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Schwermetalle und deren Bindung in Böden und Substraten des Rieselfeldgebietes südlich Berlin
(1996)
Ester, Fette, Waschmittel
(1996)
Kunststoffe
(1996)
Natur- und Kunststoffe
(1996)
NMR-Spektroskopie
(1996)
The influence of polyelectrolytes on structure formation in liquid crystalline Na-dodecylsulfate/decanol/water systems was investigated by means of small angle X-ray diffraction, rheology, NMR spectroscopy, and microscopy. By adding Na-polyacrylate (PAA) into the mesophase, the one-phase region is left and phenomena of phase separation into a solvent-rich and a polymer/surfactantrich phase occurs. By incoporating an anionic and cationic polyelectrolyte step by step the tendency of phase separation is increased drastically. The self-organization process can be regulated directly by varying the water content of the system. However, at a water content of 30% the properties of the resulting liquid crystal were changed drastically. X-ray diffraction shows a multitude of Bragg peaks, NMR shows a peak-splitting, and rheology shows a change from non-Newtonian to Newtonian-flow behavior. On the basis of the experimental results an ordered multilayer associate structure can be assumed.
Natur- und Kunststoffe
(1997)
Chemie : Stoffe, Reaktionen, Umwelt ; Ausgabe Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Regelschule, 10, Lehrbuch
(1997)
Glas
(1997)
Erste Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie zur Stoffdynamik naturschutzrelevanter Böden der Döberitzer Heide
(1997)
Primärstoffwechsel, Shikimat- und Phenylpropan-Gruppe, Vitamine, Coenzyme, Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe
(1997)
Chitinase inhibitors
(1997)
A weak-mode representation of floppy molecules. IV. Spectroscopic states of model HCN and CNH
(1997)
Competitive resonance at the carbonyl group as visualized by the natural bond orbital analysis
(1997)
NMR spectroscopic and theoretical structural analysis of 5,5-disubstituted hydantoins in solution
(1997)
Reactin of 2-(halogenomethyl)-quinoxalines and quinolines with hydroxybenzoic acids and their esters
(1997)
13 C NMR Chemical shift calculations for some substituted pyridines - a comparative consideration
(1997)
Study of the tautomerism by experimentally and theoretically estimated 13C and 15N chemical shifts
(1997)
NMR spectroscopic and theoretical structural analysis of 5,5-disubstituted hydantoins in solution
(1997)
Characterization of chitosan
(1998)
Begriffe : Begriffsbildung
(1998)
Baustoffe
(1998)
In this work we present theoretical studies of the hydrolytic reaction of methyl formate, formamide and urea with one water molecule. The studied systems contain two additional water molecules which can act as bifunctional acid- base catalysts. These water molecules catalyze proton transfers between the primary reacting species. Our models describe the concerted transfer of two protons in every reaction step. The calculations have been carried out with the Becke3LYP/6-31G* method. Unspecific solvation effects have been included by means of a polarizable continuum model. Substrate reactivity differences as well as preferences for different reaction pathways can be discussed with the aid of these molecular systems. The studied alternative mechanisms include the common addition-elimination mechanism via a tetrahedral intermediate, and a concerted SN-like mechanism without a reaction intermediate. Our results suggest that the proved decreasing substrate reactivity in the order ester, amide, urea is caused by a rising resonance stabilization of the reaction centre, and not by a different positive partial charge of the carbonyl carbon. It is also concluded, that the probability of a concerted addition of a nucleophile and elimination of a leaving group without a tetrahedral intermediate rises in the order ester, amide, urea. The ordering of reactivity is not influenced by this behaviour.
Basicities of 16 acyl compounds including selected aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides and ureas in the gas phase and in water were calculated with the Becke3LYP/6-31G* method. Solvent effects were modeled using a polarizable electrostatic continuum representation of the solvent. The properties of the electron densities of protonated molecules were described by localized bond orbitals. Our results suggest that the carbonyl oxygen is the preferred site of protonation for all molecules studied. Calculated pKa values in water range from -12 for aldehydes to + 1.5 for ureas. They agree well with published experimental data. We found that a high basicity of acyl compounds at the carbonyl oxygen is coupled with a large amount of additional resonance stabilization at the carbonyl group. The protonation of the leaving group of eaters, amides and ureas is less preferred, but the basicity difference between C=O and -OR or -NR2 decreases from esters to ureas. Calculated pKa values for this site range from -18 for esters to + 3 for ureas. These values are often not accessible by experiment. The structure of carboxylic acid derivatives protonated at the leaving group is determined by prefragmentation of the molecules into an acylium ion or positively charged isocyanate and an alcohol or amine. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.