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- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (1590) (remove)
The topography of first-order catchments in a region of western Amazonia was found to exhibit distinctive, recurrent features: a steep, straight lower side slope, a flat or nearly flat terrace at an intermediate elevation between valley floor and interfluve, and an upper side slope connecting interfluve and intermediate terrace. A detailed survey of soil-saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat)-depth relationships, involving 740 undisturbed soil cores, was conducted in a 0.75-ha first-order catchment. The sampling approach was stratified with respect to the above slope units. Exploratory data analysis suggested fourth-root transformation of batches from the 0–0.1 m depth interval, log transformation of batches from the subsequent 0.1 m depth increments, and the use of robust estimators of location and scale. The K sat of the steep lower side slope decreased from 46 to 0.1 mm/h over the overall sampling depth of 0.4 m. The corresponding decrease was from 46 to 0.1 mm/h on the intermediate terrace, from 335 to 0.01 mm/h on the upper side slope, and from 550 to 0.015 mm/h on the interfluve. A depthwise comparison of these slope units led to the formulation of several hypotheses concerning the link between K sat and topography.
Rainfall erosivities as defined by the R factor from the universal soil loss equation were determined for all events during a two-year period at the station La Cuenca in western Amazonia. Three methods based on a power relationship between rainfall amount and erosivity were then applied to estimate event and daily rainfall erosivities from the respective rainfall amounts. A test of the resulting regression equations against an independent data set proved all three methods equally adequate in predicting rainfall erosivity from daily rainfall amount. We recommend the Richardson model for testing in the Amazon Basin, and its use with the coefficient from La Cuenca in western Amazonia.
Landschaftsbewertung im Oberspreewald auf geoökologischer Grundlage - eine methodische Studie
(1993)
Menschen
(1993)
Digitale Karten in GIS
(1993)
Throughfall measurements were made under primary terra firme rainforest in the Rio Pichis valley, in the Upper Amazon Basin of Peru. Based on 214 precipitation events over nearly 18 months, throughfall was estimated to be 83.1±8.8% of gross precipitation. Regression analysis of all events revealed that gross precipitation is the only significant explanatory variable; the use of one-burst events does not significantly improve the regression relationship. Gross precipitation is, however, a poor predictor of throughfall for small rainfall events. The two forest structure parameters, canopy capacity, S, and free throughfall coefficient, p, were determined to be 1.3±0.2 mm and 0.32±0.18 mm. Rainfall intensity was found to influence these parameters. New methods which attempt to minimize the influence of meteorologic variables are used to estimate the potential values of these canopy parameters.
Lernspiel Brandenburg
(1994)
Nutzerbezogene Bewertung des Erholungspotentials und -angebots auf der Ebene der Landschaftsplanung
(1994)
Zur Modellierung transportkontrollierter Transferprozesse auf Altlastengebieten in Brandenburg
(1994)
Zur Belastung von Grabensedimenten der Vorfluter im Westteil des Rieselfeldgebietes Berlin-Süd
(1994)
Fast analysis of different species of molecules in soils is investigated by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Several CE techniques for the analysis of inorganic ions and carbohydrates have been tested. With regard to the intents of pedologists and the usually large number of soil analyses a bundle of CE systems is proposed, capable of effecting time-saving soil analyses. Adapted electrolyte systems recently published and new separation systems are described. Examples of the application of these methods to two different soil samples are presented.
Chemical fingerprints of hydrological compartments and flow paths at La Cuenca, western Amazonia
(1995)
A forested first-order catchment in western Amazonia was monitored for 2 years to determine the chemical fingerprints of precipitation, throughfall, overland flow, pipe flow, soil water, groundwater, and streamflow. We used five tracers (hydrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and silica) to distinguish “fast” flow paths mainly influenced by the biological subsystem from “slow” flow paths in the geochemical subsystem. The former comprise throughfall, overland flow, and pipe flow and are characterized by a high potassium/silica ratio; the latter are represented by soil water and groundwater, which have a low potassium/silica ratio. Soil water and groundwater differ with respect to calcium and magnesium. The groundwater-controlled streamflow chemistry is strongly modified by contributions from fast flow paths during precipitation events. The high potassium/silica ratio of these flow paths suggests that the storm flow response at La Cuenca is dominated by event water.
Previous hydrometric studies demonstrated the prevalence of overland flow as a hydrological pathway in the tropical rain forest catchment of South Creek, northeast Queensland. The purpose of this study was to consider this information in a mixing analysis with the aim of identifying sources of, and of estimating their contribution to, storm flow during two events in February 1993. K and acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) were used as tracers because they provided the best separation of the potential sources, saturation overland flow, soil water from depths of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 m, and hillslope groundwater in a two-dimensional mixing plot. It was necessary to distinguish between saturation overland flow, generated at the soil surface and following unchanneled pathways, and overland flow in incised pathways. This latter type of overland flow was a mixture of saturation overland flow (event water) with high concentrations of K and a low ANC, soil water (preevent water) with low concentrations of K and a low ANC, and groundwater (preevent water) with low concentrations of K and a high ANC. The same sources explained the streamwater chemistry during the two events with strongly differing rainfall and antecedent moisture conditions. The contribution of saturation overland flow dominated the storm flow during the first, high-intensity, 178-mm event, while the contribution of soil water reached 50% during peak flow of the second, low-intensity, 44-mm event 5 days later. This latter result is remarkably similar to soil water contributions to storm flow in mountainous forested catchments of the southeastern United States. In terms of event and preevent water the storm flow hydrograph of the high-intensity event is dominated by event water and that of the low-intensity event by preevent water. This study highlights the problems of applying mixing analyses to overland flow-dominated catchments and soil environments with a poorly developed vertical chemical zonation and emphasizes the need for independent hydrometric information for a complete characterization of watershed hydrology and chemistry.
Inhalt: 1 Einleitung 1.1 Fragestellung und Ziele der Arbeit 1.2 Methodische Vorüberlegungen 1.3 Auswahl der Untersuchungsorte 1.4 Forschungspraxis und forschungspraktische Probleme 2 Der Untersuchungsraum 2.1 Fidschi - ein einführen der Überblick 2.2 Das Dorf Naikeleyaga auf der Insel Kabara 2.3 Suva 2.4 Die lebenspraktische Dimension der räumlichen Ungleichheiten - ein zusammenfassender Überblick 3 Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung des Dorfes Naikeleyaga vor dem Hintergrund der räumlichen Mobilität seiner Gemeinschaft 3.1 Einleitung 3.2 Bevölkerungsstand des Dorfes Naikeleyaga (1993) 3.3 Bevölkerungsdynamik des Dorfes Naikeleyaga 3.4 Wanderungserfahrungen der 1993 anwesenden Bevölkerung 3.5 Die multilokale Dorfgemeinschaft: Zur räumlichen Verteilung der registrierten Angehörigen der yavusa 3.6 Naikeleyaganer in Suva 3.7 Zusammenfassung 4 Analyse individueller Wanderungsbiographien 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Die Untersuchungsgruppe 4.3 Die bisherigen Aufenthaltsorte der Befragten 4.4 Muster der räumlichen Mobilität 4.5 Zur Häufigkeit und Frequenz der individuellen Bewegungen 4.6 Zur Dauer der einzelnen Bewegungen 4.7 Zirkuläre Bewegungen und Etappenwanderungen 4.8 Zusammenfassung 5 Wanderungsentschlüsse im Kontext: Lebensgeschichten ausgewählter Mitglieder der Dorfgemeinschaft 5.1 Einführung 5.2 Fallbeispiele 5.3 Schlußfolgerungen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 6.1 Resümee 6.2 Reflektion 6.3 Ausblick
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