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The major aim of this volume is to investigate infinitival structures from a diachronic point of view and, simultaneously, to embed the diachronic findings into the ongoing theoretical discussion on non-finite clauses in general. All contributions subscribe to a dynamic approach to infinitival clauses by investigating their origin, development and loss in miscellaneous patterns and across different languages.
'Mitfühlend sprechen'
(2014)
Im Zentrum dieser interaktional-linguistischen Untersuchung steht die Frage, welchen Beitrag die prosodisch-phonetische Gestaltung einer Äußerung zu ihrer Interpretation als Darstellung von Empathie leistet. Dem liegt eine interaktionale Auffassung von Empathie zu Grunde: Empathie wird nicht als psychoemotionaler Zustand konzeptualisiert, sondern als Darstellung von Verstehen/ Verständnis/ Mitgefühl/ Mitleid in sozialer Interaktion. Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die interaktive Bearbeitung persönlicher Erlebnisse in deutschen Alltagsgesprächen. Es wird gezeigt, dass – an spezifischen sequentiellen Positionen – Kombinationen folgender prosodisch-phonetischer Ressourcen potenziell relevant sind, um Äußerungen als empathisch, hier i.S.v. 'mitfühlend', interpretierbar zu machen: geringere und/ oder abnehmende Lautstärke/ Diminuendo, tiefes Tonhöhenregister, flach auslaufende Kontur, Behauchung, Knarrstimme, geringe Sprechspannung/ weiche Artikulation, Silbendehnung, Lippenrundung, rhythmische Integration/ Legato-Rhythmus.
According to Haider (2010), we have to distinguish three types of infinitival complements in Present-Day German: (i) CP complements, (ii) VP complements and (iii) verbal clusters. While CP complements give rise to biclausal structures, VP complements and verbal clusters indicate a monoclausal structure. Non-finite verbs in verbal clusters build a syntactic unit with the governing verb. It is only the last infinitival pattern that we address as a so-called coherent infinitival pattern, a notion introduced in the influential work of Bech (1955/57). Verbal clusters are bound to languages with an OV grammar, hence the well-known differences regarding infinitival syntax in German and English (Haider 2003, Bobaljik 2004). On the widespread assumption that German has been an OV language throughout its history (Axel 2007), we expect all three types of infinitival complements to be present from the earliest attestions of German.
Sprachwandel
(2015)
Unsere Sprache wandelt sich unablässig. Beispiele dafür lassen sich in der Alltagssprache täglich aufs Neue entdecken. Meistens handelt es sich um Fälle lexikalischen Wandels, wie die Entlehnung von Wörtern aus einer anderen Sprache in das Deutsche. Eine besondere Rolle spielt hier in den letzten Jahren das Englische. Bekannte Beispiele solcher Entlehnungen sind Wörter aus der Computersprache wie scannen, e-mailen, chatten, aber auch Punk oder Hooligan sind aus dem Englischen entlehnt. Aus anderen Sprachen sind Lexeme wie Plateau (aus dem Französischen), Cello (aus dem Italienischen) oder Fatzke (aus dem Polnischen) übernommen worden. Informationen über die Geschichte einzelner Wörter lassen sich aus etymologischen Wörterbüchern beziehen. - Diese Einführung informiert über die linguistischen Kerngebiete Lexikon und Morphologie, Phonologie, Syntax, Semantik und Pragmatik . Sie erläutert Grundbegriffe, illustriert sie an Beispielen aus dem Deutschen und gibt einen Einblick in die linguistische Theoriebildung. Kindlicher Spracherwerb und Sprachwandel - zwei Gebiete, die von großer Bedeutung für ein tieferes Verständnis der menschlichen Sprache sind - werden in weiteren Kapiteln vorgestellt. Mit Übungen, einem Glossar der wichtigsten Fachtermini, einer weiterführenden Schlussbibliographie und einem Sachregister. Für die 3. Auflage wurde der Band umfassend überarbeitet und aktualisiert.
Wider die Bewältigungsthese
(2019)
Rüdiger und die Gaben
(2019)
Der Autor als Schwankheld
(2017)
Regarding verbal mood and complementation patterns of reporting verbs, the distinction between direct and indirect reported speech is well established in present-day German. This paper looks into the history of German: Common knowledge has it that both the use of verbal mood as well as the quality of clause linkage undergo considerable changes giving rise to the question how these changes affect the manifestations of indirect reported speech in earlier stages of German. The historical record of the 16th century (with an outlook on the 17th century) shows that the distinction between direct and indirect reported speech is not yet grammaticalized in historical sources at the time. In particular with respect to dependent (in)direct reported speech, both types prefer V2-complements with only verbal mood differentiating between the types. Although present and past subjunctive have a much wider distribution in earlier stages of German, the occurrence of free indirect speech likewise testifies to its increasing use as a marker of indirect reported speech. The growing conventionalization of patterns of indirect reported speech in the course of Early Modern German may be considered as an example for an increase of subjectification in its development.
The role of case and animacy in biand monolingual children’s sentence interpretation in German
(2019)
German-speaking children appear to have a strong N1-bias when interpreting non-canonical OVSsentences. During sentence interpretation, especially unambiguous accusative and dative case markers (den ‘the-ACC’ and dem ‘the-DAT’) weaken the N1-bias and help building up sentence interpretation strategies on the basis of morphological cues. Still, the N1-bias prevails beyond the age of five (Brandt et al. 2016, Cristante 2016, Dittmar et al. 2008) and remains until puberty (Lidzba et al. 2013). This paper investigates whether prototypical case-animacy coalitions (denACC + N INANIMATE and demDAT + N ANIMATE ) strengthen a morphologically based sentence interpretation strategy in German. The experiment discussed in this paper tests for effects of such case-animacy coalitions in mono- and bilingual primary school children. 20 German monolinguals, 12 Dutch-German and 17 Russian-German bilinguals with a mean age of 9;6 were tested in a forced-choice off-line experiment. Results indicate that case-animacy coalitions weaken the N1-bias in OVS-conditions in German monolinguals and Dutch-German bilinguals, while no effects were found for Russian-German bilinguals. Together with an analysis of individual differences, these group-specific effects are discussed in terms of a developmental approach that represents a gradual cue strength adjustment process in mono- and bilingual children.
In older research literature, the prose epics emerging from the court of Elisabeth of Lorraine and Nassau-Saarbrücken have repeatedly been accused of lacking structure and literariness. By contrast, this article shows that narrative principles of seriality generate the complex structure of the voluminous ›Loher und Maller‹: literary strategies of repetition and variation organize the text on different levels. Recurring narrative structures, thematic constellations and motivations as well as lexical stereotypes are part of this comprehensive principle of seriality. Not triviality and insufficiency, but structural and narrative complexity and lexical accumulation of significance characterize ›Loher und Maller‹.
„Könn’Se berlinern?“
(2017)
Literarische Spurensuche
(2017)
Region und Varietät
(2017)
This article investigates a public debate in Germany that put a special spotlight on the interaction of standard language ideologies with social dichotomies, centering on the question of whether Kiezdeutsch, a new way of speaking in multilingual urban neighbourhoods, is a legitimate German dialect. Based on a corpus of emails and postings to media websites, I analyse central topoi in this debate and an underlying narrative on language and identity. Central elements of this narrative are claims of cultural elevation and cultural unity for an idealised standard language High German', a view of German dialects as part of a national folk culture, and the construction of an exclusive in-group of German' speakers who own this language and its dialects. The narrative provides a potent conceptual frame for the Othering of Kiezdeutsch and its speakers, and for the projection of social and sometimes racist deliminations onto the linguistic plane.
It takes two to kiss, but does it take three to give a kiss? Categorization based on thematic roles
(2014)
Besides their function as one of the main contact points, websites of hospitals serve as medical information portals. All patients should be able to understand medical information texts; regardless of their literacy skills and educational level. Online texts should thus have an appropriate structure to ease their comprehension.
Patient information texts on every German nonuniversity ENT hospital website (n = 125) were systematically analysed. For ten different ENT topics a representative medical information text was extracted from each website. Using objective text parameters and five established readability indices, the texts were analysed in terms of their readability and structure. Furthermore, we stratified the analysis in relation to the hospital organisation system and geographical region in Germany.
Texts from 142 internet sites could be used for the definite analysis. On average, texts consisted of 15 sentences and 237 words. Readability indices congruously showed that the analysed texts could generally only be understood by a well-educated or even academic reader.
The majority of patient information texts on German hospital websites are difficult to understand for most patients. In order to fulfil their goal of adequately informing the general population about disease, therapeutic options and the particular focal points of the clinic, a revision of most medical texts on the websites of German ENT hospitals is recommended.
This article examines and discusses aspects of the acquisition of Turkish literacy in the minority context in Germany. After describing the particular sociolinguistic and language contact situation of Turkish in Germany, the article focuses on two empirical aspects of the acquisition of Turkish literacy within this situation. First, the development of noun phrase complexity is analyzed in a pseudo-longitudinal approach investigating Turkish texts of German-Turkish bilingual pupils of different grades. Second, strategies of literacy are analyzed in the investigation of Turkish texts from bilingual high school pupils of the 12th grade.
Werner Mittenzwei's article of 1967, the title of which coined the term 'Brecht-Lukács-Debatte', is widely considered as a milestone in the development of East German literary criticism towards an 'emancipation' from party politics. By placing Mittenzwei's contribution in the wider context of discussions about the literature of the GDR, within the SED and the writers' union as well as at international conferences, this article attempts to trace the emergence of 'Umfunktionierung' both as a key term and in its official approval by the party.
Im als letztem erschienenen Band von Hansers Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur schreibt Detlev Schöttker unter der Zwischenüberschrift 'Brecht-Lukács-Debatte' dem Erscheinen von Brechts Beiträgen von 1938 in den Schriften zur Literatur und Kunst im Jahre 1966 zu: Sie 'wurden dadurch zu aktuellen Beiträgen in den Auseinandersetzungen über Darstellungsweisen des sozialistischen Realismus. Die Debatte war folgenreich. Sie führte dazu, daß die offizielle Doktrin in Frage gestellt und in der Praxis überwunden wurde.'1
Auch wenn er den 1967 in Sinn und Form erstmals gedruckten Aufsatz von Werner Mittenzwei nicht nennt, der im Titel den Begriff 'Die Brecht-Lukács-Debatte' prägte,2 befindet er sich in Übereinstimmung mit wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Arbeiten zur DDR-Literaturwissenschaft seit den neunziger Jahren, in denen Mittenzweis Aufsatz als 'Markstein'3 und 'Wendepunkt'4 eingeschätzt wird und als 'das Verdienst'5 des Verfassers, dass 'sich die Literaturwissenschaftler [...] von der politischen Vorgabe emanzipiert' hätten.6
Demgegenüber weist Schöttker in einer Anmerkung auf eine gegensätzliche Rezeption in der Bundesrepublik hin: 'In der Bundesrepublik stand dagegen neben einem historischen Interesse an der materialistischen Kunst- und Literaturtheorie der Versuch im Vordergrund, die Überlegungen der Vergangenheit für die theoretische Fundierung einer neuen politischen Kunstpraxis zu nutzen'.7 Auch hier findet sich Mittenzweis Aufsatz nicht unter den Literaturangaben, die von dem Heft 67/68 der alternative 'Materialistische Literaturtheorie I' angeführt werden, das ein Jahr später erschien, nämlich 1969, als das Heft 46 der gleichfalls Westberliner Zeitschrift Das Argument, das unter dem Titel 'Fragen der marxistischen Theorie (I): Brecht / Lukács / Benjamin' Mittenzweis Sinn und Form-Aufsatz nachgedruckt hatte - mit folgender Begründung des Herausgebers Wolfgang Fritz Haug: 'Wir veröffentlichen diesen Beitrag nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil er uns von mittelbarer Bedeutung für die Auseinandersetzungen innerhalb der westdeutschen Linken zu sein scheint.'8 Die alternative brachte ebenfalls einen Nachdruck: Klaus Völkers 'Brecht und Lukács. Analyse einer Meinungsverschiedenheit',9 die bereits im September 1966 im Heft 7 des Kursbuchs erschienen war und ebenso wenig den Begriff Brecht-Lukács-Debatte verwendete, sondern von 'sogenannter 'Expressionismusdebatte''10 oder ohne Anführungszeichen von 'Expressionismus- bzw. Realismusdebatte'11 sprach wie der Literatur und Kritik-Aufsatz12 und das SFB-Feature13 von Franz Schonauer im April 1966.14 Hildegard Brenner begründete den alternative-Nachdruck Völkers anders als Haug den Mittenzweis: Ihr Editorial erklärte nicht nur, weshalb der Begriff 'materialistisch' statt 'marxistisch' benutzt werde, weil nämlich als marxistisch 'zu vieles gängig ist, was diesen Anspruch nicht rechtfertigt', von der Kritischen Theorie bis zu Georg Lukács, sondern schrieb Brecht eine 'unmittelbare Bedeutung' für die Gegenwart zu, deren Literatur und Literaturwissenschaft: 'Die Konflikte, in die [... Lukács; H.P.] mit Schriftstellern geriet, die den revolutionären Anspruch im Sinne einer Übertragung der marxschen Methode auf ihre literarische Praxis bzw. Reflexion zu realisieren suchten, zeigt symptomatisch die Kontroverse mit Bertolt Brecht.'15 Dem Bezug auf die literarische Praxis und ihre wissenschaftliche Reflexion stand bei Haug der auf die Auseinandersetzungen innerhalb der westdeutschen Linken gegenüber, noch 2009 formuliert er zu 'Werner Mittenzweis für uns überaus wichtige[r] Darstellung der Brecht-Lukács-Debatte': 'Diese Debatte fand und findet mich noch immer auf der Seite Brechts',16 den er 1995 im Historisch-kritischen Wörterbuch des Marxismus zum Subjekt einer 'Brecht-Linie' erhoben hat: 'Brecht wurde für diese Generation [die Studentenbewegung; H.P.] zum wichtigsten Lehrer marxistischen Denkens.'17
Signals from the past forms and functions of the traditional behavior in Thomas Kling's essay
(2011)
The paper investigates cases in which the recipients' affiliation with the speaker's affect in telling a complaint story is not (or not only) expressed through assessments or shorter comments or response cries but (also) through tellings of a complaint story of their own. After first complaint stories, next speakers may continue with similar or contrasting second or subsequent stories, in order to accomplish affiliation with the prior speaker's story and affective stance. Similar stories are contextualized as such with similar footings or similar embodiments; contrasting stories are contextualized as such with other footings and/or other embodiments. Nevertheless, not all subsequent stories are receipted as affiliative: the study of a deviant case shows how a subsequent story can be produced and treated as disaffiliative.
Analyzing pre-climax positions of everyday affect-laden telling activities, this paper shows that particular facial expressions, such as raised eyebrows with an open mouth or jaw-dropping, are the devices which are preferably deployed by story recipients as a minimal uptake to display affiliation, especially in the case of "scary" stories.
During the course of conversational storytelling, it is structurally necessary that recipients warrant the tellers speakership. At the same time, a particular affective display-not only in response to what has been said but also to what comes at the climax-appears to become relevant. Immediately prior to the climax, when the teller employs elaborate multimodal cues, the recipient's display of an "anticipatory affect" is made relevant. A particular type of affect signals the anticipation of what kind of climax is approaching. The present paper explores how story recipients accomplish this two-fold task, namely to display alignment with the speaker's role allocation and listenership on the one hand and affiliation on the other. The study argues that a minimal uptake is called for, requiring only a minimal slot in the flow of storytelling and facial expressions that are most likely to fit this slot.
Although the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been identified to induce cell growth arrest of human keratinocytes, the sphingolipid effectively protects these epidermal cells from apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of the anti-apoptotic action induced by S1P is less characterized. Apart from S1P, endogenously produced nitric oxide (NOaEuro cent) has been recognized as a potent modulator of apoptosis in keratinocytes. Therefore, it was of great interest to elucidate whether S1P protects human keratinocytes via a NOaEuro cent-dependent signalling pathway. Indeed, S1P induced an activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human keratinocytes leading to an enhanced formation of NOaEuro cent. Most interestingly, the cell protective effect of S1P was almost completely abolished in the presence of the eNOS inhibitor L-NAME as well as in eNOS-deficient keratinocytes indicating that the sphingolipid metabolite S1P protects human keratinocytes from apoptosis via eNOS activation and subsequent production of protective amounts of NOaEuro cent. It is well established that most of the known actions of S1P are mediated by a family of five specific G protein-coupled receptors. Therefore, the involvement of S1P-receptor subtypes in S1P-mediated eNOS activation has been examined. Indeed, this study clearly shows that the S1P(3) is the exclusive receptor subtype in human keratinocytes which mediates eNOS activation and NOaEuro cent formation in response to S1P. In congruence, when the S1P(3) receptor subtype is abrogated, S1P almost completely lost its ability to protect human keratinocytes from apoptosis.
Language can strongly influence the emotional state of the recipient. In contrast to the broad body of experimental and neuroscientific research on semantic information and prosodic speech, the emotional impact of grammatical structure has rarely been investigated. One reason for this might be, that measuring effects of syntactic structure involves the use of complex stimuli, for which the emotional impact of grammar is difficult to isolate. In the present experiment we examined the emotional impact of structural parallelisms, that is, repetitions of syntactic features, on the emotion-sensitive "late positive potential" (LPP) with a cross-modal priming paradigm. Primes were auditory presented nonsense sentences which included grammatical-syntactic parallelisms. Visual targets were positive, neutral, and negative faces, to be classified as emotional or non-emotional by the participants. Electrophysiology revealed diminished LPP amplitudes for positive faces following parallel primes. Thus, our findings suggest that grammatical structure creates an emotional context that facilitates processing of positive emotional information.
Anglizismen im Deutschen
(2013)
Ruhm
(2013)