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Time-Travel-Treasures
(2014)
We isolated and characterized 16 new di- and tetranudeotide microsatellite markers for the critically endangered Asian box turtle genus Cuora, focusing on the "Cuora trifasciata" species complex. The new markers were then used to analyse genetic variability and divergence amongst five described species within this complex, namely C. aurocapitata (n = 18), C. cyclornata (n = 31), C. pani (n = 6), C. trifasciata (n = 58), and C. zhoui (n = 7). Our results support the view that all five species represent valid taxa. Within two species (C. trifasciata and C. cyclornata), two distinct morphotypes were corroborated by microsatellite divergence. For three individuals, morphologically identified as being of hybrid origin, the hybrid status was confirmed by our genetic analysis. Our results confirm the controversial species (Cuora aurocapitata, C. cyclornata) and subspecies/morphotypes (C. cyclornata meieri, C. trifasciata cf. trifasciata) to be genetically distinct, which has critical implications for conservation strategies.
Stabilität und Dynamik der Verfassungsprinzipien des Grundgesetzes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
(2014)
Il ciclo dei trentasei Contorni danteschi del pittore e disegnatore berlinese Giovanni Bonaventura Genelli (1798-1868) rappresenta un interessante tentativo d’interpretare il testo della Commedia alla luce dei principi del classicismo tedesco, sull’esempio di Carstens e di Koch e, in parte di Flaxman da cui però Genelli si distingue per continua ricerca volta ad esprimere la plasticità delle forme. Caratteristica precipua delle sue illustrazioni è inoltre il ricorso continuo sia alla scultura antica che agli affreschi michelangioleschi della Sistina come repertorio iconografico. L’articolo approfondisce questi aspetti con particolare riferimento alle sedici tavole dedicate all’Inferno.
Modern microscopic techniques following the stochastic motion of labelled tracer particles have uncovered significant deviations from the laws of Brownian motion in a variety of animate and inanimate systems. Such anomalous diffusion can have different physical origins, which can be identified from careful data analysis. In particular, single particle tracking provides the entire trajectory of the traced particle, which allows one to evaluate different observables to quantify the dynamics of the system under observation. We here provide an extensive overview over different popular anomalous diffusion models and their properties. We pay special attention to their ergodic properties, highlighting the fact that in several of these models the long time averaged mean squared displacement shows a distinct disparity to the regular, ensemble averaged mean squared displacement. In these cases, data obtained from time averages cannot be interpreted by the standard theoretical results for the ensemble averages. Here we therefore provide a comparison of the main properties of the time averaged mean squared displacement and its statistical behaviour in terms of the scatter of the amplitudes between the time averages obtained from different trajectories. We especially demonstrate how anomalous dynamics may be identified for systems, which, on first sight, appear to be Brownian. Moreover, we discuss the ergodicity breaking parameters for the different anomalous stochastic processes and showcase the physical origins for the various behaviours. This Perspective is intended as a guidebook for both experimentalists and theorists working on systems, which exhibit anomalous diffusion.
New porous materials based on covalently connected monomers are presented. The key step of the synthesis is an acetalisation reaction. In previous years we used acetalisation reactions extensively to build up various molecular rods. Based on this approach, investigations towards porous polymeric materials were conducted by us. Here we wish to present the results of these studies in the synthesis of 1D polyacetals and porous 3D polyacetals. By scrambling experiments with 1D acetals we could prove that exchange reactions occur between different building blocks (evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry). Based on these results we synthesized porous 3D polyacetals under the same mild conditions.
Picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to investigate the electronic and structural dynamics initiated by plasmon excitation of 1.8 nm diameter Au nanoparticles (NPs) functionalised with 1-hexanethiol. We show that 100 ps after photoexcitation the transient XAS spectrum is consistent with an 8% expansion of the Au–Au bond length and a large increase in disorder associated with melting of the NPs. Recovery of the ground state occurs with a time constant of ∼1.8 ns, arising from thermalisation with the environment. Simulations reveal that the transient spectrum exhibits no signature of charge separation at 100 ps and allows us to estimate an upper limit for the quantum yield (QY) of this process to be <0.1.
We study the thermal Markovian diffusion of tracer particles in a 2D medium with spatially varying diffusivity D(r), mimicking recently measured, heterogeneous maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient in biological cells. For this heterogeneous diffusion process (HDP) we analyse the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the tracer particles, the time averaged MSD, the spatial probability density function, and the first passage time dynamics from the cell boundary to the nucleus. Moreover we examine the non-ergodic properties of this process which are important for the correct physical interpretation of time averages of observables obtained from single particle tracking experiments. From extensive computer simulations of the 2D stochastic Langevin equation we present an in-depth study of this HDP. In particular, we find that the MSDs along the radial and azimuthal directions in a circular domain obey anomalous and Brownian scaling, respectively. We demonstrate that the time averaged MSD stays linear as a function of the lag time and the system thus reveals a weak ergodicity breaking. Our results will enable one to rationalise the diffusive motion of larger tracer particles such as viruses or submicron beads in biological cells.
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons are one group of fat-soluble organic arsenic compounds (arsenolipids) found in marine fish and other seafood. A risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed, but has not been possible because of the total lack of toxicological data. In this study the cellular toxicity of three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was investigated in cultured human bladder (UROtsa) and liver (HepG2) cells. Cytotoxicity of the arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was comparable to that of arsenite, which was applied as the toxic reference arsenical. A large cellular accumulation of arsenic, as measured by ICP-MS/MS, was observed after incubation of both cell lines with the arsenolipids. Moreover, the toxic mode of action shown by the three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons seemed to differ from that observed for arsenite. Evidence suggests that the high cytotoxic potential of the lipophilic arsenicals results from a decrease in the cellular energy level. This first in vitro based risk assessment cannot exclude a risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood, and indicates the urgent need for further toxicity studies in experimental animals to fully assess this possible risk.
Jüdische Mystik
(2014)
Das Handbuch umreißt das gesamte Spektrum der 2000jährigen Geschichte der Juden auf europäischem Boden. Wissenschaftler aus Europa und den USA haben ihre Forschungsergebnisse allgemein verständlich aufbereitet mit dem Ziel, das Leben und Wirken der Juden, aber auch die ihnen entgegengebrachte Intoleranz und deren Ursachen aufzuzeigen.
Der erste Teil konzentriert sich systematisch auf die Länder und Regionen, in denen Juden siedelten bzw. nach Vertreibungen aus anderen Staaten Aufnahme fanden. Es wird sowohl auf die innere Entwicklung der jüdischen Gemeinden als auch auf die Beziehungen zwischen Juden und der sie umgebenden andersgläubigen Gesellschaft eingegangen.
Der zweite Teil behandelt themenspezifische Schwerpunkte. Gemeindeleben und Religion, Familie und Stellung der Frau, kulturelle und geistige Entwicklung, aber auch Judenfeindschaft der sie umgebenden Gesellschaft – vom Antijudaismus bis zur Shoa und zum Antisemitismus der Gegenwart – werden in großangelegten Beiträgen dargelegt.
This study aims to further mechanistically understand toxic modes of action after chronic inorganic arsenic exposure. Therefore long-term incubation studies in cultured cells were carried out, to display chronically attained changes, which cannot be observed in the generally applied in vitro short-term incubation studies. Particularly, the cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenetic effects of an up to 21 days incubation of human urothelial (UROtsa) cells with pico- to nanomolar concentrations of iAsIII and its metabolite thio-DMAV were compared. After 21 days of incubation, cytotoxic effects were strongly enhanced in the case of iAsIII and might partly be due to glutathione depletion and genotoxic effects on the chromosomal level. These results are in strong contrast to cells exposed to thio-DMAV. Thus, cells seemed to be able to adapt to this arsenical, as indicated among others by an increase in the cellular glutathione level. Most interestingly, picomolar concentrations of both iAsIII and thio-DMAV caused global DNA hypomethylation in UROtsa cells, which was quantified in parallel by 5-medC immunostaining and a newly established, reliable, high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based test system. This is the first time that epigenetic effects are reported for thio-DMAV; iAsIII induced epigenetic effects occur in at least 8000 fold lower concentrations as reported in vitro before. The fact that both arsenicals cause DNA hypomethylation at really low, exposure-relevant concentrations in human urothelial cells suggests that this epigenetic effect might contribute to inorganic arsenic induced carcinogenicity, which for sure has to be further investigated in future studies.
Probably no other field of statistical physics at the borderline of soft matter and biological physics has caused such a flurry of papers as polymer translocation since the 1994 landmark paper by Bezrukov, Vodyanoy, and Parsegian and the study of Kasianowicz in 1996. Experiments, simulations, and theoretical approaches are still contributing novel insights to date, while no universal consensus on the statistical understanding of polymer translocation has been reached. We here collect the published results, in particular, the famous–infamous debate on the scaling exponents governing the translocation process. We put these results into perspective and discuss where the field is going. In particular, we argue that the phenomenon of polymer translocation is non-universal and highly sensitive to the exact specifications of the models and experiments used towards its analysis.
Anomalous diffusion is frequently described by scaled Brownian motion (SBM){,} a Gaussian process with a power-law time dependent diffusion coefficient. Its mean squared displacement is ?x2(t)? [similar{,} equals] 2K(t)t with K(t) [similar{,} equals] t[small alpha]-1 for 0 < [small alpha] < 2. SBM may provide a seemingly adequate description in the case of unbounded diffusion{,} for which its probability density function coincides with that of fractional Brownian motion. Here we show that free SBM is weakly non-ergodic but does not exhibit a significant amplitude scatter of the time averaged mean squared displacement. More severely{,} we demonstrate that under confinement{,} the dynamics encoded by SBM is fundamentally different from both fractional Brownian motion and continuous time random walks. SBM is highly non-stationary and cannot provide a physical description for particles in a thermalised stationary system. Our findings have direct impact on the modelling of single particle tracking experiments{,} in particular{,} under confinement inside cellular compartments or when optical tweezers tracking methods are used.
Geocoder accuracy ranking
(2014)
Finding an address on a map is sometimes tricky: the chosen map application may be unfamiliar with the enclosed region. There are several geocoders on the market, they have different databases and algorithms to compute the query. Consequently, the geocoding results differ in their quality. Fortunately the geocoders provide a rich set of metadata. The workflow described in this paper compares this metadata with the aim to find out which geocoder is offering the best-fitting coordinate for a given address.
Geometric generalization is a fundamental concept in the digital mapping process. An increasing amount of spatial data is provided on the web as well as a range of tools to process it. This jABC workflow is used for the automatic testing of web-based generalization services like mapshaper.org by executing its functionality, overlaying both datasets before and after the transformation and displaying them visually in a .tif file. Mostly Web Services and command line tools are used to build an environment where ESRI shapefiles can be uploaded, processed through a chosen generalization service and finally visualized in Irfanview.
In the geoinformatics field, remote sensing data is often used for analyzing the characteristics of the current investigation area. This includes DEMs, which are simple raster grids containing grey scales representing the respective elevation values. The project CREADED that is presented in this paper aims at making these monochrome raster images more significant and more intuitively interpretable. For this purpose, an executable interactive model for creating a colored and relief-shaded Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been designed using the jABC framework. The process is based on standard jABC-SIBs and SIBs that provide specific GIS functions, which are available as Web services, command line tools and scripts.
This paper describes the implementation of a workflow model for service-oriented computing of potential areas for wind turbines in jABC. By implementing a re-executable model the manual effort of a multi-criteria site analysis can be reduced. The aim is to determine the shift of typical geoprocessing tools of geographic information systems (GIS) from the desktop to the web. The analysis is based on a vector data set and mainly uses web services of the “Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems” (CSISS). This paper discusses effort, benefits and problems associated with the use of the web services.
Location analyses are among the most common tasks while working with spatial data and geographic information systems. Automating the most frequently used procedures is therefore an important aspect of improving their usability. In this context, this project aims to design and implement a workflow, providing some basic tools for a location analysis. For the implementation with jABC, the workflow was applied to the problem of finding a suitable location for placing an artificial reef. For this analysis three parameters (bathymetry, slope and grain size of the ground material) were taken into account, processed, and visualized with the The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), which were integrated into the workflow as jETI-SIBs. The implemented workflow thereby showed that the approach to combine jABC with GMT resulted in an user-centric yet user-friendly tool with high-quality cartographic outputs.
Creation of topographic maps
(2014)
Location analyses are among the most common tasks while working with spatial data and geographic information systems. Automating the most frequently used procedures is therefore an important aspect of improving their usability. In this context, this project aims to design and implement a workflow, providing some basic tools for a location analysis. For the implementation with jABC, the workflow was applied to the problem of finding a suitable location for placing an artificial reef. For this analysis three parameters (bathymetry, slope and grain size of the ground material) were taken into account, processed, and visualized with the The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), which were integrated into the workflow as jETI-SIBs. The implemented workflow thereby showed that the approach to combine jABC with GMT resulted in an user-centric yet user-friendly tool with high-quality cartographic outputs.
GraffDok is an application helping to maintain an overview over sprayed images somewhere in a city. At the time of writing it aims at vandalism rather than at beautiful photographic graffiti in an underpass. Looking at hundreds of tags and scribbles on monuments, house walls, etc. it would be interesting to not only record them in writing but even make them accessible electronically, including images.
GraffDok’s workflow is simple and only requires an EXIF-GPS-tagged photograph of a graffito. It automatically determines its location by using reverse geocoding with the given GPS-coordinates and the Gisgraphy WebService. While asking the user for some more meta data, GraffDok analyses the image in parallel with this and tries to detect fore- and background – before extracting the drawing lines and make them stand alone. The command line based tool ImageMagick is used here as well as for accessing EXIF data.
Any meta data is written to csv-files, which will stay easily accessible and can be integrated in TeX-files as well. The latter ones are converted to PDF at the end of the workflow, containing a table about all graffiti and a summary for each – including the generated characteristic graffiti pattern image.
The protein classification workflow described in this report enables users to get information about a novel protein sequence automatically. The information is derived by different bioinformatic analysis tools which calculate or predict features of a protein sequence. Also, databases are used to compare the novel sequence with known proteins.
Analyses of metagenomes in life sciences present new opportunities as well as challenges to the scientific community and call for advanced computational methods and workflows. The large amount of data collected from samples via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies render manual approaches to sequence comparison and annotation unsuitable. Rather, fast and efficient computational pipelines are needed to provide comprehensive statistics and summaries and enable the researcher to choose appropriate tools for more specific analyses. The workflow presented here builds upon previous pipelines designed for automated clustering and annotation of raw sequence reads obtained from next-generation sequencing technologies such as 454 and Illumina. Employing specialized algorithms, the sequence reads are processed at three different levels. First, raw reads are clustered at high similarity cutoff to yield clusters which can be exported as multifasta files for further analyses. Independently, open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from raw reads and clustered at two strictness levels to yield sets of non-redundant sequences and ORF families. Furthermore, single ORFs are annotated by performing searches against the Pfam database
Exploratory Data Analysis
(2014)
In bioinformatics the term exploratory data analysis refers to different methods to get an overview of large biological data sets. Hence, it helps to create a framework for further analysis and hypothesis testing. The workflow facilitates this first important step of the data analysis created by high-throughput technologies. The results are different plots showing the structure of the measurements. The goal of the workflow is the automatization of the exploratory data analysis, but also the flexibility should be guaranteed. The basic tool is the free software R.
With the jABC it is possible to realize workflows for numerous questions in different fields. The goal of this project was to create a workflow for the identification of differentially expressed genes. This is of special interest in biology, for it gives the opportunity to get a better insight in cellular changes due to exogenous stress, diseases and so on. With the knowledge that can be derived from the differentially expressed genes in diseased tissues, it becomes possible to find new targets for treatment.
A workflow for visualizing server connections using the Google Maps API was built in the jABC. It makes use of three basic services: An XML-based IP address geolocation web service, a command line tool and the Static Maps API. The result of the workflow is an URL leading to an image file of a map, showing server connections between a client and a target host.
Spotlocator is a game wherein people have to guess the spots of where photos were taken. The photos of a defined area for each game are from panoramio.com. They are published at http://spotlocator. drupalgardens.com with an ID. Everyone can guess the photo spots by sending a special tweet via Twitter that contains the hashtag #spotlocator, the guessed coordinates and the ID of the photo. An evaluation is published for all tweets. The players are informed about the distance to the real photo spots and the positions are shown on a map.
Through the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, a lot of newly sequenced organisms are now available. Annotating those genes is one of the most challenging tasks in sequence biology. Here, we present an automated workflow to find homologue proteins, annotate sequences according to function and create a three-dimensional model.
In this project I constructed a workflow that takes a DNA sequence as input and provides a phylogenetic tree, consisting of the input sequence and other sequences which were found during a database search. In this phylogenetic tree the sequences are arranged depending on similarities. In bioinformatics, constructing phylogenetic trees is often used to explore the evolutionary relationships of genes or organisms and to understand the mechanisms of evolution itself.
Die Migration von etwa einer halben Million Menschen aus westlichen Ländern in die DDR ist wenig erforscht. Dies gilt auch für das Gebiet der Literatur. Was so unterschiedliche Autoren wie Anna Seghers, Arnolt Bronnen, Heinar Kipphardt, Adolf Endler, Wolf Biermann, Gisela Kraft oder Ronald M. Schernikau verbindet, ist, sich einmal für ein Leben in der DDR entschieden zu haben. Einige von ihnen fanden in der sozialistischen Wahlheimat ihre Themen und ihr Publikum: häufig in zunehmender Distanz zur Kulturpolitik, mitunter auch in großer Nähe. Andere kehrten dem Land nach wenigen Jahren enttäuscht oder verbittert wieder den Rücken oder wurden hinausgedrängt. Die Beiträge beschäftigen sich mit den Motiven, Umständen, biographischen Konsequenzen, Selbstdeutungen und literarischen Resultaten der Übersiedlung in die SBZ bzw. in die DDR zwischen 1945 und 1989.
Schriftsteller schreiben nicht weil, sondern obwohl sie trinken. Der Trinker als literarische Figur und der Schriftsteller als Trinker, zwischen diesen beiden Punkten oszilliert das Thema »Alkohol und Literatur«. In typischer Alkoholikermanier bewegen sich die Texte der betreffenden Autoren zwischen alkoholseliger Übertreibung und erstaunlich zarter Empfindsamkeit und sind zugleich Zeichen für eine Flucht vor der tief empfundenen Unmenschlichkeit der modernen Welt sowie dem eigenen Versagensgefühl. Die oft satirischen und zumeist hoch intelligenten Reflexionen der trinkenden Helden geraten in den literarischen Texten zu aberwitzigen Monologen, in denen alle moralischen und geistigen Werte demontiert werden und die Realität nicht nur im Chaos versinkt, sondern gar deren Existenz überhaupt in Frage gestellt wird.
Wir alle sind Nachbarn?
(2014)
Vielheit statt Einheit
(2014)
We study the diffusion of a tracer particle, which moves in continuum space between a lattice of excluded volume, immobile non-inert obstacles. In particular, we analyse how the strength of the tracer–obstacle interactions and the volume occupancy of the crowders alter the diffusive motion of the tracer. From the details of partitioning of the tracer diffusion modes between trapping states when bound to obstacles and bulk diffusion, we examine the degree of localisation of the tracer in the lattice of crowders. We study the properties of the tracer diffusion in terms of the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements, the trapping time distributions, the amplitude variation of the time averaged mean squared displacements, and the non-Gaussianity parameter of the diffusing tracer. We conclude that tracer–obstacle adsorption and binding triggers a transient anomalous diffusion. From a very narrow spread of recorded individual time averaged trajectories we exclude continuous type random walk processes as the underlying physical model of the tracer diffusion in our system. For moderate tracer–crowder attraction the motion is found to be fully ergodic, while at stronger attraction strength a transient disparity between ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements occurs. We also put our results into perspective with findings from experimental single-particle tracking and simulations of the diffusion of tagged tracers in dense crowded suspensions. Our results have implications for the diffusion, transport, and spreading of chemical components in highly crowded environments inside living cells and other structured liquids.
The looping of polymers such as DNA is a fundamental process in the molecular biology of living cells, whose interior is characterised by a high degree of molecular crowding. We here investigate in detail the looping dynamics of flexible polymer chains in the presence of different degrees of crowding. From the analysis of the looping–unlooping rates and the looping probabilities of the chain ends we show that the presence of small crowders typically slows down the chain dynamics but larger crowders may in fact facilitate the looping. We rationalise these non-trivial and often counterintuitive effects of the crowder size on the looping kinetics in terms of an effective solution viscosity and standard excluded volume. It is shown that for small crowders the effect of an increased viscosity dominates, while for big crowders we argue that confinement effects (caging) prevail. The tradeoff between both trends can thus result in the impediment or facilitation of polymer looping, depending on the crowder size. We also examine how the crowding volume fraction, chain length, and the attraction strength of the contact groups of the polymer chain affect the looping kinetics and hairpin formation dynamics. Our results are relevant for DNA looping in the absence and presence of protein mediation, DNA hairpin formation, RNA folding, and the folding of polypeptide chains under biologically relevant high-crowding conditions.
Das deutsche Bildungssystem ist noch weit davon entfernt, Inklusion im Schulalltag und im Schulunterricht flächendeckend umzusetzen. Dies ist jedoch eine Verpflichtung, die Deutschland mit dem Beitritt zur Behindertenrechtskonvention eingegangen ist. Die Realisierung einer inklusiven Schulentwicklung gestaltet sich schwierig, da die in der Inklusion erfolgreichen Schulen es einerseits nicht schaffen, den notwendigen Bedarf aufzufangen und es andererseits auch nur in bedingtem Maße gelingt, ihr Wissen und ihre Praxiserfahrungen über Inklusion weiterzugeben. Zugleich zeigt sich im Schulalltag die Notwendigkeit eines Abbaus von Barrieren sowie einer Verbesserung der Lernsituation. Debatten über die Anerkennung der heterogenen Rahmenbedingungen und damit über die Umsetzung eines inklusionspädagogischen Ansatzes dürfen nicht nur theoretisch geführt werden. In dem Beitrag werden daher konkrete Möglichkeiten für den Fremdsprachenunterricht und Gute-Praxis-Beispiele aufgezeigt. Auch wenn ohne Frage umfangreichere finanzielle Mittel für eine Inklusionsumsetzung Voraussetzung wären, wird dabei sichtbar, dass adäquates Handeln und ein entsprechender Wille aus Verwaltung-, Schulleiter-, Lehrer- und Schülerperspektive schon vieles bewegen kann. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Probleme und Herausforderungen sich in einer inklusiven Praxis ergeben können.
Störungen des Hörvermögens
(2014)
Schwerhörigkeiten treten beim Menschen häufig auf und können angeboren oder erworben sein. Man unterscheidet in Schallleitungsschwerhörigkeiten, bei denen Schallaufnahme und Schallleitung in das Innenohr durch Fremdkörper, Infektionen, Verletzungen, Mittelohrbelüftungsprobleme und Fehlbildungen gestört sind und in Schallempfindungsschwerhörigkeiten, bei denen der Sinnesbereich des Innenohres, die Nervenleitung zum Hirnstamm oder die zentrale Verarbeitung im Gehirn betroffen sind. Ursächlich hierfür kommen neben vererbten Faktoren Infektionen, Verletzungen, Lärm, toxische Substanzen, Geburtsprobleme, Stoffwechselstörungen und Tumoren in Betracht. Bestehen Schwerhörigkeiten unbehandelt lange Zeit, kommt es – je nach Ausprägung – bei Kindern zu Störungen der Gehirn-, Sprachund emotionalen Entwicklung, bei allen Betroffenen auch zu Kommunikationsproblemen und zu Schwierigkeiten bei der Teilhabe am Leben in der sozialen Gemeinschaft. Schallleitungsschwerhörigkeiten können medizinisch behandelt und gebessert werden, während bei Schallempfindungsschwerhörigkeiten eine ursächliche medizinische Behandlung zur Zeit nicht möglich ist. In diesen Fällen ist die Versorgung mit Hörsystemen erforderlich. Hierzu zählt man, wiederum in Abhängigkeit vom Ausmaß der Schwerhörigkeit, IdO- und HdO-Hörgeräte, implantierbare Hörgeräte, cochleäre Implantate und Hirnstammimplantate. Bei Schwerhörigkeiten, die durch beruflichen Lärm verursacht sind, ist eine Herausnahme aus dem Lärmberuf Voraussetzung, um eine weitere Verschlechterung zu verhindern. Eine besondere Stellung kommt der einseitigen Schallempfindungsschwerhörigkeit zu, da sie bei Normalhörigkeit des anderen Ohres, seltener auffällt, den Betroffenen aber Probleme im täglichen Leben bereiten kann. Wichtig sind ihre Erkennung und Berücksichtigung, zum Beispiel in der Schule, am Arbeitsplatz und im Straßenverkehr. Dem bleibend hörbehinderten Menschen stehen nach dem Sozialgesetzbuch Hilfen und Vergünstigungen zu, um die durch die Hörbehinderung verursachten Nachteile zum Teil auszugleichen.
Der Weg zum neuen Hören
(2014)
Kulturtransfer im Kochtopf
(2014)
Reisen über den Tellerrand
(2014)
1. Einführung
2. Kriminalität, Gewalt und Rechtsextremismus: Begriffsgenese und Modell „nachhaltiger Prävention“
2.1 Entwicklungsorientierung
2.2 Kommunale Netzwerkarbeit
2.3 Evaluation und Qualität
3. Kriminal- und Gewaltprävention im Land Brandenburg
3.1 Gewaltprävention an einer Brennpunkt-Schule am Beispiel von „Wir für uns“
3.2 Regionale Netzwerkarbeit am Beispiel von „Mit-Ein-Ander in Kita und Schule“
3.3 Rechtsextremismusprävention am Beispiel des Handlungskonzepts „Tolerantes Brandenburg“
4. Folgerungen und Empfehlungen
Literatur
Die "Grüne Liste Prävention"
(2014)
Präventiver Kinderschutz
(2014)
Wir schlagen einen allgemein anwendbaren Algorithmus vor, der unter Verwendung des Skalarprodukts von Kraft und Weg zum richtigen Vorzeichen in den Gleichungen für die Arbeit und die Potentielle Energie bei reversiblen Prozessen (Druck-Volumen-Änderung, Dehnung, Elektrostatische Wechselwirkung, Hub)führt. Wir zeigen, dass es dabei möglich ist, systemimmanente oder externe Kräfte zu benutzen. Wir zeigen, dass bei Verwendung von systemimmanenten Kräften das Skalarprodukt mit negativem Vorzeichen anzusetzen ist. Zudem ist es sehr wichtig, nötige Vorzeichenwechsel bei den einzelnen Schritten zu beachten. Wir betonen dies, weil gelegentlich übersehen wird, dass ein Vorzeichenwechsel nötig ist, wenn das Wegdifferential ds durch das Höhendifferential dh beziehungsweise durch das Abstandsdifferential dx oder dr ersetzt werden muss.
Die jüdische Reformbewegung veränderte nicht nur den liturgischen Ablauf des Gottesdienstes, sondern wirkte sich auch auf das Synagogengebäude aus, in das nun Orgel, Chor und Predigtkanzel als neue Elemente integriert wurden. Nach dem Seesener Jacobstempel (1810) adaptierte man die neuen Ideen in Berlin und anderen Städten, so dass eine eigene Typologie von Reformsynagogen entstand. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts repräsentierten Synagogen deutlich den Integrationswillen der jüdischen Gemeinden. Die vielbeachteten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für neue großstädtische Synagogenbauten zeigten die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten zur Einbeziehung von Orgel und Chor im Innenraum. Die vorgestellten Beispiele führen so die allgemeine Entwicklung der Synagogenarchitektur und die verschiedenartigen Ausprägungen der „Orgelsynagoge“ im Besonderen exemplarisch vor und zeigen, wie die musikalisch durchkomponierte Liturgie mit der neuen „Komposition“ des Synagogenraumes korrespondierte.
Dieser Aufsatz setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander: „Was ist jüdische Theologie?“. Er untersucht die verschiedenen Perspektiven jüdisch-amerikanischer Denker des 20. Jahrhunderts auf die Definition von jüdischer Theologie, die Bestimmung ihres Inhalts, ihrer Ziele und Methodik. Dabei konzentrieren sich die Betrachtungen insbesondere auf Konzeptionen von Kaufmann Kohler und Eugene B. Borowitz, aber auch auf Arthur Green, Arthur A. Cohen sowie Louis Jacobs. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die vielfältigen Facetten der Perspektiven auf die Thematik – auch unter Berücksichtigung des historischen Kontextes – zu verdeutlichen und die von den Autoren hervorgehobenen Charakteristika einer jüdischen Theologie zu erörtern. Zudem wird gefragt, ob und in welcher Weise sich ihre inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte und Problemstellungen im Laufe der Jahrzehnte verändert haben.
Concepts and techniques for integration, analysis and visualization of massive 3D point clouds
(2014)
Remote sensing methods, such as LiDAR and image-based photogrammetry, are established approaches for capturing the physical world. Professional and low-cost scanning devices are capable of generating dense 3D point clouds. Typically, these 3D point clouds are preprocessed by GIS and are then used as input data in a variety of applications such as urban planning, environmental monitoring, disaster management, and simulation. The availability of area-wide 3D point clouds will drastically increase in the future due to the availability of novel capturing methods (e.g., driver assistance systems) and low-cost scanning devices. Applications, systems, and workflows will therefore face large collections of redundant, up-to-date 3D point clouds and have to cope with massive amounts of data. Hence, approaches are required that will efficiently integrate, update, manage, analyze, and visualize 3D point clouds. In this paper, we define requirements for a system infrastructure that enables the integration of 3D point clouds from heterogeneous capturing devices and different timestamps. Change detection and update strategies for 3D point clouds are presented that reduce storage requirements and offer new insights for analysis purposes. We also present an approach that attributes 3D point clouds with semantic information (e.g., object class category information), which enables more effective data processing, analysis, and visualization. Out-of-core real-time rendering techniques then allow for an interactive exploration of the entire 3D point cloud and the corresponding analysis results. Web-based visualization services are utilized to make 3D point clouds available to a large community. The proposed concepts and techniques are designed to establish 3D point clouds as base datasets, as well as rendering primitives for analysis and visualization tasks, which allow operations to be performed directly on the point data. Finally, we evaluate the presented system, report on its applications, and discuss further research challenges.
African weakly electric fishes (Mormyridae) underwent an outstanding adaptive radiation (about 200 species), putatively owing to their ability to communicate through species-specific weak electric signals. The electric organ discharge (EOD) is produced by muscle-derived electrocytes organized in piles to form an electric organ. Despite the importance of this trait as a prezygotic isolation mechanism, genomic resources remained limited. We present here a first draft of the skeletal muscle and electric organ transcriptomes from the weakly electric fish species Campylomormyrus compressirostris, obtained using the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing technology. Approximately 6.8 Gbp of cDNA sequence data were produced from both tissues, resulting in 57268109 raw reads for the skeletal muscle and 46934923 for the electric organ, and assembled de novo into 46143 and 89270 contigs, respectively. About 50% of both transcriptomes were annotated after protein databases search. The two transcriptomes show similar profiles in terms of Gene Ontology categories composition. We identified several candidate genes which are likely to play a central role in the production and evolution of the electric signal. For most of these genes, and for many other housekeeping genes, we were able to obtain the complete or partial coding DNA sequences (CDS), which can be used for the development of primers to be utilized in qRT-PCR experiments. We present also the complete mitochondrial genome and compare it to those available from other weakly electric fish species. Additionally, we located 1671 SSR-containing regions with their flanking sites and designed the relative primers. This study establishes a first step in the development of genomic tools aimed at understanding the role of electric communication during speciation.
Plants are sessile organisms that gauge stressful conditions to ensure survival and reproductive success. While plants in nature often encounter chronic or recurring stressful conditions, the strategies to cope with those are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of ARGONAUTE1 and the microRNA pathway in the adaptation to recurring heat stress (HS memory) at the physiological and molecular level. We show that miR156 isoforms are highly induced after HS and are functionally important for HS memory. miR156 promotes sustained expression of HS-responsive genes and is critical only after HS, demonstrating that the effects of modulating miR156 on HS memory do not reflect preexisting developmental alterations. miR156 targets SPL transcription factor genes that are master regulators of developmental transitions. SPL genes are posttranscriptionally downregulated by miR156 after HS, and this is critical for HS memory. Altogether, the miR156-SPL module mediates the response to recurring HS in Arabidopsis thaliana and thus may serve to integrate stress responses with development.
Transposons are massively abundant in all eukaryotic genomes and are suppressed by epigenetic silencing. Transposon activity contributes to the evolution of species; however, it is unclear how much transposition-induced variation exists at a smaller scale and how transposons are targeted for silencing. Here, we exploited differential silencing of the AtMu1c transposon in the Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Columbia (Col) and Landsberg erecta (Ler). The difference persisted in hybrids and recombinant inbred lines and was mapped to a single expression quantitative trait locus within a 20-kb interval. In Ler only, this interval contained a previously unidentified copy of AtMu1c, which was inserted at the 39 end of a protein-coding gene and showed features of expressed genes. By contrast, AtMu1c(Col) was intergenic and associated with heterochromatic features. Furthermore, we identified widespread natural AtMu1c transposition from the analysis of over 200 accessions, which was not evident from alignments to the reference genome. AtMu1c expression was highest for insertions within 39 untranslated regions, suggesting that this location provides protection from silencing. Taken together, our results provide a species-wide view of the activity of one transposable element at unprecedented resolution, showing that AtMu1c transposed in the Arabidopsis lineage and that transposons can escape epigenetic silencing by inserting into specific genomic locations, such as the 3' end of genes.
In this article, entangled media history is presented as an approach to combine recent methodological developments towards an international turn in intellectual history on the one hand with the social history of ideas on the other. By concentrating on press networks, publishers, and media formats the various processes of constitutionalization and nationalization in the aftermath of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic period can be reconstructed as part of an emerging European public sphere. This is exemplified by the example of the political discourse of that time in Germany. In a first step, the international networks around the two most important German publishers, Johann Friedrich Cotta and Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, are reconstructed. In the second part, the crucial role of translations and adaptations of political articles in two decisive media formats of the political discourse, the historical-political journals and the "Conversationslexikon" is examined. And finally in a third step, the specific significance of the reception of the Spanish revolution of the "trienio liberal" for the development of a constitutional vocabulary in Germany is sketched.
Computational brain maps as opposed to maps of receptor surfaces strongly reflect functional neuronal design principles. In echolocating bats, computational maps are established that topographically represent the distance of objects. These target range maps are derived from the temporal delay between emitted call and returning echo and constitute a regular representation of time (chronotopy). Basic features of these maps are innate, and in different bat species the map size and precision varies. An inherent advantage of target range maps is the implementation of mechanisms for lateral inhibition and excitatory feedback. Both can help to focus target ranging depending on the actual echolocation situation. However, these maps are not absolutely necessary for bat echolocation since there are bat species without cortical target-distance maps, which use alternative ensemble computation mechanisms.
An der BTU finden freiwillige Kurse zur Studienvorbereitung, im Rahmen des BMBF geförderten Projektes „Blended Learning Anfangshürden erkennen zur Unterstützung der fachspezifischen Studienvorbereitung und des Lernerfolges im ersten Studienjahr“, statt. Die Kluft zwischen notwendigen und tatsächlich vorhandenen Fähigkeiten ist in der Mathematik bei vielen angehenden Studierenden groß und die zur Verfügung stehende Zeit oft zu gering. Hier setzt dieses Konzept an. Neben Präsenzveranstaltungen enthält der Kurs unterstützte Selbstlernphasen. Diese werden durch einen virtuellen Kursraum und einer Anwendung für mobile Endgeräte (App) unterstützt.
There is robust evidence showing a link between executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) in 3-to 5-year-olds. However, it is unclear whether this relationship extends to middle childhood. In addition, there has been much discussion about the nature of this relationship. Whereas some authors claim that ToM is needed for EF, others argue that ToM requires EF. To date, however, studies examining the longitudinal relationship between distinct sub components of EF [i.e., attention shifting, working memory (WM) updating, inhibition] and ToM in middle childhood are rare. The present study examined (1) the relationship between three EF subcomponents (attention shifting, WM updating, inhibition) and ToM in middle childhood, and (2) the longitudinal reciprocal relationships between the EF subcomponents and ToM across a 1-year period. EF and ToM measures were assessed experimentally in a sample of 1,657 children (aged 6-11 years) at time point one (t1) and 1 year later at time point two (t2). Results showed that the concurrent relationships between all three EF subcomponents and ToM pertained in middle childhood at t1 and t2, respectively, even when age, gender, and fluid intelligence were partialle dout. Moreover, cross-lagged structural equation modeling (again, controlling for age, gender, and fluid intelligence, as well as for the earlier levels of the target variables), revealed partial support for the view that early ToM predictslater EF, but stronger evidence for the assumption that early EF predictslater ToM. The latter was found for attention shifting and WM updating, but not for inhibition. This reveals the importance of studying the exact interplay of ToM and EF across childhood development, especially with regard to different EF subcomponents. Most likely, understanding others' mental states at different levels of perspective-taking requires specific EF subcomponents, suggesting developmental change in the relations between EF and ToM across childhood.
Site-selective emission spectra of Eu3+-doped CeO2 nanoparticles up to the D-5(0) - F-7(5) transition were recorded under cryogenic conditions to identify the local structure around the Eu3+ dopants in ceria. It is found that pretreatment conditions are crucial for the redistribution of dopants from a broad variety of environments to six well-defined lattice sites. The influence of the dopant and the host structure on the catalytic activity was investigated. A relationship between structure and reactivity is discussed. It is shown that oxygen transport is most efficient in particles with a pronounced amorphous character.
Evolution of the nucleus
(2014)
The nucleus represents a major evolutionary transition. As a consequence of separating translation from transcription many new functions arose, which likely contributed to the remarkable success of eukaryotic cells. Here we will consider what has recently emerged on the evolutionary histories of several key aspects of nuclear biology; the nuclear pore complex, the lamina, centrosomes and evidence for prokaryotic origins of relevant players.
Recently, interest in collecting and mining large sets of educational data on student background and performance to conduct research on learning and instruction has developed as an area generally referred to as learning analytics. Higher education leaders are recognising the value of learning analytics for improving not only learning and teaching but also the entire educational arena. However, theoretical concepts and empirical evidence need to be generated within the fast evolving field of learning analytics. In this paper, we introduce a holistic learning analytics framework. Based on this framework, student, learning, and curriculum profiles have been developed which include relevant static and dynamic parameters for facilitating the learning analytics framework. Based on the theoretical model, an empirical study was conducted to empirically validate the parameters included in the student profile. The paper concludes with practical implications and issues for future research.
Bewegunglesen.com
(2014)
bewegunglesen.com (mit Silber bei den Best of Swiss Web Awards 2013 ausgezeichnet) ist ein E-Learning-Tool und bietet für Sportunterrichtende und Studierende eine webbasierte, interaktive Übungsgelegenheit, die Bewegungsanalyse und das kriteriengeleitete Verbessern von Fertigkeiten zu erlernen. Bewegungsabläufe mit ihren Kernbewegungen werden praxisnah und schulstufengerecht vermittelt. Daneben können auch Unterrichtsvideos hochgeladen, geschnitten, durch Grafiken und Fakten angereichert und innerhalb der Community geteilt werden. Aus den Clips lassen sich Übungen und Prüfungen mit Beurteilungskriterien des Bewegungsablaufs zusammenstellen, welche automatisiert ausgewertet werden.
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Konstruktion eines Lehr-/ Lernszenarios polyvalenter Grundlagenvorlesungen in naturwissenschaftlichen Fachwissenschaften. Das Szenario verbindet klassische Vorlesungen mit virtuellen Elementen wie Online-Kursen, Online-Foren und Audience-Response-Systemen sowie dem Arbeiten in Kleingruppen mit Ansätzen des problemorientierten Lernens. Ziel ist es das Grundlagenwissen der Studierenden anzupassen, das Arbeiten in Gruppen zu fördern und problemorientiertes Lernen zu erlernen.
Im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären studentischen Projekts wurde ein Framework für mobile pervasive Lernspiele entwickelt. Am Beispiel des historischen Lernortes Park Sanssouci wurde auf dieser Grundlage ein Lernspiel für Schülerinnen und Schüler implementiert. Die geplante Evaluation soll die Lernwirksamkeit von geobasierten mobilen Lernspielen messen. Dazu wird die Intensität des Flow-Erlebens mit einer ortsgebundenen alternativen Umsetzung verglichen.
Das gesteckte Ziel unserer Applikation ist es nicht nur die ständige Verfügbarkeit von Lernmaterialien zu ermöglichen, sondern auch die gesamte Kommunikation zwischen Dozenten und Studierenden, sowie Studierende unter sich, zu verändern. Eine Mischung aus E-Learning, Blended-Learning und Mobile- Learning soll es hier allen Teilnehmer ermöglichen, ortsungebunden zu agieren. Neue Funktionen sollen es den Studierenden ermöglichen, besser miteinander zu arbeiten, zu kooperieren und neue Bekanntschaften zu schließen.