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Tarkovskijs Scham
(2016)
Background
Doping presents a potential health risk for young athletes. Prevention programs are intended to prevent doping by educating athletes about banned substances. However, such programs have their limitations in practice. This led Germany to introduce the National Doping Prevention Plan (NDPP), in hopes of ameliorating the situation among young elite athletes. Two studies examined 1) the degree to which the NDPP led to improved prevention efforts in elite sport schools, and 2) the extent to which newly developed prevention activities of the national anti-doping agency (NADA) based on the NDPP have improved knowledge among young athletes within elite sports schools.
Methods
The first objective was investigated in a longitudinal study (Study I: t0 = baseline, t1 = follow-up 4 years after NDPP introduction) with N = 22 teachers engaged in doping prevention in elite sports schools. The second objective was evaluated in a cross-sectional comparison study (Study II) in N = 213 elite sports school students (54.5 % male, 45.5 % female, age M = 16.7 ± 1.3 years (all students had received the improved NDDP measure in school; one student group had received additionally NADA anti-doping activities and a control group did not). Descriptive statistics were calculated, followed by McNemar tests, Wilcoxon tests and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Results
Results indicate that 4 years after the introduction of the NDPP there have been limited structural changes with regard to the frequency, type, and scope of doping prevention in elite sport schools. On the other hand, in study II, elite sport school students who received further NADA anti-doping activities performed better on an anti-doping knowledge test than students who did not take part (F(1, 207) = 33.99, p <0.001), although this difference was small.
Conclusion
The integration of doping-prevention in elite sport schools as part of the NDPP was only partially successful. The results of the evaluation indicate that the introduction of the NDPP has contributed more to a change in the content of doping prevention activities than to a structural transformation in anti-doping education in elite sport schools. Moreover, while students who did receive additional education in the form of the NDPP“booster sessions” had significantly more knowledge about doping than students who did not receive such education, this difference was only small and may not translate to actual behavior.
Due to their multifunctionality, tablets offer tremendous advantages for research on handwriting dynamics or for interactive use of learning apps in schools. Further, the widespread use of tablet computers has had a great impact on handwriting in the current generation. But, is it advisable to teach how to write and to assess handwriting in pre- and primary schoolchildren on tablets rather than on paper? Since handwriting is not automatized before the age of 10 years, children's handwriting movements require graphomotor and visual feedback as well as permanent control of movement execution during handwriting. Modifications in writing conditions, for instance the smoother writing surface of a tablet, might influence handwriting performance in general and in particular those of non-automatized beginning writers. In order to investigate how handwriting performance is affected by a difference in friction of the writing surface, we recruited three groups with varying levels of handwriting automaticity: 25 preschoolers, 27 second graders, and 25 adults. We administered three tasks measuring graphomotor abilities, visuomotor abilities, and handwriting performance (only second graders and adults). We evaluated two aspects of handwriting performance: the handwriting quality with a visual score and the handwriting dynamics using online handwriting measures [e.g., writing duration, writing velocity, strokes and number of inversions in velocity (NIV)]. In particular, NIVs which describe the number of velocity peaks during handwriting are directly related to the level of handwriting automaticity. In general, we found differences between writing on paper compared to the tablet. These differences were partly task-dependent. The comparison between tablet and paper revealed a faster writing velocity for all groups and all tasks on the tablet which indicates that all participants—even the experienced writers—were influenced by the lower friction of the tablet surface. Our results for the group-comparison show advancing levels in handwriting automaticity from preschoolers to second graders to adults, which confirms that our method depicts handwriting performance in groups with varying degrees of handwriting automaticity. We conclude that the smoother tablet surface requires additional control of handwriting movements and therefore might present an additional challenge for learners of handwriting.
Loss to follow-up in a randomized controlled trial study for pediatric weight management (EPOC)
(2016)
Background
Attrition is a serious problem in intervention studies. The current study analyzed the attrition rate during follow-up in a randomized controlled pediatric weight management program (EPOC study) within a tertiary care setting.
Methods
Five hundred twenty-three parents and their 7–13-year-old children with obesity participated in the randomized controlled intervention trial. Follow-up data were assessed 6 and 12 months after the end of treatment. Attrition was defined as providing no objective weight data. Demographic and psychological baseline characteristics were used to predict attrition at 6- and 12-month follow-up using multivariate logistic regression analyses.
Results
Objective weight data were available for 49.6 (67.0) % of the children 6 (12) months after the end of treatment. Completers and non-completers at the 6- and 12-month follow-up differed in the amount of weight loss during their inpatient stay, their initial BMI-SDS, educational level of the parents, and child’s quality of life and well-being. Additionally, completers supported their child more than non-completers, and at the 12-month follow-up, families with a more structured eating environment were less likely to drop out. On a multivariate level, only educational background and structure of the eating environment remained significant.
Conclusions
The minor differences between the completers and the non-completers suggest that our retention strategies were successful. Further research should focus on prevention of attrition in families with a lower educational background.
The strong adhesion of sub-micron sized particles to surfaces is a nuisance, both for removing contaminating colloids from surfaces and for conscious manipulation of particles to create and test novel micro/nano-scale assemblies. The obvious idea of using detergents to ease these processes suffers from a lack of control: the action of any conventional surface-modifying agent is immediate and global. With photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactants we overcome these limitations. Such photo-soaps contain optical switches (azobenzene molecules), which upon illumination with light of appropriate wavelength undergo reversible trans-cis photo-isomerization resulting in a subsequent change of the physico-chemical molecular properties. In this work we show that when a spatial gradient in the composition of trans- and cis- isomers is created near a solid-liquid interface, a substantial hydrodynamic flow can be initiated, the spatial extent of which can be set, e.g., by the shape of a laser spot. We propose the concept of light induced diffusioosmosis driving the flow, which can remove, gather or pattern a particle assembly at a solid-liquid interface. In other words, in addition to providing a soap we implement selectivity: particles are mobilized and moved at the time of illumination, and only across the illuminated area.
Referential Choice
(2016)
We report a study of referential choice in discourse production, understood as the choice between various types of referential devices, such as pronouns and full noun phrases. Our goal is to predict referential choice, and to explore to what extent such prediction is possible. Our approach to referential choice includes a cognitively informed theoretical component, corpus analysis, machine learning methods and experimentation with human participants. Machine learning algorithms make use of 25 factors, including referent’s properties (such as animacy and protagonism), the distance between a referential expression and its antecedent, the antecedent’s syntactic role, and so on. Having found the predictions of our algorithm to coincide with the original almost 90% of the time, we hypothesized that fully accurate prediction is not possible because, in many situations, more than one referential option is available. This hypothesis was supported by an experimental study, in which participants answered questions about either the original text in the corpus, or about a text modified in accordance with the algorithm’s prediction. Proportions of correct answers to these questions, as well as participants’ rating of the questions’ difficulty, suggested that divergences between the algorithm’s prediction and the original referential device in the corpus occur overwhelmingly in situations where the referential choice is not categorical.
We study the adsorption–desorption transition of polyelectrolyte chains onto planar, cylindrical and spherical surfaces with arbitrarily high surface charge densities by massive Monte Carlo computer simulations. We examine in detail how the well known scaling relations for the threshold transition—demarcating the adsorbed and desorbed domains of a polyelectrolyte near weakly charged surfaces—are altered for highly charged interfaces. In virtue of high surface potentials and large surface charge densities, the Debye–Hückel approximation is often not feasible and the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann approach should be implemented. At low salt conditions, for instance, the electrostatic potential from the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation is smaller than the Debye–Hückel result, such that the required critical surface charge density for polyelectrolyte adsorption σc increases. The nonlinear relation between the surface charge density and electrostatic potential leads to a sharply increasing critical surface charge density with growing ionic strength, imposing an additional limit to the critical salt concentration above which no polyelectrolyte adsorption occurs at all. We contrast our simulations findings with the known scaling results for weak critical polyelectrolyte adsorption onto oppositely charged surfaces for the three standard geometries. Finally, we discuss some applications of our results for some physical–chemical and biophysical systems.
Ein Blick zurück
(2016)
1 Einleitung, 2 Die Entstehung des organisierten Turnens in Deutschland, 3 Vom Turnen zum Sport, 4 Friedrich Ludwig Jahn und die Herausbildung der deutschen Turnersprache, 5 Sportsprache in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, 6 Didaktische Anregungen, 7 Materialien und Diskussionsanregungen, 8 Literatur
Mit Korbmachern zum Sieg
(2016)
1 Hinführung und Zielstellung, 2 Angestrebte Ergebnisse der Entwicklung lexikalischer Kompetenz - vernetzt mit der Entwicklung von Lese-/Textverstehenskompetenz, 3 Arbeit am Wortschatz und Textverstehen - Textanalyse als das Erschließen eines Feldes von Möglichkeiten, 4 Die Tätigkeit des Schülers optimal in Gang setzen - handlungs-regulierende Aufgaben stellen, 5 Literatur
Duldung und Diskriminierung
(2016)
Die Worte „entjuden“ und „Entjudung“ sind sprachlicher Ausdruck zumeist judenfeindlicher Haltungen und Taten in der deutschen Geschichte. Der Beitrag zeichnet die Entwicklung des Begriffs anhand seiner Verwendungszusammenhänge nach. Im Kontext der Assimilation des beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts meinte der Terminus, dass man sich jener jüdischen „Eigenheit“ zu entkleiden habe, welche als Postulat gemeinhin Konsens war. Innerhalb der innerjüdischen Diskussion wird „Entjudung“ zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts zum diagnostischen Ausdruck des Identitätsverlustes. Als politischer Kampfbegriff der Nationalsozialisten ist er wiederum zum Synonym für die Entrechtung und Vernichtung jüdischer Menschen geworden. Protestantische Theologen verwendeten diesen Begriff in der Debatte um die Erneuerung des Christentums, was durch die Entfernung jüdischer Einflüsse geschehen sollte. Bereits Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts formuliert, findet diese Forderung in der 1939 erfolgten Gründung des Instituts zur Erforschung und Beseitigung des jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsche kirchliche Leben seine programmatische Umsetzung.
Archaeology can be understood as a tool used in the process of identity formation,
contributing to a sense of belonging and unity within a diverse set of communities.
Research was conducted with the intention of analyzing the wide range of perceptions
regarding archaeological sites in the mixed city of Lod, Israel. I explored the impact of
urban cultural heritage on shaping the identity of local Jewish and Arab children, who
were chosen as the youngest active members of society living in the city, and who
participated in the 2013 archaeological excavation season at the Khan al-Hilu. Israel is
an ideal location for such research, due to its nature as simultaneously being the focus
of extensive archaeological excavations as well as being the setting of an intractable conflict. Ancestral attachment to the land serves as a foundation for the collective
identity of both Jews and Arabs. Yet, each community and individual may relate differently
to the surrounding archaeological sites, which is further shaped by their sense of
societal hierarchy and cultural heritage.
After the mass immigration to Israel from 1948 to 1950, about 2000 Jews remained
in Yemen. These Jews lived in small communities and continued to maintain their
religious environment as it was. In the years that followed, many of them, however, moved from Yemen to Israel with the assistance of the Jewish Agency and the Joint
Distribution Committee (JDC). The community was of a small size and the fact that it
was dispersed throughout the predominantly Muslim areas, created a certain closeness
between the two groups. About ten percent of the Jews chose to convert to Islam, many
of them in groups. In about twenty cases, the husbands chose to convert to Islam while
their wives emigrated to preserve their Judaism. Some of the converts refused to grant
their wives a divorce, because, according to Muslim law, conversion is enough to sever
the marital relationship. This procedure is called ʿAgunot. Meaning, women bound in
marriage to a husband and they no longer lived together, but the husband didn’t formally
‘released’ her from marriage union. The article follows the efforts undertaken
to release the ʿAgunot, and shows that Jewish and Muslim scholars were able to find
solutions to the ʿAgunot problem and, at times, managed to bridge the gap between the
two religions.
In this article we will present a few examples of the theme of “calling for help and redemption” in Arabic and Hebrew poetry, with particular focus on eleventh and twelfth century Muslim Spain. More particularly, we will offer a glimpse into the life and oeuvre of two medieval poets (one Muslim, one Jewish); both were active in Muslim Spain in the same period and shared a similar fate of exile and wandering: on the one hand, the Sicilian Arabic poet Ibn Ḥamdīs (c. 1056–c. 1133) and on the other hand, the Spanish Jewish poet Moses ibn Ezra (1055–1138). We will take into account the impact of exile and wandering on the profusion of the theme of “calling for help and redemption” as well as the related theme of “yearning for one’s homeland” through an analysis and comparison of poetic fragments by the two aforementioned poets as well as additional Andalusian Jewish (Judah ha-Levi) and Muslim (Ibn Khafāja, al-Rundī and Ibn al-Abbār) poets.
The concept of three journeys as a way to denote spiritual development was introduced
by Dhu al-Nun, one of the founding fathers of Islamic mysticism. The use of this
concept was later refined by combining it with the Sufi technique of adding different
prepositions to a certain term, in order to differentiate between spiritual stages. By
using the words journey (Safar) and God (Allah) and inserting a preposition before the
word God, Sufi writers could map the different roads to God or the stations (Maqamat) on this road. Ibn al-'Arabi, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, speaks of three
different ways: from God, toward God and in God. Tanchum ha-Yerushalmi, the Judeo
Arabic biblical commentator from the end of this century, speaks of the three journeys
as three stations of one continuous way. A nearly identical description we can find in
the writing of the Muslim scholar Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, a generation later. Later in
the fourteenth century, in the writing of the Sufi writer al-Qashani, the three travels
become four, although the scheme of three prepositions is preserved. Near the end of
the fourteenth century, in the writings of R. David ha-Nagid, we find only two journeys:
to God and in God. All this tells us that Judeo Arabic literature can help us map
with greater precision the historical development of Sufi ideas.
In diesem Artikel wird ein vergleichender Einblick in die jüdische Responsen Literatur und in die muslimische Fatwa-Literatur gegeben und herausgearbeitet, welche Fragen sich für weiterführende Studien ergeben. Beide Religionen haben ein normatives Bezugssystem (halacha und fiqh), das sich auf alle Bereiche des Lebens erstreckt. Die klassische Position beider Religionen sieht in der Ausübung dieser Normen den authentischsten Weg, Gottes Willen näherzukommen. Nach traditioneller Auffassung benötigen religiöse Menschen dabei eine permanente Supervision durch vertrauenswürdige Gelehrte, die sie bei Bedarf um Rat bitten können. Die große Zahl der Fragen, die Gelehrten – über das Internet, den Briefverkehr oder das Telefon – gestellt werden, zeigt einen auch in der Gegenwart ungebrochenen Bedarf an fachkundigen Auskünften im Bereich religiöser Normen. Im vorliegenden Artikel sollen die Grundzüge dieses Prozesses religiöser Rechtsauskünfte im Judentum und Islam vergleichend dargestellt werden. Dabei können an dieser Stelle nur die bedeutendsten Momente festgehalten und auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede hin betrachtet werden. Als Methode dient die historische Analyse, bei der die Fatwa- und die Responsen-Literatur in ihrer klassischen Form und in Grundzügen dargestellt wird, so wie sie sich vom 7. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert gezeigt hat.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige zentrale Berichte und Motive aus den frühen Quellen des Islam über die militärischen Konflikte des Propheten Muhammad mit den
Juden von Medina beleuchtet. Als Grundlage der Untersuchung dient die Prophetenbiografie des Gelehrten Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq (gest. 150 nach der Hedschra), die auch heute noch maßgeblich ist. Im Beitrag wird unter anderem aufgezeigt, dass es sowohl innerhalb der Gattung der Sīra-Literatur, der Ibn Isḥāqs Werk angehört, als auch in den frühen Traditionen der islamischen Rechtswissenschaft, der Koranexegese sowie im Korantext selbst zahlreiche Hinweise auf alternative Darstellungen dieser Konflikte gibt. Diese gerieten in den ersten Jahrhunderten des Islam infolge des Siegeszuges von Ibn Isḥāqs Werk zunehmend aus dem Blickfeld, sind aber für zeitgenössische Diskurse um das Verhältnis des Islam zu Nichtmuslimen durchaus von Interesse. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es die normative Aussagekraft der unterschiedlichen Szenarien für Grundsatzfragen insbesondere für das Verhältnis zwischen Muslimen und Juden herauszuarbeiten. Einen inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt im Beitrag bilden dabei unterschiedliche Zugänge zum berühmten Bericht über die Vernichtung des jüdischen Stammes der Banū Qurayza im Anschluss an die Grabenschlacht.
Die Rezeption des Propheten Jona im Koran setzt dessen biblischen Narrativ im Wesentlichen voraus und deutet diesen vor allem dort aus, wo man um eine Korrektur seines Prophetenbildes bemüht ist. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Buße, Umkehr und Erlösung Yūnus’ und seines Volkes. Nachkoranische Prophetenerzählungen (qisas alanbiyā’) füllen die narrativen Leerstellen der ‚Jona-Suren‘ wiederum mit erklärendem Erzählmaterial auf und schöpfen dafür auch aus dem umfangreichen Fundus biblischer und rabbinischer Traditionen, die sie sich im äußeren Rahmen der koranischen Yūnus Überlieferung schöpferisch zu eigen machen. So entstehen Erzählkompositionen, die sich als dialogische Auseinandersetzung mit religiösen Themen von gemeinsamer Relevanz lesen lassen. Der Artikel reflektiert gezielt Entwicklung und Verhältnis der Rezeptionen Jonas im Koran sowie in den Prophetenerzählungen von Ibn-Muhammad at-Ta‛labī und Muhammad ibn ‛Abd Allāh al-Kisā’i, in stetiger Auseinandersetzung mit der jüdischen Jona-Tradition.
The figure of Moses constitutes an important link between Jewish and Muslim traditions.
Muslims consider him to be one of the five elite prophets of God, his story therefore
has a prominent place in the Qurʼan. While there are minor differences, the story
of Moses found in the Qurʼan confirms the account of the Torah; the life of Moses thus
is considered a model for all Muslims to follow. Though elements of his story are found throughout the Qurʼan, it is in chapter 7 where it is given in its greatest detail. As the
focus point of this article, chapter 7 discusses many events in Mosesʼ life, which are important for both Muslims and Jews, and reveals his great importance and Godliness. It also demonstrates how truly similar Islamʼs Moses and Judaismʼs Moses are. Therefore,
through an examination of the various elements of the story of Moses as found in
the Qurʼan, this article will show how by following him, Jews and Muslims can come
together in friendship, harmony and peace. Moses is the common ground on which
Jews and Muslims can come together in order to open up a dialogue and further their
shared commitment to the worship of the One God.
Spielend Lernen
(2016)
Studium trifft Praxis
(2016)
Therapie der auditiven Verarbeitungs- und Wahrnehmungsstörungen (AVWS) bei Kindern im Vorschulalter
(2016)
1. Teilleistungsbereiche der auditiven Verarbeitung und Wahrnehmung, 2. Therapie- und Fördermöglichkeiten, 3. Praxisnahe Darstellung der Therapieinhalte einzelner Teilleistungsbereiche der AVWS, 3.1 Höraufmerksamkeit (auditive Aufmerksamkeit), 3.2 Entdecken, 3.3 Lokalisation (Richtungshören), 3.4 Diskrimination, 3.5 Verstehen, 3.6 Selektion (Figur-Grund Wahrnehmung), 3.7 Auditive Merkfähigkeit, 3.8 Ergänzung zur auditiven Merkfähigkeit, 3.9 Separation (dichotisches Hören), 3.10 Lautheitsempfinden, 3.11 Auditive Ergänzung, 3.12 Auditive Analyse, 3.13 Auditive Synthese, 3.14 Qualitätsmanagment, 4. Literatur