathematical and language competencies, and child's social and cultural capital. Data were separately analyzed for elementary and secondary schools. In both samples, frequency of student-teacher communication was associated with all academic outcomes, except for learning progress in elementary school. Frequency of parent-teacher communication was associated with motivation and learning progress, but not with competent and independent learning, in both samples. Other distant teaching activities were differentially related to students' academic outcomes in elementary vs. secondary school. School engagement explained most additional variance in all students' outcomes during the school lockdown. Parent's highest school leaving certificate incrementally predicted students' motivation, and competent and independent learning in secondary school, as well as learning progress in elementary school. The variable "child has own bedroom" additionally explained variance in students' competent and independent learning during the school lockdown in both samples. Thus, both teaching activities during the school lockdown as well as children's characteristics and social background were independently important for students' motivation, competent and independent learning, and learning progress. Results are discussed with regard to their practical implications for realizing distant teaching.
Optimizing power analysis for randomized experiments: Design parameters for student achievement
(2024)
Randomized trials (RTs) are promising methodological tools to inform evidence-based reform to enhance schooling. Establishing a robust knowledge base on how to promote student achievement requires sensitive RT designs demonstrating sufficient statistical power and precision to draw conclusive and correct inferences on the effectiveness of educational programs and innovations. Proper power analysis is therefore an integral component of any informative RT on student achievement. This venture critically hinges on the availability of reasonable input variance design parameters (and their inherent uncertainties) that optimally reflect the realities around the prospective RT—precisely, its target population and outcome, possibly applied covariates, the concrete design as well as the planned analysis. However, existing compilations in this vein show far-reaching shortcomings.
The overarching endeavor of the present doctoral thesis was to substantively expand available resources devoted to tweak the planning of RTs evaluating educational interventions. At the core of this thesis is a systematic analysis of design parameters for student achievement, generating reliable and versatile compendia and developing thorough guidance to support apt power analysis to design strong RTs. To this end, the thesis at hand bundles two complementary studies which capitalize on rich data of several national probability samples from major German longitudinal large-scale assessments.
Study I applied two- and three-level latent (covariate) modeling to analyze design parameters for a wide spectrum of mathematical-scientific, verbal, and domain-general achievement outcomes. Three vital covariate sets were covered comprising (a) pretests, (b) sociodemographic characteristics, and (c) their combination. The accumulated estimates were additionally summarized in terms of normative distributions.
Study II specified (manifest) single-, two-, and three-level models and referred to influential psychometric heuristics to analyze design parameters and develop concise selection guidelines for covariate (a) types of varying bandwidth-fidelity (domain-identical, cross-domain, fluid intelligence pretests; sociodemographic characteristics), (b) combinations quantifying incremental validities, and (c) time lags of 1- to 7-year-lagged pretests scrutinizing validity degradation. The estimates for various mathematical-scientific and verbal achievement outcomes were meta-analytically integrated and employed in precision simulations.
In doing so, Studies I and II addressed essential gaps identified in previous repertoires in six major dimensions: Taken together, this thesis accumulated novel design parameters and deliberate guidance for RT power analysis (1) tailored to four German student (sub)populations across the entire school career from Grade 1 to 12, (2) matched to 21 achievement (sub)domains, (3) adjusted for 11 covariate sets enriched by empirically supported guidelines, (4) adapted to six RT designs, (5) suitable for latent and manifest analysis models, (6) which were cataloged along with quantifications of their associated uncertainties. These resources are complemented by a plethora of illustrative application examples to gently direct psychological and educational researchers through pivotal steps in the process of RT design.
The striking heterogeneity of the design parameter estimates across all these dimensions constitutes the overall, joint key result of Studies I and II. Hence, this work convincingly reinforces calls for a close match between design parameters and the specific peculiarities of the target RT’s research context.
All in all, the present doctoral thesis offers a—so far unique—nuanced and extensive toolkit to optimize power analysis for sound RTs on student achievement in the German (and similar) school context. It is of utmost importance that research does not tire to spawn robust evidence on what actually works to improve schooling. With this in mind, I hope that the emerging compendia and guidance contribute to the quality and rigor of our randomized experiments in psychology and education.
The evaluation of how (human) individuals perceive robots is a central issue to better understand human-robot interaction (HRI). On this topic, promising proposals have emerged. However, present tools are not able to assess a sufficient part of the composite psychological dimensions involved in the evaluation of HRI. Indeed, the percentage of variance explained is often under the recommended threshold for a construct to be valid. In this article, we consolidate the lessons learned from three different studies and propose a further developed questionnaire based on a multicomponent approach of anthropomorphism by adding traits from psychosocial theory about the perception of others and the attribution and deprivation of human characteristics: the de-humanization theory. Among these characteristics, the attribution of agency is of main interest in the field of social robotics as it has been argued that robots could be considered as intentional agents. Factor analyses reveal a four sub-dimensions scale including Sociability, Agency, Animacy, and the Disturbance. We discuss the implication(s) of these dimensions on future perception of and attitudes towards robots.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen integrativem Schulleitungshandeln, das transformationale und instruktionale Komponenten enthält, und der Nutzungshäufigkeit verschiedener Datenquellen durch Lehrkräfte. Die Ergebnisse eines Strukturgleichungsmodells zeigen, dass integrative Führung direkte und indirekte Zusammenhänge mit der Nutzung verschiedener Datenquellen aufweist. Die Effekte scheinen vorwiegend durch die Kooperationsaktivität der Lehrkräfte vermittelt zu sein.
Motivation and Emotion in Learning and Teaching across Educational Contexts brings together current theoretical and methodological perspectives as well as examples of empirical implementations from leading international researchers focusing on the context specificity and situatedness of their core theories in motivation and emotion.
The book is compiled of two main sections. Section I covers theoretical reflections and perspectives on the main theories on emotion and motivation in learning and teaching and their transferability across different educational contexts illustrated with empirical examples. Section II addresses the methodological reflections and perspectives on the methodology that is needed to address the complexity and context specificity of motivation and emotion. In addition to general reflections and perspectives regarding methodology, concrete empirical examples are provided. All cutting-edge chapters include current empirical studies on emotions and motivation in learning and teaching across different contexts (age groups, domains, countries, etc.) making them applicable and relevant to a wide range of contexts and settings.
This high-quality volume with contributions from leading international experts will be an essential resource for researchers, students and teacher trainers interested in the vital role that motivation and emotions can play in education.
In this article, we address the measurement of individualized instruction in the context of regular classroom instruction. Our study assessed instructional practices geared towards individualization in German third grade reading lessons by combining self-report data from 621 students, from their teachers (n = 57), and live obser-vations. We then investigated the reliability of these different approaches to measuring individualization as well as the agreement between them. All three approaches yielded reliable indicators of individualized practices, but not all of them corresponded with each other. We found considerable agreement between students and observers, but neither agreed with teachers' self-reports. Upon closer examination, we found that students' ratings only correlated with teacher ratings that were provided close to the timepoint of interest. This correlation increased when teacher measures were corrected for response tendencies. We conclude with some recommendations for future studies that aim to measure individualized instruction in the classroom.
Science education researchers typically face a trade-off between more quantitatively oriented confirmatory testing of hypotheses, or more qualitatively oriented exploration of novel hypotheses. More recently, open-ended, constructed response items were used to combine both approaches and advance assessment of complex science-related skills and competencies. For example, research in assessing science teachers' noticing and attention to classroom events benefitted from more open-ended response formats because teachers can present their own accounts. Then, open-ended responses are typically analyzed with some form of content analysis. However, language is noisy, ambiguous, and unsegmented and thus open-ended, constructed responses are complex to analyze. Uncovering patterns in these responses would benefit from more principled and systematic analysis tools. Consequently, computer-based methods with the help of machine learning and natural language processing were argued to be promising means to enhance assessment of noticing skills with constructed response formats. In particular, pretrained language models recently advanced the study of linguistic phenomena and thus could well advance assessment of complex constructs through constructed response items. This study examines potentials and challenges of a pretrained language model-based clustering approach to assess preservice physics teachers' attention to classroom events as elicited through open-ended written descriptions. It was examined to what extent the clustering approach could identify meaningful patterns in the constructed responses, and in what ways textual organization of the responses could be analyzed with the clusters. Preservice physics teachers (N = 75) were instructed to describe a standardized, video-recorded teaching situation in physics. The clustering approach was used to group related sentences. Results indicate that the pretrained language model-based clustering approach yields well-interpretable, specific, and robust clusters, which could be mapped to physics-specific and more general contents. Furthermore, the clusters facilitate advanced analysis of the textual organization of the constructed responses. Hence, we argue that machine learning and natural language processing provide science education researchers means to combine exploratory capabilities of qualitative research methods with the systematicity of quantitative methods.
Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional "Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale" (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents' motivations for hate speech perpetration. The sample consisted of 346 adolescents from Switzerland (54.6% boys; Mage=14; SD=0.96) who reported engagement in hate speech as perpetrators. The analyses revealed good psychometric properties for the MHATE, including good internal consistency. The most frequently endorsed subscale was revenge, followed by ideology, group conformity, status enhancement, exhilaration, and power. The results also showed that descriptive norms and peer pressure were related to a wide range of different motivations for perpetrating hate speech. Injunctive norms, however, were only associated with power. In conclusion, findings indicate that hate speech fulfills various functions. We argue that knowing the specific motivations that underlie hate speech could help us derive individually tailored prevention strategies (e.g., anger management, promoting an inclusive classroom climate). Furthermore, we suggest that practitioners working in the field of hate speech prevention give special attention to social norms surrounding adolescents.
Background:
Using the internet to search for information or share images about self-harm is an emerging risk among young people. The aims of this study were (a) to analyze the prevalence of different types of self-harm on the internet and differences by sex and age, and (b) to examine the relationship of self-harm on the internet with intrapersonal factors (i.e., depression and anxiety) and interpersonal factors (i.e., family cohesion and social resources).
Method:
The sample consisted of 1,877 adolescents (946 girls) between 12 and 17 years old (Mage = 13.41, SD = 1.25) who completed self-report measures.
Results:
Approximately 11% of the participants had been involved in some type of self-harm on the internet. The prevalence was significantly higher among girls than boys and among adolescents older than 15 years old. Depression and anxiety increased the risk of self-harm on the internet, whereas family cohesion decreased the probability of self-harm on the internet.
Conclusions:
Self-harm on the internet is a relatively widespread phenomenon among Spanish adolescents. Prevention programs should include emotional regulation, coping skills, and resilience to reduce in this behavior.
German secondary education is known for its early, strict selection of students into different schooling tracks based on prior academic performance, based on the assumption that students learn more efficiently when the learning environment is tailored to their individual abilities and needs. While much previous research has shown that entry into tracks is socially selective, less is known whether there are effects of being exposed to a particular school track on educational success and which mechanisms are contributing to these effects. We investigate this question by comparing the learning progress in reading and mathematics of students in the upper and intermediate schooling track over five years of secondary schooling, based on large-scale German-wide longitudinal data (NEPS-SC3). Even when restricting our sample to a group of students with similar preconditions and controlling for skills at the beginning of secondary schooling, we find that the learning progress in the upper track is higher for both domains, suggesting scissor effects of track exposure. It is mainly the average performance level of the class, and to a lesser degree its social background composition, which mediates these effects. In contrast, migration background composition of the class and instructional quality perceived by students hardly contribute to explaining increasing learning gains in the upper track.
An effective handling of heterogeneous groups in classrooms is one of the main challenges that teachers face when planning their instruction. However, including means of adaptive teaching in classrooms also yields the chance to re-conceptualize classroom instruction. Researchers and practitioners often discuss the question of how different ability levels can be considered adequately in teaching and learning. Because motivation is a central source of competence development and self-regulated learning, the current article discusses how teaching can adapt to learners' different motivational states and traits. In a first step, we review theoretical and empirical perspectives on intra- and interindividual motivational differences in students and their relations to other dimensions of classroom heterogeneity such as gender, ethnic background, and socio-economic status. Against this background, we discuss how instruction can adapt effectively to learners' different motivational needs. We introduce a model of adaptive teaching that refers to students' intra- and interindividual motivational differences and derive conclusions for teacher education and instructional practice.
This study investigated the role of medium (face-to-face, cyber) and publicity (public, private) in adolescents' perceptions of severity and coping strategies (i.e., avoidant, ignoring, helplessness, social support seeking, retaliation) for victimization, while accounting for gender and cultural values. There were 3432 adolescents (ages 11-15, 49% girls) in this study; they were from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on individualism and collectivism, and ratings of coping strategies and severity for public face-to-face victimization, private face-to-face victimization, public cyber victimization, and private cyber victimization. Findings revealed similarities in adolescents' coping strategies based on perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium for some coping strategies (i.e., social support seeking, retaliation) but differential associations for other coping strategies (i.e., avoidance, helplessness, ignoring). The results of this study are important for prevention and intervention efforts because they underscore the importance of teaching effective coping strategies to adolescents, and to consider how perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium might influence the implementation of these coping strategies.
Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs have been shown to be related to their supportive teaching practices and to adolescents' motivation. Yet, little is known about these relations in elementary school. The present study examined the longitudinal effects of teachers' self-efficacy on student-perceived teacher support and students' mathematics interest with a sample of 2082 students and 133 teachers in third and fourth grade. Results revealed that teachers' self-efficacy was longitudinally related to student-perceived support, which in turn was positively related to students' interest. The findings underline the relevance of teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and teacher support for the development of students' interest in elementary school.
When used in a sensible way, Interactive Whiteboards (IWB) are supposed to motivate and engage students in learning in the classroom. Thereby, they might also stimulate students who are usually more restrained, such as more anxious students. However, the body of research on the impact of IWB lessons is rather small. The present study investigated whether a 45-minute lesson with the IWB compared to a conceptual identical 45-minute lesson without the IWB would support learning and motivation within the subject English as a foreign language for German students. Moreover, the study examined whether the 45-minute lesson with the IWB compared to the 45-minute lesson without the IWB would be better able to counteract the detrimental effects of foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA). One hundred and two eighth graders from two secondary schools in Germany took part in this study and were either taught with the IWB (condition IWB; n = 53) or without the IWB (condition No-IWB; n = 50). Results showed that students in the IWB condition stated to be higher motivated and performed better in a vocabulary test than their counterparts in the No-IWB condition. FLCA was negatively correlated with performance in the vocabulary test. Other than expected, learning with the IWB did not compensate the detrimental effect of FLCA, meaning that learning with the IWB was more beneficial than learning without the IWB irrespective of a student's FLCA. Implications of the study will be discussed.
Student teachers often struggle to keep track of everything that is happening in the classroom, and particularly to notice and respond when students cause disruptions. The complexity of the classroom environment is a potential contributing factor that has not been empirically tested. In this experimental study, we utilized a virtual reality (VR) classroom to examine whether classroom complexity affects the likelihood of student teachers noticing disruptions and how they react after noticing. Classroom complexity was operationalized as the number of disruptions and the existence of overlapping disruptions (multidimensionality) as well as the existence of parallel teaching tasks (simultaneity). Results showed that student teachers (n = 50) were less likely to notice the scripted disruptions, and also less likely to respond to the disruptions in a comprehensive and effortful manner when facing greater complexity. These results may have implications for both teacher training and the design of VR for training or research purpose. This study contributes to the field from two aspects: 1) it revealed how features of the classroom environment can affect student teachers' noticing of and reaction to disruptions; and 2) it extends the functionality of the VR environment-from a teacher training tool to a testbed of fundamental classroom processes that are difficult to manipulate in real-life.
In this study, we investigated retention intention and job satisfaction of 238 first-year alternatively certified (AC) teachers. Drawing on Organizational Socialization Theory, we tested the hypothesis that AC teacher extraversion and perceived school support are positively related to the two variables and mediated by self-efficacy. To test our hypothesis, we applied structural equation modeling. Our results demonstrate that extraversion and perceived social support are positively related to retention intentions and job satisfaction. In addition, self-efficacy serves as a mediator. The findings could help school administrators to better understand how to support and retain AC teachers and thus address teacher shortages.
Wages and wage dynamics directly affect individuals' and families' daily lives. In this article, we show how major theoretical branches of research on wages and inequality-that is, cumulative advantage (CA), human capital theory, and the lifespan perspective-can be integrated into a coherent statistical framework and analyzed with multilevel dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). This opens up a new way to empirically investigate the mechanisms that drive growing inequality over time. We demonstrate the new approach by making use of longitudinal, representative U.S. data (NLSY-79). Analyses revealed fundamental between-person differences in both initial wages and autoregressive wage growth rates across the lifespan. Only 0.5% of the sample experienced a "strict" CA and unbounded wage growth, whereas most individuals revealed logarithmic wage growth over time. Adolescent intelligence and adult educational levels explained substantial heterogeneity in both parameters. We discuss how DSEM may help researchers study CA processes and related developmental dynamics, and we highlight the extensions and limitations of the DSEM framework.
Wie bewerten begabte und leistungsstarke Jugendliche in separaten Spezialklassen ihren Unterricht?
(2022)
Leistungsstarke und besonders begabte Schüler*innen werden im Unterricht oft nicht genügend gefordert. In speziellen Klassen für besonders Leistungsstarke und Begabte kann der Unterricht stärker auf die Lernmöglichkeiten dieser Gruppe zugeschnitten werden. Spezialklassen gelten insgesamt als leistungsförderlich, Studien zur Unterrichtsqualität sind bisher jedoch rar. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, wie Schüler*innen der Leistungs- und Begabungsklassen (LuBK) im Land Brandenburg die Qualität ihres Unterrichts in Deutsch und Mathematik im Vergleich zu Schüler*innen von Regelklassen einschätzen. Die Datenbasis bilden N = 3371 Schüler*innen der 8. und 10. Jahrgangsstufe aus 33 Schulen. Mittels Fragebögen wurden Merkmale der Unterrichtsqualität nach dem QuAIT-Modell erfragt; die Datenanalyse erfolgte mit regressionsanalytischen Mehrebenenmodellen. Die Schüler*innen der LuBK bewerten die Qualität ihres Unterrichts überwiegend positiver als die Schüler*innen der Regelklassen, Defizite zeigen sich jedoch in beiden Klassentypen bei den Qualitätsmerkmalen der inneren Differenzierung und der Mitsprache bei Unterrichtsthemen.
Teacher self-efficacy for classroom management is an important component of teachers' identity with implications for their teaching quality. Theoretically, it has been described that contextual variables play an important role for self-efficacy development and its consequences. However, little is known about the interrelationships of job resources and demands with teacher self-efficacy, and consequences for teachers' professional behaviors. We extend teacher self-efficacy research by drawing on the Job Demands-Resources model in examining contextual influences on developmental dynamics between classroom management self-efficacy and teacher-reported classroom management, from prior to qualifying as a teacher until mid-career. Participants were 395 primary and secondary Australian school teachers. Longitudinal structural equation models showed teachers' classroom management self-efficacy positively related to aspects of their perceived classroom management, particularly during early career. Between early and mid-career, the positive relationship between self-efficacy and classroom management was moderated by early career excessive demands. Implications are outlined for teacher education and school administration.
Der Kooperation von Lehrkräften wird für die Bewältigung der komplexen Anforderungen des Schulalltags großes Potenzial zugeschrieben. Dennoch ist Kooperation in vielen Lehrkräftekollegien nicht selbstverständlich. Auf Basis einer Befragung von N = 489 Grundschullehrkräften untersucht dieser Beitrag in einem querschnittlichen Design die kollegiale Kooperation in Schulen in Deutschland. Mit einer Regression wurde unter Berücksichtigung der Mehrebenenstruktur der Daten geprüft, in welchem Ausmaß personale, kompetenzbezogene und institutionelle Merkmale die Umsetzung verschiedener Kooperationsformen wahrscheinlicher machen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kooperationsform „Austausch“ in der Arbeit der Lehrkräfte ausgeprägt wahrgenommen wurde, die Kooperationsform „Kokonstruktion“ weniger. Zudem zeigen sich Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch Unterschiede in den begünstigenden Faktoren. Während sich für beide Kooperationsformen die Wahrnehmung kollektiver Selbstwirksamkeit und das Zusammenspiel zwischen organisatorischen und räumlichen Rahmenbedingungen als prädiktiv erwiesen, spielte der Enthusiasmus lediglich für den Austausch und die Unterrichtserfahrung nur für die Kokonstruktion eine Rolle.
Das Zentrum für Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung (ZeLB) verantwortet im Projekt „PSI-Potsdam“ die Unterstützung der Qualifizierung in der Medienbildung/Digitalisierung der Lehrkräftebildung an der Universität Potsdam. Der Schwerpunkt der Tätigkeit lag zunächst auf der mediendidaktischen Qualifizierung und wurde ab der zweiten Förderphase des Programms 2018 mit Akzentuierung auf Herausforderungen und Chancen von Digitalisierung für das Lehren und Lernen in der Lehrkräftebildung fortgeführt. In diesem Beitrag werden die Entwicklungen und Beiträge in Bezug auf die digitale Medienbildung und Digitalisierung an der Universität Potsdam für die Lehrkräftebildung dargestellt. Weiterführend werden Perspektiven aufgezeigt, wie zukünftig digitale Medienbildung in der universitären Lehrkräftebildung verankert werden kann.
This study examined the relations between teacher-reported classroom management self-efficacy, stu-dent-reported teaching quality and students' enjoyment in mathematics. Data were collected from German ninth and tenth-grade students (N = 779) and their teachers (N = 40) at the beginning and the middle of the school year. Multilevel models showed that teachers' self-efficacy at time 1 significantly and positively related to class-level monitoring and relatedness at time 2. Class-level relatedness at time 2 was significantly and positively associated with enjoyment at time 2. Teacher-reported self-efficacy at time 1 was indirectly related to enjoyment at time 2 through relatedness at time 2.
Spatial abilities have been found to interact with the design of visualizations in educational materials in different forms: (1) spatial abilities enhanced learning with optimized visual design (ability-as-enhancer) or (2) spatial abilities compensated for suboptimal visual design (ability-as-compensator). A brief review of pertinent studies suggests that these two forms are viewed as mutually exclusive. We propose a novel unifying conceptualization. This conceptualization suggests that the ability-as enhancer interaction will be found in the low-medium range of a broad ability continuum whereas the ability-as-compensator interaction will be found in the medium-high range. The largest difference in learning outcomes between visual design variations is expected for medium ability. A corresponding analytical approach is suggested that includes nonlinear quadratic interactions. The unifying conceptualization was confirmed in an experiment with a consistent visual-spatial task. In addition, the conceptualization was investigated with a reanalysis of pooled data from four multimedia learning experiments. Consistent with the conceptualization, quadratic interactions were found, meaning that interactions depended on ability range. The largest difference between visual design variations was obtained for medium ability, as expected. It is concluded that the unifying conceptualization is a useful theoretical and methodological approach to analyze and interpret aptitude-treatment interactions that go beyond linear interactions.
Teachers frequently express stress associated with teaching in large classrooms. Despite the timehonored tradition in teacher stress research of treating class size as a job-related stressor, the underlying premise that class size directly impacts teachers' stress reactions remains untested. In this randomized controlled experiment targeted at preservice teachers, we utilized a standardized virtual reality (VR) classroom to examine whether class size (number of student avatars) directly affected physiological (heart rate) or psychological (subjective rating) stress reactions among 65 preservice teachers. Results from linear mixed-effects modeling (LMM) showed that class size significantly predicted both their physiological and psychological stress reactions in the simulated environment: Average heart rate and subjective stress ratings were both significantly higher in the large class size condition. Further investigations into the causes of this association has been proposed. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of classroom features on preservice teachers' emotional experiences and well-being.
Im Rahmen der Lehrkräftebildung stellen hohe Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen eine wichtige persönliche Ressource dar, um einem erhöhten Beanspruchungserleben entgegenzuwirken. Dabei gelten erfolgreiche eigene Erfahrungen im Unterrichten als Möglichkeit, die Entwicklung von Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen in der Lehrkräftebildung zu begünstigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Rahmen eines Schulnetzwerks ein Seminarkonzept entwickelt, um neben den obligatorischen Praktika während des Lehramtsstudiums weitere begleitete Unterrichtserfahrungen sammeln zu können. Dabei werden die Seminarkonzeption sowie der Ablauf der Kooperation im Kontext der Netzwerkarbeit dargestellt und erläutert. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse der Seminarevaluation vorgestellt und ein Fazit aus dem Konzept des Schulnetzwerks bzw. der Seminarkonzeption gezogen und diskutiert.
Lesemotivation ist von Bedeutung für Leseleistung und ist interindividuell unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Jedoch ist bislang wenig bekannt über Veränderungen unterschiedlicher Lesemotivationsmuster und die Bedeutung des Geschlechts, der Leseleistung und der Unterrichtsgestaltung für solche Veränderungen. Mittels dieser Erkenntnisse könnten adaptive Lernangebote ausgeweitet werden. Die vorliegende Längsschnittstudie greift diese Frage auf und untersucht basierend auf Daten von N = 1313 Lernenden (50,0 % Mädchen) in der 5. und 6. Jahrgangsstufe, wie sich Wertüberzeugungen und Leseselbstkonzept interindividuell unterschiedlich verändern. Latente Profilanalysen verweisen auf drei motivationale Muster zu beiden Zeitpunkten: ‚Geringer intrinsischer Wert‘, ‚Moderate Lesemotivation‘ und ‚Hohe Lesemotivation‘. Hohe Lehrkraftunterstützung trägt dazu bei, dass Lernende im Verlauf des fünften Schuljahres in das Profil ‚Hohe Lesemotivation‘ statt in das Motivationsprofil ‚Geringer intrinsischer Wert‘ wechseln. Mädchen und Lernende mit hoher Leseleistung wechseln eher in das Profil ‚Hohe Lesemotivation‘ statt in das Profil ‚Moderate Lesemotivation‘. Implikationen für Unterricht werden diskutiert.
Studien zu langen Praxisphasen konnten aufzeigen, dass das Kompetenzerleben der Studierenden von Beginn bis zum Ende der Praxisphase zunahm. Auf Basis einer langfristig angelegten Evaluationsstudie zu allen bildungswissenschaftlichen und fachdidaktischen Praktika im Verlauf des Ba-/Ma-Lehramtsstudiums wurde auch das selbst eingeschätzte Kompetenzerleben Studierender im Schulpraktikum (Praxissemester) analysiert. Die empirische Befundlage deutet darauf hin, dass die Ausprägung des Kompetenzerlebens hinsichtlich SuSorientiertem Handeln, Unterrichtlichem Handeln und Wertvermittelndem Handeln über den Praktikumszeitraum zunimmt. Innovierend-kooperatives Handeln zeigt keine signifikante Entwicklung. Spezielle Einflüsse konnten vor allem durch das wahrgenommene Kompetenzerleben zu Beginn des Schulpraktikums, aber auch durch die jeweilige Nachbereitung der Fachdidaktik und der Bildungswissenschaften ermittelt werden. Die Befunde werden mit Blick auf die bisherige Forschungslage und die Stichprobe der Untersuchung kritisch diskutiert.
Von 2016 bis 2022 wurden im Rahmen des PSI-Projekts „Kompetenzerwerb in Schulpraktischen Studien – Spiralcurriculum“ N = 578 Lehramtsstudierende durch alle fünf Schulpraktischen Studien begleitet und mittels Online-Erhebung zu ihrem Kompetenzerleben in den Praxisphasen befragt. In retrospektiver Perspektive wurde der nachhaltige Einfluss der drei Bachelorpraktika auf das Kompetenzerleben der Masterstudierenden am Beginn ihres Schulpraktikums (Praxissemesters) untersucht, um konzeptionelle Schwerpunkte und intendierte Kompetenzziele des jeweiligen Praktikums im zugrundeliegenden Spiralcurriculum zu überprüfen. Die quantitativen Befunde verweisen auf die Wirkung aller drei Bachelor-Praxisphasen, wobei die Einschätzungen zum außerunterrichtlichen Praktikum in pädagogisch-psychologischen Handlungsfeldern (PppH) – hier die Skala „Erziehen“ – das Kompetenzerleben der Studierenden am stärksten aufklärt. Die qualitative Auswertung bekräftigt den Stellenwert der mit dem PppH verbundenen Handlungsfelder.
Some studies reveal that adolescents with intellectual disabilities and developmental disabilities are more likely to be victims of both face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying. Research also suggests that these adolescents are likely to witness bullying victimization. More research is needed to better understand the negative outcomes associated with their experiences. The purpose of this short-term longitudinal study was to investigate the buffering effect of parental social support on the associations of cyberbullying victimization and bystanding to subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm. Participants were 121 adolescents (63% male;Mage = 14.10 years) with intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders who completed questionnaires on their face-to-face and cyberbullying victimization and bystanding, parental social support, subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm during the 7th grade (Time 1). In 8th grade (Time 2), they completed questionnaires on subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm. The findings revealed that the positive associations between Time 1 cyberbullying victimization and Time 2 subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm were stronger at lower levels of Time 1 parental social support, while high levels of Time 1 parental social support diminished these relationships. Similar patterns were found for Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 subjective health complaints. Parental social support has a buffering effect on the relationships among cyberbullying victimization, bystanding, and health outcomes among adolescents with intellectual and developmental disorders.
Differentiation hypotheses concern changes in the structural organization of cognitive abilities that depend on the level of general intelligence (ability differentiation) or age (developmental differentiation). Part 1 of this article presents a review of the literature on ability and developmental differentiation effects in children, revealing the need for studies that examine both effects simultaneously in this age group with appropriate statistical methods. Part 2 presents an empirical study in which nonlinear factor analytic models were applied to the standardization sample (N = 2,619 German elementary schoolchildren; 48% female; age: M = 8.8 years, SD = 1.2, range 6-12 years) of the THINK 1-4 intelligence test to investigate ability differentiation, developmental differentiation, and their interaction. The sample was nationally representative regarding age, gender, urbanization, and geographic location of residence but not regarding parents' education and migration background (overrepresentation of children with more educated parents, underrepresentation of children with migration background). The results showed no consistent evidence for the presence of differentiation effects or their interaction. Instead, different patterns were observed for figural, numerical, and verbal reasoning. Implications for the construction of intelligence tests, the assessment of intelligence in children, and for theories of cognitive development are discussed.
Jóvenes ante el ciberodio
(2021)
Adolescentes de todo el mundo están cada vez más expuestos al ciberodio. Se necesita más conocimiento para comprender cómo los y las adolescentes afrontan estas experiencias. El presente estudio investigó la relación entre la mediación parental
en el uso de Internet y las estrategias de afrontamiento entre adolescentes centradas en el problema en una hipotética victimización en ciberodio, al tiempo que se consideró el apoyo familiar como moderador de estas relaciones. La muestra estuvo formada por 5.960 adolescentes de entre 12 y 18 años que completaron autoinformes (M=14,94; DE=1,61; mujeres: 50,7%) de Chipre, Alemania, Grecia, India, España, Corea del Sur y Tailandia. Se estimó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para investigar la relación entre mediación parental, apoyo social y afrontamiento. Se halló una relación positiva entre la mediación parental instructiva y el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema y una relación negativa entre la mediación parental restrictiva y la capacidad de los adolescentes para afrontar de forma adecuada el ciberodio. Además, el apoyo familiar moderó estas relaciones, incrementando la relación entre mediación instructiva y afrontamiento y disminuyendo la relación entre mediación restrictiva y afrontamiento de ciberodio. Los hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de proporcionar información a los padres y ponen de manifiesto la importancia de que las familias fomenten la habilidad de los adolescentes para afrontar de manera adecuada el ciberodio.
Auffälliges Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen im schulischen Alltag zeugt oftmals von den schwierigen Lebenssituationen, in denen sie aufwachsen. Für Lehr- und pädagogische Fachkräfte stellt der Umgang mit den daraus resultierenden Konflikten die größte Herausforderung dar. In diesem Buch werden Ansätze und Lösungen für das Verstehen und Handeln in schwierigen pädagogischen Situationen in der Schule vorgestellt. Außerdem bietet ein inklusiver Förderansatz Impulse für die Schulentwicklung zur Prävention auffälligen Verhaltens.
According to the personalization principle, addressing learners by means of a personalized compared to a nonpersonalized message can foster learning. Interestingly, though, a recent study found that the personalization principle can invert for aversive contents. The present study investigated whether the negative effect of a personalized message for an aversive content can be compensated when learners are in a happy mood. It was hypothesized that the negative effect of a personalized compared to a nonpersonalized message would only be observable for participants in a sad mood, while for participants in a happy mood a personalized message should be beneficial. A 2 x 2 between-subject design with mood (happy vs. sad) and personalization (personalized vs. nonpersonalized message) was used (N = 125 University students). Mood was experimentally varied prior to learning. Learning outcomes were measured by a retention and a transfer test. Results were essentially in line with the assumption: For participants in the sad mood condition, a negative effect of a personalized message was observable for retention and transfer. For participants in the happy mood condition, a positive effect of personalized message was observable for retention, but no effect for transfer. Note that the manipulation check measure for the mood induction procedure did not detect differences between conditions; this may be due to a shortcoming of the used measure (as indicated by an additional evaluation study). The study emphasizes the importance to consider the inherent emotional content of a topic, such as its aversive nature, since the emotional content of a topic can be a boundary condition for design principles in multimedia learning. The study also highlights the complex interplay of externally induced and inherently arising emotions.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from friends in the associations between self-isolation practices during the COVID-19 pandemic and adolescents' mental health (i.e., depression, subjective health complaints, self-harm), measured six months later (Time 2). Participants were 1,567 7(th) and 8(th) graders (51% female; 51% white; M age = 13.67) from the United States. They completed questionnaires on perceived social support from friends, depression, subjective health complaints, and self-harm at Time 1, and self-isolation practices during COVID-19, depression, subjective health complaints, and self-harm at Time 2. The findings revealed that self-isolation practices during COVID-19 was related positively to Time 1 perceived social support from friends, and negatively to Time 2 depression, subjective health complaints, and self-harm, while accounting for Time 1 mental health outcomes. Higher perceived social support from friends at Time 1 buffered against the negative impacts on adolescents' mental health outcomes at Time 2 when they practiced greater self-isolation during COVID-19, while lower perceived social support at Time 1 had the opposite effects on Time 2 mental health outcomes.
Although hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis showed that classroom climate (L2), empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1) had a positive effect on countering hate speech (L1). Classroom climate (L2) was also positively linked to empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) was indirectly associated with countering hate speech (L1) via greater empathy (L1) and self-efficacy (L1). The findings highlight the need to focus on contextual and intrapersonal factors when trying to facilitate adolescents' willingness to face hate speech with civic courage and proactively engage against it.
We present the first systematic literature review on stress and burnout in K-12 teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 17 studies that included 9,874 K-12 teachers from around the world. These studies showed some indication that burnout did increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were, however, almost no differences in the levels of stress and burnout experienced by K-12 teachers compared to individuals employed in other occupational fields. School principals' leadership styles emerged as an organizational characteristic that is highly relevant for K-12 teachers' levels of stress and burnout. Individual teacher characteristics associated with burnout were K-12 teachers' personality, self-efficacy in online teaching, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19. In order to reduce stress, there was an indication that stress-management training in combination with training in technology use for teaching may be superior to stress-management training alone. Future research needs to adopt more longitudinal designs and examine the interplay between individual and organizational characteristics in the development of teacher stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of 'time,' 'normative patterns,' 'order and disorder,' and 'discontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the Paths on Life's Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences - and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. 'Normative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by 'disordered' and 'discontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.
er vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Publikationen, die in der Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft (ZfE) in den Jahren 1998–2017 veröffentlicht wurden. Angesichts der Veränderungen in der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Forschungslandschaft in der jüngeren Vergangenheit untersuchen wir, inwiefern sich eine veränderte Schwerpunktsetzung auch in den Beiträgen der ZfE nachweisen lassen. Dazu führen wir zunächst eine quantitative Textanalyse durch und identifizieren die häufigsten sowie die charakteristischen Bigramme (Zweiwortsequenzen) in vier aufeinanderfolgenden Fünfjahres-Abschnitten (1998–2002, 2003–2007, 2008–2012, 2013–2017). Zudem prüfen wir, inwiefern bestimmte Wortstämme (bspw. „erziehungswissenschaft“, „bildungsforsch“, „didakt“) über die Jahre hinweg häufiger auftreten. Schließlich erstellen wir mit dem Textmining Tool Leximancer™ concept maps, die Hinweise auf die semantische Struktur der Themengebiete und Schlüsselkonzepte geben. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass im gesamten Zeitraum mehrheitlich Beiträge mit empirischem Fokus publiziert wurden, ein inhaltlicher Fokus auf sozialen Aspekten von Bildung lag und die Beschäftigung mit der allgemeinen Erziehungswissenschaft abnahm.
Befragungen von Expert*innen durch Schüler*innen sind eine im Unterricht und in den Methodenhandbüchern der allgemeinen Didaktik sowie insbesondere in der Politischen Bildung etablierte Praxis. Bei dieser Methode gelingt es jedoch nicht immer, die Schüler*innen abzuholen und im gewünschten Maße zu aktivieren. Aus der wissenschaftlichen Literatur und den gängigen Methodenhandbüchern geht hervor, dass Kommunikation zwischen Lehrkraft und Expert*in in der Vorbereitung der Befragung der entscheidende Ansatz sein kann, um die be-stehenden Probleme zu lösen. Dabei sind die konkreten Kommunikationsvorschläge in der Literatur wage und/oder widersprüchlich zueinander. Deswegen wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, wie die Kommunikation zwischen Lehrkraft und Expert*in in Vorbereitung der Expert*innenbefragung gelingen kann.
Es werden sieben leitfadengestützte Interviews mit einer Dauer von 25 bis 60 Minuten mit Akteur*innen, die am Landtag Brandenburg mehrfach an der Durchführung von Expert*innenbefragungen beteiligt waren, geführt und mit einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Dabei wird zum ersten Mal die Perspektive von Expert*innen auf die Unterrichtsmethode erfasst. Die Analyse ergab, dass Kommunikation in der Vorbereitung auf schulische Expert*innenbefragungen positive Auswirkungen auf die Qualität des Lernangebots für die Schüler*innen und die Bereitschaft der Expert*innen zur Teilnahme haben kann. Dazu muss sie auf Augenhöhe stattfinden, zielorientiert, bewältigbar und zuverlässig sein. Für die Zielorientierung wird in dieser Arbeit eine eigene Definition schulischer Expert*innenbefragungen vorgeschlagen, die als Überbegriff von fünf zieldifferenten Unterrichtsmethoden fungiert. Dabei wird ein konkreter Vorschlag für den Kommunikationsprozess in mit personellen Ressourcen ausgestatteten Kontexten wie dem Landtag Brandenburg sowie für den direkten Kontakt entwickelt. Außer-dem wird gezeigt, dass eine auf solche Art gelungene Kommunikation andere Inhalte transportiert als die bisher in der didaktischen Literatur empfohlenen.
The collaboration-based professional development approach Lesson Study (LS), which has its roots in the Japanese education system, has gained international recognition over the past three decades and spread quickly throughout the world. LS is a collaborative method to professional development (PD) that incorporates multiple characteristics that have been identified in the research literature as key to effective PD. Specifically, LS is a long-term process that consists of subsequent inquiry cycles, it is site-based and integrated in teachers’ practice, it encourages collaboration and reflection, places a strong emphasis on student learning, and it typically involves external experts that support the process or offer additional insights.
As LS integrates all these characteristics, it has rapidly gained international popularity since the turn of the 21st century and is currently being practiced in over 40 countries around the world. This international borrowing of the idea of LS to new national contexts has given rise to a research field that aims to investigate the effectiveness of LS on teacher learning as well as the circumstances and mechanisms that make LS effective in various settings around the world. Such research is important, as borrowing educational innovations and adapting them to new contexts can be a challenging process. Educational innovations that fail to deliver the expected outcomes tend to be abandoned prematurely and before they have been completely understood or a substantial research base has been established.
In order to prevent LS from early abandonment, Lewis and colleagues outlined three critical research needs in 2006, not long after LS was initially introduced to the United States. These research needs included (1) developing a descriptive knowledge base on LS, (2) examining the mechanisms by which teachers learn through LS, and (3) using design-based research cycles to analyze and improve LS.
This dissertation set out to take stock of the progress that has been made on these research needs over the past 20 years. The scoping review conducted for the framework of this dissertation indicates that, while a large and international knowledge base has been developed, the field has not yet produced reliable evidence of the effectiveness of LS. Based on the scoping review, this dissertation makes the case that Lewis et al.’s (2006) critical research needs should be updated. In order to do so, a number of limitations to the current knowledge base on LS need to be addressed. These limitations include (1) the frequent lack of comparable and replicable descriptions of the LS intervention in publications, (2) the incoherent use or lack of use of theoretical frameworks to explain teacher learning through LS, (3) the inconsistent use of terminology and concepts, and (4) the lack of scientific rigor in research studies and of established ways or tools to measure the effectiveness of LS.
This dissertation aims to advance the critical research needs in the field by examining the extent and nature of these limitations in three research studies. The focus of these studies lies on the LS stages of observation and reflection, as these stages have a high potential to facilitate teacher learning. The first study uses a mixed-method design to examine how teachers at German primary schools reflect critically together. The study derives a theory-based definition of critical and collaborative reflection in order to re-frame the reflection element in LS.
The second study, a systematic review of 129 articles on LS, assess how transparent research articles are in reporting how teachers observed and reflected together. In addition, it is investigated whether these articles provide any kind of theorization for the stages of observation and reflection.
The third study proposes a conceptual model for the field of LS that is based on existing models of continuous professional development and research findings on team effectiveness and collaboration. The model describes the dimensions of input, mediating mechanisms, and outcomes in order to provide a conceptual grid to teachers’ continuous professional development through LS.
In der Schule sollen alle Kinder und Jugendliche die Kompetenzen erwerben, die sie benötigen, um selbstbestimmt am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben zu können. Dabei ist es notwendig im Unterricht auf die individuellen Lernvoraussetzungen der Schüler:innen zu reagieren, damit sie optimal beim Lernen unterstützt werden können. Häufig wird in diesem Zusammenhang vom „individualisierten Unterricht“ gesprochen, der sich dadurch auszeichnen, dass das Lernangebot bestmöglich an die einzelnen Schüler:innen angepasst wird. Eine Individualisierung des Unterrichts kann jedoch bedeuten, dass die Schüler:innen nur noch an ihren eigenen Aufgaben arbeiten, ohne sich miteinander auszutauschen. Von einigen Autor:innen wurde daher die Befürchtung geäußert, dass die Individualisierung des Unterrichts zu einer Vereinzelung im Unterricht führt und die Lerngruppe als Gemeinschaft kaum noch eine Rolle spielt.
Schule soll neben fachlichen Kompetenzen jedoch auch soziale Werte und Normen vermitteln, die zu einer gesellschaftlichen Integration beitragen und Demokratie fördern. Dabei wird als zentrale Aufgabe von Schule die Vorbereitung der Kinder und Jugendliche auf ein Zusammenleben in einer pluralen Gesellschaft gesehen. So sollen sie lernen gemeinsame Lösungen, Solidarität und Verantwortungsübernahme über Differenzen hinweg zu entwickeln. Dies kann gelingen, indem eine Gemeinschaft im Unterricht geschaffen wird, in der alle Schüler:innen sich zugehörig und wertgeschätzt fühlen, voneinander lernen und gleichzeitig gefordert werden in Aushandlungsprozesse miteinander einzutreten.
Eine individualisierte Unterrichtsgestaltung und das Erleben einer Gemeinschaft wird von manchen Autor:innen als Spannungsfeld im Unterricht beschrieben. Es gibt jedoch bisher kaum empirische Forschungsarbeiten die den Forschungsgegenstand „Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht“ genauer betrachtet haben. Die vorliegende Studie setzt hier an und geht folgenden Fragestellungen nach: 1. „Was wird von Lehrkräften unter einer Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht verstanden?“, 2. „Wie wird eine Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht von Lehrkräften gestaltet?“, 3. „Inwiefern kann Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht über das Gemeinschaftsgefühl der Schüler:innen erfasst werden?“ 4. „Lässt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Gemeinschaftsgefühl der Schüler:innen und der Individualisierung des Unterrichts feststellen?“ und 5. „Lässt sich im individualisierten Unterricht ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Gemeinschaftsgefühl und der sozialen Eingebundenheit der Schüler:innen feststellen?“.
Den Forschungsfragen wurde anhand von drei Teilstudien nachgegangen, die in einem Mixed Methods Design parallel zueinander durchgeführt und abschließend aufeinander bezogen wurden. Alle drei Studien bezogen sich auf Datenquellen aus dem Ada*Q-Projekt („Adaptivität und Unterrichtsqualität im individualisierten Unterricht“), bei dem neun Grundschulen, die den Deutschen Schulpreis gewonnen haben, anhand verschiedener Datenerhebungen untersucht wurden. Insgesamt wurden in der vorliegenden Studie Daten von 32 Lehrkräften und 542 Schüler:innen aus 49 Lerngruppen herangezogen. Teilstudie 1 nahm die Verständnisse und die Gestaltung von Gemeinschaft (Forschungsfrage 1 und 2) anhand von Interviews mit Lehrkräften in den Blick. In Teilstudie 2 wurde eine Fragebogenskala für Schüler:innen zur Erfassung des Gemeinschaftsgefühls entwickelt (Forschungsfrage 3) und Zusammenhänge mit einer individualisierten Unterrichtsgestaltung und Unterrichtsqualität überprüft (Forschungsfrage 4). In Teilstudie 3 wurden Schüler:innen anhand der Experience-Sampling-Methode mehrfach im Unterricht zu ihrer sozialen Eingebundenheit befragt und ebenfalls Zusammenhänge mit einer individualisierten Unterrichtsgestaltung und Unterrichtsqualität sowie mit dem Gemeinschaftsgefühl überprüft (Forschungsfrage 5).
In Teilstudie 1 zeigte sich mit Blick auf die Forschungsfrage 1, dass die Lehrkräfte unterschiedliche Verständnisse von Gemeinschaft hatten, die auf unterschiedliche Aspekte von Gemeinschaft fokussierten und sich ergänzten. Dabei spielte das Spannungsfeld zwischen Individualität, Heterogenität und Gemeinschaft für alle Lehrkräfte eine Rolle. In Rahmen der Forschungsfrage 2 konnten außerdem verschiedene Handlungen und Praktiken identifiziert werden, wie Lehrkräfte eine Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht gestalteten und dabei individualisiertes mit gemeinschaftlichem Lernen produktiv miteinander verbanden. Dabei wurde eine Gemeinschaft im Unterricht von den Lehrkräften als zentral für das soziale Lernen der Schüler:innen beschrieben. So verstanden sie den gemeinsamen Unterricht in heterogenen Lerngruppen als Vorbereitung für das Leben und Arbeiten in einer pluralen Gesellschaft.
Teilstudie 2 konnte zeigen, dass die Fragebogenskala zum Gemeinschaftsgefühl der Schüler:innen gute Reliabilität und Validität aufwies und damit geeignet für weitere Untersuchungen war. Im Anschluss daran zeigten sich Zusammenhänge des Gemeinschaftsgefühls mit der Unterrichtsqualität (kognitive Aktivierung, Klassenführung und konstruktive Unterstützung). Insbesondere konstruktive Unterstützung (durch die Lehrkraft) hing stark mit dem Gemeinschaftsgefühl der Schüler:innen zusammen. Dieser Zusammenhang war geringer in besonders leistungsheterogenen Lerngruppen (hier erfasst über die Jahrgangsmischung). So war das Gemeinschaftsgefühl dort weniger abhängig von der Beziehungsqualität zur Lehrkraft. In weiteren Untersuchungen konnte außerdem kein Zusammenhang mit Merkmalen einer individualisierten Unterrichtsgestaltung gefunden werden, was die Befürchtung nicht bestärkte, dass eine Individualisierung des Unterrichts und eine Gemeinschaft im Unterricht sich gegenseitig ausschließen.
In Teilstudie 3 zeigte sich, dass die soziale Eingebundenheit der Schüler:innen von Situation zu Situation und von Schüler:in zu Schüler:in stark variierte. Die durchschnittlich empfundene soziale Eingebundenheit der Schüler:innen und auch das Ausmaß der Variation der sozialen Eingebundenheit hingen dabei eng mit dem Gemeinschaftsgefühl zusammen. Dieser Befund blieb auch unter Einbezug der Unterrichtsqualität bestehen, die keinen eigenen Einfluss auf die soziale Eingebundenheit zeigte. Außerdem ließen sich positive Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialer Eingebundenheit und Merkmalen der individualisierten Unterrichtsgestaltung finden. So fühlten sich Schüler:innen stärker sozial eingebunden, wenn die Aufgaben stärker differenziert waren und sie mehr Autonomie bei der Bearbeitung der Aufgaben hatten.
Zusammengefasst weisen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie darauf hin, dass Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht sowohl für die Lehrkräfte als auch für die Schüler:innen eine wichtige Rolle spielt. So sprechen die Lehrkräfte einer Gemeinschaft wichtige Funktionen in ihrem Unterricht zu und kümmern sich aktiv darum eine Gemeinschaft zu gestalten. Das Gemeinschaftsgefühl der Schüler:innen zeigte positive Zusammenhänge mit relevanten Aspekten der Unterrichtsqualität und mit sozialer Eingebundenheit. Die Befürchtung, dass eine Individualisierung des Unterrichts zu einer Vereinzelung der Schüler:innen führt, konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Vielmehr scheinen Individualisierung und Gemeinschaft sich gegenseitig, als zwei Komplementäre beim Umgang mit Heterogenität zu unterstützen.
Die Herausforderung, produktiv mit Heterogenität umzugehen, wird sich auch in der Zukunft an Schulen stellen. Dabei ist nicht nur das individuelle Lernen, sondern auch der soziale Umgang der Schüler:innen miteinander in den Blick zu nehmen. Die vorliegende Studie trägt dazu bei, beides miteinander zu verknüpfen, indem die Bedeutung einer Gemeinschaft im individualisierten Unterricht anhand verschiedener Perspektiven herausgearbeitet wird. Abschließend werden Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis formuliert.
Research collaboration promises a useful approach to bridging the gap between research and practice and thus promoting evidence-informed education. This study examines whether information on research collaboration can influence the reception of research knowledge. We assume that the composition of experts from the field and scientists in a research team sends out signals that influence trust in as well as the relevance and applicability of the finding. In a survey experiment with practitioners from the field of adult education the influence of different research team compositions around an identical finding is tested. The results show overall high trust, relevance and applicability ratings with regard to the finding, regardless of the composition of the research team. We discuss the potential importance of additional information about research collaborations for effective knowledge translation and point out the need for more empirical research.
The impact of individual differences in cognitive skills and socioeconomic background on key educational, occupational, and health outcomes, as well as the mechanisms underlying inequalities in these outcomes across the lifespan, are two central questions in lifespan psychology. The contextual embeddedness of such questions in ontogenetic (i.e., individual, age-related) and historical time is a key element of lifespan psychological theoretical frameworks such as the HIstorical changes in DEvelopmental COntexts (HIDECO) framework (Drewelies et al., 2019). Because the dimension of time is also a crucial part of empirical research designs examining developmental change, a third central question in research on lifespan development is how the timing and spacing of observations in longitudinal studies might affect parameter estimates of substantive phenomena. To address these questions in the present doctoral thesis, I applied innovative state-of-the-art methodology including static and dynamic longitudinal modeling approaches, used data from multiple international panel studies, and systematically simulated data based on empirical panel characteristics, in three empirical studies.
The first study of this dissertation, Study I, examined the importance of adolescent intelligence (IQ), grade point average (GPA), and parental socioeconomic status (pSES) for adult educational, occupational, and health outcomes over ontogenetic and historical time. To examine the possible impact of historical changes in the 20th century on the relationships between adolescent characteristics and key adult life outcomes, the study capitalized on data from two representative US cohort studies, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, whose participants were born in the late 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Adolescent IQ, GPA, and pSES were positively associated with adult educational attainment, wage levels, and mental and physical health. Across historical time, the influence of IQ and pSES for educational, occupational, and health outcomes remained approximately the same, whereas GPA gained in importance over time for individuals born in the 1980s.
The second study of this dissertation, Study II, aimed to examine strict cumulative advantage (CA) processes as possible mechanisms underlying individual differences and inequality in wage development across the lifespan. It proposed dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) as a versatile statistical framework for operationalizing and empirically testing strict CA processes in research on wages and wage dynamics (i.e., wage levels and growth rates). Drawing on longitudinal representative data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the study modeled wage levels and growth rates across 38 years. Only 0.5 % of the sample revealed strict CA processes and explosive wage growth (autoregressive coefficients AR > 1), with the majority of individuals following logarithmic wage trajectories across the lifespan. Adolescent intelligence (IQ) and adult highest educational level explained substantial heterogeneity in initial wage levels and long-term wage growth rates over time.
The third study of this dissertation, Study III, investigated the role of observation timing variability in the estimation of non-experimental intervention effects in panel data. Although longitudinal studies often aim at equally spaced intervals between their measurement occasions, this goal is hardly ever met. Drawing on continuous time dynamic structural equation models, the study examines the –seemingly counterintuitive – potential benefits of measurement intervals that vary both within and between participants (often called individually varying time intervals, IVTs) in a panel study. It illustrates the method by modeling the effect of the transition from primary to secondary school on students’ academic motivation using empirical data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). Results of a simulation study based on this real-life example reveal that individual variation in time intervals can indeed benefit the estimation precision and recovery of the true intervention effect parameters.
Die vorliegende Studie beschäftigt sich mit dem nach einer Strukturveränderung in der Sekundarstufe I entstandenen Schulmodell der Neuen Mittelschule. Untersucht wird, ob sich durch dieses Schulmodell und der damit intendierten neuen Lehr-, Lern- und Prüfungskultur Zusammenhänge zwischen gemessenen mathematischen Kompetenzen der Schüler und den durch Lehrer vergebenen Jahresnoten feststellen lassen.
Die Literaturrecherche macht deutlich, dass die Kritik an der Monokultur des leh-rerzentrierten Unterrichts zwar zu einer neuen Lehr-, Lern- und Prüfungskultur führt, deren Inhalte sind aber recht unterschiedlich, komplex und nicht eindeutig definiert. In der NMS soll die Leistungsbewertung als Lernhilfe fungieren, aber auch verlässliche Aussagen über die Leistung der Schüler treffen. Zur Wirkung der neuen Lernkultur in der NMS gibt es ebenso keine empirischen Befunde wie über die Wirkung der Leistungsbewertung.
An der empirischen Untersuchung nehmen 79 Schüler der sechsten Schulstufe aus drei Neuen Mittelschulen (dicht besiedelte, mittel besiedelte, dünn besiedelte Gemeinde) in Niederösterreich teil. In jeder Schule werden zwei Klassen untersucht. Dabei werden der Kompetenzstand in Mathematik, Schülerzentriertheit sowie Sozial- und Leistungsdruck aus Sicht der Schüler gemeinsam mit der Jah-resnote erhoben.
Für die Studie wird ein Pfadmodell entwickelt und mit einer Pfadanalyse ausge-wertet. Dabei zeigen sich zwar Zusammenhänge zwischen den gemessenen Kompetenzen in Mathematik und den Jahresnoten. Diese Jahresnoten besitzen über die Klasse bzw. die Schule hinaus aber nur eine bedingte Aussagekraft über die erbrachten Leistungen.
Four topics were investigated in this longitudinal person-centered study: (a) profiles of subjective task values and ability self-concepts of adolescents in the domain of mathematics, (b) the stability of and changes to the profiles of motivational beliefs from Grade 7 to 12, (c) the relation of changes to student-perceived classroom characteristics, and (d) the extent to which profile membership in early adolescence predicted mathematics achievement and career plans in late adolescence and the choice of math-related college majors and occupations in adulthood. Data were drawn from the Michigan Study of Adolescent and Adult Life Transitions Study. We focused on students who participated in the following 4 waves of data collection (N = 867): at the beginning of Grade 7 (Wave 3), at the end of Grade 7, in Grade 10 (Wave 5), and in Grade 12 (Wave 6). Four profiles that were stable across Grades 7 to 12 were identified using Latent Profile Analysis. Student-reported fairness and friendliness and competition in class predicted changes in profile membership. Profile membership in Grade 7 predicted math-related career plans in Grade 12. Profile membership in Grade 12 predicted the choice of math-related college major after finishing school and of math-related occupations in adulthood.
Education
(2019)
Vives emphasizes needlework as an appropriate occupation for all women, even for ‘a princess or a queen’. A wide variety of schools run by individual tradesmen or women offered instruction in certain fields, such as writing and calculus, while schools erected or licensed by the authorities concentrated on religious education. A large group of orphanages founded during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries provided a sound education for boys and girls. Authorities, parents and educational thinkers of the time were much less concerned with girls’ education than with that of boys. Private tutoring at home concentrated on the same subjects but, when boys were instructed at home, some girls had a chance to participate in a more academically oriented education. In most educational settings, be it at day schools, boarding schools or in private homes, teachers, mothers and governesses were expected to raise good housewives, pious mothers and obedient spouses.
Video is a widely used medium in teacher training for situating student teachers in classroom scenarios. Although the emerging technology of virtual reality (VR) provides similar, and arguably more powerful, capabilities for immersing teachers in lifelike situations, its benefits and risks relative to video formats have received little attention in the research to date. The current study used a randomized pretest-posttest experimental design to examine the influence of a video- versus VR-based task on changing situational interest and self-efficacy in classroom management. Results from 49 student teachers revealed that the VR simulation led to higher increments in self-reported triggered interest and self-efficacy in classroom management, but also invoked higher extraneous cognitive load than a video viewing task. We discussed the implications of these results for pre-service teacher education and the design of VR environments for professional training purposes. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Video is a popular teacher training medium given its ability to display classroom situations. Virtual reality (VR) also immerses users in lifelike situations and has gained popularity in recent years. Situational interest and self-efficacy in classroom management is vital for student teachers' professional development. What this paper adds VR outperforms video in promoting student teachers' triggered interest in classroom management. Student teachers felt more efficacious in classroom management after participating in VR. VR also invoked higher extraneous cognitive load than the video. Implications for practice and/or policy VR provides an authentic teacher training environment for classroom management. The design of the VR training environment needs to ensure a low extraneous cognitive load.