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The drift time spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), alkylbenzenes and alkylphenylethers were recorded with a laser-based ion mobility (IM) spectrometer. The ion mobilities of all compounds were determined in helium as drift gas. This allows the calculation of the diffusion cross sections (Omegacalc) on the basis of the exact hard sphere scattering model (EHSSM) and their comparison with the experimentally determined diffusion cross sections (Omegaexp). These Omegaexp/Omegacalc-correlations are presented for molecules with a rigid structure like PAH and prove the reliability of the theoretical model and experimental method. The increase of the selectivity of IM spectrometry is demonstrated using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) at atmospheric pressure, realized by tuneable lasers. The REMPI spectra of nine alkylbenzenes and alkylphenylethers are investigated. On the basis of these spectra, the complete qualitative distinction of eight compounds in a mixture is shown. These experiments are extended to alkylbenzene isomer mixtures.
Inhalt: Leitartikel: Wilfried Schubarth: Quo vadis Lehrerbildung Zweite Phase der Lehrerbildung: Bettina Labahn: Von Bologna nach Quedlinburg – Die Reform des Lehramtsstudiums in Deutschland Charlotte Gemsa: Das Praxissemester Hannelore Breslawsky: Zwei Phasen der Lehrerausbildung miteinander vernetzt – Beispiele Nicole Schulz: Potsdam – Cottbus - Schweiz: vom Studium in die Berufspraxis Kathrin Burmeister: Erfahrungsfeld: Schulpraktische Studien Sandra Schumann: Ich habe einen Stundenplan eLearning und eLearning-Systeme an der Uni Potsdam: Michael Mihahn: PULS – ein Service für Studierende und Lehrende Doreen Markert, Benno Volk: AG eLearning Corina Jackowski, Cecilia Hoppe: Einsatz des eLearning-Systems Blackboard in der Hochschullehre Veranstaltungen: Martin Neumann: Nic jano folkloru – Sorbisches im Sommersemester Viola Grellmann: Tage der Lehrerbildung Veranstaltungen zur Lehrerbildung
Inhalt: Wilfried Schubarth: Neue Strukturen am Zentrum für Lehrerbildung Charlotte Gemsa: Neu im Lehramtsstudium: Das Praxissemester Viola Grellmann, Roswitha Lohwaßer: ... und am Nachmittag in den Hort Agi Schründer-Lenzen: Förderunterricht für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund – Eine attraktive Praxisphase für Lehramtsstudierende Mirko Wendland: Am Dienstag werde ich Lehrer Katharina Paulke: Stimme und Sprache – Hauptinstrument der Wirksamkeit des Lehrers Wilfried Schubarth: "Endlich Praxis!" - Potsdamer Lehramtskandidaten-Studie untersucht Qualität des schulischen Vorbereitungsdienstes Martin Neumann: Uni – Lehramt - Engagement. Potsdamer Lehramtsstudierende vertreten ihre Interessen. Eine Ergänzung zum Artikel von Opitz und Schumann (KENTRON 17) Karina Ebel: Gesundheitsfördernde Lehramtsausbildung – eine Potsdamer Perspektive? M. Müller: Wir stellen vor: Die Schiller Grundschule Im Sternfeld – staatlich genehmigte Ersatzschule Verordnung über die Erprobung von Bachelor- und Master-Abschlüssen in der Lehrerausbildung und die Gleichstellung mit der Ersten Staatsprüfung (Bachelor-Master-Abschlussverordnung – BaMaV) - Auszug Veranstaltungskalender aus dem Zentrum für Lehrerbildung
Die Zahl der Kolonkarzinome in den westlichen Industrieländern steigt in den letzten Jahren stetig an. Zu den Verbindungen, die mit der Zubereitung der Nahrung entstehen, mit ihr aufgenommen werden und die Kolonkanzerogenese möglicherweise begünstigen, gehört das heterozyklische aromatische PhIP, das bei der Erhitzung proteinreicher Nahrungsmittel entsteht. Neben zahlreichen Fütterungsversuchen an Nagern existieren auch Zellkulturmodelle zur Untersuchung der molekularen Mechanismen der PhIP-induzierten Kolonkanzerogenese. Die chemische Transformation von Zellen sollte durch wiederholte Exposition gegenüber dem hydroxylierten Metaboliten des Kanzerogens (N2-OH-PhIP) erzielt werden. Es wurden IEC-18-Zellen der Ratte und HCEC-Zellen des Menschen zur Untersuchung verwendet. Die Behandlung der IEC-18-Zellen führt nach 25 Behandlungszyklen mit Konzentrationen von 5 bis 20 µM nicht zur Transformation der Zellen. Die Anwesenheit von N2-OH-PhIP führt zu einer zehnfach erhöhten Induktion der GST-Aktivität, insbesondere der Untereinheiten GST-A1, -A3, -Pi und -T2, die für die effiziente Detoxifizierung des N-Acetoxy-Metaboliten vom N2-OH-PhIP verantwortlich sind. Bereits nach drei Behandlungen mit 1,5 µM N2-OH-PhIP konnte eine maligne Transformation der HCEC-Zellen erzielt werden. Die Zellen zeigten die charakteristischen Zeichen der Transformation: veränderte Wachstumseigenschaften wie klonales dreidimensionales Zellwachstum („pilling up“), Hemmung der Zell-Zell-Kontaktinhibierung, verkürzte Populationsverdopplungszeiten und tumorigene und metastasierende Eigenschaften. Außerdem exprimierten die N2-OH-PhIP-exponierten humanen Kolonzellen mit steigender Anzahl der Behandlungen größere Mengen des trunkierten APC-Proteins. Die bekannten PhIP-spezifischen Mutationen im APC-Gen resultieren in der Expression eines trunkierten Proteinproduktes und werden als frühe Ereignisse in der Kolonkanzerogenese betrachtet. Die zusammenfassende Betrachtung aller Ergebnisse zeigt, dass die IEC-18-Zelllinie zur chemischen Transformation durch N2-OH-PhIP ungeeignet ist. Dagegen wurde erstmalig eine vollständige chemische Transformation von Humandickdarmepithelzellen in vitro durch Exposition der humanen Kolonepithelzelllinie HCEC gegenüber dem Kolonkarzinogen N2-OH-PhIP erzielt.
This issue of Linguistics in Potsdam contains a number of papers that grew out of the workshop Descriptive and Empirical Adequacy in Linguistics held in Berlin on December 17-19 December, 2005. One of the goals of this meeting was to bring together scholars working in various frameworks (with emphasis on the Minimalist Program and Optimality Theory) and to discuss matters concerning descriptive and empirical adequacy. Another explicit goal was to discuss the question whether Minimalism and Optimality Theory should be considered incompatible and, hence, competing theories, or whether the two frameworks should rather be considered complementary in certain respects (see http://let.uvt.nl/deal05/call.html for the call for papers). Five of the seven papers in this volume directly grew out of the oral presentations given at the workshop. Although Vieri Samek-Lodovici’s paper was not part of the workshop, it can also be considered a result of the workshop since it pulls together some of his many comments during the discussion time. The paper by Eva Engels and Sten Vikner discusses a phenomenon that received much interest from both minimalist and optimality theoretic syntax in the recent years, Scandinavian object shift. The paper may serve as a practical example for a claim that is repeatedly made in this volume: minimalist and OT analyses, even where they might be competing, can fruitfully inform each other in a constructive manner, leading to a deeper understanding of syntactic phenomena.
Deuteration effects on the vibronic structure of the emission and excitation spectra of triangular [4]phenylene (D3h[4]phenylene) were studied using laser-excited Shpolskii spectroscopy (LESS) in an octane matrix at 4.2 K. For correct assignment of the vibrational modes, the experimental results were compared with calculated frequencies (B3LYP/6-31G*). CH vibrations were identified by their characteristic isotopic shifts in the spectra of deuterated triangular [4]phenylenes. Two CC stretching modes, at 100 cm–1 and 1176 cm–1, suitable as probes for bond strength changes in the excited state, were identified. The isotope effect on the internal conversion rates of triangular [4]phenylene was evaluated from measurements of temperature dependent lifetime. Isotope dependency and the magnitude of the internal conversion rates indicate that internal conversion in triangular [4]phenylene is most likely induced by CH vibrations. The results obtained by LESS and lifetime measurements were compared with PM3 PECI calculations of the excited state structure. The theoretical results and the relation between ground and excited state vibration energies of the 1176 cm–1 probe vibration indicate a reduction of bond alternation of the central cyclohexatriene ring in the excited state.
Inhalt: Hartmut Giest: Eckpunkte eines Gesamtkonzeptes der Evaluation der Lehrerbildung an der Universität Potsdam Viktor Jakupec: Stellungnahme zur Einführung zweistufiger Studiengänge in der Lehrerbildung Nguyen Thi Phuong Hoa: Die aktuelle Reform des vietnamesischen Bildungssystems als Kernelement erfolgreicher Entwicklung Katja Kahle: Bildung und Geschichte im deutsch-polnischen Dialog Roswitha Lohwaßer, Mirko Wendland, Karina Ebel: Es entwickelt sich ... Das Zentrum für Lehrerbildung Anja Kurz: Die Bearbeitung der Ordnungen für die Lehramtstudiengänge Bachelor und Master Thomas Köhler: Arbeitsgruppe eLearning am Zentrum für Lehrerbildung Wilfried Schubarth: Potsdamer LehramtskandidatInnen - Studie Irene Krebs: Internet-Portale des Landes Brandenburg – eine Untersuchung aus studentischer Sicht Sandra Schumann: Vereinigung der Lehramtsstudenten der Universität Potsdam Potsdamer Pauker
In Fällen der Beleidigung, der Körperverletzung oder der Tötung eines Angehörigen haben die Gerichte im 19. Jahrhundert in Frankreich in Auslegung des Deliksrechts gemäß Code civil entschieden, daß dem klagenden Verletzten über die erlittene Kränkung, den Schmerz oder die Trauer tröstend hinweggeholfen werden sollte durch Zuerkennung einer ihm vom Täter als Schadensersatz zu zahlende Geldsumme. In drastischem Gegensatz hierzu haben damals die Gerichte in den deutschen Territorien judiziert, ein solcher nicht materieller Schaden könne unmöglich in Geld erfaßt werden. Eine Ausnahme bildete in den meisten Staaten das von Alters her praktizierte Schmerzensgeld. Ansonsten galt: Wer Ehre in Geld aufwiegen will, besitzt keine Ehre. Die Trauer durch Geldannahme lindern zu wollen, entwürdigt den Toten. Es werden umfassende Belege in Form von immer neuen Fallbeispielen dargeboten. Auf diese Weise führt der Verfasser, weit in die Rechtsgeschichte zurückgreifend und dann die Praxis des 19. Jahrhunderts im Détail untersuchend, ein überaus lebhaftes Bild der Entstehungsgeschichte der Differenz und dann der sittengeschichtlich in hohem Maße aufschlußreichen Richtermeinungen in jenem Jahrhundert vor Augen. In den nach der Vertreibung Napoléons 1814 preußisch gewordenen Gebieten am linken Rheinufer und in einigen weiteren westdeutschen Landen hat der Code civil bis zum BGB von 1900 weiter gegolten. Wiederum gestützt auf umfangreiche Fallstudien liefert der Verfasser den Nachweis, daß hier die deutsche Richterschaft zwar französisches Recht angewandt, fast nie aber in den Begriff "Schaden" den "dommage moral" einbezogen hat. Im Schlußkapitel wird über die im 20. Jahrhundert durch die deutsche Rechtsprechung zum Allgemeinen Persönlichkeitrecht bewirkte erhebliche Annäherung an die kontinuierliche französische Praxis berichtet.
Das 6. StrRG fasste die Brandstiftungsdelikte neu und stieß damit auf erhebliche Kritik. Die Einwände blieben nicht ungehört und bereits im Jahr 2000 erläuterte Wilkitzki im Rahmen des Marburger Strafrechtsgesprächs, der Gesetzgeber wolle Mängel des 6. StrRG ausbessern, doch benötige die zu Recht eingeforderte Präzision etwas Zeit. Da die Diskussion nunmehr etwas abgeklungen ist und auch die Rechtsprechung Gelegenheit zur Auseinandersetzung mit den §§ 306 ff. StGB gehabt hat, bietet es sich an, die vorgebrachten Einwände zu ordnen, um Korrekturmöglichkeiten im Zusammenhang darzustellen. Die von §§ 306 ff. StGB aufgeworfenen und recht komplexen Fragestellungen lassen sich grob in drei Bereiche abschichten: (1) die Schwierigkeiten des § 306 StGB, (2) das Gesamtsystem der Strafen sowie (3) gesonderte Einzelprobleme. Ziel der Überlegung ist es, anhand der jeweiligen Problemstellung gesetzgeberische Lösungen zu entwickeln, um anschließend einen vollständigen Reformvorschlag zu unterbreiten. [Einleitung]
Einleitung: Zu den neueren Formen partizipativer Demokratie auf lokaler Ebene gehören die Bürgerhaushalte. Dabei wirken die Bürger einer Kommune an der Aufstellung des Haushaltes in deutlich intensiverem Umfang als bislang mit. Basierend auf einem Beschluss der Stadtverordnetenversammlung (SVV) vom 5. Mai 2004 begann die brandenburgische Landeshauptstadt Potsdam erste Schritte zum Bürgerhaushalt im Jahr 2005. Diese Publikation dokumentiert die Ergebnisse eines Projektseminars an der Universität Potsdam im Wintersemester 2005/2006, an dem unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Heinz Kleger und Dr. Jochen Franzke 78 Studenten der Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften teilnahmen. Zusätzliche Unterstützung leisten Martin Kühn, Uwe Stab und Mike Schubert. Die Projektleitung bedankt sich bei allen Teilnehmern des Seminars für Ihr außergewöhnlich hohes Engagement und selbständiges Arbeiten. Aufgabe des Projektseminars war es, ein Meinungsbild der organisierten Bürgerschaft der Stadt Pots-dam zu den begonnenen Projekten der Bürgerkommune und des Bürgerhaushaltes zu erfragen. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden von den studentischen Teilnehmern des Projektseminars zwischen November 2005 und Januar 2006 150 Interviews mit Vertretern der organisierten Bürgerschaft durchgeführt. Eine vorläufige Gesamtauswertung legte die Arbeitsgruppe 1 vor. Weitere Abschlussberichte betreffen die sechs Sozialräume der Stadt Potsdam. Um das Meinungsbild abzurunden, wurden auch Vertreter der politischen Parteien, der Ausschüsse der Stadtverordnetenversammlung sowie der Stadtverwaltung befragt. Schließlich wurde auch eine AG zum Vergleich mit anderen Bürgerhaushaltsprojekten eingesetzt. Die Projektleitung bedankt sich bei allen Befragten, die sich für diese Interviews Zeit genommen haben. Eine Liste der befragten Organisationen findet sich im Anhang. Entstanden ist eine eindrucksvolle Momentaufnahme sowohl des Zustandes der organisierten Bürger-schaft der Brandenburgischen Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, als auch ihrer Verflechtung mit städtischer Politik und Verwaltung. Vor allem gelang es, die Positionen der organisierten Bürgerschaft zur Bürgerkommune und Bürgerhaushalt sichtbar zu machen. Des Weiteren soll diese Dokumentation allen am Prozess des Bürgerhaushaltes in der Stadt Potsdam beteiligten Akteuren Informationen liefern, die zur weiteren Profilierung dieses sinnvollen Verfahrens dienen sollen. Diese Dokumentation umfasst in einem ersten Teil die zusammenfassenden Thesen von Jochen Franzke und Heinz Kleger zum Stand des Bürgerhaushaltsprojekts in der Stadt Potsdam sowie die Abschlussberichte der Arbeitsgruppen des Projektseminars. In einem zweiten Teil analysieren Carsten Herzberg, Anja Röcke und Yves Sintomer die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Bürgerhaushaltsidee im europäischen Vergleich. Zwei Beiträge von Martin Kühn und Uwe Stab, die als Praktikanten in der Stadtverwaltung dieses Projekt unmittelbar begleitet haben, bringen deren Erfahrungen in die Debatte ein. Es folgen als Anlage der bei den Interviews genutzten Fragebogen sowie eine Liste aller Befragten Verbände bzw. Einzelpersönlichkeiten aus Politik und Verwaltung der Stadt. Die Abschlussberichte der Arbeitsgruppen sowie die freien Beiträge sind von deren Autoren eigenständig verfasst und spiegeln deren Einschätzungen wieder. Dies deckt sich nicht in jedem Fall mit den Positionen der Projektleitung.
Inhalt: Roswitha Lohwaßer: Zentrum für Lehrerbildung an der Universität Potsdam Gerda Haßler, Roswitha Lohwaßer: Weiterentwicklung des Potsdamer Modells der Lehrerbildung - ein Projekt und eine Konzeption Hartmut Giest: Innovation in Lehre und Studium durch Nutzung moderner Medien - eLearning und Multimedia Renate Heusinger: 10 Jahre IEP an der Universität Potsdam - Gedanken zu Konzept, Bilanz und IEP-Kolloquium Doris Flagmeyer: 7 Punkte für eine bessere Lehre. Bundestagung der Leiterinnen und Leiter der Praktikumsbüros an deutschen Universitäten und Hochschulen (Hildesheim, 5.Juni '03) Ulrich Herrmann: "Entfernung pädagogischer Faselei". Christian Gotthilf Salzmanns psychologisch-pädagogische Lehre vom entwickelnden, erziehenden und bildenden Umgang mit Kindern Bernhard Muszynski: Lehrerausbildung, Lehrerberuf und das schöne Bild vom "Lebenslangen Lernen" Katja Weber: Der Computer - mein Tutor? Medienkompetenz als Herausforderung Leserbriefe: Meinungen und Ansichten
Inhalt: Gerda Haßler: 10 Jahre Integriertes Eingangssemester Primarstufe (IEP) an der Universität Potsdam Roswitha Lohwaßer: Informationen zu den Empfehlungen der Expertengruppe "Reform der Lehrerbildung" Hartmut Giest: Was bedeutet Professionsorientierung in der Lehre und wie kommt sie bei den Studierenden an? Marion Höfner: Berufsbezogene Ausbildung und Kerncurriculum im Lehramtsstudium. 5 Thesen Sabina Bieber: Schritt für Schritt zum Lehramt Klaus Pecher: "Ernst Thälmann war ein Kind wie du." Kinderzeitschriften in der DDR - Festrede zur Eröffnung der Ausstellung im Rochow-Museum Reckahn am 22.02.2003 Redaktion KENTRON: Schulen Potsdams – Das Freie Gymnasium am Pfingstberg Zepernick
Inhalt: Gerda Haßler: Zur Modularisierung der Lehramtsstudiengänge an der Universität Potsdam Roswitha Lohwaßer: Weiterführung und Entwicklung einer integrativen Lehrerbildung Viola Grellmann: Praxisstudien im Lehramt. Zahlen und Fakten Nicole Schulz: Wie war’s in der Schule? – Wie immer! Zum Tag der Fachdidaktiken 2002 Angelika Kleinschmidt, Dieter Höterhoff, Bernd Meier: Professionsorientierung versus "Fachmann" oder "Pädagoge". Ein Modellversuch Janina Pieranska, Wladislaw Pieranski, Ulf Holzendorf: Andere Länder, andere Wege? Zur Lehrerbildung in Polen Andreas Sydow: Meine ersten zwei Semester – Das Lehramtsstudium Informatik und Mathematik Sandra Müller-Borowski: Gute Seiten, schlechte Seiten. Erinnerungen an die Studienzeit Wolfgang Roksch: Pestalozzianer, Schul- und Sozialreformer – Wilhelm von Türk und die Lehrerbildung Nicole Schulz: Damit Talente Sieger werden – Die "Eliteschule des Sports Potsdam"
Inhalt: Wolfram Meyerhöfer: PISA - Ein Test im Test Christian Pießnack: Untersuchungen zur orthographischen Kompetenz von Abiturentinnen und Abiturenten im Land Brandenburg Sandra Rademacher: Trost und Bedrohung - Fallstudien zur Eröffnung der schulischen Praxis José A. Rodríguez-Quiles y García: Musikpädagogische Forschung der Länder Spanien und Deutschland im Vergleich Antje Leisner: Modellkompetenz im Physikunterricht Thorid Rabe: Sprache und Sprechen im Physikunterricht Frank Kühn: Physiklernen mit Multimedia in der Hochschule - ein Workshop-Ansatz Andreas Kaiser: Der Beitrag der Grundschule zur Entwicklung und Ausbildung von Medienkompetenz
Inhalt: Wolfgang Thiem: Neue Blicke eröffnen - Kooperation mit Lehrerbildnern osteuropäischer Länder Martin Reiche: Therapeutisches Ohr - Schon vor dem Referendariat Lehrer Peter Schwenkenbecher: Eine gute Adresse für den Vorbereitungsdienst - Medienkompetenz als Bildungsaufgabe Brigitte Sändig: Wofür brauche ich das? Literaturwissenschaft im Lehramtstudium Bernhard Muszynski: Neue Mitstreiter im Boot - Lehrerbildungskommission diskutiert Eckpunktepapier Michael Wolf: Gegen den Trend - Das Freie Gymnasium am Pfingstberg Zepernick - Pädagogik für die Welt von Morgen
Unter dem Eindruck einer zunehmenden Einengung finanzieller Spielräume entwickelt die öffentliche Hand Strategien zur Haushaltskonsolidierung, die über den Einsatz des Neuen Steuerungsmodells hinausgehen. Eine zentrale Bedeutung im Rahmen der Verwaltungsoptimierung nehmen aufgaben- und organisationskritische Ansätze ein. Letztgenannte umfassen Überlegungen, wie durch eine Ablösung hergebrachter behördlicher Strukturen nachhaltige Entlastungseffekte ausgelöst werden können. Das Organisationsrecht kennt hierfür auf allen Verwaltungsebenen grundsätzlich zahlreiche Ausgestaltungen von der Beleihung Privater Dritter über Beteiligungsgesellschaften, Anstalten oder Stiftungen bis hin zu Regiebetrieben. Die verbleibenden Möglichkeiten einer Einflussnahme durch Politik und Verwaltung gestalten sich. Im Interesse einer hinreichenden Steuerung durch politische und administrative Leitungsinstanzen erfahren Landesbetriebe nach § 26 der Landeshaushaltsordnungen in den letzten Jahren in vielen Landesverwaltungen eine Renaissance. Obgleich die betreffende Ermächtigung seit 1969 im Haushaltsrecht verankert ist und bereits Gegenstand der Reichshaushaltsordnung war, liegen kaum systematisierte Erkenntnisse über den Einsatz dieser Organisationsform vor. In den Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungswissenschaften finden sich praktisch keine über den Wortlaut des Gesetzes und hierzu kaum ergangene Verwaltungsvorschriften hinausgehenden Hilfestellungen. Die Arbeit widmet sich dem Modell „Landesbetrieb nach § 26 LHO“, indem sie damit verbundene Entwicklungspotenziale für ein betriebswirtschaftliches Handeln und Rahmenbedingungen seines Einsatzes beleuchtet. Sie stellt den Landesbetrieb dabei in ein Verhältnis zu Behörden, welche unter Anwendung von Elementen des Neuen Steuerungsmodells geführt werden und privatrechtlich ausgestalteten Unternehmen. Zu diesem Zweck erfolgt eine vertiefte empirische Untersuchung der Landesbetriebe im amtlichen Geoinformationswesen, welche eine breite Aufgabenpalette aufweisen. Die in diesem Rahmen vollzogene Primäranalyse wird im Interesse einer Verbreiterung der Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse ergänzt um ausgewählte Sekundäranalysen zur praktischen Ausgestaltung weiterer Landesbetriebe insbesondere in den Bereichen Bau- und Liegenschaftsmanagement, Mess- und Eichwesen und der Datenverarbeitung. Ergänzend zu den deskriptiven Darstellungen der empirischen Betrachtung werden normative Betrachtungen für die einzelnen betriebswirtschaftlichen Funktionalbereiche vorgenommen soweit hier spezifische Problemstellungen in der Praxis der Landesbetriebe bekannt geworden sind. Im Ergebnis kommt die Arbeit zu der Erkenntnis, dass Landesbetriebe ein Entwicklungspotenzial über das Neue Steuerungsmodell hinaus bergen, dieses aber weniger als erwartet im Bereich der Finanzwirtschaft und damit in der tatsächlichen Haushaltskonsolidierung liegt, als vielmehr in der strukturellen Optimierung der Verhältnisse zwischen, Betriebsleitung, Kunden sowie administrativer und politischer Spitze und der Gestaltungsräume der einzelnen Akteure.
Inhalt: Gerda Haßler: Kreativer Umgang mit den Fachdidaktiken Marianne Horstkemper: Qualitätszirkel als Instrument der Schulentwicklung - Kooperationsfeld für (Fach-)didaktik und Schulpädagogik Rainer H. Lehmann: Schulforschung in Brandenburg - Qualitätsuntersuchungen an Schulen zum Unterricht in Mathematik (QuaSUM) Bodo von Borries: Fachspezifische Lernkultur und historisches Bewusstsein Götz Bieber: Rahmenpläne und Qualitätsentwicklung des Unterrichts - Zwischenergebnisse der Revision Sekundarstufe I Hans Leutert: Was können Lehrpläne für die Qualitätsentwicklung und Qualitätssicherung des Unterrichts leisten? Dagmar Klose; Roswitha Lohwasser: Resümee
The limited capacity of working memory forces people to update its contents continuously. Two aspects of the updating process were investigated in the present experimental series. The first series concerned the question if it is possible to update several representations in parallel. Similar results were obtained for the updating of object features as well as for the updating of whole objects, participants were able to update representations in parallel. The second experimental series addressed the question if working memory representations which were replaced in an updating disappear directly or interfere with the new representations. Evidence for the existence of old representations was found under working memory conditions and under conditions exceeding working memory capacity. These results contradict the hypothesis that working memory contents are protected from proactive interference of long-term memory contents.
Semiclassical asymptotics for the scattering amplitude in the presence of focal points at infinity
(2006)
We consider scattering in $\R^n$, $n\ge 2$, described by the Schr\"odinger operator $P(h)=-h^2\Delta+V$, where $V$ is a short-range potential. With the aid of Maslov theory, we give a geometrical formula for the semiclassical asymptotics as $h\to 0$ of the scattering amplitude $f(\omega_-,\omega_+;\lambda,h)$ $\omega_+\neq\omega_-$) which remains valid in the presence of focal points at infinity (caustics). Crucial for this analysis are precise estimates on the asymptotics of the classical phase trajectories and the relationship between caustics in euclidean phase space and caustics at infinity.
Die vorliegende Festschrift wird Frau Prof. Gabrielle Saupe anlässlich ihrer Verabschiedung aus dem Institut für Geographie der Universität Potsdam gewidmet. Bewegende Räume - damit sind emotionale, materielle und strukturelle Bewegungen in einem räumlichen Kontext gemeint. Die Vieldeutigkeit des Titels impliziert die Vielfalt der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Raum. Ein illustres Autorenkollektiv deutscher Raumwissenschaftler verdeutlicht anhand von verschiedenen zum Teil essayartigen Artikeln sein Verständnis von Raum. Die interdisziplinäre Konzeption des Heftes soll das ständige Bemühen von Frau Saupe verdeutlichen, verschiedene Perspektiven, Herangehensweisen und Fachdisziplinen zur Bewältigung der Forschungsaufgaben zusammenzuführen. Hierbei sind die wichtigsten Forschungsprojekte von Frau Saupe ebenso vertreten wie einige der von ihr betreuten Qualifikationsarbeiten. Die Beiträge reichen von der Landschafts- bzw. Geoökologie bis zum Fußball und der Musik. Sie spannen einen Bogen von der Geographie als Regionalwissenschaft zu modernen stadtsoziologischen Fragestellungen, stellen Ergebnisse neuerer Forschungsprojekte vor und widmen sich der Entwicklung von nahen und fernen Räumen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven.
Die Untersuchung bedient sich der Fallstudie als Instrument der empirischen Sozialforschung und hat zum Ziel, die regionalökonomische Bedeutung von öffentlichen Wissenschaftseinrichtungen anhand der Hochschulbildungs- und außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen in Potsdam empirisch zu fundieren. Zur Bearbeitung der Themenstellung wurden drei Aspekte ausgewählt, von denen zu erwarten ist, dass sie für den Untersuchungsraum regionalwirtschaftlich bedeutsam sind: Beschäftigungs-, Einkommens- und Informationseffekte. Die Ausgabenströme der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen (Personal-, Sach- und Investitionsausgaben) sowie die in umfangreichen Befragungen erhobenen Konsumausgaben von Personal und Studierenden wurden regional und sektoral gegliedert und daraus resultierende Beschäftigung und Einkommen für die Region Potsdam ermittelt. Die von den Wissenschaftseinrichtungen ausgehenden Informationseffekte wurden mittels empirischer Untersuchungen des Transfergeschehens in Potsdam analysiert. Durch eine Befragung an den Wissenschaftseinrichtungen sowie ergänzende Experteninterviews war es möglich, ein genaues Bild der Kooperationspotenziale zwischen Potsdamer Wissenschaftseinrichtungen und regionalen Unternehmen zu zeichnen, den aktuellen Stand der Zusammenarbeit zu charakterisieren, Hemmnisse offen zu legen und Handlungsempfehlungen abzuleiten.
Die vorliegende Schrift "Die Islamische Republik Iran" erwächst aus der Durchführung sowie der Vor- und Nachbereitung einer Studienreise von Studenten in den Iran. Im Herbst 2004 reist die Gruppe nach Teheran und lernt neben den dem Alborz-Gebirge und der Kaspi-Region auch die Städte Shiraz, Persepolis, Yazd und Esfahan kennen. In acht Einzelbeiträgen vermitteln die Studenten unter dem Eindruck des selbst Gesehenen und Erlebten und in der Literatur Erarbeiteten einen Überblick zum politisch-administrativen System der Islamischen Republik Iran, zur Wirtschaft, zur Bevölkerungsentwicklung, zur Stadtstruktur im islamischen Orient und in der Hauptstadt, zur Migration im Zusammenhang mit dem Iran-Irak-Krieg, zur Binnenwanderung sowie zu ausgewählten Aspekten der Außenpolitik.
The best of both worlds
(2006)
Gegenstand der Publikation ist eine Art der Transmigration, die nicht, wie in der bisherigen Forschungsliteratur aufgezeigt, durch die Überbrückung des Wohlstandsgefälles entsteht, sondern durch die Verwirklichung eines bestimmten Lebensstils. In mehreren Interviews mit drei Seglern, die – neben der Teilnahme an internationalen Regatten – aus Sets verschiedener Motive zwischen Neuseeland und Europa pendeln, wird deren Lebenswelt als "Long distance-Transmigranten" dargestellt und miteinander verglichen. Im theoretischen Teil werden die Befunde der Fallstudie in die wissenschaftliche Debatte eingeordnet. Ein Abriss zur Kritik sowie die Konsequenzen dieser für die Arbeit werden gezogen. Der Nachweis, dass die untersuchten Probanden "Sonderfälle" darstellen, wird erbracht und die Einführung eines eigenen wissenschaftlichen Begriffes für dieses neue Migrationsphänomen erfolgt. Obgleich diese Studie auf einer relativ schmalen empirischen Basis erwachsen ist, zeichnet sie sich durch das innovative Vorgehen der Autorin aus.
Nach mehrjähriger Befassung mit dem Thema „Menschen mit Behinderungen“ hatte die Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen im Jahre 2001 die Resolution zur Ausarbeitung einer umfassenden internationalen Konvention zum Schutze und zur Förderung der Rechte von behinderten Menschen verabschiedet und einen Ad-hoc-Ausschuß zur Ausarbeitung dieser Konvention eingesetzt. Dieser nahm seine Arbeit im August 2002 auf und konnte schließlich im Jahre 2006 einen Entwurf vorlegen, der von der Generalversammlung am 13. Dezember 2006 im Konsens angenommen wurde. Mehr als 600 Millionen Menschen sind weltweit infolge geistiger und/oder körperlicher Beeinträchtigungen in ihrer Lebensführung durch physische oder gesellschaftliche Grenzen eingeschränkt. Rund 80% von ihnen leben in Entwicklungsländern. Menschen mit Behinderungen sehen sich mit Diskriminierungen und einem erschwerten Zugang zu wesentlichen Leistungen konfrontiert; beides hält sie oftmals davon ab, ihre Rechte und Freiheiten auszuüben. Ihnen wird so die vollständige und umfassende Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben sowie an gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten erschwert. Es gibt deshalb eine Vielzahl von Bemühungen zur Gleichstellung behinderter mit nicht behinderten Menschen in bezug auf die Ausübung ihrer bürgerlichen, politischen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Rechte. Ziel der jetzt verabschiedeten Konvention soll es sein, den vollständigen und gleichberechtigten Genuß aller Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten für Menschen mit Behinderungen zu fördern, zu schützen und zu sichern sowie den Respekt vor ihrer angeborenen Würde zu fördern (Art. 1). Der Entwurf enthält sowohl bürgerliche und politische als auch wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte. Der Aufsatz erläutert die Hintergründe der Konvention und gibt einen Überblick über ihre Inhalte.
Enge Kooperationsformen basieren auf Vertrauen und dementsprechend wurde seine zentrale Rolle für die Funktionsfähigkeit von Netzwerken in den letzten Jahren auch zunehmend anerkannt. Diese Bedeutung von Vertrauen wird in grenzüberschreitenden Netzwerken noch potenziert, da neben den mangelnden formalen Sanktionsmöglichkeiten und der Ungleichzeitigkeit des Tauschs die Unsicherheiten resultierend aus der Berührung unterschiedlicher Wirtschafts-, Kultur und Rechtsräume zunehmen, während gleichzeitig die Funktionsfähigkeit verschiedener Institutionen zur Reduzierung dieser Unsicherheiten abnimmt. Trotz dieser anerkannten Rolle, die Vertrauen in grenzüberschreitenden Kooperationen spielt, wird dem Aufbau von Vertrauen in grenzüberschreitenden Netzwerken und den Möglichkeiten einer gezielten Vertrauensförderung in der Literatur bisher nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Um diese Fragen näher zu untersuchen, wurde eine empirische Studie zwischen den deutschen, polnischen und tschechischen Akteuren des von der Europäischen Union geförderten Projektes Enlarge-Net durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass gemeinsame Erfahrungen und wiederholte Interaktion, direkte Kommunikation, institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen, soziale, kulturelle und räumliche Distanzen zwischen den Akteuren und Dritten Parteien einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Vertrauensaufbau zwischen den Akteuren eines grenzüberschreitenden Netzwerkes haben. Um den Prozess des Vertrauensaufbaus zu fördern, sollte ein Vertrauensmanagement eingeführt werden, das unter anderem auf die Schaffung formaler und informeller Austauschplattformen abzielt, die Qualität der Kommunikation verbessert und Regeln der Kooperation institutionalisiert. Doch bleibt zu beachten, dass es sich bei dem Aufbau von Vertrauen um einen langsamen und sich sukzessive verstärkenden Prozess handelt, der extrem empfindlich gegenüber Störungen ist, die den gesamten Prozess mit einem Schlag zum Erliegen bringen können.
Taking into account historical as well as sociological differences, the author distinguishes between different modes of socialism. On the periphery of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the combination of modern and traditional elements led to the establishment of hybrid political forms. They could be characterized as bureaucratic-patrimonial and associated with a specific type of state: the "peripheral socialist state".
Regionalism in Central Asia is often identified with the dominance of tribal affiliations in politics. This classification, however, is problematic because it neglects the extent of social change under the Soviet rule. In Soviet Turkmenistan state structures were relatively strong. However, personal relations within the Communist party had preserved patrimonial elements within the state. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a stronger patrimonialization of authority relations. In Turkmenistan, this process led to an extreme form of a neo-patrimonial state due to the personal and arbitrary rule of its president Nijazov.
According to the author, chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee in the German parliament (Bundestag), German foreign policy is based on a strong parliamentary consensus: continuing as a Western European country, co-operating with our partners in the European Union and the NATO, acting as a responsible member of UN and OSCE. Germany firmly stands up to these basic decisions, also today in a changed world, concentrating on reaching two major goals: building up a new security architecture for Europe as a whole and reuniting Europe by enlarging the European Union. Moderate and co-operate in style, Germany will continue to be a reliable partner, willing and ready to accept even more responsibilities in Europe and beyond Europe.
The ten-years presidency of Alberto Fujimori in Peru is a classic example of the sort of hybrid democracy that emerged in various Latin American countries in the 1990s, combining a mixture of democratic and clearly non-democratic elements. Fujimori was one of the more autocratic Latin American leaders of the 1990s, he is being the only regime formally to break with pre-existing constitutional rules. Closely tied to the military and intelligence apparatus, his government involved a concentration of political power that reduced the scope and autonomy of other branches of the state. But, unlike previous Latin American military dictatorships, Fujimori’s government enjoyed a considerable popularity, born out of disaffection for representative institutions. The article argues, however, that these characteristics of apparent strength carried within them the seeds of their own destruction. Far from establishing lasting political stability, the regime was weakly based. Within six weeks of his inauguration for a third term in July 2000, Fujimori was obliged to announce his intention to withdraw from politics. Two months later, he was ousted altogether.
After the democratic euphoria of the early 1990s, today the "third wave of democratization" seems to be less a triumph of political liberalism and much more a success story of a "defective" form of democracy. The authors argue that none of the strategies which can be found in contemporary democratization studies is satisfactory. They offer an alternative two-step-strategy of (1) specifying the root concept of democracy and (2) building subtypes of democracy which are based on this specified root concept. In doing so, the authors conceptualize the model of embedded democracy, from which they generate the concept of "defective democracy" and present a typology of these "defective democracies".
While at the time of Goethe, Turkey and other parts of the world seemed to be far away. Today’s Germany is confronted with the pressure of globalization. With regard to environmental issues or the threat of terrorism, international co-operation and combined efforts are strongly demanded. Unfortunately, the German higher education system is not prepared to face these challenges. The article calls for the education of an elite at German universities, which is fit to work in national as well in international institutions. The author presents the Master’s of International Relations coursework at the Technical University of Dresden.
Confronted with new dimensions of international problems, Germany needs a new foreign policy elite that is able to deal with the pending challenges in world politics. Therefore, the author points out, it is necessary to reorganize the German way to recruit personal for international tasks and the manner of its education at German universities. Furthermore, the German society should revise its general hostile attitude towards the elite and recognize it as an important driving force in politics.
The author detects some of the causes for the less than satisfactory representation of the German foreign policy elite on the international level within the German university structure. The article also reflects upon the issue of the 'content' of a possible and desirable German 'Weltpolitik' which is seen in Global Public Policy - an example of which is provided and reasons given for the ability of the German elite to be proactively engaged in the promotion and management of Global Public Policy Networks.
The security policy of Pakistan is aimed at a reduction of nuclear threats in the South Asian region. It is only natural, that a state, whose national security is endangered by a mighty neighbor, will have to strengthen its defense capacities. Unfortunately, the effective collective measures to prevent and to remove threats to peace and international security as laid down in the Charter of the United Nations prove to be an unreliable promise. Ever since India carried out its first nuclear tests in 1974, Pakistan has been forced into a race to catch up with the capabilities if its neighbor. Nevertheless, Pakistan chose a minimalist approach and refrained from converting its nuclear capabilities into weapon systems. Pakistan is against an arms race in the South Asian region, and opposes the concept of first use of nuclear weapons. To ensure lasting peace, a common vision on disarmament is necessary.
Soils contain a large amount of carbon (C) that is a critical regulator of the global C budget. Already small changes in the processes governing soil C cycling have the potential to release considerable amounts of CO2, a greenhouse gas (GHG), adding additional radiative forcing to the atmosphere and hence to changing climate. Increased temperatures will probably create a feedback, causing soils to release more GHGs. Furthermore changes in soil C balance impact soil fertility and soil quality, potentially degrading soils and reducing soils function as important resource. Consequently the assessment of soil C dynamics under present, recent past and future environmental conditions is not only of scientific interest and requires an integrated consideration of main factors and processes governing soil C dynamics. To perform this assessment an eco-hydrological modelling tool was used and extended by a process-based description of coupled soil carbon and nitrogen turnover. The extended model aims at delivering sound information on soil C storage changes beside changes in water quality, quantity and vegetation growth under global change impacts in meso- to macro-scale river basins, exemplary demonstrated for a Central European river basin (the Elbe). As a result this study: ▪ Provides information on joint effects of land-use (land cover and land management) and climate changes on croplands soil C balance in the Elbe river basin (Central Europe) presently and in the future. ▪ Evaluates which processes, and at what level of process detail, have to be considered to perform an integrated simulation of soil C dynamics at the meso- to macro-scale and demonstrates the model’s capability to simulate these processes compared to observations. ▪ Proposes a process description relating soil C pools and turnover properties to readily measurable quantities. This reduces the number of model parameters, enhances the comparability of model results to observations, and delivers same performance simulating long-term soil C dynamics as other models. ▪ Presents an extensive assessment of the parameter and input data uncertainty and their importance both temporally and spatially on modelling soil C dynamics. For the basin scale assessments it is estimated that croplands in the Elbe basin currently act as a net source of carbon (net annual C flux of 11 g C m-2 yr-1, 1.57 106 tons CO2 yr-1 entire croplands on average). Although this highly depends on the amount of harvest by-products remaining on the field. Future anticipated climate change and observed climate change in the basin already accelerates soil C loss and increases source strengths (additional 3.2 g C m-2 yr-1, 0.48 106 tons CO2 yr-1 entire croplands). But anticipated changes of agro-economic conditions, translating to altered crop share distributions, display stronger effects on soil C storage than climate change. Depending on future use of land expected to fall out of agricultural use in the future (~ 30 % of croplands area as “surplus” land), the basin either considerably looses soil C and the net annual C flux to the atmosphere increases (surplus used as black fallow) or the basin converts to a net sink of C (sequestering 0.44 106 tons CO2 yr-1 under extensified use as ley-arable) or reacts with decrease in source strength when using bioenergy crops. Bioenergy crops additionally offer a considerable potential for fossil fuel substitution (~37 PJ, 1015 J per year), whereas the basin wide use of harvest by-products for energy generation has to be seen critically although offering an annual energy potential of approximately 125 PJ. Harvest by-products play a central role in soil C reproduction and a percentage between 50 and 80 % should remain on the fields in order to maintain soil quality and fertility. The established modelling tool allows quantifying climate, land use and major land management impacts on soil C balance. New is that the SOM turnover description is embedded in an eco-hydrological river basin model, allowing an integrated consideration of water quantity, water quality, vegetation growth, agricultural productivity and soil carbon changes under different environmental conditions. The methodology and assessment presented here demonstrates the potential for integrated assessment of soil C dynamics alongside with other ecosystem services under global change impacts and provides information on the potentials of soils for climate change mitigation (soil C sequestration) and on their soil fertility status.
Inhalt: 1. Einleitung 2. Zur Korrelation zwischen Bildungsniveau und sozialer Herkunft 2.1. Die mikrosoziologische Perspektive 2.2. Die Ungleichheit familiärer Lebenswelten 2.3. Bildungskarrieren als Ergebnisse rationaler Entscheidungen 3. Daten und Operationalisierung 4. Soziale Chancengleichheit im Kompetenzerwerb – der Ländervergleich 5. Strukturmerkmale von Bildungssystemen und soziale Chancengleichheit 5.1. Die makrosoziologische Perspektive 5.2. Institutionelle Diskriminierung 5.3. Soziale Entmischung 5.4. Private und kostenpflichtige Schulangebote 6. Erklärungsmodelle zur länderspezifischen Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit 6.1. Modellbildung und Modellhypothesen 6.2. Ergebnisse der pfadanalytischen Erklärungsmodelle 6.3. Diskussion der Ergebnisse 7. Strukturtypen von Bildungssystemen und die soziale Chancengleichheit 7.1. Bildungsstrukturtypen 7.2. Die Strukturtypen und ihre "idealen" Vertreter 7.2.1. Finnland (Strukturtyp: reine Einheitsschule) 7.2.2. Großbritannien (Strukturtyp: Einheitsschule und Privatschulen) 7.2.3. Frankreich (Strukturtyp: Späte Differenzierung) 7.2.4. Österreich (Strukturtyp: Frühe Differenzierung nach Leistung) 7.2.5. Deutschland (Strukturtyp: Frühe Differenzierung mit Elterneinfluss) 7.3. Strukturtypen und die Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit 8. Bildungsstrukturen als Ausdruck gesellschaftlicher Wohlfahrtsvorstellungen 9. Zusammenfassung
The comprehensive transformation after the breakdown of communist rule was also reflected in a profound change in national policies. The dominating approach in the days of the old regime were grounded in the concept of a single nation state. The years since 1989 witnessed a rise of new democratic attitudes towards national and ethnic minorities. National minorities make up 3 to 4% of the population. Their total number is estimated to be approximately 1.0 to 1.3 Million people. Contemporary national policy rejects the principle of assimilation (polonization) of national and ethnic minorities while supporting their integration.
The Bush Administration supported, earlier than some West European NATO partners, the reunification of the two German states. When the crisis of the political system in East Germany escalated in 1989, the US-government tried to link the support for far-reaching democratic reforms with a rapid involvement of all NATO members in the unification strategy of the Bonn government. For the Bush administration, the most complicated task was to convince the Moscow leadership that a loss of the GDR as a strategic domain in the Central Europe, and NATO membership of a united Germany, would not undermine security interests of the Soviet Union. At the End of the East-West-Conflict, German unification was in full accordance with the global strategic interests of the United States.
The end of the Cold War opened a window for a new era in world security. Instead of rising to this extraordinary occasion, the United States has adopted a regressive Great Power approach to military security. Rather than promote 'win-win' solutions for peace, security, disarmament, and democracy, it treats international security as a 'zero-sum' game. This article discusses examples in the areas of military spending, military research and development, and arms production and export. It also looks at US policy regarding the use of force, including the role of the United Nations, military intervention in other nations, military alliances, and multilateral military action. In conclusion, the article comments on whether we can expect more constructive action under a new administration and congress.
The primary objective of this work was to develop a laser source for fundamental investigations in the field of laser – materials interactions. In particular it is supposed to facilitate the study of the influence of the temporal energy distribution such as the interaction between adjacent pulses on ablation processes. Therefore, the aim was to design a laser with a highly flexible and easily controllable temporal energy distribution. The laser to meet these demands is an SBS-laser with optional active mode-locking. The nonlinear reflectivity of the SBS-mirror leads to a passive Q-switching and issues ns-pulse bursts with µs spacing. The pulse train parameters such as pulse duration, pulse spacing, pulse energy and number of pulses within a burst can be individually adjusted by tuning the pump parameters and the starting conditions for the laser. Another feature of the SBS-reflection is phase conjugation, which leads to an excellent beam quality thanks to the compensation of phase distortions. Transverse fundamental mode operation and a beam quality better than 1.4 times diffraction limited can be maintained for average output powers of up to 10 W. In addition to the dynamics on a ns-timescale described above, a defined splitting up of each ns-pulse into a train of ps-pulses can be achieved by additional active mode-locking. This twofold temporal focussing of the intensity leads to single pulse energies of up to 2 mJ at pulse durations of approximately 400 ps which corresponds to a pulse peak power of 5 MW. While the pulse duration is of the same order of magnitude as those of other passively Q-switched lasers with simultaneous mode-locking, the pulse energy and pulse peak power exceeds the values of these systems found in the literature by an order of magnitude. To the best of my knowledge the laser presented here is the first implementation of a self-starting mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator. In order to gain a better understanding and control of the transient output of the laser two complementary numerical models were developed. The first is based on laser rate equations which are solved for each laser mode individually while the mode-locking dynamics are calculated from the resultant transient spectrum. The rate equations consider the mean photon densities in the resonator, therefore the propagation of the light inside the resonator is not properly displayed. The second model, in contrast, introduces a spatial resolution of the resonator and hence the propagation inside the resonator can more accurately be considered. Consequently, a mismatch between the loss modulation frequency and the resonator round trip time can be conceived. The model calculates all dynamics in the time domain and therefore the spectral influences such as the Stokes-shift have to be neglected. Both models achieve an excellent reproduction of the ns-dynamics that are generated by the SBS-Q-switch. Separately, each model fails to reproduce all aspects of the ps-dynamics of the SBS-laser in detail. This can be attributed to the complexity of the numerous physical processes involved in this system. But thanks to their complementary nature they provide a very useful tool for investigating the various influences on the dynamics of the mode-locked SBS-laser individually. These aspects can eventually be recomposed to give a complete picture of the mechanisms which govern the output dynamics. Among the aspects under scrutiny were in particular the start resonator quality which determines the starting condition for the SBS-Q-switch, the modulation depth of the AOM and the phonon lifetime as well as the Brillouin-frequency of the SBS-medium. The numerical simulations and the experiments have opened several doors inviting further investigations and promising a potential for further improvement of the experimental results: The results of the simulations in combination with the experimental results which determined the starting conditions for the simulations leave no doubt that the bandwidth generation can primarily be attributed to the SBS-Stokes-shift during the buildup of the Q-switch pulse. For each resonator round trip, bandwidth is generated by shifting a part of the revolving light in frequency. The magnitude of the frequency shift corresponds to the Brillouin-frequency which is a constant of the SBS material and amounts in the case of SF6 to 240 MHz. The modulation of the AOM merely provides an exchange of population between spectrally adjacent modes and therefore diminishes a modulation in the spectrum. By use of a material with a Brillouin-frequency in the GHz range the bandwidth generation can be considerably accelerated thereby shortening the pulse duration. Also, it was demonstrated that yet another nonlinear effect of the SBS can be exploited: If the phonon lifetime is short compared to the resonator round trip time we obtain a modulation in the SBS-reflectivity that supports the modulation of the AOM. The application of an external optical feedback by a conventional mirror turns out to be an alternative to the AOM in synchronizing the longitudinal resonator modes. The interesting feature about this system is that it is ― although highly complex in the physical processes and the temporal output dynamics ― very simple and inexpensive from a technical point of view. No expensive modulators and no control electronics are necessary. Finally, the numerical models constitute a powerful tool for the investigation of emission dynamics of complex laser systems on arbitrary timescales and can also display the spectral evolution of the laser output. In particular it could be demonstrated that differences in the results of the complementary models vanish for systems of lesser complexity.
Ghana’s local government system has been subject to various reform attempts which all involved some sort of decentralisation. This article tries to link decentralisation to changing national policy frames and the various governments’ need to maintain political control. Consequently, decentralisation becomes a dependent variable of the so called bureaucratic development state. After a brief discussion of the colonial and post-colonial local government system in Ghana, emphasis is placed on the crisis of the post colonial state and the emergence of a new local government system in 1988 - which was successfully transformed into the administrative system of Ghana’s 4th republic after 1992. Local participation has been substantially improved an sustained by the introduction of the District Assemblies Common Fund in 1993 which transfers 5% of the national tax income to the districts.
Apoptose, der programmierte Zelltod, spielt eine wichtige Rolle für das Gleichgewicht zwischen Proliferation und Sterben von Zellen und ist außerdem an der Beseitigung von infizierten und geschädigten Zellen beteiligt. Apoptose kann durch Stimulation von Rezeptoren aus der Familie der TNF-Rezeptoren wie CD95, ausgelöst werden. Nach Liganden-induzierter Trimerisierung der Rezeptoren bindet FADD an den zytoplasmatischen Teil des Rezeptors und rekrutiert Caspase-8 und/oder -10. Die räumliche Nähe der Caspasen in diesem als DISC bezeichneten Komplex führt zu ihrer auto- und transkatalytischen Spaltung und damit Aktivierung. Dadurch wird das apoptotische Programm gestartet, welches zum Tod der Zelle führt. Kontrolliert wird dieser Vorgang von einer Vielzahl anti-apoptotischer Proteine. Störungen in diesem System sind an der Entstehung einer Reihe von Krankheiten beteiligt. Die Blockade der Apoptoseinduktion kann zur Entstehung von Tumoren beitragen. Das klassische Hodgkin Lymphom ist eine maligne Erkrankung des lymphatischen Systems. Die Tumorzellen sind große, einkernige Hodgkin- oder mehrkernige Reed/Sternbergzellen (HRS-Zellen). Sie leiten sich von Keimzentrum-B-Zellen ab. In HRS-Zellen fehlt die Expression einer Vielzahl von typischen B-Zellmarkern, darunter die des B-Zellrezeptors. Solche B-Zellen sterben normalerweise während der Keimzentrumsreaktion durch Apoptose. An diesem Prozess ist CD95 beteiligt. In einer Reihe von malignen Erkrankungen wurden eine Herunterregulation der CD95-Expression oder Mutationen im CD95-Gen beobachtet. Es wird daher vermutet, dass CD95-induzierte Apoptose zur Entfernung von Tumorzellen beiträgt. Im Gegensatz dazu exprimieren sowohl primäre HRS-Zellen als auch etablierte HRS-Zelllinien in der Regel Wildtyp-CD95, sind aber trotzdem CD95-resistent. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Komponenten des CD95-Systems, im Gegensatz zu anderen malignen Erkrankungen, in den HRS-Zellen hochreguliert sind, darunter CD95 selbst. In immunpräzipitierten DISCs von CD95-stimulierten HRS-Zellen wurde neben FADD und Caspase-8/-10 auch c-FLIP nachgewiesen. c-FLIP ist ein Caspase-8/-10-Homolog, das ebenfalls an FADD bindet, aber aufgrund fehlender katalytischer Aktivität die Aktivierung der Caspasen im DISC und damit die Apoptoseinduktion verhindert. Eine starke c-FLIP-Expression konnte in allen HRS-Zelllinien und in den HRS-Zellen nahezu aller untersuchter primärer Hodgkinfälle (55/59) gezeigt werden. Durch siRNA-vermittelte Herunterregulation von c-FLIP war es möglich, HRS-Zelllinien gegenüber CD95-induzierter Apoptose zu sensitivieren. Dies zeigt, dass die CD95-Rezeptor-induzierte Apoptose in den HRS-Zellen nicht strukturell, sondern funktionell inhibiert ist und c-FLIP stark zu dieser Inhibition beiträgt. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass die c-FLIP-Expression in den HRS-Zellen von der konstitutiven Aktivität des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-κB abhängt, die charakteristisch für diese Zellen ist. Normalerweise wird NF-κB von Inhibitorproteinen, den IκBs, im Zytoplasma zurückgehalten. Diverse Stimuli können den IKK-Komplex aktivieren, der die IκBs an bestimmten Serinresten phosphoryliert. Dies hat die Ubiquitinylierung und den Abbau der IκBs zur Folge, wodurch NF-κB frei wird, in den Kern wandert und dort seine Zielgene aktiviert. Es wird angenommen, dass in HRS-Zellen ein konstitutiv aktiver IKK-Komplex und teilweise Mutationen der IκB-Proteine zur konstitutiven NF-κB-Aktivität beitragen. Zu den NF-κB-abhängigen Genen in den HRS-Zellen gehören solche mit anti-apoptotischer und Zellzyklus-treibender Wirkung. Die Inhibition der NF-κB-Aktivität in den HRS-Zellen führt zu Apoptose und eingeschränkter Proliferation. Von dreiwertigem Arsen ist bekannt, dass es die Induzierbarkeit des IKK-Komplexes inhibieren kann und damit letztendlich die Aktivierung von NF-κB. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Arsen in HRS-Zellen den konstitutiv aktiven IKK-Komplex inhibiert. In Zelllinien mit intakten IκB-Proteinen führte dies zur NF-κB-Inhibition und Apoptoseinduktion. Die Reduktion der NF-κB-Aktivität ging mit der Herunterregulation von anti-apoptotischen und Proliferations-fördernden Zielgenen einher. Die ektope Überexpression von NF-κB hob die Apoptose-induzierende Wirkung von Arsen teilweise auf. Durch Arsen-Behandlung von Mäusen konnte das Tumorwachstum xenotransplantierter HRS-Zellen stark verlangsamt werden. In explantierten Tumorzellen konnte ebenfalls eine NF-κB-Inhibition nachgewiesen werden. Die NF-κB-Inhibition durch Arsen trägt also stark zur Apoptoseinduktion in den HRS-Zellen bei. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass die Modulation der Apoptoseresistenz neue therapeutische Ansätze für die Behandlung des Hodgkin Lymphoms bieten könnte. Der Einsatz von Arsen ist dabei besonders interessant, da Arsen schon für die Behandlung anderer maligner Erkrankungen eingesetzt wird.
This paper focuses on some of the factors explaining recent trends in decentralisation, and some areas where decentralisation has had a positive impact, including bringing citizens into public affairs, improving sub-national public administration, and stimulating local economic development. It concludes by exploring the dangers and the implications for governments of differing capabilities starting out on the decentralisation path. More specifically, the paper stresses the underlying incentive structures within states in reform. It suggests a country-specific discussion of both vertical and horizontal incentive structures in decentralisation, as well as clear-cut accountability within a public sector in change. While vertical incentive structures mean defined rules for intergovernmental relationships, horizontal incentive structures mean defined rules between local governments, their citizens and the local private sector. Both sets of incentives need to be reformed jointly to stimulate better results from decentralisation and for better performance of local government. Neglecting one of them, could harm development. Above all, politics and processes are key to understanding, and eventually, managing decentralisation effectively.
During the 1990s the relations between Russia and China developed intensivly. At the highest level, between 1992 and 1998, six summits took place. Both countries declared a "strategic cooperative partnership", designed to contribute to a "multipolar world" and a "well-balanced international political order". Both Russia and China endaveour to use their alliance to raise the importance of their respective places compared against the USA, EU and Japan. Policy changes in Russia have been especially instrumental in solving former conflicts between the two countries, and in developing a new quality to the bilateral relationship. Both countries have shown a strong interest in political and territorial integrity, both expect much from the markets, they need each other as partners in developing new weapon systems and both expect many advantages by normalising the situation along their joint borderline. Though future prospects of a Russian-Chinese partnership are reasonably foreseeable, it is clear that differences will remain. A complete balance of interests may not be seen.
Considering the problems of retirement security systems leads one to look beyond the border in order to get a glimpse of the way things work in other societies. Contrary to formal public pension schemes in South American and East European industrial countries, the predominant pension system in Asia is of an informal nature, based upon the extended family structure. The rise of the city-state of Singapore has been accompanied by the development of a comprehensive social security system within the framework of the Central Provident Fund (CPF). The CPF is based on a symbiosis of Western social concepts and Eastern pragmatism. The article gives an insight into the development of this system, and the way it works underpresent political and economic conditions.
The border between Germany and Poland today is undisputed and definite, and thought to promote great co-operation and a culture of good-neighbourliness. Relations between the two governments are progressing nicely. But public opinion and behaviour are still lagging behind. The author describes how thought and emotions on the Polish side are still influenced by memories of the past, especially of the German occupation during the Second World War, and the slow pace of progress in overcoming that memory. He shows that the "shadows of history" have strongly influenced Polish politics in the context of German reunification. Special emphasis is given to the role of the Catholic Church in the controversial debate on the relations towards Germany in the 1950s and 1960s.
The end of the cold war division of the Baltic Sea in 1989, and the three Baltic states’ return to independence in 1991 created new opportunities for the decision-makers of the area, as well as new possibilities for fashioning security in the region. This article will examine the security debate affecting the Baltic Sea region in the post-cold war period, and in particular, the relevance of the European Union to that debate. The following section will examine various concepts of security relevant to the Baltic region; the third section looks at the EU and the Baltic area; and the last part deals with the implications that EU membership by the Baltic Sea states may have for the security of the Baltic Sea zone.
The article mobilises the concept of strategic culture in order to identify the impact of history upon contemporary security policy. The article will first look at the "wholesale construction" of a strategic culture after the Second World War in West Germany before exploring its impact upon security policy since the end of the Cold War in two areas: the Bundeswehr's out-of-area role and conscription. The central argument presented here is that the strategic culture of the former Federal Republic now writ large on to the new united Germany sets the context within which security policies are designed. This strategic culture, as will be argued, acts as both a facilitating and a restraining variable on behaviour, making certain policy options possible and others impossible.
The author shows the strong relation between political developments, frontiers and their graphical representation on maps. Human rights, economic globalisation and the European integration process do change national policy and erode classical border lines. Still today, maps with lines and colours as their main graphic elements represent the world of the 19th century with separate national states in atlases, schoolbooks and electronic media. The main argument of the article insists on stressing the political character of maps and showing the contradiction between the cartographic picture of the world and the recent international transformations. The author concludes with the question of whether maps can reproduce these new developments at all.
The fiscal reform of 1994 was introduced to strengthen the redistributive function of central government. In the aftermath of the reform it turned out, however, that the dominating cleavage is not necessarily the rivalry between "centre" and "regions", mainly because of the very complex relationships within the provinces. Though taxation itself is highly centralized there is a growing tendency of expensation of "extra-budget revenues". That is why the share of the central government concerning all revenues fell to 27%, falling considerably short of the purpose of the fiscal reform to increase the rate of central redistribution to 60% of the national fiscal ressources. Local communities have turned out to be rather successful in collecting non-tax revenues, concentrating on the non-state sectors of the economy. The problem is not so much the threat of fiscal decentralization but the definition of rules and procedures in the relationship between centre, provinces and local administrations.
Der Nachlass von Israil Bercovici wurde samt seiner jiddischen Bibliothek im Jahre 1997 von der Professur für Religionswissenschaft an der Universität Potsdam erworben, erschlossen und katalogisiert. Israil Bercovici wurde am 20. Dezember 1921 in Botosani, Rumänien, geboren, gestorben ist er am 15. Februar 1988 in Bukarest. Er war von 1955 bis 1982 literarischer Leiter und Chefdramaturg des Jüdischen Staatstheaters Bukarest. Neben seinen häufigen Regiearbeiten war er zugleich bedeutender Historiker des jiddischen Theaters wie der jiddischen Literatur und betätigte sich regelmäßig auch als Vortragsredner zu literatur- und theatergeschichtlichen Themen sowie als Übersetzer und aktiver Teilnehmer am jüdisch-rumänischen Leben. Aus dem Nachlass von Israil Bercovici kann über den Alltag der Juden im rumänischen „Kernland“, in Bukarest, Vieles erfahren werden, denn er bietet nicht nur einen tiefen Einblick in das Leben und Schaffen eines der heute immer seltener noch anzutreffenden Intellektuellen, die in der jiddischen Kultur zu Hause sind, sondern auch in die nicht mehr existierende osteuropäische jiddische Lebenswelt. Der Potsdamer Nachlass besteht aus vielen losen, ungeordneten Dokumenten und ca. 350 Mappen mit etwa 2300 vor allem rumänischen und jiddischen Briefen, Lebensdokumenten, Werkmanuskripten und einem umfangreichen Pressearchiv. Die erschlossenen Unterlagen sind hauptsächlich in jiddischer und rumänischer, aber auch in englischer, hebräischer, französischer, polnischer, spanischer, portugiesischer, russischer und ungarischer Sprache verfaßt. [aus dem Vorwort]
Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich aus zwei Teilstudien zusammen. In Teilstudie 1 wird die Stabilität eines allgemeinen Modells zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen Über- und Unterforderungsmerkmalen, sozialen Belastungen, Anforderungen und organisationalen Ressourcen einerseits sowie den Fehlbeanspruchungen emotionale Erschöpfung und Klientenaversion bzw. Distanzierungstendenzen andererseits für personenbezogene Dienstleistungstätigkeiten untersucht. Einbezogen wurden Ärztinnen und Ärzte, Pflegende und Mitarbeitende aus dem paramedizinischen Bereich sowie Lehrkräfte. Die deutlichsten positiven Zusammenhänge zeigen sich zwischen den Belastungen und der emotionalen Erschöpfung, wobei für die quantitative Überforderung die stabilsten Ergebnisse resultieren. Die Belastungen weisen über die emotionale Erschöpfung hinaus signifikante Zusammenhänge mit aversiven Gefühlen gegen Klientinnen und Klienten auf. Hinsichtlich der modellimplizierten Annahmen zu den positiven Zusammenhängen zwischen den Belastungen und der Distanzierung können in dieser Untersuchung zwar signifikante Ergebnisse, aber keine über die Stichproben hinweg stabilen Zusammenhänge gefunden werden. Die Annahmen zu einem negativen Zusammenhang zwischen den Anforderungen/Ressourcen und der Distanzierung können nur für die Anforderungsmerkmale bestätigt werden. In Teilstudie 2 erfolgte auf der Basis des in Teilstudie 1 entwickelten Arbeitsmodells eine vertiefte Betrachtung der Lehrkräftetätigkeit. Dabei wurden sowohl verschiedene Schulsystemebenen einbezogen als auch verschiedene Aufgabentypen unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auf organisationaler Ebene Gratifikationskrisen und mangelnde kollektive Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen fehlbeanspruchungsrelevant sein können. Besonders deutliche Zusammenhänge mit den Fehlbeanspruchungen und der Distanzierung zeigen sich für die primäraufgabenbezogenen Belastungen. Auch die Reziprozitätseinschätzungen in Bezug auf Schülerinnen und Eltern zeigen diesbezüglich ähnliche, wenn auch weniger deutliche, Zusammenhänge. Die Ergebnisse zu den Personmerkmalen lassen darauf schliessen, dass die Rolle der Person bei der Burnoutentwicklung nicht unterschätzt werde sollte. Als praktische Implikationen der Untersuchungsergebnisse werden u.a. Vorschläge für eine Stärkung der unterrichtsbezogenen und der klassenübergreifenden Kooperation, für eine Optimierung der Organisationsstruktur und eine „Professionalisierung“ der Organisation sowie für eine weiterführende Erarbeitung schulhausspezifischer Konzepte und Leitlinien gemacht. Es wird die Frage gestellt, ob die Lehrkräftetätigkeit sinnvollerweise als Lebensberuf verstanden werden sollte. Schliesslich wird auf die Bedeutung der Distanzierungsfähigkeit und der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen der Lehrkräfte hingewiesen.
The aim of this study was to provide deeper insights in passerine phylogenetic relationships using new molecular markers. The monophyly of the largest avian order Passeriformes (~59% of all living birds) and the division into its suborders suboscines and oscines are well established. Phylogenetic relationships within the group have been extremely puzzling, as most of the evolutionary lineages originated through rapid radiation. Numerous studies have hypothesised conflicting passerine phylogenies and have repeatedly stimulated further research with new markers. In the present study, I used three different approaches to contribute to the ongoing phylogenetic debate in Passeriformes. I investigated the recently introduced gene ZENK for its phylogenetic utility for passerine systematics in combination and comparison to three already established nuclear markers. My phylogenetic analyses of a comprehensive data set yielded highly resolved, consistent and strongly supported trees. I was able to show the high utility of ZENK for elucidating phylogenetic relationships within Passeriformes. For the second and third approach, I used chicken repeat 1 (CR1) retrotransposons as phylogenetic markers. I presented two specific CR1 insertions as apomorphic characters, whose presence/absence pattern significantly contributed to the resolution of a particular phylogenetic uncertainty, namely the position of the rockfowl species Picathartes spp. in the passerine tree. Based on my results, I suggest a closer relationship of these birds to crows, ravens, jays, and allies. For the third approach, I showed that CR1 sequences contain phylogenetic signal and investigated their applicability in more detail. In this context, I screened for CR1 elements in different passerine birds, used sequences of several loci to construct phylogenetic trees, and evaluated their reliability. I was able to corroborate existing hypotheses and provide strong evidence for some new hypotheses, e.g. I suggest a revision of the taxa Corvidae and Corvinae as vireos are closer related to crows, ravens, and allies. The subdivision of the Passerida into three superfamilies, Sylvioidea, Passeroidea, and Muscicapoidea was strongly supported. I found evidence for a split within Sylvioidea into two clades, one consisting of tits and the other comprising warblers, bulbuls, laughingthrushes, whitethroats, and allies. Whereas Passeridae appear to be paraphyletic, monophyly of weavers and estrild finches as a separate clade was strongly supported. The sister taxon relationships of dippers and the thrushes/flycatcher/chat assemblage was corroborated and I suggest a closer relationship of waxwings and kinglets to wrens, tree-creepers, and nuthatches.
In 1988, the Government of the People’s Republic of China established the island of Hainan as a province and made it a Special Economic Zone. While the hope for a spectecular economic take off was the main driving force behind this decision, it provided China with an area where far reaching trial-and-error politics could be. Hence the new provincial government was granted the privilege of setting its own legal framework for administering the special economic policies and establishing a governmental structure guided by the principle of "Small government, big society". Although some of the efforts to reduce the administration in terms of scope and resources, to develop and strengthen non-governmental organizations and provide economic actors with a minimum of freedom and reliability proved successful, the overall results are mixed: While well-being and opportunities for self-fulfillment clearly grew, political participation is still confined to areas defined by the Communist Party.
Auf der Suche nach einem neuen Ideal : zu Theorie, Norm und Praxis des Rechtsstaats in der VR China
(1998)
Besides establishing a legal system for the needs of economic construction, legal theory and legislation in China are extending their concern from an instrumental concept of law to a more value based notion, thus supplementing "rule by laws" by elements of the "Rechtsstaat" (rule of law). Whereas legal and constitutional theory take more and more bold views concerning integrating structures of checks and balances and division of powers into the legal system, urging for statutory control of the ruling party, for reforming the National People’s Congress into a responsible legislative body based on real representation of the people, providing for constitutionality of legal norms by a system of judicial review etc., legislation has started to deal with certain aspects of the Rechtsstaat in fields as administrative, criminal and criminal procedure law. In view of grave problems of implementation, this legislation may partly be regarded more to be an expression of intention to develop gradually a new ideal and a new legitimation for the political system than well established actual practice.
In August 1997 the Australian Government released the first White Paper ever issued on its foreign policy. As one important element, this essay tries to delineate the pro Asia-Pacific shift of Australia’s international economic and security orientations, particularly since the early 1970s - a foreign policy which could rest upon an certain bipartisan basis. The recently launched White Paper represents a new reflection upon Australia’s national interests and a soft relativisation of the strong emphasis on regional and multilateral foreign policy performances of former governments. According to a least the author’s judgement, the fundamental legacy of Australia’s international relations remain: a certain (a definite?) contradiction between the country’s predominant cultural and ethnic (!) heritage on the one hand and its geographical location on the other.
Since 1989 the German-Czech relationship has been burdened by the problem of a just assessment of World War II and the following forced transfer of the Sudeten Germans. Why are democrats on both sides who acknowledge the same values and principles unable to reach an agreement about crucial events in the past? The political and legal differences imply a moral dissent which is not being discussed systematically. The article tries to investigate the deficits of the moral arguments on both sides.
The economic reforms in the German Democratic Republic during the 60s, known as "New Economic System" (NES) or "Economic System of Socialism" (ESS) have been characterised by historians as truly technocratic. What is often not known is the fact, that during the first debate on economic reform in Eastern Germany in 1954-1958 the idea of democratic reform was prominent thanks to the role and writing of the outstanding GAR economist Fritz Behrens, who favoured a diminished role of the state in the economy and the self-rule of the workers in the factories. Behrens and his followers were denounced by party leader Walter Ulbricht as "revisionist". Together with his economic advisor, Wolfgang Berger, originally a scholar of Behrens’, he started the NES and ESS in the 60s. Behrens remained barred from the management of the reform, in which Berger plaid a prominent role. When Behrens began again to publish his demands for a democratic reform in 1967, thus intervening in the progress of the reform, he was forced to leave his academic job into retirement. In 1971, Erich Honekker succeeded Ulbricht. The economic reform was stopped. And Berger lost his job, too.
This study introduces a method for multiparallel analysis of small organic compounds in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, one of the premier model organisms in cell biology. The comprehensive study of the changes of metabolite composition, or metabolomics, in response to environmental, genetic or developmental signals is an important complement of other functional genomic techniques in the effort to develop an understanding of how genes, proteins and metabolites are all integrated into a seamless and dynamic network to sustain cellular functions. The sample preparation protocol was optimized to quickly inactivate enzymatic activity, achieve maximum extraction capacity and process large sample quantities. As a result of the rapid sampling, extraction and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF) more than 800 analytes from a single sample can be measured, of which over a 100 could be positively identified. As part of the analysis of GC-TOF raw data, aliquot ratio analysis to systematically remove artifact signals and tools for the use of principal component analysis (PCA) on metabolomic datasets are proposed. Cells subjected to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) or iron (Fe) depleted growth conditions develop highly distinctive metabolite profiles with metabolites implicated in many different processes being affected in their concentration during adaptation to nutrient deprivation. Metabolite profiling allowed characterization of both specific and general responses to nutrient deprivation at the metabolite level. Modulation of the substrates for N-assimilation and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway indicated a priority for maintaining the capability for immediate activation of N assimilation even under conditions of decreased metabolic activity and arrested growth, while the rise in 4-hydroxyproline in S deprived cells could be related to enhanced degradation of proteins of the cell wall. The adaptation to sulfur deficiency was analyzed with greater temporal resolution and responses of wild-type cells were compared with mutant cells deficient in SAC1, an important regulator of the sulfur deficiency response. Whereas concurrent metabolite depletion and accumulation occurs during adaptation to S deprivation in wild-type cells, the sac1 mutant strain is characterized by a massive incapability to sustain many processes that normally lead to transient or permanent accumulation of the levels of certain metabolites or recovery of metabolite levels after initial down-regulation. For most of the steps in arginine biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas mutants have been isolated that are deficient in the respective enzyme activities. Three strains deficient in the activities of N-acetylglutamate-5-phosphate reductase (arg1), N2 acetylornithine-aminotransferase (arg9), and argininosuccinate lyase (arg2), respectively, were analyzed with regard to activation of endogenous arginine biosynthesis after withdrawal of externally supplied arginine. Enzymatic blocks in the arginine biosynthetic pathway could be characterized by precursor accumulation, like the amassment of argininosuccinate in arg2 cells, and depletion of intermediates occurring downstream of the enzymatic block, e.g. N2-acetylornithine, ornithine, and argininosuccinate depletion in arg9 cells. The unexpected finding of substantial levels of the arginine pathway intermediates N-acetylornithine, citrulline, and argininosuccinate downstream the enzymatic block in arg1 cells provided an explanation for the residual growth capacity of these cells in the absence of external arginine sources. The presence of these compounds, together with the unusual accumulation of N-Acetylglutamate, the first intermediate that commits the glutamate backbone to ornithine and arginine biosynthesis, in arg1 cells suggests that alternative pathways, possibly involving the activity of ornithine aminotransferase, may be active when the default reaction sequence to produce ornithine via acetylation of glutamate is disabled.
Nowadays the term "technocracy", which means the elimination of politics by the rule of scientific reasoning, is most often used with a quite negative overtone. Technocrats are described as experts without morals, able to function in any kind of political system. Nevertheless one should remember that the technocratic idea contained from the very beginning a strong ethic element: conventional political power as an instrument of repression should be replaced by the rule of sciences as an instrument to improve human life. Although the idea of eliminating politics by "science-based" decisions of an autocratic leadership has been widely used to legitimate totalitarian rule, it is obvious, that clear technocratic reasoning and decision making do not go conform with the functioning of a totalitarian system. On the contrary, technic and technologic innovation accelerated the breakdown of totalitarianism. The complex character of modern societies calls for regulation by markets and pluralistic political systems. The evolution of our technical civilization improved the conditions for democratic selforganisation.
After overcoming the divergence from the general features of Western and international urban development caused by Germany's division, Berlin is catching up with and imitating almost all features of post-modern city formation constituted and demonstrated in the last two decades. Berlin is trying to make good its backwardness and to keep abreast of the metropolis in Europe and the world through a strategy aimed at a cultural re-evaluation of urban structure and architecture. The so-called Prussian style based on the Classicist tradition of the beginning of the 19th century is the historical and asthetic horizon. A small administrative and architectural elite pushing the redefinition of the social, political and asthetic meaning of public space ignores consciously the architectural reality in the Eastern and Western parts of the city. Crucial objectives are the cultural, political and economic recapturing of the traditional centre of Berlin profoundly marked by its socialist past and the protection of middle class interests.
Inhalt: Vergleich der bisherigen Performanz der Wohlfahrtsregime - Politische Regime, Produktionsregime und Wohfahrtsregime - Vier Idealtypen von Wohlfahrtsregimen - Die Wertebasis der Wohlfahrtsregime - Die berücksichtigten Länder bzw. Ländergruppen - "Moral values" und Kriterien sozialer Wohlfahrt - Zum Gesamtbild der Performanz der Wohlfahrtsregime und der einzelnen Länder Herausforderungen, Randbedingungen und Veränderungsmöglichkeiten für die Wohlfahrtsregime Zur Unterstützung der verschiedenen Wohlfahrtskonzepte Schlussfolgerungen
In the rapidly growing literature on globalization, many authors have emphasized the apparent disembedding of social relations from their local-territorial preconditions. Such arguments neglect the relatively fixed and immobile forms of territorial organization upon which the current round of globalization is premised, such as urban-regional agglomerations and territorial states. Drawing on the work of David Harvey and Henri Lefebvre, this article argues that processes of reterritorialization - the reconfiguration of forms of terrritorial organization such as cities and states - must be viewed as an intrinsic moment of the current round of globalization. Globalization is conceived here as a reterritorialization of both socio-economic and political-institutional spaces that unfolds simultaneously upon multiple, superimposed geographical scales. The ongoing restructuring of contemporary urban spaces and state institutional-territorial structures must be viewed at once as presupposition, a medium and an outcome of this highly contested dynamic of global spatial restructuring. New theories and representations of the scaling of spatial practices are needed to grasp the rapidly changing territorial organization of world capitalism in the late 20th century.
J. Kiaupiene, a severe critic of Kosman’s ideas, presents a different view on Lithuanian history. Kosman's description of Lithuania's past is neither exact nor new. Scholars in Russia, Poland and Belorussia have interpreted Lithuania's history in very different ways. The reason for this variety is the difference of national interests. Kosman's view reflects Polish messianism and cultural hybris. But even among Lithuanian scholars there are conflicting views on this nation's history and cultural identity.
Lithuania and Poland had cooperated for centuries and even created a political union. The pacts had been very useful for both sides and consequently, the peoples and especially the Lithuanian elite was ready to absorb parts of the Polish culture. Lithuania broke with this tradition dating back to the Middle Ages only after the first division of Poland. During 1944- 1990, the so-called "Soviet period in Lithuania", two different processes could be observed: Russification and Lithuanification. Although dependent on Moscow, the leading Lithuanian politicians never forgot Lithuanian interests and supported the national conscience. After Lithuania gained independence in 1990, a huge wave of national enthusiasm swapped over the country. In the meantime, politicians came back to reality: The independence of Lithuania seems consolidated and the old tradition to re-establish the Polish-Lithuanian cooperation seems to be on the run since Aleksander Kwasniewski had visited Lithuania in January 1996.
Germany gained its unity, but the restoration of virtual national cohesion presents itself as a lasting problem. The rebuilding of common national identity forms one complex aspect. Particular West and East German political, social and cultural features still exist. The East Germans brought elements of a peculiar identity into the unity; as a repercussion of some setbacks in their position and of some actual inter-German distinctions, their peculiarities are not yet in retreat. They prolong their role as conventional feelings, in temporary behaviours as an answer to their actual stance, and to a certain extent also with traits staged and suggested by entrenched media interpretations about the presently hampered inter-German evolution.
Uncertainties are pervasive in the Earth System modelling. This is not just due to a lack of knowledge about physical processes but has its seeds in intrinsic, i.e. inevitable and irreducible, uncertainties concerning the process of modelling as well. Therefore, it is indispensable to quantify uncertainty in order to determine, which are robust results under this inherent uncertainty. The central goal of this thesis is to explore how uncertainties map on the properties of interest such as phase space topology and qualitative dynamics of the system. We will address several types of uncertainty and apply methods of dynamical systems theory on a trendsetting field of climate research, i.e. the Indian monsoon. For the systematic analysis concerning the different facets of uncertainty, a box model of the Indian monsoon is investigated, which shows a saddle node bifurcation against those parameters that influence the heat budget of the system and that goes along with a regime shift from a wet to a dry summer monsoon. As some of these parameters are crucially influenced by anthropogenic perturbations, the question is whether the occurrence of this bifurcation is robust against uncertainties in parameters and in the number of considered processes and secondly, whether the bifurcation can be reached under climate change. Results indicate, for example, the robustness of the bifurcation point against all considered parameter uncertainties. The possibility of reaching the critical point under climate change seems rather improbable. A novel method is applied for the analysis of the occurrence and the position of the bifurcation point in the monsoon model against parameter uncertainties. This method combines two standard approaches: a bifurcation analysis with multi-parameter ensemble simulations. As a model-independent and therefore universal procedure, this method allows investigating the uncertainty referring to a bifurcation in a high dimensional parameter space in many other models. With the monsoon model the uncertainty about the external influence of El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is determined. There is evidence that ENSO influences the variability of the Indian monsoon, but the underlying physical mechanism is discussed controversially. As a contribution to the debate three different hypotheses are tested of how ENSO and the Indian summer monsoon are linked. In this thesis the coupling through the trade winds is identified as key in linking these two key climate constituents. On the basis of this physical mechanism the observed monsoon rainfall data can be reproduced to a great extent. Moreover, this mechanism can be identified in two general circulation models (GCMs) for the present day situation and for future projections under climate change. Furthermore, uncertainties in the process of coupling models are investigated, where the focus is on a comparison of forced dynamics as opposed to fully coupled dynamics. The former describes a particular type of coupling, where the dynamics from one sub-module is substituted by data. Intrinsic uncertainties and constraints are identified that prevent the consistency of a forced model with its fully coupled counterpart. Qualitative discrepancies between the two modelling approaches are highlighted, which lead to an overestimation of predictability and produce artificial predictability in the forced system. The results suggest that bistability and intermittent predictability, when found in a forced model set-up, should always be cross-validated with alternative coupling designs before being taken for granted. All in this, this thesis contributes to the fundamental issue of dealing with uncertainties the climate modelling community is confronted with. Although some uncertainties allow for including them in the interpretation of the model results, intrinsic uncertainties could be identified, which are inevitable within a certain modelling paradigm and are provoked by the specific modelling approach.
The self-awareness of the subject is always dependent on interaction with others. Thus, self-awareness and social awareness are two sides of the same coin. The Self is not only to be won through social ties with others, but at the same time through distance from them. So long as this does not lead to isolation, there is a possibility of working out common values and identities. The construction of common identities is a process of social definition and construction. Materials for this are space-time, social, cultural, economic, and administrative-legal attributes which are transformed into identity-building attributes. Ethnic movements are often portrayed as social dramas. The processes of institution-building and nation-building never stop. Their supporters relate identity management to the central nation-state and consensus, possible minorities count on a strategy of differentiation and conflict instead.
The attitude of the East Germans to the Polish is burdened with the heritage of the past. After 1945 the composition of the population on both sides of the new border along the Oder and Neisse rivers changed drastically. On the eastern side the Germans were expelled and Polish people were settled. On the western side many expelled Germans found a new home. Despite the fact that the GDR signed the Oder-Neisse border treaty, the ruling communist party (SED) did not encourage contacts between the people living on both sides of Oder and Neisse in the following years. The policy of the SED towards the Polish communists during the whole period between 1946-1989 was characterised by arrogance and suspicion, at times falling back on old anti-Polish stereotypes. Especially in the 1980s, the GDR tried to prevent the influence of Solidarnosc and dissident ideas from entering the country. Despite this policy, substantial personal contacts developed, particularly in the 1970s when the border was fully opened. The authors argue that current German-Polish relations should make use of these experiences.
Dieser Aufsatz verknüpft die komparative Wohlfahrtsforschung mit der traditionellen Einstellungsforschung auf Basis von quantitativen empirischen Erhebungen. Inhalt: 1 Wohlfahrtskonzepte 1.1 Die Zieldimension 1.2 Die Wohlfahrtsproduzenten 2 Determinanten von Unterstützungen 2.1 Die Makroebene: Wohlfahrtsregimetypologien 2.2 Die Mikroebene: Interessen und Werte 3 Operationalisierung 3.1 Wohlfahrtskonzepte 3.2 Indikatoren der Mikroebene 4 Unterstützungspotentiale für die Wohlfahrtskonzepte 4.1 Die Unterstützung des Egalitarismus-Etatismus 4.1.1 Innerstaatliche Einstellungsvariationen 4.1.2 Zwischenstaatliche Einstellungsvariation 4.2 Die Unterstützung des Funktionalismus 4.3 Die Unterstützung des Investitionsprinzips 4.4 Die Unterstützung des reinen Leistungsprinzips 4.5 Die Unterstützung des Familialismus 4.6 Die Unterstützung des Chancengleichheit-Marktliberalismus-Index 4.7 Kompositionen von Wohlfahrtskonzepten
Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Migration and Assimilation – Theoretical Approaches 2.1 Meaning and Definition of the Terms Migration and Migrant 2.2 Milton M. Gordon – Sub Processes of Assimilation 2.3 Hartmut Esser - Acculturation, Integration, and Assimilation 2.4 The Concept of Integration and Assimilation 2.5 Straight–line Assimilation and its Implications 2.6 Segmented Assimilation and its Implications 3. Social Inequality and Welfare – Theoretical Approaches 3.1 Dimensions of Inequality 3.2 Welfare Regimes and Social Inequality 3.3 Migration, Assimilation and Inequality 4. Research Design 4.1 Research Question and General Proceeding 4.2 Sample and Data Base 4.3 Operationalisation and Indicators 5. Migration, Welfare and Inequality in Three European Countries 6. Empirical Results 6.1 Performance of Migrants Compared With Natives 6.2 Different Trajectories of Assimilation 6.3 Trajectories of Segmented Assimilation and their Determinants 6.4 Policies, Attitudes and Assimilation – An Aggregate Analysis 6.5 Summary – What Determines the Performance of Migrants? 7. Discussion of Empirical Results in Terms of Theoretical Approaches 7.1 The Situation of Migrants in Three European Countries 7.2 Assessment of the Trajectories of Assimilation 8. Conclusion – Future Prospects of Migration in Europe
Chitin ist ein Polysaccharid, welches aus N-Acetylglucosamin (GlcNAc) aufgebaut ist. Das Biopolymer kommt in der Natur in Invertebraten, Algen, Pilzen und Einzellern vor. Chitinasen hydrolysieren Chitin. Diese Enzyme sind essentiell für die Regulierung und Entwicklung von Arthropoden und Mikroorganismen. Sie fungieren in Pflanzen als Phytoalexine. Das verstärkt das Interesse am Design neuer natürlicher und synthetischer Chitinase-inhibitoren, die als potentielle Insektizide, Fungizide, Antimalaria bzw. Antiasthmatika eingesetzt werden können. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese von neuen Thioglycosidanaloga von N-Acetyl-chitooligosacchariden und deren Untersuchung als Enzyminhibitoren. Die geschützten 4-O-Tf-galactopyranosylthioglycoside wurden aus den korrespondierenden p-Methoxyphenylglycosiden von GlcNAc nach einer neuen Methode in einer Stufe hergestellt. Die Reaktion der galacto-Triflate mit 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-desoxy-1-thio-ß-D-glucopyranose in Gegenwart von Natriumhydrid und 15-Krone-5 in THF lieferte die Pseudo-Trisaccharide. Die Herstellung der Glycosyl-Thiazoline aus den entsprechenden p-Methoxyphenyl-glycosiden mit Lawesson's Reagenz ist nach einem neuen Reaktionsweg beschrieben wie auch die Synthese der Thioacetamide von GlcNAc-Oligomeren. Die Pseudo-Oligosaccharide wurden als Inhibitoren der Chitinasen von Serratia marcescens, Chironomus tentans, Acanthocheilonema viteae und Hevaea brasiliensis sowie der N-Acetyl-glucosaminidase von Chironomus tentans getestet. In einigen Fällen ergab sich eine Hemmung (IC50) im µM-Bereich.
Inhalt: Der Forschungsstand zum klassenbasierten Wahlverhalten - Das klassenbasierte Wahlverhalten in Westeuropa – "Are social classes dying?" - Das klassenbasierte Wahlverhalten in Ost- und Mitteleuropa sowie in Ostdeutschland– "Bringing class back in?" Präzisierung der Fragestellung und Darstellung des Forschungsdesigns sowie der Datenbasis - Forschungshypothesen - Datengrundlage - Klassenkonzept und Parteipräferenz als zentrale Variablen des Forschungsdesigns - Übersicht zur datenanalytischen Vorgehensweise Klassenstruktur und Wahlverhalten in den alten und neuen Ländern - Die Modellierung des klassenspezifischen Wahlverhaltens in den alten Ländern - Die Modellierung des klassenspezifischen Wahlverhaltens in den neuen Ländern Klassenstruktur und Wertorientierungen - Eine zusätzliche Wertedimension in den neuen Ländern: die Sozialismus-Dimension Wertorientierungen und Parteipräferenzen - Wertorientierungen und Parteipräferenzen in den alten Bundesländern - Wertorientierungen und Parteipräferenzen in den neuen Bundesländern Komplexes Modell: Sozialstruktur, Wertorientierungen und Wahlverhalten – der Versuch einer inhaltlichen Bestimmung des klassenbasierten Wahlverhaltens - Komplexes Modell für die alten Bundesländer - Komplexes Modell für die neuen Bundesländer Zusammenfassung
Historisches Denken entwickeln am Gegenstand der altorientalischen,griechischen und römischen Antike, das ist Anliegen der didaktischen Handreichung für die gymnasiale Oberstufe. Didaktisch-methodische Überlegungen, Sachinformationen und ein handlungsorientierter Materialteil bieten für Lehrer und Schüler ein ideenreiches Angebot zur Auswahl für einen interessegeleiteten Geschichtsunterricht.
Since the end of the year 1989 Liberia has been ravaged by a bloody civil war. It has almost completely destroyed the state structure of Liberian society which was manipulated by military ruler Samuel Doe and a small elite with the ends of amassing wealth and retaining power during the decade of 1980 to 1989. The state and almost all political institutions were stripped of credibility and legitimacy. During the war it was easy for the warlords of the various factions and their mostly young supporters to seize power and the remaining resources of the country. They established a radical free market system with the help of internationally operating companies and banks, protecting it by terror. Nearly two thirds of the population have left their homes and now live as refugees abroad, in the capital Monrovia or in Buchanan, where remnants of state structure and a weak civil society survive under the protection of a regional intervention army (Ecomog). By discussing different sociological explanations, the author traces the origins of the civil war and of its extreme brutality.
Gomułka’s harsh criticism of the Stalinist past and the introduction of liberal elements into the public life of Poland was not welcomed by the East German leadership. Ulbricht demanded full support for the sovereignty of the GDR and tried to prevent any independent Polish moves to come to terms with the Federal Republic. The Polish leadership strived towards a closer economic integration with the GDR and Czechoslovakia to foster industrial development in Poland and to bind the East German state more closely into the "socialist camp". These ideas were flatly rejected by the GDR. The level of economic interdependence between the two German states and the advantages of the GDR resulting from the "intra-German" status of trade and transfer of technologies provoked Gomułka’s distrust. Relations worsened even more when, towards the end of his time in power, Ulbricht moved towards a rapprochement with the FRG and showed some readiness to question the Görlitz treaty on the German-Polish border line.
The transition and transformation within the three countries dealt with are still in process. In her essay, the author analyses whether there is a need for Poland to re-define its relationship to Germany and Russia, whilst searching for a new identity and a new place within Europe. She argues that there is a set of historical and geopolitical reasons for doing so. But whilst the Polish aim is to normalise its relationship to its neighbours, the perception of Russians and Germans in Poland is rather different. On the one hand, in the Polish people opinion, Germany is the main promoter of their European institutional integration wishes. On the other, relatively aggressive attitude towards Russia can also be identified. The essay is a strong plea for mutual responsibility and co-operation in favour of peace and security in Europe. Additionally Russia is to be regarded as part of European history, and should thus be involved in the European political process.
The fatal "eye disease" that afflicts Realists and Neorealists, and even infects some self-styled Institutionalists and Constructivists, has several causes. In his polemical essay, the author defines these as historicism, the legalistic bias, the underestimation of non-state actors and the overestimation of the state as such. Discussing the linkage between loyality, ethnicy, and politics, he strongly argues for recognition of the fact that the world is groping for new political arrangements for which we simply do not have the appropriate ideas or words to describe. In the future, the range of political identities and loyalities in the global culture of "fragmegration" will extend beyond traditional multiculturalism.
The post cold war world order is popularly discussed in terms of what Samuel Huntington has called the "clash of civilizations". The authors hold that Huntington is just a prominent example of the trend which constructs geopolitical identities based on ethnic definitions of world regions, where ethnicitiy is understood to be a primordial, transhistorical and static understanding of cultural identities. In their paper, they extensively deconstruct this concept of ethnicity, drawing parallels with the history of nationalism and nation-building, and analyze its functions for legitimizing projects of building exclusive economic blocs in Europe, America and Pacific Asia. At present, ethnic concepts of world regions are competing with liberal, non-ethnic identities of the three world regions. Finally, the dangerous potentials of ethnic regionalization are discussed. From a peace research perspective, support for a common global identity of "mankind" is strongly advocated.
Observers of international politics have been conscious of the growing international involvement of non-central governments (NCGs), particularly in federal systems. These have been supplemented by the internationalisation of subnational actors in quasi-federal and even unitary states. One of the difficulties is that analysis has often been locked into the dominant paradigm debate in International Relations concerning who and who are not significant actors. Having briefly explored the nature of this changing environment, marked by a growing emphasis on access rather than control as a policy objective and the emergence of what is termed a 'catalytic diplomacy', the discussion focuses on the need for linkage between the levels of government in the pursuit of international as well as domestic policy goals. The nature of linkage mechanisms are discussed.
Are we witnessing a decline of war, the spread of violence or both? The growing number of wars and genocids conveys the impression of uncontrolled violence. Is there any possibility to overcome belligerent conflicts between states? Do imply social, technological, cultural or even anthropological changes moments which could shift the ground of state’s rivalry towards non-belligerent relationships? Peace trough interdependence and democracy seems possible. The priorities of modern states cannot be thought on the basis of attributes like sovereignty and territoriality. The peaceful 'bourgeois islands' not only bring about prosperity but increasing social exclusion as well. New phenomenon of ethnicism and religiosity often originate from, around and in their midst. Threats arising from terrorism and racial or religious riots are the consequences. There are two options, the author considers as possible: an "embourgeoisement" of the "barbarians" or a "barbarisation of the bourgeois". Or is there a new political form emerging?
The failure of politics is closely connected with deeply rooted misconceptions about the term politics. The author argues that a re-reading of Immanuel Kant's work "The Perpetual Peace" written 200 years ago offers a challenging possibility for a new conceptualization of politics, morality and peace. Morality is seen by Kant as an essential dimension of politics and the implementation and acknowledgement of laws by moral demands is defined as a precondition for a community of free citizens. In its public discourse politics does require law and morality. Deriving future rights from existing laws is one of the most favored argumentation used by politicians in the public. If the needs of law and justice are interpretated by politicians in their own interest, i.e. above all guarantees for the realization of political selfdetermination, then a real chance will exist for improving peace in the future.
This Thesis was devoted to the study of the coupled system composed by El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Annual Cycle. More precisely, the work was focused on two main problems: 1. How to separate both oscillations into an affordable model for understanding the behaviour of the whole system. 2. How to model the system in order to achieve a better understanding of the interaction, as well as to predict future states of the system. We focused our efforts in the Sea Surface Temperature equations, considering that atmospheric effects were secondary to the ocean dynamics. The results found may be summarised as follows: 1. Linear methods are not suitable for characterising the dimensionality of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Therefore they do not help to separate the oscillations by themselves. Instead, nonlinear methods of dimensionality reduction are proven to be better in defining a lower limit for the dimensionality of the system as well as in explaining the statistical results in a more physical way [1]. In particular, Isomap, a nonlinear modification of Multidimensional Scaling methods, provides a physically appealing method of decomposing the data, as it substitutes the euclidean distances in the manifold by an approximation of the geodesic distances. We expect that this method could be successfully applied to other oscillatory extended systems and, in particular, to meteorological systems. 2. A three dimensional dynamical system could be modeled, using a backfitting algorithm, for describing the dynamics of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. We observed that, although there were few data points available, we could predict future behaviours of the coupled ENSO-Annual Cycle system with an accuracy of less than six months, although the constructed system presented several drawbacks: few data points to input in the backfitting algorithm, untrained model, lack of forcing with external data and simplification using a close system. Anyway, ensemble prediction techniques showed that the prediction skills of the three dimensional time series were as good as those found in much more complex models. This suggests that the climatological system in the tropics is mainly explained by ocean dynamics, while the atmosphere plays a secondary role in the physics of the process. Relevant predictions for short lead times can be made using a low dimensional system, despite its simplicity. The analysis of the SST data suggests that nonlinear interaction between the oscillations is small, and that noise plays a secondary role in the fundamental dynamics of the oscillations [2]. A global view of the work shows a general procedure to face modeling of climatological systems. First, we should find a suitable method of either linear or nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Then, low dimensional time series could be extracted out of the method applied. Finally, a low dimensional model could be found using a backfitting algorithm in order to predict future states of the system.
The article argues that the concept of statehood is not functioning any longer. It exists a crisis for the international legal order which is represented by the failure of state to maintain order within its borders. The problem of violence in international relations are connected to the implosion of a considerable number of the state entities in the contemporary international society. The federalist institutional approach in international law and international theory could not contribute in an appropriate way to the solution of the "problem of violence", because it supposes a willingness on the part of states to do so. Only the concept of "national interest", in a sociological sense, connected to the development of a discource of solidarity and mutual responsibility between the "West" and the "rest of the world" offers the possibility to create a common consciousness which could make it easier to overcome the contemporary crises for the international legal order.
The Chinese coastal cities play an increasing economic role in the Yellow Sea region. The inclusion of these cities into the intra Asian economic cooperation is accomplished not only in the conventional sphere of trade but also by a growing involvement in telecommunication networks, technological exchange and the circulation of human resources. That is why these cities emerge as autonomous actors in the East Asian integration process. In this context national states face deep structural change, especially in the field of sovereignty and territory. Concerning the internal situation of China, this change could also cause a turn over of the relationship between the central government and the regions.
There is sufficient evidence of integration processes in the Asia-Pacific rim. But these processes differ profoundly from the European case. On the other hand integration theory up to the present day has been based mainly on the European evidence. Does this mean, that conventional integration theory is irrelevant in the case of the Asia-Pacific development? This contributuion tries to re-examine the theoretical capacity of various approaches (institionalism, functionalism, regionalism, flying geese pattern, regime-theory) when applied to the realities of transnational interaction and international organization in the Asia-Pacific rim.
Based on the discussion on Germany´s new 'central location', the author tries to sketch Germany´s geopolitical position in view of the constellation of powers in Europe from a national point of view. This favourable position offers a great chance for the country to play an active role in Europe’s integration. However, German historical heritage as well as the delicate relationship of Germany´s political elite to the use of power are reasons for the country´s hesitation to fulfill her neighbours’ and her allies’ expectations. Anyhow, Summaries 192 rooted in the West-European and transatlantic integration is Germany the natural dooropener for its Eastern, South-Eastern and Baltic neighbours to become 'members of the club'. )</a> Jahresabo: 40,00 € (ermäßigt: 25,00 €)
The existence of the Soviet Union was a remarkable anomalie in the history of the 20th century, which was also characterized by the collapse of multinational and colonial empires. Starting with the structural definitions of empires, the author describes the particularities of the Soviet empire. He analyzes the order, ideology and culture of the Soviet Empire. Looking for the reasons of its collapse, he presents a genesis of the longterm and short-term reasons. He is focusing on the breakdown of the post-totalitarian Leviathan, the cultural decline, the renaissance of nationalism and of the imperial overstretching. Finally he asseses the role of the policy of Perestroika in the breakdown of the Soviet Empire in the beginning of the 1990s.
Flight and expulsion are and will remain important international problems. The existence of refugees is a result of unsolved domestic tasks. Thus, effective solutions require comprehensive and long-term strategies. So far the efforts to reduce the causes of escape have not been sufficient. In the current refugee crises millions of people can survive only with the help of an efficient international system (for example the UNHCR) that guarantees humanitarian aid and protection. However, this system has turned out to be inadequate although the potential of preventive action is sufficient to reach a major progress in diminishing the refugee problem.
Although without providing a systematical comparison, it has become clear that the sects or party-factions of Japan’s New Left movement are by no means merely copies of their counterparts in the West. On the other hand their conduct may not be judged as to be a unique Japanese phenomenon. What they embody is, on the whole, a complex symbiosis of universal and particularly Japanese features, which can be observed in the fields of social behavior, organizational structure, and group dynamics. The particularity of the New Left factions is mostly revealed through the higher intensity of specific features rather than through pecularities found only in Japan.
Underlying the importance of revenue the author discusses the future of the international order from the perspective of political economy. The international system will not be a capitalist one. Political conflicts will not be removed by nonviolent market regulations. Weakness of labour force and a dominant role of revenue will further more result in political interventions by nation states. The struggle for revenue to maintain comparative advantages in high-tech-development strengthens state intervention in order to protect domestic market. The failure of the "development state" in the third world and the rising of fundamentalistic tendencies supported by a market-oriented middle class will increase conflicts in those regions.
There has never been a theory of transition from really existing Socialism to a democratic and market-oriented system. Different theoretical approaches are taken into consideration by the author. Experiences of other transitional processes are practicable on Eastern Europe in a limited way. The missing of socio-structural differentiation, the socio-cultural consequences of the really existing Socialism and the international conditions did not promote the transition. It seems that the transition in Eastern Europe is obviously not a change from one political system to another one, but for the time being an open process.
Taking the visit of Erich Honecker to China as an example, the author analyses the bilateral GDR-Chinese relations in the 1980s. Based on extensive original research, the objectives as well as disappointed hopes are presented. The author reveals that not Honecker played the "Chinese Card", but he himself became part of Chinese politics. At the same time, the contradictory reaction to that visit in Moscow are documented when, with the election of Gorbachev, first signs of a change in Soviet policy toward China were indicated. Jahresabo: 40,00 € (ermäßigt: 25,00 €)
The dramatic changes in international relations characterized by the terms "Complex Interdependence" and "Segmentary Globalization" call for new explanation. The author considers the post-modern approaches, a critical analysis of which he presents, to be one possibility to do that. In studies of international policy, these post-modern influences are gaining ground in disputes with realistic and neo-realistic approaches, and they can also clearly be felt in Latin America. Tomassini, based on the historic experiences of Latin America, forcefully calls for an active and constructive incorporation of the region into international developments. For that, Latin-American societies have to establish modern, and open political as well as economic systems which are able to meet those challenges.
Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine kritische Übersicht über den Forschungsstand zu multiplen Wh-Konstruktionen im Slavischen dar. Das Ziel ist es, die Unklarheit der Datenlage und die Widersprüchlichkeit der auf solchen "unklaren" Daten basierten Theorien aufzuzeigen. Inhalt: Historischer Hintergrund (Wachowicz 1974) Einige ältere Ansätze Höhepunkt: die folgenschwere Arbeit von Rudin (1988) Probleme: - Das Problem der Zuverlässlichkeit von Daten - Das Problem der Relevanz von Daten "Harte" Fakten: - Strikte Superioritätseffekte im Bulgarischen - Obligatorische Wh-Anhebung im Slavischen Neuere Ansätze: - "Qualitative" Ansätze - "Quantitative" Ansätze - Alternative Ansätze
This is the first issue of a series in which affiliates of the Institute of Linguistics report the results of their experimental work. Generative linguistics usually rely on the method of native speaker judgements in order to test their hypotheses. If a hypothesis rules out a set of sentences, linguistics can ask native speakers whether they feel these sentences are indeed ungrammatical in their language. There are, however, circumstances where this method is unreliable. In such cases a more elaborate method to test a hypothesis is called. All papes in this series, and hence, all papers in this volume deal with issues that cannot be reliably tested with native speaker judgements. This volume contains 7 papers, all using different methods and finding answers to very different questions. This heterogenity, by the way, reflects the various interests and research programs of the institute. The paper, by Trutkowski, Zugck, Blaszczak, Fanselow, Fischer and Vogel deals with superiority in 10 Indo-European languages. The paper by Schlesewsky, Fanselow and Frisch and by Schlesewsky and Frisch, deal with the role of case in processing German sentences. The paper by Vogel and Frisch deals with resolving case conflicts, as does the paper by Vogel and Zugck. The nature of partitive case is the topic of the paper by Fischer. The paper by K?gler deals with the realization of question intonation in two German dialects. We hope that you enjoy reading the papers!
Bei der hier vorzustellenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine qualitative Langzeitstudie, die sich mit dem politischem Interesse von acht jungen Frauen in Brandenburg im Alter von 16 bis 20/21 Jahren, dem Alter, in dem sich die bisher ausgebildete individuelle politische Identität stabilisiert, beschäftigt. Die politische Identitätsbildung jugendlicher Schüler und Schülerinnen zu unterstützen, sie auf die Übernahme der Rolle eines mündigen Bürgers bzw. einer mündigen Bürgerin vorzubereiten und demokratisches Bewusstsein zu fördern, gilt als wichtiges Ziel politischer Bildung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In diesem Konzept verbinden sich die aus psychologischer Sicht zu bewältigenden Entwicklungsaufgaben, die mit der Suche nach einem Platz in der Gemeinschaft (Erikson 1950, 1959, 1968) verbunden sind, mit einer Sicht des politischen Systems, nach der dessen Stabilität maßgeblich von der Legitimation seiner Mitglieder und deren Bereitschaft zur politischen Beteiligung abhängt (Easton 1965, 1975). Die Herausbildung politischer Identität und die damit verbundenen Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen Jugendlicher werden durch die Jugendforschung auf vielfältige Art und Weise untersucht. Nach dem politischen Identitätskonzept von Fend (1991) können politische Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen nach affektiv-motivationalen, kognitiven und Verhaltensaspekten differenziert betrachtet werden. „Politisches Interesse“ kann als ein Konstrukt gesehen werden, welches im Schnittpunkt dieser drei Dimensionen liegt, da es sowohl motivationale, kognitive als auch handlungsbezogene Aspekte beinhaltet. Ihm kommt als motivationale Basis eine wichtige Bedeutung für die politische Exploration und politische Partizipation, und damit für die politische Identitätsentwicklung zu. In empirischen Untersuchungen wird immer wieder festgestellt, dass das für die politische Identitätsentwicklung so bedeutsame politische Interesse bei jungen Frauen im Vergleich zu jungen Männern niedriger ausfällt. Junge Frauen zeigen eine geringere Bereitschaft, sich mit Politik zu beschäftigen, sie fühlen sich politisch inkompetenter und glauben in stärkerem Maße als ihre männlichen Altersgenossen, keinen Einfluss auf die Politik nehmen zu können (vgl. z.B. Fend 1991; Hoffmann-Lange 1995; Verba et al. 1995; Gille et al. 2000; Torney-Purta et al. 2001; Jugendwerk der Deutschen Shell 2000; 2002; Brandenburger Jugendlängsschnitt). Diese vorgefundenen Geschlechtsunterschiede werden auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise erklärt. In der empirischen Jugendforschung wird im Allgemeinen eine Single-Item-Frage zur Erfassung von politischem Interesse genutzt. Diese kann nicht als ausreichend angesehen werden, wenn es darum geht, der These nachzugehen, dass weibliche Jugendliche nicht unbedingt politisch weniger, sondern politisch anders interessiert sind als männliche Jugendliche. Arbeiten, die das politische Interesse differenzierter erfassen, belegen dies bereits (vgl. z.B. Kuhn et al. 1998; Oesterreich 2002; Albert et al. 2003; Kuhn/Schmid 2004) Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen, dass politische Interesse von weiblichen Jugendlichen mittels qualitativer Daten weiterführend zu erklären. Anhand verschiedener Fragen wird dem politischen Interesse weiblicher Gymnasiastinnen aus Brandenburg in seinem Zusammenhang mit dem Informationsverhalten und dem Stellenwert, den Vertrauen in Politik und gegenüber Politikern für die Jugendlichen hat, nachgegangen.
When Galactic microlensing events of stars are observed, one usually measures a symmetric light curve corresponding to a single lens, or an asymmetric light curve, often with caustic crossings, in the case of a binary lens system. In principle, the fraction of binary stars at a certain separation range can be estimated based on the number of measured microlensing events. However, a binary system may produce a light curve which can be fitted well as a single lens light curve, in particullary if the data sampling is poor and the errorbars are large. We investigate what fraction of microlensing events produced by binary stars for different separations may be well fitted by and hence misinterpreted as single lens events for various observational conditions. We find that this fraction strongly depends on the separation of the binary components, reaching its minimum at between 0.6 and 1.0 Einstein radius, where it is still of the order of 5% The Einstein radius is corresponding to few A.U. for typical Galactic microlensing scenarios. The rate for misinterpretation is higher for short microlensing events lasting up to few months and events with smaller maximum amplification. For fixed separation it increases for binaries with more extreme mass ratios. Problem of degeneracy in photometric light curve solution between binary lens and binary source microlensing events was studied on simulated data, and data observed by the PLANET collaboration. The fitting code BISCO using the PIKAIA genetic algorithm optimizing routine was written for optimizing binary-source microlensing light curves observed at different sites, in I, R and V photometric bands. Tests on simulated microlensing light curves show that BISCO is successful in finding the solution to a binary-source event in a very wide parameter space. Flux ratio method is suggested in this work for breaking degeneracy between binary-lens and binary-source photometric light curves. Models show that only a few additional data points in photometric V band, together with a full light curve in I band, will enable breaking the degeneracy. Very good data quality and dense data sampling, combined with accurate binary lens and binary source modeling, yielded the discovery of the lowest-mass planet discovered outside of the Solar System so far, OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, having only 5.5 Earth masses. This was the first observed microlensing event in which the degeneracy between a planetary binary-lens and an extreme flux ratio binary-source model has been successfully broken. For events OGLE-2003-BLG-222 and OGLE-2004-BLG-347, the degeneracy was encountered despite of very dense data sampling. From light curve modeling and stellar evolution theory, there was a slight preference to explain OGLE-2003-BLG-222 as a binary source event, and OGLE-2004-BLG-347 as a binary lens event. However, without spectra, this degeneracy cannot be fully broken. No planet was found so far around a white dwarf, though it is believed that Jovian planets should survive the late stages of stellar evolution, and that white dwarfs will retain planetary systems in wide orbits. We want to perform high precision astrometric observations of nearby white dwarfs in wide binary systems with red dwarfs in order to find planets around white dwarfs. We selected a sample of observing targets (WD-RD binary systems, not published yet), which can possibly have planets around the WD component, and modeled synthetic astrometric orbits which can be observed for these targets using existing and future astrometric facilities. Modeling was performed for the astrometric accuracy of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mas, separation between WD and planet of 3 and 5 A.U., binary system separation of 30 A.U., planet masses of 10 Earth masses, 1 and 10 Jupiter masses, WD mass of 0.5M and 1.0 Solar masses, and distances to the system of 10, 20 and 30 pc. It was found that the PRIMA facility at the VLTI will be able to detect planets around white dwarfs once it is operating, by measuring the astrometric wobble of the WD due to a planet companion, down to 1 Jupiter mass. We show for the simulated observations that it is possible to model the orbits and find the parameters describing the potential planetary systems.
This diploma thesis deals with the process of political and administrative decentralisation in the Kingdom of Lesotho. Although decentralization in itself does not automatically lead to development it became an integral part of reform processes in many developing countries. Governments and international donors consider efficient decentralized political and administrative structures as essential elements of “good governance” and a prerequisite for structural poverty alleviation. This paper seeks to analyse how the given decentralization strategy and its implementation is affecting different features of good governance in the case of Lesotho. The results of the analysis confirm that the decentralisation process significantly improved political participation of the local population. However, the second objective of enhancing efficiency through decentralisation was not achieved. To the contrary, in the institutional design of the newly created local authorities and in the civil service recruitment policy efficiency considerations did not matter. Additionally, the created mechanisms for political participation generate relevant costs. Thus it is impossible to judge unambiguously on the contribution of decentralisation to the achievement of good governance. Different subtargets of good governance are influenced contrarily. Consequently, the adequacy of the concept of good governance as a guiding concept for decentralisation policies can be questioned. The assessment of the success of decentralisation policies requires a normative framework that takes into account the relations between both participation and efficiency. Despite the partly reduced administrative efficiency the author’s overall impression of the decentralisation process in Lesotho is positive. The establishment of democratically legitimised and participatory local governments justifies certain additional expenditure. However, mistakes in the design and the implementation of the decentralisation strategy would have been avoidable.