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- quasars: general (8)
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- recombination (8)
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- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
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- selection (8)
- site effects (8)
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- tracking (8)
- transition (8)
- trends (8)
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- von Humboldts Hand (8)
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- öffentliche Verwaltung (8)
- Anisotropy (7)
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- Weltbegriff (7)
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- aggregation (7)
- algorithms (7)
- alignment (7)
- allostatic load (7)
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- binaries: eclipsing (7)
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- coherence (7)
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- complexity (7)
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- developmental dyscalculia (7)
- diet (7)
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- digitale Medien (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
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- disturbance (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
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- ecosystem functioning (7)
- effectiveness (7)
- energy policy (7)
- energy storage (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- ethics (7)
- ethnicity (7)
- exercise therapy (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fiction (7)
- films (7)
- first passage time (7)
- fiscal policy (7)
- flood (7)
- floodplain (7)
- flow (7)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gene flow (7)
- global warming (7)
- graphene (7)
- gravity (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
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- hydrolysis (7)
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- imaging (7)
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- infrared: stars (7)
- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kardiologische Rehabilitation (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- language contact (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- magnetism (7)
- meaning (7)
- mechanisms (7)
- media violence (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metaphor (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
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- minerals (7)
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- music (7)
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- neu gelesen (7)
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- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- pandemic (7)
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- parameter estimation (7)
- parliamentary government (7)
- pathogens (7)
- perceptual span (7)
- phonological awareness (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- plyometric training (7)
- polyelectrolytes (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- preview benefit (7)
- production (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- propensity score matching (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- reduction (7)
- repair (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- screening (7)
- secular trend (7)
- sediment transport (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- serotonin (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- soccer (7)
- social inclusion (7)
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- social support (7)
- socioeconomic status (7)
- software engineering (7)
- soil erosion (7)
- solar cells (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- spelling (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- tVNS (7)
- taste (7)
- taxonomy (7)
- terrorism (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- thermoresponsiv (7)
- thermoresponsive polymers (7)
- time series (7)
- tomato (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- trust (7)
- ultrasound (7)
- uplift (7)
- urbanization (7)
- vesicles (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- world literature (7)
- youth sports (7)
- Ästhetik (7)
- Öffentliche Verwaltung (7)
- 3D visualization (6)
- AFM (6)
- Adhäsion (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Agency (6)
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- Algeria (6)
- Alps (6)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Antikörper (6)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (6)
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- Aufmerksamkeit (6)
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- Bakterien (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Berühren (6)
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- Blockcopolymer (6)
- Briefe (6)
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- Centrosom (6)
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- Click chemistry (6)
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- Copper (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Dielektrophorese (6)
- Digitale Plattformen (6)
- Diskriminierung (6)
- Diskursanalyse (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- Dynamik (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Eastern Europe (6)
- Ellenberg indicator values (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Entzündung (6)
- Ethik (6)
- Fachdidaktik Latein (6)
- Fachwissen (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Forschendes Lernen (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
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- Geschmack (6)
- Gesundheit (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
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- Pyrenees (6)
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- RAFT polymerization (6)
- Raman (6)
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- Reliability (6)
- Rezeption (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- Romania (6)
- Ruthenium (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- School (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Selenium (6)
- Self-efficacy (6)
- Semantic Web (6)
- Sensorimotor training (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Sexualität (6)
- Software (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Solanum tuberosum (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Starkregen (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Steuerung (6)
- Storytelling (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Svalbard (6)
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- architecture (6)
- assembly (6)
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- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
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- black holes (6)
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- capitalism (6)
- change detection (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- cluster analysis (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- collective memory (6)
- community effect (6)
- competence (6)
- conversation analysis (6)
- copolymers (6)
- corpus study (6)
- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cultural diversity (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- databases (6)
- design (6)
- development cooperation (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dialogue (6)
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- diffuse radiation (6)
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- dust (6)
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- early warning (6)
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- expertise (6)
- extension (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- federalism (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- flooding (6)
- fluorescent dyes (6)
- foreland basin (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
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- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
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- global (6)
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- heat (6)
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- hydrogen (6)
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- impacts (6)
- implicit (6)
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- knowledge (6)
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- melt inclusions (6)
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- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
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- microarray (6)
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- nanoparticle (6)
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- narration (6)
- negation (6)
- network analysis (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- neuromuscular control (6)
- nonergodicity (6)
- nucleation (6)
- numerical development (6)
- optimization (6)
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- oxygen (6)
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- respiration (6)
- restoration (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- return to work (6)
- risk assessment (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- scale development (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- sensors (6)
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- social comparison (6)
- sodium (6)
- software (6)
- soil organic carbon (6)
- speed (6)
- standardization (6)
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- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stroke (6)
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- structure elucidation (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- synchrotron radiation (6)
- systematic literature review (6)
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- teachers (6)
- techniques: image processing (6)
- tendinopathy (6)
- thaliana (6)
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- therapy (6)
- tomography (6)
- tools (6)
- topography (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcription (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- typology (6)
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- uncertainty analysis (6)
- unemployment (6)
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- variation (6)
- vesicle (6)
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- zebrafish (6)
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- Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (5)
- Classification (5)
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- Community assembly (5)
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- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
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- DNS (5)
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- Data profiling (5)
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- Digital platforms (5)
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- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
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- cytosine methylation (5)
- definite pseudoclefts (5)
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- duration (5)
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- electropolymerization (5)
- elevated CO2 (5)
- ellipsis processing (5)
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- emulsion (5)
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- energy metabolism (5)
- entity resolution (5)
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- environmental DNA (5)
- equality (5)
- equatorial electrojet (5)
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- event coincidence analysis (5)
- expectation (5)
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- eye-movement control (5)
- ferroelectret (5)
- field (5)
- filaments (5)
- film (5)
- financial markets (5)
- first-passage time (5)
- fish (5)
- flood risk management (5)
- fluctuations (5)
- foraging (5)
- fragmentation (5)
- frailty (5)
- freedom (5)
- fruit (5)
- functionalization (5)
- galaxies: haloes (5)
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- gene regulation (5)
- geometric Brownian motion (5)
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- herbivory (5)
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- heterosis (5)
- heuristics (5)
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- homeostasis (5)
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- hydrological modelling (5)
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- hyporheic zone (5)
- ice-sheet (5)
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- infection (5)
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- integral field spectroscopy (5)
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- interest (5)
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- intersectionality (5)
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- intraspecific trait variation (5)
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- island biogeography (5)
- komplexe Netzwerke (5)
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- mapping (5)
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- maturation (5)
- maturity (5)
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- metabolic network (5)
- metacognition (5)
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- mineralization (5)
- minimum wage (5)
- mitochondrial genome (5)
- mixed methods (5)
- molekulare Motoren (5)
- morphologically complex words (5)
- multiblock copolymer (5)
- multicore architectures (5)
- multiplicative noise (5)
- musicality (5)
- natural hazard (5)
- neovascularization (5)
- neuromuscular (5)
- neutron diffraction (5)
- new public management (5)
- next-generation sequencing (5)
- non-fullerene acceptors (5)
- nonlinear (5)
- nonlinear time series analysis (5)
- norepinephrine (5)
- oncology (5)
- online (5)
- online hate (5)
- ontology (5)
- opposition (5)
- outcome (5)
- oxidation (5)
- paleomagnetism (5)
- palladium (5)
- parental mediation (5)
- partial melting (5)
- participatory research (5)
- particle-in-cell simulations (5)
- pathways (5)
- perceptual reorganization (5)
- periodization (5)
- permafrost degradation (5)
- permeability (5)
- perovskite (5)
- peroxides (5)
- phase separation (5)
- phenomenology (5)
- philosophy (5)
- phonology (5)
- photophysics (5)
- photovoltaics (5)
- physical performance (5)
- physics (5)
- physics education (5)
- planet-star interactions (5)
- plant community (5)
- plant functional trait (5)
- plant functional traits (5)
- plateau (5)
- plyometric exercise (5)
- politeness (5)
- political education (5)
- pollution (5)
- poly(lactic acid) (5)
- polyethylene (5)
- polymer chemistry (5)
- polymer degradation (5)
- polymorphism (5)
- polypeptide (5)
- population genomics (5)
- populations (5)
- pornography (5)
- positive selection (5)
- postural sway (5)
- poverty (5)
- predictability (5)
- preferences (5)
- preferential flow (5)
- pressure (5)
- presupposition (5)
- private households (5)
- probabilistic (5)
- probiotics (5)
- problem solving (5)
- process mining (5)
- production control (5)
- professional knowledge (5)
- professionalization (5)
- prosocial behavior (5)
- protection (5)
- protein modification (5)
- protein-protein interactions (5)
- psychometric properties (5)
- psychotherapy process (5)
- pupillometry (5)
- purification (5)
- qualitative analysis (5)
- quantitative Analyse (5)
- quantitative analysis (5)
- quantum field theory (5)
- race (5)
- racism (5)
- radiocarbon (5)
- random diffusivity (5)
- random-walks (5)
- range shifts (5)
- rare earth elements (5)
- reading comprehension (5)
- real-time rendering (5)
- reconstruction (5)
- record (5)
- reflexives (5)
- regional development (5)
- rejection sensitivity (5)
- relational aggression (5)
- relativistic jets (5)
- repetition (5)
- reproductive success (5)
- research projects (5)
- resonance energy transfer (5)
- resource competition (5)
- rhythmic grouping (5)
- rice (5)
- risk communication (5)
- risk management (5)
- risk-factors (5)
- rotifers (5)
- running (5)
- rural (5)
- salicylic acid (5)
- salt stress (5)
- savanna (5)
- scaling (5)
- scenario (5)
- scenarios (5)
- school shooting (5)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (5)
- seed bank (5)
- seismic noise (5)
- seismicity (5)
- selectivity (5)
- self-employment (5)
- self-evaluation (5)
- semi-arid (5)
- sensitivity analysis (5)
- sentence production (5)
- sentiment analysis (5)
- service-oriented systems engineering (5)
- sex (5)
- shape-memory polymers (5)
- shotgun sequencing (5)
- silica (5)
- single-case experimental design (5)
- single-particle tracking (5)
- smart contracts (5)
- social (5)
- social acceptance (5)
- social networking sites (5)
- software development (5)
- sol-gel (5)
- spatial autocorrelation (5)
- spatial cognition (5)
- spatial-distribution (5)
- species coexistence (5)
- species distribution models (5)
- spectra (5)
- speech motor control (5)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (5)
- sport-specific performance (5)
- sports (5)
- standards (5)
- starch phosphorylation (5)
- stars: mass loss (5)
- statistical physics (5)
- stellar activity (5)
- stellar evolution (5)
- stochastic differential equations (5)
- stochastic models (5)
- strategic growth adjustments (5)
- strategy (5)
- streamflow (5)
- striking combat sports (5)
- students (5)
- stunting (5)
- sucrose (5)
- sulfate reduction (5)
- supergiants (5)
- superstatistics (5)
- surface processes (5)
- surface relief grating (5)
- surfaces (5)
- surveillance (5)
- survey (5)
- tRNA (5)
- tax reform (5)
- teacher (5)
- tectonic geomorphology (5)
- theory of mind (5)
- thermal modeling (5)
- thermodynamic stability (5)
- thermodynamics (5)
- tiefes Lernen (5)
- top-down control (5)
- tourism (5)
- trajectories (5)
- transcriptome (5)
- trend analysis (5)
- tunneling (5)
- type 2 diabetes mellitus (5)
- tyramine (5)
- ultraviolet: ISM (5)
- uncertainties (5)
- uncertainty quantification (5)
- upconversion (5)
- urban (5)
- validation study (5)
- vegetation change (5)
- victim blame (5)
- virus (5)
- visual culture (5)
- vocational training (5)
- walking (5)
- water resources (5)
- weight (5)
- welfare (5)
- wetland (5)
- wetlands (5)
- words (5)
- workplace (5)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (5)
- öffentlicher Sektor (5)
- ökologische Modellierung (5)
- 1814-1831 (4)
- 2nd-language (4)
- 3D-Visualisierung (4)
- 4 (4)
- ABC transporter (4)
- ARPES (4)
- ASIC (4)
- ATRP (4)
- Academic achievement (4)
- Academic self-concept (4)
- Achilles tendon (4)
- Actin cytoskeleton (4)
- Adipose tissue (4)
- Adolescent (4)
- Aerosol (4)
- Aerosols (4)
- Affordances (4)
- Age of acquisition (4)
- Agrammatism (4)
- Aimé Bonpland (4)
- Akzeptanz (4)
- Alexithymia (4)
- Alignment (4)
- Allometry (4)
- Alter (4)
- Alzheimer (4)
- Amino acids (4)
- Andreas Gryphius (4)
- Anisotropie (4)
- Ankle sprain (4)
- Anthropogene Klimaänderung (4)
- Antiplasmodial (4)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (4)
- Arbeit (4)
- Arbeitsmarktpolitik (4)
- Arctic lakes (4)
- Aridity (4)
- Arsenic-containing fatty acids (4)
- Astroteilchenphysik (4)
- Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (4)
- Atlantic studies (4)
- Atmosphere (4)
- Attrition (4)
- Augenbewegungen (4)
- Augmented reality (4)
- Ausbreitung (4)
- Auxin (4)
- Averroes (4)
- Azobenzene (4)
- Bakteriophagen (4)
- Bayesian analysis (4)
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- Beratung (4)
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- Body size (4)
- Botanik (4)
- Brachypodium hybridum (4)
- Bragg peak (4)
- Business Process Management (4)
- CCM (4)
- COVID-19 pandemic (4)
- CPS (4)
- Ca2+ (4)
- Calciumphosphat (4)
- Carotenoids (4)
- Catalysis (4)
- Cellulose (4)
- Cenozoic (4)
- Chemotaxis (4)
- Childhood adversity (4)
- Chinese loess (4)
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- Cholesterol (4)
- Chronic back pain (4)
- Chronic conditions (4)
- Climate variability (4)
- Closure Positive Shift (CPS) (4)
- Clustering (4)
- Coexistence (4)
- Collatz (4)
- Communion (4)
- Computational seismology (4)
- Computerlinguistik (4)
- Controlled source seismology (4)
- Correlation (4)
- Coupled oscillators (4)
- Cross-coupling (4)
- Cryo-SEM (4)
- Crystal lattices (4)
- Crystal structure (4)
- Cytochrome P450 (4)
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- DNA Origami (4)
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- DNA strand breaks (4)
- Daniel Kehlmann (4)
- Data Profiling (4)
- Dead Sea Transform (4)
- Debugging (4)
- Dementia (4)
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- Density functional calculations (4)
- Denudation (4)
- Depressive symptoms (4)
- Determinants (4)
- Diagnostik (4)
- Digitale Medien (4)
- Digitale Transformation (4)
- Digitalization (4)
- Dissertation (4)
- Dopamine (4)
- Dormancy (4)
- Drehbuch (4)
- Dual-process (4)
- Duration (4)
- Dynamic pricing (4)
- Dynamical systems (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dysphagie (4)
- E-Mail Tracking (4)
- ENSO (4)
- EPR spectroscopy (4)
- Earthquake dynamics (4)
- Earthquake interaction (4)
- Earthquakes (4)
- East African Rift (4)
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- Eastern Cordillera (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Economics (4)
- Ecuador (4)
- Einkommen (4)
- Eisen (4)
- Electrets (4)
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- Electron transfer (4)
- Elektrokatalyse (4)
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- EnMAP (4)
- Enceladus (4)
- Endothelin (4)
- Energiespeicher (4)
- Englisch (4)
- Enterprise-Resource-Planning (4)
- Enzyme (4)
- Eocene (4)
- Erdmantel (4)
- Erdrutsch (4)
- Europäische Integration (4)
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- Event synchronization (4)
- Event-related potential (4)
- Examen critique (4)
- Exercise therapy (4)
- Expertenbefragung (4)
- Extreme rainfall (4)
- Eye-Tracking (4)
- Eye-movement monitoring (4)
- FLASH (4)
- FTIR spectroscopy (4)
- Fatigue (4)
- Ferroelectrets (4)
- Ferroelektrete (4)
- Fertilization (4)
- Fettsäuren (4)
- Flooding (4)
- Floods (4)
- Flow-Erleben (4)
- Flower buds (4)
- Fluid-rock interaction (4)
- Fokker-Planck equation (4)
- Forecasting (4)
- Foreign Policy (4)
- Forest management (4)
- Forstwirtschaft (4)
- Fourier analysis (4)
- Fragmentierung (4)
- Französisch (4)
- Frauenliteratur (4)
- Fredholm complexes (4)
- Friedrich Wilhelm III. (4)
- Functional diversity (4)
- Fuzzy logic (4)
- Föderalismus (4)
- GC-MS (4)
- GDF15 (4)
- GRACE (4)
- Galaxy: structure (4)
- Gamification (4)
- Gas (4)
- Gaussian processes (4)
- Gelatin (4)
- Genexpression (4)
- Genomik (4)
- Geochronologie (4)
- Geographieunterricht (4)
- Geothermie (4)
- Geowissenschaften (4)
- Geschichte der Poetik (4)
- Geschichtsschreibung (4)
- Gestational diabetes (4)
- Givenness (4)
- Glaciation (4)
- Gleichstellung (4)
- Glucosinolates (4)
- Gondwana (4)
- Graph theory (4)
- Graphtransformationen (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- Growth (4)
- Grundwasser (4)
- H.E.S.S. (4)
- HRTEM (4)
- Hermeneutik (4)
- Heterostructures (4)
- Himalaja (4)
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- Hochdruck (4)
- Hochschulen (4)
- Hochschullehre (4)
- Hodge theory (4)
- Home range (4)
- Human (4)
- Human Rights (4)
- Human evolution (4)
- Human impact (4)
- Hydrogele (4)
- Hypoxia (4)
- ICA (4)
- ICSS (4)
- ISM: molecules (4)
- IT-Infrastruktur (4)
- Identity (4)
- Ideologie (4)
- Immobilization (4)
- Implementation (4)
- In-Memory technology (4)
- Income (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Indian Monsoon (4)
- Influenza (4)
- Injury (4)
- Interference (4)
- Internationale Politik (4)
- Interspecific interactions (4)
- Intuitive eating (4)
- IoT (4)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (4)
- Ionic liquid (4)
- Irradiation (4)
- Isoflavone (4)
- JUB1 (4)
- Java (4)
- Johann Gottfried Herder (4)
- KMU (4)
- Kalahari (4)
- Kampfsport (4)
- Kardinal Franz Ehrle (4)
- Katalyse (4)
- Kenia (4)
- Kenya Rift (4)
- Kettle holes (4)
- KiK-net (4)
- Kind (4)
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- Knees (4)
- Koexistenz (4)
- Kohlenhydrate (4)
- Kolloid (4)
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- Kompetenzen (4)
- Kompetenzentwicklung (4)
- Korrespondenz (4)
- Kosmopolit (4)
- Kreisgebietsreform (4)
- Kyrgyzstan (4)
- LGM (4)
- Lake (4)
- Landkreise (4)
- Landnutzungsänderung (4)
- Landschaftsentwicklung (4)
- Late Holocene (4)
- Lefschetz number (4)
- Legs (4)
- Lehramtsstudium (4)
- Lehrevaluation (4)
- Lehrkräfte (4)
- Lernmotivation (4)
- Lernstrategien (4)
- Lernumgebung (4)
- Levy walk (4)
- Lexical tone (4)
- Limnology (4)
- Linear mixed model (4)
- Lively Kernel (4)
- Livestock (4)
- Luftverschmutzung (4)
- Lumineszenz (4)
- Lyrik (4)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- MCMC (4)
- MRI (4)
- Magnetic properties (4)
- Magnetism (4)
- Magnetotellurics (4)
- Malnutrition (4)
- Martial arts (4)
- Maschinen- und Anlagenbau (4)
- Mathematical model (4)
- Mathematikdidaktik (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Media (4)
- Mediterranean (4)
- Mediterranean Sea (4)
- Membrane (4)
- Metabolisches Syndrom (4)
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- Metaphysik (4)
- Methylmercury (4)
- Microcystis (4)
- Microplastics (4)
- Middle childhood (4)
- Mikrotubuli (4)
- Militärgeschichte (4)
- Mind wandering (4)
- Mixed methods (4)
- Modalität (4)
- Model-Driven Engineering (4)
- Molecular modeling (4)
- Molybdenum (4)
- Mongolei (4)
- Monoclonal antibody (4)
- Monte Carlo method (4)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (4)
- Morphological processing (4)
- Motor control (4)
- Multifunctionality (4)
- Museum (4)
- Mycotoxins (4)
- Mythos (4)
- NEXAFS (4)
- NGS (4)
- NZO (4)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (4)
- Naher Osten (4)
- Nanoparticle (4)
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- Nationalsozialismus (4)
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- Neotethys (4)
- Neu-Spanien (4)
- Neue Ökonomische Geographie (4)
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- New-Zealand (4)
- Nitrate (4)
- Nonlinear Dynamics (4)
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- Northern Asia (4)
- Nrf2 (4)
- Number processing (4)
- NutriAct Family Study (4)
- Nährstoffe (4)
- Older patients (4)
- Oman (4)
- Online-Lernen (4)
- Open Source (4)
- Operational momentum (4)
- Organic matter (4)
- Organisation (4)
- Organisationen (4)
- Othering (4)
- Output-Analyse (4)
- Overland flow (4)
- Ozon (4)
- PCR (4)
- PLFA (4)
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- Palestine (4)
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- Palästina (4)
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- Parafoveal processing (4)
- Parsing (4)
- Participation (4)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (4)
- Perovskites (4)
- Persistence (4)
- Personalization (4)
- Pesticides (4)
- Pflanzen (4)
- Phase (4)
- Phasenübergang (4)
- Philosophische Anthropologie (4)
- Philosophy (4)
- Phonologie (4)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (4)
- Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (4)
- Phylogenetics (4)
- Pinus sylvestris (4)
- Placenta (4)
- Planetary rings (4)
- Plasmodium falciparum (4)
- Political Science (4)
- Politikunterricht (4)
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- Prototyping (4)
- Pseudo-differential operators (4)
- Psychometric properties (4)
- Psychotherapy research (4)
- Quality management (4)
- Qualitätsmanagement (4)
- Quantenpunkte (4)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (4)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (4)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (4)
- Radiation belts (4)
- Random Forests (4)
- Rassendiskriminierung (4)
- Rauschen (4)
- Reachability (4)
- Reading development (4)
- Reading strategies (4)
- Rechtspopulismus (4)
- Recovery (4)
- Recurrence plot (4)
- Refugees (4)
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- Reisetagebücher (4)
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- Röntgenspektroskopie (4)
- Rückenschmerzen (4)
- SDS PAGE (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4)
- Salivary gland (4)
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- Scale development (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Schwefel (4)
- Schülermaterial (4)
- Scrum (4)
- Second World War (4)
- Sediment connectivity (4)
- Seismic attenuation (4)
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- Self-control (4)
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- Self-esteem (4)
- Self-paced reading (4)
- Self-regulated learning (4)
- Self-regulation (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sexual victimization (4)
- Sick leave (4)
- Simulated patients (4)
- Simulationen (4)
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- Speichel (4)
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- Start-Up Subsidies (4)
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- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Toeplitz operators (4)
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- Transdisziplinarität (4)
- Transfer function (4)
- Transkriptom (4)
- Transkriptomik (4)
- Triassic (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (4)
- Typ-2-Diabetes (4)
- Type 2 diabetes (4)
- Typologie (4)
- Tyramin (4)
- UAV (4)
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- University of Potsdam (4)
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- VIIRS DNB (4)
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- Vertrauen (4)
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- Videoanalyse (4)
- Virtualisierung (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- Wasserhaushalt (4)
- Weight (4)
- Weight bias internalization (4)
- Weiterbildung (4)
- Wellenleiter (4)
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- Wissenstransfer (4)
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- Work ability (4)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray scattering (4)
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- Xanthomonas (4)
- Zivilgesellschaft (4)
- absorption (4)
- accretion, accretion disks (4)
- accuracy (4)
- achilles tendinopathy (4)
- actin (4)
- action language (4)
- action processing (4)
- action words (4)
- actuation (4)
- adaptive force (4)
- additive particles (4)
- adherence (4)
- adipogenesis (4)
- adjectives (4)
- advanced dynamic flow (4)
- aerosol (4)
- affective (4)
- agency (4)
- agent-based model (4)
- agility (4)
- agreement attraction (4)
- aldehyde oxidase (4)
- allelopathy (4)
- alternatives (4)
- amerikanische Reisetagebücher (4)
- anaphors (4)
- anisotropy (4)
- antifouling (4)
- antilocality (4)
- aphids (4)
- app (4)
- aquatic ecosystems (4)
- aqueous-solution (4)
- arabidopsis (4)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (4)
- argumentation (4)
- arsenolipids present (4)
- association (4)
- astronomy (4)
- astrophysical plasmas (4)
- attachment (4)
- authenticity (4)
- authority (4)
- automatic evaluation (4)
- automatic evaluations (4)
- automation (4)
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- biogenic amine (4)
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- biological age (4)
- biological invasions (4)
- biomarkers (4)
- bis-MGD (4)
- black hole physics (4)
- body image (4)
- body waves (4)
- brushes (4)
- brushite (4)
- buildings (4)
- bulimia nervosa (4)
- bulk heterojunction (4)
- business (4)
- business models (4)
- calcium carbonate (4)
- carbon isotopes (4)
- carbon nitrides (4)
- cartography (4)
- catchments (4)
- categories (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cell migration (4)
- cell wall (4)
- cellular signalling (4)
- change management (4)
- characteristics (4)
- chronic pain (4)
- circular dichroism (4)
- citizenship (4)
- civil society (4)
- climate adaptation (4)
- climate change impacts (4)
- climate extremes (4)
- climate mitigation (4)
- clinical sample (4)
- clone (4)
- co-occurrence analysis (4)
- coating (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- coefficient (4)
- coercion (4)
- coevolution (4)
- cognitive enhancement (4)
- cognitive modeling (4)
- collaboration (4)
- collaborative consumption (4)
- collagen (4)
- colonization (4)
- color (4)
- combat sports (4)
- common vole (4)
- community structure (4)
- competencies (4)
- compliance (4)
- computer-based training (4)
- conceptualization (4)
- concrete (4)
- conduct problems (4)
- conductivity (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- content areas (4)
- content knowledge (4)
- content-addressable memory (4)
- context (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- conversion (4)
- convolutional neural network (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- core (4)
- corpus linguistics (4)
- cosmology (4)
- covariance (4)
- creep (4)
- critical theory (4)
- crop (4)
- crop production (4)
- cross-cultural comparison (4)
- cross-curriculum (4)
- crosslinking (4)
- crust (4)
- cultural identity (4)
- cultural pluralism (4)
- cyberbullying victimization (4)
- cyberhate (4)
- cylindrospermopsin (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytochrome c (4)
- data mining (4)
- data preparation (4)
- data quality (4)
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- decarbonization (4)
- definition (4)
- deformation (4)
- degenerative disc disease (4)
- democratic theory (4)
- demography (4)
- deposition (4)
- diachrony (4)
- diagnostic competence (4)
- diagnostics (4)
- dictator game (4)
- dictyostelium (4)
- digital (4)
- digital sovereignty (4)
- digitization (4)
- disability (4)
- discourse production (4)
- diversification (4)
- dog (4)
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- drugs (4)
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- dye (4)
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- dynamic capabilities (4)
- dynamical models (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- e-government (4)
- eating disorders (4)
- eco-evolutionary experience (4)
- edge effect (4)
- effect (4)
- electron microscopy (4)
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- electron-transfer (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- emissions (4)
- emotional expression (4)
- emotional intelligence (4)
- empowerment (4)
- emulsion polymerization (4)
- endophytes (4)
- endurance exercise (4)
- enhancement (4)
- entanglement (4)
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- errata, addenda (4)
- ethnic differences (4)
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- evaluative study (4)
- evaporites (4)
- event-related brain potentials (4)
- everyday life (4)
- evolutionary history (4)
- exchange (4)
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- expectations (4)
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- family (4)
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- fault (4)
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- feature selection (4)
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- financial crisis (4)
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- finger counting (4)
- firm performance (4)
- first language acquisition (4)
- first-passage (4)
- fiscal federalism (4)
- floral scent (4)
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- fluctuating light (4)
- fluid inclusions (4)
- focal adhesion (4)
- food choice (4)
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- formal verification (4)
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- framework (4)
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- frustration (4)
- functional response (4)
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- galaxies: star formation (4)
- garden-path effect (4)
- gaze-contingent displays (4)
- gene regulatory networks (4)
- genealogy (4)
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- geothermal (4)
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- glutathione (4)
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- government (4)
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- heterostyly (4)
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- hormones (4)
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- hybrid (4)
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- imitation (4)
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- implicit attitude (4)
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- in-service teacher training (4)
- in-situ (4)
- industry 4.0 (4)
- inertial measurement unit (4)
- infinite-dimensional Brownian diffusion (4)
- infrastructure (4)
- inorganic perovskites (4)
- institutional reform (4)
- insulin signaling (4)
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- komplexe Systeme (4)
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- lactate (4)
- land-use intensity (4)
- language change (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
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- lexical access (4)
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- lichens (4)
- life satisfaction (4)
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- line: identification (4)
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- loading rate (4)
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- locomotion (4)
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- low-back-pain (4)
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- meadow (4)
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- mouse (4)
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- muscle oxygen saturation (4)
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- part 1 (4)
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- receptor (4)
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- relatedness (4)
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- iterative regularization (3)
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- junge Erwachsene (3)
- just transition (3)
- kana (3)
- kanji (3)
- keratinocytes (3)
- kernel density estimation (3)
- kernel methods (3)
- kettle hole (3)
- kinetic instabilities (3)
- knowledge sharing (3)
- kognitive Modellierung (3)
- kollektives Gedächtnis (3)
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- komplexes Netzwerk (3)
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- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- labeling (3)
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- land cover change (3)
- land-use (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language attitudes (3)
- language courses (3)
- languages (3)
- large-scale (3)
- large-scale assessment (3)
- last glacial period (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- latitude (3)
- latitudinal gradient (3)
- leaf (3)
- leaf development (3)
- leaf senescence (3)
- leaking (3)
- learning and memory (3)
- learning factories (3)
- learning factory (3)
- learning styles (3)
- lebenslanges Lernen (3)
- lesson evaluation (3)
- lexical development (3)
- lexical tones (3)
- liberalism (3)
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- limits (3)
- line: profiles (3)
- linear programming (3)
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- lipid (3)
- liquid-phase catalysis (3)
- literatures of the world (3)
- liver metabolism (3)
- load (3)
- local (3)
- logarithmic source condition (3)
- lokale Anpassung (3)
- long-distance dispersal (3)
- losses (3)
- lower (3)
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- lupin (3)
- lysosomal storage disorders (3)
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- ländliche Entwicklung (3)
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- magnitude estimation (3)
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- matching (3)
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- method (3)
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Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (5330)
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (5202)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3519)
- Institut für Chemie (3364)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (2480)
- Department Psychologie (2199)
- Historisches Institut (2047)
- Sozialwissenschaften (1837)
- Institut für Mathematik (1802)
- Institut für Romanistik (1759)
With increasing number of applications in Internet and mobile environments, distributed software systems are demanded to be more powerful and flexible, especially in terms of dynamism and security. This dissertation describes my work concerning three aspects: dynamic reconfiguration of component software, security control on middleware applications, and web services dynamic composition. Firstly, I proposed a technology named Routing Based Workflow (RBW) to model the execution and management of collaborative components and realize temporary binding for component instances. The temporary binding means component instances are temporarily loaded into a created execution environment to execute their functions, and then are released to their repository after executions. The temporary binding allows to create an idle execution environment for all collaborative components, on which the change operations can be immediately carried out. The changes on execution environment will result in a new collaboration of all involved components, and also greatly simplifies the classical issues arising from dynamic changes, such as consistency preserving etc. To demonstrate the feasibility of RBW, I created a dynamic secure middleware system - the Smart Data Server Version 3.0 (SDS3). In SDS3, an open source implementation of CORBA is adopted and modified as the communication infrastructure, and three secure components managed by RBW, are created to enhance the security on the access of deployed applications. SDS3 offers multi-level security control on its applications from strategy control to application-specific detail control. For the management by RBW, the strategy control of SDS3 applications could be dynamically changed by reorganizing the collaboration of the three secure components. In addition, I created the Dynamic Services Composer (DSC) based on Apache open source projects, Apache Axis and WSIF. In DSC, RBW is employed to model the interaction and collaboration of web services and to enable the dynamic changes on the flow structure of web services. Finally, overall performance tests were made to evaluate the efficiency of the developed RBW and SDS3. The results demonstrated that temporary binding of component instances makes slight impacts on the execution efficiency of components, and the blackout time arising from dynamic changes can be extremely reduced in any applications.
Nikotin in den unterschiedlichsten Darreichungsformen verringert bei verschiedenen Spezies im räumlichen Hinweisreizparadigma die Kosten invalider Hinweisreize. Welcher Teilprozess genau durch Nikotin beeinflusst wird, ist bislang nicht untersucht worden. Die gängige Interpretation ist, daß Nikotin das Loslösen von Aufmerksamkeit von einem bisher beachteten Ort erleichtert. In fünf Studien, drei elektrophysiologischen und zwei behavioralen wurden drei mögliche Mechanismen der Nikotinwirkung an Nichtrauchern untersucht. Experiment 1 und 2 gingen der Frage nach, ob Nikotin eine Modulation sensorischer gain Kontrolle bewirkt. Dazu wurden ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (EKP) im Posner-Paradigma erhoben und die Wirkung von Nikotin auf die aufmerksamkeitsassoziierten Komponenten P1 und N1 betrachtet. Nikotin verringerte die Kosten invalider Hinweisreize bei Aufmerksamkeitslenkung durch endogene Hinweisreize, nicht aber bei exogenen Hinweisreizen. Die P1 und N1 Komponenten zeigten sich unbeeinflusst von Nikotin, damit findet also die Annahme einer Wirkung auf sensorische Suppression keine Unterstützung. In Experiment 3 und 4 wurde untersucht, ob Nikotin einen Effekt auf kostenträchtige unwillkürliche Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebungen, Distraktionen, hat. In Experiment 3 wurden in einem räumlichen Daueraufmerksamkeitsparadigma Distraktionen durch deviante Stimulusmerkmale ausgelöst und die Wirkung von Nikotin auf eine distraktionsassoziierte Komponente des EKP, die P3a, betrachtet. In Experiment 4 wurde in einem Hinweisreizparadigma durch zusätzliche Stimuli eine Distraktion ausgelöst und die Nikotinwirkung auf die Reaktionszeitkosten untersucht. Nikotin zeigte keinen Einfluss auf Distraktionskosten in beiden Studien und auch keine Wirkung auf die P3a Komponente in Experiment 3. In Experiment 4 wurde zusätzlich die Wirkung von Nikotin auf das Loslösen von Aufmerksamkeit untersucht, indem die Schwierigkeit des Loslösens variiert wurde. Auch hier zeigte sich keine Nikotinwirkung. Allerdings konnte in beiden Studien weder die häufig berichtete generelle Reaktionszeitverkürzung noch die Verringerung der Kosten invalider Hinweisreize repliziert werden, so dass zum Einen keine Aussage über die Wirkung von Nikotin auf Distraktionen oder den Aufmerksamkeitsloslöseprozess gemacht werden können, zum Anderen sich die Frage stellte, unter welchen Bedingungen Nikotin einen differentiellen Effekt überhaupt zeigt. Im letzten Experiment wurde hierzu die Häufigkeit der Reaktionsanforderung einerseits und die zeitlichen Aspekte der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung andererseits variiert und der Effekt des Nikotins auf den Validitätseffekt, die Reaktionszeitdifferenz zwischen valide und invalide vorhergesagten Zielreizen, betrachtet. Nikotin verringerte bei Individuen, bei denen Aufmerksamkeitslenkung in allen Bedingungen evident war, in der Tendenz den Validitätseffekt in der ereignisärmsten Bedingung, wenn nur selten willentliche Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung notwendig war. Dies könnte als Hinweis gedeutet werden, dass Nikotin unter Bedingungen, die große Anforderungen an die Vigilanz stellen, die top-down Zuweisung von Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen unterstützt.
The goal of a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) consists of the development of a unidirectional interface between a human and a computer to allow control of a device only via brain signals. While the BCI systems of almost all other groups require the user to be trained over several weeks or even months, the group of Prof. Dr. Klaus-Robert Müller in Berlin and Potsdam, which I belong to, was one of the first research groups in this field which used machine learning techniques on a large scale. The adaptivity of the processing system to the individual brain patterns of the subject confers huge advantages for the user. Thus BCI research is considered a hot topic in machine learning and computer science. It requires interdisciplinary cooperation between disparate fields such as neuroscience, since only by combining machine learning and signal processing techniques based on neurophysiological knowledge will the largest progress be made. In this work I particularly deal with my part of this project, which lies mainly in the area of computer science. I have considered the following three main points: <b>Establishing a performance measure based on information theory:</b> I have critically illuminated the assumptions of Shannon's information transfer rate for application in a BCI context. By establishing suitable coding strategies I was able to show that this theoretical measure approximates quite well to what is practically achieveable. <b>Transfer and development of suitable signal processing and machine learning techniques:</b> One substantial component of my work was to develop several machine learning and signal processing algorithms to improve the efficiency of a BCI. Based on the neurophysiological knowledge that several independent EEG features can be observed for some mental states, I have developed a method for combining different and maybe independent features which improved performance. In some cases the performance of the combination algorithm outperforms the best single performance by more than 50 %. Furthermore, I have theoretically and practically addressed via the development of suitable algorithms the question of the optimal number of classes which should be used for a BCI. It transpired that with BCI performances reported so far, three or four different mental states are optimal. For another extension I have combined ideas from signal processing with those of machine learning since a high gain can be achieved if the temporal filtering, i.e., the choice of frequency bands, is automatically adapted to each subject individually. <b>Implementation of the Berlin brain computer interface and realization of suitable experiments:</b> Finally a further substantial component of my work was to realize an online BCI system which includes the developed methods, but is also flexible enough to allow the simple realization of new algorithms and ideas. So far, bitrates of up to 40 bits per minute have been achieved with this system by absolutely untrained users which, compared to results of other groups, is highly successful.
In silico identification of genes regulated by abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
(2005)
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major plant hormone that plays an important role during plant growth and development. During vegetative growth ABA mediates (in part) responses to various environmental stresses such as cold, drought and high salinity. The response triggered by ABA includes changes in the transcript level of genes involved in stress tolerance. The aim of this project was the In silico identification of genes putatively regulated by ABA in A. thaliana. In silico predictions were combined with experimental data in order to evaluate the reliability of computational predictions. Taking advantage of the genome sequence of A. thaliana publicly available since 2000, 1 kb upstream sequences were screened for combinations of cis-elements known to be involved in the regulation of ABA-responsive genes. It was found that around 10 to 20 percent of the genes of A. thaliana might be regulated by ABA. Further analyses of the predictions revealed that certain combinations of cis-elements that confer ABA-responsiveness were significantly over-represented compared with results in random sequences and with random expectations. In addition, it was observed that other combinations that confer ABA-responsiveness in monocotyledonous species might not be functional in A. thaliana. It is proposed that ABA-responsive genes in A. thaliana show pairs of ABRE (abscisic acid responsive element) with MYB binding sites, DRE (dehydration responsive element) or with itself. The analysis of the distances between pairs of cis-elements suggested that pairs of ABREs are bound by homodimers of ABRE binding proteins. In contrast, pairs between MYB binding sites and ABRE, or DRE and ABRE showed a distance between cis-elements that suggested that the binding proteins interact through protein complexes and not directly. The comparison of computational predictions with experimental data confirmed that the regulatory mechanisms leading to the induction or repression of genes by ABA is very incompletely understood. It became evident that besides the cis-elements proposed in this study to be present in ABA-responsive genes, other known and unknown cis-elements might play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of ABA-responsive genes. For example, auxin-related cis elements, or the cis-elements recognized by the NAM-family of transcription factors (Non-Apical meristem). This work documents the use of computational and experimental approaches to analyse possible interactions between cis-elements involved in the regulation of ABA-responsive genes. The computational predictions allowed the distinction between putatively relevant combinations of cis-elements from irrelevant combinations of cis-elements in ABA-responsive genes. The comparison with experimental data allowed to identify certain cis-elements that have not been previously associated to the ABA-mediated transcriptional regulation, but that might be present in ABA-responsive genes (e.g. auxin responsive elements). Moreover, the efforts to unravel the gene regulatory network associated with the ABA-signalling pathway revealed that NAM-transcription factors and their corresponding binding sequences are important components of this network.
The advent of large-scale and high-throughput technologies has recently caused a shift in focus in contemporary biology from decades of reductionism towards a more systemic view. Alongside the availability of genome sequences the exploration of organisms utilizing such approach should give rise to a more comprehensive understanding of complex systems. Domestication and intensive breeding of crop plants has led to a parallel narrowing of their genetic basis. The potential to improve crops by conventional breeding using elite cultivars is therefore rather limited and molecular technologies, such as marker assisted selection (MAS) are currently being exploited to re-introduce allelic variance from wild species. Molecular breeding strategies have mostly focused on the introduction of yield or resistance related traits to date. However given that medical research has highlighted the importance of crop compositional quality in the human diet this research field is rapidly becoming more important. Chemical composition of biological tissues can be efficiently assessed by metabolite profiling techniques, which allow the multivariate detection of metabolites of a given biological sample. Here, a GC/MS metabolite profiling approach has been applied to investigate natural variation of tomatoes with respect to the chemical composition of their fruits. The establishment of a mass spectral and retention index (MSRI) library was a prerequisite for this work in order to establish a framework for the identification of metabolites from a complex mixture. As mass spectral and retention index information is highly important for the metabolomics community this library was made publicly available. Metabolite profiling of tomato wild species revealed large differences in the chemical composition, especially of amino and organic acids, as well as on the sugar composition and secondary metabolites. Intriguingly, the analysis of a set of S. pennellii introgression lines (IL) identified 889 quantitative trait loci of compositional quality and 326 yield-associated traits. These traits are characterized by increases/decreases not only of single metabolites but also of entire metabolic pathways, thus highlighting the potential of this approach in uncovering novel aspects of metabolic regulation. Finally the biosynthetic pathway of the phenylalanine-derived fruit volatiles phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde was elucidated via a combination of metabolic profiling of natural variation, stable isotope tracer experiments and reverse genetic experimentation.
Weltweit versuchen Wissenschaftler, künstliche Viren für den Gentransfer zu konstruieren, die nicht reproduktionsfähig sind. Diese sollen die Vorteile der natürlichen Viren besitzen (effizienter Transport von genetischem Material), jedoch keine Antigene auf ihrer Oberfläche tragen, die Immunreaktionen auslösen. Ziel dieses Projektes ist es, einen künstlichen Viruspartikel herzustellen, dessen Basis eine Polyelektrolytenhohlkugel bildet, die mit einer Lipiddoppelschicht bedeckt ist. Um intakte Doppelschichten zu erzeugen, muss die Wechselwirkung zwischen Lipid und Polyelektrolyt (z.B. DNA) verstanden und optimiert werden. Dazu ist es notwendig, die strukturelle Grundlage der Interaktion aufzuklären. Positiv geladene Lipide gehen zwar starke Wechselwirkungen mit der negativ geladenen DNA ein, sie wirken jedoch toxisch auf biologische Zellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher die durch zweiwertige Kationen vermittelte Kopplung von genomischer oder Plasmid-DNA an zwitterionische oder negativ geladene Phospholipide an zwei Modellsystemen untersucht. 1. Modellsystem: Lipidmonoschicht an der Wasser/Luft-Grenzfläche Methoden: Filmwaagentechnik in Kombination mit IR-Spektroskopie (IRRAS), Röntgenreflexion (XR), Röntgendiffraktion (GIXD), Brewsterwinkel-Mikroskopie (BAM), Röntgenfluoreszenz (XRF) und Oberflächenpotentialmessungen Resultate: A) Die Anwesenheit der zweiwertigen Kationen Ba2+, Mg2+, Ca2+ oder Mn2+ in der Subphase hat keinen nachweisbaren Einfluss auf die Struktur der zwitterionischen DMPE- (1,2-Dimyristoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamin) Monoschicht. B) In der Subphase gelöste DNA adsorbiert nur in Gegenwart dieser Kationen an der DMPE-Monoschicht. C) Sowohl die Adsorption genomischer Kalbsthymus-DNA als auch der Plasmid-DNA pGL3 bewirkt eine Reduktion des Neigungswinkels der Alkylketten, die auf einen veränderten Platzbedarf der Kopfgruppe zurückzuführen ist. Durch die Umorientierung der Kopfgruppe wird die elektrostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den positiv geladenen Stickstoffatomen der Lipidkopfgruppen und den negativ geladenen DNA-Phosphaten erhöht. D) Die adsorbierte DNA weist eine geordnete Struktur auf, wenn sie durch Barium-, Magnesium-, Calcium- oder Manganionen komplexiert ist. Der Abstand zwischen parallelen DNA-Strängen hängt dabei von der Größe der DNA-Fragmente sowie von der Art des Kations ab. Die größten Abstände ergeben sich mit Bariumionen, gefolgt von Magnesium- und Calciumionen. Die kleinsten DNA-Abstände werden durch Komplexierung mit Manganionen erhalten. Diese Ionenreihenfolge stellt sich sowohl für genomische DNA als auch für Plasmid-DNA ein. E) Die DNA-Abstände werden durch die Kompression des Lipidfilms nicht beeinflusst. Zwischen der Lipidmonoschicht und der adsorbierten DNA besteht demnach nur eine schwache Wechselwirkung. Offensichtlich befindet sich die durch zweiwertige Kationen komplexierte DNA als weitgehend eigenständige Schicht unter dem Lipidfilm. 2. Modellsystem: Lipiddoppelschicht an der fest/flüssig-Grenzfläche Methoden: Neutronenreflexion (NR) und Quarzmikrowaage (QCM-D) Resultate: A) Das zwitterionische Phospholipid DMPC (1,2-Dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholin) bildet keine Lipiddoppelschicht auf planaren Polyelektrolytmultischichten aus, deren letzte Lage das positiv geladene PAH (Polyallylamin) ist. B) Hingegen bildet DMPC auf dem negativ geladenen PSS (Polystyrolsulfonat) eine Doppelschicht aus, die jedoch Defekte aufweist. C) Eine Adsorption von genomischer Kalbsthymus-DNA auf dieser Lipidschicht findet nur in Gegenwart von Calciumionen statt. Andere zweiwertige Kationen wurden nicht untersucht. D) Das negativ geladene Phospholipid DLPA (1,2-Dilauryl-phosphatidsäure) bildet auf dem positiv geladenen PAH eine Lipiddoppelschicht aus, die Defekte aufweist. E) DNA adsorbiert ebenfalls erst in Anwesenheit von Calciumionen in der Lösung an die DLPA-Schicht. F) Durch die Zugabe von EDTA (Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure) werden die Calciumionen dem DLPA/DNA-Komplex entzogen, wodurch dieser dissoziiert. Demnach ist die calciuminduzierte Bildung dieser Komplexe reversibel.
Vor dem Hintergrund steigender psychischer Erkrankungen setzt sich die Arbeit damit auseinander, welche Möglichkeiten bestehen, um die psychische Gesundheit von Mitarbeitern zu fördern. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich auf das Erleben sozialer Unterstützung im Arbeitskontext. Zunächst wurde ein diagnostisches Instrument entwickelt, welches das Erleben sozialer Unterstützung im beruflichen Kontext reliabel und valide abzubilden vermag (N=936). Im Mittelpunkt der empirischen Untersuchung stand die Überprüfung der gesundheitsförderlichen Wirkung sozial unterstützenden Verhaltens bei Lehrern, Feuerwehrbediensteten, Krankenschwestern und Polizisten (N=1.041) unter differentiellem Aspekt. Hauptaugenmerk wurde dabei auf das personenbezogene Merkmal des individuellen Bewältigungsmusters im Beruf gelegt. Auf der Grundlage der gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurde ein Interventionsprogramm für Lehrer zum Zwecke der Gesundheitsförderung abgeleitet (N=207), in dem sowohl personen- als auch bedingungsbezogene Elemente kombiniert wurden und welches das berufliche Unterstützungserleben von Schulleitern und Lehrern fokussierte. Es war Ziel der Intervention, das Unterstützungserleben im beruflichen Kontext zu stärken und nachhaltige Veränderungen zu initiieren. Ebenso wie in anderen Untersuchungen konnte bestätigt werden, dass dem Unterstützungserleben im Arbeitskontext eine wichtige Pufferfunktion zukommt. Personen, die sich insbesondere vom Vorgesetzten unterstützt fühlen, weisen in den Gesundheitsindikatoren günstigere Werte auf als jene, die aus ihrem beruflichen Umfeld kaum Unterstützung wahrnehmen. Durch die Berücksichtigung des individuellen Bewältigungsmusters als personales Merkmal kann zusätzliche Kriteriumsvarianz aufgeklärt werden. Die Intervention belegt, dass die sinnvolle Kombination von verhältnis- und personbezogenen Elementen Schulen dabei hilft, aus eigener Kraft Ressourcen zu stärken und Belastungen abzubauen.
Das proinflammatorische Zytokin Interleukin-1 (IL-1) spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei Entzündungen und Infektionen. Die zellulären Antworten von IL-1 werden über den IL-1-Rezeptor Typ I (IL-1RI) vermittelt. Adapterproteine und die IL-1RI-assoziierte Kinase IRAK werden nach Ligandenbindung an den Rezeptor rekrutiert. Nach ihrer Phosphorylierung dissoziiert die IRAK vom IL-1RI-Komplex und aktiviert weitere Kinasen, was letztendlich zur Aktivierung von NF-κB und zur Induktion der Transkription von Genen führt. Für eine adäquate Immunantwort ist ein intrazellulärer reduzierter Status von Proteinthiolen essentiell. Vorausgegangene Untersuchungen an der murinen Thymomzelllinie EL-4 zeigten, dass die IL-1-Signalkaskade durch thiolmodifizierende Substanzen wie Menadion (MD) oder Phenylarsinoxid (PAO) gehemmt wird. Eine IL-1-abhängige Aktivierung von IL-1RI-assoziierte Kinasen oder NF-κB fand nicht mehr statt. Ziele dieser Arbeit waren: (i) mögliche Proteine, die für den Angriff von thiolmodifizierenden Agenzien ein Ziel sein könnten, zu identifizieren und (ii) den Einfluss nahrungsrelevanter und redoxaktiver Substanzen auf frühe Ereignisse der IL-1-Signaltransduktion wie der Bildung des IL-1RI-Komplexes zu untersuchen. Als Zellmodell wurden EL-4-Zellen mit stabil überexprimierter IRAK (EL-4<sup>IRAK) verwendet. Um die Bildung des IL-1RI-Komplexes, anschließende Phosphorylierungsereignisse und somit Kinase-Aktivitäten nachzuweisen, wurden Co-Präzipitations-Experimente und in vitro Kinase Tests durchgeführt. Die Markierung von Proteinthiolen erfolgte mit dem thiolspezifischen Reagenz Iodoacetyl-[<sup>125I]-Iodotyrosin ([<sup>125I]-IAIT). Die Vorbehandlung von EL-4<sup>IRAK-Zellen mit MD oder PAO führte zu einer Hemmung der Rekrutierung der IRAK an den IL-1RI und der anschließenden Phosphorylierungen. Zur Identifikation weiterer IL-1RI-assoziierter Proteine wurden IL-1RI-Immunpräzipitate zweidimensional aufgetrennt, Colloidal-Coomassie gefärbte Proteinspots ausgeschnitten und anschließend massenspektrometrisch mittels ESI-Q-TOF analysiert. Bei der Analyse wurden Proteine des Cytoskeletts wie z. B. Actin identifiziert. In Analogie zu den synthetischen Substanzen MD und PAO wurden nahrungsrelevante und redoxaktive Substanzen wie Curcumin (Gelbwurz) und Sulforaphan (Broccoli) eingesetzt, um zu untersuchen, ob sie bereits früh die IL-1-Signaltransduktion beeinflussen. Bislang sind antiinflammatorische Effekte dieser beiden Nahrungsinhaltsstoffe nur auf der Ebene der Zytokin-vermittelten Aktivierung von NF-κB beschrieben. Sowohl Curcumin als auch Sulforaphan blockierten konzentrationsabhängig die Assoziation der IRAK an den IL-1RI in EL-4<sup>IRAK-Zellen, wobei beide Substanzen unterschiedlich wirkten. Curcumin beeinflusste die IRAK-Aktivierung durch direkte Modifikation von Thiolen der IRAK ohne die Bindung von IL-1 mit dem IL-1RI zu beeinträchtigen. Sulforaphan hingegen induzierte auf mRNA- und Proteinebene die Expression von Tollip, welches durch PCR bzw. Western Blot nachgewiesen wurde. Tollip, ein negativer Regulator in TLR/IL-1RI-Signalkaskaden, könnte somit nach Induktion die IRAK-Aktivierung unterdrücken. Die Sulforaphan-abhängige Induktion der Tollip-Expression erfolgte jedoch nicht über Nrf2 und "antioxidant response element" (ARE)-regulierte Transkription, obwohl Sulforaphan ein bekannter Nrf2-Aktivator ist. Diese Ergebnisse veranschaulichen, dass die IRAK ein redoxsensitives Protein ist und für die Bildung des IL-1RI-Komplexes reduzierte Proteinthiole eine Voraussetzung sind. Der Angriffspunkt für die antiinflammatorische Wirkung der beiden Nahrungsbestandteile Curcumin und Sulforaphan ist die Bildung des IL-1RI-Komplexes als ein frühes Ereignis in der IL-1-Signalkaskade. Die Hemmung dieses Prozesses würde die in der Literatur beobachteten Inhibitionen der abwärts liegenden Signale wie die Aktivierung von NF-κB und die Induktion proinflammatorischer Proteine erklären.
We investigate the rotational and thermal properties of star-forming molecular clouds using hydrodynamic simulations. Stars form from molecular cloud cores by gravoturbulent fragmentation. Understanding the angular momentum and the thermal evolution of cloud cores thus plays a fundamental role in completing the theoretical picture of star formation. This is true not only for current star formation as observed in regions like the Orion nebula or the ρ-Ophiuchi molecular cloud but also for the formation of stars of the first or second generation in the universe. In this thesis we show how the angular momentum of prestellar and protostellar cores evolves and compare our results with observed quantities. The specific angular momentum of prestellar cores in our models agree remarkably well with observations of cloud cores. Some prestellar cores go into collapse to build up stars and stellar systems. The resulting protostellar objects have specific angular momenta that fall into the range of observed binaries. We find that collapse induced by gravoturbulent fragmentation is accompanied by a substantial loss of specific angular momentum. This eases the "angular momentum problem" in star formation even in the absence of magnetic fields. The distribution of stellar masses at birth (the initial mass function, IMF) is another aspect that any theory of star formation must explain. We focus on the influence of the thermodynamic properties of star-forming gas and address this issue by studying the effects of a piecewise polytropic equation of state on the formation of stellar clusters. We increase the polytropic exponent γ from a value below unity to a value above unity at a certain critical density. The change of the thermodynamic state at the critical density selects a characteristic mass scale for fragmentation, which we relate to the peak of the IMF observed in the solar neighborhood. Our investigation generally supports the idea that the distribution of stellar masses depends mainly on the thermodynamic state of the gas. A common assumption is that the chemical evolution of the star-forming gas can be decoupled from its dynamical evolution, with the former never affecting the latter. Although justified in some circumstances, this assumption is not true in every case. In particular, in low-metallicity gas the timescales for reaching the chemical equilibrium are comparable or larger than the dynamical timescales. In this thesis we take a first approach to combine a chemical network with a hydrodynamical code in order to study the influence of low levels of metal enrichment on the cooling and collapse of ionized gas in small protogalactic halos. Our initial conditions represent protogalaxies forming within a fossil HII region -- a previously ionized HII region which has not yet had time to cool and recombine. We show that in these regions, H2 is the dominant and most effective coolant, and that it is the amount of H2 formed that controls whether or not the gas can collapse and form stars. For metallicities Z <= 10<sup>-3 Zsun, metal line cooling alters the density and temperature evolution of the gas by less than 1% compared to the metal-free case at densities below 1 cm<sup>-3 and temperatures above 2000 K. We also find that an external ultraviolet background delays or suppresses the cooling and collapse of the gas regardless of whether it is metal-enriched or not. Finally, we study the dependence of this process on redshift and mass of the dark matter halo.
Biogene Amine sind kleine organische Verbindungen, die sowohl bei Wirbeltieren als auch bei Wirbellosen als Neurotransmitter, Neuromodulatoren und/oder Neurohormone wirken können. Sie bilden eine bedeutende Gruppe von Botenstoffen und entfalten ihre Wirkungen über die Bindung an eine bestimmte Klasse von Rezeptorproteinen, die als G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren bezeichnet werden. Bei Insekten gehören zur Substanzklasse der biogenen Amine die Botenstoffe Dopamin, Tyramin, Octopamin, Serotonin und Histamin. Neben vielen anderen Wirkung ist z.B. gezeigt worden, daß einige dieser biogenen Amine bei der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) die Geschmacksempfindlichkeit für Zuckerwasser-Reize modulieren können. Ich habe verschiedene Aspekte der aminergen Signaltransduktion an den „Modellorganismen“ Honigbiene und Amerikanische Großschabe (Periplaneta americana) untersucht. Aus der Honigbiene, einem „Modellorganismus“ für das Studium von Lern- und Gedächtnisvorgängen, wurden zwei Dopamin-Rezeptoren, ein Tyramin-Rezeptor, ein Octopamin-Rezeptor und ein Serotonin-Rezeptor charakterisiert. Die Rezeptoren wurden in kultivierten Säugerzellen exprimiert, um ihre pharmakologischen und funktionellen Eigenschaften (Kopplung an intrazelluläre Botenstoffwege) zu analysieren. Weiterhin wurde mit Hilfe verschiedener Techniken (RT-PCR, Northern-Blotting, in situ-Hybridisierung) untersucht, wo und wann während der Entwicklung die entsprechenden Rezeptor-mRNAs im Gehirn der Honigbiene exprimiert werden. Als Modellobjekt zur Untersuchung der zellulären Wirkungen biogener Amine wurden die Speicheldrüsen der Amerikanischen Großschabe genutzt. An isolierten Speicheldrüsen läßt sich sowohl mit Dopamin als auch mit Serotonin Speichelproduktion auslösen, wobei Speichelarten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung gebildet werden. Dopamin induziert die Bildung eines völlig proteinfreien, wäßrigen Speichels. Serotonin bewirkt die Sekretion eines proteinhaltigen Speichels. Die Serotonin-induzierte Proteinsekretion wird durch eine Erhöhung der Konzentration des intrazellulären Botenstoffs cAMP vermittelt. Es wurden die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften der Dopamin-Rezeptoren der Schaben-Speicheldrüsen untersucht sowie mit der molekularen Charakterisierung putativer aminerger Rezeptoren der Schabe begonnen. Weiterhin habe ich das ebony-Gen der Schabe charakterisiert. Dieses Gen kodiert für ein Enzym, das wahrscheinlich bei der Schabe (wie bei anderen Insekten) an der Inaktivierung biogener Amine beteiligt ist und im Gehirn und in den Speicheldrüsen der Schabe exprimiert wird.
The occurrence of earthquakes is characterized by a high degree of spatiotemporal complexity. Although numerous patterns, e.g. fore- and aftershock sequences, are well-known, the underlying mechanisms are not observable and thus not understood. Because the recurrence times of large earthquakes are usually decades or centuries, the number of such events in corresponding data sets is too small to draw conclusions with reasonable statistical significance. Therefore, the present study combines both, numerical modeling and analysis of real data in order to unveil the relationships between physical mechanisms and observational quantities. The key hypothesis is the validity of the so-called "critical point concept" for earthquakes, which assumes large earthquakes to occur as phase transitions in a spatially extended many-particle system, similar to percolation models. New concepts are developed to detect critical states in simulated and in natural data sets. The results indicate that important features of seismicity like the frequency-size distribution and the temporal clustering of earthquakes depend on frictional and structural fault parameters. In particular, the degree of quenched spatial disorder (the "roughness") of a fault zone determines whether large earthquakes occur quasiperiodically or more clustered. This illustrates the power of numerical models in order to identify regions in parameter space, which are relevant for natural seismicity. The critical point concept is verified for both, synthetic and natural seismicity, in terms of a critical state which precedes a large earthquake: a gradual roughening of the (unobservable) stress field leads to a scale-free (observable) frequency-size distribution. Furthermore, the growth of the spatial correlation length and the acceleration of the seismic energy release prior to large events is found. The predictive power of these precursors is, however, limited. Instead of forecasting time, location, and magnitude of individual events, a contribution to a broad multiparameter approach is encouraging.
Ziel des Projekts war die Verbesserung des Verständnisses des Flow-Phänomens. Mit einer Flow-Erhebung unter Alltagsbedingungen(ESM-Studie) und Experimenten mit Computerspielen sollten Auftretensbedingungen und Korrelate von Flow sowie der Einfluss verschiedener Person- und Situationsmerkmale geklärt werden. Die Durchführung des Projektes konnte fast vollständig wie im Projektantrag formuliert realisiert werden. <b>Flow unter Alltagsbedingungen (ESM-Studie)</b> Wie erwartet ließ sich Flow-Erleben unter Alltagsbedingungen mit der Flow-Kurzskala (FKS) ökonomisch und reliabel erfassen. Es zeigte sich, dass Flow während der Arbeitszeit stärker auftritt als in der Freizeit. Trotzdem fühlten sich die Teilnehmer in der Freizeit glücklicher als während der Arbeit (Replikation des „Paradoxons der Arbeit“ mit adäquater Methode). Dabei scheint die Zielausrichtung laufender Aktivitäten eine Schlüsselrolle zu spielen. Sie wirkt sich auf Flow förderlich aus, auf Glück/Zufriedenheit aber eher dämpfend. Da nun Arbeitsaktivitäten häufiger zielgerichtet sind als Freizeitaktivitäten, ließ sich das „Paradoxon der Arbeit“ zu einem erheblichen Teil auf die Zielausrichtung zurückführen. Die Tätigkeiten, die zu den einzelnen Messzeitpunkt von den Untersuchungsteilnehmern angegeben wurden, unterscheiden sich deutlich in dem Ausmaß, in dem bei ihrer Ausübung Flow-Erleben auftritt. Dabei sind hohe Flow-Werte sowohl bei Arbeits-, als auch bei Freizeitaktivitäten möglich. Außerdem unterscheiden sich die angegebenen Tätigkeiten darin, wie sehr Flow in ihrem Vollzug von Glücksgefühlen begleitet ist („Glückspotential“ von Flow bei verschiedenen Aktivitäten). Eine der Bedingungen für Flow-Erleben ist die optimale Beanspruchung. Sie ergibt sich aus der Passung bzw. Balance zwischen Fähigkeit und Anforderung. Flow-Erleben war dann am höchsten, wenn Anforderungen und Fähigkeiten in Balance waren. Allerdings war der Passungseffekt viel zu schwach, als dass man allein über die Passung das Vorliegen von Flow diagnostizieren sollte. Zudem wirkte sich die Passung von Fähigkeit und Anforderung in Kombination mit der Zielausrichtung verschieden stark auf das Flow-Erleben von Erfolgszuversichtlichen vs. misserfolgsängstlichen Teilnehmern aus. Mit Blick auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Personmerkmalen und Flow interessierte uns der Einfluss der Motive auf Flow. In der Gesamtstichprobe wurde Flow während der Arbeit überraschenderweise am ehesten über das Anschlussmotiv des Teilnehmers vorhergesagt. Die Varianzaufklärung ist mit 8,3% aber eher mäßig. Betrachtet man bestimmte Berufsgruppen dieser Stichprobe getrennt, so gilt dieser Befund in verstärktem Maße für die Gruppe der Sekretärinnen/ SachbearbeiterInnen (12 % Varianzaufklärung). In der Berufsgruppe der Professoren/Leitern/Wiss. Mitarbeitern war Flow dagegen sehr deutlich über das Leistungsmotiv der Teilnehmer vorhersagbar (41 % Varianzaufklärung), während das Anschlussmotiv hier keine Rolle spielt. Außerdem suchten wir eine Klärung des Einflusses der motivationalen Kompetenz, also der Übereinstimmung von impliziten Motiven und motivationalen Selbstbildern auf Flow. Flow-Effekte der motivationalen Kompetenz zeigten sich lediglich beim (erfolgszuversichtlichen) Leistungsmotiv – nicht jedoch bei anderen Motiven. Dies gilt insbesondere, wenn sich (a) die Untersuchungsteilnehmer in Leistungssituationen befinden sowie (b) zur Gruppe der Professoren, Leitern und Wissenschaftlern gehören. Glücks- und Zufriedenheitserlebnisse (PANAVA) im Alltag lassen sich über das Anschlussmotiv aber nicht über das Leistungsmotiv einer Person vorhersagen. Das Leistungsmotiv sagt dagegen die Aktivierung (PANAVA) im Alltag vorher allerdings sowohl in positiver (PA) als auch in negativer (NA) Ausprägung. <b>Flow unter experimentellen Bedingungen</b> Mit zwei modifizierten Computerspielen (Roboguard und Pacman) gelang es, das Auftreten von Flow systematisch zu beeinflussen und seine Korrelate und Folgen untersuchbar zu machen. Im Wesentlichen wurde - teils in Replikationen – folgendes gezeigt: Zwischen Flow-Erleben und Anforderung besteht gemäß Csikszentmihalyis ursprünglichem Kanalmodell ein kurvelinearer Zusammenhang. Die angepassten mittleren Anforderungen erzeugen nicht nur die höchsten Flow-Werte, sondern sind bei freier Aufgabenwahl auch am attraktivsten. Am unattraktivsten sind zu geringe Anforderungen. Auf Seiten von Personmerkmalen hat erwartungsgemäß eine „Lernziel-Orientierung“ einen leicht förderlichen Einfluss auf das Flow-Erleben in einem Computerspiel. Überraschenderweise hat aber die „Performanz-Orientierung“ einen noch stärkeren Einfluss. Flowdämpfend scheint sich allenfalls die Subskala „Anerkennungssuche“ auszuwirken. Sie korreliert auch leicht positiv mit Besorgnissen während des Spiels. Das Zeiterleben ist erwartungsgemäß auf den flowförderlichen optimalen Anforderungsstufen verkürzt. Je nach Erfassungsmodalität korreliert dieses Erleben auch mit den FKS-Werten. Erwartungsgemäß korreliert Flow-Erleben (FKS) mit der Leistung bei Pacman auf optimalem Anforderungslevel deutlich positiv. Ein erwarteter Bezugsnorm-Effekt verschiedener Rückmeldungsbedingungen auf Flow-Erleben wurde nicht festgestellt. Allerdings waren die realisierten Rückmeldungen sehr unsensibel gegenüber Leistungsschwankungen, weswegen die resultierenden Rückmeldungen unter individueller Bezugsnorm ungeplantermaßen ein (zu) stabiles Leistungsbild ergaben. Insgesamt hat sich besonders das Computerspiel Pacman für Flow-Experimente bewährt, wenn man die Probanden (a) nicht zu lange auf demselben Schwierigkeitsgrad spielen lässt und (b) eine gewisse Asymmetrie in Rechnung stellt, wonach in bedrohungsfreien Spielsituationen zu schwierige Anforderungen attraktiver und flow-induzierender sind als zu leichte Anforderungen und wenn man schließlich (c) den optimalen mittleren Anforderungsgrad an die individuelle Spielkompetenz anpasst. Diese Befundstruktur wurde mit Pacman inzwischen von einer Bielefelder Arbeitsgruppe im Wesentlichen repliziert (Schiefele, pers. Mitteilung, Oktober 2005). <hr> Die elektronische Version des Abschlussberichtes erscheint ohne den Anhang. Der Anhang ist auf Anforderung bei Prof. Dr. Rheinberg erhältlich: <a href="mailto:rheinberg@uni-potsdam.de">rheinberg@uni-potsdam.de</a>
Stars are born in turbulent molecular clouds that fragment and collapse under the influence of their own gravity, forming a cluster of hundred or more stars. The star formation process is controlled by the interplay between supersonic turbulence and gravity. In this work, the properties of stellar clusters created by numerical simulations of gravoturbulent fragmentation are compared to those from observations. This includes the analysis of properties of individual protostars as well as statistical properties of the entire cluster. It is demonstrated that protostellar mass accretion is a highly dynamical and time-variant process. The peak accretion rate is reached shortly after the formation of the protostellar core. It is about one order of magnitude higher than the constant accretion rate predicted by the collapse of a classical singular isothermal sphere, in agreement with the observations. For a more reasonable comparison, the model accretion rates are converted to the observables bolometric temperature, bolometric luminosity, and envelope mass. The accretion rates from the simulations are used as input for an evolutionary scheme. The resulting distribution in the Tbol-Lbol-Menv parameter space is then compared to observational data by means of a 3D Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The highest probability found that the distributions of model tracks and observational data points are drawn from the same population is 70%. The ratios of objects belonging to different evolutionary classes in observed star-forming clusters are compared to the temporal evolution of the gravoturbulent models in order to estimate the evolutionary stage of a cluster. While it is difficult to estimate absolute ages, the realtive numbers of young stars reveal the evolutionary status of a cluster with respect to other clusters. The sequence shows Serpens as the youngest and IC 348 as the most evolved of the investigated clusters. Finally the structures of young star clusters are investigated by applying different statistical methods like the normalised mean correlation length and the minimum spanning tree technique and by a newly defined measure for the cluster elongation. The clustering parameters of the model clusters correspond in many cases well to those from observed ones. The temporal evolution of the clustering parameters shows that the star cluster builds up from several subclusters and evolves to a more centrally concentrated cluster, while the cluster expands slower than new stars are formed.
We analyze the asymptotic behavior in the limit epsilon to zero for a wide class of difference operators H_epsilon = T_epsilon + V_epsilon with underlying multi-well potential. They act on the square summable functions on the lattice (epsilon Z)^d. We start showing the validity of an harmonic approximation and construct WKB-solutions at the wells. Then we construct a Finslerian distance d induced by H and show that short integral curves are geodesics and d gives the rate for the exponential decay of Dirichlet eigenfunctions. In terms of this distance, we give sharp estimates for the interaction between the wells and construct the interaction matrix.
Die Entwicklung von Dickdarmkrebs wird durch eine Reihe von Lebens- und Essgewohnheiten sowie Umweltfaktoren begünstigt. Den letzteren beiden sind Substanzen zuzurechnen, die bei der Zubereitung der Nahrung entstehen und mit ihr aufgenommen werden. Zu diesen Verbindungen gehört das 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin (PhIP) aus der Substanzklasse der heterozyklischen aromatischen Amine. Es entsteht bei der Erhitzung zahlreicher proteinhaltiger Nahrungsmittel und die Zielorgane in Nagerstudien stimmen mit der Häufung von Krebsinzidenzen in westlichen Industrienationen überein. Dieser Zusammenhang konnte jedoch bis heute nicht endgültig bewiesen werden. Fütterungsversuche mit Ratten wurden mit Konzentrationen der Substanz durchgeführt, die weit über der menschlichen Exposition liegen. Durch das Verfüttern einer humanrelevanten Dosis PhIP sollte geklärt werden, ob auch geringe Konzentrationen dickdarmkrebstypische Mutationen, präneoplastische Läsionen oder Tumore induzierten. Die mit humanrelevanten Dosen gefütterten Tiere wiesen weniger Läsionen als die Hoch-Dosis-PhIP-Gruppe auf, in der allerdings keinerlei maligne Tumoren des Dickdarms auftraten. Hinweise auf dickdarmkrebstypische Mutationen fanden sich ebenfalls in beiden Gruppen, wobei hier keine Dosisabhängigkeit beobachtet werden konnte. Die Sequenzierung ergab ein deutlich von Literaturdaten abweichendes Spektrum. In Bezug auf das verwendete Tiermodell wurden erhebliche Abweichungen in der Empfindlichkeit der Tiere gegenüber der Substanz im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Studien festgestellt. Beide Fütterungsgruppen zeigten deutlich weniger Läsionen; als mögliche Gründe wurden Unterschiede in der Futterzusammensetzung und –zubereitung sowie in der Tierhaltung und –herkunft ausgemacht. Es konnte erstmalig ein Zusammenhang zwischen PhIP in niedrigen Dosen in der Nahrung und der Induktion von Entzündungen gezeigt werden. Diese waren sowohl makroskopisch als auch histologisch sichtbar, der genaue Mechanismus ihrer Entstehung ist jedoch unbekannt. Die zusammenfassende Betrachtung aller Ergebnisse lässt vermuten, dass PhIP allein über lange Zeiträume aber in geringen Dosen verabreicht nicht für die hohe Zahl an Krebserkrankungen in westlichen Industrienationen ursächlich ist.
Hauptanliegen der Dissertation ist es, einen Entwurf einer praktischen Ästhetik zu lancieren, der an der Schnittstelle zwischen philosophischer Ästhetik und Kunst – genauer Performancekunst - im Zeichen der Bezugsgrösse der Verletzbarkeit steht. In jüngeren Ästhetikansätzen hat sich eine Auffassung herauskristallisiert, die nicht über, sondern mit Kunst reflektiert. Die Pointe im ‚Mit’ liegt darin, dass diese Ästhetiken die Kunst nicht erklären, sie bestimmen und damit ihre Bedeutung festlegen, sondern dass diese entlang der Kunst die Brüche, Widerstände und Zäsuren zwischen Wahrnehmen und Denken markieren und diese als produktiv bewerten. Diese Lesart etabliert ein Denken, das nicht aus der Distanz auf etwas schaut (theoria), sondern ästhetisch-reflektierend (zurückwendend, auch selbstkritisch) mit der Kunst denkt. Die Disziplin der Ästhetik - als aisthesis: Lehre der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung - nimmt innerhalb der Philosophie eine besondere Stellung ein, weil sie auf ebendiese Differenz verweist und deshalb sinnliche und nicht nur logisch-argumentatorische Denkfiguren stärkt. Als eine Möglichkeit, die Kluft, das Nicht-Einholbare, die brüchige Unzulänglichkeit des begrifflich Denkenden gegenüber ästhetischer Erfahrung zu stärken, schlage ich die Bezugsgrösse der Verletzbarkeit vor. Eine solche Ästhetik besteht aus dem Kreieren verletzbarer Orte, wobei diese auf zweierlei Weisen umkreist werden: Zum einen aus der Kunstpraxis heraus anhand der ästhetischen Figur des verletzbaren Körpes, wie er sich in der zeitgenössischen Performance zeigt. Zum anderen als ein Kreieren von Begriffen im Bewusstsein ihrer Verletzbarkeit. Ausgangspunkte sind die Denkentwürfe von Gilles Deleuze und Hans Blumenberg: Die Ästhetik von Gilles Deleuze entwirft eine konkrete Überschneidungsmöglichkeit von Kunst und Philosophie, aus der sich meine These des Mit-Kunst-Denkens entwickeln lässt. Sie kann aus der Grundvoraussetzung des Deleuzeschen Denkens heraus begründet werden, die besagt, dass nicht nur die Kunst, sondern auch die Philosophie eine schöpferische Tätigkeit ist. Beide Disziplinen beruhen auf dem Prinzip der creatio continua, durch welche die Kunst Empfindungen und die Philosophie Begriffe schöpft, wobei eben genau dieser schöpferische Prozess Kunst und Philosophie in ein produktives Verhältnis zueinander treten lässt. Wie Deleuze seine Begriffsarbeit entlang künstlerischer Praxis entwickelt, wird anhand der Analyse des bis heute wenig rezipierten Textes Ein Manifest weniger in Bezug auf das Theater von Carmelo Bene analysiert. Eine ganz anderen Zugang zum Entwurf einer praktischen Ästhetik liefert Hans Blumenberg, der eine Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit in Aussicht stellt. Im Anschluss an seine Forderung, die Metapher wieder vermehrt in die philosophische Denkpraxis zu integrieren, radikalisiert er seine Forderung, auch das Nichtanschauliche zu berücksichtigen, indem er das gänzlich Unbegriffliche an die Seite des Begrifflichen stellt. Definitorische Schwäche zeigt sich als wahrhaftige Stärke, die in der Unbegrifflichkeit ihren Zenit erreicht. Der Schiffbruch wird von mir als zentrale Metapher – gewissermassen als Metapher der Metapher – verstanden, die das Auf-Grund-Laufen des Allwissenden veranschaulicht. Im Schiffbruch wird die produktive Kollision von Theorie und Praxis deutlich. Deleuze und Blumenberg zeigen über ‚creatio continua’ und ‚Unbegrifflichkeit’ die Grenzen des Begreifens, indem sie betonen, dass sich Ästhetik nicht nur auf künstlerische Erfahrungen bezieht, sondern selber in das Gegenwärtigmachen von Erfahrungen involviert ist. Daraus folgt, dass ästhetische Reflexion nicht nur begrifflich agieren muss. Die praktische Ästhetik animiert dazu, andere darstellerische Formen (Bilder, Töne, Körper) als differente und ebenbürtige reflexive Modi anzuerkennen und sie als verletzbarmachende Formate der Sprache an die Seite zu stellen. Diese Lesart betont den gestalterischen Aspekt der Ästhetik selber. Zur Verdeutlichung dieser Kluft zwischen (Körper-)Bild und Begriff ist der von mir mitgestaltete Film Augen blickeN der Dissertation als Kapitel beigefügt. Dieser Film zeigt Performer und Performerinnen, die sich bewusst entschieden haben, ihren ‚abweichenden’ Körper auf der Bühne zu präsentieren. Das Wort Verletzbarkeit verweist auf die paradoxe Situation, etwas Brüchiges tragfähig zu machen und dadurch auch auf eine besondere Beziehungsform und auf ein existenzielles Aufeinander-Verwiesensein der Menschen. Verletzbarkeit geht alle an, und stiftet deshalb eine Gemeinsamkeit besonderer Art. In diesem Sinne sind verletzbare Orte nicht nur ästhetische, sondern auch ethische Orte, womit die politische Dimension des Vorhabens betont wird.
Ultrathin, semi-permeable membranes are not only essential in natural systems (membranes of cells or organelles) but they are also important for applications (separation, filtering) in miniaturized devices. Membranes, integrated as diffusion barriers or filters in micron scale devices need to fulfill equivalent requirements as the natural systems, in particular mechanical stability and functionality (e.g. permeability), while being only tens of nm in thickness to allow fast diffusion times. Promising candidates for such membranes are polyelectrolyte multilayers, which were found to be mechanically stable, and variable in functionality. In this thesis two concepts to integrate such membranes in larger scale structures were developed. The first is based on the directed adhesion of polyelectrolyte hollow microcapsules. As a result, arrays of capsules were created. These can be useful for combinatorial chemistry or sensing. This concept was expanded to couple encapsulated living cells to the surface. The second concept is the transfer of flat freestanding multilayer membranes to structured surfaces. We have developed a method that allows us to couple mm2 areas of defect free film with thicknesses down to 50 nm to structured surfaces and to avoid crumpling of the membrane. We could again use this technique to produce arrays of micron size. The freestanding membrane is a diffusion barrier for high molecular weight molecules, while small molecules can pass through the membrane and thus allows us to sense solution properties. We have shown also that osmotic pressures lead to membrane deflection. That could be described quantitatively.
Der Adhäsionsprozess an Cellulosefasern sollte bis hin zur molekularen Ebene aufgeklärt werden. Zuerst wurde eine definierte Celluloseoberfläche durch Aufschleudern hergestellt und eingehend charakterisiert wurde. Die Beschaffenheit der Oberfläche ist stark abhängig von der Konzentration Celluloselösung, die für das Aufschleudern benutzt wurde. Für geringe Konzentrationen bildete sich ein Netzwerk von Cellulosefibrillen über die Siliziumoberfläche aus. In einem mittleren Bereich wurden geschlossene Filme mit Dicken zwischen 1,5 und ca. 10 nm erhalten. Diese Filme wiesen eine Rauhigkeit unter 2 nm auf, was der Größe eines Cellulosemoleküls entspräche. Mit höheren Konzentrationen wurden die Filme dicker und auch rauer. Die molekular glatten Cellulosefilme wurden zur Untersuchung der Adhäsionseigenschaften zwischen Celluloseoberflächen und ihrer Modifikation durch den Einfluss von Haftvermittlern (Polyelektrolyte) eingesetzt. Dafür wurde das Haftungsvermögen von Celluloseperlen auf der glatten Celluloseoberfläche analysiert. Die Adhäsion der Celluloseperlen hängt dabei von der Menge und von der Art des adsorbierten Polyelektrolyts ab. Geringe Polyelektrolytkonzentrationen ermöglichen wegen der teilweisen Bedeckung der Celluloseoberflächen eine Verstärkung der Haftvermittlung (Adhäsion). Höhere Konzentrationen an Polyelektrolyten bedecken die Celluloseoberfläche komplett, so dass die Symmetrie der Polyelektrolytadsorption entscheidend wird. Wenn Celluloseperlen und glatte Celluloseoberfläche gleichzeitig mit Polyelektrolyten beschichtet werden verringert sich bei hohen Konzentrationen die Adhäsion erheblich. Ein hohes Maß an Adhäsion wird dagegen erreicht, wenn nur eine der beiden gegenüberliegende Celluloseoberflächen separat beschichtet und dann in Kontakt mit der anderen gebracht Oberfläche wurde. Der Einfluss einer äußeren Kraft auf die haftenden Celluloseperlen wurde untersucht, um eine Aussage über die auftretenden Adhäsionskräfte machen zu können. Dafür wurde eine spezielle Strömungszelle entwickelt, mit der die Bewegung von Celluloseperlen beobachtet werden kann. Je nach Ausrichtung der Strömungszelle bewegten sich die Celluloseperlen unterschiedlich schnell. War die Strömungszelle horizontal ausgerichtet, wirkte zusätzlich zur Adhäsionskraft noch die Gravitation auf die Oberfläche, so dass hier eine wesentlich langsamere Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit ermittelt wurde als für die Messungen in vertikaler Ausrichtung. Die Zugabe von verschiedenen Polyelektrolyten bei den Messungen mit der Strömungszelle hatte einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Beweglichkeit der haftenden Celluloseperlen. Bei geringen Polyelektrolytkonzentrationen wurde das Potential der einzelnen Polyelektrolyten zur effektiven Haftvermittlung durch eine signifikant geringere Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der rollenden Celluloseperlen sichtbar. Aus der kritischen Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der rollenden Celluloseperlen wurde die Adhäsionsarbeit errechnet, die für die Bewegung nötig ist.
Die Honigbiene Apis mellifera gilt seit langem als Modell-Organismus zur Untersuchung von Lern- und Gedächtnisvorgängen sowie zum Studium des Sozialverhaltens und der Arbeitsteilung. Bei der Steuerung und Regulation dieser Verhaltensweisen spielt das Indolalkylamin Serotonin eine wesentliche Rolle. Serotonin entfaltet seine Wirkung durch die Bindung an G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der erste Serotonin-Rezeptor aus der Honigbiene molekular charakterisiert. Durch die Anwendung zwei verschiedener Klonierungsstrategien konnten drei cDNA-Sequenzen isoliert werden, die für potentielle Serotonin-Rezeptoren kodieren. Die Sequenzen weisen die größte Ähnlichkeit zu dem 5-HT7- und 5-HT2-Rezeptor von Drosophila melanogaster bzw. dem 5-HT1-Rezeptor von Panulirus interruptus auf. Die isolierten Serotonin-Rezeptoren der Honigbiene wurden dementsprechend Am(Apis mellifera)5-HT1, Am5-HT2 und Am5-HT7 benannt. Das Hydropathieprofil des Am5-HT1-, Am5-HT2- und Am5-HT7-Rezeptors deutet auf das Vorhandensein des charakteristischen heptahelikalen Aufbaus G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptoren hin. Die abgeleiteten Aminosäuresequenzen zeigen typische Merkmale biogener Amin-Rezeptoren. Aminosäuren, die eine Bedeutung bei der Bildung der Liganden-Bindungstasche, der Rezeptor-Aktivierung und der Kopplung eines G-Proteins an den Rezeptor haben, sind in allen drei Rezeptoren konserviert. Interessanterweise ist jedoch das in den meisten biogenen Amin-Rezeptoren vorhandene DRY-Motiv in dem Am5-HT2- und Am5-HT7-Rezeptor nicht konserviert. Das Vorhandensein einer PDZ-Domäne in dem Am5-HT1- und Am5-HT7-Rezeptor lässt vermuten, dass diese Rezeptoren als Adapterproteine fungieren, die Signalmoleküle zu einem Signaltransduktionskomplex vereinigen. RT-PCR-Experimente zeigen die Expression der Rezeptoren in verschiedenen Geweben der Honigbiene. Auffallend ist die hohe Expression im Zentralgehirn. Des Weiteren konnte die Expression der Serotonin-Rezeptoren in den optischen Loben, Antennalloben sowie in der Peripherie, d.h. in der Flugmuskulatur und den Malpighischen Gefäßen nachgewiesen werden. Durch in situ Hybridisierungen wurde die Expression in Gefrierschnitten von Gehirnen adulter Sammlerinnen im Detail untersucht. Transkripte der Rezeptoren sind in den Somata von intrinsischen Pilzkörperzellen, Neuronen der optischen Loben und Neuronen der Antennalloben vorhanden. In einem heterologen Expressionssystem wurde der intrazelluläre Signalweg des Am5-HT7-Rezeptors untersucht. Die Aktivierung des stabil exprimierten Rezeptors durch Serotonin führt zur Bildung von cAMP. Der 5-HT7-Rezeptor spezifische Agonist 5-CT zeigt eine mit Serotonin vergleichbare Fähigkeit, die intrazelluläre cAMP-Konzentration zu erhöhen. Am5-HT7 gehört daher funktionell zu der Gruppe der 5-HT7-Rezeptoren. Der EC50-Wert von 1,06~nM (5-HT), ist im Vergleich zu anderen 5-HT7-Rezeptoren äußert niedrig. Des Weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass das basale cAMP-Niveau in den transfizierten Zellen im Vergleich zu nicht transfizierten Zellen deutlich erhöht ist. Das heißt, dass der Rezeptor auch in der Abwesenheit eines Liganden aktiv ist. Diese konstitutive Aktivität ist auch von anderen biogenen Amin-Rezeptoren bekannt. Methiothepin wurde als wirksamer inverser Agonist des Am5-HT7-Rezeptors identifiziert, da es in der Lage ist, der konstitutiven Aktivität entgegenzuwirken. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit deuten darauf hin, dass die Serotonin-Rezeptoren in verschiedenen Regionen des ZNS der Honigbiene an der Informationsverarbeitung beteiligt sind. Es kann eine Beeinflussung von Lern- und Gedächtnisprozessen sowie des olfaktorischen und visuellen Systems durch diese Rezeptoren vermutet werden. Mit der Klonierung und funktionellen Charakterisierung des ersten Serotonin-Rezeptors der Honigbiene ist eine Grundlage für die Untersuchung der molekularen Mechanismen der serotonergen Signaltransduktion geschaffen worden.
Mit der politischen Wende in den Staaten des ehemaligen Ostblockes wurde für viele militärisch genutzte Flächen ein tiefgreifender Nutzungswandel eingeleitet. Truppenübungsplätze als stark gestörte Bestandteile unserer Kulturlandschaft weisen auf großen Flächen naturschutzfachlich wertvolle Habitatmosaike mit speziellen Lebensgemeinschaften auf. Der Nutzungswandel ist mit einer Veränderung der Vegetationsstrukturen (Sukzession) und weiteren landschaftsökologischen Prozessen verbunden. Der ehemalige Truppenübungsplatz Döberitz im Norden der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam kann auf eine lange militärische Nutzungsgeschichte verweisen (erste Manöver des Soldatenkönigs im Jahr 1713). Nach 1992 wurden das NSG Döberitzer Heide (3.415 ha) und das NSG Ferbitzer Bruch (1.155 ha) ausgewiesen. Als Schutzgebiete nach der Vogelschutzrichtlinie sind sie Bestandteile des kohärenten Schutzgebietssystems Natura 2000 der europäischen Gemeinschaft. Trotz des Schutzstatus und der militärischen Altlasten unterliegt das Gebiet als größte zusammenhängende Naturfläche im engeren Verflechtungsraum des Landes Brandenburg einem hohen Nutzungsdruck. <hr> Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006
Fluvial systems are one of the major features shaping a landscape. They adjust to the prevailing tectonic and climatic setting and therefore are very sensitive markers of changes in these systems. If their response to tectonic and climatic forcing is quantified and if the climatic signal is excluded, it is possible to derive a local deformation history. Here, we investigate fluvial terraces and erosional surfaces in the southern Chilean forearc to assess a long-term geomorphic and hence tectonic evolution. Remote sensing and field studies of the Nahuelbuta Range show that the long-term deformation of the Chilean forearc is manifested by breaks in topography, sequences of differentially uplifted marine, alluvial and strath terraces as well as tectonically modified river courses and drainage basins. We used SRTM-90-data as basic elevation information for extracting and delineating drainage networks. We calculated hypsometric curves as an indicator for basin uplift, stream-length gradient indices to identify stream segments with anomalous slopes, and longitudinal river profiles as well as DS-plots to identify knickpoints and other anomalies. In addition, we investigated topography with elevation-slope graphs, profiles, and DEMs to reveal erosional surfaces. During the first field trip we already measured palaeoflow directions, performed pebble counting and sampled the fluvial terraces in order to apply cosmogenic nuclide dating (<sup>10Be, <sup>26Al) as well as provenance analyses. Our preliminary analysis of the Coastal Cordillera indicates a clear segmentation between the northern and southern parts of the Nahuelbuta Range. The Lanalhue Fault, a NW-SE striking fault zone oblique to the plate boundary, defines the segment boundary. Furthermore, we find a complex drainage re-organisation including a drainage reversal and wind gap on the divide between the Tirúa and Pellahuén basins east of the town Tirúa. The coastal basins lost most of their Andean sediment supply areas that existed in Tertiary and in part during early Pleistocene time. Between the Bío-Bío and Imperial rivers no Andean river is recently capable to traverse the Coastal Cordillera, suggesting ongoing Quaternary uplift of the entire range. From the spatial distribution of geomorphic surfaces in this region two uplift signals may be derived: (1) a long-term differential uplift process, active since the Miocene and possibly caused by underplating of subducted trench sediments, (2) a younger, local uplift affecting only the northern part of the Nahuelbuta Range that may be caused by the interaction of the forearc with the subduction of the Mocha Fracture Zone at the latitude of the Arauco peninsula. Our approach thus provides results in our attempt to decipher the characteristics of forearc development of active convergent margins using long-term geomorphic indicators. Furthermore, it is expected that our ongoing assessment will constrain repeatedly active zones of deformation. <hr> Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006
One of the most difficult issues when dealing with optical water remote-sensing is its acceptance as a useful application for environmental research. This problem is, on the one hand, concerned with the optical complexity and variability of the investigated natural media, and therefore the question arises as to the plausibility of the parameters derived from remote-sensing techniques. Detailed knowledge about the regional bio- and chemico-optical properties is required for such studies, however such information is seldom available for the sites of interest. On the other hand, the primary advantage of remote-sensing information, which is the provision of a spatial overview, may not be exploited fully by the disciplines that would benefit most from such information. It is often seen in a variety of disciplines that scientists have been primarily trained to look at discrete data sets, and therefore have no experience of incorporating information dealing with spatial heterogeneity. In this thesis, the opportunity was made available to assess the potential of Ocean Colour data to provide spatial and seasonal information about the surface waters of Lake Baikal (Siberia). While discrete limnological field data is available, the spatial extension of Lake Baikal is enormous (ca. 600 km), while the field data are limited to selected sites and expedition time windows. Therefore, this remote-sensing investigation aimed to support a multi-disciplinary limnological investigation within the framework of the paleoclimate EU-project ‘High Resolution CONTINENTal Paleoclimate Record in Lake Baikal, Siberia (CONTINENT)’ using spatial and seasonal information from the SeaWiFS satellite (NASA). From this, the SeaWiFS study evolved to become the first efficient bio-optical satellite study of Lake Baikal. During the course of three years, field work including spectral field measurements and water sampling, was carried out at Lake Baikal in Southern Siberia, and at the Mecklenburg and Brandenburg lake districts in Germany. The first step in processing the SeaWiFS satellite data involved adapting the SeaDAS (NASA) atmospheric-correction processing to match as close as possible the specific conditions of Lake Baikal. Next, various Chl-a algorithms were tested on the atmospherically-corrected optimized SeaWiFS data set (years 2001 to 2002), comparing the CONTINENT pigment ground-truth data with the Chl-a concentrations derived from the satellite data. This showed the high performance of the global Chl-a products OC2 and OC4 for the oligotrophic, transparent waters (bio-optical Case 1) of Lake Baikal. However, considerable Chl-a overestimation prevailed in bio-optical Case 2 areas for the case of discharge events. High-organic terrigenous input into Lake Baikal could be traced and information extracted using the SeaWiFS spectral data. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was quantified by the regression of the SeaDAS attenuation coefficient as the optical parameter with SPM field data. Finally, the Chl-a and terrigenous input maps derived from the remote sensing data were used to assist with analyzing the relationships between the various discrete data obtained during the CONTINENT field work. Hence, plausible spatial and seasonal information describing autochthonous and allochthonous material in Lake Baikal could be provided by satellite data.Lake Baikal, with its bio-optical complexity and its different areas of Case 1 and Case 2 waters, is a very interesting case study for Ocean Colour analyses. Proposals for future Ocean Colour studies of Lake Baikal are discussed, including which bio-optical parameters for analytical models still need to be clarified by field investigations.
Moderne Softwaresysteme sind komplexe Gebilde, welche häufig im Verbund mit anderen technischen und betriebswirtschaftlichen Systemen eingesetzt werden. Für die Hersteller solcher Systeme stellt es oft eine große Herausforderung dar, den oft weit reichenden Anforderungen bezüglich der Anpassbarkeit solcher Systeme gerecht zu werden. Zur Erfüllung dieser Anforderungen hat es sich vielfach bewährt, eine virtuelle Maschine in das betreffende System zu integrieren. Die Dissertation richtet sich insbesondere an Personen, die vor der Aufgabe der Integration virtueller Maschinen in bestehende Systeme stehen und zielt darauf ab, solche für die Entscheidung über Integrationsfragen wichtigen Zusammenhänge klar darzustellen. Typischerweise treten bei der Integration einer virtuellen Maschine in ein System eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Problemstellungen auf. Da diese Problemstellungen oft eng miteinander verzahnt sind, ist eine isolierte Betrachtung meist nicht sinnvoll. Daher werden die Problemstellungen anhand eines zentral gewählten, sehr umfangreichen Beispiels aus der industriellen Praxis eingeführt. Dieses Beispiel hat die Integration der "Java Virtual Machine" in den SAP R/3 Application Server zum Gegenstand. Im Anschluss an dieses Praxisbeispiel wird die Diskussion der Integrationsproblematik unter Bezug auf eine Auswahl weiterer, in der Literatur beschriebener Integrationsbeispiele vertieft. Das Hauptproblem bei der Behandlung der Integrationsproblematik bestand darin, dass die vorgefundenen Beschreibungen, der als Beispiel herangezogenen Systeme, nur bedingt als Basis für die Auseinandersetzung mit der Integrationsproblematik geeignet waren. Zur Schaffung einer verwertbaren Diskussionsgrundlage war es daher erforderlich, eine homogene, durchgängige Modellierung dieser Systeme vorzunehmen. Die Modellierung der Systeme erfolgte dabei unter Verwendung der "Fundamental Modeling Concepts (FMC)". Die erstellten Modelle sowie die auf Basis dieser Modelle durchgeführte Gegenüberstellung der unterschiedlichen Ansätze zur LÖsung typischer Integrationsprobleme bilden den Hauptbeitrag der Dissertation. Im Zusammenhang mit der Integration virtueller Maschinen in bestehende Systeme besteht häufig der Bedarf, zeitgleich mehrere "Programme" durch die integrierte virtuelle Maschine ausführen zu lassen. Angesichts der Konstruktionsmerkmale vieler heute verbreiteter virtueller Maschinen stellt die Realisierung eines "betriebsmittelschonenden Mehrprogrammbetriebs" eine große Herausforderung dar. Die Darstellung des Spektrums an Maßnahmen zur Realisierung eines "betriebsmittelschonenden Mehrprogrammbetriebs" bildet einen zweiten wesentlichen Beitrag der Dissertation.
From its first use in the field of biochemistry, instrumental analysis offered a variety of invaluable tools for the comprehensive description of biological systems. Multi-selective methods that aim to cover as many endogenous compounds as possible in biological samples use different analytical platforms and include methods like gene expression profile and metabolite profile analysis. The enormous amount of data generated in application of profiling methods needs to be evaluated in a manner appropriate to the question under investigation. The new field of system biology rises to the challenge to develop strategies for collecting, processing, interpreting, and archiving this vast amount of data; to make those data available in form of databases, tools, models, and networks to the scientific community. On the background of this development a multi-selective method for the determination of phytohormones was developed and optimised, complementing the profile analyses which are already in use (Chapter I). The general feasibility of a simultaneous analysis of plant metabolites and phytohormones in one sample set-up was tested by studies on the analytical robustness of the metabolite profiling protocol. The recovery of plant metabolites proved to be satisfactory robust against variations in the extraction protocol by using common extraction procedures for phytohormones; a joint extraction of metabolites and hormones from plant tissue seems practicable (Chapter II). Quantification of compounds within the context of profiling methods requires particular scrutiny (Chapter II). In Chapter III, the potential of stable-isotope in vivo labelling as normalisation strategy for profiling data acquired with mass spectrometry is discussed. First promising results were obtained for a reproducible quantification by stable-isotope in vivo labelling, which was applied in metabolomic studies. In-parallel application of metabolite and phytohormone analysis to seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to sulfate limitation was used to investigate the relationship between the endogenous concentration of signal elements and the ‘metabolic phenotype’ of a plant. An automated evaluation strategy was developed to process data of compounds with diverse physiological nature, such as signal elements, genes and metabolites – all which act in vivo in a conditional, time-resolved manner (Chapter IV). Final data analysis focussed on conditionality of signal-metabolome interactions.
Die Beeinflussung optischer Eigenschaften durch Bestrahlung stellt eine Grundlage für die Herstellung anisotroper optischer Komponenten dar. In dünnen Schichten von Azobenzen-Polymeren kann optische Anisotropie durch linear polarisierte Bestrahlung induziert oder modifiziert werden. Ziel der Arbeit war es, wesentliche Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen zum Prozess der Photoorientierung zu erarbeiten, um so eine Optimierung der Materialien für verschiedene Anwendungen ermöglichen. In isotropen Schichten flüssigkristalliner und amorpher Azobenzen-Polymeren wird das Ausmaß der induzierten optischen Anisotropie günstig durch eine Donor/Akzeptor-Substitution in 4,4'-Position beeinflusst. Die Induktionsgeschwindigkeit ist in Schichten flüssigkristalliner Polymeren deutlich geringer, jedoch lassen sich höhere Werte der Doppelbrechung und des Dichroismus erreichen. In Copolymeren bewirkt die Photoorientierung der Azobenzen-Seitengruppen eine kooperative Orientierung von formanisotropen Seitengruppen. Die Mesogenität der nicht-photochromen Seitengruppen erhöht das Ausmaß der induzierten optischen Anisotropie. Die Stabilität der induzierten Doppelbrechung und des Dichroismus wird durch diese Gruppen gesteigert. In Schichten flüssigkristalliner Polymeren wird die induzierte optische Anisotropie beim Tempern im Bereich der Mesophasen erheblich verstärkt. Dabei reicht ein geringes Maß an induzierter Anisotropie aus, um Doppelbrechungs- und Dichroismuswerte zu erzielen, wie sie für LC-Domänen typisch sind. In orientierten Schichten von Azobenzen-Polymeren wird das Resultat der linear polarisierten Bestrahlung durch die Stärke der anisotropen Wechselwirkungen in den flüssigkristallinen Domänen oder den LB-Multilayern bestimmt. Eine lichtinduzierte Reorientierung kann nur erreicht werden, wenn diese Wechselwirkungen überwunden werden können. Erfolgt eine Photoreorientierung in den orientierten Polymerschichten, werden in Copolymeren formanisotrope Seitengruppen ebenfalls kooperativ reorientiert. Eine vorgelagerte UV-Bestrahlung kann durch Erzeugung eines hohen Anteils an nicht-mesogenen Z-Isomeren die anisotropen Wechselwirkungen stark schwächen und so die Seitengruppen entkoppeln. Aus diesem Zustand erfolgt die Photoreorientierung mit einer der Photoorientierung in isotropen Schichten vergleichbaren Effizienz. Die erarbeiteten Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen liefern einen Beitrag zur Optimierung derartiger Materialien für Anwendungen in den Bereichen optischer Funktionsschichten, holographischer Datenspeicherung oder der Generierung von Oberflächenreliefgittern.
Stand des IMAF zu Beginn des Jahres 2006
Zum 1. April 2005 wurde per Beschluss des Rektorats der Universität Potsdam das Interdisziplinäre Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung (IMAF) an der Universität Potsdam eingerichtet. Diesem Beschluss gingen knapp zwei Jahre konzeptionelle, organisatorische und administrative Vorarbeiten voraus. Inzwischen ist das IMAF also offiziell gegründet, der Vorstand wurde „bestellt“ (Prof. M. Mutti. Prof. E. Zehe, Prof. A. Bronstert), der Geschäftsführer bzw. wissenschaftliche Koordinator Dr. M. Kühling arbeitet in dieser Funktion seit Sommer 2005 und seit kurzem ist auch die 1. Version der Homepage des IMAF (http://www.uni-potsdam.de/imaf/) frei geschaltet. Auch die Infrastruktur des IMAF ist in der Entstehungsphase: Büroräume sind versprochen (wenn auch noch nicht bezugsfertig) im Haus 13 auf dem Campus Golm der Universität Potsdam und der 1. erfolgreiche Drittmittelantrag erbrachte 8 leistungsfähige Tischrechner und einen Server für das IMAF aus EU-Mitteln. Wichtiger als die administrativen und organisatorischen Arbeiten sind aber die inhaltlichen Forstschritte. Hier ist die große Resonanz, die die Gründung des IMAF sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb der Universität gefunden hat, besonders erfreulich. Über 30 Angehörige des Zentrums sind inzwischen zu verzeichnen und es gibt bereits eine Reihe von wissenschaftlichen Projektinitiativen und Ideen für dieses Zentrum. Neben den wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten am IMAF ist ein zweites Hauptziel für dieses Zentrum die Entwicklung und der Ausbau eines strukturierten Ausbildungsangebotes für Musterdynamik und angewandte Fernerkundung. Dies sollen gleichermaßen Masterstudenten als auch Doktoranden der Universität Potsdam und der mit ihr assoziierten außeruniversitären Institute nutzen. Zudem werden Kurse und Weiterbildungsveranstaltungen mit nationalen und internationalen Experten angestrebt. Neben diesen positiven Entwicklungen gibt es auch (noch ??) über einige Mängel zu berichten:
Das Sekretariat ist nach wie vor unbesetzt, die Finanzausstattung des Zentrums ist völlig ungenügend und die im Konzept für das Zentrum beantragte Wissenschaftlerstelle für Softwareanwendung ist nicht in Sicht. Für einen Erfolg des Zentrums ist es unbedingt notwendig, dass sich diese Situation deutlich verbessert!!
Forschungsschwerpunkte des IMAF
Räumliche Muster und deren Struktur in der Umwelt
Räumliche Muster sind in vielen naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen (Hydrologie, Ökologie, Geologie, Biologie, Chemie, Physik) von zentraler Bedeutung. Z.B. bestimmen die räumlichen (und zeitlichen) Muster von Bodeneigenschaften und Vegetation in ihrem Zusammenspiel mit den Mustern von Niederschlag und Strahlungsinput maßgeblich den Wasser- und Stoffhaushalt auf unterschiedlichsten Skalen und führen über Rückkopplung wiederum zu Veränderungen in Klima, Vegetation und Ökosystemen. Vom kleinräumigen Transport von Schadstoffen und von der Hochwasserentstehung bis zur Frage nach den regionalen und globalen Veränderungen von Klima, Vegetation und Landnutzung seien hier nur einige Problemkreise genannt, in denen Muster und Musterdynamik eine zentrale Stellung einnehmen. Darüber hinaus liefert die Betrachtung der zeitlichen Veränderung von räumlichen Mustern, in Ergänzung zur klassischen Erfassung dynamischer Prozesse in Form von Messungen lokaler zeitlicher Änderungen, eine völlig neue Perspektive auf Dynamik und eröffnet damit völlig neue wissenschaftliche Möglichkeiten. Aktuelle und sehr drängende Fragen innerhalb dieses Forschungsschwerpunktes sind unter anderem:
• Analyse der generelle Raumstruktur von Geodaten (Variabilität, Struktur, Konnektivität);
• Thematische Verbindungen verschiedener Datenebenen und Möglichkeiten für deren Assimilation;
• Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Skalenübergangs zwischen verschiedenen räumlichen Auflösungen und Informationsquellen;
• Ableitung der zeitlichen Dynamik bzw. Entwicklung von großen flächenhaften Datenfeldern.
Angewandte Fernerkundung
Wie keine andere Technik bietet die Fernerkundung in jeglicher Form (unter anderem Satelliten, flugzeuggetragene Sensoren, Wetterradar und auch geophysikalische Methoden) umfangreiche Möglichkeiten, räumliche Muster und deren zeitliche Veränderungen zu erfassen. Allen Methoden der Fernerkundung gemein ist, dass sie nur indirekte Ergebnisse liefern. Das heißt, es besteht nur ein mittelbarer Zusammenhang zwischen dem beobachteten Signal, meist der Reflektivität oder Emissivität elektromagnetischer Strahlung in verschiedenen Spektralbereichen (optisch oder Radar), und der eigentlich interessierenden Größe, wie dem Feuchtezustand der Vegetation, der Bodenfeuchte oder Bodenrauhigkeit, der Niederschlagsintensität, dem Zustand der Schneedecke oder der Ausdehnung eines Oberflächenfilms auf Gewässern. Ein Satellitenbild enthält beispielsweise immer die spektrale Signatur des räumlichen Musters mehrerer der oben genannten Einflussgrößen, was die Extraktion oder Diskriminierung der eigentlich interessierenden Größe erschwert. Dieser „vermischte“ Charakter der Fernerkundungsdaten bietet aber auch immense Chancen. So lassen sich durch geeignete Interpretationsverfahren aus jedem mit hohem finanziellem und technischem Aufwand erstellten Satellitenbild zahlreiche und im Detail völlig unterschiedliche Fragestellungen bearbeiten. Die Extraktion der gewünschten Information aus dem Fernerkundungssignal führt mathematisch gesehen meist auf die Lösung so genannter inverser, schlecht gestellter Probleme. Somit beinhaltet die interdisziplinäre Nutzung von Fernerkundung auch ein hohes methodisches Synergiepotential. Durch die heutigen technischen Möglichkeiten zur Archivierung auch sehr umfangreicher raumbezogener Informationen ist die Bearbeitung zu jedem beliebigen Zeitpunkt nach der Aufnahme möglich – zum Beispiel bis entsprechend lange Zeitreihen und/oder geeignete Interpretationsverfahren zur Verfügung stehen. Tatsächlich dürfte der weitaus größte Teil der raumbezogenen Informationen, die in den bisher erhobenen Fernerkundungsdaten stecken, nur in Ansätzen ausgewertet sein. Einer bereits sehr hoch entwickelten technischen Dimension der Fernerkundung steht ein gewisses Defizit im Umfang ihrer Anwendung in den verschiedenen naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen gegenüber. Aktuelle und sehr drängende Fragen innerhalb dieses Forschungsschwerpunktes sind unter anderem:
• Nutzung der räumlichen und inhaltlichen Breite von Fernerkundungsinformationen;
• Verbindung mit automatisierten, u.a. geophysikalischen Methoden des „ground-truthings“;
• Identifizierung der Grenzen bzgl. Repräsentanz der Daten (spektral, raum-zeitliche Auflösung);
• Verbindung unterschiedlicher Methoden der Fernerkundung und der Geophysik.
Dieser Beitrag illustriert die o.g. Fragestellungen anhand einiger Darstellungen aus verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen und erläutert 2 Beispiele zu beabsichtigten Forschungsprojekten:
• Erfassung und Bedeutung von Boden-Oberflächeneigenschaften auf die Abflussbildung von Landschaften;
• Phänomene des Stofftransportes in homogenen vs. heterogenen Böden.
This thesis studies strong, completely charged polyelectrolyte brushes. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are performed on different polyelectrolyte brush systems using local compute servers and massively parallel supercomputers. The full Coulomb interaction of charged monomers, counterions, and salt ions is treated explicitly. The polymer chains are anchored by one of their ends to a uncharged planar surface. The chains are treated under good solvent conditions. Monovalent salt ions (1:1 type) are modelled same as counterions. The studies concentrate on three different brush systems at constant temperature and moderate Coulomb interaction strength (Bjerrum length equal to bond length): The first system consists of a single polyelectrolyte brush anchored with varying grafting density to a plane. Results show that chains are extended up to about 2/3 of their contour length. The brush thickness slightly grows with increasing anchoring density. This slight dependence of the brush height on grafting density is in contrast to the well known scaling result for the osmotic brush regime. That is why the result obtained by simulations has stimulated further development of theory as well as new experimental investigations on polyelectrolyte brushes. This observation can be understood on a semi-quantitative level using a simple scaling model that incorporates excluded volume effects in a free-volume formulation where an effective cross section is assigned to the polymer chain from where couterions are excluded. The resulting regime is called nonlinear osmotic brush regime. Recently this regime was also obtained in experiments. The second system studied consists of polyelectrolyte brushes with added salt in the nonlinear osmotic regime. Varying salt is an important parameter to tune the structure and properties of polyelectrolytes. Further motivation is due to a theoretical scaling prediction by Pincus for the salt dependence of brush thickness. In the high salt limit (salt concentration much larger than counterion concentration) the brush height is predicted to decrease with increasing external salt, but with a relatively weak power law showing an exponent -1/3. There is some experimental and theoretical work that confirms this prediction, but there are other results that are in contradiction. In such a situation simulations are performed to validate the theoretical prediction. The simulation result shows that brush thickness decreases with added salt, and indeed is in quite good agreement with the scaling prediction by Pincus. The relation between buffer concentration and the effective ion strength inside the brush at varying salt concentration is of interest both from theoretical as well as experimental point of view. The simulation result shows that mobile ions (counterions as well as salt) distribute nonhomogeneously inside and outside of the brush. To explain the relation between the internal ion concentration with the buffer concentration a Donnan equilibrium approach is employed. Modifying the Donnan approach by taking into account the self-volume of polyelectrolyte chains as indicated above, the simulation result can be explained using the same effective cross section for the polymer chains. The extended Donnan equilibrium relation represents a interesting theoretical prediction that should be checked by experimental data. The third system consist of two interacting polyelectrolyte brushes that are grafted to two parallel surfaces. The interactions between brushes are important, for instance, in stabilization of dispersions against flocculation. In the simulations pressure is evaluated as a function of separation D between the two grafting planes. The pressure behavior shows different regimes for decreasing separation. This behavior is in qualitative agreement with experimental data. At relatively weak compression the pressure behavior obtained in the simulation agrees with a 1/D power law predicted by scaling theory. Beyond that the present study could supply new insight for understanding the interaction between polyelectrolyte brushes.
The major aim of this work was the identification of new phloem sap proteins and a metabolic characterisation of this transport fluid. The experiments were performed on the three plant species C. sativus, C. maxima and B. napus. To characterise the phloem samples from B. napus, a new model plant for phloem analysis, western blot tests together with metabolite profiling were performed. GC-MS metabolite profiling and enzyme assays were used for measuring metabolites in the phloem of B. napus. Results from the phloem sap measurements showed, as expected, a typical sugar distribution for apoplasmic phloem loaders with sucrose being the predominant sugar. In stem extracts, the most abundant sugar was glucose with much lower fructose and sucrose levels. With the GC-MS approach it was possible to identify a number of metabolites which showed a differential distribution when phloem and stem tissue extracts were compared. For protein identification, two different approaches were employed (i) screening expression libraries with total phloem protein specific antisera and (ii) protein separation on 2 DE gels followed by ESI-MS/MS sequence analyses. For the first approach, three different phloem protein-specific antisera were produced and expression libraries were constructed. Phloem protein antisera were tested for specificity and some attempts to estimate specific epitopes were undertaken. Screening of the libraries resulted in the identification of 14 different proteins from all investigated species. Analyses of B. napus phloem sap proteins from 2 DE with ESI-MS/MS resulted in the identification of 5 different proteins. The phloem localisation of the identified proteins was additionally confirmed by western blot tests using specific antibodies. In order to functionally characterise some selected phloem proteins from B. napus, the group of potential calcium-binding polypeptides was analysed for functional Ca<sup>+2 binding properties and several Ca<sup>+2–binding proteins could be isolated. However, their sequences could as yet not be determined. Another approach used for functional protein characterisation was the analysis of Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants. Four available mutants with insertions in phloem protein-specific genes were chosen from the SALK and GABI-Kat collections and selected homozygous lines were tested for the presence of the investigated proteins. In order to verify if the product of one of the mutated gene (GRP 7) is transported through the phloem, grafting experiments were performed followed by western blot analyses. Although the employed antiserum against GRP 7 protein did not allow distinguishing between the mutant and the wild type plants, successful Arabidopsis grafting could be established as a promising method for further studies on protein translocation through the phloem.
Investigation of tropospheric arctic aerosol and mixed-phase clouds using airborne lidar technique
(2005)
An Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) was constructed and built at Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Potsdam, Germany for the lower tropospheric aerosol and cloud research under tough arctic conditions. The system was successfully used during two AWI airborne field campaigns, ASTAR 2004 and SVALEX 2005, performed in vicinity of Spitsbergen in the Arctic. The novel evaluation schemes, the Two-Stream Inversion and the Iterative Airborne Inversion, were applied to the obtained lidar data. Thereby, calculation of the particle extinction and backscatter coefficient profiles with corresponding lidar ratio profiles characteristic for the arctic air was possible. The comparison of these lidar results with the results of other in-situ and remote instrumentation (ground based Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL), sunphotometer, radiosounding, satellite imagery) allowed to provided clean contra polluted (Arctic Haze) characteristics of the arctic aerosols. Moreover, the data interpretation by means of the ECMWF Operational Analyses and small-scale dispersion model EULAG allowed studying the effects of the Spitsbergens orography on the aerosol load in the Planetary Boundary Layer. With respect to the cloud studies a new methodology of alternated remote AMALi measurements with the airborne in-situ cloud optical and microphysical parameters measurements was proved feasible for the low density mixed-phase cloud studies. An example of such approach during observation of the natural cloud seeding (feeder-seeder phenomenon) with ice crystals precipitating into the lower supercooled stratocumulus deck were discussed in terms of the lidar signal intensity profiles and corresponding depolarisation ratio profiles. For parts of the cloud system characterised by almost negligible multiple scattering the calculation of the particle backscatter coefficient profiles was possible using the lidar ratio information obtained from the in-situ measurements in ice-crystal cloud and water cloud.
Ethik, Integrität und Korruption : Neue Herausforderungen im sich wandelnden öffentlichen Sektor?
(2005)
Im öffentlichen Sektor hat, wie wir wissen, in den letzten 10-20 Jahren ein erheblicher Wandel stattgefunden. Die staatlichen Strukturen haben sich immer mehr ausdifferenziert und öffentliche Leistungen werden in sehr unterschiedlichen Erledigungsformen erbracht. Ein beachtlicher Teil der Leistungen ist auf private Dritte ausgelagert oder ganz privatisiert worden. Zudem haben sich verschiedene Muster von öffentlich-privaten Kooperationen herausgebildet. Verwaltungen und öffentliche Unternehmen wurden unter verstärkten Leistungsdruck und Wettbewerb gesetzt. All das führte zu einer weithin wahrnehmbaren Ökonomisierung und „Managerialisierung“ des öffentlichen Sektors, die verständlicherweise auch Werte und Verhaltensweisen der öffentlich Beschäftigten beeinflusst hat. Daraus ergeben sich ohne Zweifel erhebliche Konsequenzen für die Integrität der Akteure im öffentlichen Sektor sowie für deren Korruptionsanfälligkeit. Das Buch führt wesentliche Argumentationsstränge und Praxiserfahrungen zum Thema „Ethik, Integrität und Korruption im öffentlichen Sektor“ aus dem Blickwinkel der sich wandelnden Rahmenbedingungen und Strukturfaktoren zusammen. <hr> Aus dem Inhalt: Manfred Röber: „Managerialisierung“ als Herausforderung für die Integrität der öffentlichen Verwaltung Patrick von Maravic: Dezentrale Korruptionsrisiken als Folge der Transformation des öffentlichen Sektors? Thomas Edeling: Die Korrumpierung bedarfswirtschaftlichen Handelns in öffentlichen Unternehmen Christoph Demmke: Öffentliche Meinung, Ethik und die Reform der öffentlichen Dienste in Europa Uwe Bekemann: ex-post Prüfung vs. ex-ante Beratung. Wandel der Rechnungsprüfungsämter als Reaktion auf neue Korruptionsrisiken?! Woydt, Justus: Der Integrity Pact von Transparency International Elshorst, Hansjörg: Ergänzende Gedanken aus der Sicht von Transparency International
This paper argues that the texts surviving from the Old English period do not reflect the spoken language of the bulk of the population under Anglo-Saxon elite domination. While the Old English written documents suggest that the language was kept remarkably unchanged, i.e. was strongly monitored during the long OE period (some 500 years!), the spoken and "real Old English" is likely to have been very different and much more of the type of Middle English than the written texts. "Real Old Engish", i.e. of course only appeared in writing after the Norman Conquest. Middle English is therefore claimed to have begun with the 'late British' speaking shifters to Old English. The shift patterns must have differed in the various part of the island of Britain, as the shifters became exposed to further language contact with the Old Norse adstrate in the Danelaw areas and the Norman superstrate particularly in the South East, the South West having been least exposed to language contact after the original shift from 'Late British' to Old English. This explains why the North was historically the most innovative zone. This also explains the conservatism of the present day dialects in the South West. It is high time that historical linguists acknowledge the arcane character of the Old English written texts.
Qualitätsentwicklung und Evaluation in der Lehrerbildung : die zweite Phase: Das Referendariat
(2006)
Die allgemein gestiegene Nachfrage nach empirischen Qualitätsbeurteilungen von Bildungsaktivitäten hat auch in der Lehrerbildung zahlreiche Forschungsaktivitäten ausgelöst. Die zweite Phase der Lehrerbildung (sog. Vorbereitungsdienst bzw. Referendariat) - lange Zeit als der "vergessene Teil der Lehrerbildung" angesehen - ist dabei zunehmend ins Blickfeld geraten, nachdem sich der Fokus zunächst eher auf die erste, universitäre Phase bezog. Die zweite Phase der Lehrerbildung dient vor allem dem Ziel, den angehenden Lehrerinnen und Lehrern Gelegenheit zu geben, professionsbezogene Handlungsroutinen aufzubauen, die sie in die Lage versetzen, im Alltag des Lehrberufs situationsangemessen zu arbeiten und zu reagieren. Aus diesem Anspruch ergeben sich verschiedene Qualitätsanforderungen, die an die Lehrerausbildung und hier insbesondere die zweite Phase zu stellen sind. Der vorliegende Band versucht, sich der Frage der Qualität der Lehrerausbildung aus zwei Perspektiven zu nähern: zum einen aus einer eher inhaltlich-analytischen und zum anderen aus einer eher methodologischen bzw. methodischen Perspektive. Bei der inhaltlich-analytischen Sichtweise geht es um Konzepte, Methoden, Themen und Dimensionen von Qualität, um unterschiedliche Zugänge bei der Erforschung von Qualität in der Lehrerbildung, um den Praxistransfer von Evaluationsergebnissen und - nicht zuletzt - um Untersuchungsbefunde zu verschiedenen Qualitätsbereichen, z.B. zu Stärken und Schwächen des Vorbereitungsdienstes, zu Kompetenzen von Lehramtskandidatinnen und Lehramtskandidaten oder zur Ausbildungsqualität. Darüber hinaus stellt sich die Frage nach der "probaten" (Evaluations-) Methodologie, die für die Erfassung und Beurteilung der genannten Qualitätsparameter eingesetzt wird. Welche Qualitätsaspekte sind für die entsprechenden Einschätzungen relevant und welche Reichweite haben Aussagen, die über die Qualität des "Evaluandums zweite Ausbildungsphase" gemacht werden bzw. welchen Limitationen unterliegen diese? Beide Perspektiven des Bandes sollen dem übergeordneten Ziel dienen, die Diskussion und den Erfahrungsaustausch zu Fragen der Qualität und Evaluation in der Lehrerbildung anzuregen und grundlegende Orientierungen und Hinweise für die Qualitätssicherungs- und Evaluationsdebatte in der Lehrerbildung zu geben. <hr> Aus dem Inhalt dieser Ausgabe: Wilfried Schubarth, Philipp Pohlenz: Zur Einführung; Wilfried Schubarth, Karsten Speck, Ulrike Große, Andreas Seidel, Charlotte Gemsa: Die Potsdamer LehramtskandidatInnen-Studie – ein Beispiel für Evaluation in der Lehrerbildung; Mathias Iffert, Angelika Horeth: Baustelle Studienseminar. Überlegungen zur Qualifizierung der Arbeit in der zweiten Phase der Lehrerausbildung am Staatlichen Studienseminar Potsdam; Andreas Wernet: „Man kann ja sagen, was man will: es ist ein Lehrer-Schüler-Verhältnis“. Eine fallanalytische Skizze zu Kollegialitätsproblemen im Referendariat; Wolfram Meyerhöfer, Clara Rienits: Evaluation des Referendariats im Land Brandenburg, Fachseminare Mathematik; Mathias Iffert: Zwischen Vorurteil und Urteil. Eine Replik auf: Wolfram Meyerhöfer und Clara Rienits: „Evaluation des Referendariats im Land Brandenburg, Fachseminare Mathematik“; Wolfram Meyerhöfer: Erkennen und Vorurteil. Antwort auf die Replik von Iffert; Eberhard Schröder, Ulf Kieschke: Bewältigungsmuster im Lehramtsstudium. Eine Untersuchung an den Universitäten Münster und Potsdam; Philipp Pohlenz, Elisabeth Grindel, Anne Köpke: Zur Validität von Evaluationsergebnissen. Qualitätsdimensionen der Lehrerausbildung im Lichte zentraler Testgütekriterien; G. L. Senarath Nanayakkara, Klaus D. Neumann, Philipp Pohlenz: Quality Assurance in Sri Lankan Teacher Training Evaluation Procedures for the Assessment of the Internship Period [Beitrag in englischer Sprache]; Karsten Speck: Stand und Perspektive der Evaluations- und Qualitätsdebatte in der zweiten Phase der Lehrerbildung (Referendariat)
In recent years, the aim of supramolecular syntheses is not only the creation of particular structures but also the introduction of specific functions in these supramolecules. The present work describes the use of the ionic self-assembly (ISA) route to generate nanostructured materials with integrated functionality. Since the ISA strategy has proved to be a facile method for the production of liquid-crystalline materials, we investigated the phase behaviour, physical properties and function of a variety of ISA materials comprising a perylene derivative as the employed oligoelectrolyte. Functionality was introduced into the materials through the use of functional surfactants. In order to meet the requirements to produce functional ISA materials through the use of functional surfactants, we designed and synthesized pyrrole-derived monomers as surfactant building blocks. Owing to the presence of the pyrrole moiety, these surfactants are not only polymerizable but are also potentially conductive when polymerized. We adopted single-tailed and double-tailed N-substituted pyrrole monomers as target molecules. Since routine characterization analysis of the double-tailed pyrrole-containing surfactant indicated very interesting, complex phase behaviour, a comprehensive investigation of its interfacial properties and mesophase behavior was conducted. The synthesized pyrrole-derived surfactants were then employed in the synthesis of ISA complexes. The self-assembled materials were characterized and subsequently polymerized by both chemical and electrochemical methods. The changes in the structure and properties of the materials caused by the in-situ polymerization were addressed. In the second part of this work, the motif investigated was a property rather than a function. Since chiral superstructures have obtained much attention during the last few years, we investigated the possibility of chiral ISA materials through the use of chiral surfactants. Thus, the work involved synthesis of novel chiral surfactants and their incorporation in ISA materials with the aim of obtaining ionically self-assembled chiral superstructures. The results and insights presented here suggest that the presented synthesis strategy can be easily extended to incorporate any kind of charged tectonic unit with desired optical, electrical, or magnetic properties into supramolecular assemblies for practical applications.
Das Borna Disease Virus (BDV, Bornavirus) besitzt ein einzelsträngiges RNA-Genom negativer Polarität und ist innerhalb der Ordnung Mononegavirales der Prototyp einer eigenen Virusfamilie, die der Bornaviridae. Eine außergewöhnliche Eigenschaft des Virus ist seine nukleäre Transkription und Replikation, eine weitere besteht in seiner Fähigkeit, als neurotropes Virus sowohl in vivo als auch in vitro persistente Infektionen zu etablieren. Die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen sowohl der Replikation als auch der Persistenz sind derzeit noch unzureichend verstanden, auch deshalb, weil das Virus noch relativ „jung“ ist: Erste komplette Sequenzen des RNA-Genoms wurden 1994 publiziert und erst vor einigen Monaten gelang die Generierung rekombinanter Viren auf der Basis klonierter cDNA. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit standen das p10 Protein und das Phosphoprotein (P), die von der gemeinsamen Transkriptionseinheit II in überlappenden Leserahmen kodiert werden. Als im Kern der Wirtszelle replizierendes Virus ist das Bornavirus auf zelluläre Importmechanismen angewiesen, um den Kernimport aller an der Replikation beteiligten viralen Proteine zu gewährleisten. Das p10 Protein ist ein negativer Regulator der viralen RNA-abhängigen RNA-Polymerase (L). In vitro Importexperimente zeigten, dass p10 über den klassischen Importin alpha/beta abhängigen Kernimportweg in den Nukleus transportiert wird. Dies war unerwartet, da p10 kein vorhersagbares klassisches Kernlokalisierungssignal (NLS) besitzt und weist darauf hin, dass der zelluläre Importapparat offensichtlich flexibler ist als allgemein angenommen. Die ersten 20 N-terminalen AS vermitteln sowohl Kernimport als auch die Bindung an den Importrezeptor Importin alpha. Durch Di-Alanin-Austauschmutagenese wurden die für diesen Transportprozess essentiellen AS identifiziert und die Bedeutung hydrophober und polarer AS-Reste demonstriert. Die Fähigkeit des Bornavirus, persistente Infektionen zu etablieren, wirft die Frage auf, wie das Virus die zellulären antiviralen Abwehrmechanismen, insbesondere das Typ I Interferon (IFN)-System, unterwandert. Das virale P Protein wurde in dieser Arbeit als potenter Antagonist der IFN-Induktion charakterisiert. Es verhindert die Phosphorylierung des zentralen Transkriptionsfaktors IRF3 durch die zelluläre Kinase TBK1 und somit dessen Aktivierung. Der Befund, dass P mit TBK1 Komplexe bildet und zudem auch als Substrat für die zelluläre Kinase fungiert, erlaubt es, erstmalig einen Mechanismus zu postulieren, in dem ein virales Protein (BDV-P) als putatives TBK1-Pseudosubstrat die IRF3-Aktivierung kompetitiv hemmt.
Die Tailspike Proteine (TSP) der Bakteriophagen P22, Sf6 und HK620 dienen der Erkennung von Kohlenhydratstrukturen auf ihren gram-negativen Wirtsbakterien und zeigen, von den ersten 110 Aminosäuren des N-Terminus abgesehen, keine Sequenzübereinstimmung. Mit Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass HK620TSP und Sf6TSP ebenfalls zu einer parallelen, rechtsgängigen beta-Helix falten, wie dies schon für P22TSP bekannt war. Die Kohlenhydratbindestelle ist bei Sf6TSP im Vergleich zu P22TSP zwischen die Untereinheiten verschoben.
We consider a system of infinitely many hard balls in R<sup>d undergoing Brownian motions and submitted to a smooth pair potential. It is modelized by an infinite-dimensional stochastic differential equation with a local time term. We prove that the set of all equilibrium measures, solution of a detailed balance equation, coincides with the set of canonical Gibbs measures associated to the hard core potential added to the smooth interaction potential.
Neolignans, dehydrodimers of phenylpropenes, are natural products that exhibit different biological activities. 8,5’-Neolignans containing a trans- dihydrobenzofuran skeleton are the most abundant neolignans in nature. The published syntheses of trans-dihydrobenzofurans are multistep procedures that are time consuming and provide the product in low yield. Furthermore, all dimerisation reactions either in the presence of enzymes or mediated by metal salts are yielding dimers consisting of two units of the same phenylpropene compound, narrowing substantially the substitution pattern. Two different general synthetic approaches were examined. The first strategy was the enantioselective deprotonation at the α-carbon of the ο-alkyl phenols in the presence of a chiral diamine and sBuLi. Synthesis of several new phosphorous-based directed ortho-metalation groups was studied. The examined compounds having these new groups decomposed even under very mild reaction conditions and are not suitable for the application in the synthesis. The second strategy was to examine one [3+2] cycloaddition reaction, transition metal catalysed Heck oxyarylation reaction, in the synthetic approach to compounds having trans-dihydrobenzofuran skeleton. Palladium catalysed Heck oxyarylation reaction with halogenophenols or ortho-diazonium phenols as the starting material allowed the trans-dihydrobenzofuran compounds as the major products in acceptable yield and in one step. The products were formed under ligand free condition, as well as in the presence of some strong coordinating ligands (Ph3P). The experiments with several chiral ligands, showed that the obtained trans-dihydrobenzofurans were racemic mixtures. This result suggests formation of an achiral intermediate along the reaction pathway, which causes the lack of stereoselectivity in the products. Initially formed trans-dihydrobenzofuran compounds are the key precursors of many naturally occurring neolignans, and can be easily converted to 8,5’-neolignan derivatives.
Connective ties in discourse: Three ERP studies on causal, temporal and concessive connective ties and their influence on language processing. Questions In four experiments the influence of lexical connectives such as " darum", therefore, " danach", afterwards, and " trotzdem", nevertheless, on the processing of short two-sentence discourses was examined and compared to the processing of deictical sentential adverbs such as " gestern", yesterday, and " lieber", rather. These latter words do not have the property of signaling a certain discourse relation between two sentences, as connective ties do. Three questions were central to the work: * Do the processing contrasts found between connective and non-connective elements extend to connective ties and deictical sentential adverbs (experiments 2 and 3)? * Does the semantic content of the connective ties play the primary role, i.e is the major distinction to be made indeed between connective and non-connective or instead between causal, temporal and concessive? * When precisely is the information provided by connective ties used? There is some evidence that connective ties can have an immediate influence on the integration of subsequent elements, but the end of the second sentences appears to play an important role as well: experiments 2, 3, and 4. Conclusions First of all, the theoretical distinction between connective and non-connective elements does indeed have " cognitive reality" . This has already been shown in previous studies. The present studies do however show, that there is also a difference between one-place discourse elements (deictical sentential adverbs) and two-place discourse elements, namely connective ties, since all experiments examining this contrast found evidence for qualitatively and quantitatively different processing (experiments 1, 2, and 3). Secondly, the semantic type of the connective ties also plays a role. This was not shown for the LAN, found for all connective ties when compared to non-connective elements, and consequently interpreted as a more abstract reflection of the integration of connective ties. There was also no difference between causal and temporal connective ties before the end of the discourses in experiment 3. However, the N400 found for incoherent discourses in experiment 2, larger for connective incoherent than non-connective incoherent discourses, as well as the P3b found for concessive connective ties in the comparison between causal and concessive connective ties gave reason to assume that the semantic content of connective ties is made use of in incremental processing, and that the relation signaled by the connective tie is the one that readers attempt to construct. Concerning when the information provided by connective ties is used, it appears as if connectivity is generally and obligatorily taken at face value. As long as the meaning of a connective tie did not conflict with a preferred canonical discourse relation, there were no differences found for varying connective discourses (experiment 3). However, the fact that concessive connective ties announce the need for a more complex text representation was recognized and made use of immediately (experiment 4). Additionally, a violation of the discourse relation resulted in more difficult semantic integration if a connective tie was present (experiment 2). It is therefore concluded here that connective ties influence processing immediately. This claim has to be modified somewhat, since the sentence-final elements suggested that connective ties trigger different integration processes than non-connective elements. It seems as if the answer to the question of when connective ties are processed is neither exclusively immediately nor exclusively afterwards, but that both viewpoints are correct. It is suggested here that before the end of a discourse economy plays a central role in that a canonical relation is assumed unless there is evidence to the contrary. A connective tie could have the function of reducing the dimensions evaluated in a discourse to the one signaled by the connective tie. At the end of the discourse the representation is evaluated and verified, and an integrated situation model constructed. Here, the complexity of the different discourse relations that connective ties can signal, is expressed.
Bei Entscheidungen über abzulösende oder neue Anwendungssysteme kann mit Hilfe funktionaler Anforderungen immer nur der gegenwärtige oder vorhersehbare Bedarf ermittelt werden. In einem turbulenten Umfeld sind die Anwendungssysteme jedoch häufig langere Zeit im Einsatz als die Anforderungen gültig sind, mit Hilfe derer sie ausgewählt wurden. An der Universität Potsdam wird im Rahmen des BMBF-Projektes CHANGE eine Vorgehensweise zur Ermittlung der Zukunftsfähigkeit unternehmensweiter Anwendungssysteme entwickelt, deren wesentliche Merkmale in diesem Beitrag beschrieben werden.
Optimierung werksübergreifender Geschäftsprozesse am Beispiel der Automobilzuliefererindustrie
(2005)
Die Bedeutung der Zulieferer für die Automobilhersteller wächst stetig, weil die Zulieferer immer stärker in den gesamten Wertschöpfungsprozess des Herstellers eingebunden werden und somit ständig Planung, Qualität und Logistikabläufe optimiert werden müssen. Betriebliche Anwendungen, wie Enterprise Resource Planning- (ERP-) oder Produktionsplanung- und –steuerungs-(PPS-) Systeme werden benötigt, um den störungsfreien und reibungslosen Ablauf der Geschäftsprozesse und damit die ständige Lieferfähigkeit gegenüber dem Automobilhersteller zu garantieren [1]. Anhand eines Marktüberblicks werden in diesem Beitrag innovative Ansätze, Möglichkeiten und Koordinationsmechanismen zur Unterstützung der Produktion in verteilten Standorten von aktuellen ERP-/PPS-Systemen vorgestellt.
Die Orientierung am Kunden und dessen individuellen Wünschen ist heutzutage von großer Bedeutung. Mit Hilfe eines Produktkonfigurationssystems ist es möglich, Produkte nach bestimmten Regeln aus bestimmten Bauteilen virtuell zu entwickeln [1] und somit die gewünschten Leistungsmerkmale der Kunden auf ihre Durchführbarkeit hin zu überprüfen. In der vorliegenden Marktuntersuchung wurden die Leistungsfähigkeit von Konfiguratoren sowohl in ERP-/PPS-Systemen als auch als Stand-alone-Lösung untersucht und darauf überprüft, inwiefern sie zur Bewältigung komplexer und variantenreicher Produktgestaltungsaufgaben geeignet sind.
Marktüberblick
(2005)
Diese Marktstudie vermittelt einen Überblick über Software, die zur Unterstützung von Wissensmanagement eingesetzt werden kann und berücksichtigt dabei die Spannweite von spezialisierten Suchmaschinen bis zu umfassenden integrierten Wissensmanagementsystemen. Die untersuchte Software bietet sowohl Unterstützung bei Community-orientierten Wissensmanagementansätzen als auch bei Information Retrieval. Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten sind genauso unterschiedlich wie die heterogenen Anforderungen von Unternehmen und Organisationen, die diese an Wissensmanagement stellen. Eine direkte Vergleichbarkeit aller untersuchten Softwareprodukte ist daher nicht sinnvoll.