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This paper analyses data privacy issues as they arise from different deployment scenarios for networks that use embedded sensor devices. Maintaining data privacy in pervasive environments requires the management and implementation of privacy protection measures close to the data source. We propose a set of atomic privacy parameters that is generic enough to form specific privacy classes and might be applied directly at the embedded sensor device.
We investigate the usage of rule dependency graphs and their colorings for characterizing and computing answer sets of logic programs. This approach provides us with insights into the interplay between rules when inducing answer sets. We start with different characterizations of answer sets in terms of totally colored dependency graphs that differ ill graph-theoretical aspects. We then develop a series of operational characterizations of answer sets in terms of operators on partial colorings. In analogy to the notion of a derivation in proof theory, our operational characterizations are expressed as (non-deterministically formed) sequences of colorings, turning an uncolored graph into a totally colored one. In this way, we obtain an operational framework in which different combinations of operators result in different formal properties. Among others, we identify the basic strategy employed by the noMoRe system and justify its algorithmic approach. Furthermore, we distinguish operations corresponding to Fitting's operator as well as to well-founded semantics
Business process management
(2006)
With the next generation Internet protocol IPv6 at the horizon, it is time to think about how applications can migrate to IPv6. Web traffic is currently one of the most important applications in the Internet. The increasing popularity of dynamically generated content on the World Wide Web, has created the need for fast web servers. Server clustering together with server load balancing has emerged as a promising technique to build scalable web servers. The paper gives a short overview over the new features of IPv6 and different server load balancing technologies. Further, we present and evaluate Loaded, an user-space server load balancer for IPv4 and IPv6 based on Linux.
An Extended Query language for action languages (and its application to aggregates and preferences)
(2006)
In this article, we consider high-dimensional data which contains a low-dimensional non-Gaussian structure contaminated with Gaussian noise and propose a new linear method to identify the non-Gaussian subspace. Our method NGCA (Non-Gaussian Component Analysis) is based on a very general semi-parametric framework and has a theoretical guarantee that the estimation error of finding the non-Gaussian components tends to zero at a parametric rate. NGCA can be used not only as preprocessing for ICA, but also for extracting and visualizing more general structures like clusters. A numerical study demonstrates the usefulness of our method
We give a new view on building content clusters from page pair models. We measure the heuristic importance within every two pages by computing the distance of their accessed positions in usage sessions. We also compare our page pair models with the classical pair models used in information theories and natural language processing, and give different evaluation methods to build the reasonable content communities. And we finally interpret the advantages and disadvantages of our models from detailed experiment results
Two common data representations are mostly used in intelligent data analysis, namely the vectorial and the pairwise representation. Pairwise data which satisfy the restrictive conditions of Euclidean spaces can be faithfully translated into a Euclidean vectorial representation by embedding. Non-metric pairwise data with violations of symmetry, reflexivity or triangle inequality pose a substantial conceptual problem for pattern recognition since the amount of predictive structural information beyond what can be measured by embeddings is unclear. We show by systematic modeling of non-Euclidean pairwise data that there exists metric violations which can carry valuable problem specific information. Furthermore, Euclidean and non-metric data can be unified on the level of structural information contained in the data. Stable component analysis selects linear subspaces which are particularly insensitive to data fluctuations. Experimental results from different domains support our pattern recognition strategy.
Most information systems log events (e.g., transaction logs, audit traits) to audit and monitor the processes they support. At the same time, many of these processes have been explicitly modeled. For example, SAP R/3 logs events in transaction logs and there are EPCs (Event-driven Process Chains) describing the so-called reference models. These reference models describe how the system should be used. The coexistence of event logs and process models raises an interesting question: "Does the event log conform to the process model and vice versa?". This paper demonstrates that there is not a simple answer to this question. To tackle the problem, we distinguish two dimensions of conformance: fitness (the event log may be the result of the process modeled) and appropriateness (the model is a likely candidate from a structural and behavioral point of view). Different metrics have been defined and a Conformance Checker has been implemented within the ProM Framework
The emergence of drug resistance remains one of the most challenging issues in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The extreme replication dynamics of HIV facilitates its escape from the selective pressure exerted by the human immune system and by the applied combination drug therapy. This article reviews computational methods whose combined use can support the design of optimal antiretroviral therapies based on viral genotypic and phenotypic data. Genotypic assays are based on the analysis of mutations associated with reduced drug susceptibility, but are difficult to interpret due to the numerous mutations and mutational patterns that confer drug resistance. Phenotypic resistance or susceptibility can be experimentally evaluated by measuring the inhibition of the viral replication in cell culture assays. However, this procedure is expensive and time consuming
When decomposing single trial electroencephalography it is a challenge to incorporate prior physiological knowledge. Here, we develop a method that uses prior information about the phase-locking property of event-related potentials in a regularization framework to bias a blind source separation algorithm toward an improved separation of single-trial phase-locked responses in terms of an increased signal-to-noise ratio. In particular, we suggest a transformation of the data, using weighted average of the single trial and trial-averaged response, that redirects the focus of source separation methods onto the subspace of event-related potentials. The practical benefit with respect to an improved separation of such components from ongoing background activity and extraneous noise is first illustrated on artificial data and finally verified in a real-world application of extracting single-trial somatosensory evoked potentials from multichannel EEG-recordings
The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface (BBCI) project develops a noninvasive BCI system whose key features are 1) the use of well-established motor competences as control paradigms, 2) high-dimensional features from 128-channel electroencephalogram (EEG), and 3) advanced machine learning techniques. As reported earlier, our experiments demonstrate that very high information transfer rates can be achieved using the readiness potential (RP) when predicting the laterality of upcoming left-versus right-hand movements in healthy subjects. A more recent study showed that the RP similarily accompanies phantom movements in arm amputees, but the signal strength decreases with longer loss of the limb. In a complementary approach, oscillatory features are used to discriminate imagined movements (left hand versus right hand versus foot). In a recent feedback study with six healthy subjects with no or very little experience with BCI control, three subjects achieved an information transfer rate above 35 bits per minute (bpm), and further two subjects above 24 and 15 bpm, while one subject could not achieve any BCI control. These results are encouraging for an EEG-based BCI system in untrained subjects that is independent of peripheral nervous system activity and does not rely on evoked potentials even when compared to results with very well-trained subjects operating other BCI systems
Non-stationarities are ubiquitous in EEG signals. They are especially apparent in the use of EEG-based brain- computer interfaces (BCIs): (a) in the differences between the initial calibration measurement and the online operation of a BCI, or (b) caused by changes in the subject's brain processes during an experiment (e.g. due to fatigue, change of task involvement, etc). In this paper, we quantify for the first time such systematic evidence of statistical differences in data recorded during offline and online sessions. Furthermore, we propose novel techniques of investigating and visualizing data distributions, which are particularly useful for the analysis of (non-) stationarities. Our study shows that the brain signals used for control can change substantially from the offline calibration sessions to online control, and also within a single session. In addition to this general characterization of the signals, we propose several adaptive classification schemes and study their performance on data recorded during online experiments. An encouraging result of our study is that surprisingly simple adaptive methods in combination with an offline feature selection scheme can significantly increase BCI performance
Design Issues in the Implementation of MPI2 One Sided Communication in Ethernet based Networks
(2007)
In current research, one sided communication of the MPI2 standard is pushed as a promising technique [6, 7, 10, 18]. But measurements of applications and MPI2 primitives show a different picture [17]. In this paper we analyze de sign issues of MPI2 one sided communication and its im plementations. We focus on asynchronous communication for parallel applications in Ethernet cluster environments. Further, one sided communication is compared to two sided communication. This paper will prove that the key problem to performance is not only the implementation of MPI2 one sided communication - it is the design.
SPAM ist in den letzten Jahren zur großten Bedrohung der E-Mail-Kommunikation herangewachsen - jedoch nicht nur auf diesen Kommunikationsweg beschrankt. Mit steigender Anzahl von VoIP-Anschlüssen werden auch hier die teilnehmenden Benutzer mit SPAM-Anrufen (SPIT) konfrontiert werden. Neben derzeit diskutierten juristischen Maßnahmen müssen auch technische Abwehrmaßnahmen geschaffen werden, welche SPAM erkennen und vermeiden können. Dieser Beitrag stellt zwei Erweiterungen für das VoIP-Protokoll SIP vor, welche es erstens den Providern ermöglichen, SPIT-Einschätzungen über den Anrufer zum angerufenen Benutzer zu übermitteln und zweitens den Angerufenen die Möglichkeit geben, mit einer Kostenanforderung auf potentielle SPIT-Anrufe zu reagieren.