Associations between classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and countering hate speech among adolescents
- Although hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevelAlthough hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis showed that classroom climate (L2), empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1) had a positive effect on countering hate speech (L1). Classroom climate (L2) was also positively linked to empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) was indirectly associated with countering hate speech (L1) via greater empathy (L1) and self-efficacy (L1). The findings highlight the need to focus on contextual and intrapersonal factors when trying to facilitate adolescents' willingness to face hate speech with civic courage and proactively engage against it.…
Verfasserangaben: | Sebastian WachsORCiDGND, Melisa Castellanos, Alexander WettsteinORCiD, Ludwig BilzORCiDGND, Manuel Gamez-GuadixORCiD |
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DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221120905 |
ISSN: | 1552-6518 |
Pubmed ID: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36148972 |
Titel des übergeordneten Werks (Englisch): | Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence |
Untertitel (Englisch): | a multilevel mediation analysis |
Verlag: | Sage Publ. |
Verlagsort: | Thousand Oaks |
Publikationstyp: | Wissenschaftlicher Artikel |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Datum der Erstveröffentlichung: | 23.09.2023 |
Erscheinungsjahr: | 2023 |
Datum der Freischaltung: | 04.10.2023 |
Freies Schlagwort / Tag: | adolescents; counter speech; empathy; hate speech; self-efficacy |
Band: | 38 |
Ausgabe: | 5-6 |
Seitenanzahl: | 25 |
Erste Seite: | 5067 |
Letzte Seite: | 5091 |
Fördernde Institution: | German Research Foundation (DFG) [WA 4275/2-1, BI 1046/9-1, SCHU; 1370/4-1]; University of Teacher Education Bern [19s 0008 01] |
Organisationseinheiten: | Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät / Strukturbereich Bildungswissenschaften / Department Erziehungswissenschaft |
DDC-Klassifikation: | 3 Sozialwissenschaften / 34 Recht / 340 Recht |
Peer Review: | Referiert |
Publikationsweg: | Open Access / Hybrid Open-Access |
Lizenz (Deutsch): | CC-BY-NC - Namensnennung, nicht kommerziell 4.0 International |