530 Physik
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (890)
- Doctoral Thesis (364)
- Postprint (95)
- Other (49)
- Preprint (36)
- Habilitation Thesis (22)
- Review (12)
- Master's Thesis (10)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (4)
- Course Material (2)
Keywords
- diffusion (43)
- anomalous diffusion (31)
- gamma rays: general (20)
- synchronization (18)
- Synchronisation (16)
- organic solar cells (16)
- stochastic processes (14)
- ISM: supernova remnants (13)
- cosmic rays (13)
- data analysis (12)
- Datenanalyse (11)
- perovskite solar cells (11)
- stars: massive (11)
- dynamics (10)
- turbulence (10)
- Klimawandel (9)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (9)
- stars: atmospheres (9)
- Chaos (8)
- astroparticle physics (8)
- climate change (8)
- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- Magnetismus (7)
- acceleration of particles (7)
- atmosphere (7)
- azobenzene (7)
- chaos (7)
- magnetism (7)
- methods: numerical (7)
- nonlinear dynamics (7)
- numerical relativity (7)
- stars: early-type (7)
- thin films (7)
- transport (7)
- Arktis (6)
- Atmosphäre (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Kuramoto model (6)
- Magellanic Clouds (6)
- Polymere (6)
- Synchronization (6)
- X-rays: binaries (6)
- additive manufacturing (6)
- biophysics (6)
- charge transport (6)
- chemotaxis (6)
- complex networks (6)
- first passage time (6)
- galaxies: active (6)
- galaxies: evolution (6)
- galaxies: formation (6)
- galaxies: high-redshift (6)
- gravitational waves (6)
- model (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- networks (6)
- noise (6)
- non-fullerene acceptors (6)
- nonergodicity (6)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (6)
- residual stress (6)
- stars: neutron (6)
- ultrafast (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- Diffusion (5)
- MHD (5)
- Oberfläche (5)
- Physik (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Stochastische Prozesse (5)
- X-ray (5)
- complex systems (5)
- first-passage time (5)
- fluorescence (5)
- gamma rays: ISM (5)
- gamma rays: galaxies (5)
- graphene (5)
- hysteresis (5)
- intergalactic medium (5)
- microscopy (5)
- molekulare Motoren (5)
- phase transition (5)
- photochemistry (5)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (5)
- physics (5)
- polymers (5)
- random diffusivity (5)
- recombination (5)
- stars: evolution (5)
- superstatistics (5)
- surface (5)
- ARPES (4)
- Arctic (4)
- Ellipsometrie (4)
- FLASH (4)
- Ferroelektrete (4)
- Fluoreszenz (4)
- Galaxy: halo (4)
- ISM: abundances (4)
- Langevin equation (4)
- Nanostruktur (4)
- Physikdidaktik (4)
- Polyelektrolyt (4)
- Rashba effect (4)
- Rauschen (4)
- Röntgenspektroskopie (4)
- Simulation (4)
- Turbulenz (4)
- X-ray refraction (4)
- X-rays: stars (4)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (4)
- bacteria (4)
- binaries: close (4)
- binaries: general (4)
- binaries: spectroscopic (4)
- catalogs (4)
- charge generation (4)
- computed tomography (4)
- density (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- dünne Schichten (4)
- electronic structure (4)
- ferroelectrets (4)
- first-passage (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- geometric Brownian motion (4)
- impact (4)
- instabilities (4)
- komplexe Netzwerke (4)
- machine learning (4)
- magnetic fields (4)
- methods: data analysis (4)
- microlensing (4)
- molecular dynamics (4)
- morphology (4)
- nanoparticles (4)
- neutron diffraction (4)
- organic photovoltaics (4)
- phase oscillators (4)
- phase transitions (4)
- photoluminescence (4)
- photovoltaics (4)
- physics education (4)
- polypropylene (4)
- power spectral analysis (4)
- prediction (4)
- quantum field theory (4)
- quantum gravity (4)
- quasars: absorption lines (4)
- radiation belts (4)
- scattering (4)
- shock waves (4)
- simulation (4)
- star formation (4)
- stars: winds, outflows (4)
- statistical physics (4)
- stochastic resetting (4)
- subdiffusion (4)
- subdwarfs (4)
- synchrotron radiation (4)
- techniques: imaging spectroscopy (4)
- techniques: spectroscopic (4)
- thiouracil (4)
- 2D (3)
- 2D perovskites (3)
- Adhäsion (3)
- Adsorption (3)
- Aluminum alloys (3)
- Antarktis (3)
- Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (3)
- Brownian motion (3)
- Curie transition (3)
- Fokker-Planck equation (3)
- Galaxy: evolution (3)
- Gitterdynamik (3)
- Gravitationswellen (3)
- Hilbert transform (3)
- Holocene (3)
- ISM: clouds (3)
- ISM: magnetic fields (3)
- Integrated Assessment (3)
- Klimatologie (3)
- Kosmologie (3)
- Ladungstransport (3)
- Lasers (3)
- Lattice dynamics (3)
- Levy walk (3)
- Levy walks (3)
- Lidar (3)
- Magnetisierungsdynamik (3)
- Molekulardynamik (3)
- Motilität (3)
- NEXAFS (3)
- Nanopartikel (3)
- Netzwerke (3)
- Neutron diffraction (3)
- Nicht-Fulleren-Akzeptoren (3)
- Oberflächengitter (3)
- Organische Solarzellen (3)
- Ozon (3)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer (3)
- Perovskites (3)
- Phase (3)
- Phasenübergang (3)
- Photoelektronenspektroskopie (3)
- Polyelektrolyte (3)
- Quantengravitation (3)
- Quantenoptik (3)
- RIXS (3)
- Radiation belts (3)
- Rashba-Effekt (3)
- Reflexion (3)
- Rekurrenzanalyse (3)
- Resonanzenergietransfer (3)
- Röntgenbeugung (3)
- Saturn (3)
- Solar cells (3)
- Sternentstehung (3)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (3)
- Teilchenbeschleunigung (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Thin films (3)
- Thiouracil (3)
- Ti-6Al-4V (3)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (3)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (3)
- Wellenleiter (3)
- X-ray diffraction (3)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (3)
- X-ray spectroscopy (3)
- XPS (3)
- Zelladhäsion (3)
- adsorption (3)
- astrophysical plasmas (3)
- behavior (3)
- biological physics (3)
- black holes (3)
- brushes (3)
- cell adhesion (3)
- charge storage (3)
- chimera state (3)
- chimera states (3)
- climate (3)
- continuous time random walk (3)
- control (3)
- coupled rotators (3)
- creep (3)
- dark ages, reionization, first stars (3)
- diffusing diffusivity (3)
- dust (3)
- dynamo (3)
- efficiency (3)
- electrons (3)
- electrostatic interactions (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- energy (3)
- entanglement (3)
- filaments (3)
- films (3)
- first passage (3)
- galaxies (3)
- galaxies: interactions (3)
- galaxies: jets (3)
- gamma rays: stars (3)
- gamma-ray burst: general (3)
- general relativity (3)
- genomic DNA conformation (3)
- global surface warming (3)
- gravity (3)
- group field theory (3)
- hypersound (3)
- instability (3)
- interfaces (3)
- iron (3)
- magnetosphere (3)
- magnetostriction (3)
- membrane (3)
- methods: observational (3)
- modeling (3)
- models (3)
- nanostructure (3)
- neutrinos (3)
- noisy systems (3)
- nonfullerene acceptors (3)
- nucleobases (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- ocean heat uptake (3)
- optical manipulation (3)
- organic solar cell (3)
- organische Solarzellen (3)
- particle acceleration (3)
- photocurrent generation (3)
- photosensitive surfactants (3)
- planets and satellites: rings (3)
- plasmonics (3)
- polyelectrolytes (3)
- polymer (3)
- polymer solar cells (3)
- power spectrum (3)
- projections (3)
- protein folding (3)
- pulsars: general (3)
- quasars: general (3)
- radiative transfer (3)
- random walk (3)
- recurrence plot (3)
- resonant energy transfer (3)
- solar cells (3)
- solar wind (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- stars (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: abundances (3)
- statistical models (3)
- statistics (3)
- statistische Modelle (3)
- stochastic resonance (3)
- stochastische Prozesse (3)
- sulfur (3)
- surface relief grating (3)
- synchronization transition (3)
- techniques: image processing (3)
- time series analysis (3)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (3)
- ultraschnell (3)
- uncertainty analysis (3)
- voltage losses (3)
- waveguides (3)
- 1D (2)
- 3D (2)
- 4 (2)
- AG (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- Aerosol (2)
- Akkretion (2)
- Amazon rainforest (2)
- Anfangsdaten (2)
- Anisotropie (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Antarctica (2)
- Anthropogene Klimaänderung (2)
- Astrophotonik (2)
- Astrophysik (2)
- Atmosphärendynamik (2)
- Atmosphärenmodellierung (2)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (2)
- Auger–Meitner (2)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (2)
- Bakterien (2)
- Benetzung (2)
- Blocking (2)
- Boltzmann distribution (2)
- Bose-Einstein condensation (2)
- Bragg peak (2)
- Brillouin scattering (2)
- Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (2)
- Casimir-Polder interaction (2)
- Charge recombination (2)
- Chebyshev inequality (2)
- Chemotaxis (2)
- Chromosphere (2)
- Climate Change (2)
- Comb model (2)
- Complementarity (2)
- Computed tomography (2)
- Computertomographie (2)
- Coster–Kronig (2)
- Crab Nebula (2)
- Crystallization (2)
- Debye screening (2)
- Dictyostelium (2)
- Disorder (2)
- Displays (2)
- Donor-Acceptor (DA) interface (2)
- Donor-acceptor copolymers (2)
- Doping (2)
- Dynamical systems (2)
- Dynamik (2)
- Dynamische Systeme (2)
- Dynamo (2)
- Eigenspannung (2)
- Electrets (2)
- Electrical properties and parameters (2)
- Elektret (2)
- Entscheidung bei Unsicherheit (2)
- Equilibrium-line altitudes (2)
- Erdbeben (2)
- Extremereignisse (2)
- Ferroelektret (2)
- Ferroelektrika (2)
- Filament (2)
- Filamente (2)
- Freie-Elektronen-Laser (2)
- Frequenzkonversion (2)
- Gammastrahlung (2)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (2)
- Gaussian processes (2)
- Genetic programming (2)
- Graphen (2)
- Gravitationslinsen (2)
- Gravitationslinseneffekt (2)
- Greenland (2)
- Grenzschicht (2)
- H II regions (2)
- Hochdruck (2)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (2)
- Hysteresis (2)
- ISM (2)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- ISM: structure (2)
- ISOS-L-1I protocol (2)
- In-situ Experimente (2)
- Indian Monsoon (2)
- Indischer Monsun (2)
- Integrierte Bewertung (2)
- Jets (2)
- Keimbildung (2)
- Klima (2)
- Kolloides System (2)
- Kompensatoren (2)
- Komplexe Systeme (2)
- Kopplung (2)
- Krebsnebel (2)
- Kuramoto (2)
- Kuramoto-Modell (2)
- LDPE nanocomposites (2)
- Laserstrahlschmelzen (2)
- Levy flights (2)
- Lokalisierung (2)
- Löschkurve (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (2)
- Membran (2)
- Meteorologie (2)
- Microlensing (2)
- Mikrolinsen (2)
- Mode function (2)
- Modellierung (2)
- Molekularer Motor (2)
- Monsun (2)
- Monte Carlo simulation (2)
- Morphogenese (2)
- Morphologie (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NLO (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Nichtgleichgewicht (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- Noise-induced phenomena (2)
- Nonlinear Dynamics (2)
- OLED (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- Organic solar cells (2)
- Orgelpfeife (2)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (2)
- Oszillatoren (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE) (2)
- PDLC (2)
- PEDOT (2)
- Paläoklimatologie (2)
- Perowskit (2)
- Perowskit Solarzellen (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Phasenübergänge (2)
- Phononen (2)
- Phonons (2)
- Photoalignment (2)
- Photoorientierung (2)
- Photovoltaik (2)
- Piezoelektrizität (2)
- Plasmonics (2)
- Polyelectrolyte (2)
- Polypropylen (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenfeldtheorie (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Radiation protection (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- SEM (2)
- SHG (2)
- Selbstorganisation (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Silizium (2)
- Simulationen (2)
- Sonnenkorona (2)
- Spektroskopie (2)
- Statistical and Nonlinear Physics (2)
- Sterne (2)
- Sternentwicklung (2)
- Sternwinde (2)
- Stochastische Resonanz (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Strahlungsgürtel (2)
- Strahlungstransport (2)
- Substrat (2)
- Sun: activity (2)
- Sun: chromosphere (2)
- Supernovaüberrest (2)
- Supraleiter (2)
- Svalbard (2)
- Synchronisierung (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- Theorie von Förster (2)
- Thermal effects (2)
- Thermodynamic properties (2)
- VERITAS (2)
- Vacuum fields (2)
- Vesikel (2)
- Wechselwirkungsabstand (2)
- Wiederkehrdiagramme (2)
- Wissenschaftstheorie (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (2)
- X-ray emission (2)
- X-rays (2)
- activity (2)
- additive Fertigung (2)
- adhesion (2)
- ageing (2)
- anisotropy (2)
- approximate methods (2)
- arctic (2)
- aspect ratio (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- astronomy (2)
- astrophysics (2)
- atmospheric modelling (2)
- atom chip (2)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (2)
- autocorrelation (2)
- autoregressive models (2)
- azobenzene surfactant (2)
- bandgap (2)
- bifurcation analysis (2)
- biological transport (2)
- bismuth (2)
- boundary layer (2)
- bumps (2)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (2)
- cambs (2)
- cavity quantum electrodynamics (2)
- cesium lead halides (2)
- chains (2)
- channel (2)
- charge-transfer (2)
- chemical modification (2)
- chimera (2)
- climate impacts (2)
- clustering (2)
- codifference (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coefficients (2)
- collective motion (2)
- comets: general (2)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (2)
- compensation films (2)
- complementarity (2)
- complex (2)
- conductivity (2)
- confinement (2)
- conjugated polymers (2)
- consequences (2)
- convection (2)
- cooperative phenomena (2)
- cosmology (2)
- costs (2)
- critical avalanche dynamics (2)
- critical phenomena (2)
- crystal orientation (2)
- crystal structure (2)
- cylindrical geometry (2)
- dark matter (2)
- deep learning (2)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (2)
- dielectrics (2)
- diffraction (2)
- diselenide (2)
- dispersion (2)
- displays (2)
- donor (2)
- droughts (2)
- dwarfs galaxies (2)
- dynamics simulation (2)
- economic network (2)
- electret (2)
- electrets (2)
- electromagnetic radiation (2)
- electron-transfer (2)
- elektronische Struktur (2)
- empirical modeling (2)
- energetic disorder (2)
- england (2)
- ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacement (2)
- entropy production (2)
- equation approach (2)
- excitonic materials (2)
- exoplanets (2)
- expanding medium (2)
- experiment (2)
- exploit (2)
- extremal values (2)
- extreme events (2)
- fastest first-passage time of N walkers (2)
- ferroelectret (2)
- ferroelectric polymers (2)
- ferroelectrics (2)
- fill factor losses (2)
- financial time series (2)
- finite-size effects (2)
- first-hitting time (2)
- first-passage time distribution (2)
- first-reaction time (2)
- flagellum (2)
- fluctuations (2)
- fluorescence microscopy (2)
- fluorinated organic spacer (2)
- fractional dynamics (2)
- free-electron laser (2)
- galaxies: ISM (2)
- galaxies: abundances (2)
- galaxies: haloes (2)
- galaxies: nuclei (2)
- galaxies: starburst (2)
- gamma-ray astronomy (2)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (2)
- gamma-rays: general (2)
- gas (2)
- geladene Systeme (2)
- gene regulatory networks (2)
- generalised langevin equation (2)
- globular clusters: general (2)
- gradients (2)
- grafted polymers (2)
- gravitational lensing (2)
- heterojunction silicon solar cells (2)
- high-redshift (2)
- high-school education (2)
- holography (2)
- hydrodynamics (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- in-situ testing (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- initial data (2)
- inorganic perovskites (2)
- interaction distance (2)
- interface engineering (2)
- interface recombination (2)
- jets (2)
- kinetics (2)
- kooperative Phänomene (2)
- large-deviation statistic (2)
- laser powder bed fusion (2)
- laser pulses (2)
- lattice dynamics (2)
- linearized gravity (2)
- living cells (2)
- magnetic proximity effect (2)
- magnetization dynamics (2)
- material (2)
- mathematical modeling (2)
- mathematische Modellierung (2)
- maximum and range (2)
- mean versus most probable reaction times (2)
- mechanobiology (2)
- membrane channel (2)
- memory and delay (2)
- memory effects (2)
- metal halide perovskites (2)
- meteorology (2)
- milton rd (2)
- mixed boundary conditions (2)
- mobility (2)
- molecular bottle brushes (2)
- monte-carlo (2)
- motility (2)
- nanoscale heat transfer (2)
- narrow escape problem (2)
- negative thermal expansion (2)
- neural networks (2)
- neuronal networks (2)
- neutron stars (2)
- nichtlineare Datenanalyse (2)
- nichtlineare Dynamik (2)
- nichtlineare Optik (2)
- non-Gaussian diffusion (2)
- non-Gaussianity (2)
- non-Langevin recombination (2)
- non-destructive evaluation (2)
- non-equilibrium (2)
- nonlinear time series analysis (2)
- nonlocal coupling (2)
- nonradiative voltage losses (2)
- optical spectroscopy (2)
- organic semiconductor (2)
- organische Elektronik (2)
- organische Halbleiter (2)
- origins (2)
- oscillations (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- outflows (2)
- ozone (2)
- particle physics (2)
- particles (2)
- perovskite (2)
- phase (2)
- phase purity (2)
- phase synchronization (2)
- photo-orientation (2)
- photoalignment (2)
- photocontrol (2)
- photoelectron (2)
- photofragmentation (2)
- photon recycling (2)
- photostability (2)
- picosecond ultrasonics (2)
- piezoelectric sensors (2)
- piezoelectricity (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmas (2)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (2)
- porosity (2)
- posttranslational protein translocation (2)
- pp-wave solutions (2)
- pre-service teachers (2)
- processing (2)
- professional knowledge (2)
- protein search (2)
- proteins (2)
- pump-probe spectroscopy (2)
- quantum mechanics (2)
- quantum optics (2)
- quantum thermodynamics (2)
- quasar (2)
- quasi-Fermi level (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorptions (2)
- quenching curve (2)
- radiative limit (2)
- random-walk (2)
- random-walks (2)
- rare-earth metals (2)
- reaction cascade (2)
- recombinations (2)
- reconstruction methods (2)
- rectification (2)
- recurrence (2)
- recurrence analysis (2)
- recurrence plots (2)
- recurrence quantification analysis (2)
- reduced dimensionality (2)
- reduzierte Dimensionalität (2)
- reflecting boundary conditions (2)
- relativistic processes (2)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (2)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymers (2)
- repertory grid (2)
- ring current (2)
- ring current electrons (2)
- rolling adhesion (2)
- royal soc chemistry (2)
- schwarze Löcher (2)
- science park (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- seperation (2)
- sequence-controlled polymers (2)
- shell-like geometries (2)
- silicon (2)
- single chain folding (2)
- single trajectories (2)
- single trajectory analysis (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- single-stranded-dna (2)
- soft X-ray beamline (2)
- soft X-ray spectroscopy (2)
- solar coronal mass ejections (2)
- solar storm (2)
- solid-state nanopores (2)
- soliton (2)
- space charge (2)
- space-dependent diffusivity (2)
- spin- and angle-resolved photoemission (2)
- spin-orbit coupling (2)
- splitting (2)
- spontaneous parametric down-conversion (2)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (2)
- stars: activity (2)
- stars: black holes (2)
- stars: chemically peculiar (2)
- stars: emission-line, Be (2)
- stars: fundamental parameters (2)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- stars: low-mass (2)
- stars: magnetic field (2)
- stars: mass-loss (2)
- stars: rotation (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: winds (2)
- stationary stochastic process (2)
- statistische Physik (2)
- stellar content (2)
- stellar coronal mass ejections (2)
- stellar evolution (2)
- stellar winds (2)
- stochastic dynamics (2)
- stochastic models (2)
- stochastic process (2)
- structured polynucleotides (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- substrate (2)
- supernova remnant (2)
- supernova remnants (2)
- surface states (2)
- surveys (2)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (2)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (2)
- synthesis (2)
- tandem solar cells (2)
- tau proteins (2)
- teacher education (2)
- temperature (2)
- temperature dependence (2)
- texture (2)
- theory (2)
- theory of Förster (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermally stimulated discharge (2)
- thermodynamics (2)
- thick junctions (2)
- thomas graham house (2)
- time (2)
- time averaging (2)
- time-averaged mean squared displacement (2)
- time-series analysis (2)
- tissue growth (2)
- titanium dioxide (2)
- tomography (2)
- tracking (2)
- transfer dynamics (2)
- transient chaos (2)
- ultrafast molecular dynamics (2)
- ultrafast phenomena (2)
- ultrafast photoacoustics (2)
- ultrafast spectroscopy (2)
- ultraschnelle Dynamik (2)
- ultraviolet: ISM (2)
- vacuum fields (2)
- vesicle (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- waves (2)
- wetting (2)
- work function (2)
- x-ray diffraction (2)
- x-ray spectroscopy (2)
- Überschwemmungen (2)
- 'Reduced-Form' Modellierung (1)
- 'coupling sensitivity' (1)
- (high-)voltage measurements (1)
- (magnetohydrodynamics) MHD (1)
- 1 (1)
- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (1)
- 15 (1)
- 16 (1)
- 2D Systeme (1)
- 2D Transport (1)
- 2D transport (1)
- 2d systems (1)
- 3 (1)
- 3 body recombination (1)
- 30S subunit (1)
- 3D Modellierung (1)
- 3D Systeme (1)
- 3D field calculations (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D tomography (1)
- 3D-Feldsimulationen (1)
- 3D-modeling (1)
- 3d metals (1)
- 3d systems (1)
- 4-oxadiazol (1)
- 4-oxadiazole (1)
- 4T (1)
- 7924 (1)
- 7934 (1)
- 7959 (1)
- AFM (1)
- AI (1)
- AMALi (1)
- APCI (1)
- ARTOF (1)
- ATP hydrolysis (1)
- ATP-Hydrolyse (1)
- Abbau von Boten-RNS (1)
- Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Abwärme (1)
- Accelerator mass spectrometry (1)
- Accretion (1)
- Acoustic probing of electric-field profiles (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton dynamics (1)
- Adam-Delbruck scenario (1)
- Adhesion (1)
- Adhäsionscluster (1)
- Adsorptionsschichten (1)
- Aerosol und Wolken Lidar (1)
- Agglomerate (1)
- Agglomeration (1)
- Aggregate states (1)
- Aggregates (1)
- Airborne Aerosol and Cloud Lidar (1)
- Airless bodies (1)
- Akkretionsscheiben (1)
- Aktinfilamente (1)
- Aktivität (1)
- Aktuation (1)
- Akustik (1)
- Alfv´en mode MHD turbulence (1)
- Alfv´en-Modus MHD-Turbulenz (1)
- Alignment (1)
- Alkane (1)
- All-polymer heterojunctions (1)
- Allgemeine Zirkulation (1)
- Allgemeine atmosphärische Zirkulation (1)
- Alpha-Effekt (1)
- Alternating copolymers (1)
- Alternative Akzeptorpolymere (1)
- Ambipolar charge transport (1)
- Ambipolar materials (1)
- Amphiphile Verbindungen (1)
- Anderson (1)
- Angle- and spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (1)
- Anharmonizität (1)
- Annealing (metallurgy) (1)
- Annealing treatment (1)
- Anomal (1)
- Anomalous (1)
- Anomalous diffusion (1)
- Anomalous diffusion exponent (1)
- Anomalous transport (1)
- Anrege-Abtast Spektroskopie (1)
- Anregungs-Abfrage-Experiment (1)
- Anregungs-Abfrage-Spektroskopie (1)
- Answer Set Programming (1)
- Antarctic (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotika-Toleranz (1)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (1)
- Antiferromagnetisch (1)
- Antiferromagnetismus (1)
- Antrieb (1)
- Aqueous solution (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Arctic Haze (1)
- Arctic Oscillation (1)
- Arctic aerosol (1)
- Arctic atmosphere (1)
- Arctic boundary layer (1)
- Arctic haze (1)
- Arctic-midlatitude linkages (1)
- Arktische Nebel (1)
- Arktische Oszillation (1)
- Aromaticity (1)
- Aromatizität (1)
- Assemblierung (1)
- Astrobiologie (1)
- Astrometrie (1)
- Astronomical instrumentation (1)
- Astroparticle physics (1)
- Astrophotonics (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asymmetric warming (1)
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (1)
- Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (1)
- Atlantischer Ozean (1)
- Atmosphärenforschung (1)
- Atom chip (1)
- Atom-Chips (1)
- Atom-Oberflächenwechselwirkung (1)
- Atomchip (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Atomoptik (1)
- Attraktorrekonstruktion (1)
- Au(111) (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Auger decay (1)
- Auger electron spectroscop (1)
- Auger-Meitner electron spectroscopy (1)
- Ausbreitung (1)
- Ausbreitung der kosmischen Strahlung (1)
- Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen (1)
- Autokorrelation (1)
- Azobenenzen (1)
- Azobenzen (1)
- Azobenzene (1)
- Azobenzol-haltiges Tensid (1)
- Azobenzolhaltige Polymerfilme (1)
- BESSY II (1)
- BESSY II. (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (BL Lacertae = VER J2202+422) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (HESS J1943+213, VER J1943+213) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (TXS 0506+056, VER J0509+057) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Markarian 501 (1)
- Backbone modifications (1)
- Bandenenergien (1)
- Bandenprofil (1)
- Barokline Instabilität (1)
- Bayesian Model Averaging (1)
- Bayesian estimation (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Bayessche Schätzer (1)
- Bayessche Statistik (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Begleitgalaxien (1)
- Bemessungshochwasser (1)
- Bending energy (1)
- Benetzungsübergang (1)
- Bessel functions (1)
- Beta-eucryptite (1)
- Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen (1)
- Bi2Se3 (1)
- Bi2Te3 (1)
- Biegeenergie (1)
- Bifurkationsanalyse (1)
- Bilanz (1)
- Bilayer solar cells (1)
- Bilddatenanalyse (1)
- Bilirubin oxidase (1)
- Bindungsinteraktion (1)
- Bio-Hybrid (1)
- Bio-Hybridsystem (1)
- Biological Physics (1)
- Biomechanik (1)
- Biomembranen (1)
- Biomoleküle (1)
- Biopolymere (1)
- Bistability (1)
- Bistabilität (1)
- Black– Scholes model (1)
- Blasendomänen (1)
- Bleihalogenid-Perowskite (BHP) (1)
- Bloch-Torrey equation (1)
- Blockcopolymere (1)
- Bogoliubov theory (1)
- Bogoliubov-Theorie (1)
- Booster cavity (1)
- Bose-Einstein Kondensation (1)
- Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) (1)
- Bose-Einstein-Kondensation (1)
- Bosegas (1)
- Boundary value problem (1)
- Brain Code (1)
- Breathing chimera states (1)
- Brechungsindex von Azobenzol-haltigen Tensiden (1)
- Brillouin Streuung (1)
- Brillouin zone (BZ) (1)
- Brillouin-Zone (BZ) (1)
- Brownian diffusion (1)
- Brownian motors (1)
- Budgetstudie (1)
- Bulge (1)
- C-Fluss (1)
- C-Senke (1)
- C60 (1)
- CALIPSO (1)
- CDA (1)
- CH3NH3SnI3 (1)
- CLSM (1)
- CMAS (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CT (1)
- CT Komplex (1)
- CT complex (1)
- CVD (1)
- Capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- Capsule (1)
- Carbonfaser Herstellung (1)
- Carrier dynamics (1)
- Cascading (1)
- Casimir effect (1)
- Casimir-Effekt (1)
- Casimir-Polder Wechselwirkung (1)
- Casimir-Polder-Interaktion (1)
- Cassini (1)
- Cassini<Raumsonde> (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cations (1)
- Cattaneo equation (1)
- Ce/Zr (1)
- Cellular polypropylene (PP) (1)
- Central asia (1)
- Cepstrum (1)
- Ceramics (1)
- Chalcopyrite (1)
- Chalkopyrit (1)
- Chaos synchronization (1)
- Chaostheorie (1)
- Chaotic dynamics (1)
- Chaotische Dynamik (1)
- Chaotische Oszillationen (1)
- Chaotische Sattel (1)
- Charge Transport (1)
- Charge extraction (1)
- Charge generation (1)
- Charge separation (1)
- Charge stability (1)
- Charge storage and transport (1)
- Charge transport (1)
- Charge-Storage (1)
- Charge-transfer state (1)
- Charged Systems (1)
- Charging or poling (1)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (1)
- Chemical physics (1)
- Chemically patterned surfaces (1)
- Chemie-Transport-Modell (1)
- Chemotaxsis (1)
- Cherenkov showers (1)
- Cherenkov-Schauern (1)
- Chimäre-Zustände (1)
- Chorus waves (1)
- Chromatin (1)
- Chromhexacarbonyl (1)
- Chromosphere, quiet (1)
- Chromosphäre (1)
- Circumplanetary dust (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate modeling (1)
- Climatology (1)
- Clock Tree Implementation (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Cobalt thin film (1)
- Coherence (1)
- Coherence-incoherence (1)
- Cohesive finite elements (1)
- Colorimetric analysis (1)
- Comb-lattice model (1)
- Comets (1)
- Comets composition (1)
- Comets nucleus (1)
- Compacton (1)
- Complex (1)
- Complex networks (1)
- Computed Tomography (1)
- Computer simulation (1)
- Computertomography (1)
- Condensation (1)
- Conducting polymers (1)
- Conformational disorder (1)
- Conic compartments (1)
- Continuous Wavelet Spectral Analysis (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convolutional neural networks (1)
- Copper Phthalocyanine (1)
- Correlation Analysis (1)
- Cosmogenic isotopes (1)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- Coupled oscillators (1)
- Covalent interaction (1)
- Creep (1)
- Cross-Recurrence-Plot (1)
- Crystalline phases (1)
- CuI (1)
- CuInS2 (1)
- Curie-transition (1)
- Cw electron beam (1)
- Cyclones (1)
- Cylindrical comb (1)
- Cytochrome c (1)
- DFB laser (1)
- DFB-Laser (1)
- DIC (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA-PAINT (1)
- DNA-Schädigung (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS-Bindungsproteine (1)
- Damage (1)
- Dark Matter (1)
- Data Analysis (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- Datenassimilation (1)
- Decision Making under Ambiguity (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Degradation of messenger RNA (1)
- Dehnung (1)
- Deimos (1)
- Depolymerisation (1)
- Detergent (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Dicytostelium (1)
- Dielectric hysteresis (1)
- Dielectric materials (1)
- Dielektrikum (1)
- Dielektrische Elastomeraktoren (1)
- Dielektrische Funktion (1)
- Dielektrische Nichtlinearitäten (1)
- Dielektrische Spektroskopie (1)
- Dielektrophorese (1)
- Differentielle Rotation (1)
- Diffraction (1)
- Diffraktion (1)
- Diffusion NMR (1)
- Diffusion coefficients (1)
- Diffusion kosmischer Strahlung (1)
- Diffusioosmose (1)
- Diffusioosmosis (1)
- Diodenlaser (1)
- Dislocation motion (1)
- Disperse dyes (1)
- Dispersion (1)
- Dispersion force (1)
- Dispersionsrelationen (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Domänen (1)
- Domänenwandbewegung (1)
- Donator-Akzeptor-Copolymere (1)
- Doped semiconductors (1)
- Doppelsterne (1)
- Dosimetrie (1)
- Double-jet (1)
- Dronning Maud Land (1)
- Druckgradient (1)
- Drude model (1)
- Dunkle Materie (1)
- Dunkler Materie (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust dynamics (1)
- Dust sources and sinks (1)
- Dye transfer (1)
- Dynamic loading (1)
- Dynamical invariants (1)
- Dynamik der Atmosphäre (1)
- Dynamik in rumpfangeregten Zuständen (1)
- Dynamische Modellierung (1)
- Dynamoeffekt (1)
- Dysprosium (1)
- Dünnschichten (1)
- Dünnung (1)
- E-ring (1)
- E.coli (1)
- E7 (1)
- ECIS (1)
- EDXRD (1)
- EEG (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EOF (1)
- EULAG Model (1)
- Earth System trajectories (1)
- Echo-State Netzwerk (1)
- Econophysics (1)
- Edit-Distanz (1)
- Edwards-Anderson order parameter (1)
- Effekt (1)
- Effizienz (1)
- Einbettung (1)
- Eindimensionaler Festkörper (1)
- Einfluß des Sonnenwindes und des interplanetaren magnetischen Feldes (1)
- Einstein's field equations (1)
- Einsteins Feldgleichungen (1)
- Einzel-Objekt-Nachweis (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Biosensor (1)
- Einzelmolekülspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelzellanalyse (1)
- Eisbergkalbung (1)
- Eisbohrkern (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisenpentacarbonyl (1)
- Eisrinne (1)
- Eisschildmodellierung (1)
- El Niño (1)
- El Niño Phänomen (1)
- El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- El Niño-Südliche Oszillation (1)
- El-Niño-Phänomen (1)
- Elastizität (1)
- Elastizitätstheorie (1)
- Electric polarization (1)
- Electric potential (1)
- Electrical insulation (1)
- Electro-active and electro-passive dielectrics (1)
- Electroactive material (1)
- Electromagnetic Theory (1)
- Electron acceleration (1)
- Electron back-scattered diffraction (1)
- Electron populations (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Electron traps (1)
- Electronic noise (1)
- Electronic properties and materials (1)
- Electronics, photonics and device physics (1)
- Elektretfolie (1)
- Elektroaktive Materialien (1)
- Elektrolyte (1)
- Elektronen (1)
- Elektronenbeschleunigung (1)
- Elektronenrückstreubeugung (1)
- Elektronische Eigenschaft (1)
- Elementarteilchen (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Energetic disorder (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energieausbreitung (1)
- Energiebilanzmodell (1)
- Energieschätzung (1)
- Energy (1)
- Energy science and technology (1)
- Energy-level alignment (1)
- Ensemble-Simulation (1)
- Ensemblesimulationen (1)
- Epidemic spreading models (1)
- Epidemien (1)
- Epoxy resin (1)
- Epoxy resins (1)
- Equilibrium (1)
- Erdbebenvorhersage (1)
- Erdsystem Modellierung (1)
- European storm-time model (1)
- Evolutionen (1)
- Excited-state calculations; (1)
- Exoplaneten (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental techniques (1)
- Experimente (1)
- Experimentierkompetenz (1)
- Experimentierzyklus (1)
- Explainable AI (1)
- External quantum efficiency (1)
- Extrasolare Planeten (1)
- Extreme precipitation (1)
- Extremniederschläge (1)
- Exziton-Dissoziation (1)
- FARIMA (1)
- FELS (1)
- False negative (1)
- False positive (1)
- Faltung von Proteinen (1)
- Faltungsdynamik (1)
- Fe2TiO5 (1)
- Feedback control (1)
- Feld (1)
- Feld-Effekt-Transistoren (1)
- Femtosekundenlaser-Bearbeitungsmethode (1)
- Fensteransatz (1)
- Fermi-level alignment (1)
- Fermi-level pinning (1)
- Fernerkundung (1)
- Ferroelectrets (1)
- Ferroelectrics (1)
- Ferroelektrik (1)
- Ferroelektrische Polymere (1)
- Ferroelektrizität (1)
- Ferromagnetismus (1)
- Festkörperlaser (1)
- Festkörperphysik (1)
- Feuchtesensor (1)
- Fibre-fed spectroscopy (1)
- Field emission (1)
- Filament-Bündel (1)
- Filaments (1)
- Finite Differenzen (1)
- Finsler geometry (1)
- Fixation (1)
- Flagellenbewegung (1)
- Flashing ratchets (1)
- Flims (1)
- Flooding probability (1)
- Flow (1)
- Flugzeug Lidar (1)
- Fluktuationen (1)
- Fluktuations-Dissipations-Theorem (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (1)
- Fluorpolymere (1)
- Flussfotolyse (1)
- Flüssigkristall (1)
- Flüssigkristalle (1)
- Fokalkontakt (1)
- Fokker– Planck equation (1)
- Forcemyography (1)
- Formgleichungen von Vesikeln (1)
- Forschend Entdeckendes Lernen (1)
- Fouriertransformation (1)
- Fox H-function (1)
- Fox H-functions (1)
- Fractal (1)
- Fractal dimension (1)
- Fractals (1)
- Fractional Brownian motion (1)
- Fraktale (1)
- Frank-Condon analysis (1)
- Free Electron Laser (1)
- Free-electron-laser science (1)
- Freie Elektronen Laser (1)
- Frequenzstabilisierung (1)
- GEANT4 modeling (1)
- GMR sensors (1)
- Gadolinium (1)
- Galaxie (1)
- Galaxie: allgemein (1)
- Galaxien (1)
- Galaxies: high-redshift (1)
- Galaxies: interactions (1)
- Galaxy: center (1)
- Galaxy: general (1)
- Galaxy: structure (1)
- Gammaastronomie (1)
- Gardner equation (1)
- Gas phase (1)
- Geige (1)
- Generalized Langevin equation (1)
- Generierung freier Ladungsträger (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genetisches Programmieren (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Geodynamo (1)
- Gewebewachstum (1)
- Ginzburg-Landau lattice (1)
- Gitter (1)
- Gittermodelle (1)
- Gitterstreuung (1)
- Glaciation (1)
- Glaciation Central Asia (1)
- Global coupling (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold-Nanopartikel (1)
- Gold@polydopamine (1)
- Goldsubstrat (1)
- Gradient Boosting (1)
- Grain-size distributions (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granular chain (1)
- Granulation (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Gratings (1)
- Gravitation (1)
- Gravitationskollaps (1)
- Green function (1)
- Green's function (1)
- Green’ s functions (1)
- Grenzflächen (1)
- Grenzflächenrekombination (1)
- Gruppenfeldtheorie (1)
- HRTEM (1)
- HTL (1)
- Haake-Lewenstein-Wilkens approach (1)
- Habitabilität (1)
- Halbleiter / Kristallgitter / Verzerrung / Röntgenbeugung / Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- Halogenbindung (1)
- Hamilton (1)
- Hamiltonian (1)
- Heat Transfer (1)
- Helizität (1)
- Hermite polynomial expansion (1)
- Heterogeneous (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heusler-Legierung (1)
- Heusler-alloy (1)
- Hexagonal grid (1)
- Hierarchical Design (1)
- High specific surface area (1)
- Hilbert Scales (1)
- Hilbert-Transformation (1)
- Histon-DNS-Komplex (1)
- Histone-DNA Complexes (1)
- Hitzewellen (1)
- Hochenergiephysik (1)
- Hochleistungscomputer (1)
- Hochvakuum (1)
- Hofmeister (1)
- Hohlraum-Quantenelektrodynamik (1)
- Hohlraumeffekte (1)
- Holografie (1)
- Holographie (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Hooke's law (1)
- Hurst exponent (1)
- Hurst-Exponent (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hydraulic models (1)
- Hydraulic networks (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrodynamik (1)
- Hydrodynamischer Fluss (1)
- Hydrodynamisches Modell (1)
- Hydrogen activation (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hypernetwork (1)
- Hyperschall (1)
- Hyperschall Propagation (1)
- Hysterese (1)
- IACT (1)
- ICLIPS (1)
- ICON (1)
- IMPTAM (1)
- IN718 (1)
- IR ellipsometry (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISM : supernova remnants (1)
- ISM: general (1)
- ISM: individual objects (RX J1713.7-3946, G347.3-0.5) (1)
- ISM: jets and outflows (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- IZO (1)
- Identifikation (1)
- Imprecise Probability (1)
- Impurity segregation (1)
- In-situ (1)
- In-situ Rasterkraftmikroskopie (1)
- Inconel 718 (1)
- India (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Indischer Sommer-Monsun (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Infrarot (1)
- Infrarot Spektroskopie (1)
- Inner magnetosphere (1)
- Instabilität (1)
- Instabiltät (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Instrumentation and data management (1)
- Insulators (1)
- Integral field spectroscopy (1)
- Integrated spectrograph (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Interdisciplinary Physics (1)
- Interface dipole (1)
- Interface-Engineering (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interfacial strength (1)
- Interferometry (1)
- Interlayer (1)
- Intermittency (1)
- Intermolecular deactivation (1)
- Intermolekulare Desaktivierung (1)
- Internal stress (1)
- Interplanetary dust (1)
- Interstellar medium (1)
- Interstellare Materie (1)
- Intervallwahrscheinlichkeit (1)
- Intrachain order (1)
- Intragap states (1)
- Invariance (1)
- Invarianz (1)
- Inversanalyse (1)
- Ionenspezifisch (1)
- Ionenverteilungen (1)
- Ionic Self-Assembly (1)
- Ionisches Tensid (1)
- Ionosphere (1)
- Ionosphäre (1)
- Ir(111) (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Isotroper schneller Modus Turbulenzen (1)
- Iterative Airborne Lidar Inversion (1)
- Iterative reconstruction (1)
- Jahreszeitenvorhersage (1)
- Janus Partikel (1)
- Janus particle (1)
- Jetstream (1)
- Junction model (1)
- K-Kanten Weichröntgenspektroskopie (1)
- K-edge soft X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- Kaskade (1)
- Kaskadenrate (1)
- Kegelförmige Geometrien (1)
- Keimbildung und Wachstum (1)
- Kelvin probe (1)
- Khalerchinskaya tundra (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung (1)
- Klima / Umweltschutz (1)
- Klimadaten (1)
- Klimafolgen (1)
- Klimafolgenforschung (1)
- Klimamodell (1)
- Klimamodell mittlerer Komplexität (1)
- Klimanetzwerke (1)
- Klimaphysik (1)
- Klimaprognose (1)
- Klimasensitivität (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimawirkungsfunktionen (1)
- Knickinstabilität (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Knospung (1)
- Kobalt (1)
- Kobalt-Dünnfilm (1)
- Kohlenstoffzyklus (1)
- Kohnen (1)
- Kohärenz (1)
- Kohärenz-Analyse (1)
- Kohärenztheorie (1)
- Kollisionsdynamik (1)
- Kolloid / Lösung (1)
- Kolloidphysik (1)
- Komplex (1)
- Komplexe Netzwerke (1)
- Kondensation (1)
- Konformationsselektion (1)
- Kongsfjord (1)
- Konjugierte Polymere (1)
- Konjugierten polyelektrolyt (1)
- Kontaktschichten (1)
- Kontrastwerte (1)
- Kontrolltheorie (1)
- Konvektion (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Kopplung zwischen Magnetosphäre, Ionosphäre und Thermosphäre (1)
- Kopplungs-Analyse (1)
- Korngrößenverteilungen (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Kraftdipol (1)
- Kraftdipole (1)
- Kraftmikroskopie (1)
- Kristallisation (1)
- Kristallstruktur (1)
- Kupferphthalocyanin (1)
- Kuramoto Modell (1)
- Kurzzeitspektroskopie mit optischer Anregung und Röntgendetektion (1)
- Körperschall (1)
- L-edge spectroscopy (1)
- LEED (1)
- LLG equation (1)
- LLS (1)
- LSTM (1)
- Labialpfeife (1)
- Laboratory astrophysics (1)
- Labradorsee ; Thermohaline Konvektion ; Stochastisches Modell (1)
- Ladungsgenerierung (1)
- Ladungsrekombination (1)
- Ladungsspeicherung (1)
- Ladungsspeicherung und -transport (1)
- Ladungsträger (1)
- Ladungsträgerdynamik (1)
- Ladungsträgerrekombination (1)
- Lakunen (1)
- Land-sea thermal contrast (1)
- Langmuir (1)
- Langmuir monolayer (1)
- Large deviation statistics (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Last Glacial Maximum (1)
- Leerlaufspannung (1)
- Legierung (1)
- Lehrerbildung (1)
- Lehrerfortbildung (1)
- Lehrkräftebildung (1)
- Leistungsspektrum (1)
- Leitplankenansatz (1)
- Leitungsbandstruktur (1)
- Lernumgebung (1)
- Letztes Glaziales Maximum (1)
- Levy flight (1)
- Ligand-field state (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Line Suche (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Liquid crystal (1)
- Localization (1)
- Localization regime (1)
- Localized chaos (1)
- Loop-Quantengravitation (1)
- Low Energy Electron Diffraction (1)
- Low carbon steel (1)
- Luftmassentransport (1)
- Lyapunov exponents (1)
- Lyapunov-Exponenten (1)
- Lyman-Alpha-Emitter (1)
- Lyman-alpha emitters (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- Längsschnittstudie (1)
- Lévy flights (1)
- Lévy walks (1)
- Lösung (1)
- Lösungsassemblierung (1)
- Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit (1)
- MATROSHKA-R (1)
- MBE (1)
- MD simulations (1)
- MD-Simulationen (1)
- MHD ; Röntgenstrahlung ; Jets ; AGN ; Mikro-Quasare (1)
- MHD ; X-rays ; Jets ; AGN ; Microquasars (1)
- MHD-Simulationen (1)
- MHD-Simulations (1)
- MHD-equations (1)
- MOPA (1)
- MRI (1)
- Machine learning control (1)
- Magellanic Cloud (1)
- Magnesiumoxid (1)
- Magnetfeld-Satellit (1)
- Magnetfelderzeugung (1)
- Magnetic field measurements (1)
- Magnetic fields (1)
- Magnetic stray field (1)
- Magnetische Felder (1)
- Magnetische Feldmessungen (1)
- Magneto-Optik (1)
- Magnetoelastizität (1)
- Magnetokonvektion (1)
- Magnetometer-Kalibrierung (1)
- Magnetosomen-Ketten (1)
- Magnetospheric physics (1)
- Magnetostriktion (1)
- Major mergers (1)
- Makroökonomische Modellierung (1)
- Mannigfaltigkeiten (1)
- Markov additive processes (1)
- Markov process (1)
- Markov state models (1)
- Markov-Prozess (1)
- Markov-Prozesse (1)
- Markowketten (1)
- Mars (1)
- Massenaussterben (1)
- Master-Gleichungen (1)
- Mastergleichung (1)
- Material (1)
- Materialeinflüsse (1)
- Mathematikdidaktik (1)
- Mathematisches Modell (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum likelihood estimation (1)
- Mean-field Theorie (1)
- Mechanische Eigenschaft (1)
- Mechanosensitive proteins (1)
- Mechanosensitiven Proteine (1)
- Mechanosensor (1)
- Mechanotransduktion (1)
- Meereis (1)
- Meeresspiegel (1)
- Mehrfachstreuung (1)
- Mehrschichtsystem (1)
- Mehrschichtsysteme (1)
- Mehrstoffsystem (1)
- Membran-Adhäsionskräfte (1)
- Membranadhäsion (1)
- Membrane Fusion (1)
- Membrane fusion (1)
- Membrane tension (1)
- Membranen (1)
- Membranröhrchen (1)
- Membranspannung (1)
- Memory effects (1)
- Metal (1)
- Metal Halide Perovskites (1)
- Metal Halogenid Perowskiten (1)
- Metal matrix composite (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metall-Isolator-Halbleiter (1)
- Metall/Graphen/Polymer Grenzfläch (1)
- Metalle der seltenen Erden (1)
- Metals (1)
- Meyer-Neldel-Regel (1)
- Meyer-Neldel-rule (1)
- MgO nanoparticles (1)
- Micelle (1)
- Microcracked ceramics (1)
- Micromechanical modeling (1)
- Micromechanical schemes (1)
- Micropipetten (1)
- Microschwimmer (1)
- Microscopic morphology (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microstructure and (1)
- Microstructure and texture (1)
- Mid-temperature transition (1)
- Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt (1)
- Mikrokanal (1)
- Mikrokapsel (1)
- Mikrolensing (1)
- Mikrometeorologie (1)
- Mikrosakkaden (1)
- Mikroschwimmer (1)
- Mikroskopie (1)
- Milchstrasse (1)
- Min-Proteine (1)
- Min-proteins (1)
- Mineralisierung (1)
- Minimax convergence rates (1)
- Mischphasenwolken (1)
- Mischung (1)
- Mittag-Leffler function (1)
- Mittag-Leffler functions (1)
- Mitteltemperaturübergang (1)
- Mixing (1)
- MoS2 (1)
- MoS₂ (1)
- Mobility imbalance (1)
- Mobility relaxation (1)
- Modal expansion method (1)
- Model structural error (1)
- Modelierung (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modellierung der internationalen Migration (1)
- Modellkopplung (1)
- Modellvalidierung (1)
- Modenkopplung (1)
- Modenstabilität (1)
- Molar water content (1)
- Molecular Aging (1)
- Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1)
- Molecular crowding (1)
- Molecular motors (1)
- Molecular structure (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Molekulare Motoren (1)
- Molekulares Altern (1)
- Molekularstrahlepitaxie (1)
- Moleküldynamik (1)
- Molybdenum sulfide monolayer (1)
- Molybdänsulfid Monolagen (1)
- Monolage (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Monte Carlo simulations (1)
- Monte-Carlo-Simulationen (1)
- Moonlight (1)
- Moran effect (1)
- Moran-Effekt (1)
- Morawetz estimate (1)
- Morawetz-Schätzung (1)
- Motility-Assay (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Motorgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Motorik (1)
- Motorzyklus (1)
- Multi-Spektrum-Regularisierung (1)
- Multi-dimensional Markovian embedding of non-Markovian dynamics (1)
- Multi-object spectroscopy (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multimode fibres (1)
- Multiphase composites (1)
- Multiple Scattering (1)
- Multiple trapping model (1)
- Multiproteinkomplexbildung (1)
- Multiskale (1)
- Multistability (1)
- Multistabilität (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Multivariate Statistics (1)
- Multivariate Statistik (1)
- Musikinstrumente (1)
- Musterbildung (1)
- Musterskalierung (1)
- N400 (1)
- NLP (1)
- NMR (1)
- NTCM (1)
- Nano-Elektroden (1)
- Nano-dielectrics (1)
- Nanofluid (1)
- Nanokomposite (1)
- Nanomaterialien (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoreactor (1)
- Nanofluid (1)
- Near-Field Optics (1)
- Network inference (1)
- Netzwerk Inferenz (1)
- Netzwerk Rekonstruktion (1)
- Netzwerktheorie (1)
- Neuronal synchrony (1)
- Neuronale Synchronisation (1)
- Neuronsreliabilität (1)
- Neurooscillators (1)
- Neutronendiffraktion (1)
- Neutronensterne (1)
- Neutronreflektometrie (1)
- Ni (1)
- Nicht-Isochronizität (1)
- Nicht-Langevin-Systeme (1)
- Nichtexponentieller Zerfall von mRNA (1)
- Nichtgleichgewichts-Phasenübergang (1)
- Nichtlinear angeregte Fluoreszenz (1)
- Nichtlineare Mikroskopie (1)
- Nichtlineare Optik (1)
- Nichtlineare Systeme (1)
- Nichtlineare Wellen (1)
- Nichtlineare Zeitreihenanalyse ; Signalanalyse - Polbewegung ; Chandler-Periode ; Nichtlineares Phänomen (1)
- Nichtlineares dynamisches System / Harmonische Analyse / Fraktal (1)
- Nickel-based (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Node degree distribution (1)
- Noise (1)
- Noise floor (1)
- Noisy oscillators (1)
- Non-Langevin systems (1)
- Non-Markovian processes (1)
- Non-exponential mRNA decay (1)
- Non-fullerene acceptors (1)
- Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- Non-perturbative analysis (1)
- Nonisochronicity (1)
- Nonlinear analysis (1)
- Nonlinear dynamics (1)
- Nonlinear waves (1)
- Nonlinearity (1)
- Nonradiative recombination (1)
- Nordatlantik (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- Nucleation (1)
- Nukleobasen (1)
- Numerische Relativitätstheorie (1)
- Numerisches Verfahren (1)
- Ny-Alesund (1)
- OFET (1)
- OGLE (1)
- OLEDs (1)
- Oberflächen-Brillouin-Zone (OBZ) (1)
- Oberflächenassemblierung (1)
- Oberflächenemissivität (1)
- Oberflächenfluss (1)
- Oberflächenphysik (1)
- Oberflächenzustände (1)
- Observations (1)
- Observing methods (1)
- On-Sky-Tests (1)
- Open-circuit voltage (1)
- Optical resonators (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Opto-mechanische Spannungen (1)
- Optoelectronic devices and components (1)
- Optoelectronic properties (1)
- Optoelectronics (1)
- Organic LEDs (1)
- Organic Semiconductors (1)
- Organic Solar Cell (1)
- Organic electronics (1)
- Organic thermoelectrics (1)
- Organische Halbleiter (1)
- Orgelpfeifen (1)
- Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process (1)
- Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Prozess (1)
- Ortsauflösende Spektrofotometrie (1)
- Oscillation (1)
- Oscillators (1)
- Ott - Antonsen reduction (1)
- Ott-Antonsen equation (1)
- Ott-Antonsen reduction (1)
- Ott–Antonsen equation (1)
- Oxadiazolderivate ; Kristallstruktur ; Hochdruck ; UV-VIS-Spektroskopie ; Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Ozeanmodell (1)
- Ozonzabbau (1)
- P (1)
- P hasensynchronisierung (1)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) (1)
- P300 (1)
- PAN (1)
- PBH (1)
- PBLG (1)
- PBT7 (1)
- PBTTT (1)
- PCPDTBT (1)
- PEDOT:PSS (1)
- PLANET (1)
- PNIPAm (1)
- PPV (1)
- PVDF-based polymers (1)
- Palaeoclimatology (1)
- Paleoclimate modeling (1)
- Paleoclimatology (1)
- Paleoklimatologie (1)
- Paläoklima (1)
- Parametric drift estimation (1)
- Parametrisierung (1)
- Pareto law (1)
- Partial synchrony (1)
- Partial wavelet coherence (1)
- Partially alternating copolymers (1)
- Particles precipitating (1)
- Particles trapped (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Partikeltransport (1)
- Percolation (1)
- Performanztest (1)
- Periodic solutions (1)
- Perkolation (1)
- Perovskite solar cell (1)
- Perovskite solar cells (1)
- Perowskit-Oxide (1)
- Persistenzlänge (1)
- Phase Diffusion (1)
- Phase dynamics (1)
- Phase modulation (1)
- Phase reconstruction (1)
- Phase-Analysis (1)
- Phasen Oszillatoren (1)
- Phasen-Amplituden Trennung (1)
- Phasen-Analyse (1)
- Phasen-Gleichungen (1)
- Phasen-Oszillatoren (1)
- Phasendemodulation (1)
- Phasendiffusion (1)
- Phasendynamik (1)
- Phasengleichverteilung (1)
- Phasenkopplung (1)
- Phasenkopplungen höherer Ordnung (1)
- Phasenoszillatoren (1)
- Phasenregel (1)
- Phasenspektrum (1)
- Phasentrennung (1)
- Phenomenology (1)
- Philosophy of Science (1)
- Phonon-Polariton (1)
- Phononen Dynamik (1)
- Phononen Dämpfung (1)
- Phononen Rückfaltung (1)
- Phononenstreuung (1)
- Photo-CELIV (1)
- Photoconductivity (1)
- Photocurrent (1)
- Photodissoziation (1)
- Photoelektronen (1)
- Photoelektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Photoelektronenmikroskopie (PEEM) (1)
- Photogeneration (1)
- Photon density wave spectroscopy (1)
- Photonic Crystals (1)
- Photonic devices (1)
- Photonische Kristalle (1)
- Photonischer Kristall (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Photorefractive polymers (1)
- Photorefraktive Polymere (1)
- Photosphere (1)
- Photothermal conversion (1)
- Photovoltaic gap (1)
- Photovoltaics (1)
- Physical Implementation (1)
- Physics Education (1)
- Physik Lehramt (1)
- Physik der Musikinstrumente (1)
- Physik der weichen Materie (1)
- Phänomenologie (1)
- Phänotypische Heterogenität (1)
- Piezo-, Pyro-und Ferroelektrizität (1)
- Piezo1 (1)
- Piezo2 (1)
- Piezoelectrically generated Pressure Steps (PPSs) (1)
- Piezoelektrische Sensoren (1)
- Pikosekundenakustik (1)
- Pipe networks (1)
- Planetare Ringe (1)
- Planetary Rings (1)
- Planetary rings and tori (1)
- Planeten (1)
- Plasma Physics (1)
- Plasmaphysik (1)
- Plasmonik (1)
- Point Process (1)
- Polar 5 (1)
- Polar ozone (1)
- Polar vortex (1)
- Polarforschung (1)
- Polarisationsverteilung (1)
- Polarization (1)
- Polarization distribution (1)
- Polaron (1)
- Polartief (1)
- Polarwirbel (1)
- Polbewegung (1)
- Poly(vinylidenfluorid) (1)
- Poly-DADMAC (1)
- Polycrystals (1)
- Polydispersität (1)
- Polyelectrolyte Complexes (1)
- Polyelektrolytkomplexe (1)
- Polyethylen-Nanokomposite (1)
- Polyetlioxysiloxane (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer Electronics (1)
- Polymer intermixing (1)
- Polymer solar cells (1)
- Polymer-Kristalle (1)
- Polymer-Plastik (1)
- Polymer-Solarzelle (1)
- Polymerbürsten (1)
- Polymere / Physik (1)
- Polymere auf PVDF-Basis (1)
- Polymerelektrete (1)
- Polymerelektronik (1)
- Polymerfilm (1)
- Polymerphysik (1)
- Polymers (1)
- Polymerschaum (1)
- Polypyrrol (1)
- Polyrhythmen (1)
- Polystyrol Nano-Sphären (1)
- Polysulfobetain (1)
- Polythiophen (1)
- Populationen (1)
- Populations (1)
- Populationsdynamik (1)
- Porositätsanalyse (1)
- Porphyrine (1)
- Porphyrins (1)
- Post-Newton (1)
- Post-transcriptional gene regulation (1)
- Posttranskriptionale Genregulation (1)
- Potsdam / Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung (1)
- Precursor (1)
- Primordiale Schwarzen Löchern (1)
- Probabilistic Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment (1)
- Probabilistic projections (1)
- Probability (1)
- Process analytical technology (1)
- Professionswissen (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Projektionen (1)
- Prominences (1)
- Prominences, magnetic field (1)
- Prominences, quiescent (1)
- Propeller (1)
- Protein Multilayer (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinfaltung (1)
- Proteinkinetik (1)
- Protonendynamik molekularer Systeme (1)
- Protonentransfer in angeregten Zuständen (1)
- Protophase (1)
- Proxyunsicherheit (1)
- Proxyverständnis (1)
- Präkonzepte (1)
- Präparation fester Komplexe (1)
- Prästabilisierung (1)
- Pseudo-Voigt fit function (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Pulse induced transparency (1)
- Pulszugformung (1)
- Pulverpartikelanalyse (1)
- Pump-Probe Spektroskopie (1)
- Punktdefekt (1)
- Pupil Remapper (1)
- PyTorch (1)
- Pyridone (1)
- Pyridones (1)
- Python (1)
- QPM (1)
- Quanten Optomechanik (1)
- Quanten-Elektrodynamik (QED) (1)
- Quantencomputer (1)
- Quantendegeneriert BEK FDS ultrakalte Atome (1)
- Quantenelektrodynamik (1)
- Quantenfluktuationen (1)
- Quantenwell (1)
- Quantum (1)
- Quantum Optics (1)
- Quantum Optomechanics (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quasare (1)
- Quasi-Kondensat (1)
- Quiescent (1)
- Quiet (1)
- R-PE (1)
- RAMAN spectroscopy (1)
- RAMAN-Spektroskopie (1)
- REM (1)
- RF gun (1)
- RIXS at FELs (1)
- Radiation dose calculation (1)
- Radiation on the ISS (1)
- Radiation transfer model (1)
- Radiosensitization (1)
- Raman (1)
- Raman Streuung (1)
- Raman imaging (1)
- Raman scattering (1)
- Random Environments (1)
- Random Walk (1)
- Random Walks (1)
- Random-Walk-Theorie (1)
- Rapid thinning (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumladungsfeld (1)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Anregbarkeit (1)
- Rauschinduzierte Oszillatonsunte (1)
- Reactive adsorption (1)
- Reactive coupling (1)
- Recombination losses (1)
- Recurrence Plot (1)
- Recurrence Plots (1)
- Recurrence plots (1)
- Recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- Recurrence-Plot (1)
- Reduced-Form Modeling (1)
- Reflective writing (1)
- Reflexionsmodell (1)
- Reflexionsqualität (1)
- Reflexionstiefe (1)
- Reflexivität (1)
- Regelung (1)
- Regge Kalkül (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Rekombination (1)
- Rekurrenz (1)
- Rekurrenzdarstellung (1)
- Rekurrenzen (1)
- Rekurrenzplot (1)
- Relativistische Astrophysik (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric (RF) fluoropolymers (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelektrische Polymere (1)
- Reliability of Neurons (1)
- Remagnetisierung (1)
- Renormierung (1)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (1)
- Residual circulation (1)
- Residual stresses (1)
- Residue (1)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- Resonanzfluoreszenz (1)
- Resonator (1)
- Resonator Quantenelektrodynamik (1)
- Responsive Polymere (1)
- Retrieval (1)
- Reversal (1)
- Rezeptor (1)
- Richardson Superdiffusion (1)
- Richardson-Superdiffusion (1)
- Ring (1)
- Ringe (1)
- Ringstrom (1)
- Ringstromelektronen (1)
- Risserkennung (1)
- Roberts flow (1)
- Roberts-Strömung (1)
- Robin boundary condition (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Roche (1)
- Roche Limit (1)
- Rock (1)
- Rocks (1)
- Rohr (1)
- Rohrresonator (1)
- Rollende Adhäsion (1)
- Rotationsbeschichtung (1)
- RsgA (1)
- Röntgen-Refraktions Bildgebung (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rückkopplungskontrolle (1)
- SAXS (1)
- SCAPS-1D (1)
- SFG (1)
- SHPB (1)
- SIR model (1)
- SLM (1)
- SPMs (1)
- STM (1)
- Saddle Point (1)
- Sakkadendetektion (1)
- Saturn<Planet> (1)
- Scaling exponents (1)
- Scan strategies (1)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Scattering breakdown (1)
- Schadstofftransport (1)
- Schallabstrahlung (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Schaumbildung (1)
- Schaumstabilität (1)
- Scheibe (1)
- Scher-Montroll Transport (1)
- Scher-Montroll transport (1)
- Schlecht gestelltes Problem (1)
- Schleifenschließung (1)
- Schottky junction (1)
- Schrödinger equation (1)
- Schwarze Löcher (1)
- Schwimmende Mikroorganismen (1)
- Schwingungsspektroskopie (1)
- Schwingungstilger (1)
- Schäume (1)
- Schülervorstellungen (1)
- Science Curriculum (1)
- Science education (1)
- Seasonal prediction (1)
- Seebeck coefficient (1)
- Seismizität (1)
- Selbstorganisierte Kritizität (1)
- Selbstähnlichkeit (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape equations of vesicles (1)
- Shock waves (1)
- Shockley-Read-Hall (1)
- Shocks (1)
- Si network disintegration (1)
- Signal processing (1)
- Signal transfer chain (1)
- Significance Testing (1)
- Signifikanztests (1)
- Silica source (1)
- Silicification (1)
- Silicon (1)
- Siliziumdioxid-auf-Silizium (1)
- Simulations (1)
- Sinai diffusion (1)
- Sintern (1)
- Skalengesetze (1)
- Skyrmionen (1)
- Skyrmions (1)
- Slums (1)
- Small (1)
- Smartphone (1)
- Soft condensed matter (1)
- Solar Cycle, observations (1)
- Solar Physics (1)
- Solar corona (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solar energy and photovoltaic technology (1)
- Solarzellen (1)
- Soliton (1)
- Solvents (1)
- Sonnenphysik (1)
- Space charge (1)
- Space plasmas (1)
- Space radiation (1)
- Spectral diffusion (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Speicheranwendungen (1)
- Spektralanalyse <Stochastik> (1)
- Spin Textur (1)
- Spin casting (1)
- Spin- und winkelaufgelöste Photoemission (1)
- Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung (SBW) (1)
- Spin-Schaum-Modelle (1)
- Spin-echo (1)
- Spin-orbi coupling (SOC) (1)
- Spinpolarisation (1)
- Spinstruktur (1)
- Spinwellen (1)
- Sprachverarbeitung (1)
- Spreading (1)
- Stability (1)
- Stars: individual: 4U2206+54, BD+53 2790 (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistical copolymers (1)
- Statistical inference (1)
- Statistical inverse problem (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Staus (1)
- Steppest Descend method (1)
- Stern-Gerlach effect (1)
- Sternaktivität (1)
- Sterne: Entfernungen (1)
- Sternflecken (1)
- Sternhaufen (1)
- Sternoberfläche (1)
- Stille-type cross-coupling (1)
- Stimulated scattering (1)
- Stimuli-responsive materials (1)
- Stimulierte Brillouin Streuung (1)
- Stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- Stochastic gene expression (1)
- Stochastic reaction– diffusion (1)
- Stochastische Differentialgleichung (1)
- Stochastische Genexpression (1)
- Stochastische Gross-Pitaevskii Gleichung (1)
- Stochastische Oszillationen (1)
- Stochastische dynamische Systeme (1)
- Stochastisches Bursting (1)
- Stochastisches dynamisches System (1)
- Stokesion Dynamics (1)
- Stokessche Dynamik (1)
- Stoßwellen (1)
- Strahlenarten (1)
- Strahlenbelastung (1)
- Strahlenbiologie (1)
- Strahlenschutz (1)
- Strahlungstransportmodell (1)
- Strain hardening (1)
- Stratosphere (1)
- Stratosphere-troposphere coupling (1)
- Stratospheric polar vortex (1)
- Stratosphäre (1)
- Stratosphären-Troposphären-Kopplung (1)
- Stratosphärenchemie (1)
- Stratosphärendynamik (1)
- Stratosphärischer Polarwirbel (1)
- Stress-strain relations (1)
- Streuresonanzen (1)
- Streuung von Schallwellen (1)
- Structural and energetic disorder (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structure-performance relationship (1)
- Structure-property relationships (1)
- Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen (1)
- Strukturdynamik (1)
- Strukturelle und energetische Unordnung (1)
- Stäbchen (1)
- Städte (1)
- Stärkemetabolismus (1)
- Sub-gamma random variable (1)
- Subdiffusion (1)
- Summenfrequenzspektroskopie (1)
- Sun (1)
- Sun: Chromosphere (1)
- Sun: corona (1)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (1)
- Sun: flares (1)
- Sun: heliosphere (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sun: photosphere (1)
- Supernova remnants (1)
- Supernova-Überrest (1)
- Supernovaüberreste (1)
- Surface characterization (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface treatment (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- Surrogate Data (1)
- Surrogates (1)
- Surrogatmethode (1)
- Symbolische Regression (1)
- Synchronisationsanalyse (1)
- Synchrony (1)
- Synthese (1)
- System (1)
- TCOs (1)
- TD-DFT (1)
- THz Spectroscopy (1)
- THz Spektroskopie (1)
- TSL (1)
- Tandem-Solarzelle (1)
- Tau-Protein (1)
- Tauziehen (1)
- Taylor-Couette (1)
- Techniken der optischen Spektroskopie: IR-Absorption (1)
- Teilchenphysik (1)
- Teleconnection patterns (1)
- Telekonnektionen (1)
- Telekonnexionsmuster (1)
- Teleskop (1)
- Temperaturproxy (1)
- Tensid (1)
- Tensidlösung (1)
- Tensidschaum (1)
- Tensile load (1)
- Tension (1)
- Tensor-Zerlegungen (1)
- Terrasse ... (1)
- Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (1)
- Testentwicklung (1)
- Teukolsky equations (1)
- Teukolsky-Gleichungen (1)
- Textur (1)
- Theiler surrogates (1)
- Theiler-Surrogate (1)
- Themisch-Stimulierte Lumineszenz (1)
- Theoretical ecology (1)
- Theoretische Ökologie (1)
- Thermal Radiation (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermal-Pulse Tomography (1)
- Thermalisierung (1)
- Thermally stimulated luminescence (1)
- Thermo optic effects (1)
- Thermoakustik (1)
- Thermoclectrics (1)
- Thermodynamic efficiency (1)
- Thermoelektrizität (1)
- Thermohaline Atlantikzirkulation (1)
- Thermohaline Circulation (1)
- Thermohaline Zi (1)
- Thermohaline Zirkulation (1)
- Thermophon (1)
- Thermosphäre hoher Breiten (1)
- Thin Film (1)
- Thin film (1)
- Tikhonov regularization (1)
- Time Series Analysis (1)
- Time delay (1)
- Time series (1)
- Time-dependent mobility (1)
- Time-of-flight (TOF) (1)
- Titandioxid (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Topological Crystalline Insulator (1)
- Topological Insulator (1)
- Topological matter (1)
- Topologischer Isolator (1)
- Topologischer kristalliner Isolator (1)
- Trajectory model (1)
- Trajektorien (1)
- Trajektorienmodell (1)
- Transient photocurrent (1)
- Transiente Absorption (1)
- Transition-metal ion (1)
- Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transport- und Wechselwirkungsphase (1)
- Trapping (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Turbulenzmessung (1)
- Turbulenzparametrisierungen (1)
- Two-stream Lidar Inversion (1)
- UV (1)
- UV cross-linking (1)
- UV nanoimprint lithography (1)
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy (1)
- UV-Vis Spektroskopie (1)
- UV-Vis spectroscopy (1)
- Ultra-high vacuum (1)
- Ultrafast (1)
- Ultraschnell (1)
- Ultraschnelle Dynamik (1)
- Ultraschnelle Röntgenbeugung (1)
- Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Umweltsysteme (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Understanding (1)
- University physics (1)
- Unordnung (1)
- Unruh effect (1)
- Unruh-Effekt (1)
- Unschärfe (1)
- Unsicherheit (1)
- Unstetiges Galerkin-Verfahren (1)
- Unterkühlung (1)
- Unterrichtsplanung (1)
- Unterrichtsvorschläge (1)
- Upper Atmosphere Model (UAM) (1)
- Uracil (1)
- Urbanisierung (1)
- V*V884 Sco (1)
- V-OC loss (1)
- VERB (1)
- VERB code (1)
- VIRTIS (1)
- Vacuum interaction (1)
- Vacuum-level alignment (1)
- Vakuumschwankungen (1)
- Vakuumwechselwirkung (1)
- Valenzband (VB) (1)
- Valenzbandmaximum (VBM) (1)
- Van Allen Probes (1)
- Van der Waals Kräfte (1)
- Van der Waals forces (1)
- Vapour Deposition (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Venus Express (1)
- Verbindungspfade zwischen der Arktis und den mittleren Breiten (1)
- Verfeinerungslimes (1)
- Verhältnis der Struktur und Funktion (1)
- Vermischung (1)
- Verschränkung (1)
- Verstehen (1)
- Verständnisentwicklungsmodell (1)
- Verteilung (1)
- Verteilungen von lokalisierten Zustände (1)
- Vesikeln (1)
- Vesiklen (1)
- Vielteilchentheorie (1)
- Virus (1)
- Viscoelasticity (1)
- Vorhersagbarkeit (1)
- Vorhersage (1)
- Vorstellungen (1)
- WAAM (1)
- Wachstum (1)
- Wartezeitverteilung (1)
- Washing fastness (1)
- Wasserstoffionenkonzentration (1)
- Water Vapor (1)
- Water distribution systems (1)
- Water-assisted crystallization (1)
- Wave Propagation (1)
- Wavelet Coherence (1)
- Wavelet-Analyse (1)
- Wavelets (1)
- Wealth and income distribution (1)
- Weather regimes (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Weichröntgenbeugung (1)
- Weißlichterzeugung (1)
- Wellen-Teilchen Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellengleichung (1)
- Wellenlängenverschiebung (1)
- Weltraumphysik (1)
- Wetterextreme (1)
- Wiederkehrdarstellung (1)
- Wiederkehrverhalten (1)
- Wigner Funktion (1)
- Wigner negativity (1)
- William Herschel Teleskop (1)
- William Herschel telescope (1)
- Windblase (1)
- Wirtschaftsnetzwerk (1)
- Wismut (1)
- Wolf-Rayet (1)
- Wärmefluss (1)
- Wärmeinsel (1)
- Wärmekapazität (1)
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Schnee (1)
- Wärmepuls-Tomographie (1)
- Wärmetransport (1)
- X-ray and (1)
- X-ray computed (1)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
- X-ray optics (1)
- X-ray refraction imaging (1)
- X-ray refraction; (1)
- X-ray synchrotron diffraction (1)
- X-rays : stars (1)
- X-rays Photoemission Spectroscopy (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Circinus X-1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: GRS 1915+105 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: V4641 Sgr (1)
- XMCD (1)
- Yield strength (1)
- Zeitwahrnehmung (1)
- Zell Bewegung (1)
- Zell-substrat Adhäsion (1)
- Zellimmobilisierung (1)
- Zellorganisation (1)
- Zeolite synthesis (1)
- Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- Zirkulationsregime (1)
- Zufallsbewegung (1)
- Zufällige Stochastische Irrfahrt (1)
- Zufällige Umgebungen (1)
- Zustandsgleichung (1)
- Zustandsmodell (1)
- Zustandsraumrekonstruktion/Phasenraumrekonstruktion (1)
- Zwangsgleichungen (1)
- Zyklone (1)
- Zyklus (1)
- Zytoskelett (1)
- abrupte Übergänge (1)
- absorption (1)
- absorption lines (1)
- acceleration (1)
- accretion (1)
- accretion disks (1)
- acidic crosslinking (1)
- acoustic waveguide (1)
- acoustic waves (1)
- acoustics (1)
- actin (1)
- actin filaments (1)
- actin waves (1)
- active matter (1)
- active particles (1)
- active processes (1)
- active transport (1)
- actuation (1)
- actuators (1)
- adaptation and mitigation (1)
- addenda (1)
- additive (1)
- additive manufacturing (AM) (1)
- adhesion cluster (1)
- aerosol (1)
- aerosol: hygroscopic growth (1)
- aerosol: hygroskopisches Wachstum (1)
- aerosol: optical properties (1)
- aerosol: optische Eigenschaften (1)
- aggregation (1)
- air mass transport (1)
- aktive Prozesse (1)
- aktiven Transport (1)
- akustische Wellen (1)
- all-optical helicity dependent switching (1)
- allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (1)
- alloy (1)
- alpha (1)
- alpha-effect (1)
- alternative electron acceptors (1)
- aluminium alloys (1)
- amoeboid motion (1)
- amphiphiles (1)
- amphiphilic side chains (1)
- amplitude response (1)
- amöboide Bewegung (1)
- analysis (1)
- analytical model (1)
- analyzer-based imaging (1)
- anatomical connectivity (1)
- anchored polymer (1)
- and governance (1)
- and surface diffusion (1)
- angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- anomale Diffusion (1)
- anomalous (1)
- anomalous (or non-Fickian) diffusion (1)
- anomalous heat conduction (1)
- anthropogener Meeresspiegel (1)
- anthropogenic sea level (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antiferromagnetic (1)
- antiferromagnetism (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antireflection (1)
- applications (1)
- approximate inertial manifolds (1)
- arktische Atmosphäre (1)
- arktische Grenzschicht (1)
- arktischer Dunst (1)
- arktisches Aerosol (1)
- arrayed waveguide grating (1)
- assembly (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- astrobiology (1)
- astrometry (1)
- astroparticle physic (1)
- astrophotonics (1)
- astrophysical shocks (1)
- astrophysikalische Schocks (1)
- asymmetric Levy flights (1)
- asymptotic analysis (1)
- asynchronous design (1)
- atmosphere dynamics (1)
- atmospheric boundary layer (1)
- atmospheric dynamics (1)
- atmospheric science (1)
- atmosphärische Grenzschicht (1)
- atom chips (1)
- atom optics (1)
- atom-surface interaction (1)
- atomic force microscopy (1)
- atomic-force; nano-objects (1)
- attosecond phenomena (1)
- attractive interaction (1)
- attraktive Wechselwirkung (1)
- autocorrelation function (1)
- autocorrelations (1)
- avidin (1)
- axial next nearest neighbour Ising chains (1)
- azobenzene containing polymers (1)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (1)
- azobenzene polymer (1)
- azobenzene polymer films (1)
- azobenzene refractive index (1)
- azobenzene-containing molecules (1)
- azobenzenhaltige Polymere (1)
- azobenzolhaltige Tenside (1)
- background (1)
- bacterial swimming (1)
- bacterial swimming strategies (1)
- ball mill (1)
- balloon telescopes (1)
- band profile (1)
- baroclinic instability (1)
- barrier escape (1)
- basis-sets (1)
- beam splitter (1)
- bedeuten freie Bahn (1)
- bidirectional intracellular transport (1)
- bidirektionaler intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- binaries (1)
- binaries: eclipsing (1)
- binary black holes (1)
- binary neutron stars (1)
- binary stars (1)
- binding interactions (1)
- binäre schwarze Löcher (1)
- bio-hybrid (1)
- bio-hybrid system (1)
- biochemical oscillators (1)
- biohybrid microsystems (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biomolecule (1)
- bioreceptors (1)
- biosensing (1)
- biosphere feedbacks (1)
- bismuthene (1)
- blade (1)
- blended learning (1)
- block copolymer films (1)
- block copolymers (1)
- blue stragglers (1)
- bond (1)
- bone (1)
- bose gas (1)
- boundary local time (1)
- breitbandige Lichtquelle (1)
- bridges (1)
- broadband light source (1)
- brownian motion (1)
- bubble domains (1)
- bubbles (1)
- buckling (1)
- budding (1)
- budget study (1)
- built-in potential (1)
- bulge (1)
- bulk (1)
- bulk heterojunction (1)
- bulk heterojunctions (1)
- bulk-heterojunction solar cells (1)
- cancer diagnosis (1)
- capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbon fiber manufacture (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- carrier density (1)
- carrier dynamic (1)
- cascade (1)
- cascade rate (1)
- cascading regime (1)
- cataclysmic variables (1)
- catalysis (1)
- catalytic azobenzene isomerization (1)
- catanionic vesicles (1)
- cavity effects (1)
- celestial mechanics (1)
- cell immobilization (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell movement (1)
- cell nucleus (1)
- cell organization (1)
- cell polarity (1)
- cell tracking (1)
- cell-cell (1)
- cell-substrate adhesion (1)
- cellular signalling (1)
- cepstrum (1)
- chaotic (1)
- chaotic oscillations (1)
- chaotic saddle (1)
- chaotisch (1)
- characterization (1)
- charge (1)
- charge carrier density (1)
- charge carrier extraction (1)
- charge carrier recombination (1)
- charge collection (1)
- charge density (1)
- charge generation yield (1)
- charge injection across hybrid interfaces (1)
- charge profiling (1)
- charge recombination (1)
- charge recombination yield (1)
- charge repulsion (1)
- charge shielding (1)
- charge storage and transport (1)
- charge transfers (1)
- charge transport layers (1)
- charge trap (1)
- charge-carrier transport (1)
- charge-dipole interaction (1)
- charge-transfer excitations (1)
- charge-transfer states (1)
- charged systems (1)
- chemical (1)
- chemical oxidative polymerization (1)
- chemische Gasphasenabscheidung (1)
- chemische Oberflächen-Modifikationen (1)
- chemistry-transport-model (1)
- chemomechanical coupling (1)
- chemotaxsis (1)
- chimera Zustände (1)
- chirality (1)
- chloroplast ribosome (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chromium hexacarbonyl (1)
- chromophore orientations (1)
- chromosphere (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- circulation regimes (1)
- circumgalactic medium (1)
- circumstellar matter (1)
- cities (1)
- climate data (1)
- climate impact research (1)
- climate impact response func (1)
- climate model (1)
- climate model of intermediate complexity (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate physics (1)
- climate projection (1)
- climate sensitivity (1)
- climatology (1)
- co-monomer content (1)
- co-translational (1)
- co-translationale Assemblierung (1)
- coarse-grained order parameter (1)
- cobalt (1)
- code (1)
- coherence (1)
- coherence theory (1)
- coherent phonons (1)
- collapse (1)
- collective dynamics (1)
- collimation (1)
- collision dynamics (1)
- colloidal particles (1)
- colloids (1)
- color change (1)
- coloured (1)
- coloured and quantum noise (1)
- coma (1)
- comets (1)
- compacton (1)
- complex brain networks (1)
- complex network (1)
- complexity (1)
- compression (1)
- concentration (1)
- conceptions (1)
- condensed matter (1)
- conformational and hydrodynamic characteristics (1)
- conformational changes (1)
- conformational selection (1)
- conical intersection (1)
- conjugated polyelectrolyte (1)
- conservation laws (1)
- conservative random walks (1)
- constraint equations (1)
- construct map (1)
- contact layers (1)
- contact resistance (1)
- contaminant transport (1)
- content analysis (1)
- continuation (1)
- continuous distribution model (1)
- continuous symmetries (1)
- continuous time random (1)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (1)
- contraction (1)
- convolutional neural networks (1)
- cooperative transport (1)
- coordinate measurement machine (1)
- copper iodide (1)
- core-excited state dynamics (1)
- correlated noise (1)
- correlation functions (1)
- correlations (1)
- cortical network (1)
- cortical networks (1)
- cosmic ray diffusion (1)
- cosmic ray propagation (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmological simulations (1)
- cosmology: cosmic background radiation (1)
- cosmology: cosmological parameters (1)
- cosmology: distance scale (1)
- coupled (1)
- coupled initial boundary value problem (1)
- coupling (1)
- coupling function (1)
- coupling sensitivity (1)
- covariance (1)
- crack detection (1)
- critical adsorption (1)
- critical collapse (1)
- critical exponent (1)
- critical fluctuations (1)
- cross layer chip (1)
- cross recurrence plot (1)
- cross-over effect (1)
- crossover anomalous diffusion dynamics (1)
- crossover dynamics (1)
- cryolithology (1)
- cryptography (1)
- crystal (1)
- crystal growth (1)
- crystallinity (1)
- curricular review (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cyclic-olefin copolymer (1)
- cyclones (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- damage (1)
- damage evolution (1)
- dark exciton (1)
- dark matter detectors (1)
- dark matter experiments (1)
- dark matter theory (1)
- data assimilation (1)
- data based NARMAX modeling (1)
- data behind figure (1)
- decadal climate variability (1)
- decomposing anomalous diffusion (1)
- defect detection (1)
- defects (1)
- dekadische Klimavariabilität (1)
- delay differential equation (1)
- delay faults (1)
- delayed feedback (1)
- delayed random walks (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- dependent velocity (1)
- depolymerization (1)
- dermis (1)
- design concepts (1)
- design for Testability (1)
- detectors (1)
- development of test instrument (1)
- diamagnetic currents (1)
- dichalcogenides (1)
- dicytostelium (1)
- dielectric (1)
- dielectric barrier discharges (1)
- dielectric elastomers (1)
- dielectric function (1)
- dielectric hysteresis (1)
- dielectric non-linearities (1)
- dielectric spectroskopie (1)
- dielectrophoresis (1)
- dielektrische Elastomere (1)
- differential rotation (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- diffraction elastic constants (1)
- diffraction enhanced imaging (1)
- diffraction-elastic constants (1)
- diffraktionselastische Konstanten (1)
- diffuse radiation (1)
- diffusion coefficients (1)
- diffusion exponent (1)
- diffusion-controlled reactions (1)
- diffusion-influenced (1)
- diffusion-wave equation (1)
- dimensional reduction (1)
- diode-laser-arrays (1)
- diode-lasers (1)
- direction of optomechanical stress (1)
- director configuration (1)
- disc (1)
- discontinuous Galerkin method (1)
- discontinuous Galerkin methods (1)
- discrete beam cominer (1)
- diskreter Strahlkombinierer (1)
- dislocations (1)
- disordered systems (1)
- dispersion force (1)
- dispersion relations (1)
- dissertation (1)
- dissociative electron attachment (1)
- dissoziative Elektronen Anlagerung (1)
- distribution (1)
- distributions of localised states (1)
- doctor-blade coating (1)
- domain purity (1)
- domain wall motion (1)
- domains (1)
- domino effect (1)
- donor-acceptor interfaces (1)
- doping (1)
- dosis measurement (1)
- double-multilayer monochromators (1)
- doubly transient chaos (1)
- driven (1)
- driving force (1)
- driving mechanism (1)
- drug tolerance (1)
- drug-delivery (1)
- dunkle Materie (1)
- dunkles Exziton (1)
- dyna (1)
- dynamic and static quenching (1)
- dynamic forc (1)
- dynamic force spectroscopy (1)
- dynamic loading (1)
- dynamic of the atmosphere (1)
- dynamic vibration absorber (1)
- dynamical cluster (1)
- dynamical patterns (1)
- dynamische Klimatologie (1)
- dynamische Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- dynamische Muster (1)
- dynamische Systeme (1)
- dynamische und statische Löschung (1)
- dynamo effect (1)
- dysprosium (1)
- dünne Filme (1)
- dünne organische Schichten (1)
- dünne, flexible und formbare Schichten (1)
- early warning indicators (1)
- earth system modeling (1)
- earthquake prediction (1)
- echo state network (1)
- ecological (1)
- ecology (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- econophysics (1)
- edit distance (1)
- efficient scattering (1)
- effiziente Streuung (1)
- eingefrorene Energielandschaft (1)
- ejecta (1)
- elastic coupling (1)
- elastic substrates (1)
- elasticity (1)
- elasticity theory (1)
- elastische Kopplung (1)
- elastische Substrate (1)
- elastomers (1)
- electret polymers (1)
- electric double layer (1)
- electrical breakdown (1)
- electrical chemotaxis assay (1)
- electrical insulation (1)
- electrical polarization hysteresis (1)
- electro-acoustic electric-charge and polarization profiling (1)
- electro-electrets (1)
- electro-fused zirconia (1)
- electro-modulation microscopy (1)
- electro-optical (1)
- electroacoustic probing (1)
- electroanalysis (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electrokinetic phenomena (1)
- electrolytes (1)
- electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (1)
- electromechanical response (1)
- electromechanical transducers (sensors and actuators) (1)
- electron backscatter diffraction (1)
- electron flux (1)
- electron flux forecasts (1)
- electron lifetimes (1)
- electron localization (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron spectroscopy (1)
- electronic properties (1)
- electrostatic (1)
- electrostatic energy density (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elektrische Doppelschicht (1)
- elektrische Isolierung (1)
- elektrische Raumladung (1)
- elektrischer Chemotaxis Assy (1)
- elektro-optisch (1)
- elektroakustische Abtastung elektrischer Ladungen und Dipolpolarisationen (1)
- elektromechanische Reaktion (1)
- elektromechanische Wandler (Sensoren und Aktoren) (1)
- elektronische Eigenschaften (1)
- elektrostatische Energiedichte (1)
- elemental sulphur (1)
- elementarer Schwefel (1)
- elementary particles (1)
- elevated-temperature effects on the operation of dielectric-elastomer (1)
- elliptic partial differential equations (1)
- elliptic systems (1)
- elliptische partielle Differentialgleichungen (1)
- elliptisches Gleichungssystem (1)
- embedding (1)
- emic waves (1)
- emissions (1)
- empirical prediction (1)
- empirische Modellierung (1)
- enacted PCK (1)
- endliche Ensembles (1)
- energetic disorders (1)
- energetic offset (1)
- energetic particle (1)
- energetische Unordnung (1)
- energy balance model (1)
- energy estimate (1)
- energy gradients (1)
- energy levels (1)
- energy spreading (1)
- energy-level alignments (1)
- ensemble simulation (1)
- ensemble simulations (1)
- entrance test (1)
- environmental systems (1)
- enzymatic activity (1)
- enzymatische Reaktionen (1)
- epidemics (1)
- epidermis (1)
- epitaktisch (1)
- epitaxial (1)
- equation (1)
- equation of state (1)
- equation of state; (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- ergodicity (1)
- errata (1)
- evolutions (1)
- exact results (1)
- excited state proton transfer (1)
- excited-state chemical shift (1)
- excited-state proton-transfer (1)
- exciton dissociation (1)
- exciton dynamics (1)
- exclusion process (1)
- exclusion processes (1)
- experimental competencies (1)
- experimental model (1)
- experiments (1)
- external cavities (1)
- external generation efficiency (1)
- external quantum efficiency (1)
- externe Resonatoren (1)
- extra-cellul (1)
- extraction (1)
- extragalactic stellar astronomy (1)
- extragalaktische Stellarastronomie (1)
- extrasolar planets (1)
- extrazelluläre Matr (1)
- extreme precipitation (1)
- extreme statistics (1)
- extrusion (1)
- eye movements (1)
- far infrared (1)
- favela (1)
- feldlinengerichtete Ströme (1)
- femtosecond laser spectroscopy (1)
- ferro- and piezoelectrets (1)
- ferroelectric and paraelectric phases (1)
- ferroelectric polarization (1)
- ferroelectric semiconductors (1)
- ferroelectricity (1)
- ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in polymers (1)
- ferroelektrische Polarisation (1)
- ferroelektrische Polymere (1)
- ferromagnetism (1)
- fest-flüssig Grenzfläche (1)
- fiber-electrophoresis chip (1)
- field (1)
- field aligned currents (1)
- field experience (1)
- field-effect transistor (1)
- figure of merit (1)
- filament bundles (1)
- fill factor (1)
- film sensor (1)
- finite differences (1)
- finite element method (1)
- finite size (1)
- firn (1)
- first-arrival density (1)
- first-passage times (1)
- fixational eye movements (1)
- fixierte Augenbewegungen (1)
- flagellar filaments (1)
- flashover (1)
- flexible (1)
- floods (1)
- flow network (1)
- flow photolysis (1)
- fluctuation dissipation theorem (1)
- flue organ pipe (1)
- fluorination (1)
- fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) copolymer (1)
- flussunterbrechende Analyse (1)
- flux (1)
- foam (1)
- foams (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- folding dynamics (1)
- force dipole (1)
- force dipoles (1)
- force methods (1)
- forced symmetry breaking (1)
- forecast (1)
- formal specification (1)
- formal verification (1)
- formation (1)
- fourier transformation (1)
- fractal (1)
- fractal derivative (1)
- fractal dimension (1)
- fractional Gaussian noise (1)
- fractional diffusion (1)
- fractional dynamic equations (1)
- fraktionale Brown'schen Bewegung (1)
- fraktionales Gauß'sches Rauschen (1)
- free charge generation (1)
- free charge recombination (1)
- free electron laser (1)
- freie Ladungsträger Rekombination (1)
- frequency conversion (1)
- frequency stabilisation (1)
- friction (1)
- fullerenes (1)
- functional connectivity (1)
- functional materials (1)
- fundamental parameters (1)
- fundamentale Parameter (1)
- fungus (1)
- gadolinium (1)
- galactic centre (1)
- galactic magnetic fields (1)
- galactic population (1)
- galaktische Magnetfelder (1)
- galaktische Population (1)
- galaktisches Zentrum (1)
- galaxies: clusters: general (1)
- galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD (1)
- galaxies: individual (1)
- galaxies: individual: NGC 4038, NGC 4039 (1)
- galaxies: individual: Small Magellanic Cloud (1)
- galaxies: star clusters (1)
- galaxy evolution (1)
- galaxy: general (1)
- gamma astronomy (1)
- gamma ray detectors (1)
- gamma rays (1)
- gamma rays: (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse background (1)
- gamma-ray (1)
- gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 150323A) (1)
- gamma-ray bursts: general (1)
- gamma-rays (1)
- gas chromatography (1)
- gekoppelt (1)
- gene expression (1)
- general circulation (1)
- generalized diffusion equation (1)
- generational comparison (1)
- genetic networks (1)
- genetic programming (1)
- genetics (1)
- geodynamo (1)
- geomagnetic activity (1)
- geomagnetic storms (1)
- geometrical deformations (1)
- geostationary orbit (1)
- gequetschte Zustände (1)
- gestufte Oberfläche (1)
- giant vesicle (1)
- glassy systems (1)
- global description (1)
- globale Kupplung (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 2808 (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 3201 (1)
- gold cluster (1)
- gold nanoflowers (1)
- gold substrate (1)
- gradient boosting (1)
- granite (1)
- granulare Kette (1)
- graph theory (1)
- grating (1)
- gravitational lensing: strong (1)
- gravitational-wave astronomy (1)
- green solvents (1)
- ground based gamma ray astronomy (1)
- ground-motion variability (1)
- growth (1)
- großräumige Struktur des Universums (1)
- großräumige Strukturen (1)
- guardrail approach (1)
- guided self assembly (1)
- habitability (1)
- halogen bonding (1)
- harmonic traps (1)
- healing (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat capacity (1)
- heat flux (1)
- heat island (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- heat transport (1)
- heatwaves (1)
- helicity (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion process (1)
- heterogeneous ensemble of Brownian particles (1)
- heterogeneous media (1)
- heterostructures (1)
- hierarchical model (1)
- hierarchisches Model (1)
- high energy physics (1)
- high harmonic (1)
- high harmonic generation (1)
- high impact polystyrene (1)
- high permittivity (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high resolution (1)
- high resolution x-ray diffraction (1)
- high vacuum (1)
- high-frequency force (1)
- high-latitudinal thermosphere (1)
- high-order phase coupling (1)
- high-performance computing (1)
- higher-order effects (1)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (1)
- hochauflösende Röntgenstreuung (1)
- hohe Auflösung (1)
- hohe Permittivität (1)
- hoher Rotverschiebung (1)
- hole (1)
- hole extraction (1)
- hole selective materials (1)
- hopping dynamics (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- human dynamics (1)
- humidity (1)
- humidity sensor (1)
- hybrid manufacturing (1)
- hybrid material (1)
- hybrid metal oxides (1)
- hybrid multi-junction solar cell (1)
- hybrid synthesis (1)
- hybrid thin solar cells (1)
- hybride Mehrschichtsolarzellen (1)
- hybride Solarzellen (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydrodynamic flow (1)
- hydrodynamic model (1)
- hydrodynamical model (1)
- hydrogen bonds (1)
- hydrolysis (1)
- hyperbolic attractor (1)
- hypersound propagation (1)
- ice core (1)
- ice sheet modelling (1)
- iceberg calving (1)
- identification (1)
- ill-posed problem (1)
- image data analysis (1)
- image registration (1)
- imaging (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- importance sampling (1)
- imprinted electrodes (1)
- impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (1)
- impulsive stimulierte Raman Streuung (1)
- in situ monitoring (1)
- in-situ atomic force microscopy (1)
- incoherent light (1)
- incoherent radiation (1)
- individual (1)
- individual molecules spectroscopy (1)
- individual: CU Vir (1)
- induced fit (1)
- induzierte Passform (1)
- inference (1)
- influence of weak magnetic fields on living systems (1)
- information (1)
- information theory (1)
- infrared (1)
- infrared: galaxies (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- infrared: planetary systems (1)
- infrared: stars (1)
- inquiry based learning (1)
- instructional (1)
- instructional explanation (1)
- instrumentation (1)
- instrumentation: adaptive optics (1)
- integrated assessment (1)
- integrated optics (1)
- integrierte Optik (1)
- integrierter Spektrograph (1)
- interaction (1)
- interactions (1)
- interfacial recombination (1)
- intermittency (1)
- intermolecular force (1)
- intermolecular interaction (1)
- intermolekülare Wechselwirkung (1)
- internal variability (1)
- international migration (1)
- international migration modeling (1)
- internationale Migration (1)
- interstellar matter (1)
- interstellar medium (1)
- interstellare Materie (1)
- intersystem crossing (1)
- intracellular transport (1)
- intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- inverse analysis (1)
- inversion (1)
- ion channels (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- ion optics (1)
- ionic crosslinking (1)
- ionischer Self-Assembly (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- ions (1)
- iron cyanides (1)
- iron pentacarbonyl (1)
- isotope variations (1)
- isotropic fast mode turbulence (1)
- iterative Methoden zur Lösung linearer Systeme (1)
- iterative Rekonstruktion (1)
- iterative methods for sparse linear systems (1)
- jet stream (1)
- jump detection (1)
- katalytische Isomerisation von Azobenzolen (1)
- kind of radiation (1)
- kinetic (1)
- kinetic of cis-trans isomerization (1)
- kinetic-theory (1)
- kognitive Prozesse (1)
- kohärente Phononen (1)
- kollimation (1)
- komplex (1)
- komplexe Hirnnetzwerke (1)
- komplexe Systeme (1)
- komplexes Netzwerk (1)
- kompression (1)
- kondensierte Materie (1)
- konfokales Laser-Scanning-Mikroskop (1)
- konische Kreuzung (1)
- kooperativer Transport (1)
- kortikale Netzwerke (1)
- kosmische Strahlung (1)
- kosmologische Computersimulationen (1)
- kritische Fluktuationen (1)
- kritischer Exponent (1)
- kritischer Kollaps (1)
- kryptografie (1)
- laboratory x-ray diffraction (1)
- lacunae (1)
- lacuno-canalicular network (1)
- lakuno-kanaliculäres Netzwerk (1)
- land conversion (1)
- langreichweitig (1)
- langreichweitige Korrelationen (1)
- langsam rotierende Kerr-Raumzeiten (1)
- language processing (1)
- large area devices (1)
- large deviation function (1)
- large-scale structure (1)
- large-scale structure formation (1)
- large-scale structure of Universe (1)
- laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AlSi10Mg alloy (1)
- laser-based additive manufacturing (1)
- late-type (1)
- lattice distortion (1)
- lattice gas (1)
- lattice models (1)
- lead (1)
- lead halide perovskite films (1)
- lead halide perovskites (LHP) (1)
- leakage scheme (1)
- learning environment (1)
- leitfähige Polymere (1)
- lesson planning (1)
- licht-getrieben (1)
- lidar (1)
- ligand (1)
- light emission (1)
- light management (1)
- light photocontrol (1)
- light responsive DNA (1)
- light responsive microgels (1)
- light responsive polymer brushes (1)
- light-driven (1)
- light-induced deformation (1)
- line search (1)
- linear stability analysis (1)
- lipid membranes (1)
- lipid-anchored saccharide (1)
- lipid-verankerte Saccharide (1)
- local density approximation (1)
- local equilibrium (1)
- local group (1)
- localization (1)
- localization microscopy (1)
- lokale Dichte-Näherung (1)
- lokalen Gruppe (1)
- long range (1)
- long-chain alkane (1)
- long-memory (1)
- long-range dependence (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- loop closure (1)
- loop quantum gravity (1)
- loss mechanisms (1)
- low (1)
- low donor content (1)
- low-density polyethylene (1)
- low-frequency force (1)
- macro-economic modelling (1)
- macroeconomic impacts (1)
- magnesium oxide (1)
- magnetic and phononic system (1)
- magnetic beads (1)
- magnetic field generation (1)
- magnetic field satellites (1)
- magnetic microstructures (1)
- magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- magnetic noise (1)
- magnetic pressure (1)
- magnetic stray field (1)
- magnetisation (1)
- magnetische resonante Beugung (1)
- magnetischem Röntgendichroismus (XMCD) (1)
- magnetischer Näherungseffekt (1)
- magnetischer Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- magnetisches Rauschen (1)
- magnetisches und phononisches System (1)
- magnetizationdynamic (1)
- magneto-optics (1)
- magnetoconvection (1)
- magnetoelasticity (1)
- magnetohydrodynamic (1)
- magnetometer calibration (1)
- magnetosome chains (1)
- magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- major mergers (1)
- makroökonomische Folgen (1)
- manifold detection (1)
- manipulation (1)
- manufacturing (AM) (1)
- markov processes (1)
- maschinelles Lernen (1)
- mass (1)
- mass extinctions (1)
- massereiche Sterne (1)
- massive stars (1)
- master (1)
- master equation (1)
- master equations (1)
- material coordinate (1)
- mathematics education (1)
- matrix composites (1)
- maximum entropy analysis (1)
- mean first passage times (1)
- mean free path (1)
- mean residence time (1)
- mean-field model (1)
- mean-field theory (1)
- meanfield (1)
- mechanical behavior (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanisches Verhalten (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- mechanosensor (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- melt-quench-anneal (1)
- membrane adhesion (1)
- membrane adhesion forces (1)
- membrane curvature (1)
- membrane tube (1)
- memory applications (1)
- memory kernel (1)
- menschliche Dynamik (1)
- mesoporous (1)
- mesoporous silicon (1)
- mesoporös (1)
- metal (1)
- metal carbonyls (1)
- metal matrix composite (1)
- metal nanoparticles (1)
- metal optics (1)
- metal/polymer interfaces (1)
- methane localization (1)
- methods (1)
- methods: Data analysis (1)
- methods: MHD (1)
- methods: Observational (1)
- methods: statistical (1)
- mhd turbulence (1)
- micelles (1)
- micro computed tomography (XCT) (1)
- micro swimmer (1)
- micro- and nanotechnologies (1)
- microchannel (1)
- microcracking (1)
- microfluidic paper analytic device (mu PAD) (1)
- microgel (1)
- micrometeorology (1)
- micropipetten (1)
- microsaccades (1)
- microstructure-property relations (1)
- microstructured fiber (1)
- microstructured surface (1)
- microstrukturierte Oberfläche (1)
- microswimmers (1)
- microtransport and -assembly (1)
- mid-temperature transition (1)
- mid-temperature transition(s) (1)
- mikrostrukturierte Faser (1)
- mineralization (1)
- miscellaneous (1)
- mixed domains (1)
- mixed-effect analysis (1)
- mixed-phase clouds (1)
- mixing parameterization (1)
- mobile ions (1)
- mobile-immobile model (1)
- mobile-immobile model (MIM) (1)
- mode stability (1)
- mode-locking (1)
- model coupling (1)
- model validation (1)
- modelling (1)
- modellinterne Variabilitaet (1)
- modified dispersion relations (1)
- modified electrode (1)
- modified gravitational dynamics (1)
- modular logic programs (1)
- mold (1)
- molecular brushes (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular crowding (1)
- molecular crystals (1)
- molecular doping (1)
- molecular hydrodynamics and (1)
- molecular motor (1)
- molecular overcrowding (1)
- molecular proton dynamics (1)
- molecular weight (1)
- molecules (1)
- molekulares Dotieren (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monolayer (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- motility assay (1)
- motion (1)
- motion registration (1)
- motivation (1)
- motor cycle (1)
- motor velocity (1)
- movement data (1)
- multi protein complex formation (1)
- multi-messenger astrophysics (1)
- multi-scale (1)
- multi-spectrum regularization (1)
- multichannel (1)
- multicomponent system (1)
- multidimensional fractional diffusion equation (1)
- multiferroic heterostructure (1)
- multiferroischen Heterostruktur (1)
- multiple (1)
- multivariate analysis (1)
- music instruments (1)
- musical acoustics (1)
- musikalische Akustik (1)
- myosin II (1)
- nano-electrodes (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanocomposites (1)
- nanofiber (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoparticle (1)
- nanoscale energy transports (1)
- nanoscale modeling (1)
- natriuretic peptide system (1)
- natural resources (biological and non-biological) (1)
- near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- nebulae: general (1)
- nematic LC (1)
- nematic liquid crystal (1)
- network dynamics (1)
- network inference (1)
- network reconstruction (1)
- network theory (1)
- neural (1)
- neuronale Netze (1)
- neutron (1)
- neutron powder diffraction (1)
- neutron reflectometry (1)
- neutron resonance spin-echo spectroscopy (1)
- neutron spin-echo (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- next generation Cherenkov telescopes (1)
- nichlineare Phononik (1)
- nicht klassische Zustände (1)
- nicht-Markovsche Dynamik (1)
- nicht-thermische Emission (1)
- nicht-thermische Strahlung (1)
- nichtgenestete Modellselektion (1)
- nichtgleichgewichts Dynamik (1)
- nichtlinear (1)
- nichtlineare Oszillationen (1)
- nichtlineare Wellenmischung (1)
- nichtlineare Zeitreihenanalyse (1)
- nichtstrahlende Verluste (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- noise-induced excitability (1)
- noise-induced oscillation suppression (1)
- non-Gaussian (1)
- non-Gaussian distribution (1)
- non-Gaussian probability (1)
- non-Langevin reduction factors (1)
- non-Markovian dynamics (1)
- non-classicality (1)
- non-contact heat transfer (1)
- non-equilibrium dynamics (1)
- non-equilibrium steady state (1)
- non-exponential relaxation (1)
- non-exponential statistics (1)
- non-extensive statistics (1)
- non-gaussianity (1)
- non-integer dimension (1)
- non-linear microscopy (1)
- non-linear optics (1)
- non-linear oscillators (1)
- non-nested model selection (1)
- non-radiative recombination (1)
- non-thermal emission (1)
- non-thermal radiation (1)
- non-volatile memory (1)
- nonequilibrium physics (1)
- nonequilibrium stationary state (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nonlinear Dynamics (1)
- nonlinear acoustics (1)
- nonlinear data analysis (1)
- nonlinear excited fluorescence (1)
- nonlinear frequency conversion (1)
- nonlinear lattice (1)
- nonlinear optics (1)
- nonlinear systems (1)
- nonlocal coupled oscillators (1)
- nonlocally coupled phase oscillators (1)
- nonradiative losses (1)
- nonstationary diffusivity (1)
- novae (1)
- nucleation (1)
- nucleation and growth (1)
- nucleobase (1)
- nudging (1)
- numeric device simulations (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- numerische Bauteilsimulationen (1)
- numerische Relativität (1)
- numerische Relativitätstheorie (1)
- numerische Relativiät (1)
- numerischen Relativitätstheorie (1)
- o (1)
- observatory (1)
- ocean model (1)
- offenes Quantensystem (1)
- on-sky tests (1)
- one-dimensional Bose gas (1)
- opacity (1)
- open circuit voltage (1)
- open quantum system (1)
- open quantum systems (1)
- open-circuit voltage (1)
- optical irradiation intensity (1)
- optical near-field (1)
- optical pump - X-ray probe spectroscopy (1)
- optical simulations (1)
- optical tomography (1)
- optically induced dynamics (1)
- optically thin clouds (1)
- optics (1)
- option pricing (1)
- optisch dünne Wolken (1)
- optisch induzierte Dynamik (1)
- optische Anregung (1)
- optische Spektroskopie (1)
- opto-mechanical stresses (1)
- optoelectronic measurements (1)
- optoelektronische Messungen (1)
- optoplasmonic (1)
- organ pipe (1)
- organ pipes (1)
- organic (1)
- organic crystal (1)
- organic electronic (1)
- organic electronics (1)
- organic field-effect transistors (1)
- organic interfaces (1)
- organic semiconductors (1)
- organic semiconductors; (1)
- organic-inorganic hybrids (1)
- organisch-anorganische Hybride (1)
- organische Bodensubstanz (1)
- organische Kristalle (1)
- organische Solarzelle (1)
- organischer Halbleiter (1)
- organohalide lead perovskites (1)
- orientation approaches (1)
- oscillation (1)
- osmotic flow (1)
- overdamped brownian systems (1)
- overheating (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxygen plasma (1)
- ozone loss (1)
- p-type (1)
- palaeoclimate (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- parallel immobilization of biomolecules (1)
- parallele Immobilisierung von Biomolekülen (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter inference (1)
- parametrically excited oscillator (1)
- parametrisch erregter Oszillator (1)
- partial synchronization (1)
- particle morphology (1)
- particle transport (1)
- particle-in-cell simulations (1)
- passivation (1)
- pattern formation (1)
- patterning glass microfiber (1)
- patterns (1)
- pedagogical content knowledge (1)
- peptides (1)
- percolation threshold (1)
- performance assessment (1)
- period doubling (1)
- periodically poled material (1)
- perovskite oxides (1)
- perovskite semiconductors (1)
- perovskite solar cell (1)
- perovskites (1)
- persistence (1)
- persistence length (1)
- perturbation approach (1)
- ph-responsive microgels (1)
- phase approximation (1)
- phase coupling (1)
- phase demodulation (1)
- phase diffusion (1)
- phase dynamics (1)
- phase equations (1)
- phase field model (1)
- phase lag (1)
- phase oscillator (1)
- phase response (1)
- phase response curve (1)
- phase rule (1)
- phase separation (1)
- phase space reconstruction (1)
- phase spectrum (1)
- phase-amplitude mixing (1)
- phase-isostable reduction (1)
- phase-transition boundary (1)
- phenotypic heterogeneity (1)
- philosophy of science (1)
- phonon backfolding (1)
- phonon damping (1)
- phonon dynamics (1)
- phonon modes (1)
- phonon polariton (1)
- phonons (1)
- phospholipid membranes (1)
- photo electron spectroscopy (1)
- photo physics (1)
- photo-chemical pathways (1)
- photo-emission electron microscopy (PEEM) (1)
- photo-isomerization (1)
- photo-stimulated discharge (1)
- photoacoustic effect (1)
- photoakustischer Effekt (1)
- photodissociation (1)
- photodissociation region (PDR) (1)
- photoelectron microscopy (1)
- photoexcitation (1)
- photoexcited hole transfer (1)
- photogeneration (1)
- photoinduced dynamics (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photoluminescence quenching (1)
- photon statistics (1)
- photonic crystal (1)
- photonic crystal fibers (1)
- photoresponsive surfactants (1)
- photosensitive polymers (1)
- photosensitive soft objects (1)
- photovoltaic (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- physical chemistry (1)
- physical hydrogels (1)
- physics of musical instruments (1)
- picosecond acoustics (1)
- piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectricity (1)
- piezo-optical (1)
- piezo-optisch (1)
- piezoelectret (1)
- piezoelectrets (1)
- piezoelektrische Sensoren (1)
- pink beams (1)
- pitch angle (1)
- pitch angle scattering (1)
- planar lightwave circuit (1)
- planare Lichtwellenleiter (1)
- planet (1)
- planetary (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual: SwSt1 (1)
- planetary rings (1)
- planetary wave propagation (1)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (1)
- planets and satellites: composition (1)
- planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability (1)
- planets and satellites: gaseous planets (1)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (1)
- plasma flows (1)
- plasma physics (1)
- plasma pressure (1)
- plasmaspheric hiss (1)
- plasmaspheric plume (1)
- plasmon nano-particles (1)
- plasmonic catalysis (1)
- plasmonische Katalyse (1)
- plasmonische Nanopartikeln (1)
- point defect (1)
- polar (1)
- polar motion (1)
- polar research (1)
- polar vortex (1)
- polarization (1)
- policies (1)
- politics (1)
- poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (1)
- poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1)
- poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) (1)
- poly-DADMAC (1)
- polydispersity (1)
- polyelectrolyte (1)
- polyelectrolyte brushes (1)
- polyelectrolyte multilayer (1)
- polyethylene nanocomposites (1)
- polyethylene terephthalate (1)
- polymer crystal orientation (1)
- polymer electrets (1)
- polymer ferroelectrets (1)
- polymer film (1)
- polymer foam (1)
- polymer physics (1)
- polymer-electret (1)
- polymer-foam films (1)
- polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1)
- polypyrrole (1)
- polystyrene nano-spheres (1)
- polysulfobetaine (1)
- polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (1)
- polythiohene (1)
- polyurethanes (1)
- population (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- populations (1)
- pore orientation (1)
- porosity analysis (1)
- porphyrin (1)
- positioning (1)
- post-Newton (1)
- post-depositional (1)
- post-translational (1)
- post-translationale Assemblierung (1)
- potential ene rgy surface (1)
- powder particle analysis (1)
- power conversion efficiency (1)
- power spectral density (1)
- practicum (1)
- preconceptions (1)
- precursor (1)
- predictive modeling (1)
- preferred orientation (1)
- pressure gradient (1)
- prestabilization (1)
- primordial black holes (1)
- printed electroacoustic thin-film transducers (1)
- printing (1)
- probabilistic inference (1)
- probability density function (1)
- process (1)
- process inference (1)
- process monitoring (1)
- propellers (1)
- proteasome (1)
- protein kinetics (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- proxy uncertainty (1)
- proxy understanding (1)
- pseudomonas putida (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0656+14 (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (1)
- pulsars: individual: SXP 1062 (1)
- pulse compression (1)
- pulse front matching (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- pump-probe experiment (1)
- pupil remappers (1)
- purification (1)
- quality (1)
- quanteninformation (1)
- quantenkanal (1)
- quantenkodierung (1)
- quantifizierende Rekurrenzanalyse (1)
- quantitative Inhaltsanalyse (1)
- quantization of field theories (1)
- quantum (1)
- quantum channel (1)
- quantum computer (1)
- quantum correlations (1)
- quantum degenerate BEC FDS ultacold atoms (1)
- quantum electrodynamics (QED) (1)
- quantum fluctuations (1)
- quantum information (1)
- quantum many-body theory (1)
- quantum wire (1)
- quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- quasar: absorption line (1)
- quasars: (1)
- quasars: emission lines (1)
- quasars: individual: 3C 279 (1)
- quasars: individual: LBQS 0302-0018 (1)
- quasi-condensate (1)
- quasi-geostrophic model (1)
- quasi-geostropisches Modell (1)
- quasi-particle interaction (1)
- quasi-particles (1)
- quasiparticle interactions (1)
- quasiperiodic dynamical systems (1)
- quasiperiodisches dynamisches System (1)
- quenched energy landscape (1)
- quenching (1)
- radiation belt (1)
- radiation belt electrons (1)
- radiation belt forecasts (1)
- radiation load (1)
- radiation pressure (1)
- radio continuum: stars (1)
- radiobiology (1)
- radiography (1)
- raman (1)
- random search processes (1)
- random walks (1)
- rare events (1)
- ratchets (1)
- rate equation (1)
- raumartige Unendliche (1)
- reaction-diffusion models (1)
- reactions (1)
- reactive annealing (1)
- reaktives Anlassen (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- receptor (1)
- recombination losses (1)
- recombination order (1)
- recrystallization (1)
- recurrences (1)
- refined consensus model (1)
- refined spacetime geometries (1)
- reflected Brownian motion (1)
- reflection (1)
- regge calculus (1)
- regime shifts (1)
- regional (1)
- regional climate model (1)
- regional climate modelling (1)
- regional climate simulations (1)
- regional modeling (1)
- regionale Klimamodellierung (1)
- regionale Klimasimulationen (1)
- regionales Klimamodell (1)
- regionales Modell (1)
- regularization (1)
- rein optisches helizitätsabhängiges Schalten (AO-HDS) (1)
- relationships (1)
- relative total electron content (1)
- relativistic electron precipitation (1)
- relativistic hydrodynamics (1)
- relativistische Hydrodynamik (1)
- remagnetization (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- renormalization and refinement limit (1)
- resetting (1)
- residual stress analysis (1)
- resolution matrix (1)
- resonance fluorescence (1)
- resonant X-ray scattering (1)
- resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- resonant inelastic X-ray scattering; (1)
- resonant soft x-ray diffraction (1)
- resonante inelastische Röntgenstreuung (1)
- resonante weiche Röntgenbeugung (1)
- responsive polymer (1)
- retrieval (1)
- return level estimation (1)
- reversal (1)
- reversible binding (1)
- ribosome assembly (1)
- ring (1)
- ring current model (1)
- river floods (1)
- robotic (1)
- rock (1)
- rods (1)
- rollende Adhäsion (1)
- rotation curves of galaxies (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- roughness (1)
- run and tumble (1)
- rückgekoppelte Zufallsprozesse (1)
- saccade detection (1)
- satellite galaxies (1)
- scaled Brownian motion (1)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (1)
- scanning tunneling spectroscopy (1)
- scattering resonances (1)
- school internship (1)
- science education (1)
- screen (1)
- sea ice (1)
- sea level (1)
- search dynamics (1)
- search efficiency (1)
- seasonal cyclone activity forecasts (1)
- seasonality (1)
- second-harmonic generation (1)
- secure communication (1)
- segmentations (1)
- sehr hohe Energien (1)
- seismicity (1)
- selbst-getriebene Partikel (1)
- selbsterhaltende Oszillatoren (1)
- selective contact (1)
- selective laser melting (1)
- self-assembly (1)
- self-gravity (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- self-organization (1)
- self-propelled particle (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- self-steepening (1)
- self-sustained Oscillators (1)
- self-sustained oscillations (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- semantic incongruity (1)
- semi-empirical models (1)
- semiclassical states (1)
- semiconductor gratings (1)
- semiempirische Modelle (1)
- semiklassische Zustände (1)
- sensor (1)
- sensors and actuators (1)
- shifts (1)
- sichere Übertragung (1)
- silica-on-silicon (1)
- silver (1)
- simulation of reciprocal space maps (1)
- simulations (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single-file motion (1)
- single-molecule (1)
- single-molecule biosensor (1)
- single-object detection (1)
- single-trajectory analysis (1)
- sink (1)
- sintering (1)
- skutterudite (1)
- slowly rotating Kerr spacetimes (1)
- small molecules (1)
- snow thermal conductivity (1)
- soft X-ray (1)
- soft X-ray absorption (1)
- soft electro-active materials (1)
- soft matter (1)
- soft matter physics (1)
- soft x-ray diffraction (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- solar corona (1)
- solar eruption (1)
- solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field influence (1)
- solare Eruption (1)
- solid complex preparation (1)
- solid state Laser (1)
- solid state physics (1)
- solid-liquid interface (1)
- solitary wave (1)
- solvation (1)
- solvent dependence (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- sound radiation (1)
- space charge field (1)
- space physics (1)
- space-charge and polarization profiles (1)
- space-charge effects (1)
- space-charge stability (1)
- space-like infinity (1)
- space-time fractional diffusion equation (1)
- spacetime geometry (1)
- spacing (1)
- spark plasma (1)
- spatial (1)
- spatial poisson distribution (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectrometry (1)
- spectroscopic (1)
- spektrale Leistungsdichte (1)
- spin (1)
- spin foam models (1)
- spin foams (1)
- spin glass (1)
- spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- spin state (1)
- spin structure (1)
- spin texture (1)
- spin waves (1)
- spin-crossover (1)
- spin-dependent forces (1)
- spin-orbit interaction (1)
- spin-related factors (1)
- spin-resolved (1)
- spinaufgelöste Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- spiral galaxies (1)
- spiro-OMeTAD (1)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (1)
- spots (1)
- spread F (1)
- squeezing entanglement (1)
- stabile Isotope (1)
- stabile Schichtung (1)
- stability (1)
- stability analysis (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stable stratification (1)
- stable water isotopes (1)
- star clusters (1)
- starch metabolism (1)
- stars : Wolf-Rayet (1)
- stars : atmospheres (1)
- stars : early-type (1)
- stars : evolution (1)
- stars : individual : xi Per (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Oph (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Ori (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Pup (1)
- stars : mass-loss (1)
- stars : winds, outflows (1)
- stars evolution (1)
- stars: Wolft-Rayet (1)
- stars: binaries (1)
- stars: circumstellar matter (1)
- stars: distances (1)
- stars: early-typeP (1)
- stars: flare (1)
- stars: formation (1)
- stars: horizontal branch (1)
- stars: horizontal-branch (1)
- stars: individual (PHL 457, EQ Psc) (1)
- stars: individual: 4U1700-37 (1)
- stars: individual: DGCVn-gamma rays: stars (1)
- stars: individual: HD 137366 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 93129A (1)
- stars: individual: HR 5907 (1)
- stars: individual: PG 1610+062 (1)
- stars: individual: R 145 (1)
- stars: individual: SMC AB 6 (1)
- stars: individual: WR 7 (1)
- stars: late-type (1)
- stars: magnetars (1)
- stars: oscillations (1)
- stars: oscillations (including pulsations) (1)
- stars: variables: general (1)
- state model (1)
- state space reconstruction (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistically relevant volumes (1)
- statistische Methoden (1)
- stators (1)
- steel and concrete structures (1)
- stellar activity (1)
- stellar interferometry (1)
- stellar surface (1)
- stellare Interferometrie (1)
- stellarer Inhalt (1)
- stepped surface (1)
- stimulated Brillouin scattering (1)
- stimuli-responsive structured polymer films (1)
- stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation (1)
- stochastic bursting (1)
- stochastic differential equation (1)
- stochastic network (1)
- stochastic oscillations (1)
- stochastic ratchet (1)
- stochastic systems (1)
- stochastic thermodynamics (1)
- stochastics (1)
- stochastische Dynamik (1)
- stochastische Ratsche (1)
- stochastische Systeme (1)
- stochastisches Netzwerk (1)
- stopped-flow (1)
- strain (1)
- strain fields (1)
- strain gauges (1)
- strain sensors (1)
- strain-free lattice (1)
- stratosphere (1)
- stratospheric chemistry (1)
- stratospheric circulation (1)
- stress exponent (1)
- stress recovery (1)
- stress-relaxation (1)
- structur-function relationship (1)
- structural dynamics (1)
- structural properties (1)
- structure (1)
- structure of water (1)
- structure-property (1)
- structure-property relationships (1)
- structured environments (1)
- structured substrates (1)
- structures (1)
- strukturelle Eigenschaften (1)
- strukturierte Substrate (1)
- stuck-at faults (1)
- students' conceptions (1)
- subgrain structure (1)
- sunspots (1)
- superalloys (1)
- superconductor (1)
- superconductors (1)
- superdiffusion and (1)
- superlattice dispersion (1)
- superluminescent diodes (1)
- supernovae: general (1)
- surf (1)
- surface Brillouin zone (SBZ) (1)
- surface band bending (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface charge stability (1)
- surface chemical treatment (1)
- surface cracks (1)
- surface emissivity (1)
- surface flow (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface morphology (1)
- surface photovoltage (1)
- surface reactivity (1)
- surface recombination (1)
- surface reconstruction (1)
- surface science (1)
- surface tension (1)
- surface treatment (1)
- surface wetting (1)
- surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (1)
- surface-relief gratings (1)
- surface-roughened (1)
- surfactant (1)
- surrogate method (1)
- surrogates (1)
- susceptibility (1)
- swelling (1)
- swelling behavior (1)
- swelling soil (1)
- switchSENSE (1)
- switchSENSE Technologie (1)
- symbolic regression (1)
- synchronisation (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- synoptic cyclones (1)
- synoptische Zyklone (1)
- synthetic eumelanin (1)
- synthetisches Eumelanin (1)
- system (1)
- systems (1)
- systems subjected to parameter drift (1)
- table-top sources (1)
- tailored pulse trains (1)
- tandem solar cell (1)
- task-based parallelism (1)
- teacher professional development (1)
- techniques (1)
- techniques of optical spectroscopy: IR absorption (1)
- techniques: Image processing (1)
- techniques: radial velocities (1)
- teleconnection patterns (1)
- teleconnections (1)
- telegrapher's equation (1)
- telescope (1)
- telluride (1)
- tellurium (1)
- temperature proxy (1)
- temperature variability (1)
- tensor decompositions (1)
- terahertz range (1)
- ternary blends (1)
- terrace ... (1)
- thermal barrier coatings (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal evolution (1)
- thermal expansion (1)
- thermal noise in mirror coatings (1)
- thermal stimulation of (1)
- thermal treatment (1)
- thermal wind equation (1)
- thermalization (1)
- thermally activated dynamics (1)
- thermally enhanced actuators (1)
- thermally induced porosity (TIP) (1)
- thermally stimulated depolarization current (1)
- thermisch aktivierte Dynamik (1)
- thermische Evolution (1)
- thermische Windgleichung (1)
- thermisches Rauschen in Spiegelbeschichtungen (1)
- thermo-luminescence (1)
- thermo-stimulated discharge (1)
- thermoacoustic effect (1)
- thermoacoustics (1)
- thermoactivational spectroscopy (1)
- thermoakustischer Effekt (1)
- thermodynamic control (1)
- thermodynamic length (1)
- thermodynamic structure (1)
- thermodynamische Struktur (1)
- thermoelectric materials (1)
- thermoelectric properties (1)
- thermoelectricity (1)
- thermoelectrics (1)
- thermophone (1)
- theta (1)
- theta neurons (1)
- thickness insensitive active layers (1)
- thin flexible and conformable films (1)
- thin organic layers (1)
- thin-film solar cells (1)
- threshold voltages (1)
- time perception (1)
- time resolved (1)
- time resolved pump probe spectroscopy (1)
- time resolved spectroskopy (1)
- time reversal symmetry (1)
- time-fractional Schrödinger equation (1)
- time-resolved (1)
- time-resolved X-ray probing (1)
- time-resolved photoemission (1)
- time-resolved x-ray diffraction (1)
- timing resilient design (1)
- tipping cascade (1)
- tipping elements (1)
- tipping interactions (1)
- tissue engineering (1)
- tolerable windows approach (1)
- tomography (XCT) (1)
- topological community (1)
- topological insulators (1)
- topologische Isolatoren (1)
- traffic jams (1)
- trajectories (1)
- tranfer excited-state (1)
- transcrystalline polypropylene (1)
- transient absorption (1)
- transient absorption spectroscopy (1)
- transient grating (1)
- transient grating spectroscopy (1)
- transient methods (1)
- transient spectroscopy (1)
- transiente Messmethoden (1)
- transientes Gitter (1)
- transition (1)
- transition metal complexes (1)
- transition metal systems (1)
- transition metals (1)
- transition moment (1)
- transition state (1)
- transkristallines Polypropylen (1)
- transparent conductors (1)
- transport and interaction phase (1)
- transport layer (1)
- transport layers (1)
- transports (1)
- transversal instabilities (1)
- trap-depth (1)
- trapping (1)
- traveling waves (1)
- travelling waves (1)
- triple-axis spectroscopy (1)
- triple-cation perovskite (1)
- tug-of-war (1)
- turbulence measurement (1)
- turbulence parameterizations (1)
- turbulent wind shear zone (1)
- twisted state (1)
- two-dimensional (1)
- ultra-fast laser inscription technology (1)
- ultra-high energy cosmic rays (1)
- ultrafast X-ray diffraction (1)
- ultrafast optics (1)
- ultrahochenergetische kosmische Strahlung (1)
- ultrarelativistic electrons (1)
- ultraschnelle Moleküldynamik (1)
- ultraschnelle Phänomene (1)
- ultraschnelle Röntgenbeugung (1)
- ultraschnelle Röntgendiffraktion (1)
- ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- ultraviolet: galaxies (1)
- ultraviolet: stars (1)
- undercooling (1)
- ungeordnete Systeme (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- upper atmosphere model (1)
- urban (1)
- urbanisation (1)
- vacuum fluctuations (1)
- valence band (VB) (1)
- valence band maximum (VBM) (1)
- valence band structure (1)
- van allen probes (RBSP) (1)
- van allen probes; (1)
- van der Waals forces (1)
- van der Waals-Kräfte (1)
- vapour deposition (1)
- variability (1)
- variable order (1)
- vegetation (1)
- verb (1)
- verb simulations; (1)
- verrauschte Oszillatoren (1)
- very-high energy (1)
- vesicles (1)
- vibrational resonance (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- violin (1)
- virus (1)
- viscoelastic effects and anomalous diffusion (1)
- viscoplastic theory (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visibility (1)
- viskoplastische Theorie (1)
- visual fixation (1)
- wafers (1)
- walks (1)
- waste heat (1)
- water (1)
- water adsorption (1)
- water diffusion in the brain (1)
- water ice (1)
- water-interface (1)
- water-methane films (1)
- wave equation (1)
- wave particle interaction (1)
- wave scattering (1)
- wavelength shift (1)
- weak ergodicity breaking (1)
- wearable (1)
- weather (1)
- weather extremes (1)
- wetting transition (1)
- whispering gallery modes (1)
- white-light generation (1)
- wind bubble (1)
- wind channelling (1)
- wind direction (1)
- wind field (1)
- wind speed (1)
- windlidar (1)
- winkelaufgelöste Photoelektronenspektroskopie (1)
- wässrige Filme (1)
- x-ray (1)
- x-ray free-electron lasers (1)
- x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) (1)
- x-ray magnetic resonant diffraction (XMRD) (1)
- x-ray photoemission (1)
- x-ray spectroscopies and phenomena (1)
- x-ray-absorption (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zeitaufgelöst (1)
- zeitaufgelöste Röntgenbeugung (1)
- zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie (1)
- zeitverzögerte Selbstkopplung (1)
- zerstörungfreie Prüfung (1)
- zirkumgalaktischen Medium (1)
- zufälligen Diffusivität (1)
- zweite Harmonische (1)
- µCT (1)
- Ökologie (1)
- Ökonomisches Netzwerk (1)
- Überflutung (1)
- Übergang (1)
- Übergangsmetall - Komplexe (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- Übergangsmoment (1)
- Übergangszustand (1)
- Übergitter Dispersion (1)
- Überhitzung (1)
- азобензолсодержащие ПАВ (1)
- иперболический аттрактор (1)
- каталитическая изомеризация азобензолов (1)
- оллективная динамика (1)
- плазмонные наночастицы (1)
- показатель преломления азобензолов (1)
- синхронизация (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (1486) (remove)
We investigate the transition from incoherence to global collective motion in a three-dimensional swarming model of agents with helical trajectories, subject to noise and global coupling. Without noise this model was recently proposed as a generalization of the Kuramoto model and it was found that alignment of the velocities occurs discontinuously for arbitrarily small attractive coupling. Adding noise to the system resolves this singular limit and leads to a continuous transition, either to a directed collective motion or to center-of-mass rotations.
We present an alternative approach to finite-size effects around the synchronization transition in the standard Kuramoto model. Our main focus lies on the conditions under which a collective oscillatory mode is well defined. For this purpose, the minimal value of the amplitude of the complex Kuramoto order parameter appears as a proper indicator. The dependence of this minimum on coupling strength varies due to sampling variations and correlates with the sample kurtosis of the natural frequency distribution. The skewness of the frequency sample determines the frequency of the resulting collective mode. The effects of kurtosis and skewness hold in the thermodynamic limit of infinite ensembles. We prove this by integrating a self-consistency equation for the complex Kuramoto order parameter for two families of distributions with controlled kurtosis and skewness, respectively.
Proteins are chain molecules built from amino acids. The precise sequence of the 20 different types of amino acids in a protein chain defines into which structure a protein folds, and the three-dimensional structure in turn specifies the biological function of the protein. The reliable folding of proteins is a prerequisite for their robust function. Misfolding can lead to protein aggregates that cause severe diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Small single-domain proteins often fold without experimentally detectable metastable intermediate states. The folding dynamics of these proteins is thought to be governed by a single transition-state barrier between the unfolded and the folded state. The transition state is highly instable and cannot be observed directly. However, mutations in which a single amino acid of the protein is substituted by another one can provide indirect access. The mutations slightly change the transition-state barrier and, thus, the folding and unfolding times of the protein. The central question is how to reconstruct the transition state from the observed changes in folding times. In this habilitation thesis, a novel method to extract structural information on transition states from mutational data is presented. The method is based on (i) the cooperativity of structural elements such as alpha-helices and beta-hairpins, and (ii) on splitting up mutation-induced free-energy changes into components for these elements. By fitting few parameters, the method reveals the degree of structure formation of alpha-helices and beta-hairpins in the transition state. In addition, it is shown in this thesis that the folding routes of small single-domain proteins are dominated by loop-closure dependencies between the structural elements.
Transition path dynamics have been widely studied in chemical, physical, and technological systems. Mostly, the transition path dynamics is obtained for smooth barrier potentials, for instance, generic inverse-parabolic shapes. We here present analytical results for the mean transition path time, the distribution of transition path times, the mean transition path velocity, and the mean transition path shape in a rough inverted parabolic potential function under the driving of Gaussian white noise. These are validated against extensive simulations using the forward flux sampling scheme in parallel computations. We observe how precisely the potential roughness, the barrier height, and the noise intensity contribute to the particle transition in the rough inverted barrier potential.
We perform a detailed statistical analysis of diffusive trajectories of membrane-enclosed vesicles (vacuoles) in the supercrowded cytoplasm of living Acanthamoeba castellanii cells. From the vacuole traces recorded in the center-of-area frame of moving amoebae, we examine the statistics of the time-averaged mean-squared displacements of vacuoles, their generalized diffusion coefficients and anomalous scaling exponents, the ergodicity breaking parameter, the non-Gaussian features of displacement distributions of vacuoles, the displacement autocorrelation function, as well as the distributions of speeds and positions of vacuoles inside the amoeba cells. Our findings deliver novel insights into the internal dynamics of cellular structures in these infectious pathogens. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
Classical semiconductor physics has been continuously improving electronic components such as diodes, light-emitting diodes, solar cells and transistors based on highly purified inorganic crystals over the past decades. Organic semiconductors, notably polymeric, are a comparatively young field of research, the first light-emitting diode based on conjugated polymers having been demonstrated in 1990. Polymeric semiconductors are of tremendous interest for high-volume, low-cost manufacturing ("printed electronics"). Due to their rather simple device structure mostly comprising only one or two functional layers, polymeric diodes are much more difficult to optimize compared to small-molecular organic devices. Usually, functions such as charge injection and transport are handled by the same material which thus needs to be highly optimized. The present work contributes to expanding the knowledge on the physical mechanisms determining device performance by analyzing the role of charge injection and transport on device efficiency for blue and white-emitting devices, based on commercially relevant spiro-linked polyfluorene derivatives. It is shown that such polymers can act as very efficient electron conductors and that interface effects such as charge trapping play the key role in determining the overall device efficiency. This work contributes to the knowledge of how charges drift through the polymer layer to finally find neutral emissive trap states and thus allows a quantitative prediction of the emission color of multichromophoric systems, compatible with the observed color shifts upon driving voltage and temperature variation as well as with electrical conditioning effects. In a more methodically oriented part, it is demonstrated that the transient device emission observed upon terminating the driving voltage can be used to monitor the decay of geminately-bound species as well as to determine trapped charge densities. This enables direct comparisons with numerical simulations based on the known properties of charge injection, transport and recombination. The method of charge extraction under linear increasing voltages (CELIV) is investigated in some detail, correcting for errors in the published approach and highlighting the role of non-idealized conditions typically present in experiments. An improved method is suggested to determine the field dependence of charge mobility in a more accurate way. Finally, it is shown that the neglect of charge recombination has led to a misunderstanding of experimental results in terms of a time-dependent mobility relaxation.
We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on a "Hothouse Earth" pathway even as human emissions are reduced. Crossing the threshold would lead to a much higher global average temperature than any interglacial in the past 1.2 million years and to sea levels significantly higher than at any time in the Holocene. We examine the evidence that such a threshold might exist and where it might be. If the threshold is crossed, the resulting trajectory would likely cause serious disruptions to ecosystems, society, and economies. Collective human action is required to steer the Earth System away from a potential threshold and stabilize it in a habitable interglacial-like state. Such action entails stewardship of the entire Earth System-biosphere, climate, and societies-and could include decarbonization of the global economy, enhancement of biosphere carbon sinks, behavioral changes, technological innovations, new governance arrangements, and transformed social values.
Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction, we demonstrate the manipulation of the picosecond strain response of a metallic heterostructure consisting of a dysprosium (Dy) transducer and a niobium (Nb) detection layer by an external magnetic field. We utilize the first-order ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic phase transition of the Dy layer, which provides an additional large contractive stress upon laser excitation compared to its zerofield response. This enhances the laser-induced contraction of the transducer and changes the shape of the picosecond strain pulses driven in Dy and detected within the buried Nb layer. Based on our experiment with rare-earth metals we discuss required properties for functional transducers, which may allow for novel field-control of the emitted picosecond strain pulses.
Using time-resolved x-ray diffraction, we demonstrate the manipulation of the picosecond strain response of a metallic heterostructure consisting of a dysprosium (Dy) transducer and a niobium (Nb) detection layer by an external magnetic field. We utilize the first-order ferromagnetic–antiferromagnetic phase transition of the Dy layer, which provides an additional large contractive stress upon laser excitation compared to its zerofield response. This enhances the laser-induced contraction of the transducer and changes the shape of the picosecond strain pulses driven in Dy and detected within the buried Nb layer. Based on our experiment with rare-earth metals we discuss required properties for functional transducers, which may allow for novel field-control of the emitted picosecond strain pulses.
Towards seasonal prediction: stratosphere-troposphere coupling in the atmospheric model ICON-NWP
(2020)
Stratospheric variability is one of the main potential sources for sub-seasonal to seasonal predictability in mid-latitudes in winter. Stratospheric pathways play an important role for long-range teleconnections between tropical phenomena, such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the mid-latitudes on the one hand, and linkages between Arctic climate change and the mid-latitudes on the other hand. In order to move forward in the field of extratropical seasonal predictions, it is essential that an atmospheric model is able to realistically simulate the stratospheric circulation and variability. The numerical weather prediction (NWP) configuration of the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic atmosphere model ICON is currently being used by the German Meteorological Service for the regular weather forecast, and is intended to produce seasonal predictions in future. This thesis represents the first extensive evaluation of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric winter circulation in ICON-NWP by analysing a large set of seasonal ensemble experiments.
An ICON control climatology simulated with a default setup is able to reproduce the basic behaviour of the stratospheric polar vortex. However, stratospheric westerlies are significantly too weak and major stratospheric warmings too frequent, especially in January. The weak stratospheric polar vortex in ICON is furthermore connected to a mean sea level pressure (MSLP) bias pattern resembling the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Since a good representation of the drag exerted by gravity waves is crucial for a realistic simulation of the stratosphere, three sensitivity experiments with reduced gravity wave drag are performed. Both a reduction of the non-orographic and orographic gravity wave drag respectively, lead to a strengthening of the stratospheric vortex and thus a bias reduction in winter, in particular in January. However, the effect of the non-orographic gravity wave drag on the stratosphere is stronger. A third experiment, combining a reduced orographic and non-orographic drag, exhibits the largest stratospheric bias reductions. The analysis of stratosphere-troposphere coupling based on an index of the Northern Annular Mode demonstrates that ICON realistically represents downward coupling. This coupling is intensified and more realistic in experiments with a reduced gravity wave drag, in particular with reduced non-orographic drag. Tropospheric circulation is also affected by the reduced gravity wave drag, especially in January, when the strongly improved stratospheric circulation reduces biases in the MSLP patterns. Moreover, a retuning of the subgrid-scale orography parameterisations leads to a significant error reduction in the MSLP in all months. In conclusion, the combination of these adjusted parameterisations is recommended as a current optimal setup for seasonal simulations with ICON.
Additionally, this thesis discusses further possible influences on the stratospheric polar vortex, including the influence of tropical phenomena, such as QBO and ENSO, as well as the influence of a rapidly warming Arctic. ICON does not simulate the quasi-oscillatory behaviour of the QBO and favours weak easterlies in the tropical stratosphere. A comparison with a reanalysis composite of the easterly QBO phase reveals, that the shift towards the easterly QBO in ICON further weakens the stratospheric polar vortex. On the other hand, the stratospheric reaction to ENSO events in ICON is realistic. ICON and the reanalysis exhibit a weakened stratospheric vortex in warm ENSO years. Furthermore, in particular in winter, warm ENSO events favour the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation, whereas cold events favour the positive phase. The ICON simulations also suggest a significant effect of ENSO on the Atlantic-European sector in late winter. To investigate the influence of Arctic climate change on mid-latitude circulation changes, two differing approaches with transient and fixed sea ice conditions are chosen. Neither ICON approach exhibits the mid-latitude tropospheric negative Arctic Oscillation circulation response to amplified Arctic warming, as it is discussed on the basis of observational evidence. Nevertheless, adding a new model to the current and active discussion on Arctic-midlatitude linkages, further contributes to the understanding of divergent conclusions between model and observational studies.
In our daily life, recurrence plays an important role on many spatial and temporal scales and in different contexts. It is the foundation of learning, be it in an evolutionary or in a neural context. It therefore seems natural that recurrence is also a fundamental concept in theoretical dynamical systems science. The way in which states of a system recur or develop in a similar way from similar initial states makes it possible to infer information about the underlying dynamics of the system. The mathematical space in which we define the state of a system (state space) is often high dimensional, especially in complex systems that can also exhibit chaotic dynamics. The recurrence plot (RP) enables us to visualize the recurrences of any high-dimensional systems in a two-dimensional, binary representation. Certain patterns in RPs can be related to physical properties of the underlying system, making the qualitative and quantitative analysis of RPs an integral part of nonlinear systems science. The presented work has a methodological focus and further develops recurrence analysis (RA) by addressing current research questions related to an increasing amount of available data and advances in machine learning techniques. By automatizing a central step in RA, namely the reconstruction of the state space from measured experimental time series, and by investigating the impact of important free parameters this thesis aims to make RA more accessible to researchers outside of physics.
The first part of this dissertation is concerned with the reconstruction of the state space from time series. To this end, a novel idea is proposed which automates the reconstruction problem in the sense that there is no need to preprocesse the data or estimate parameters a priori. The key idea is that the goodness of a reconstruction can be evaluated by a suitable objective function and that this function is minimized in the embedding process. In addition, the new method can process multivariate time series input data. This is particularly important because multi-channel sensor-based observations are ubiquitous in many research areas and continue to increase. Building on this, the described minimization problem of the objective function is then processed using a machine learning approach.
In the second part technical and methodological aspects of RA are discussed. First, we mathematically justify the idea of setting the most influential free parameter in RA, the recurrence threshold ε, in relation to the distribution of all pairwise distances in the data. This is especially important when comparing different RPs and their quantification statistics and is fundamental to any comparative study. Second, some aspects of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) are examined. As correction schemes for biased RQA statistics, which are based on diagonal lines, we propose a simple method for dealing with border effects of an RP in RQA and a skeletonization algorithm for RPs. This results in less biased (diagonal line based) RQA statistics for flow-like data. Third, a novel type of RQA characteristic is developed, which can be viewed as a generalized non-linear powerspectrum of high dimensional systems. The spike powerspectrum transforms a spike-train like signal into its frequency domain. When transforming the diagonal line-dependent recurrence rate (τ-RR) of a RP in this way, characteristic periods, which can be seen in the state space representation of the system can be unraveled. This is not the case, when Fourier transforming τ-RR.
Finally, RA and RQA are applied to climate science in the third part and neuroscience in the fourth part. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time RPs and RQA have been used to analyze lake sediment data in a paleoclimate context. Therefore, we first elaborate on the basic formalism and the interpretation of visually visible patterns in RPs in relation to the underlying proxy data. We show that these patterns can be used to classify certain types of variability and transitions in the Potassium record from six short (< 17m) sediment cores collected during the Chew Bahir Drilling Project. Building on this, the long core (∼ m composite) from the same site is analyzed and two types of variability and transitions are
identified and compared with ODP Site wetness index from the eastern Mediterranean. Type variability likely reflects the influence of precessional forcing in the lower latitudes at times of maximum values of the long eccentricity cycle ( kyr) of the earth’s orbit around the sun, with a tendency towards extreme events. Type variability appears to be related to the minimum values of this cycle and corresponds to fairly rapid transitions between relatively dry and relatively wet conditions.
In contrast, RQA has been applied in the neuroscientific context for almost two decades. In the final part, RQA statistics are used to quantify the complexity in a specific frequency band of multivariate EEG (electroencephalography) data. By analyzing experimental data, it can be shown that the complexity of the signal measured in this way across the sensorimotor cortex decreases as motor tasks are performed. The results are consistent with and comple- ment the well known concepts of motor-related brain processes. We assume that the thus discovered features of neuronal dynamics in the sensorimotor cortex together with the robust RQA methods for identifying and classifying these contribute to the non-invasive EEG-based development of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for motor control and rehabilitation.
The present work is an important step towards a robust analysis of complex systems based on recurrence.
Anomalous-diffusion, the departure of the spreading dynamics of diffusing particles from the traditional law of Brownian-motion, is a signature feature of a large number of complex soft-matter and biological systems. Anomalous-diffusion emerges due to a variety of physical mechanisms, e.g., trapping interactions or the viscoelasticity of the environment. However, sometimes systems dynamics are erroneously claimed to be anomalous, despite the fact that the true motion is Brownian—or vice versa. This ambiguity in establishing whether the dynamics as normal or anomalous can have far-reaching consequences, e.g., in predictions for reaction- or relaxation-laws. Demonstrating that a system exhibits normal- or anomalous-diffusion is highly desirable for a vast host of applications. Here, we present a criterion for anomalous-diffusion based on the method of power-spectral analysis of single trajectories. The robustness of this criterion is studied for trajectories of fractional-Brownian-motion, a ubiquitous stochastic process for the description of anomalous-diffusion, in the presence of two types of measurement errors. In particular, we find that our criterion is very robust for subdiffusion. Various tests on surrogate data in absence or presence of additional positional noise demonstrate the efficacy of this method in practical contexts. Finally, we provide a proof-of-concept based on diverse experiments exhibiting both normal and anomalous-diffusion.
Anomalous-diffusion, the departure of the spreading dynamics of diffusing particles from the traditional law of Brownian-motion, is a signature feature of a large number of complex soft-matter and biological systems. Anomalous-diffusion emerges due to a variety of physical mechanisms, e.g., trapping interactions or the viscoelasticity of the environment. However, sometimes systems dynamics are erroneously claimed to be anomalous, despite the fact that the true motion is Brownian—or vice versa. This ambiguity in establishing whether the dynamics as normal or anomalous can have far-reaching consequences, e.g., in predictions for reaction- or relaxation-laws. Demonstrating that a system exhibits normal- or anomalous-diffusion is highly desirable for a vast host of applications. Here, we present a criterion for anomalous-diffusion based on the method of power-spectral analysis of single trajectories. The robustness of this criterion is studied for trajectories of fractional-Brownian-motion, a ubiquitous stochastic process for the description of anomalous-diffusion, in the presence of two types of measurement errors. In particular, we find that our criterion is very robust for subdiffusion. Various tests on surrogate data in absence or presence of additional positional noise demonstrate the efficacy of this method in practical contexts. Finally, we provide a proof-of-concept based on diverse experiments exhibiting both normal and anomalous-diffusion.
Towards a full quantitative description of single-molecule reaction kinetics in biological cells
(2018)
The first-passage time (FPT), i.e., the moment when a stochastic process reaches a given threshold value for the first time, is a fundamental mathematical concept with immediate applications. In particular, it quantifies the statistics of instances when biomolecules in a biological cell reach their specific binding sites and trigger cellular regulation. Typically, the first-passage properties are given in terms of mean first-passage times. However, modern experiments now monitor single-molecular binding-processes in living cells and thus provide access to the full statistics of the underlying first-passage events, in particular, inherent cell-to-cell fluctuations. We here present a robust explicit approach for obtaining the distribution of FPTs to a small partially reactive target in cylindrical-annulus domains, which represent typical bacterial and neuronal cell shapes. We investigate various asymptotic behaviours of this FPT distribution and show that it is typically very broad in many biological situations, thus, the mean FPT can differ from the most probable FPT by orders of magnitude. The most probable FPT is shown to strongly depend only on the starting position within the geometry and to be almost independent of the target size and reactivity. These findings demonstrate the dramatic relevance of knowing the full distribution of FPTs and thus open new perspectives for a more reliable description of many intracellular processes initiated by the arrival of one or few biomolecules to a small, spatially localised region inside the cell.
This paper presents the concept of a community-accessible stratospheric balloon-based observatory that is currently under preparation by a consortium of European research institutes and industry. We present the technical motivation, science case, instrumentation, and a two-stage image stabilization approach of the 0.5-m UV/visible platform. In addition, we briefly describe the novel mid-sized stabilized balloon gondola under design to carry telescopes in the 0.5 to 0.6 m range as well as the currently considered flight option for this platform. Secondly, we outline the scientific and technical motivation for a large balloon-based FIR telescope and the ESBO DS approach towards such an infrastructure.
We show that the equation proposed by Takeuchi and Argon to explain the creep behavior of Al-Mg solid solution can be used to describe also the creep behavior of pure aluminum. In this frame, it is possible to avoid the use of the classic pre-exponential fitting parameter in the power law equation to predict the minimum creep strain rate. The effect of the fractal arrangement of dislocations, developed at the mesoscale, must be considered to fully explain the experimental data. These ideas allow improving the recently introduced SSTC model, fully describing the primary and secondary creep regimes of aluminum alloys without the need for fitting. Creep data from commercially pure A199.8% and Al-Mg alloys tested at different temperatures and stresses are used to validate the proposed ideas.
Many cellular processes require decision making mechanisms, which must act reliably even in the unavoidable presence of substantial amounts of noise. However, the multistable genetic switches that underlie most decision-making processes are dominated by fluctuations that can induce random jumps between alternative cellular states. Here we show, via theoretical modeling of a population of noise-driven bistable genetic switches, that reliable timing of decision-making processes can be accomplished for large enough population sizes, as long as cells are globally coupled by chemical means. In the light of these results, we conjecture that cell proliferation, in the presence of cell-cell communication, could provide a mechanism for reliable decision making in the presence of noise, by triggering cellular transitions only when the whole cell population reaches a certain size. In other words , the summation performed by the cell population would average out the noise and reduce its detrimental impact.
In this thesis, I present my contributions to the field of ultrafast molecular spectroscopy. Using the molecule 2-thiouracil as an example, I use ultrashort x-ray pulses from free- electron lasers to study the relaxation dynamics of gas-phase molecular samples. Taking advantage of the x-ray typical element- and site-selectivity, I investigate the charge flow and geometrical changes in the excited states of 2-thiouracil.
In order to understand the photoinduced dynamics of molecules, knowledge about the ground-state structure and the relaxation after photoexcitation is crucial. Therefore, a part of this thesis covers the electronic ground-state spectroscopy of mainly 2-thiouracil to provide the basis for the time-resolved experiments. Many of the previously published studies that focused on the gas-phase time-resolved dynamics of thionated uracils after UV excitation relied on information from solution phase spectroscopy to determine the excitation energies. This is not an optimal strategy as solvents alter the absorption spec- trum and, hence, there is no guarantee that liquid-phase spectra resemble the gas-phase spectra. Therefore, I measured the UV-absorption spectra of all three thionated uracils to provide a gas-phase reference and, in combination with calculations, we determined the excited states involved in the transitions.
In contrast to the UV absorption, the literature on the x-ray spectroscopy of thionated uracil is sparse. Thus, we measured static photoelectron, Auger-Meitner and x-ray absorption spectra on the sulfur L edge before or parallel to the time-resolved experiments we performed at FLASH (DESY, Hamburg). In addition, (so far unpublished) measurements were performed at the synchrotron SOLEIL (France) which have been included in this thesis and show the spin-orbit splitting of the S 2p photoline and its satellite which was not observed at the free-electron laser.
The relaxation of 2-thiouracil has been studied extensively in recent years with ultrafast visible and ultraviolet methods showing the ultrafast nature of the molecular process after photoexcitation. Ultrafast spectroscopy probing the core-level electrons provides a complementary approach to common optical ultrafast techniques. The method inherits its local sensitivity from the strongly localised core electrons. The core energies and core-valence transitions are strongly affected by local valence charge and geometry changes, and past studies have utilised this sensitivity to investigate the molecular process reflected by the ultrafast dynamics. We have built an apparatus that provides the requirements to perform time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy on molecules in the gas phase. With the apparatus, we performed UV-pump x-ray-probe electron spectroscopy on the S 2p edge of 2-thiouracil using the free-electron laser FLASH2. While the UV triggers the relaxation dynamics, the x-ray probes the single sulfur atom inside the molecule. I implemented photoline self-referencing for the photoelectron spectral analysis. This minimises the spectral jitter of the FEL, which is due to the underlying self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) process. With this approach, we were not only able to study dynamical changes in the binding energy of the electrons but also to detect an oscillatory behaviour in the shift of the observed photoline, which we associate with non-adiabatic dynamics involving several electronic states. Moreover, we were able to link the UV-induced shift in binding energy to the local charge flow at the sulfur which is directly connected to the electronic state. Furthermore, the analysis of the Auger-Meitner electrons shows that energy shifts observed at early stages of the photoinduced relaxation are related to the geometry change in the molecule. More specifically, the observed increase in kinetic energy of the Auger-Meitner electrons correlates with a previously predicted C=S bond stretch.
The electric field-dependence of structural dynamics in a tetragonal ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate thin film is investigated under subcoercive and above-coercive fields using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. The domain nucleation and growth are monitored in real time during the application of an external field to the prepoled thin film capacitor. We propose the observed broadening of the in-plane peak width of the symmetric 002 Bragg reflection as an indicator of the domain disorder and discuss the processes that change the measured peak intensity. Subcoercive field switching results in remnant disordered domain configurations. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
Modern stationary X-ray spectroscopy is unable to resolve rotational structure.
In the present paper, we propose to use time-resolved two color X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy with picosecond resolution for real-time monitoring of the rotational dynamics induced by the recoil effect.
The proposed technique consists of two steps.
The first short pump X-ray pulse ionizes the valence electron, which transfers angular momentum to the molecule.
The second time-delayed short probe X-ray pulse resonantly excites a 1s electron to the created valence hole.
Due to the recoil-induced angular momentum the molecule rotates and changes the orientation of transition dipole moment of core-excitation with respect to the transition dipole moment of the valence ionization, which results in a temporal modulation of the probe X-ray absorption as a function of the delay time between the pulses.
We developed an accurate theory of the X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy of the recoil-induced rotation and study how the energy of the photoelectron and thermal dephasing affect the structure of the time-dependent X-ray absorption using the CO molecule as a case-study.
We also discuss the feasibility of experimental observation of our theoretical findings, opening new perspectives in studies of molecular rotational dynamics.
A new variant of the Laser-Induced Pressure-Pulse (LIPP) method for repeatable, time-resolved space-charge profile measurements is proposed and demonstrated. Automated deposition of a fresh laser-target film before each illumination leads to good repeatability of the LIPP and thus allows for the detection of time-resolved changes in the space-charge distribution over many hours. We describe and discuss the experimental setup and its features, compare the repeatability of the LIPP measurements on the same sample without and with re-preparation of the test cell, and present the time-resolved evolution of the space-charge profile in a two-layer arrangement of a silicone-grease and a silicone-elastomer film as an example. Finally, the temperature dependence of the space-charge evolution during polarization under high voltage and during depolarization in short circuit is shown. Possible uses and future developments of the new LIPP approach are also discussed.
The prototypical photoinduced dissociation of Fe(CO)(5) in the gas phase is used to test time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for studying photochemical reactions. Upon one-photon excitation at 266 nm, Fe(CO)(5) successively dissociates to Fe(CO)(4) and Fe(CO)(3) along a pathway where both fragments retain the singlet multiplicity of Fe(CO)(5). The x-ray free-electron laser FLASH is used to probe the reaction intermediates Fe(CO)(4) and Fe(CO)(3) with time-resolved valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, and experimental results are interpreted with ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Changes in the valence photoelectron spectra are shown to reflect changes in the valenceorbital interactions upon Fe-CO dissociation, thereby validating fundamental theoretical concepts in Fe-CO bonding. Chemical shifts of CO 3 sigma inner-valence and Fe 3 sigma core-level binding energies are shown to correlate with changes in the coordination number of the Fe center. We interpret this with coordination-dependent charge localization and core-hole screening based on calculated changes in electron densities upon core-hole creation in the final ionic states. This extends the established capabilities of steady-state electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis to time-resolved investigations. It could also serve as a benchmark for howcharge and spin density changes in molecular dissociation and excited-state dynamics are expressed in valence and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. Published by AIP Publishing.
Time-resolved crystallography reveals allosteric communication aligned with molecular breathing
(2019)
A comprehensive understanding of protein function demands correlating structure and dynamic changes. Using time-resolved serial synchrotron crystallography, we visualized half-of-the-sites reactivity and correlated molecular-breathing motions in the enzyme fluoroacetate dehalogenase. Eighteen time points from 30 milliseconds to 30 seconds cover four turnover cycles of the irreversible reaction. They reveal sequential substrate binding, covalent-intermediate formation, setup of a hydrolytic water molecule, and product release. Small structural changes of the protein mold and variations in the number and placement of water molecules accompany the various chemical steps of catalysis. Triggered by enzyme-ligand interactions, these repetitive changes in the protein framework’s dynamics and entropy constitute crucial components of the catalytic machinery.
The supercritical Hopf bifurcation is one of the simplest ways in which a stationary state of a nonlinear system can undergo a transition to stable self-sustained oscillations. At the bifurcation point, a small-amplitude limit cycle is born, which already at onset displays a finite frequency. If we consider a reaction-diffusion system that undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, its dynamics is described by the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE). Here, we study such a system in the parameter regime where the CGLE shows spatio-temporal chaos. We review a type of time-delay feedback methods which is suitable to suppress chaos and replace it by other spatio-temporal solutions such as uniform oscillations, plane waves, standing waves, and the stationary state.
How do near-bankruptcy events in the past affect the dynamics of stock-market prices in the future? Specifically, what are the long-time properties of a time-local exponential growth of stock-market prices under the influence of stochastically occurring economic crashes? Here, we derive the ensemble- and time-averaged properties of the respective "economic" or geometric Brownian motion (GBM) with a nonzero drift exposed to a Poissonian constant-rate price-restarting process of "resetting." We examine-based both on thorough analytical calculations and on findings from systematic stochastic computer simulations-the general situation of reset GBM with a nonzero [positive] drift and for all special cases emerging for varying parameters of drift, volatility, and reset rate in the model. We derive and summarize all short- and long-time dependencies for the mean-squared displacement (MSD), the variance, and the mean time-averaged MSD (TAMSD) of the process of Poisson-reset GBM under the conditions of both rare and frequent resetting. We consider three main regions of model parameters and categorize the crossovers between different functional behaviors of the statistical quantifiers of this process. The analytical relations are fully supported by the results of computer simulations. In particular, we obtain that Poisson-reset GBM is a nonergodic stochastic process, with generally MSD(Delta) not equal TAMSD(Delta) and Variance(Delta) not equal TAMSD(Delta) at short lag times Delta and for long trajectory lengths T. We investigate the behavior of the ergodicity-breaking parameter in each of the three regions of parameters and examine its dependence on the rate of reset at Delta/T << 1. Applications of these theoretical results to the analysis of prices of reset-containing options are pertinent.
We investigate the effects of a time-delayed all-to-all coupling scheme in a large population of oscillators with natural frequencies following a bimodal distribution. The regions of parameter space corresponding to synchronized and incoherent solutions are obtained both numerically and analytically for particular frequency distributions. In particular, we find that bimodality introduces a new time scale that results in a quasiperiodic disposition of the regions of incoherence.
We introduce three strategies for the analysis of financial time series based on time averaged observables. These comprise the time averaged mean squared displacement (MSD) as well as the ageing and delay time methods for varying fractions of the financial time series. We explore these concepts via statistical analysis of historic time series for several Dow Jones Industrial indices for the period from the 1960s to 2015. Remarkably, we discover a simple universal law for the delay time averaged MSD. The observed features of the financial time series dynamics agree well with our analytical results for the time averaged measurables for geometric Brownian motion, underlying the famed Black–Scholes–Merton model. The concepts we promote here are shown to be useful for financial data analysis and enable one to unveil new universal features of stock market dynamics.
We introduce three strategies for the analysis of financial time series based on time averaged observables. These comprise the time averaged mean squared displacement (MSD) as well as the ageing and delay time methods for varying fractions of the financial time series. We explore these concepts via statistical analysis of historic time series for several Dow Jones Industrial indices for the period from the 1960s to 2015. Remarkably, we discover a simple universal law for the delay time averaged MSD. The observed features of the financial time series dynamics agree well with our analytical results for the time averaged measurables for geometric Brownian motion, underlying the famed Black–Scholes–Merton model. The concepts we promote here are shown to be useful for financial data analysis and enable one to unveil new universal features of stock market dynamics.
How different are the results of constant-rate resetting of anomalous-diffusion processes in terms of their ensemble-averaged versus time-averaged mean-squared displacements (MSDs versus TAMSDs) and how does stochastic resetting impact nonergodicity? We examine, both analytically and by simulations, the implications of resetting on the MSD- and TAMSD-based spreading dynamics of particles executing fractional Brownian motion (FBM) with a long-time memory, heterogeneous diffusion processes (HDPs) with a power-law space-dependent diffusivity D(x) = D0|x|gamma and their "combined" process of HDP-FBM. We find, inter alia, that the resetting dynamics of originally ergodic FBM for superdiffusive Hurst exponents develops disparities in scaling and magnitudes of the MSDs and mean TAMSDs indicating weak ergodicity breaking. For subdiffusive HDPs we also quantify the nonequivalence of the MSD and TAMSD and observe a new trimodal form of the probability density function. For reset FBM, HDPs and HDP-FBM we compute analytically and verify by simulations the short-time MSD and TAMSD asymptotes and long-time plateaus reminiscent of those for processes under confinement. We show that certain characteristics of these reset processes are functionally similar despite a different stochastic nature of their nonreset variants. Importantly, we discover nonmonotonicity of the ergodicitybreaking parameter EB as a function of the resetting rate r. For all reset processes studied we unveil a pronounced resetting-induced nonergodicity with a maximum of EB at intermediate r and EB similar to(1/r )-decay at large r. Alongside the emerging MSD-versus-TAMSD disparity, this r-dependence of EB can be an experimentally testable prediction. We conclude by discussing some implications to experimental systems featuring resetting dynamics.
How ergodic is diffusion under harmonic confinements? How strongly do ensemble- and time-averaged displacements differ for a thermally-agitated particle performing confined motion for different initial conditions? We here study these questions for the generic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process and derive the analytical expressions for the second and fourth moment. These quantifiers are particularly relevant for the increasing number of single-particle tracking experiments using optical traps. For a fixed starting position, we discuss the definitions underlying the ensemble averages. We also quantify effects of equilibrium and nonequilibrium initial particle distributions onto the relaxation properties and emerging nonequivalence of the ensemble- and time-averaged displacements (even in the limit of long trajectories). We derive analytical expressions for the ergodicity breaking parameter quantifying the amplitude scatter of individual time-averaged trajectories, both for equilibrium and outof-equilibrium initial particle positions, in the entire range of lag times. Our analytical predictions are in excellent agreement with results of computer simulations of the Langevin equation in a parabolic potential. We also examine the validity of the Einstein relation for the ensemble- and time-averaged moments of the OU-particle. Some physical systems, in which the relaxation and nonergodic features we unveiled may be observable, are discussed.
Time and angle-resolved time-of-flight electron spectroscopy for functional materials science
(2022)
Electron spectroscopy with the unprecedented transmission of angle-resolved time-of-flight detection, in combination with pulsed X-ray sources, brings new impetus to functional materials science.
We showcase recent developments towards chemical sensitivity from electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and structural information from photoelectron diffraction using the phase transition properties of 1T-TaS2.
Our development platform is the SurfaceDynamics instrument located at the Femtoslicing facility at BESSY II, where femtosecond and picosecond X-ray pulses can be generated and extracted.
The scientific potential is put into perspective to the current rapidly developing pulsed X-ray source capabilities from Lasers and Free-Electron Lasers.
Tikhonov regularization with oversmoothing penalty for linear statistical inverse learning problems
(2019)
In this paper, we consider the linear ill-posed inverse problem with noisy data in the statistical learning setting. The Tikhonov regularization scheme in Hilbert scales is considered in the reproducing kernel Hilbert space framework to reconstruct the estimator from the random noisy data. We discuss the rates of convergence for the regularized solution under the prior assumptions and link condition. For regression functions with smoothness given in terms of source conditions the error bound can explicitly be established.
How different microscopic mechanisms of ultrafast spin dynamics coexist and interplay is not only relevant for the development of spintronics but also for the thorough description of physical systems out-of-equilibrium. In pure crystalline ferromagnets, one of the main microscopic mechanism of spin relaxation is the electron-phonon (el-ph) driven spin-flip, or Elliott-Yafet, scattering. Unexpectedly, recent experiments with ferro- and ferrimagnetic alloys have shown different dynamics for the different sublattices. These distinct sublattice dynamics are contradictory to the Elliott-Yafet scenario. In order to rationalize this discrepancy, it has been proposed that the intra- and intersublattice exchange interaction energies must be considered in the microscopic demagnetization mechanism, too. Here, using a temperature-dependent x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) method, we address experimentally the element specific el-ph angular momentum transfer rates, responsible for the spin-flips in the respective (sub)lattices of Fe20Ni80, Fe50Ni50 and pure nickel single crystals. We establish how the deduced rate evolution with the temperature is linked to the exchange coupling constants reported for different alloy stoichiometries and how sublattice exchange energies threshold the related el-ph spin-flip channels. Thus, these results evidence that the Elliott-Yafet spin-flip scattering, thresholded by sublattice exchange energies, is the relevant microscopic process to describe sublattice dynamics in alloys and elemental magnetic systems.
A key non-destructive technique for analysis, optimization and developing of new functional materials such as sensors, transducers, electro-optical and memory devices is presented. The Thermal-Pulse Tomography (TPT) provides high-resolution three-dimensional images of electric field and polarization distribution in a material. This thermal technique use a pulsed heating by means of focused laser light which is absorbed by opaque electrodes. The diffusion of the heat causes changes in the sample geometry, generating a short-circuit current or change in surface potential, which contains information about the spatial distribution of electric dipoles or space charges. Afterwards, a reconstruction of the internal electric field and polarization distribution in the material is possible via Scale Transformation or Regularization methods. In this way, the TPT was used for the first time to image the inhomogeneous ferroelectric switching in polymer ferroelectric films (candidates to memory devices). The results shows the typical pinning of electric dipoles in the ferroelectric polymer under study and support the previous hypotheses of a ferroelectric reversal at a grain level via nucleation and growth. In order to obtain more information about the impact of the lateral and depth resolution of the thermal techniques, the TPT and its counterpart called Focused Laser Intensity Modulation Method (FLIMM) were implemented in ferroelectric films with grid-shaped electrodes. The results from both techniques, after the data analysis with different regularization and scale methods, are in total agreement. It was also revealed a possible overestimated lateral resolution of the FLIMM and highlights the TPT method as the most efficient and reliable thermal technique. After an improvement in the optics, the Thermal-Pulse Tomography method was implemented in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) films, which are used in electro-optical applications. The results indicated a possible electrostatic interaction between the COH group in the liquid crystals and the fluorinate atoms of the used ferroelectric matrix. The geometrical parameters of the LC droplets were partially reproduced as they were compared with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. For further applications, it is suggested the use of a non-strong-ferroelectric polymer matrix. In an effort to develop new polymerferroelectrets and for optimizing their properties, new multilayer systems were inspected. The results of the TPT method showed the non-uniformity of the internal electric-field distribution in the shaped-macrodipoles and thus suggested the instability of the sample. Further investigation on multilayers ferroelectrets was suggested and the implementation of less conductive polymers layers too.
This thesis covers the topic ”Thinning and Turbulence in Aqueous Films”. Experimental studies in two-dimensional systems gained an increasing amount of attention during the last decade. Thin liquid films serve as paradigms of atmospheric convection, thermal convection in the Earth’s mantle or turbulence in magnetohydrodynamics. Recent research on colloids, interfaces and nanofluids lead to advances in the developtment of micro-mixers (lab-on-a-chip devices). In this project a detailed description of a thin film experiment with focus on the particular surface forces is presented. The impact of turbulence on the thinning of liquid films which are oriented parallel to the gravitational force is studied. An experimental setup was developed which permits the capturing of thin film interference patterns under controlled surface and atmospheric conditions. The measurement setup also serves as a prototype of a mixer on the basis of thermally induced turbulence in liquid thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer range. The convection is realized by placing a cooled copper rod in the center of the film. The temperature gradient between the rod and the atmosphere results in a density gradient in the liquid film, so that different buoyancies generate turbulence. In the work at hand the thermally driven convection is characterized by a newly developed algorithm, named Cluster Imaging Velocimetry (CIV). This routine determines the flow relevant vector fields (velocity and deformation). On the basis of these insights the flow in the experiment was investigated with respect to its mixing properties. The mixing characteristics were compared to theoretical models and mixing efficiency of the flow scheme calculated. The gravitationally driven thinning of the liquid film was analyzed under the influence of turbulence. Strong shear forces lead to the generation of ultra-thin domains which consist of Newton black film. Due to the exponential expansion of the thin areas and the efficient mixing, this two-phase flow rapidly turns into the convection of only ultra-thin film. This turbulence driven transition was observed and quantified for the first time. The existence of stable convection in liquid nanofilms was proven for the first time in the context of this work.
Thermophony in real gases
(2016)
A thermophone is an electrical device for sound generation. The advantages of thermophones over conventional sound transducers such as electromagnetic, electrostatic or piezoelectric transducers are their operational principle which does not require any moving parts, their resonance-free behavior, their simple construction and their low production costs.
In this PhD thesis, a novel theoretical model of thermophonic sound generation in real gases has been developed. The model is experimentally validated in a frequency range from 2 kHz to 1 MHz by testing more then fifty thermophones of different materials, including Carbon nano-wires, Titanium, Indium-Tin-Oxide, different sizes and shapes for sound generation in gases such as air, argon, helium, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur hexafluoride.
Unlike previous approaches, the presented model can be applied to different kinds of thermophones and various gases, taking into account the thermodynamic properties of thermophone materials and of adjacent gases, degrees of freedom and the volume occupied by the gas atoms and molecules, as well as sound attenuation effects, the shape and size of the thermophone surface and the reduction of the generated acoustic power due to photonic emission. As a result, the model features better prediction accuracy than the existing models by a factor up to 100. Moreover, the new model explains previous experimental findings on thermophones which can not be explained with the existing models.
The acoustic properties of the thermophones have been tested in several gases using unique, highly precise experimental setups comprising a Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer combined with a thin polyethylene film which acts as a broadband and resonance-free sound-pressure detector. Several outstanding properties of the thermophones have been demonstrated for the first time, including the ability to generate arbitrarily shaped acoustic signals, a greater acoustic efficiency compared to conventional piezoelectric and electrostatic airborne ultrasound transducers, and applicability as powerful and tunable sound sources with a bandwidth up to the megahertz range and beyond.
Additionally, new applications of thermophones such as the study of physical properties of gases, the thermo-acoustic gas spectroscopy, broad-band characterization of transfer functions of sound and ultrasound detection systems, and applications in non-destructive materials testing are discussed and experimentally demonstrated.
We characterize finite-time thermodynamic processes of multidimensional quadratic overdamped systems.
Analytic expressions are provided for heat, work, and dissipation for any evolution of the system covariance matrix.
The Bures-Wasserstein metric between covariance matrices naturally emerges as the local quantifier of dissipation.
General principles of how to apply these geometric tools to identify optimal protocols are discussed.
Focusing on the relevant slow-driving limit, we show how these results can be used to analyze cases in which the experimental control over the system is partial.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Methoden der Erdsystemanalyse auf die Untersuchung der Habitabilität terrestrischer Exoplaneten angewandt. Mit Hilfe eines parametrisierten Konvektionsmodells für die Erde wird die thermische Evolution von terrestrischen Planeten berechnet. Bei zunehmender Leuchtkraft des Zentralsterns wird über den globalen Karbonat-Silikat-Kreislauf das planetare Klima stabilisiert. Für eine photosynthetisch-aktive Biosphäre, die in einem bestimmten Temperaturbereich bei hinreichender CO2-Konzentration existieren kann, wird eine Überlebenspanne abgeschätzt. Der Abstandsbereich um einen Stern, in dem eine solche Biosphäre produktiv ist, wird als photosynthetisch-aktive habitable Zone (pHZ) definiert und berechnet. Der Zeitpunkt, zu dem die pHZ in einem extrasolaren Planetensystem endgültig verschwindet, ist die maximale Lebenspanne der Biosphäre. Für Supererden, massereiche terrestrische Planeten, ist sie umso länger, je massereicher der Planet ist und umso kürzer, je mehr er mit Kontinenten bedeckt ist. Für Supererden, die keine ausgeprägten Wasser- oder Landwelten sind, skaliert die maximale Lebenspanne mit der Planetenmasse mit einem Exponenten von 0,14. Um K- und M-Sterne ist die Überlebensspanne einer Biosphäre auf einem Planeten immer durch die maximale Lebensspanne bestimmt und nicht durch das Ende der Hauptreihenentwicklung des Zentralsterns limitiert. Das pHZ-Konzept wird auf das extrasolare Planetensystem Gliese 581 angewandt. Danach könnte die 8-Erdmassen-Supererde Gliese 581d habitabel sein. Basierend auf dem vorgestellten pHZ-Konzept wird erstmals die von Ward und Brownlee 1999 aufgestellte Rare-Earth-Hypothese für die Milchstraße quantifiziert. Diese Hypothese besagt, dass komplexes Leben im Universum vermutlich sehr selten ist, wohingegen primitives Leben weit verbreitet sein könnte. Unterschiedliche Temperatur- und CO2-Toleranzen sowie ein unterschiedlicher Einfluss auf die Verwitterung für komplexe und primitive Lebensformen führt zu unterschiedlichen Grenzen der pHZ und zu einer unterschiedlichen Abschätzung für die Anzahl der Planeten, die mit den entsprechenden Lebensformen besiedelt sein könnten. Dabei ergibt sich, dass komplex besiedelte Planeten heute etwa 100-mal seltener sein müssten als primitiv besiedelte.
Fast, three-dimensional polarization mapping in piezoelectric sensor cables was performed by means of the novel thermal-pulse tomography (TPT) technique with a lateral resolution of 200 mum. The active piezoelectric cable material (a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene) was electrically poled with a point-to-cable corona discharge. A focused laser was employed to heat the opaque outer electrode, and the short-circuit current generated by the thermal pulse was used to obtain 3D polarization maps via the scale transformation method. The article describes the TPT technique as a fast non-destructive option for studying cylindrical geometries.
Theory of mRNA degradation
(2012)
One of the central themes of biology is to understand how individual cells achieve a high fidelity in gene expression. Each cell needs to ensure accurate protein levels for its proper functioning and its capability to proliferate. Therefore, complex regulatory mechanisms have evolved in order to render the expression of each gene dependent on the expression level of (all) other genes. Regulation can occur at different stages within the framework of the central dogma of molecular biology. One very effective and relatively direct mechanism concerns the regulation of the stability of mRNAs. All organisms have evolved diverse and powerful mechanisms to achieve this. In order to better comprehend the regulation in living cells, biochemists have studied specific degradation mechanisms in detail. In addition to that, modern high-throughput techniques allow to obtain quantitative data on a global scale by parallel analysis of the decay patterns of many different mRNAs from different genes. In previous studies, the interpretation of these mRNA decay experiments relied on a simple theoretical description based on an exponential decay. However, this does not account for the complexity of the responsible mechanisms and, as a consequence, the exponential decay is often not in agreement with the experimental decay patterns. We have developed an improved and more general theory of mRNA degradation which provides a general framework of mRNA expression and allows describing specific degradation mechanisms. We have made an attempt to provide detailed models for the regulation in different organisms. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, different degradation pathways are known to compete and furthermore most of them rely on the biochemical modification of mRNA molecules. In bacteria such as E. coli, degradation proceeds primarily endonucleolytically, i.e. it is governed by the initial cleavage within the coding region. In addition, it is often coupled to the level of maturity and the size of the polysome of an mRNA. Both for S. cerevisiae and E. coli, our descriptions lead to a considerable improvement of the interpretation of experimental data. The general outcome is that the degradation of mRNA must be described by an age-dependent degradation rate, which can be interpreted as a consequence of molecular aging of mRNAs. Within our theory, we find adequate ways to address this much debated topic from a theoretical perspective. The improvements of the understanding of mRNA degradation can be readily applied to further comprehend the mRNA expression under different internal or environmental conditions such as after the induction of transcription or stress application. Also, the role of mRNA decay can be assessed in the context of translation and protein synthesis. The ultimate goal in understanding gene regulation mediated by mRNA stability will be to identify the relevance and biological function of different mechanisms. Once more quantitative data will become available, our description allows to elaborate the role of each mechanism by devising a suitable model.
Theoretical Fluid Dynamics
(2019)
In this work we present spectra of all gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows that have been promptly observed with the X-shooter spectrograph until 31/03/2017. In total, we have obtained spectroscopic observations of 103 individual GRBs observed within 48 hours of the GRB trigger. Redshifts have been measured for 97 per cent of these, covering a redshift range from 0.059 to 7.84. Based on a set of observational selection criteria that minimise biases with regards to intrinsic properties of the GRBs, the follow-up effort has been focused on producing a homogeneously selected sample of 93 afterglow spectra for GRBs discovered by the Swift satellite. We here provide a public release of all the reduced spectra, including continuum estimates and telluric absorption corrections. For completeness, we also provide reductions for the 18 late-time observations of the underlying host galaxies. We provide an assessment of the degree of completeness with respect to the parent GRB population, in terms of the X-ray properties of the bursts in the sample and find that the sample presented here is representative of the full Swift sample. We have constrained the fraction of dark bursts to be <28 per cent and confirm previous results that higher optical darkness is correlated with increased X-ray absorption. For the 42 bursts for which it is possible, we have provided a measurement of the neutral hydrogen column density, increasing the total number of published HI column density measurements by similar to 33 per cent. This dataset provides a unique resource to study the ISM across cosmic time, from the local progenitor surroundings to the intervening Universe.
Context. Massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars dominate the radiative and mechanical energy budget of galaxies and probe a critical phase in the evolution of massive stars prior to core collapse. It is not known whether core He-burning WR stars (classical WR; cWR) form predominantly through wind stripping (w-WR) or binary stripping (b-WR). Whereas spectroscopy of WR binaries has so-far largely been avoided because of its complexity, our study focuses on the 44 WR binaries and binary candidates of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC; metallicity Z approximate to 0.5 Z(circle dot)), which were identified on the basis of radial velocity variations, composite spectra, or high X-ray luminosities. Aims. Relying on a diverse spectroscopic database, we aim to derive the physical and orbital parameters of our targets, confronting evolution models of evolved massive stars at subsolar metallicity and constraining the impact of binary interaction in forming these stars. Methods. Spectroscopy was performed using the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) code and cross-correlation techniques. Disentanglement was performed using the code Spectangular or the shift-and-add algorithm. Evolutionary status was interpreted using the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (BPASS) code, exploring binary interaction and chemically homogeneous evolution. Results. Among our sample, 28/44 objects show composite spectra and are analyzed as such. An additional five targets show periodically moving WR primaries but no detected companions (SB1); two (BAT99 99 and 112) are potential WR + compact-object candidates owing to their high X-ray luminosities. We cannot confirm the binary nature of the remaining 11 candidates. About two-thirds of the WN components in binaries are identified as cWR, and one-third as hydrogen-burning WR stars. We establish metallicity-dependent mass-loss recipes, which broadly agree with those recently derived for single WN stars, and in which so-called WN3/O3 stars are clear outliers. We estimate that 45 +/- 30% of the cWR stars in our sample have interacted with a companion via mass transfer. However, only approximate to 12 +/- 7% of the cWR stars in our sample naively appear to have formed purely owing to stripping via a companion (12% b-WR). Assuming that apparently single WR stars truly formed as single stars, this comprises approximate to 4% of the whole LMC WN population, which is about ten times less than expected. No obvious differences in the properties of single and binary WN stars, whose luminosities extend down to log L approximate to 5.2 [L-circle dot], are apparent. With the exception of a few systems (BAT99 19, 49, and 103), the equatorial rotational velocities of the OB-type companions are moderate (v(eq) less than or similar to 250 km s(-1)) and challenge standard formalisms of angular-momentum accretion. For most objects, chemically homogeneous evolution can be rejected for the secondary, but not for the WR progenitor. Conclusions. No obvious dichotomy in the locations of apparently single and binary WN stars on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is apparent. According to commonly used stellar evolution models (BPASS, Geneva), most apparently single WN stars could not have formed as single stars, implying that they were stripped by an undetected companion. Otherwise, it must follow that pre-WR mass-loss/mixing (e.g., during the red supergiant phase) are strongly underestimated in standard stellar evolution models.
We study the hierarchical stellar structures in a similar to 1.5 deg(2) area covering the 30. Doradus-N158-N159-N160 starforming complex with the VISTA Survey of. Magellanic Clouds. Based on the young upper main-sequence stars, we find that the surface densities cover a wide range of values, from log(Sigma.pc(2))less than or similar to -2.0 to log(Sigma. pc(2)) greater than or similar to 0.0. Their distributions are highly non-uniform, showing groups that frequently have subgroups inside. The sizes of the stellar groups do not exhibit characteristic values, and range continuously from several parsecs to more than 100. pc; the cumulative size distribution can be well described by a single power law, with the power-law index indicating a projected fractal dimension D-2 = 1.6 +/- 0.3. We suggest that the phenomena revealed here support a scenario of hierarchical star formation. Comparisons with other star-forming regions and galaxies are also discussed.
The time-dependent Schrödinger equation in non-integer dimensions for constrained quantum motion
(2020)
We propose a theoretical model, based on a generalized Schroedinger equation, to study the behavior of a constrained quantum system in non-integer, lower than two-dimensional space. The non-integer dimensional space is formed as a product space X x Y, comprising x-coordinate with a Hausdorff measure of dimension alpha(1) = D -1 (1 < D < 2) and y-coordinate with the Lebesgue measure of dimension of length (alpha(2) = 1). Geometric constraints are set at y = 0. Two different approaches to find the Green's function are employed, both giving the same form in terms of the Fox H-function. For D = 2, the solution for two-dimensional quantum motion on a comb is recovered. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Context:
Massive binaries play a crucial role in the Universe. Knowing the distributions of their orbital parameters is important for a wide range of topics from stellar feedback to binary evolution channels and from the distribution of supernova types to gravitational wave progenitors, yet no direct measurements exist outside the Milky Way.
Aims:
The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring project was designed to help fill this gap by obtaining multi-epoch radial velocity (RV) monitoring of 102 massive binaries in the 30 Doradus region.
Methods:
In this paper we analyze 32 FLAMES/GIRAFFE observations of 93 O- and 7 B-type binaries. We performed a Fourier analysis and obtained orbital solutions for 82 systems: 51 single-lined (SB1) and 31 double-lined (SB2) spectroscopic binaries.
Results:
Overall, the binary fraction and orbital properties across the 30 Doradus region are found to be similar to existing Galactic samples. This indicates that within these domains environmental effects are of second order in shaping the properties of massive binary systems. A small difference is found in the distribution of orbital periods, which is slightly flatter (in log space) in 30 Doradus than in the Galaxy, although this may be compatible within error estimates and differences in the fitting methodology. Also, orbital periods in 30 Doradus can be as short as 1.1 d, somewhat shorter than seen in Galactic samples. Equal mass binaries (q> 0.95) in 30 Doradus are all found outside NGC 2070, the central association that surrounds R136a, the very young and massive cluster at 30 Doradus’s core. Most of the differences, albeit small, are compatible with expectations from binary evolution. One outstanding exception, however, is the fact that earlier spectral types (O2–O7) tend to have shorter orbital periods than later spectral types (O9.2–O9.7).
Conclusions:
Our results point to a relative universality of the incidence rate of massive binaries and their orbital properties in the metallicity range from solar (Z⊙) to about half solar. This provides the first direct constraints on massive binary properties in massive star-forming galaxies at the Universe’s peak of star formation at redshifts z ~ 1 to 2 which are estimated to have Z ~ 0.5 Z⊙.
We present the first SB2 orbital solution and disentanglement of the massive Wolf-Rayet binary R145 (P = 159 d) located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The primary was claimed to have a stellar mass greater than 300 M-circle dot, making it a candidate for being the most massive star known to date. While the primary is a known late-type, H-rich Wolf-Rayet star (WN6h), the secondary has so far not been unambiguously detected. Using moderate-resolution spectra, we are able to derive accurate radial velocities for both components. By performing simultaneous orbital and polarimetric analyses, we derive the complete set of orbital parameters, including the inclination. The spectra are disentangled and spectroscopically analyzed, and an analysis of the wind-wind collision zone is conducted. The disentangled spectra and our models are consistent with a WN6h type for the primary and suggest that the secondary is an O3.5 If*/WN7 type star. We derive a high eccentricity of e = 0 : 78 and minimum masses of M-1 sin(3) i approximate to M-2 sin(3) i = 13 +/- 2 M-circle dot, with q = M-2/M-1 = 1.01 +/- 0.07. An analysis of emission excess stemming from a wind-wind collision yields an inclination similar to that obtained from polarimetry (i = 39 +/- 6 degrees). Our analysis thus implies M-1 = 53(-20)(+40) and M2 = 54(-20)(+40) M-circle dot, excluding M-1 > 300 M-circle dot. A detailed comparison with evolution tracks calculated for single and binary stars together with the high eccentricity suggests that the components of the system underwent quasi-homogeneous evolution and avoided mass-transfer. This scenario would suggest current masses of approximate to 80 M-circle dot and initial masses of M-i,M-1 approximate to 10(5) and M-i,M-2 approximate to 90 M-circle dot, consistent with the upper limits of our derived orbital masses, and would imply an age of approximate to 2.2 Myr.
The supernova remnant (SNR) W49B originated from a core-collapse supernova that occurred between one and four thousand years ago, and subsequently evolved into a mixed-morphology remnant, which is interacting with molecular clouds (MC). Gamma-ray observations of SNR-MC associations are a powerful tool to constrain the origin of Galactic cosmic rays, as they can probe the acceleration of hadrons through their interaction with the surrounding medium and subsequent emission of non-thermal photons. We report the detection of a gamma-ray source coincident with W49B at very high energies (VHE; E > 100 GeV) with the H.E.S.S. Cherenkov telescopes together with a study of the source with five years of Fermi-LAT high-energy gamma-ray (0.06-300 GeV) data. The smoothly connected, combined source spectrum, measured from 60 MeV to multi-TeV energies, shows two significant spectral breaks at 304 +/- 20 MeV and 8.4(-2.5)(+2.5) GeV; the latter is constrained by the joint fit from the two instruments. The detected spectral features are similar to those observed in several other SNR-MC associations and are found to be indicative of gamma-ray emission produced through neutral-pion decay.
Context. NGC 253 is one of only two starburst galaxies found to emit gamma-rays from hundreds of MeV to multi-TeV energies. Accurate measurements of the very-high-energy (VHE; E> 100 GeV) and high-energy (HE; E > 60 MeV) spectra are crucial to study the underlying particle accelerators, probe the dominant emission mechanism(s) and to study cosmic-ray interaction and transport. Aims. The measurement of the VHE gamma-ray emission of NGC 253 published in 2012 by H.E.S.S. was limited by large systematic uncertainties. Here, the most up to date measurement of the gamma-ray spectrum of NGC 253 is investigated in both HE and VHE gamma-rays. Assuming a hadronic origin of the gamma-ray emission, the measurement uncertainties are propagated into the interpretation of the accelerated particle population. Methods. The data of H.E.S.S. observations are reanalysed using an updated calibration and analysis chain. The improved Fermi-LAT analysis employs more than 8 yr of data processed using pass 8. The cosmic-ray particle population is evaluated from the combined HE-VHE gamma-ray spectrum using NAIMA in the optically thin case. Results. The VHE gamma-ray energy spectrum is best fit by a power-law distribution with a flux normalisation of (1.34 +/- 0.14(stat) +/- 0.27(sys)) x 10(-13) cm(-2) s(-1) TeV-1 at 1 TeV - about 40% above, but compatible with the value obtained in Abramowski et al. (2012). The spectral index Gamma = 2.39 +/- 0.14(stat) +/- 0.25(sys) is slightly softer than but consistent with the previous measurement within systematic errors. In the Fermi energy range an integral flux of F(E > 60 MeV) = (1.56 +/- 0.28(stat) +/- 0.15(sys)) x 10(-8) cm(-2) s(-1) is obtained. At energies above similar to 3 GeV the HE spectrum is consistent with a power-law ranging into the VHE part of the spectrum measured by H.E.S.S. with an overall spectral index Gamma = 2.22 +/- 0.06(stat). Conclusions. Two scenarios for the starburst nucleus are tested, in which the gas in the starburst nucleus acts as either a thin or a thick target for hadronic cosmic rays accelerated by the individual sources in the nucleus. In these two models, the level to which NGC 253 acts as a calorimeter is estimated to a range of f(cal) = 0.1 to 1 while accounting for the measurement uncertainties. The presented spectrum is likely to remain the most accurate measurements until the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) has collected a substantial set of data towards NGC 253.
We provide an abstract definition and an explicit construction of the stack of non-Abelian Yang-Mills fields on globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds. We also formulate a stacky version of the Yang-Mills Cauchy problem and show that its well-posedness is equivalent to a whole family of parametrized PDE problems. Our work is based on the homotopy theoretical approach to stacks proposed in Hollander (Isr. J. Math. 163:93-124, 2008), which we shall extend by further constructions that are relevant for our purposes. In particular, we will clarify the concretification of mapping stacks to classifying stacks such as BG (con).
Context. SMC AB6 is the shortest-period (P = 6.5 d) Wolf-Rayet (WR) binary in the Small Magellanic Cloud. This binary is therefore a key system in the study of binary interaction and formation of WR stars at low metallicity. The WR component in AB6 was previously found to be very luminous (log L = 6.3 [L-circle dot]) compared to its reported orbital mass (approximate to 8 M-circle dot), placing it significantly above the Eddington limit. Aims. Through spectroscopy and orbital analysis of newly acquired optical data taken with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES), we aim to understand the peculiar results reported for this system and explore its evolutionary history. Methods. We measured radial velocities via cross-correlation and performed a spectral analysis using the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet model atmosphere code. The evolution of the system was analyzed using the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis evolution code. Results. AB6 contains at least four stars. The 6.5 d period WR binary comprises the WR primary (WN3:h, star A) and a rather rapidly rotating (v(eq) = 265 km s(-1)) early O-type companion (O5.5 V, star B). Static N III and N IV emission lines and absorption signatures in He lines suggest the presence of an early-type emission line star (O5.5 I(f), star C). Finally, narrow absorption lines portraying a long-term radial velocity variation show the existence of a fourth star (O7.5 V, star D). Star D appears to form a second 140 d period binary together with a fifth stellar member, which is a B-type dwarf or a black hole. It is not clear that these additional components are bound to the WR binary. We derive a mass ratio of M-O/M-WR = 2.2 +/- 0.1. The WR star is found to be less luminous than previously thought (log L = 5.9 [L-circle dot]) and, adopting M-O = 41 M-circle dot for star B, more massive (M-WR = 18 M-circle dot). Correspondingly, the WR star does not exceed the Eddington limit. We derive the initial masses of M-i,M-WR = 60 M-circle dot and M-i,M-O = 40 M-circle dot and an age of 3.9 Myr for the system. The WR binary likely experienced nonconservative mass transfer in the past supported by the relatively rapid rotation of star B. Conclusions. Our study shows that AB6 is a multiple - probably quintuple - system. This finding resolves the previously reported puzzle of the WR primary exceeding the Eddington limit and suggests that the WR star exchanged mass with its companion in the past.
We have numerically studied the bifurcations and transition to chaos in a two-dimensional fluid for varying values of the Reynolds number. These investigations have been motivated by experiments in fluids, where an array of vortices was driven by an electromotive force. In these experiments, successive changes leading to a complex motion of the vortices, due to increased forcing, have been explored [Tabeling, Perrin, and Fauve, J. Fluid Mech. 213, 511 (1990)]. We model this experiment by means of two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a special external forcing, driving a linear chain of eight counter-rotating vortices, imposing stress-free boundary conditions in the vertical direction and periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal direction. As the strength of the forcing or the Reynolds number is raised, the original stationary vortex array becomes unstable and a complex sequence of bifurcations is observed. Several steady states and periodic branches and a period doubling cascade appear on the route to chaos. For increasing values of the Reynolds number, shear flow develops, for which the spatial scale is large compared to the scale of the forcing. Furthermore, we have investigated the influence of the aspect ratio of the container as well as the effect of no-slip boundary conditions at the top and bottom, on the bifurcation scenario.
The Role of Super-Atom Molecular Orbitals in Doped Fullerenes in a Femtosecond Intense Laser Field
(2017)
The interaction of gas phase endohedral fullerene Ho3N@C-80 with intense (0.1-5 x 10(14) W/cm(2)), short (30 fs), 800 nm laser pulses was investigated. The power law dependence of Ho3N@C-80(q+), q = 1-2, was found to be different from that of C-60. Time-dependent density functional theory computations revealed different light-induced ionization mechanisms. Unlike in C-60, in doped fullerenes, the breaking of the cage spherical symmetry makes super atomic molecular orbital (SAMO) states optically active. Theoretical calculations suggest that the fast ionization of the SAMO states in Ho3N@C-80 is responsible for the n = 3 power law for singly charged parent molecules at intensities lower than 1.2 x 10(14) W/cm(2).
Arctic warming was more pronounced than warming in midlatitudes in the last decades making this region a hotspot of climate change. Associated with this, a rapid decline of sea-ice extent and a decrease of its thickness has been observed. Sea-ice retreat allows for an increased transport of heat and momentum from the ocean up to the tropo- and stratosphere by enhanced upward propagation of planetary-scale atmospheric waves. In the upper atmosphere, these waves deposit the momentum transported, disturbing the stratospheric polar vortex, which can lead to a breakdown of this circulation with the potential to also significantly impact the troposphere in mid- to late-winter and early spring. Therefore, an accurate representation of stratospheric processes in climate models is necessary to improve the understanding of the impact of retreating sea ice on the atmospheric circulation. By modeling the atmospheric response to a prescribed decline in Arctic sea ice, we show that including interactive stratospheric ozone chemistry in atmospheric model calculations leads to an improvement in tropo-stratospheric interactions compared to simulations without interactive chemistry. This suggests that stratospheric ozone chemistry is important for the understanding of sea ice related impacts on atmospheric dynamics.
Organic semiconductors are of great interest for a broad range of optoelectronic applications due to their solution processability, chemical tunability, highly scalable fabrication, and mechanical flexibility. In contrast to traditional inorganic semiconductors, organic semiconductors are intrinsically disordered systems and therefore exhibit much lower charge carrier mobilities-the Achilles heel of organic photovoltaic cells. In this progress review, the authors discuss recent important developments on the impact of charge carrier mobility on the charge transfer state dissociation, and the interplay of free charge extraction and recombination. By comparing the mobilities on different timescales obtained by different techniques, the authors highlight the dispersive nature of these materials and how this reflects on the key processes defining the efficiency of organic photovoltaics.
Load partitioning between phases in a cast AlSi12CuMgNi alloy was investigated by in-situ compression test during neutron diffraction experiments. Computed tomography (CT) was used to determine volume fractions of eutectic Si and intermetallic (IM) phases, and to assess internal damage after ex-situ compression tests. The CT reconstructed volumes showed the interconnectivity of IM phases, which build a 3D network together with eutectic Si. Large stresses were found in IMs, revealing their significant role as a reinforcement for the alloy. An existing micromechanical model based on Maxwell scheme was extended to the present case, assuming the alloy as a three-phase composite (Al matrix, eutectic Si, IM phases). The model agrees well with the experimental data. Moreover, it allows predicting the principal stresses in each phase, while experiments can only determine stress differences between the axial and radial sample directions. Finally, we showed that the addition of alloying elements not only allowed developing a 3D interconnected network, but also improved the strength of the Al matrix, and the ability of the alloy constituents to bear mechanical load.
Mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet constitutes the largest uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise. Ocean-driven melting underneath the floating ice shelves and subsequent acceleration of the inland ice streams are the major reasons for currently observed mass loss from Antarctica and are expected to become more important in the future. Here we show that for projections of future mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, it is essential (1) to better constrain the sensitivity of sub-shelf melt rates to ocean warming and (2) to include the historic trajectory of the ice sheet. In particular, we find that while the ice sheet response in simulations using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model is comparable to the median response of models in three Antarctic Ice Sheet Intercomparison projects - initMIP, LARMIP-2 and ISMIP6 - conducted with a range of ice sheet models, the projected 21st century sea level contribution differs significantly depending on these two factors. For the highest emission scenario RCP8.5, this leads to projected ice loss ranging from 1:4 to 4:0 cm of sea level equivalent in simulations in which ISMIP6 ocean forcing drives the PICO ocean box model where parameter tuning leads to a comparably low sub-shelf melt sensitivity and in which no surface forcing is applied. This is opposed to a likely range of 9:1 to 35:8 cm using the exact same initial setup, but emulated from the LARMIP-2 experiments with a higher melt sensitivity, even though both projects use forcing from climate models and melt rates are calibrated with previous oceanographic studies. Furthermore, using two initial states, one with a previous historic simulation from 1850 to 2014 and one starting from a steady state, we show that while differences between the ice sheet configurations in 2015 seem marginal at first sight, the historic simulation increases the susceptibility of the ice sheet to ocean warming, thereby increasing mass loss from 2015 to 2100 by 5% to 50 %. Hindcasting past ice sheet changes with numerical models would thus provide valuable tools to better constrain projections. Our results emphasize that the uncertainty that arises from the forcing is of the same order of magnitude as the ice dynamic response for future sea level projections.
2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite (RPP) solar cells have excellent environmental stability. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of RPP cells remains inferior to 3D perovskite-based cells. Herein, 2D (CH3(CH2)(3)NH3)(2)(CH3NH3)(n-1)PbnI3n+1 perovskite cells with different numbers of [PbI6](4-) sheets (n = 2-4) are analyzed. Photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) measurements show that nonradiative open-circuit voltage (V-OC) losses outweigh radiative losses in materials with n > 2. The n = 3 and n = 4 films exhibit a higher PLQY than the standard 3D methylammonium lead iodide perovskite although this is accompanied by increased interfacial recombination at the top perovskite/C-60 interface. This tradeoff results in a similar PLQY in all devices, including the n = 2 system where the perovskite bulk dominates the recombination properties of the cell. In most cases the quasi-Fermi level splitting matches the device V-OC within 20 meV, which indicates minimal recombination losses at the metal contacts. The results show that poor charge transport rather than exciton dissociation is the primary reason for the reduction in fill factor of the RPP devices. Optimized n = 4 RPP solar cells had PCEs of 13% with significant potential for further improvements.
When Galactic microlensing events of stars are observed, one usually measures a symmetric light curve corresponding to a single lens, or an asymmetric light curve, often with caustic crossings, in the case of a binary lens system. In principle, the fraction of binary stars at a certain separation range can be estimated based on the number of measured microlensing events. However, a binary system may produce a light curve which can be fitted well as a single lens light curve, in particullary if the data sampling is poor and the errorbars are large. We investigate what fraction of microlensing events produced by binary stars for different separations may be well fitted by and hence misinterpreted as single lens events for various observational conditions. We find that this fraction strongly depends on the separation of the binary components, reaching its minimum at between 0.6 and 1.0 Einstein radius, where it is still of the order of 5% The Einstein radius is corresponding to few A.U. for typical Galactic microlensing scenarios. The rate for misinterpretation is higher for short microlensing events lasting up to few months and events with smaller maximum amplification. For fixed separation it increases for binaries with more extreme mass ratios. Problem of degeneracy in photometric light curve solution between binary lens and binary source microlensing events was studied on simulated data, and data observed by the PLANET collaboration. The fitting code BISCO using the PIKAIA genetic algorithm optimizing routine was written for optimizing binary-source microlensing light curves observed at different sites, in I, R and V photometric bands. Tests on simulated microlensing light curves show that BISCO is successful in finding the solution to a binary-source event in a very wide parameter space. Flux ratio method is suggested in this work for breaking degeneracy between binary-lens and binary-source photometric light curves. Models show that only a few additional data points in photometric V band, together with a full light curve in I band, will enable breaking the degeneracy. Very good data quality and dense data sampling, combined with accurate binary lens and binary source modeling, yielded the discovery of the lowest-mass planet discovered outside of the Solar System so far, OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, having only 5.5 Earth masses. This was the first observed microlensing event in which the degeneracy between a planetary binary-lens and an extreme flux ratio binary-source model has been successfully broken. For events OGLE-2003-BLG-222 and OGLE-2004-BLG-347, the degeneracy was encountered despite of very dense data sampling. From light curve modeling and stellar evolution theory, there was a slight preference to explain OGLE-2003-BLG-222 as a binary source event, and OGLE-2004-BLG-347 as a binary lens event. However, without spectra, this degeneracy cannot be fully broken. No planet was found so far around a white dwarf, though it is believed that Jovian planets should survive the late stages of stellar evolution, and that white dwarfs will retain planetary systems in wide orbits. We want to perform high precision astrometric observations of nearby white dwarfs in wide binary systems with red dwarfs in order to find planets around white dwarfs. We selected a sample of observing targets (WD-RD binary systems, not published yet), which can possibly have planets around the WD component, and modeled synthetic astrometric orbits which can be observed for these targets using existing and future astrometric facilities. Modeling was performed for the astrometric accuracy of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mas, separation between WD and planet of 3 and 5 A.U., binary system separation of 30 A.U., planet masses of 10 Earth masses, 1 and 10 Jupiter masses, WD mass of 0.5M and 1.0 Solar masses, and distances to the system of 10, 20 and 30 pc. It was found that the PRIMA facility at the VLTI will be able to detect planets around white dwarfs once it is operating, by measuring the astrometric wobble of the WD due to a planet companion, down to 1 Jupiter mass. We show for the simulated observations that it is possible to model the orbits and find the parameters describing the potential planetary systems.
Understanding the formation of stars in galaxies is central to much of modern astrophysics. For several decades it has been thought that the star formation process is primarily controlled by the interplay between gravity and magnetostatic support, modulated by neutral-ion drift. Recently, however, both observational and numerical work has begun to suggest that supersonic interstellar turbulence rather than magnetic fields controls star formation. This review begins with a historical overview of the successes and problems of both the classical dynamical theory of star formation, and the standard theory of magnetostatic support from both observational and theoretical perspectives. We then present the outline of a new paradigm of star formation based on the interplay between supersonic turbulence and self-gravity. Supersonic turbulence can provide support against gravitational collapse on global scales, while at the same time it produces localized density enhancements that allow for collapse on small scales. The efficiency and timescale of stellar birth in Galactic gas clouds strongly depend on the properties of the interstellar turbulent velocity field, with slow, inefficient, isolated star formation being a hallmark of turbulent support, and fast, efficient, clustered star formation occurring in its absence. After discussing in detail various theoretical aspects of supersonic turbulence in compressible self-gravitating gaseous media relevant for star forming interstellar clouds, we explore the consequences of the new theory for both local star formation and galactic scale star formation. The theory predicts that individual star-forming cores are likely not quasi-static objects, but dynamically evolving. Accretion onto these objects will vary with time and depend on the properties of the surrounding turbulent flow. This has important consequences for the resulting stellar mass function. Star formation on scales of galaxies as a whole is expected to be controlled by the balance between gravity and turbulence, just like star formation on scales of individual interstellar gas clouds, but may be modulated by additional effects like cooling and differential rotation. The dominant mechanism for driving interstellar turbulence in star-forming regions of galactic disks appears to be supernovae explosions. In the outer disk of our Milky Way or in low-surface brightness galaxies the coupling of rotation to the gas through magnetic fields or gravity may become important.
The two hallmark features of Brownian motion are the linear growth < x2(t)> = 2Ddt of the mean squared displacement (MSD) with diffusion coefficient D in d spatial dimensions, and the Gaussian distribution of displacements. With the increasing complexity of the studied systems deviations from these two central properties have been unveiled over the years. Recently, a large variety of systems have been reported in which the MSD exhibits the linear growth in time of Brownian (Fickian) transport, however, the distribution of displacements is pronouncedly non-Gaussian (Brownian yet non-Gaussian, BNG). A similar behaviour is also observed for viscoelastic-type motion where an anomalous trend of the MSD, i.e., <x2(t)> ~ ta, is combined with a priori unexpected non-Gaussian distributions (anomalous yet non-Gaussian, ANG). This kind of behaviour observed in BNG and ANG diffusions has been related to the presence of heterogeneities in the systems and a common approach has been established to address it, that is, the random diffusivity approach.
This dissertation explores extensively the field of random diffusivity models. Starting from a chronological description of all the main approaches used as an attempt of describing BNG and ANG diffusion, different mathematical methodologies are defined for the resolution and study of these models. The processes that are reported in this work can be classified in three subcategories, i) randomly-scaled Gaussian processes, ii) superstatistical models and iii) diffusing diffusivity models, all belonging to the more general class of random diffusivity models. Eventually, the study focuses more on BNG diffusion, which is by now well-established and relatively well-understood. Nevertheless, many examples are discussed for the description of ANG diffusion, in order to highlight the possible scenarios which are known so far for the study of this class of processes.
The second part of the dissertation deals with the statistical analysis of random diffusivity processes. A general description based on the concept of moment-generating function is initially provided to obtain standard statistical properties of the models. Then, the discussion moves to the study of the power spectral analysis and the first passage statistics for some particular random diffusivity models. A comparison between the results coming from the random diffusivity approach and the ones for standard Brownian motion is discussed. In this way, a deeper physical understanding of the systems described by random diffusivity models is also outlined.
To conclude, a discussion based on the possible origins of the heterogeneity is sketched, with the main goal of inferring which kind of systems can actually be described by the random diffusivity approach.
In this work, we investigate the potassium excess absorption around 7699 Å of the exoplanets HD189733b and HD209458b. For this purpose, we used high-spectral resolution transit observations acquired with the 2 × 8.4 m Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) and the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI). For a bandwidth of 0.8 Å, we present a detection >7σ with an absorption level of 0.18 per cent for HD189733b. Applying the same analysis to HD209458b, we can set 3σ upper limit of 0.09 per cent, even though we do not detect a K-excess absorption. The investigation suggests that the K feature is less present in the atmosphere of HD209458b than in the one of HD189733b. This comparison confirms previous claims that the atmospheres of these two planets must have fundamentally different properties.
The nine-year H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS) has yielded the most uniform observation scan of the inner Milky Way in the TeV gamma-ray band to date. The sky maps and source catalogue of the HGPS allow for a systematic study of the population of TeV pulsar wind nebulae found throughout the last decade. To investigate the nature and evolution of pulsar wind nebulae, for the first time we also present several upper limits for regions around pulsars without a detected TeV wind nebula. Our data exhibit a correlation of TeV surface brightness with pulsar spindown power (E) over dot. This seems to be caused both by an increase of extension with decreasing (E) over dot, and hence with time, compatible with a power law R-PWN((E) over dot) similar to(E) over dot(0.65 +/- 0.20), and by a mild decrease of TeV gamma-ray luminosity with decreasing (E) over dot, compatible with L-1 (10 TeV) similar to (E) over dot(0.59 +/- 0.21). We also find that the off sets of pulsars with respect to the wind nebula centre with ages around 10 kyr are frequently larger than can be plausibly explained by pulsar proper motion and could be due to an asymmetric environment. In the present data, it seems that a large pulsar off set is correlated with a high apparent TeV efficiency L1- 10 TeV / (E) over dot. In addition to 14 HGPS sources considered firmly identified pulsar wind nebulae and 5 additional pulsar wind nebulae taken from literature, we find 10 HGPS sources that are likely TeV pulsar wind nebula candidates. Using a model that subsumes the present common understanding of the very high-energy radiative evolution of pulsar wind nebulae, we find that the trends and variations of the TeV observables and limits can be reproduced to a good level, drawing a consistent picture of present-day TeV data and theory.
Based on data from the ESA Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) and several ground-based, multi-band photometry surveys we have compiled an all-sky catalogue of 39 800 hot subluminous star candidates selected in Gaia DR2 by means of colour, absolute magnitude, and reduced proper motion cuts. We expect the majority of the candidates to be hot subdwarf stars of spectral type B and O, followed by blue horizontal branch stars of late B-type (HBB), hot post-AGB stars, and central stars of planetary nebulae. The contamination by cooler stars should be about 10%. The catalogue is magnitude limited to Gaia G < 19 mag and covers the whole sky. Except within the Galactic plane and LMC/SMC regions, we expect the catalogue to be almost complete up to about 1.5 kpc. The main purpose of this catalogue is to serve as input target list for the large-scale photometric and spectroscopic surveys which are ongoing or scheduled to start in the coming years. In the long run, securing a statistically significant sample of spectroscopically confirmed hot subluminous stars is key to advance towards a more detailed understanding of the latest stages of stellar evolution for single and binary stars.
Biological materials, in addition to having remarkable physical properties, can also change shape and volume. These shape and volume changes allow organisms to form new tissue during growth and morphogenesis, as well as to repair and remodel old tissues. In addition shape or volume changes in an existing tissue can lead to useful motion or force generation (actuation) that may even still function in the dead organism, such as in the well known example of the hygroscopic opening or closing behaviour of the pine cone. Both growth and actuation of tissues are mediated, in addition to biochemical factors, by the physical constraints of the surrounding environment and the architecture of the underlying tissue. This habilitation thesis describes biophysical studies carried out over the past years on growth and swelling mediated shape changes in biological systems. These studies use a combination of theoretical and experimental tools to attempt to elucidate the physical mechanisms governing geometry controlled tissue growth and geometry constrained tissue swelling. It is hoped that in addition to helping understand fundamental processes of growth and morphogenesis, ideas stemming from such studies can also be used to design new materials for medicine and robotics.
Galactic winds exhibit a multiphase structure that consists of hot-diffuse and cold-dense phases. Here we present high-resolution idealized simulations of the interaction of a hot supersonic wind with a cold cloud with the moving-mesh code AREPO in setups with and without radiative cooling. We demonstrate that cooling causes clouds with sizes larger than the cooling length to fragment in 2D and 3D simulations. We confirm earlier 2D simulations by McCourt et al. (2018) and highlight differences of the shattering processes of 3D clouds that are exposed to a hot wind. The fragmentation process is quantified with a friends-of-friends analysis of shattered cloudlets and density power spectra. Those show that radiative cooling causes the power spectral index to gradually increase when the initial cloud radius is larger than the cooling length and with increasing time until the cloud is fully dissolved in the hot wind. A resolution of around 1 pc is required to reveal the effect of cooling-induced fragmentation of a 100 pc outflowing cloud. Thus, state-of-the-art cosmological zoom simulations of the circumgalactic medium fall short by orders of magnitudes from resolving this fragmentation process. This physics is, however, necessary to reliably model observed column densities and covering fractions of Lyman alpha haloes, high-velocity clouds, and broad-line regions of active galactic nuclei.
The photon
(2019)
We investigate the role of the spatial mode function in a single-photon experiment designed to demonstrate the principle of complementarity. Our approach employs entangled photons created by spontaneous parametric downconversion from a pump mode in a TEM01 mode together with a double slit. Measuring the interference of the signal photons behind the double slit in coincidence with the entangled idler photons at different positions, we select signal photons of different mode functions. When the signal photons belong to the TEM01-like double-hump mode, we obtain almost perfect visibility of the interference fringes, and no "which slit" information is available in the idler photon detected before the slits. This result is remarkable because the entangled signal and idler photon pairs are created each time in only one of the two intensity humps. However, when we break the symmetry between the two maxima of the signal photon mode structure, the paths through the slits for these additional photons become distinguishable and the visibility vanishes. It is the mode function of the photons selected by the detection system that decides if interference or "which slit" information is accessible in the experiment.
The optical signatures of molecular-doping induced polarons in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)
(2020)
Optical absorption spectroscopy is a key method to investigate doped conjugated polymers and to characterize the doping-induced charge carriers, i.e., polarons. For prototypical poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), the absorption intensity of molecular dopant induced polarons is widely used to estimate the carrier density and the doping efficiency, i.e., the number of polarons formed per dopant molecule. However, the dependence of the polaron-related absorption features on the structure of doped P3HT, being either aggregates or separated individual chains, is not comprehensively understood in contrast to the optical absorption features of neutral P3HT. In this work, we unambiguously differentiate the optical signatures of polarons on individual P3HT chains and aggregates in solution, notably the latter exhibiting the same shape as aggregates in solid thin films. This is enabled by employing tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) as dopant, as this dopant forms only ion pairs with P3HT and no charge transfer complexes, and BCF and its anion have no absorption in the spectral region of P3HT polarons. Polarons on individual chains exhibit absorption peaks at 1.5 eV and 0.6 eV, whereas in aggregates the high-energy peak is split into a doublet 1.3 eV and 1.65 eV, and the low-energy peak is shifted below 0.5 eV. The dependence of the fraction of solvated individual chains versus aggregates on absolute solution concentration, dopant concentration, and temperature is elucidated, and we find that aggregates predominate in solution under commonly used processing conditions. Aggregates in BCF-doped P3HT solution can be effectively removed upon simple filtering. From varying the filter pore size (down to 200 nm) and thin film morphology characterization with scanning force microscopy we reveal the aggregates' size dependence on solution absolute concentration and dopant concentration. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the dopant loading in aggregates is higher than for individual P3HT chains. The results of this study help understanding the impact of solution pre-aggregation on thin film properties of molecularly doped P3HT, and highlight the importance of considering such aggregation for other doped conjugated polymers in general.
In this work we present windlidar data for the research village Ny-Alesund located on Svalbard in the European Arctic (78.923 degrees N, 11.928 degrees F) from 2013 to 2021.
The data have a resolution of 50 m and 10 min with an overlapping height of about 150 m.
The maximum range depends on the meteorologic situation. Up to 1000 m altitude the data availability is better than 71%.
We found that the highest wind speeds occur in November and December, the lowest ones in June and July, up to 500 m altitude the wind is channelled strongly in ESE to NW direction parallel to the fjord axis and the synoptic conditions above 1000 m altitude already dominate.
While the fraction of windy days (v > 10 m/s) varies significantly from month to month, there is no overall trend of the wind visible in our data set.
We define gusts and jets by the requirement of wind maxima v > 2 m/s above and below a wind maximum. In total, more than 24,000 of these events were identified (corresponding to 6% of the time), of which 223 lasted for at least 100 min ("Long Jets"). All of these events are fairly equally distributed over the months relatively to the available data.
Further, gusts and jets follow different distributions (in terms of altitude or depths) and occur more frequently for synoptic flow from roughly a southerly direction. Jets do not show a clear correlation between occurrence and synoptic flow. Gusts and jets are not related to cloud cover.
We conclude that the atmosphere from 400 m to 1000 m above Ny-Alesund is dominated by a turbulent wind shear zone, which connects the micrometeorology in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) with the synoptic flow.
Understanding and controlling properties of transition metal complexes is a crucial step towards tailoring materials for sustainable energy applications. In a systematic approach, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to study the influence of ligand substitution on the valence electronic structure around an aqueous iron(II) center. Exchanging cyanide with 2-2′-bipyridine ligands reshapes frontier orbitals in a way that reduces metal 3d charge delocalization onto the ligands. This net decrease of metal–ligand covalency results in lower metal-centered excited state energies in agreement with previously reported excited state dynamics. Furthermore, traces of solvent-effects were found indicating a varying interaction strength of the solvent with ligands of different character. Our results demonstrate how ligand exchange can be exploited to shape frontier orbitals of transition metal complexes in solution-phase chemistry; insights upon which future efforts can built when tailoring the functionality of photoactive systems for light-harvesting applications.
In recent decades, astronomy has seen a boom in large-scale stellar surveys of the Galaxy. The detailed information obtained about millions of individual stars in the Milky Way is bringing us a step closer to answering one of the most outstanding questions in astrophysics: how do galaxies form and evolve? The Milky Way is the only galaxy where we can dissect many stars into their high-dimensional chemical composition and complete phase space, which analogously as fossil records can unveil the past history of the genesis of the Galaxy. The processes that lead to large structure formation, such as the Milky Way, are critical for constraining cosmological models; we call this line of study Galactic archaeology or near-field cosmology.
At the core of this work, we present a collection of efforts to chemically and dynamically characterise the disks and bulge of our Galaxy. The results we present in this thesis have only been possible thanks to the advent of the Gaia astrometric satellite, which has revolutionised the field of Galactic archaeology by precisely measuring the positions, parallax distances and motions of more than a billion stars. Another, though not less important, breakthrough is the APOGEE survey, which has observed spectra in the near-infrared peering into the dusty regions of the Galaxy, allowing us to determine detailed chemical abundance patterns in hundreds of thousands of stars. To accurately depict the Milky Way structure, we use and develop the Bayesian isochrone fitting tool/code called StarHorse; this software can predict stellar distances, extinctions and ages by combining astrometry, photometry and spectroscopy based on stellar evolutionary models. The StarHorse code is pivotal to calculating distances where Gaia parallaxes alone cannot allow accurate estimates.
We show that by combining Gaia, APOGEE, photometric surveys and using StarHorse, we can produce a chemical cartography of the Milky way disks from their outermost to innermost parts. Such a map is unprecedented in the inner Galaxy. It reveals a continuity of the bimodal chemical pattern previously detected in the solar neighbourhood, indicating two populations with distinct formation histories. Furthermore, the data reveals a chemical gradient within the thin disk where the content of 𝛼-process elements and metals is higher towards the centre. Focusing on a sample in the inner MW we confirm the extension of the chemical duality to the innermost regions of the Galaxy. We find stars with bar shape orbits to show both high- and low-𝛼 abundances, suggesting the bar formed by secular evolution trapping stars that already existed. By analysing the chemical orbital space of the inner Galactic regions, we disentangle the multiple populations that inhabit this complex region. We reveal the presence of the thin disk, thick disk, bar, and a counter-rotating population, which resembles the outcome of a perturbed proto-Galactic disk. Our study also finds that the inner Galaxy holds a high quantity of super metal-rich stars up to three times solar suggesting it is a possible repository of old super-metal-rich stars found in the solar neighbourhood.
We also enter into the complicated task of deriving individual stellar ages. With StarHorse, we calculate the ages of main-sequence turn-off and sub-giant stars for several public spectroscopic surveys. We validate our results by investigating linear relations between chemical abundances and time since the 𝛼 and neutron capture elements are sensitive to age as a reflection of the different enrichment timescales of these elements. For further study of the disks in the solar neighbourhood, we use an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to delineate a multidimensional separation of chrono-chemical stellar groups revealing the chemical thick disk, the thin disk, and young 𝛼-rich stars. The thick disk is shown to have a small age dispersion indicating its fast formation contrary to the thin disk that spans a wide range of ages.
With groundbreaking data, this thesis encloses a detailed chemo-dynamical view of the disk and bulge of our Galaxy. Our findings on the Milky Way can be linked to the evolution of high redshift disk galaxies, helping to solve the conundrum of galaxy formation.
We present new calculations of the mass inflow and outflow rates around the Milky Way (MW), derived from a catalog of ultraviolet metal-line high-velocity clouds (HVCs). These calculations are conducted by transforming the HVC velocities into the Galactic standard of rest (GSR) reference frame, identifying inflowing (vGSR.<.0 km s(-1)) and outflowing (vGSR > 0 km s(-1)) populations, and using observational constraints on the distance, metallicity, dust content, covering fractions, and total silicon column density of each population. After removing HVCs associated with the Magellanic Stream and the Fermi Bubbles, we find inflow and outflow rates in cool (T similar to 10(4) K) ionized gas of dM(in)/dt greater than or similar to.(0.53 +/- 0.23)(d/12 kpc)(Z/0.2Z(circle dot))-1M(circle dot) yr(-1) and dM(out)/dt greater than or similar to (0.16 +/- 0.07)(d/12 kpc)(Z/0.5Z(circle dot))M--1(circle dot) yr(-1). The apparent excess of inflowing over outflowing gas suggests that the MW is currently in an inflow-dominated phase, but the presence of substantial mass flux in both directions supports a Galactic fountain model, in which gas is constantly recycled between the disk and the halo. We also find that the metal flux in both directions (in and out) is indistinguishable. By comparing the outflow rate to the Galactic star formation rate, we present the first estimate of the mass loading factor (eta(HVC)) of the disk-wide MW wind, finding eta(HVC) greater than or similar to (0.10 +/- 0.06)(d/12 kpc)(Z/0.5Z(circle dot))(-1). Including the contributions from low- and intermediatevelocity clouds and from hot gas would increase these inflow and outflow estimates.
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest freshwater reservoir worldwide. If it were to melt completely, global sea levels would rise by about 58 m. Calculation of projections of the Antarctic contribution to sea level rise under global warming conditions is an ongoing effort which
yields large ranges in predictions. Among the reasons for this are uncertainties related to the physics of ice sheet modeling. These
uncertainties include two processes that could lead to runaway ice retreat: the Marine Ice Sheet Instability (MISI), which causes rapid grounding line retreat on retrograde bedrock, and the Marine Ice Cliff Instability (MICI), in which tall ice cliffs become unstable and calve off, exposing even taller ice cliffs.
In my thesis, I investigated both marine instabilities (MISI and MICI) using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), with a focus on MICI.
High diffusion-sensitizing magnetic field gradients have been more and more often applied nowadays to achieve a better characterization of the microstructure. As the resulting spin-echo signal significantly deviates from the conventional Gaussian form, various models have been employed to interpret these deviations and to relate them with the microstructural properties of a sample. In this paper, we argue that the non-Gaussian behavior of the signal is a generic universal feature of the Bloch-Torrey equation. We provide a simple yet rigorous description of the localization regime emerging at high extended gradients and identify its origin as a symmetry breaking at the reflecting boundary. We compare the consequent non-Gaussian signal decay to other diffusion NMR regimes such as slow-diffusion, motional-narrowing and diffusion-diffraction regimes. We emphasize limitations of conventional perturbative techniques and advocate for non-perturbative approaches which may pave a way to new imaging modalities in this field.
The aim of this thesis is to achieve a deep understanding of the working mechanism of polymer based solar cells and to improve the device performance. Two types of the polymer based solar cells are studied here: all-polymer solar cells comprising macromolecular donors and acceptors based on poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and hybrid cells comprising a PPV copolymer in combination with a novel small molecule electron acceptor. To understand the interplay between morphology and photovoltaic properties in all-polymer devices, I compared the photocurrent characteristics and excited state properties of bilayer and blend devices with different nano-morphology, which was fine tuned by using solvents with different boiling points. The main conclusion from these complementary measurements was that the performance-limiting step is the field-dependent generation of free charge carriers, while bimolecular recombination and charge extraction do not compromise device performance. These findings imply that the proper design of the donor-acceptor heterojunction is of major importance towards the goal of high photovoltaic efficiencies. Regarding polymer-small molecular hybrid solar cells I combined the hole-transporting polymer M3EH-PPV with a novel Vinazene-based electron acceptor. This molecule can be either deposited from solution or by thermal evaporation, allowing for a large variety of layer architectures to be realized. I then demonstrated that the layer architecture has a large influence on the photovoltaic properties. Solar cells with very high fill factors of up to 57 % and an open circuit voltage of 1V could be achieved by realizing a sharp and well-defined donor-acceptor heterojunction. In the past, fill factors exceeding 50 % have only been observed for polymers in combination with soluble fullerene-derivatives or nanocrystalline inorganic semiconductors as the electron-accepting component. The finding that proper processing of polymer-vinazene devices leads to similar high values is a major step towards the design of efficient polymer-based solar cells.
Pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a versatile tool to investigate the dynamics of transient states of excited matter. Vacuum space-charge effects can mask these dynamics and complicate the interpretation of electron spectra. Here we report on space-charge effects in Au 4f photoemission from a polycrystalline gold surface, excited with moderately intense 90 ps (FWHM) soft x-ray probe pulses, under the influence of the Coulomb forces exerted by a pump electron cloud, which was produced by intense 40 fs laser pulses. The experimentally observed kinetic energy shift and spectral broadening of the Au 4f lines, measured with highly-efficient time-of-flight spectroscopy, are in good agreement with simulations utilizing a mean-field model of the electrostatic pump electron potential. This confirms that the line broadening is predominantly caused by variations in the take-off time of the probe electrons without appreciable influence of local scattering events. Our findings might be of general interest for pump-probe PES with picosecond-pulse-length sources.
The Influence of the Support Structure on Residual Stress and Distortion in SLM Inconel 718 Parts
(2018)
The effect of support structure and of removal from the base plate on the residual stress state in selective laser melted IN718 parts was studied by means of synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The residual stresses in subsurface region of two elongated prisms in as-built condition and after removal from the base plate were determined. One sample was directly built on a base plate and another one on a support structure. Also, the distortion on the top surface due to stress release was measured by contact profilometry. High tensile residual stress values were found, with pronounced stress gradient along the hatching direction. In the sample on support, stress redistribution took place after removal from the base plate, as opposed to simple stress relaxation for the sample without support. The sample on support structure showed larger distortion compared to sample without support. We conclude that the use of a support decreases stress values but stress-relieving heat treatments are still needed.
The electret state stability in nonpolar semicrystalline polymers is largely determined by the traps located at crystalline/ amorphous phase interfaces. Thus, the thermal history of such polymers should considerably influence their electret properties. In the present work, we investigate how recrystallization influences charge stability in low-density polyethylene corona electrets. It has been found that electret charge stability in quenched samples is higher than in slowly-crystallized ones. Phenomenologicaly, this can be explained by the increased number of deeper traps in samples with smaller crystallite size.
Bipolar electrets from polypropylene (PP) are essential, e.g., in electret air filters and in cellular-foam ferroelectrets. Therefore, the mechanism of surface-charge stability enhancement on PP electrets via orthophosphoric-acid surface treatment is investigated in detail. It is shown that the significant charge-stability enhancement can be mainly attributed to deeper surface traps originating from deposited chemicals and topographic features on the modified surfaces. Thermally stimulated discharge of chemically treated and non-treated PP films with different surface-charge densities is used to test the limits of the newly formed deep traps in terms of the capacity for hosting surface charges. When the initial surface-charge density is very high, more charges are forced into shallower original traps on the surface or in the bulk of the treated PP samples, reducing the effect of the deeper surface traps brought by the surface modification. The well-known crossover phenomenon (of the surface-charge decay curves) has been observed between modified PP electrets charged to +/- 2kV and to +/- 3kV. Acoustically probed charge distributions in the thickness direction of PP electrets at different stages of thermal discharging indicate that the deep surface trapping sites may have preference for negative charges, resulting in the observed asymmetric charge stability of the modified PP films.
Spectroscopic observations play essential roles in astrophysics. They are crucial for determining physical parameters in our Universe, providing information about the chemistry of various astronomical environments. The proper execution of the spectroscopic analysis requires accounting for all the physical effects that are compatible to the signal-to-noise ratio. We find in this paper the influence on spectroscopy from the atomic/ground state alignment owing to anisotropic radiation and modulated by interstellar magnetic field, has significant impact on the study of interstellar gas. In different observational scenarios, we comprehensively demonstrate how atomic alignment influences the spectral analysis and provide the expressions for correcting the effect. The variations are even more pronounced for multiplets and line ratios. We show the variation of the deduced physical parameters caused by the atomic alignment effect, including alpha-to-iron ratio ([X/Fe]) and ionization fraction. Synthetic observations are performed to illustrate the visibility of such effect with current facilities. A study of Photodissociation regions in rho Ophiuchi cloud is presented to demonstrate how to account for atomic alignment in practice. Our work has shown that due to its potential impact, atomic alignment has to be included in an accurate spectroscopic analysis of the interstellar gas with current observational capability.
Charge transport layers (CTLs) are key components of diffusion controlled perovskite solar cells, however, they can induce additional non-radiative recombination pathways which limit the open circuit voltage (V-OC) of the cell. In order to realize the full thermodynamic potential of the perovskite absorber, both the electron and hole transport layer (ETL/HTL) need to be as selective as possible. By measuring the photoluminescence yield of perovskite/CTL heterojunctions, we quantify the non-radiative interfacial recombination currents in pin- and nip-type cells including high efficiency devices (21.4%). Our study comprises a wide range of commonly used CTLs, including various hole-transporting polymers, spiro-OMeTAD, metal oxides and fullerenes. We find that all studied CTLs limit the V-OC by inducing an additional non-radiative recombination current that is in most cases substantially larger than the loss in the neat perovskite and that the least-selective interface sets the upper limit for the V-OC of the device. Importantly, the V-OC equals the internal quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) in the absorber layer only in high efficiency cells, while in poor performing devices, the V-OC is substantially lower than the QFLS. Using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and differential charging capacitance experiments we show that this is due to an energy level mis-alignment at the p-interface. The findings are corroborated by rigorous device simulations which outline important considerations to maximize the V-OC. This work highlights that the challenge to suppress non-radiative recombination losses in perovskite cells on their way to the radiative limit lies in proper energy level alignment and in suppression of defect recombination at the interfaces.
More than half of Earth's freshwater resources are held by the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which thus represents by far the largest potential source for global sea-level rise under future warming conditions(1). Its long-term stability determines the fate of our coastal cities and cultural heritage. Feedbacks between ice, atmosphere, ocean, and the solid Earth give rise to potential nonlinearities in its response to temperature changes. So far, we are lacking a comprehensive stability analysis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet for different amounts of global warming. Here we show that the Antarctic Ice Sheet exhibits a multitude of temperature thresholds beyond which ice loss is irreversible. Consistent with palaeodata(2)we find, using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model(3-5), that at global warming levels around 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, West Antarctica is committed to long-term partial collapse owing to the marine ice-sheet instability. Between 6 and 9 degrees of warming above pre-industrial levels, the loss of more than 70 per cent of the present-day ice volume is triggered, mainly caused by the surface elevation feedback. At more than 10 degrees of warming above pre-industrial levels, Antarctica is committed to become virtually ice-free. The ice sheet's temperature sensitivity is 1.3 metres of sea-level equivalent per degree of warming up to 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels, almost doubling to 2.4 metres per degree of warming between 2 and 6 degrees and increasing to about 10 metres per degree of warming between 6 and 9 degrees. Each of these thresholds gives rise to hysteresis behaviour: that is, the currently observed ice-sheet configuration is not regained even if temperatures are reversed to present-day levels. In particular, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet does not regrow to its modern extent until temperatures are at least one degree Celsius lower than pre-industrial levels. Our results show that if the Paris Agreement is not met, Antarctica's long-term sea-level contribution will dramatically increase and exceed that of all other sources. <br /> Modelling shows that the Antarctic Ice Sheet exhibits multiple temperature thresholds beyond which ice loss would become irreversible, and once melted, the ice sheet can regain its previous mass only if the climate cools well below pre-industrial temperatures.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are some of the Universe’s most enigmatic and exotic events. However, at energies above 10 GeV their behaviour remains largely unknown. Although space based telescopes such as the Fermi-LAT have been able to detect GRBs in this energy range, their photon statistics are limited by the small detector size. Such limitations are not present in ground based gamma-ray telescopes such as the H.E.S.S. experiment, which has now entered its second phase with the addition of a large 600 m2 telescope to the centre of the array. Such a large telescope allows H.E.S.S. to access the sub 100-GeV energy range while still maintaining a large effective collection area, helping to potentially probe the short timescale emission of these events.
We present a description of the H.E.S.S. GRB observation programme, summarising the performance of the rapid GRB repointing system and the conditions under which GRB observations are initiated. Additionally we will report on the GRB follow-ups made during the 2014-15 observation campaigns.
We present the results of the most comprehensive survey of the Galactic plane in very high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays, including a public release of Galactic sky maps, a catalog of VHE sources, and the discovery of 16 new sources of VHE gamma-rays. The High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) Galactic plane survey (HGPS) was a decade-long observation program carried out by the H.E.S.S. I array of Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia from 2004 to 2013. The observations amount to nearly 2700 h of quality-selected data, covering the Galactic plane at longitudes from l = 250 degrees to 65 degrees and latitudes vertical bar b vertical bar <= 3 degrees. In addition to the unprecedented spatial coverage, the HGPS also features a relatively high angular resolution (0.08 degrees approximate to 5 arcmin mean point spread function 68% containment radius), sensitivity (less than or similar to 1.5% Crab flux for point-like sources), and energy range (0.2-100 TeV). We constructed a catalog of VHE gamma-ray sources from the HGPS data set with a systematic procedure for both source detection and characterization of morphology and spectrum. We present this likelihood-based method in detail, including the introduction of a model component to account for unresolved, large-scale emission along the Galactic plane. In total, the resulting HGPS catalog contains 78 VHE sources, of which 14 are not reanalyzed here, for example, due to their complex morphology, namely shell-like sources and the Galactic center region. Where possible, we provide a firm identification of the VHE source or plausible associations with sources in other astronomical catalogs. We also studied the characteristics of the VHE sources with source parameter distributions. 16 new sources were previously unknown or unpublished, and we individually discuss their identifications or possible associations. We firmly identified 31 sources as pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), supernova remnants (SNRs), composite SNRs, or gamma-ray binaries. Among the 47 sources not yet identified, most of them (36) have possible associations with cataloged objects, notably PWNe and energetic pulsars that could power VHE PWNe.
The present work investigates the structure formation and wetting in two dimensional (2D) Langmuir monolayer phases in local thermodynamic equilibrium. A Langmuir monolayer is an isolated 2D system of surfactants at the air/water interface. It exhibits crystalline, liquid crystalline, liquid and gaseous phases differing in positional and/or orientational order. Permanent electric dipole moments of the surfactants lead to a long range repulsive interaction and to the formation of mesoscopic patterns. An interaction model is used describing the structure formation as a competition between short range attraction (bare line tension) and long range repulsion (surface potentials) on a scale Delta. Delta has the meaning of a dividing length between the short and long range interaction. In the present work the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions for the shape of two phase boundary lines (Young-Laplace equation) and three phase intersection points (Young′s condition) are derived and applied to describe experimental data: The line tension is measured by pendant droplet tensiometry. The bubble shape and size of 2D foams is calculated numerically and compared to experimental foams. Contact angles are measured by fitting numerical solutions of the Young-Laplace equation on micron scale. The scaling behaviour of the contact angle allows to measure a lower limit for Delta. Further it is discussed, whether in biological membranes wetting transitions are a way in order to control reaction kinetics. Studies performed in our group are discussed with respect to this question in the framework of the above mentioned theory. Finally the apparent violation of Gibbs′ phase rule in Langmuir monolayers (non-horizontal plateau of the surface pressure/area-isotherm, extended three phase coexistence region in one component systems) is investigated quantitatively. It has been found that the most probable explanation are impurities within the system whereas finite size effects or the influence of the long range electrostatics can not explain the order of magnitude of the effect.
Context. Very massive stars pass through the Wolf-Rayet (WR) stage before they finally explode. Details of their evolution have not yet been safely established, and their physics are not well understood. Their spectral analysis requires adequate model atmospheres, which have been developed step by step during the past decades and account in their recent version for line blanketing by the millions of lines from iron and iron-group elements. However, only very few WN stars have been re-analyzed by means of line-blanketed models yet. Aims. The quantitative spectral analysis of a large sample of Galactic WN stars with the most advanced generation of model atmospheres should provide an empirical basis for various studies about the origin, evolution, and physics of the Wolf-Rayet stars and their powerful winds. Methods. We analyze a large sample of Galactic WN stars by means of the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmospheres, which account for iron line blanketing and clumping. The results are compared with a synthetic population, generated from the Geneva tracks for massive star evolution. Results. We obtain a homogeneous set of stellar and atmospheric parameters for the GalacticWN stars, partly revising earlier results. Conclusions. Comparing the results of our spectral analyses of the Galactic WN stars with the predictions of the Geneva evolutionary calculations, we conclude that there is rough qualitative agreement. However, the quantitative discrepancies are still severe, and there is no preference for the tracks that account for the effects of rotation. It seems that the evolution of massive stars is still not satisfactorily understood.
Floating ice shelves, which fringe most of Antarctica’s coastline, regulate ice flow into the Southern Ocean1,2,3. Their thinning4,5,6,7 or disintegration8,9 can cause upstream acceleration of grounded ice and raise global sea levels. So far the effect has not been quantified in a comprehensive and spatially explicit manner. Here, using a finite-element model, we diagnose the immediate, continent-wide flux response to different spatial patterns of ice-shelf mass loss. We show that highly localized ice-shelf thinning can reach across the entire shelf and accelerate ice flow in regions far from the initial perturbation. As an example, this ‘tele-buttressing’ enhances outflow from Bindschadler Ice Stream in response to thinning near Ross Island more than 900 km away. We further find that the integrated flux response across all grounding lines is highly dependent on the location of imposed changes: the strongest response is caused not only near ice streams and ice rises, but also by thinning, for instance, well-within the Filchner–Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves. The most critical regions in all major ice shelves are often located in regions easily accessible to the intrusion of warm ocean waters10,11,12, stressing Antarctica’s vulnerability to changes in its surrounding ocean.
Context. HD 93129A was classified as the earliest O-type star in the Galaxy (O2 If*) and is considered as the prototype of its spectral class. However, interferometry shows that this object is a binary system, while recent observations even suggest a triple configuration. None of the previous spectral analyses of this object accounted for its multiplicity. With new high-resolution UV and optical spectra, we have the possibility to reanalyze this key object, taking its binary nature into account for the first time. Aims. We aim to derive the fundamental parameters and the evolutionary status of HD 93129A, identifying the contributions of both components to the composite spectrum Results. Despite the similar spectral types of the two components, we are able to find signatures from each of the components in the combined spectrum, which allows us to estimate the parameters of both stars. We derive log(L/L-circle dot) = 6.15, T-eff = 52 kK, and log (M)over dot = -4.7[M-circle dot yr(-1)] for the primary Aa, and log(L/L-circle dot) = 5.58, T-eff = 45 kK, and log (M)over dot = -5.8 [M(circle dot)yr(-1)] for the secondary Ab. Conclusions. Even when accounting for the binary nature, the primary of HD 93129A is found to be one of the hottest and most luminous O stars in our Galaxy. Based on the theoretical decomposition of the spectra, we assign spectral types O2 If* and O3 III(f*) to components Aa and Ab, respectively. While we achieve a good fit for a wide spectral range, specific spectral features are not fully reproduced. The data are not sufficient to identify contributions from a hypothetical third component in the system.
We present a survey for metal absorption systems traced by neutral oxygen over 3.2 < z < 6.5. Our survey uses Keck/ESI and VLT/X-Shooter spectra of 199 QSOs with redshifts up to 6.6. In total, we detect 74 OI absorbers, of which 57 are separated from the background QSO by more than 5000 km s(-1). We use a maximum likelihood approach to fit the distribution of OI lambda 1302 equivalent widths in bins of redshift and from this determine the evolution in number density of absorbers with W-1302 > 0.05 angstrom, of which there are 49 nonproximate systems in our sample. We find that the number density does not monotonically increase with decreasing redshift, as would naively be expected from the buildup of metal-enriched circumgalactic gas with time. The number density over 4.9 < z < 5.7 is a factor of 1.7-4.1 lower (68% confidence) than that over 5.7 < z < 6.5, with a lower value at z < 5.7 favored with 99% confidence. This decrease suggests that the fraction of metals in a low-ionization phase is larger at z similar to 6 than at lower redshifts. Absorption from highly ionized metals traced by CIV is also weaker in higher-redshift OI systems, supporting this picture. The evolution of OI absorbers implies that metal-enriched circumgalactic gas at z similar to 6 is undergoing an ionization transition driven by a strengthening ultraviolet background. This in turn suggests that the reionization of the diffuse intergalactic medium may still be ongoing at or only recently ended by this epoch.
This work revisits the electrostatic instability for blazar-induced pair beams propagating through the intergalactic medium (IGM) using linear analysis and PIC simulations. We study the impact of the realistic distribution function of pairs resulting from the interaction of high-energy gamma-rays with the extragalactic background light. We present analytical and numerical calculations of the linear growth rate of the instability for the arbitrary orientation of wave vectors. Our results explicitly demonstrate that the finite angular spread of the beam dramatically affects the growth rate of the waves, leading to the fastest growth for wave vectors quasi-parallel to the beam direction and a growth rate at oblique directions that is only a factor of 2-4 smaller compared to the maximum. To study the nonlinear beam relaxation, we performed PIC simulations that take into account a realistic wide-energy distribution of beam particles. The parameters of the simulated beam-plasma system provide an adequate physical picture that can be extrapolated to realistic blazar-induced pairs. In our simulations, the beam looses only 1% of its energy, and we analytically estimate that the beam would lose its total energy over about 100 simulation times. An analytical scaling is then used to extrapolate the parameters of realistic blazar-induced pair beams. We find that they can dissipate their energy slightly faster by the electrostatic instability than through inverse-Compton scattering. The uncertainties arising from, e.g., details of the primary gamma-ray spectrum are too large to make firm statements for individual blazars, and an analysis based on their specific properties is required.
The diffusion in the comb structures is a popular model of geometrically induced anomalous diffusion. In the present work we concentrate on the diffusion along the backbone in a system where sidebranches are planes, and the diffusion thereon is anomalous and described by continuous time random walks (CTRW). We show that the mean squared displacement (MSD) in the backbone of the comb behaves differently depending on whether the waiting time periods in the sidebranches are reset after the step in the backbone is done (a rejuvenating junction model), or not (a non-rejuvenating junction model). In the rejuvenating case the subdiffusion in the sidebranches only changes the prefactor in the ultra-slow (logarithmic) diffusion along the backbone, while in the non-rejuvenating case the ultraslow, logarithmic subdiffusion is changed to a much faster power-law subdiffusion (with a logarithmic correction) as it was found earlier by Iomin and Mendez [25]. Moreover, in the first case the result does not change if the diffusion in the backbone is itself anomalous, while in the second case it does. Two of the special cases of the considered models (the non-rejuvenating junction under normal diffusion in the backbone, and rejuvenating junction for the same waiting time distribution in the sidebranches and in junction points) were also investigated within the approach based on the corresponding generalized Fokker-Planck equations. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Macro-economic assessments of climate impacts lack an analysis of the distribution of daily rainfall, which can resolve both complex societal impact channels and anthropogenically forced changes(1-6). Here, using a global panel of subnational economic output for 1,554 regions worldwide over the past 40 years, we show that economic growth rates are reduced by increases in the number of wet days and in extreme daily rainfall, in addition to responding nonlinearly to the total annual and to the standardized monthly deviations of rainfall. Furthermore, high-income nations and the services and manufacturing sectors are most strongly hindered by both measures of daily rainfall, complementing previous work that emphasized the beneficial effects of additional total annual rainfall in low-income, agriculturally dependent economies(4,7). By assessing the distribution of rainfall at multiple timescales and the effects on different sectors, we uncover channels through which climatic conditions can affect the economy. These results suggest that anthropogenic intensification of daily rainfall extremes(8-10) will have negative global economic consequences that require further assessment by those who wish to evaluate the costs of anthropogenic climate change.
Arctic climate change is marked by intensified warming compared to global trends and a significant reduction in Arctic sea ice which can intricately influence mid-latitude atmospheric circulation through tropo- and stratospheric pathways. Achieving accurate simulations of current and future climate demands a realistic representation of Arctic climate processes in numerical climate models, which remains challenging.
Model deficiencies in replicating observed Arctic climate processes often arise due to inadequacies in representing turbulent boundary layer interactions that determine the interactions between the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. Many current climate models rely on parameterizations developed for mid-latitude conditions to handle Arctic turbulent boundary layer processes.
This thesis focuses on modified representation of the Arctic atmospheric processes and understanding their resulting impact on large-scale mid-latitude atmospheric circulation within climate models. The improved turbulence parameterizations, recently developed based on Arctic measurements, were implemented in the global atmospheric circulation model ECHAM6. This involved modifying the stability functions over sea ice and ocean for stable stratification and changing the roughness length over sea ice for all stratification conditions. Comprehensive analyses are conducted to assess the impacts of these modifications on ECHAM6's simulations of the Arctic boundary layer, overall atmospheric circulation, and the dynamical pathways between the Arctic and mid-latitudes.
Through a step-wise implementation of the mentioned parameterizations into ECHAM6, a series of sensitivity experiments revealed that the combined impacts of the reduced roughness length and the modified stability functions are non-linear. Nevertheless, it is evident that both modifications consistently lead to a general decrease in the heat transfer coefficient, being in close agreement with the observations.
Additionally, compared to the reference observations, the ECHAM6 model falls short in accurately representing unstable and strongly stable conditions.
The less frequent occurrence of strong stability restricts the influence of the modified stability functions by reducing the affected sample size. However, when focusing solely on the specific instances of a strongly stable atmosphere, the sensible heat flux approaches near-zero values, which is in line with the observations. Models employing commonly used surface turbulence parameterizations were shown to have difficulties replicating the near-zero sensible heat flux in strongly stable stratification.
I also found that these limited changes in surface layer turbulence parameterizations have a statistically significant impact on the temperature and wind patterns across multiple pressure levels, including the stratosphere, in both the Arctic and mid-latitudes. These significant signals vary in strength, extent, and direction depending on the specific month or year, indicating a strong reliance on the background state.
Furthermore, this research investigates how the modified surface turbulence parameterizations may influence the response of both stratospheric and tropospheric circulation to Arctic sea ice loss.
The most suitable parameterizations for accurately representing Arctic boundary layer turbulence were identified from the sensitivity experiments. Subsequently, the model's response to sea ice loss is evaluated through extended ECHAM6 simulations with different prescribed sea ice conditions.
The simulation with adjusted surface turbulence parameterizations better reproduced the observed Arctic tropospheric warming in vertical extent, demonstrating improved alignment with the reanalysis data. Additionally, unlike the control experiments, this simulation successfully reproduced specific circulation patterns linked to the stratospheric pathway for Arctic-mid-latitude linkages. Specifically, an increased occurrence of the Scandinavian-Ural blocking regime (negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation) in early (late) winter is observed. Overall, it can be inferred that improving turbulence parameterizations at the surface layer can improve the ECHAM6's response to sea ice loss.
Both climate-change damages and climate-change mitigation will incur economic costs. While the risk of severe damages increases with the level of global warming (Dell et al., 2014; IPCC, 2014b, 2018; Lenton et al., 2008), mitigating costs increase steeply with more stringent warming limits (IPCC, 2014a; Luderer et al., 2013; Rogelj et al., 2015). Here, we show that the global warming limit that minimizes this century's total economic costs of climate change lies between 1.9 and 2 ∘C, if temperature changes continue to impact national economic growth rates as observed in the past and if instantaneous growth effects are neither compensated nor amplified by additional growth effects in the following years. The result is robust across a wide range of normative assumptions on the valuation of future welfare and inequality aversion. We combine estimates of climate-change impacts on economic growth for 186 countries (applying an empirical damage function from Burke et al., 2015) with mitigation costs derived from a state-of-the-art energy–economy–climate model with a wide range of highly resolved mitigation options (Kriegler et al., 2017; Luderer et al., 2013, 2015). Our purely economic assessment, even though it omits non-market damages, provides support for the international Paris Agreement on climate change. The political goal of limiting global warming to “well below 2 degrees” is thus also an economically optimal goal given above assumptions on adaptation and damage persistence.