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Hierarchical meso- and macropore architectures by liquid crystalline and polymer colloid templating
(2007)
Many-electron dynamics in molecules by means of time-dependent configuration interaction methods
(2007)
Physikalische Hydrogele gewinnen derzeit als Zellsubstrate zunehmend an Interesse, da Viskoelastizität oder Stressrelaxation ein bedeutender Parameter in der Mechanotransduktion ist, der bisher vernachlässigt wurde. In dieser Arbeit wurden multi-funktionelle Polyurethane entworfen, die über einen neuartigen Gelierungsmechanismus physikalische Hydrogele bilden. In Wasser bilden die anionischen Polyurethane spontan Aggregate, welche durch elektrostatische Abstoßung in Lösung gehalten werden. Eine schnelle Gelierung kann von hier aus durch Ladungsabschirmung erreicht werden, wodurch die Aggregation voranschreitet und ein Netzwerk ausgebildet wird. Dies kann durch die Zugabe von verschiedenen Säuren oder Salzen geschehen, sodass sowohl saure (pH 4 - 5) als auch pH-neutrale Hydrogele erhalten werden können. Während konventionelle Hydrogele auf Polyurethan-Basis in der Regel durch toxische isocyanat-haltige Präpolymere hergestellt werden, eignet sich der hier beschriebene physikalische Gelierungsmechanismus für in situ Anwendungen in sensitiven Umgebungen. Sowohl Härte als auch Stressrelaxation der Hydrogele können unabhängig voneinander über einen breiten Bereich eingestellt werden. Darüberhinaus zeichnen sich die Hydrogele durch exzellente Stressregeneration aus.
Diese Arbeit zu Grunde liegenden Forschung zielte darauf ab, neue schmelzbare Acrylnitril-Copolymere zu entwickeln. Diese sollten im Anschluss über ein Schmelzspinnverfahren zur Chemiefaser geformt und im letzten Schritt zur Carbonfaser konvertiert werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zunächst orientierende Untersuchungen an unterschiedlichen Copolymeren des Acrylnitril aus Lösungspolymerisation durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen besser als sterische Abschirmung dazu geeignet sind, Schmelzbarkeit unterhalb der Zersetzungstemperatur von Polyacrylnitril zu bewirken. Aus der Vielzahl untersuchter Copolymere stellten sich jene mit Methoxyethylacrylat (MEA) als am effektivsten heraus. Für diese Copolymere wurden sowohl die Copolymerisationsparameter bestimmt als auch die grundlegende Kinetik der Lösungspolymerisation untersucht. Die Copolymere mit MEA wurden über Schmelzspinnen zur Faser umgeformt und diese dann untersucht. Hierbei wurden auch Einflüsse verschiedener Parameter, wie z.B. die der Molmasse, auf die Fasereigenschaften und -herstellung untersucht. Zuletzt wurde ein Heterophasenpolymerisationsverfahren zur Herstellung von Copolymeren aus AN/MEA entwickelt; dadurch konnten die Materialeigenschaften weiter verbessert werden. Zur Unterdrückung der thermoplastischen Eigenschaften der Fasern wurde ein geeignetes Verfahren entwickelt und anschließend die Konversion zu Carbonfasern durchgeführt.
In complement to the well-established zwitterionic monomers 3-((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (“SPE”) and 3-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (“SPP”), the closely related sulfobetaine monomers were synthesized and polymerized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, using a fluorophore labeled RAFT agent. The polyzwitterions of systematically varied molar mass were characterized with respect to their solubility in water, deuterated water, and aqueous salt solutions. These poly(sulfobetaine)s show thermoresponsive behavior in water, exhibiting upper critical solution temperatures (UCST). Phase transition temperatures depend notably on the molar mass and polymer concentration, and are much higher in D2O than in H2O. Also, the phase transition temperatures are effectively modulated by the addition of salts. The individual effects can be in parts correlated to the Hofmeister series for the anions studied. Still, they depend in a complex way on the concentration and the nature of the added electrolytes, on the one hand, and on the detailed structure of the zwitterionic side chain, on the other hand. For the polymers with the same zwitterionic side chain, it is found that methacrylamide-based poly(sulfobetaine)s exhibit higher UCST-type transition temperatures than their methacrylate analogs. The extension of the distance between polymerizable unit and zwitterionic groups from 2 to 3 methylene units decreases the UCST-type transition temperatures. Poly(sulfobetaine)s derived from aliphatic esters show higher UCST-type transition temperatures than their analogs featuring cyclic ammonium cations. The UCST-type transition temperatures increase markedly with spacer length separating the cationic and anionic moieties from 3 to 4 methylene units. Thus, apparently small variations of their chemical structure strongly affect the phase behavior of the polyzwitterions in specific aqueous environments.
Water-soluble block copolymers were prepared from the zwitterionic monomers and the non-ionic monomer N-isopropylmethacrylamide (“NIPMAM”) by the RAFT polymerization. Such block copolymers with two hydrophilic blocks exhibit twofold thermoresponsive behavior in water. The poly(sulfobetaine) block shows an UCST, whereas the poly(NIPMAM) block exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). This constellation induces a structure inversion of the solvophobic aggregate, called “schizophrenic micelle”. Depending on the relative positions of the two different phase transitions, the block copolymer passes through a molecularly dissolved or an insoluble intermediate regime, which can be modulated by the polymer concentration or by the addition of salt. Whereas, at low temperature, the poly(sulfobetaine) block forms polar aggregates that are kept in solution by the poly(NIPMAM) block, at high temperature, the poly(NIPMAM) block forms hydrophobic aggregates that are kept in solution by the poly(sulfobetaine) block. Thus, aggregates can be prepared in water, which switch reversibly their “inside” to the “outside”, and vice versa.
In the interest of producing functional catalysts from sustainable building-blocks, 1, 3-dicarboxylate imidazolium salts derived from amino acids were successfully modified to be suitable as N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands within metal complexes. Complexes of Ag(I), Pd(II), and Ir(I) were successfully produced using known procedures using ligands derived from glycine, alanine, β-alanine and phenylalanine. The complexes were characterized in solid state using X-Ray crystallography, which allowed for the steric and electronic comparison of these ligands to well-known NHC ligands within analogous metal complexes.
The palladium complexes were tested as catalysts for aqueous-phase Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Water-solubility could be induced via ester hydrolysis of the N-bound groups in the presence of base. The mono-NHC–Pd complexes were seen to be highly active in the coupling of aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid; the active catalyst of which was determined to be mostly Pd(0) nanoparticles. Kinetic studies determined that reaction proceeds quickly in the coupling of bromoacetophenone, for both pre-hydrolyzed and in-situ hydrolysis catalyst dissolution. The catalyst could also be recycled for an extra run by simply re-using the aqueous layer.
The imidazolium salts were also used to produce organosilica hybrid materials. This was attempted via two methods: by post-grafting onto a commercial organosilica, and co-condensation of the corresponding organosilane. The co-condensation technique harbours potential for the production of solid-support catalysts.
Bedeutung der abhängigen Streuung für die optischen Eigenschaften hochkonzentrierter Dispersionen
(2016)
Ionothermal carbon materials
(2016)
Alternative concepts for energy storage and conversion have to be developed, optimized and employed to fulfill the dream of a fossil-independent energy economy. Porous carbon materials play a major role in many energy-related devices. Among different characteristics, distinct porosity features, e.g., specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume (TPV), and the pore size distribution (PSD), are important to maximize the performance in the final device. In order to approach the aim to synthesize carbon materials with tailor-made porosity in a sustainable fashion, the present thesis focused on biomass-derived precursors employing and developing the ionothermal carbonization.
During the ionothermal carbonization, a salt melt simultaneously serves as solvent and porogen. Typically, eutectic mixtures containing zinc chloride are employed as salt phase. The first topic of the present thesis addressed the possibility to precisely tailor the porosity of ionothermal carbon materials by an experimentally simple variation of the molar composition of the binary salt mixture. The developed pore tuning tool allowed the synthesis of glucose derived carbon materials with predictable SSAs in the range of ~ 900 to ~ 2100 m2 g-1. Moreover, the nucleobase adenine was employed as precursor introducing nitrogen functionalities in the final material. Thereby, the chemical properties of the carbon materials are varied leading to new application fields. Nitrogen doped carbons (NDCs) are able to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) which takes place on the cathodic site of a fuel cell. The herein developed porosity tailoring allowed the synthesis of adenine derived NDCs with outstanding SSAs of up to 2900 m2 g-1 and very large TPV of 5.19 cm3 g-1. Furthermore, the influence of the porosity on the ORR could be directly investigated enabling the precise optimization of the porosity characteristics of NDCs for this application. The second topic addressed the development of a new method to investigate the not-yet unraveled mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction using a rotating disc electrode setup. The focus was put on noble-metal free catalysts. The results showed that the reaction pathway of the investigated catalysts is pH-dependent indicating different active species at different pH-values. The third topic addressed the expansion of the used salts for the ionothermal approach towards hydrated calcium and magnesium chloride. It was shown that hydrated salt phases allowed the introduction of a secondary templating effect which was connected to the coexistence of liquid and solid salt phases. The method enabled the synthesis of fibrous NDCs with SSAs of up to 2780 m2 g-1 and very large TPV of 3.86 cm3 g-1. Moreover, the concept of active site implementation by a facile low-temperature metalation employing the obtained NDCs as solid ligands could be shown for the first time in the context of ORR.
Overall, the thesis may pave the way towards highly porous carbon with tailor-made porosity materials prepared by an inexpensive and sustainable pathway, which can be applied in energy related field thereby supporting the needed expansion of the renewable energy sector.
Proteins are amphiphilic and adsorb at liquid interfaces. Therefore, they can be efficient stabilizers of foams and emulsions. β-lactoglobulin (BLG) is one of the most widely studied proteins due to its major industrial applications, in particular in food technology.
In the present work, the influence of different bulk concentration, solution pH and ionic strength on the dynamic and equilibrium pressures of BLG adsorbed layers at the solution/tetradecane (W/TD) interface has been investigated. Dynamic interfacial pressure (Π) and interfacial dilational elastic modulus (E’) of BLG solutions for various concentrations at three different pH values of 3, 5 and 7 at a fixed ionic strength of 10 mM and for a selected fixed concentration at three different ionic strengths of 1 mM, 10 mM and 100 mM are measured by Profile Analysis Tensiometer PAT-1 (SINTERFACE Technologies, Germany). A quantitative data analysis requires additional consideration of depletion due to BLG adsorption at the interface at low protein bulk concentrations. This fact makes experiments more efficient when oil drops are studied in the aqueous protein solutions rather than solution drops formed in oil. On the basis of obtained experimental data, concentration dependencies and the effect of solution pH on the protein surface activity was qualitatively analysed. In the presence of 10 mM buffer, we observed that generally the adsorbed amount is increasing with increasing BLG bulk concentration for all three pH values. The adsorption kinetics at pH 5 result in the highest Π values at any time of adsorption while it exhibits a less active behaviour at pH 3.
Since the experimental data have not been in a good agreement with the classical diffusion controlled model due to the conformational changes which occur when the protein molecules get in contact with the hydrophobic oil phase in order to adapt to the interfacial environment, a new theoretical model is proposed here. The adsorption kinetics data were analysed with the newly proposed model, which is the classical diffusion model but modified by assuming an additional change in the surface activity of BLG molecules when adsorbing at the interface. This effect can be expressed through the adsorption activity constant in the corresponding equation of state. The dilational visco-elasticity of the BLG adsorbed interfacial layers is determined from measured dynamic interfacial tensions during sinusoidal drop area variations. The interfacial tension responses to these harmonic drop oscillations are interpreted with the same thermodynamic model which is used for the corresponding adsorption isotherm.
At a selected BLG concentration of 2×10-6 mol/l, the influence of the ionic strength using different buffer concentration of 1, 10 and 100 mM on the interfacial pressure was studied. It is affected weakly at pH 5, whereas it has a strong impact by increasing buffer concentration at pH 3 and 7. In conclusion, the structure formation of BLG adsorbed layer in the early stage of adsorption at the W/TD interface is similar to those of the solution/air (W/A) surface. However, the equation of state at the W/TD interface provides an adsorption activity constant which is almost two orders of magnitude higher than that for the solution/air surface.
At the end of this work, a new experimental tool called Drop and Bubble Micro Manipulator DBMM (SINTERFACE Technologies, Germany) has been introduced to study the stability of protein covered bubbles against coalescence. Among the available protocols the lifetime between the moment of contact and coalescence of two contacting bubble is determined for different BLG concentrations. The adsorbed amount of BLG is determined as a function of time and concentration and correlates with the observed coalescence behaviour of the contacting bubbles.
In the context of an increasing population of aging people and a shift of medical paradigm towards an individualized medicine in health care, nanostructured lanthanides doped sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) represents an exciting class of upconversion nanomaterials (UCNM) which are suitable to bring forward developments in biomedicine and -biodetection. Despite the fact that among various fluoride based upconversion (UC) phosphors lanthanide doped NaYF4 is one of the most studied upconversion nanomaterial, many open questions are still remaining concerning the interplay of the population routes of sensitizer and activator electronic states involved in different luminescence upconversion photophysics as well as the role of phonon coupling. The collective work aims to explore a detailed understanding of the upconversion mechanism in nanoscaled NaYF4 based materials co-doped with several lanthanides, e.g. Yb3+ and Er3+ as the "standard" type upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) up to advanced UCNP with Gd3+ and Nd3+. Especially the impact of the crystal lattice structure as well as the resulting lattice phonons on the upconversion luminescence was investigated in detail based on different mixtures of cubic and hexagonal NaYF4 nanoscaled crystals. Three synthesis methods, depending on the attempt of the respective central spectroscopic questions, could be accomplished in the following work. NaYF4 based upconversion nanoparticles doped with several combination of lanthanides (Yb3+, Er3+, Gd3+ and Nd3+) were synthesized successfully using a hydrothermal synthesis method under mild conditions as well as a co-precipitation and a high temperature co-precipitation technique. Structural information were gathered by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results were discussed in detail with relation to the spectroscopic results. A variable spectroscopic setup was developed for multi parameter upconversion luminescence studies at various temperature 4 K to 328 K. Especially, the study of the thermal behavior of upconversion luminescence as well as time resolved area normalized emission spectra were a prerequisite for the detailed understanding of intramolecular deactivation processes, structural changes upon annealing or Gd3+ concentration, and the role of phonon coupling for the upconversion efficiency. Subsequently it became possible to synthesize UCNP with tailored upconversion luminescence properties. In the end, the potential of UCNP for life science application should be enunciated in context of current needs and improvements of a nanomaterial based optical sensors, whereas the "standard" UCNP design was attuned according to the special conditions in the biological matrix. In terms of a better biocompatibility due to a lower impact on biological tissue and higher penetrability for the excitation light. The first step into this direction was to use Nd3+ ions as a new sensitizer in tridoped NaYF4 based UCNP, whereas the achieved absolute and relative temperature sensitivity is comparable to other types of local temperature sensors in the literature.
In this thesis, a route to temperature-, pH-, solvent-, 1,2-diol-, and protein-responsive sensors made of biocompatible and low-fouling materials is established. These sensor devices are based on the sensitivemodulation of the visual band gap of a photonic crystal (PhC), which is induced by the selective binding of analytes, triggering a volume phase transition.
The PhCs introduced by this work show a high sensitivity not only for small biomolecules, but also for large analytes, such as glycopolymers or proteins. This enables the PhC to act as a sensor that detects analytes without the need of complex equipment.
Due to their periodical dielectric structure, PhCs prevent the propagation of specific wavelengths. A change of the periodicity parameters is thus indicated by a change in the reflected wavelengths. In the case explored, the PhC sensors are implemented as periodically structured responsive hydrogels in formof an inverse opal.
The stimuli-sensitive inverse opal hydrogels (IOHs) were prepared using a sacrificial opal template of monodispersed silica particles. First, monodisperse silica particles were assembled with a hexagonally packed structure via vertical deposition onto glass slides. The obtained silica crystals, also named colloidal crystals (CCs), exhibit structural color. Subsequently, the CCs templates were embedded in polymer matrix with low-fouling properties. The polymer matrices were composed of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate derivatives (OEGMAs) that render the hydrogels thermoresponsive. Finally, the silica particles were etched, to produce highly porous hydrogel replicas of the CC. Importantly, the inner structure and thus the ability for light diffraction of the IOHs formed was maintained.
The IOH membrane was shown to have interconnected pores with a diameter as well as interconnections between the pores of several hundred nanometers. This enables not only the detection of small analytes, but also, the detection of even large analytes that can diffuse into the nanostructured IOH membrane. Various recognition unit – analyte model systems, such as benzoboroxole – 1,2-diols, biotin – avidin and mannose – concanavalin A, were studied by incorporating functional
comonomers of benzoboroxole, biotin and mannose into the copolymers. The incorporated recognition units specifically bind to certain low and highmolar mass biomolecules, namely to certain saccharides, catechols, glycopolymers or proteins.
Their specific binding strongly changes the overall hydrophilicity, thus modulating the swelling of the IOH matrices, and in consequence, drastically changes their internal periodicity. This swelling is amplified by the thermoresponsive properties of the polymer matrix. The shift of the interference band gap due to the specific molecular recognition is easily visible by the naked eye (up to 150 nm shifts). Moreover, preliminary trial were attempted to detect even larger entities. Therefore anti-bodies were immobilized on hydrogel platforms via polymer-analogous esterification. These platforms incorporate comonomers made of tri(ethylene glycol) methacrylate end-functionalized with a carboxylic acid. In these model systems, the bacteria analytes are too big to penetrate into the IOH membranes, but can only interact with their surfaces. The selected model bacteria, as Escherichia coli, show a specific affinity to anti-body-functionalized hydrogels. Surprisingly in the case functionalized IOHs, this study produced weak color shifts, possibly opening a path to detect directly living organism, which will need further investigations.
Neue Systeme für triphile, fluorkohlenstofffreie Blockcopolymere in Form von Acrylat-basierten thermoresponsiven Blockcopolymeren sowie Acrylat- bzw. Styrol-basierten Terblock-Polyelektrolyten mit unterschiedlich chaotropen Kationen des jeweiligen polyanionischen Blocks wurden entwickelt. Multikompartiment-Mizellen, mizellare Aggregate mit ultrastrukturiertem hydrophobem Mizellkern die biologischen Strukturen wie dem Humanalbumin nachempfunden sind, sollten bei der Selbstorganisation in wässriger Umgebung entstehen. Durch Verwendung apolarer und polarer Kohlenwasserstoff-Domänen anstelle von fluorophilen Fluorkohlenstoff-Domänen sollte erstmals anhand solcher triphilen Systeme nachgewiesen werden, ob diese in der Lage zur selektiven Aufnahme hydrophober Substanzen in unterschiedliche Domänen des Mizellkerns sind.
Mit Hilfe von sequentieller RAFT-Polymerisation wurden diese neuen triphilen Systeme hergestellt, die über einen permanent hydrophilen, eine permanent stark hydrophoben und einen dritten Block verfügen, der durch externe Einflüsse, speziell die Induzierung eines thermischen Coil-to-globule-Übergangs bzw. die Zugabe von organischen, hydrophoben Gegenionen von einem wasserlöslichen in einen polar-hydrophoben Block umgewandelt werden kann. Als RAFT-Agens wurde 4-(Trimethylsilyl)benzyl(3-(trimethylsilyl)-propyl)-trithiocarbonat mit zwei unterschiedlichen TMS-Endgruppen verwendet, das kontrollierte Reaktions-bedingungen sowie die molekulare Charakterisierung der komplexen Copolymere ermöglichte.
Die beiden Grundtypen der linearen ternären Blockcopolymere wurden jeweils in zwei 2 Modell-Systeme, die geringfügig in ihren chemischen Eigenschaften sowie in dem Blocklängenverhältnis von hydrophilen und hydrophoben Polymersegmenten variierten, realisiert und unterschiedliche Permutation der Blöcke aufwiesen.
Als ersten Polymertyp wurden amphiphile thermoresponsive Blockcopolymere verwendet. Modell-System 1 bestand aus dem permanent hydrophoben Block Poly(1,3-Bis(butylthio)-prop-2-yl-acrylat), permanent hydrophilen Block Poly(Oligo(ethylenglykol)monomethyletheracrylat) und den thermoresponsiven Block Poly(N,N‘-Diethylacrylamid), dessen Homopolymer eine LCST-Phasenübergang (LCST, engl.: lower critical solution temperature) bei ca. 36°C aufweist. Das Modell-System 2 bestand aus dem permanent hydrophilen Block Poly(2-(Methylsulfinyl)ethylacrylat), dem permanent hydrophoben Block Poly(2-Ethylhexylacrylat) und wiederum Poly(N,N‘-Diethylacrylamid). Im ternären Blockcopolymer erhöhte sich, je nach Blocksequenz und relativen Blocklängen, der LCST-Übergang auf 50 – 65°C. Bei der Untersuchung der Selbstorganisation für die Polymer-Systeme dieses Typs wurde die Temperatur variiert, um verschieden mizellare Überstrukturen in wässriger Umgebung zu erzeugen bzw. oberhalb des LCST-Übergangs Multikompartiment-Mizellen nachzuweisen. Die Unterschiede in der Hydrophilie bzw. den sterischen Ansprüche der gewählten hydrophilen Blöcke sowie die Variation der jeweiligen Blocksequenzen ermöglichte darüber hinaus die Bildung verschiedenster Morphologien mizellarer Aggregate.
Der zweite Typ basierte auf ein Terblock-Polyelektrolyt-System mit Polyacrylaten bzw. Polystyrolen als Polymerrückgrat. Polymere ionische Flüssigkeiten wurden als Vorlage der Entwicklung zweier Modell-Systeme genommen. Eines der beiden Systeme bestand aus dem permanent hydrophilen Block Poly(Oligo(ethylenglykol)monomethyletheracrylat, dem permanent hydrophoben Block Poly(2-Ethylhexylacrylat) sowie dem Polyanion-Block Poly(3-Sulfopropylacrylat). Die Hydrophobie des Polyanion-Blocks variierte durch Verwendung großer organischer Gegenionen, nämlich Tetrabutylammonium, Tetraphenylphosphonium und Tetraphenylstibonium.
Analog wurde in einem weiteren System aus dem permanent hydrophilen Block Poly(4-Vinylbenzyltetrakis(ethylenoxy)methylether), dem permanent hydrophoben Block Poly(para-Methylstyrol) und Poly(4-Styrolsulfonat) mit den entsprechenden Gegenionen gebildet. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Kettensteifigkeit in beiden Modell-Systemen sollte es bei der Selbstorganisation der mizellarer Aggregate zu unterschiedlichen Überstrukturen kommen.
Mittels DSC-Messungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass für alle Modell-Systeme die Blöcke in Volumen-Phase miteinander inkompatibel waren, was eine Voraussetzung für Multikompartimentierung von mizellaren Aggregaten ist. Die Größe mizellarer Aggregate sowie der Einfluss externer Einflüsse wie der Veränderung der Temperatur bzw. der Hydrophobie und Größe von Gegenionen auf den hydrodynamischen Durchmesser mittels DLS-Untersuchungen wurden für alle Modell-Systeme untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zu den thermoresponsiven ternären Blockcopolymeren belegten , dass sich oberhalb der Phasenübergangstemperatur des thermoresponsiven Blocks die Struktur der mizellaren Aggregate änderte, indem der p(DEAm)-Block scheinbar kollabierte und so zusammen mit den permanent hydrophoben Block den jeweiligen Mizellkern bildete. Nach gewisser Equilibrierungszeit konnten bei Raumtemperatur dir ursprünglichen mizellaren Strukturen regeneriert werden. Hingegen konnte für die Terblock-Polyelektrolyt-Systeme bei Verwendung der unterschiedlich hydrophoben Gegenionen kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Größe der mizellaren Aggregate beobachtet werden.
Zur Abbildung der mizellaren Aggregate mittels kryogene Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (cryo-TEM) der mizellaren Aggregate war mit Poly(1,3-Bis(butylthio)-prop-2-yl-acrylat) ein Modell-System so konzipiert, dass ein erhöhter Elektronendichtekontrast durch Schwefel-Atome die Visualisierung ultrastrukturierter hydrophober Mizellkerne ermöglichte. Dieser Effekt sollte in den Terblock-Polyelektrolyt-Systemen auch durch die Gegenionen Tetraphenylphosphonium und Tetraphenylstibonium nachgestellt werden. Während bei den thermoresponsiven Systemen auch oberhalb des Phasenübergangs kein Hinweis auf Ultrastrukturierung beobachtet wurde, waren für die Polyelektrolyt-Systeme, insbesondere im Fall von Tetraphenylstibonium als Gegenion Überstrukturen zu erkennen. Der Nachweis der Bildung von Multikompartiment-Mizellen war für beide Polymertypen mit dieser abbildenden Methode nicht möglich. Die Unterschiede in der Elektronendichte einzelner Blöcke müsste möglicherweise weiter erhöht werden um Aussagen diesbezüglich zu treffen.
Die Untersuchung von ortsspezifischen Solubilisierungsexperimenten mit solvatochromen Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen mittels „steady-state“-Fluoreszenzspektroskopie durch Vergleich der Solubilisierungsorte der Terblockcopolymere bzw. –Polyelektrolyte mit den jeweiligen Solubilisierungsorten von Homopolymer- und Diblock-Vorstufen sollten den qualitativen Nachweis der Multikompartimentierung erbringen. Aufgrund der geringen Mengen an Farbstoff, die für die Solubilisierungsexperimente eingesetzt wurden zeigten DLS-Untersuchungen keine störenden Effekte der Sonden auf die Größe der mizellaren Aggregate. Jedoch erschwerten Quench-Effekte im Falle der Polyelektrolyt Modell-Systeme eine klare Interpretation der Daten. Im Falle der Modell-Systeme der thermoresponsiven Blockcopolymere waren dagegen deutliche solvatochrome Effekte zwischen der Solubilisierung in den mizellaren Aggregaten unterhalb und oberhalb des Phasenübergangs zu erkennen. Dies könnte ein Hinweis auf Multikompartimentierung oberhalb des LCST-Übergangs sein. Ohne die Informationen einer Strukturanalyse wie z.B. der Röntgen- oder Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung (SAXS oder SANS), kann nicht abschließend geklärt werden, ob die Solubilisierung in mizellaren hydrophoben Domänen des kollabierten Poly(N,N‘-Diethylacrylamid) erfolgt oder in einer Mischform von mizellaren Aggregaten mit gemittelter Polarität.