570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
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- Honigbiene (2)
- HopZ1a (2)
- Hybrid speciation (2)
- Hybridisation capture (2)
- Hydrogel (2)
- Hydrogele (2)
- Hypoxie (2)
- IC (2)
- IDP (2)
- Iambic/Trochaic Law (2)
- Illumina amplicon sequencing (2)
- Illuminance (2)
- Immobilisierung (2)
- Immunoassay (2)
- InP (2)
- InPZnS (2)
- India (2)
- Individual-based modeling (2)
- Inflammation (2)
- Influenza A virus (2)
- Insect (2)
- Insulin resistance (2)
- Interdigitated electrodes (2)
- Interoception (2)
- Interspecific interactions (2)
- Introgression (2)
- Intuitive eating (2)
- Invagination (2)
- Ionentransport (2)
- Island biogeography (2)
- Isoflavone (2)
- Isolation (2)
- JUB1 (2)
- Japan (2)
- June 2013 flood (2)
- Jurkat cells (2)
- Just so stories (2)
- Kartoffel (2)
- Kernhülle (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Klimaänderung (2)
- Koexpression (2)
- Konnektivität (2)
- Korrelationsanalyse (2)
- Körperfett (2)
- Körperzusammensetzung (2)
- LC–MS/MS (2)
- LEA protein (2)
- LEM-domain protein (2)
- LMA (2)
- LPS (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lamin (2)
- Land use (2)
- Land-use history (2)
- Landscape (2)
- Landscape of fear (2)
- Landschaft der Angst (2)
- Large fragment deletion (2)
- Late Quaternary vegetation (2)
- Leaf senescence (2)
- Leopards (2)
- Limnology (2)
- Lipases (2)
- Lipidomics (2)
- Lysophosphatidylcholine (2)
- Lythrum salicaria (2)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (2)
- MAPK (2)
- MED16 (2)
- MHC (2)
- MSAP (2)
- Manganese (2)
- Markov cluster algorithm (2)
- Martini force-field (2)
- Mate choice (2)
- Maus (2)
- Mechanotransduction (2)
- Medicago truncatula (2)
- Meiosis (2)
- Melampyrum pratense (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolit (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metaboliten (2)
- Metabolites (2)
- Metabolom (2)
- Metal Metabolism (2)
- Metschnikowia (2)
- Microarrays (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Microbiology (2)
- Microcystin (2)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (2)
- Microsatellite analysis (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Mindfulness (2)
- Mitochondrial DNA (2)
- Mitochondrien (2)
- Mitogenome (2)
- Mitogenomes (2)
- Mitose (2)
- Mitosis (2)
- Mixed mating (2)
- Mixed methods (2)
- Modell (2)
- Molekularbiologie (2)
- Molybdänkofaktor (2)
- Monoclonal antibodies (2)
- Monoclonal antibody (2)
- Monte Carlo method (2)
- Morphology (2)
- Multiplex (2)
- Multiplex mutagenesis (2)
- Muntjac (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Mutator locus (2)
- Mykotoxine (2)
- NAB (2)
- NE Germany (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- NMR structure (2)
- NRPS (2)
- NZO (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Namibia (2)
- Nanostruktur (2)
- Network clustering (2)
- Netzwerke (2)
- Neurotoxicity (2)
- Nighttime illumination (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nitrogen deposition (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Norway (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- Nucleus (2)
- NutriAct Family Study (2)
- Nutrition (2)
- O-serotyping (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- Offspring weight (2)
- Ohrid-Prespa region (2)
- Older adults (2)
- Optogenetik (2)
- Organogenesis (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Outcrossing (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- PBPK (2)
- PBS1 (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PKS (2)
- PUFA (2)
- PXR (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Peptid (2)
- Periphyton (2)
- Periplaneta americana (2)
- Personality (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Pflanze (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- Pflanzenökologie (2)
- PhIP (2)
- Phase variation (2)
- Phenole (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phylogenetics (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Pichia pastoris (2)
- Pinus sylvestris (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Plankton (2)
- Plant community model (2)
- Plant development (2)
- Plant-soil feedback (2)
- Plants (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Plastid (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethylenglykol (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Population dynamics (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Pregnancy (2)
- Priming (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Promotor (2)
- Prostaglandin E2 (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Proteins (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL mapping (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RNA (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (2)
- RT-PCR (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Randomized-controlled trial (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redoxregulation (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Rezeptor (2)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (2)
- Rice (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rotifera (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RubisCO (2)
- Russia (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SELEX (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SPB (2)
- SULT1A1 (2)
- SWL (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
- Saprolegniaceae (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Schleudertrauma (2)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Scopoletin (2)
- Seasonality (2)
- Sediment (2)
- Selenium (2)
- Senescence (2)
- Sequenzierung (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Sexual selection (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Simulationsmodell (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Soil (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Solanaceae (2)
- Solanum lycopersicum (2)
- Space use (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Stickstoff (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Störung (2)
- Sulforaphan (2)
- Sulfotransferase (2)
- Sundaland (2)
- Sus scrofa (2)
- Systems Biology (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- TAS2R (2)
- TEM (2)
- TMS (2)
- TTR (2)
- Tailspike protein (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Tas2r (2)
- Tas2rs (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Tocopherol (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomate (2)
- Tomato (2)
- Transcription factors (2)
- Transcriptional memory (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Tree allometry (2)
- Turkey (2)
- TusA (2)
- Type 2 Diabetes (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Urbanization (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- V-ATPase (2)
- Venom proteins (2)
- Verhalten (2)
- Verkhoyansk mountains (2)
- Virus (2)
- Wachstum (2)
- Walker A motif (2)
- Wastewater (2)
- Weakly electric fish (2)
- Weizen (2)
- Weißstorch (2)
- Wildschwein (2)
- Wind (2)
- Wood specific gravity (2)
- Woody aboveground biomass (2)
- X-ray structure (2)
- XMRV (2)
- Xpr1 (2)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- Zelladhäsion (2)
- Zellkern (2)
- Zellweger (2)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (2)
- Zinypr-1 (2)
- Zweizustandsmodell (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- aberrations (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- acclimation (2)
- acid mine drainage (2)
- acoustic communication (2)
- actin polymerization (2)
- activated carbon (2)
- activator–inhibitor models (2)
- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adaptive radiation (2)
- adhesion (2)
- adiponectin (2)
- age (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- alignment (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylierte polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- all-cause mortality (2)
- allocation (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- alternative splicing (2)
- amino acid (2)
- amphibians (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- anthropogenic environment (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anthropometric measures (2)
- anthropometry (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- antioxidant capacity (2)
- anxiety-like behavior (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apple (2)
- aquatic ecosystems (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aqueous-solution (2)
- arable land (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- archival DNA (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- arsenic (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- assembly (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assembly rules (2)
- autocorrelation (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- basal body (2)
- base excision repair (incision activity) (2)
- bat fatalities (2)
- behavior (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral type (2)
- behavioural syndrome (2)
- benzylic alcohol (2)
- benzylischer Alkohol (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- bias (2)
- bifurcation (2)
- bifurcation theory (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biodiversity exploratories (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- biofortification (2)
- biogene Amine (2)
- biological age (2)
- biological control (2)
- biological invasions (2)
- biological soil crusts (2)
- biomarker detection (2)
- biomimetic sensors (2)
- biosignatures (2)
- biostimulant (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- bird migration (2)
- bisphosphonates (2)
- bitter (2)
- bitter taste receptors (2)
- body composition (2)
- body proportions (2)
- bone mineral density (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- brain insulin signaling (2)
- branched chain amino acids (2)
- branching (2)
- breeding (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- cAMP (2)
- cTBS (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- caffeine (2)
- calcination (2)
- calcite (2)
- calcium (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- calcium imaging (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer epidemiology (2)
- capture enrichment (2)
- carbohydrates (2)
- carbon dots (2)
- carbon isotopes (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cell adhesion (2)
- cell shape (2)
- cell signaling (2)
- cells (2)
- cellular bioenergetics (2)
- cellular bioimaging (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cerami-des (2)
- ceramides (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cereal meals (2)
- chemostat experiments (2)
- child growth (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chlamydomonas (2)
- chlorophyll a (2)
- chloroplast (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- chronic diseases (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- cis-regulatory evolution (2)
- click chemistry (2)
- climate adaptation (2)
- climate dynamics (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate warming (2)
- co-expression (2)
- co-limitation (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coffee by-products (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collagen (2)
- colon carcinogenesis (2)
- colony viability (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community model (2)
- community structure (2)
- community theory (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- concepts (2)
- confocal microscopy (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- congeneric species (2)
- conscripts (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- constraint-based modeling (2)
- converting factor (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper(II) (2)
- copper-related disorders (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- cortisol (2)
- counting (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- crop (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- cryolithology (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cytochrome c (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytosine methylation (2)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (2)
- cytotoxicity (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data integration (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- decline (2)
- defense against predation (2)
- defensive symbiosis (2)
- degraded DNA (2)
- dehydration (2)
- demographic noise (2)
- depressive-like behavior (2)
- desiccation (2)
- design of experiment (2)
- developing brain (2)
- developmental canalization (2)
- developmental dyslexia (2)
- developmental plasticity (2)
- diacylglycerol (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- dietary restriction (2)
- differential expression analysis (2)
- digestive enzymes quantification (2)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (2)
- dispersal filtering (2)
- diversity profiles (2)
- dominance effect (2)
- drought stress (2)
- droughts (2)
- drug delivery (2)
- drug metabolism (2)
- drug release (2)
- dynamic equilibrium (2)
- eastern continental Asia (2)
- eavesdropping (2)
- echolocation (2)
- ecophysiology (2)
- ecosystem services provisioning (2)
- education (2)
- effectors (2)
- egg ratio (2)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (2)
- electric fish (2)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (2)
- electron microscopy (2)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (2)
- electronic tool integration (2)
- emotional imagery (2)
- emotions (2)
- endocardium (2)
- endothelial cell (2)
- endotoxin (2)
- energy expenditure (2)
- enrichment experiments (2)
- entropy (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental genomics (2)
- environmental noise (2)
- enzymology (2)
- epidemiology (2)
- epigenetic variation (2)
- epiphytes (2)
- epithionitrile (2)
- epitope prediction (2)
- epizoochory (2)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (2)
- error reduction (2)
- establishment (2)
- event coincidence analysis (2)
- evolutionary ecology (2)
- evolutionary rescue (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- exploitation (2)
- expression profile (2)
- extinction (2)
- extinction drivers (2)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (2)
- extracellular DNA (2)
- extracellular enzymes (2)
- extracellular matrix (2)
- extracellular signaling (2)
- eye-tracking (2)
- facilitation (2)
- fatty acid changes (2)
- feeding (2)
- feeding behaviour (2)
- fence interaction (2)
- fertilization (2)
- fetal origins hypothesis (2)
- fisheries (2)
- fitness gradient (2)
- fitness response (2)
- floating mat (2)
- flooded grasslands (2)
- floral scent (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- fluorescent probe (2)
- food frequency questionnaire (2)
- food web dynamics (2)
- food webs (2)
- forage availability (2)
- forage gaps (2)
- foraging (2)
- foraging behaviour (2)
- forebrain (2)
- forest management (2)
- forestREplot (2)
- formaldehyde assimilation (2)
- formate dehydrogenase (2)
- fractionation (2)
- fractionation factors (2)
- free zinc (2)
- freshwater algae (2)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- functional complementation (2)
- functional inhibitors of acid sphin-gomyelinase (2)
- functional response (2)
- functional richness (2)
- fungal diversity (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- funktionelle Diversität (2)
- galactolipids (2)
- gamma diversity (2)
- gas-production (2)
- gene delivery (2)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (2)
- genetic accommodation (2)
- genetic adaptation (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic rescue (2)
- genetic screen (2)
- genetischer Screen (2)
- genome (2)
- genome scan (2)
- genomic prediction (2)
- geo-bio interaction (2)
- geographic distribution (2)
- glacial maximum (2)
- global and regional change (2)
- glucocorticoid receptor (2)
- glucose (2)
- glucosinolate hydrolysis (2)
- glutathione (2)
- glycine cleavage system (2)
- governance (2)
- grazing (2)
- gross primary production (2)
- groundwater (2)
- groundwater recharge (2)
- growth behavior (2)
- growth restriction (2)
- guard cell (2)
- gut microbiota (2)
- gwas (2)
- habitat (2)
- habitat selection (2)
- habitat use (2)
- habituation (2)
- heart regeneration (2)
- heat (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- heliozoa (2)
- hepcidin-25 (2)
- heterocyclic aromatic amine (2)
- hilly loes plateau (2)
- histone modification (2)
- holding capability (2)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (2)
- holocene (2)
- honey bee (2)
- honey bees (2)
- hoverflies (2)
- human aldehyde oxidase (2)
- human endotoxemia (2)
- human excised skin (2)
- human introduction (2)
- human-wildlife conflict (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- hyena (2)
- hyperoxia (2)
- hypertension (2)
- hyperthermia (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- immunogenicity (2)
- importin (2)
- in silico (2)
- in vitro intestinal model (2)
- in-vitro-synthesis (2)
- inbreeding depression (2)
- indirect facilitation (2)
- individual based modeling (2)
- individual-based modeling (2)
- infancy (2)
- infiltration (2)
- inhibition (2)
- inner-mongolia (2)
- integrated assessments (2)
- inter-brain synchronization (2)
- inter-muscle-brain synchronization (2)
- interpersonal muscle action (2)
- interspecific interactions (2)
- intestinal mucins (2)
- intestinal zinc resorption (2)
- intra-organ-communication (2)
- intraguild predation (2)
- intraspecific variation (2)
- invasibility (2)
- invasion success (2)
- invasive species (2)
- ion channel (2)
- ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- ion transport (2)
- ion-exchange chromatography (2)
- ionic liquid (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- ionogel (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- island biogeography (2)
- island disharmony (2)
- island syndromes (2)
- islands (2)
- isomerization (2)
- jasmonate (2)
- kelp (2)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (2)
- lake monitoring (2)
- lake periphyton (2)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- landscape diversity (2)
- landscape generator (2)
- landscape homogenization (2)
- late pleistocene (2)
- later health (2)
- lichens (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life‐history traits (2)
- ligand exchange (2)
- light adaptation (2)
- light variability (2)
- limits (2)
- lipid classes (2)
- lipid limitation thresholds (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipid–lipid interactions (2)
- lipoplexes (2)
- loci (2)
- lokale Anpassung (2)
- longitudinal (2)
- low-energy electrons (2)
- luminescence (2)
- lysosomal hydrolases (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- lysosome (2)
- mRNA degradation (2)
- magnitude estimation (2)
- maintenance (2)
- maintenance of functional diversity (2)
- maintenance of genomic integrity (2)
- major histocompatibility complex (2)
- male Daphnia (2)
- maltooligosaccharides (2)
- mammalian-cells (2)
- manganese (2)
- manual muscle test (2)
- many-to-one genotype–phenotype map (2)
- mapping (2)
- mass conservation (2)
- mass index (2)
- mate-pairs (2)
- mathematical modelling (2)
- mathematical precursor (2)
- maturation (2)
- meal timing (2)
- mechanical (2)
- mechanical strength (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mechanomyography (MMG) (2)
- mediated delivery (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane fusion (2)
- membrane microdomains (2)
- membrane protein (2)
- membrane stabilization (2)
- memory (2)
- mercaptocarboxylic acids (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- mesophyll cell (2)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (2)
- meta-analysis (2)
- metabolic syndrome (2)
- metabolic-profiling (2)
- metabolische Netzwerke (2)
- metabolite (2)
- metagenome (2)
- metagenomic analysis (2)
- metagenomics 2.0 (2)
- metal complex (2)
- metal peptide (2)
- metallopeptide (2)
- metalloprotein (2)
- methane oxidation (2)
- methylotrophy (2)
- miRNAs (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbiota (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microcomputed tomography (2)
- microeukaryotes (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- microstructure (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (2)
- mitogenomes (2)
- mixed cultures (2)
- model (2)
- model integration (2)
- model limitations (2)
- modeling (2)
- models (2)
- modern coexistence theory (2)
- mojave desert (2)
- molecular biology (2)
- molecular dynamics simulations (2)
- molecular evolution (2)
- molecular species identification (2)
- molybdoenzyme (2)
- molybdopterin synthase (2)
- morphology (2)
- movement speed (2)
- mucus layer (2)
- multidrug resistance (2)
- multiple sclerosis (2)
- multishell (2)
- multivalence (2)
- multi‐ year flooding cycle (2)
- muscle (2)
- musicality (2)
- mutation (2)
- mutual information (2)
- mycotoxins (2)
- myocardial infarction (2)
- myocardium (2)
- myoglobin (2)
- n-alkanes (2)
- n-oxide reductase (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- nanoelectrodes (2)
- nanogels (2)
- nanostructure (2)
- native American ancestry (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- neophilia (2)
- neophobia (2)
- net primary productivity (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network reconstruction (2)
- neurodegeneration (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neuroendocrine (2)
- neuromuscular adaptation (2)
- niche and fitness differences (2)
- niche width (2)
- nickel (2)
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- nitrogen (2)
- nitrogen fixation (2)
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Der Buchfinkengesang wurde in Potsdam in zwei Hauptpopulationen über drei Jahre aufgenommen. Jedes Individuum wurde eindeutig am individuellen Strophentypenrepertoire identifiziert. Ein weiterer Punkt der die individuelle Wiedererkennung bestätigt ist die hohe Standorttreue der adulten Männchen. Die beschriebene Methode eignet sich für die Untersuchung von gesamten Populationen, um den Wandel des Gesangs von Populationen in Raum und Zeit zu beschreiben. Die Haupterkenntnisse der Arbeit sind: - Die Gesamtanzahl der Grundstrophentypen innerhalb einer Population bleibt über Jahre konstant. - Die relative Häufigkeit jedes einzelnen Strophentyps variiert von Jahr zu Jahr und von Population zu Population. - Gesangslernen erfolgt exakt mit einem Korrektheitsgrad von mindestens 96%. - Das Song-Sharing ist innerhalb der Population hoch. Die diskutierten Mechanismen für das Song-Sharing sind: Die Lebenserwartung, das Zugverhalten, das Lernverhalten, die Etabliertheit von Strophentypen, Weibchenpräferenzen und die Reaktionen der territorialen Männchen. - Weiterhin wurde ein Modell zur kulturellen Evolution des Buchfinkengesangs programmiert, um die Rolle der Einflussfaktoren, wie Fehlerquote, Abwanderungsrate und Laufzeit zu ermitteln. Der Wandel des Dialektes erfolgt graduell in Raum und Zeit. Daher sind keine scharfen Dialektgrenzen anzutreffen. Trotz dieser Tatsache markieren die etablierten Strophentypen die Population. 50 % der Juvenilen siedeln am Geburtsort, auf diese Weise bleibt der Dialekt erhalten und Inzest wird vermieden. -Analysiert man das Repertoire benachbarten Männchen bei isolierten Alleen, so entspricht die Gesangsangleichung in etwa dem Zufall. -Intraindividuelle Vergleiche der quantitativen Parameter des jeweiligen Strophentyps wurden saisonal und annuell durchgeführt. Saisonal konnten für einen Strophentyp ein Trend ermittelt werden. Bei jährlichen Vergleichen konnten intraindividuell ausschließlich nicht signifikante Ergebnisse ermittelt werden, wohingegen die interindividuelle Variation in zwei Fällen signifikant war. In einem Fall bestand ein Trend und in einem weiteren Fall war die Variationsunterschiede nicht signifikant. - Der Verlauf der Brutsaison lässt sich an der jährlichen Gesangsaktivität nachvollziehen.
Aromatische Amine und Amide (aAA) sind aufgrund ihrer starken Verbreitung in der menschlichen Umwelt und ihres kanzerogenen Potenzials von großer toxikologischer Bedeutung. Die Kanzerogenität der aAA wird durch die Mutagenität hochreaktiver Stoffwechselprodukte vermittelt, die in zwei sequenziellen katalytischen Reaktionen entstehen. Die erste ist meistens eine N-Hydroxylierung, die oft durch Cytochrom P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) katalysiert wird. Daran schließt sich eine O-Konjugation durch Sulfotransferasen (SULT) oder N-Acetyltransferasen (NAT) an. Die Bioaktivierung ist ein kritischer Parameter für die Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen aus Tiermodellen auf den Menschen. Rekombinante in vitro Systeme, die fremdstoffmetabolisierende Enzyme verschiedener Spezies exprimieren, ermöglichen die vergleichende Untersuchung der Bioaktivierung im Menschen und in Versuchstieren. Ziel des Projektes war die Aufklärung der Bioaktivierung der aAA durch humane Enzyme. Im Vordergrund stand die Untersuchung der Rolle humaner SULT in diesem Prozess. Es wurden rekombinante in vitro Systeme, konstruiert, die CYP1A2 und SULT des Menschen koexprimieren. SULT-cDNAs wurden in den Säugerzell Expressionsvektor pMPSV kloniert und in Standardindikatorzellen für Mutagenitätsuntersuchungen (V79 Zellen aus dem Chinesischen Hamster) transfiziert. Das Expressionsniveau von CYP1A2 und SULT wurde mittels Immunblotanalyse und radiometrischen Aktivitätsmessungen charakterisiert. In den rekombinanten Zellen wurden vier aAA als Modellsubstanzen (2-Acetylaminofluoren, 2-Aminoanthracen, 3′-Methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzol, 2,4-Diaminotoluol) auf ihre Mutagenität am hprt-Locus hin untersucht.Die aAA waren in Zellen, die keine rekombinanten Enzyme oder lediglich CYP1A2 exprimierten, nicht mutagen. In Zellen, die CYP1A2 und SULT der Subfamilie 1A koexprimierten, erzeugten sie bereits in geringen Konzentrationen klare mutagene Effekte (0,3 µM für 2-Acetylaminofluoren und 3′-Methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzol; 0,1 µM für 2-Aminoanthracen; 10 µM für 2,4-Diaminotoluol). Die stärkste Aktivierung von 2-Acetylaminofluoren und 3′-Methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzol erfolgte in der Zelllinie, die CYP1A2 und SULT1A2 koexprimierte; die stärkste Aktivierung von 2,4-Diaminotoluol und 2-Aminoanthracen erfolgte in der Zelllinie, die CYP1A2 und SULT1A1 koexprimierte. Sowohl SULT1A1 als auch SULT1A2 sind im Menschen genetisch polymorph. Ein unterschiedlich starkes Aktivierungspotenzial der Alloenzyme könnte eine individuell unterschiedliche Suszeptibilität für die durch aAA ausgelöste Kanzerogenese bedingen. In HPRT-Mutationsuntersuchungen mit rekombinanten Zellen zeigten die allelischen Varianten der SULT1A2 starke Unterschiede in ihrem Aktivierungpotenzial. Nur in der Zelllinie, die das Alloenzym SULT1A2*1 mit CYP1A2 koexprimierte, wurde 2-Acetylaminofluoren zum Mutagen aktiviert. Zur Aktivierung von 3′-Methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzol waren jedoch sowohl das Alloenzym SULT1A2*1 als auch das Alloenzym SULT1A2*2 in der Lage. Die Alloenzyme der SULT1A1 zeigten ein ähnlich gutes Aktivierungspotenzial für aAA. In früheren Studien wurde gezeigt, dass die SULT1C1 der Ratte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aktivierung der aAA in dieser Spezies spielt. Dahingegen war die humane SULT1C1 nicht in der Lage die untersuchten aAA zu aktivieren. Die Kenntnis solcher Spezieunterschiede könnte wichtig sein um unterschiedliche Organotropismen aAA in Menschen und Tiermodellen zu erklären, da SULT mit starker Gewebespezifität exprimiert werden und das Expressionsmuster für die einzelnen SULT-Formen in Menschen und Ratten sich stark unterscheidet.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich wichtige Teilmechanismen der Erregungs-Sekretionskopplung in der Speicheldrüse der Schabe Periplaneta americana (L.) untersucht. Die Speicheldrüse ist von dopaminergen und serotonergen Fasern innerviert (Baumann et al., 2002). Beide Transmitter stimulieren eine unterschiedliche Reaktion der Drüse: Dopamin (DA) stimuliert die P-Zellen der Acini und die Ausführgangzellen, während Serotonin (5-HT) die P- und C-Zellen der Acini stimuliert, nicht jedoch die Ausführgangzellen. Der Endspeichel ist nach einer DA-Stimulierung proteinfrei. Dagegen enthält er nach einer 5-HT-Stimulierung Proteine, die von den C-Zellen sezerniert werden (Just & Walz, 1996). Im ersten Teil meiner Arbeit habe ich mittels Kapillarelektrophoretischer Analyse (CE-Analyse) die Elektrolytkonzentrationen im Endspeichel untersucht sowie die Raten der Flüssigkeitssekretion gemessen. Damit wollte ich klären, welche Transporter an der Sekretion des Primärspeichels und an dessen Modifikation beteiligt sind. Ausserdem wollte ich die Rolle der transportaktiven Epithelzellen der Ausführgänge für die Modifikation des Primärspeichels untersuchen. Dafür habe ich einen Vergleich der Elektrolytkonzentrationen im DA- und 5-HT-stimulierten Endspeichel durchgeführt. Der Elektrolytgehalt des DA- und 5-HT-stimulierten Endspeichels unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant voneinander. Er ist nach beiden Stimulierungen hypoosmotisch zum verwendeten Ringer. Die Ausführgangzellen werden durch DA stimuliert und modifizieren den Primärspeichel durch eine netto-Ionenreabsorption. Meine Versuche zeigen jedoch, dass auch die während einer 5-HT-Stimulierung der Drüse unstimulierten Ausführgangzellen den Primärspeichel modifizieren. In einer nachfolgenden Versuchsreihe habe ich den Einfluss von Ouabain, einem Hemmstoff der Na+-K+-ATPase, und Bumetanid, einem Hemmstoff des NKCC, auf die Raten der Flüssigkeitssekretion sowie den Elektrolytgehalt des Endspeichels untersucht. Ich habe gefunden, dass die Aktivität der Na+-K+-ATPase wichtig für die Modifikation des DA-stimulierten Primärspeichels ist. Im Gegensatz dazu ist sie für die Modifikation des 5-HT-stimulierten Primärspeichels nicht von Bedeutung. Bezüglich der Flüssigkeitssekretion habe ich keinen Einfluss der Na+-K+-ATPase-Aktivität auf die DA-stimulierten Sekretionsraten gefunden, dagegen ist die 5-HT-stimulierte Sekretionsrate in Anwesenheit von Ouabain gesteigert. Die Aktivität des NKCC ist für beide sekretorische Prozesse, die Ionen- und die Flüssigkeitssekretion, wichtig. Eine Hemmung des NKCC bewirkt eine signifikante Verringerung der Raten der Flüssigkeitssekretion nach DA- und 5-HT-Stimulierung sowie in beiden Fällen einen signifikanten Abfall der Ionenkonzentrationen im Endspeichel. Im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit habe ich versucht, Änderungen der intrazellulären Ionenkonzentrationen in den Acinuszellen während einer DA- oder 5-HT-Stimulierung zu messen. Diese Experimente sollten mit der Methode des "ratiometric imaging" durchgeführt werden. Messungen mit dem Ca2+-sensitiven Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Fura-2 zeigten keinen globalen Anstieg in der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration der P-Zellen. Aufgrund von Problemen mit einer schlechten Beladung der Zellen, einer starken und sich während der Stimulierung ändernden Autofluoreszenz der Zellen sowie Änderungen im Zellvolumen wurden keine Messungen mit Na+- und K+-sensitiven Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen durchgeführt. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit habe ich die intrazellulären Signalwege untersucht, die zwischen einer 5-HT-Stimulierung der Drüse und der Proteinsekretion vermitteln. Dazu wurde der Proteingehalt im Endspeichel biochemisch mittels eines modifizierten Bradford Assay gemessen. Eine erstellte Dosis-Wirkungskurve zeigt, dass die Rate der Proteinsekretion von der zur Stimulierung verwendeten 5-HT-Konzentration abhängt. In einer Serie von Experimenten habe ich die intrazellulären Konzentrationen von Ca2+, cAMP und / oder cGMP erhöht und anschließend den Proteingehalt im Endspeichel gemessen. Ein Anstieg der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration aktiviert nur eine geringe Rate der Proteinsekretion. Dagegen kann die Steigerung der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration eine stärkere Proteinsekretion aktivieren, die sich nicht signifikant von der nach 5-HT-Stimulierung unterscheidet. Die cAMP-stimulierte Proteinsekretion kann durch gleichzeitige Erhöhung der intrazellulären Ca2+-Konzentration weiter gesteigert werden. Dagegen aktivierte eine Erhöhung der intrazellulären cGMP-Konzentration die Proteinsekretion nicht. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse postuliere ich die Existenz eines die Adenylatcyclase aktivierenden 5-HT-Rezeptors in der Basolateralmembran der C-Zellen.
Im Bereich der medizinischen Diagnostik spielen DNA-Chips eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Dabei werden Glas- oder Silikon-Oberflächen mit Tausenden von einzelsträngigen DNA-Fragmenten, sog. Sonden, bestückt, die mit den passenden DNA-Fragmenten in der zugefügten Patientenprobe verschmelzen. Die Auswertung solcher Messungen liefert die Diagnose für Krankheiten wie z.B. Krebs, Alzheimer oder für den Nachweis pathogener Erreger. Durch fortschreitende Miniaturisierung dieser Meßsysteme können bis zu 40.000 Genfragmente des Menschen in einer einzigen Messung analysiert werden. Neben den DNA-Fragmenten können Bio-Chips auch für andere biologische Komponenten wie Antikörper und Proteine eingesetzt werden, wobei bei letzteren neben der Bindung auch die Aktivität ein wichtiger Diagnoseparamter ist. Am Fraunhofer-Institut für medizinische Technik und am Lehrstuhl für Analytische Biochemie der Universität Potsdam wurden im Rahmen einer Doktorarbeit Methoden entwickelt, die es ermöglichen auf nukleinsäuremodifizierten Sensoroberflächen die Aktivität von Proteinen zu messen. Es wurden Nukleinsäuren auf Oberflächen optischer Sensoren verankert. Diese fungierten als Rezeptor für die Proteine sowie auch als Substrat für Restriktionsenzyme, die Nukleinsäuren schneiden und Polymerasen, die Nukleinsäuren synthetisieren und verlängern können. Seine Anwendung fand diese Messmethode in der Messung der Aktivität des Proteins Telomerase, das in 90% aller Tumore erhöhte Aktivität gegenüber gesunden Zellen aufweist. Die Vorteile dieses neuen Assays gegenüber älteren Methoden liegt im Verzicht auf radioaktiv-markierten Komponenten und einer deutlich verkürzten Analysezeit. Die Arbeit schliesst mit einem funktionsfähigen Nachweis der Telomeraseaktivität im Zellextrakt von gesunden und kranken Zellen. Der direkte Einfluß von Hemmstoffen auf die Aktivität konnte sichtbar gemacht werden, und steht daher bei der Entwicklung neuer Tumor-Diagnostika und Therapeutika zur Verfügung.
In this thesis, I investigated the factors influencing the growth and vertical distribution of planktonic algae in extremely acidic mining lakes (pH 2-3). In the focal study site, Lake 111 (pH 2.7; Lusatia, Germany), the chrysophyte, Ochromonas sp., dominates in the upper water strata and the chlorophyte, Chlamydomonas sp., in the deeper strata, forming a pronounced deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). Inorganic carbon (IC) limitation influenced the phototrophic growth of Chlamydomonas sp. in the upper water strata. Conversely, in deeper strata, light limited its phototrophic growth. When compared with published data for algae from neutral lakes, Chlamydomonas sp. from Lake 111 exhibited a lower maximum growth rate, an enhanced compensation point and higher dark respiration rates, suggesting higher metabolic costs due to the extreme physico-chemical conditions. The photosynthetic performance of Chlamydomonas sp. decreased in high-light-adapted cells when IC limited. In addition, the minimal phosphorus (P) cell quota was suggestive of a higher P requirement under IC limitation. Subsequently, it was shown that Chlamydomonas sp. was a mixotroph, able to enhance its growth rate by taking up dissolved organic carbon (DOC) via osmotrophy. Therefore, it could survive in deeper water strata where DOC concentrations were higher and light limited. However, neither IC limitation, P availability nor in situ DOC concentrations (bottom-up control) could fully explain the vertical distribution of Chlamydomonas sp. in Lake 111. Conversely, when a novel approach was adopted, the grazing influence of the phagotrophic phototroph, Ochromonas sp., was found to exert top-down control on its prey (Chlamydomonas sp.) reducing prey abundance in the upper water strata. This, coupled with the fact that Chlamydomonas sp. uses DOC for growth, leads to a pronounced accumulation of Chlamydomonas sp. cells at depth; an apparent DCM. Therefore, grazing appears to be the main factor influencing the vertical distribution of algae observed in Lake 111. The knowledge gained from this thesis provides information essential for predicting the effect of strategies to neutralize the acidic mining lakes on the food-web.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird die Bedeutung von Brachen für Artenvielfalt und Stabilität von Blüte-Bestäuber-Nahrungsnetzen in agrarisch genutzten Landschaften anhand ausgewählter blütenbesuchender Insektengruppen (Syrphidae, Lepidoptera) untersucht. Die Freilandarbeiten fanden von 1998-2000 im Raum der Feldberger Seenlandschaft, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, statt. Es werden die beiden Hauptnahrungsquellen Nektar und Pollen betrachtet, dabei fanden Untersuchungen zur Intensität der Blüte-Bestäuber-Interaktion auf Stilllegungsflächen, zum flächenbezogenen quantitativen Nektarangebot im Jahresverlauf, zur individuellen Pollennutzung bei Syrphiden und zur Breite und Überlappung der Nahrungsnischen bei den dominanten Arten Episyrphus balteatus, Metasyrphus corollae, Syritta pipiens und Sphaerophoria scripta statt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine hohe Bedeutung der Brachflächen für die Stabilität des Blüte-Bestäuber-Netzes, während die Diversität von anderen, eher landschaftsbezogenen Faktoren abhängig ist.
Today, analytical chemistry does not longer consist of only the big measuring devices and methods which are time consuming and expensive, which can furthermore only be handled by the qualified staff and in addition the results can also only be evaluated by this qualified staff. Usually, this technique, which shall be described in the following as 'classic analytic measuring technique', requires also rooms equipped especially and often a relative big quantity of the test compounds which should be prepared especially. Beside this classic analytic measuring technique, limited on definite substance groups and requests, a new measuring technique has gained acceptance particularly within the last years, which one can often be used by a layman, too. Often the new measuring technique has very little pieces of equipment. The needed sample volumes are also small and a special sample preparation isn't required. In addition, the new measuring instruments are simple to handle. They are cheap both in their production and in the use and they permit even a continuous measurement recording usually. Numerous of this new measuring instruments base on the research in the field of Biosensorik during the last 40 years. Since Clark and Lyon in the year 1962 were able to measure glucose with a simple oxygen electrode, completed by an enzyme the development of the new measuring technique did not have to be held back any longer. Biosensors, special pickups which consists of a combination from a biological component (permits a specific recognition of the analyte also without purification of the sample previously) and a physical pickup (convert the primary physicochemical effect into an electronically measurable signal), conquered the market. In the context of this thesis different tyrosinasesensors were developed which fulfilling the various requests, depending on origin and features of the used tyrosinase. One of the tyrosinasesensors for example was used for quantification of phenolic compounds in river and sea water and the results could correlated very well with the corresponding DIN-test for the determination of phenolic compounds. An other developed tyrosinasesensor showed a very high sensitiveness for catecholamines, substances which are of special importance in the medical diagnostics. In addition, the investigations of two different tyrosinases, which were carried out also in the context of this thesis, have shown, that a special tyrosinase (tyrosinase from Streptomyces antibioticus) will be the better choice as tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus, which is used in the area of biosensor research till now, if one wants to develop in future even more sensitive tyrosinasesensors. Furthermore, first successes became reached on a molecular biological field, the production of tyrosinasemutants with special, before well-considered features. These successes can be used to develop a new generation of tyrosinasesensors, tyrosinasesensors in which tyrosinase can be bound directionally both to the corresponding physical pickup or also to another enzyme. From this one expects to achieve ways minimized which the substance to be determined (or whose product) otherwise must cover. Finally, this should result in an clearly visible increase of sensitivity of the Biosensor.
Das Lektin aus Pisum sativum, der Gartenerbse, ist Teil der Familie der Leguminosenlektine. Diese Proteine haben untereinander eine hohe Sequenzhomologie, und die Struktur ihrer Monomere, ein all-ß-Motiv, ist hoch konserviert. Dagegen gibt es innerhalb der Familie eine große Vielfalt an unterschiedlichen Quartärstrukturen, die Gegenstand kristallographischer und theoretischer Arbeiten waren. Das Erbsenlektin ist ein dimeres Leguminosenlektin mit einer Besonderheit in seiner Struktur: Nach der Faltung in der Zelle wird aus einem Loop eine kurze Aminosäuresequenz herausgeschnitten, so dass sich in jeder Untereinheit zwei unabhängige Polypeptidketten befinden. Beide Ketten sind aber stark miteinander verschränkt und bilden eine gemeinsame strukturelle Domäne. Wie alle Lektine bindet Erbsenlektin komplexe Oligosaccharide, doch sind seine physiologische Rolle und der natürliche Ligand unbekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurden Versuche zur Entwicklung eines Funktionstests für Erbsenlektin durchgeführt und seine Faltung, Stabilität und Monomer-Dimer-Gleichgewicht charakterisiert. Um die spezifische Rolle der Prozessierung für Stabilität und Faltung zu untersuchen, wurde ein unprozessiertes Konstrukt in E. coli exprimiert und mit der prozessierten Form verglichen. Beide Proteine zeigen die gleiche kinetische Stabilität gegenüber chemischer Denaturierung. Sie denaturieren extrem langsam, weil nur die isolierten Untereinheiten entfalten können und das Monomer-Dimer-Gleichgewicht bei mittleren Konzentrationen an Denaturierungsmittel auf der Seite der Dimere liegt. Durch die extrem langsame Entfaltung zeigen beide Proteine eine apparente Hysterese im Gleichgewichtsübergang, und es ist nicht möglich, die thermodynamische Stabilität zu bestimmen. Die Stabilität und die Geschwindigkeit der Assoziation und Dissoziation in die prozessierten bzw. nichtprozessierten Untereinheiten sind für beide Proteine gleich. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch unter nicht-denaturierenden Bedingungen die Untereinheiten zwischen den Dimeren ausgetauscht werden. Die Renaturierung der unprozessierten Variante ist unter stark nativen Bedingungen zu 100 % möglich. Das prozessierte Protein dagegen renaturiert nur zu etwa 50 %, und durch die Prozessierung ist die Faltung stark verlangsamt, der Faltungsprozess ist erst nach mehreren Tagen abgeschlossen. Im Laufe der Renaturierung wird ein Intermediat populiert, in dem die längere der beiden Polypeptidketten ein Homodimer mit nativähnlicher Untereinheitenkontaktfläche bildet. Der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt der Renaturierung ist die Assoziation der entfalteten kürzeren Kette mit diesem Dimer.
Vergleich von rekombinanten Vaccinia- und DNA-Vektoren zur Tumorimmuntherapie im C57BL/6-Mausmodell
(2002)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Tumorimpfstoffe auf der Basis des Plasmid-Vektors pCI, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) und MVA-infizierten dendritischen Zellen entwickelt und durch Sequenzierung, Western blotting und durchflußzytometrische Analyse überprüft. Die in vivo Wirksamkeit der Vakzinen wurde in verschiedenen Tumormodellen in C57BL/6 Mäusen verglichen. Die auf dem eukaryotischen Expressionsvektor pCI basierende DNA-Vakzinierung induzierte einen sehr wirksamen, antigenspezifischen und langfristigen Schutz vor Muzin, CEA oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. Eine MVA-Vakzinierung bietet in den in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Tumormodellen keinen signifikanten Schutz vor Muzin oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. Sowohl humane, als auch murine in vitro generierte dendritische Zellen lassen sich mit MVA – im Vergleich zu anderen viralen Vektoren – sehr gut infizieren. Die Expressionsrate der eingefügten Gene ist aber gering im Vergleich zur Expression in permissiven Wirtszellen des Virus (embryonale Hühnerfibroblasten). Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine MVA-Infektion dendritischer Zellen ähnliche Auswirkungen auf den Reifezustand humaner und muriner dendritischer Zellen hat, wie eine Infektion mit replikationskompetenten Vakzinia-Stämmen, und außerdem die Hochregulation von CD40 während der terminalen Reifung von murinen dendritischen Zellen inhibiert wird. Die während der langfristigen in vitro Kultur auf CEF-Zellen entstandenen Deletionen im MVA Genom führten zu einer starken Attenuierung und dem Verlust einiger Gene, die immunmodulatorische Proteine kodieren, jedoch nicht zu einer Verminderung des zytopathischen Effekts in dendritischen Zellen. Die geringe Expressionsrate und die beobachtete Inhibition der Expression kostimulatorischer Moleküle auf dendritischen Zellen kann für eine wenig effektive Induktion einer Immunantwort in MVA vakzinierten Tieren durch cross priming oder die direkte Infektion antigenpräsentierender Zellen verantwortlich sein. Durch die Modifikation einer Methode zur intrazellulären IFN-gamma Färbung konnten in vakzinierten Mäusen tumorantigenspezifische CTL sensitiv und quantitativ detektiert werden. Die so bestimmte CTL-Frequenz, nicht jedoch die humorale Antwort, korrelierte mit der in vivo Wirksamkeit der verschiedenen Vakzinen: DNA vakzinierte Tiere entwickeln starke tumorantigenspezifische CTL-Antworten, wohingegen in MVA-vakzinierten Tieren überwiegend gegen virale Epitope gerichtete CD4 und CD8-T-Zellen detektiert wurden. Die Wirksamkeit der pCI-DNA-Vakzine spricht für die Weiterentwicklung in weiteren präklinischen Mausmodellen, beispielsweise unter Verwendung von MUC1 oder HLA-A2 transgenen Mäusen. Die Methoden zur Detektion Tumorantigen-spezifischer CTL in 96-Loch-Mikrotiterplatten können dabei zur systematischen Suche nach im Menschen immundominanten T-Zell-Epitopen im Muzin-Molekül genutzt werden. Der durchgeführte Vergleich der auf den Vektoren pCI und MVA basierenden Vakzinen und die Analyse neuerer Publikationen führen zu dem Ergebnis, daß vor allem DNA-Vakzinen in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung von aktiven Tumorimpfstoffen spielen werden. Rekombinante MVA-Viren, eventuell in Kombination mit DNA- oder anderen Vektoren, haben sich dagegen in zahlreichen Studien als wirksame Impfstoffe zur Kontrolle von durch Pathogene hervorgerufenen Infektionserkrankungen erwiesen.
Hämoglobin-A1c (HbA1c) ist ein Hämoglobin (Hb)-Subtypus, der durch nicht-enzymatische Glykierung des N-terminalen Valinrestes der Hämoglobin-beta-Kette entsteht. Das gemessene Verhältnis von HbA1c zum Gesamt-Hämoglobin (5-20 % bei Diabetikern) repräsentiert den Mittelwert der Blutglucosekonzentration über einen zweimonatigen Zeitraum und stellt zur Beurteilung der diabetischen Stoffwechsellage eine Ergänzung zur Akutkontrolle der Glukosekonzentration dar. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, einen amperometrischen Biosensor für die Bestimmung des medizinisch relevanten Parameters HbA1c zu entwickeln. Durch Selektion geeigneter Bioerkennungselemente und deren Immobilisierung unter Erhalt der Bindungsfunktion für die Zielmoleküle Hämoglobin bzw. HbA1c wurden spezifische, hochaffine und regenerationsstabile Sensoroberflächen geschaffen. Für die Entwicklung des HbA1c-Biosensors wurden zwei Konzepte - Enzymsensor und Immunosensor - miteinander verglichen. Die enzymatische Umsetzung von HbA1c erfolgte mit der Fructosylamin Oxidase (FAO) aus Pichia pastoris N 1-1 unter Freisetzung von H2O2, welches sowohl optisch über eine Indikatorreaktion als auch elektrochemisch nach Einschluss der FAO in PVA-SbQ und Fixierung des Immobilisats vor einer H2O2-Elektrode nachgewiesen wurde. Die Kalibration des Enzymsensors mit der HbA1c-Modellsubstanz Fructosyl-Valin ergab Nachweisgrenzen, die ausserhalb des physiologisch relevanten HbA1c-Konzentrationsbereich lagen. Aus der Umsetzung von glykierten Peptiden mit einer nicht HbA1c analogen Aminosäurensequenz, z.B. Fructosyl-Valin-Glycin wurde zudem eine geringe HbA1c-Spezifität abgeleitet. Für den Immunosensor wurden zwei heterogene Immunoassay-Formate unter Verwendung von hochaffinen und spezifischen Antikörpern in Kombination mit Glucose Oxidase (GOD) als Markerenzym zum Nachweis von HbA1c untersucht. Beim indirekt-kompetitiven Immunoassay wurde anstelle des kompletten HbA1c-Moleküls das glykierte Pentapeptid Fructosyl-Valin-Histidin-Leucin-Threonin-Prolin (glkPP) als Kompetitor und Affinitätsligand immobilisiert und so eine regenerierfähige Oberfläche geschaffen. Beim Sandwich-Immunoassay wurde im ersten Schritt Gesamt-Hämoglobin an die mit Haptoglobin (Hp) modifizierte Festphase angereichert und im zweiten Schritt der gebundene HbA1c-Anteil nachgewiesen. Für die Konstruktion des HbA1c-Immunosensors wurden Affinitätsmatrizen durch Modifizierung von Cellulose-Dialysemembranen mit glkPP bzw. Hp hergestellt. Grundlegend studiert wurde die Aktivierung der Cellulose-Membranen mit 1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazol (CDI) und 1-Cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridintetrafluoroborat (CDAP) als Aktivierungsagenzien. Eine gerichtete Immobilisierung der Liganden wurde realisiert, indem glkPP über dessen C-Terminus (einzige Carboxylatgruppe) und Hp über dessen periodat-oxidiertem Kohlenhydratrest an die amino- oder hydrazidfunktionalisierte Membranen kovalent gekoppelt wurden. Mit dem Einsatz der glkPP- und Hp-modifizierten Membranen in der elektrochemischen Messzelle war erstmalig der biosensorische Nachweis von HbA1c möglich. Als Transduktor diente eine Pt-Elektrode, an der das von der GOD generierte H2O2 umgesetzt und ein mit der HbA1c-Konzentration korrelierendes Stromsignal erzeugt wurde. Die Immunosensoren zeigten Ansprechzeiten von 3 s. Mit dem Immunosensor auf Basis des indirekt-kompetitiven Testprinzips wurde eine Kalibrationskurve für HbA1c im Bereich von 0,25-30 µg/ml (3,9-465 nM, CV 3-9 %) mit Assayzeiten von 60 min und mit dem Immunosensor im Sandwich-Format eine Kalibrationskurve im Bereich von 0,5-5 µg/ml (7,8-78 nM; 5-50 % HbA1c vom Gesamt-Hb, CV 6-10 %, 3 h) aufgenommen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gelang es, katalytische Antikörper zur Hydrolyse von Benzylphenylcarbamaten sowie zahlreiche monoklonale Antikörper gegen Haptene herzustellen. Es wurden verschiedene Hapten-Protein-Konjugate unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Kopplungsmethoden hergestellt und charakterisiert. Zur Generierung der hydrolytisch aktiven Antikörper wurden Inzuchtmäuse mit KLH-Konjugaten von 4 Übergangszustandsanaloga (ÜZA) immunisiert. Mit Hilfe der Hybridomtechnik wurden verschiedene monoklonale Antikörper gegen diese ÜZA gewonnen. Dabei wurden sowohl verschiedene Immunisierungsschemata als auch verschiedene Inzuchtmausstämme und Fusionstechniken verwendet. Insgesamt wurden 32 monoklonale Antikörper gegen die verwendeten ÜZA selektiert. Diese Antikörper wurden in großen Mengen hergestellt und gereinigt. Zum Nachweis der Antikörper-vermittelten Katalyse wurden verschiedene Methoden entwickelt und eingesetzt, darunter immunologische Nachweismethoden mit Anti-Substrat- und Anti-Produkt-Antikörpern und eine photometrische Methode mit Dimethylaminozimtaldehyd. Der Nachweis der hydrolytischen Aktivität gelang mit Hilfe eines Enzymsensors, basierend auf immobilisierter Tyrosinase. Die Antikörper N1-BC1-D11, N1-FA7-C4, N1-FA7-D12 und R3-LG2-F9 hydrolysierten die Benzylphenylcarbamate POCc18, POCc19 und Substanz 27. Der Nachweis der hydrolytischen Aktivität dieser Antikörper gelang auch mit Hilfe der HPLC. Der katalytische Antikörper N1-BC1-D11 wurde kinetisch und thermodynamisch untersucht. Es wurde eine Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik mit Km von 210 µM, vmax von 3 mM/min und kcat von 222 min-1 beobachtet. Diese Werte korrelieren mit den Werten der wenigen bekannten Diphenylcarbamat-spaltenden Abzyme. Die Beschleunigungsrate des Antikörpers N1-BC1-D11 betrug 10. Das ÜZA Hei3 hemmte die hydrolytische Aktivität. Dies beweist, dass die Hydrolyse in der Antigenbindungsstelle stattfindet. Weiter wurde zwischen der Antikörperkonzentration und der Umsatzgeschwindigkeit eine lineare Abhängigkeit festgestellt. Die thermodynamische Gleichtgewichtsdissoziationskonstante KD des Abzyms von 2,6 nM zeugt von einer sehr guten Affinität zum ÜZA. Hydrolytisch aktiv waren nur Antikörper, die gegen das Übergangszustandsanalogon Hei3 hergestellt worden waren. Es wird vermutet, dass die Hydrolyse der Benzylphenylcarbamate über einen Additions-Eliminierungsmechanismus unter Ausbildung eines tetraedrischen Übergangszustandes verläuft, dessen analoge Verbindung Hei3 ist. Im Rahmen der Generierung von Nachweisantikörpern zur Detektion der Substratabnahme bei der Hydrolyse wurden Anti-Diuron-Antikörper hergestellt. Einer der Antikörper (B91-CG5) ist spezifisch für das Herbizid Diuron und hat einen IC50-Wert von 0,19 µg/l und eine untere Nachweisgrenze von 0,04 µg/l. Ein anderer Antikörper (B91-KF5) reagiert kreuz mit einer Palette ähnlicher Herbizide. Mit diesen Antikörpern wurde ein empfindlicher Labortest, der ein Monitoring von Diuron auf Grundlage des durch die Trinkwasserverordnung festgeschriebenen Wertes für Pflanzenschutzmittel von 0,1 µg/l erlaubt, aufgebaut. Der Effekt der Anti-Diuron-Antikörper auf die Diuron-inhibierte Photosynthese wurde in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass sowohl in isolierten Thylakoiden, als auch in intakten Algen eine Vorinkubation der Anti-Diuron-Antikörper mit Diuron zur Inaktivierung seiner Photosynthese-hemmenden Wirkung führt. Wurde der Elektronentransport in den isolierten Thylakoiden oder in Algen durch Diuron unterbrochen, so führte die Zugabe der Anti-Diuron-Antikörper zur Reaktivierung der Elektronenübertragung.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden Strategien zur Analyse von Transkripten erarbeitet. Die ersten Versuche zielten darauf ab, in mit Glaskapillaren genommenen Einzelzellproben verschiedener Gewebeschichten RT-PCR durchzuführen, um spezifische Transkripte nachweisen zu können. Dies gelang für eine Reihe von Genen aus verschiedenen Pflanzenspezies. Dabei konnten sowohl Transkripte stark wie auch schwach exprimierter Gene nachgewiesen werden. Für die Erstellung von Gewebe-spezifischen Expressionsprofilen war es notwendig, die in vereinigten Zellproben enthaltene mRNA zunächst zu amplifizieren, um eine ausreichende Menge für Arrayhybridisierungen zu erhalten. Vor der Vermehrung wurde die mRNA revers transkribiert. Es wurden daran anschließend verschiedene Amplifikationsstrategien getestet: Die neben Tailing, Adapterligation und anderen PCR-basierenden Protokollen getestete Arbitrary-PCR hat sich in dieser Arbeit als einfache und einzige Methode herausgestellt, die mit so geringen cDNA-Mengen reproduzierbar arbeitet. Durch Gewebe-spezifische Array-hybridisierungen mit der so amplifizierten RNA konnten schon bekannte Expressionsmuster verschiedener Gene, vornehmlich solcher, die an der Photosynthese beteiligt sind, beobachtet werden. Es wurden aber auch eine ganze Reihe neuer offensichtlich Gewebe-spezifisch exprimierter Gene gefunden. Exemplarisch für die differentiell exprimierten Gene konnte das durch Arrayhybridisierungen gefundene Expressionsmuster der kleinen Untereinheit von Rubisco verifiziert werden. Hierzu wurden Methoden zum Gewebe-spezifischen Northernblot sowie semiquantitativer und Echtzeit-Einzelzell-RT-PCR entwickelt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden Methoden zur Analyse von Metaboliten einschließlich anorganischer Ionen verwendet. Es stellte sich heraus, daß die multiparallele Methode der Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie keine geeignete Methode für die Analyse selbst vieler vereinigter Zellinhalte ist. Daher wurde auf Kapillarelektrophorese zurückgegriffen. Eine Methode, die mit sehr kleinen Probenvolumina auskommt, eine hohe Trennung erzielt und zudem extrem geringe Detektionslimits besitzt. Die Analyse von Kohlenhydraten und Anionen erfordert eine weitere Optimierung. Über UV-Detektion konnte die K+-Konzentration in verschiedenen Geweben von A. thaliana bestimmt werden. Sie lag in Epidermis und Mesophyll mit ca. 25 mM unterhalb der für andere Pflanzenspezies (Solanum tuberosum und Hordeum vulgare) publizierten Konzentration. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, daß zwölf freie Aminosäuren mittels einer auf Kapillarelektrophorese basierenden Methode in vereinigten Zellproben von Cucurbita maxima identifiziert werden konnten. Die Übertragung der Methode auf A. thaliana-Proben muß jedoch weiter optimiert werden, da die Sensitivität selbst bei Laser induzierter Fluoreszenz-Detektion nicht ausreichte. Im dritten und letzten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die die Analyse bekannter wie unbekannter Proteine in Gewebe-spezifischen Proben ermöglicht. Hierzu wurde zur Probennahme mittels mechanischer Mikrodissektion eine alternative Methode zur Laser Capture Microdissection verwendet, um aus eingebetteten Gewebeschnitten distinkte Bereiche herauszuschneiden und somit homogenes Gewebe anzureichern. Aus diesem konnten die Proteine extrahiert und über Polyacrylamidgelelektrophorese separariert werden. Banden konnten ausgeschnitten, tryptisch verdaut und massenspektrometrisch die Primärsequenz der Peptidfragmente bestimmt werden. So konnten als Hauptproteine im Mesophyll die große Untereinheit von Rubisco sowie ein Chlorophyll bindendes Protein gefunden werden. Die in dieser Arbeit entwickelten und auf die Modellpflanze Arabidopsis thaliana angewandten Einzelzellanalysetechniken erlauben es in Zukunft, physiologische Prozesse besser sowohl räumlich als auch zeitlich aufzulösen. Dies wird zu einem detaillierteren Verständnis mannigfaltiger Vorgänge wie Zell-Zell-Kommunikation, Signalweiterleitung oder Pflanzen-Pathogen-Interaktionen führen.
In der randomisierten, multizentrischen DASH-Studie (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hy-pertension), die unter kontrollierten Bedingungen stattfand, führte eine fettreduzierte Mischkost, reich an Obst, Gemüse und Milchprodukten, bei Borderline-Hypertonikern zu einer signifikanten Blutdrucksenkung. Während der Studienphase wurden Körpermasse, Natrium-Aufnahme sowie Alkoholzufuhr aufgrund der bekannten Einflussnahme auf den Blutdruck konstant gehalten. In der eigenen Pilot-Studie sollte untersucht werden, ob das Ergebnis der DASH-Studie (i) mit deutschen Hypertonikern und (ii) unter habituellen Ernährungs- und Lebensbedingungen mit regelmäßig durchgeführter Ernährungsberatung und ad libitum Verzehr anstelle des streng kontrollierten Studienansatzes bestätigt werden kann. Eine Konstanz der Körpermasse, der Natrium-Urinausscheidung (unter diesem Studienansatz valider als die Aufnahme) und des Alkoholkonsums wurde vorausgesetzt. Die Studienpopulation setzte sich aus 53 übergewichtigen Probanden mit einer nicht medikamentös therapierten Borderline-Hypertonie und ohne Stoffwechselerkrankungen zusammen. Die Studienteilnehmer wurden randomisiert entweder der Idealgruppe mit einer fettarmen Kost reich an Milchprodukten, Obst und Gemüse (ähnlich der DASH-Idealgruppe) oder der Kontrollgruppe mit habitueller Ernährungsweise zugeteilt. Über einen Zeitraum von fünf Wochen wurde den Probanden etwa 50% ihres täglichen Lebensmittelbedarfes entsprechend ihrer Gruppenzugehörigkeit kostenfrei zur Verfügung gestellt. Gelegenheitsblutdruckmessungen und 24h-Blutdruckmessungen, Ernährungs- und Aktivitätsprotokolle, Blut- und Urinproben sowie anthropometrische Messungen wurden vor, während und fünf Wochen nach der Interventionsphase durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in der Idealgruppe keine signifikante Blutdrucksenkung beobachtet werden konnte. Dies lässt sich durch die Tatsache erklären, dass die Lebens-mittel- und Nährstoffaufnahme der deutschen Kontrollgruppe eher der amerikanischen Idealgruppe entsprach. In der Pilot-Studie waren die Unterschiede in der Nährstoffzufuhr zwischen den beiden Gruppen viel geringer als in der DASH-Studie; für eine blutdrucksenkende Ernährungsumstellung bestand somit nur ein geringer Spielraum. Eine weitere Erklärung besteht in der unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzung der Studienpopulation. Bei DASH wurden vorwiegend farbige Probanden (40% höhere Hypertonieprävalenz) untersucht. Die Studienergebnisse lassen also den Schluss zu, dass Ernährungs- und Lebensstilgewohnheiten sowie der genetische Hintergrund der entsprechenden Bevölkerungsgruppe bei der Formulierung von nährstoff- oder lebensmittelbezogenen Empfehlungen zur Senkung des Bluthochdruckes Berücksichtigung finden müssen.
Die Ausstattung der gastrointestinalen Mukosa des Menschen und der Ratte mit Sulfotransferasen wurde mit Hilfe von Immunodetektion und Enzymaktivitätsmessungen untersucht. In Proben aus Colon und Rektum von 39 Personen wurden die Formen h1A1, h1A3 und h1B1 identifiziert, wobei in einer weiteren Probe, die als einzige von einem an Colitis Ulcerosa erkrankten Patienten stammte, keine Sulfotransferasen nachgewiesen werden konnten. Bei der Immunblot-Analyse war das Expressionsmuster der einzelnen Formen in allen Proben ähnlich. In wenigen Proben waren die relativen Signalintensitäten der h1A1 und der h1B1 um die Hälfte erniedrigt. Der Gehalt von SULT an zytosolischem Protein zeigte einen bis zu 8 - 10fachen Unterschied, er betrug jedoch bei zwei Dritteln der Proben zwischen 0,15 und 0,3 (h1A1 und h1A3) bzw. 0,6 und 0,8 Promille (h1B1). Die Variation konnte nicht auf Alter, Geschlecht oder Krankheitsbild der Patienten zurückgeführt werden. Auch der für die allelischen Varianten der h1A1 beschriebene Effekt auf die Enzymaktiviät bzw. Stabilität konnte in der Menge an immunreaktivem Protein nicht in diesem Ausmaß detektiert werden. Die Allelhäufigkeit von h1A1*R und h1A1*H war gegenüber der gesunden Bevölkerung nicht verändert. In den sieben Proben aus dem Dünndarm (Coecum, viermal Ileum, Jejunum) konnten zusätzlich die Formen h1E1 und h2A1 identifiziert werden. Ein möglicherweise der Form h1C1 entsprechendes Protein wurde im Magen detektiert. Im Vergleich zum Menschen war die Expression in der Ratte stärker auf die Leber konzentriert. Während beim Menschen in allen untersuchten Abschnitten Sulfotransferasen in Mengen detektiert wurden, die in zwei Fällen (h1B1 und h1A3) sogar den Gehalt in der Leber überstiegen, beschränkte sich die Expression in der Ratte auf im Vergleich zur Leber geringe Mengen im Magen und Dickdarm. Nachgewiesen wurden die r1B1, r1A1 sowie eine nicht identifizierte Form von 35kD, bei der es sich vermutlich um die r1C2 handelt. Im Vergleich zur Leber enthielt der Dickdarm der Ratte 20 - 30 % an r1B1 und 3 % an r1A1, während im Dickdarm des Menschen die 3 - 5fache Menge an h1B1 und 25 - 50 % an h1A1 gefunden wurden. Die nicht identifizierte Form verhielt sich wie die r1B1. Die für die Leber der Ratte bekannte geschlechtsabhängige Expression wurde im Gastrointestinaltrakt nicht beobachtet. Die Verteilung der Sulfotransferasen im Colon und Ileum des Menschen wurde immunhistochemisch untersucht; für die Gewebe der Ratte war die Spezifität der zur Verfügung stehenden Antiseren nicht ausreichend. Im Colon traten h1B1-spezifische Färbungen in den differenzierten Enterozyten am oberen Ende der Krypten auf, im Dünndarm wurden die Epithelzellen der Zotten gefärbt. Die Färbung konzentrierte sich auf das Zytoplasma. Eine ähnliche Verteilung zeigte sich für h1A1 und h1A3, außer daß zusätzlich eine intensive Färbung der Endothelzellen der Kapillaren in der Submukosa des Ileums auftrat. Im Dickdarm war dies nur bei den Kapillaren in den Lymphfollikeln zu erkennen. Die h2A1 war lediglich im Zytoplasma der Epithelzellen der Zotten des Ileums nachzuweisen, während im Colon keine Farbreaktion auftrat. Durch die Verwendung der rekombinanten Indikatorstämme TA1538-h1A1, -h1A3 und -h1B1 und des Ausgangsstammes Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 im Ames-Test wurde gezeigt, daß verschiedene benzylische und allylische Alkohole durch im humanen Colon exprimierte Sulfotransferasen zu Mutagenen aktiviert werden. In den meisten Fällen erwies sich eine der drei Sulfotransferasen als besonders effizient in der Bioaktivierung, während durch die anderen Formen kein oder nur ein schwacher Effekt verursacht wurde. Die Bioaktivierung von Promutagenen durch Sulfotransferasen im Colon muß im Zusammenhang mit der Lokalisation diskutiert werden. Die Zellen im Darm, in denen immunhistochemisch Sulfotransferasen detektiert wurden, haben mit Ausnahme des Endothels je nach Abschnitt eine Lebensdauer von maximal fünf Tagen und machen keine weiteren Zellteilungen mehr durch. Daher sind DNA-Schäden in diesen Zellen ein sehr geringes Risiko für den Organismus. Soweit die reaktiven Metabolite in diesen Zellen gefangen bleiben, kann die Bioaktivierung in diesen Zellen und die Bildung von Addukten als protektiv betrachten werden, da letztere nach wenigen Tagen mit den toten Zellen in das Darmlumen abgegeben werden. Für den Vergleich der Bioaktiverung von Promutagenen durch die Form 1B1 des Menschen und der Ratte wurden aus V79 Lungenfibroblasten des Chinesischen Hamsters abgeleitete Zellinien hergestellt, die je eine der beiden Formen stabil exprimieren. Damit standen 1B1-profiziente Indikatorzellen für den HPRT-Genmutationstest zur Verfügung, und die 1B1-abhängige Bioaktivierung konnte in einem System untersucht werden, die dem eukaryontischen Organismus näher steht als die für die Ames-Tests verwendeten Bakterien. So war z.B. die Sulfotransferase wie im Gewebe im Zytoplasma lokalisiert. Als Modellsubstanzen wurden hierbei die bereits in TA1538-h1B1 mutagen wirkenden benzylischen Alkohole 6-Hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyren und 4-Hydroxycyclopenta-[def]chrysen getestet. Da die Sensitivität einer Sulfotransferase-exprimierenden V79-Zellinie sowohl durch die Menge an Sulfotransferase als auch durch die Verfügbarkeit des Sulfodonors limitiert sein könnte, wurden die Mutagenitätsexperimente mit V79-r1B1-Zellinien durchgeführt, die sich in ihrer Enzymaktivität um das Zwanzigfache unterschieden: V79-r1B1/A und -/B. Eine starke Erhöhung der Mutantenfrequenz wurde nur in der hoch exprimierenden Zellinie V79-r1B1/A (1019 ± 224 pmol/mg/min) beobachtet, so daß eine gravierende Beeinträchtigung der Sensitivität durch einen Mangel an Kosubstrat ausgeschlossen wurde. In der niedriger exprimierenden Zellinie V79-r1B1/B (57 ± 9 pmol/mg/min) war nur mit 6-Hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyren ein schwacher Anstieg der Mutantenfrequenz zu erkennen, der mit 0,3 µM bei einer in etwa 100fach höheren Konzentration begann als bei V79-r1B1/A. Die zytosolische Fraktion aus V79-r1B1/B-Zellen enthielt in etwa die dreifache Menge an r1B1-Protein wie die aus Colonmucosa der Ratte. Da zumindest für die humane Mukosa gezeigt wurde, daß die 1B1 nur im einschichtigen Epithel, nicht aber in allen Zellen der Mukosa exprimiert wird, repräsentiert die zytosolische Fraktion aus der Mukosa nur bedingt die Expression in den Epithelzellen und der Vergleich mit den V79-1B1-Zellen ist grob. Im Gegensatz zu V79-r1B1/B war die Zellinie V79-h1B1, die ebenfalls nur mit Darm und Leber vergleichbare Mengen an h1B1 exprimierte, in der Lage, beide benzylischen Alkohole zu aktivieren. Der Erhöhung der Mutantenfrequenz im Vergleich zur KontrollZellinie war ähnlich wie bei der stark exprimierenden Zellinie V79-r1B1/A, erforderte aber 10fach höhere Konzentrationen. Somit unterscheiden sich Mensch und Ratte nicht nur insgesamt in ihrer Ausstattung des Gastrointestinaltrakts mit Sulfotransferasen, auch bei Betrachtung einer einzelnen Form zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede in der Aktivierung von zwei Promutagenen. Die Ratte ist daher ein ungeeignetes Modell, um die Rolle von Sulfotransferasen bei tumorinitiierenden Prozessen im Darm zu untersuchen. Dies unterstreicht die Bedeutung von rekombinanten in-vitro-Systemen für die Erfassung des humanen Metabolismus von Fremdstoffen. Insgesamt kennt man nur eine geringe Anzahl von Substanzen, die im Tierexperiment Colontumore erzeugen, und mit Ausnahme der heterozyklischen aromatischen Amine sind diese lediglich von experimenteller Bedeutung. Dies spricht für effiziente Schutzmechanismen der Darmmukosa gegenüber Mutagenen und läßt die Frage nach der hohen Inzidenz des Kolorektalkarzinoms offen.