Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (506) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (325)
- Postprint (139)
- Other (12)
- Conference Proceeding (10)
- Habilitation Thesis (6)
- Master's Thesis (6)
- Article (3)
- Bachelor Thesis (2)
- Report (2)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (1)
Keywords
- Seismologie (19)
- climate change (19)
- Erdbeben (18)
- remote sensing (18)
- Fernerkundung (15)
- Andes (13)
- Anden (12)
- Klimawandel (12)
- Tektonik (11)
- tectonics (11)
- climate (10)
- earthquake (10)
- erosion (10)
- Argentinien (9)
- Erosion (9)
- Geomorphologie (9)
- Paläoklima (9)
- Seismology (9)
- geomorphology (9)
- numerische Modellierung (9)
- seismology (9)
- Argentina (8)
- Himalaya (8)
- Holocene (8)
- Klima (8)
- Naturgefahren (8)
- Subduktion (8)
- permafrost (8)
- thermochronology (8)
- Geologie (7)
- Geophysik (7)
- Holozän (7)
- InSAR (7)
- Modellierung (7)
- Neotektonik (7)
- lake sediments (7)
- Magnetotellurik (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- geology (6)
- modelling (6)
- natural hazards (6)
- stable isotopes (6)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
- Biomarker (5)
- Bodenfeuchte (5)
- Central Andes (5)
- Geochemie (5)
- Geodynamik (5)
- Momententensor (5)
- Monsun (5)
- Paläoklimatologie (5)
- Permafrost (5)
- Seismotektonik (5)
- Tsunami (5)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (5)
- Zentralanden (5)
- array seismology (5)
- biomarker (5)
- geochronology (5)
- geophysics (5)
- kosmogene Nuklide (5)
- moment tensor (5)
- neotectonics (5)
- palaeoclimate (5)
- seismic noise (5)
- site effects (5)
- soil moisture (5)
- subduction (5)
- subduction zone (5)
- temperature (5)
- time series analysis (5)
- Arktis (4)
- Central Asia (4)
- Chile (4)
- Deformation (4)
- Earthquake (4)
- Erdmantel (4)
- Geochronologie (4)
- Geothermie (4)
- Himalaja (4)
- Hochwasser (4)
- Inversion (4)
- Iran (4)
- Rheologie (4)
- Sedimentologie (4)
- Spektroskopie (4)
- Subduction (4)
- Subduktionszone (4)
- Tibetan Plateau (4)
- Vogtland (4)
- West Bohemia (4)
- floods (4)
- foreland basin (4)
- geochemistry (4)
- geodynamics (4)
- hyperspectral (4)
- imaging spectroscopy (4)
- induced seismicity (4)
- inversion (4)
- landslides (4)
- machine learning (4)
- monsoon (4)
- numerical modeling (4)
- numerical simulation (4)
- seismic hazard (4)
- simulation (4)
- stabile Isotope (4)
- water (4)
- Africa (3)
- Afrika (3)
- Arctic (3)
- Carbonate (3)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (3)
- East African Rift (3)
- East African Rift System (3)
- Erdrutsch (3)
- Germany (3)
- Hydrologie (3)
- Kosmogene Nuklide (3)
- Lake Van (3)
- Lake sediments (3)
- Landschaftsentwicklung (3)
- Nachbeben (3)
- Optische Fernerkundung (3)
- PHREEQC (3)
- Paläolimnologie (3)
- Pollen (3)
- Rheology (3)
- Schadensmodellierung (3)
- Simulation (3)
- South America (3)
- Standorteffekte (3)
- Strukturgeologie (3)
- Südamerika (3)
- Vegetation (3)
- Zentralasien (3)
- arctic (3)
- carbon dioxide (3)
- climate-change (3)
- correlation (3)
- cosmogenic nuclides (3)
- damage (3)
- deep biosphere (3)
- deep learning (3)
- deformation (3)
- dynamics (3)
- events (3)
- exhumation (3)
- extension (3)
- extreme rainfall (3)
- faults (3)
- hydrologische Modellierung (3)
- hydrology (3)
- magnetotellurics (3)
- model (3)
- modeling (3)
- monitoring (3)
- numerical modelling (3)
- paleoclimate (3)
- plateau (3)
- record (3)
- runoff (3)
- seismisches Rauschen (3)
- seismotectonics (3)
- snow (3)
- soil organic carbon (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- subsidence (3)
- suspended sediment (3)
- time-series (3)
- uncertainty (3)
- varved lake sediments (3)
- vegetation (3)
- warvierte Seesedimente (3)
- water balance (3)
- Abbildende Spektroskopie (2)
- Alborz (2)
- Alpen (2)
- Alps (2)
- Anisotropie (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Antarktis (2)
- Aral Sea (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
- Arava-Störung (2)
- Arctic tundra (2)
- Argon (2)
- Array Seismology (2)
- Black Sea (2)
- Boden (2)
- Bodenbewegungsmodelle (2)
- Bodenhydrologie (2)
- Bodenunruhe (2)
- Bruchausbreitung (2)
- Carbo-Iron (2)
- Chinese loess (2)
- Climate (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Colombia (2)
- Dead Sea (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Deformationsmechanismen (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Diatomeen (2)
- Dichtemodellierung (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Earth's magnetic field (2)
- East Antarctica (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Elbe (2)
- Elburs (2)
- EnMAP (2)
- Erdbebenkatalog (2)
- Erdbebenschwarm 2008/09 (2)
- Erdbebenschwärme (2)
- Erdbebenvorhersage (2)
- Erdmagnetfeld (2)
- Europa (2)
- Fluid (2)
- GIS (2)
- GITEWS (2)
- GNSS (2)
- GPS (2)
- Gashydrate (2)
- Georadar (2)
- Gewässerfernerkundung (2)
- Gletscher (2)
- Gravity (2)
- HVSR (2)
- Hangrutschungen (2)
- Helium (2)
- Hochdruck (2)
- Hyperspektral (2)
- Indien (2)
- Indischer Ozean (2)
- Indonesia (2)
- Kalahari (2)
- Karbonat (2)
- Karbonate (2)
- Kern-Mantel Grenze (2)
- Klimarekonstruktion (2)
- Klimaänderung (2)
- Kohlenstoff (2)
- Kolumbien (2)
- Küstenerosion (2)
- LGM (2)
- Lagerstätte (2)
- Landnutzung (2)
- Landnutzungswandel (2)
- Landslide (2)
- Lithosphäre (2)
- Menderes Massif (2)
- Menderes Massiv (2)
- Methanhydrat (2)
- Migration (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Miozän (2)
- Momententensoren (2)
- Monsoon (2)
- NAO (2)
- Nanoeisen (2)
- Natural Hazards (2)
- Neon (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- Orogen (2)
- Ostafrikanisches Grabensystem (2)
- Ostantarktis (2)
- Paleoclimatology (2)
- Paleoseismologie (2)
- Paläogeographie (2)
- Paläomagnetik (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Pamir (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Perm (2)
- Permian (2)
- Petrologie (2)
- Photogrammetrie (2)
- Photogrammetry (2)
- Pirquitas (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Puna (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Remote sensing (2)
- Rift (2)
- Risikokommunikation (2)
- Riss (2)
- SAR (2)
- SWIM (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Schwarmbeben (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seen (2)
- Seesediment (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Sentinel-1 (2)
- Siberia (2)
- Spannungsfeld (2)
- Stratigraphy (2)
- Tectonics (2)
- Thermokarst (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tien Shan (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Tropen (2)
- UAV (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Unsicherheiten (2)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (2)
- Verwerfungen (2)
- Vogtland/West Bohemia (2)
- Vogtland/Westböhmen (2)
- Vorlandbecken (2)
- Vulkan (2)
- Vulnerabilität (2)
- Warven (2)
- Wasser (2)
- Wasserhaushalt (2)
- Wetterlagen (2)
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit (2)
- agriculture (2)
- anisotropy (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- attenuation tomography (2)
- carbon (2)
- classification (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate variability (2)
- coast (2)
- coastal erosion (2)
- coherence (2)
- crust (2)
- damage modeling (2)
- deep convection (2)
- diffusion (2)
- digital rock physics (2)
- displacement (2)
- earthquake catalog (2)
- earthquake interaction (2)
- earthquake modeling (2)
- earthquake swarm (2)
- earthquake swarm 2008/09 (2)
- earthquake swarms (2)
- earthquakes (2)
- eastern south–central Andes (2)
- eclogite (2)
- ecological modelling (2)
- ecosystems (2)
- electrical conductivity (2)
- elektrische Leitfähigkeit (2)
- event coincidence analysis (2)
- event synchronization (2)
- extreme events (2)
- flood risk (2)
- fluid flow (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- governance (2)
- hydraulic fracturing (2)
- hydrological modelling (2)
- hyporheic zone (2)
- hyporheische Zone (2)
- impacts (2)
- inverse theory (2)
- isotopes (2)
- karst (2)
- komplexes Netzwerk (2)
- lake (2)
- lake-level change (2)
- lakes (2)
- land use change (2)
- landscape evolution (2)
- landslide (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- local structure (2)
- lokale Struktur (2)
- mantle plumes (2)
- marine Terrassen (2)
- maschinelles Lernen (2)
- methane hydrate (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- mitigation (2)
- models (2)
- natural hazard (2)
- northern high latitudes (2)
- numerical model (2)
- numerische Simulation (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- oxygen (2)
- paleoclimatology (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleomagnetism (2)
- paleoseismology (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- playa (2)
- precipitation (2)
- preparedness (2)
- radiocarbon (2)
- rare earth elements (2)
- reactive transport (2)
- reaktiver Transport (2)
- rifting (2)
- risk communication (2)
- salt pan (2)
- scale (2)
- seismic risk (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismische Gefährdung (2)
- seismisches Risiko (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- soil (2)
- source inversion (2)
- spectral analysis (2)
- strain localization (2)
- streamflow (2)
- stress field (2)
- strike-slip fault (2)
- structural geology (2)
- surface heat flow (2)
- surface processes (2)
- tectonic geomorphology (2)
- tektonische Geomorphologie (2)
- thermal field (2)
- thermal modeling (2)
- thermische Modellierung (2)
- thermokarst (2)
- time series (2)
- trace elements (2)
- tropics (2)
- uncertainty analysis (2)
- uplift (2)
- variability (2)
- varves (2)
- vulnerability (2)
- wavelet (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- (Alters-) Datierungen (1)
- 26Al/10Be cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- 26Al/10Be kosmogene Radionuklide (1)
- 2D Numerical Modelling (1)
- 2D tomography (1)
- 3-D Modellierung (1)
- 3-D outcrop modeling (1)
- 3D Finite Element (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D geomechanisch-nummerische Modellierung (1)
- 3D numerical models (1)
- 3D numerische Modelle (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 40Ar-39Ar Datierungsmethode (1)
- 40Ar/39Ar (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- ALOS/PALSAR (1)
- ASM (1)
- ASPECT (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- ASTER Satellitendaten (1)
- ASTER satellite images (1)
- Abbaufrontkartierung (1)
- Abschiebungshorizonte (1)
- Abschätzung der Unsicherheiten (1)
- Absorptionseigenschaften (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Accuracy Assessment (1)
- Acidithiobacillus (1)
- Acidobactetiaceae (1)
- Acidothermus (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adana Becken (1)
- Aeromagnetik (1)
- African climate (1)
- Afrikanisches Klima (1)
- AgI (1)
- Air-pollution (1)
- Akkumulationsraten (1)
- Alaunschiefer (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Alkenone (1)
- AlpArray (1)
- Alpine Fault (1)
- Alterationsgeochemie (1)
- Altersdatierung mit kosmogenen Nukliden (1)
- Altersmodelierung (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Alum shale (1)
- Amery Oasis (1)
- Amery-Oase (1)
- Amplifier Lakes (1)
- Analogmodell (1)
- Analogue Model (1)
- Analyse komponentenspezifischer Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Anatolia (1)
- Anatolien (1)
- Anden / Störung <Geologie> / Strukturgeologie / Magnetotellurik / Chile <Nord> (1)
- Andenplateau Puna (1)
- Andes Centrales (1)
- Angewandte Geophysik (1)
- Anisotrope Inversion (1)
- Anisotropie der Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Antarctic ice (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Anthropogenic sources (1)
- Antwortspektren (1)
- Apatit-(U-Th)/He Datierung (1)
- Apatit-Spaltspurendatierung (1)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (1)
- Apatite (U-Th)/He, apatite fission track dating (1)
- Applied Geophysics (1)
- Ar-Ar geochronology (1)
- Arabian Plate (1)
- Arabische Platte (1)
- Aralsee (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archetyp (1)
- Archäomagnetismus (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Arctic Siberia (1)
- Arctic lakes (1)
- Arctic nearhore zone (1)
- Arctic ocean (1)
- Arctic tundra ecosystems (1)
- Argentine margine (1)
- Arktik (1)
- Array Seismologie (1)
- Array-Entwurf (1)
- Artem Erkomaishvili (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Asian monsoon (1)
- Asiatischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Asien (1)
- Asthenosphäre (1)
- Attribut-Analysen (1)
- Attributanalyse (1)
- Auenbereich (1)
- Aufenthaltsdauer (1)
- Aufschluss-Modellierung (1)
- Auftretensrate (1)
- August 2002 flood (1)
- Auslösemechanismus (1)
- Australia (1)
- Australien (1)
- BRDF (1)
- Bachstufen (1)
- Baikalsee (1)
- Baladeh (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Band (1)
- Barents Sea (1)
- Baryt (1)
- Basalt-Vulkane (1)
- Bay of Bengal (1)
- Bayes (1)
- Bayes'sche Netze (1)
- Bayesian classification (1)
- Bayesian networks (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Bayesische Statistik (1)
- Beamforming (1)
- Beckenentwicklung (1)
- Beckenstruktur (1)
- Beobachtung von Erdbebenquellen (1)
- Bergsturz (1)
- Bergstürze (1)
- Beton (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Big Naryn complex (1)
- Bildbearbeitung (1)
- Biodiversität (1)
- Biogeochemie (1)
- Biogeochemistry (1)
- Biogeowissenschaften (1)
- Blattverschiebung (1)
- Blattwachse (1)
- Blei (1)
- Blockgletscher (1)
- Bodenbewegung (1)
- Bodenbewegungsmodellierung (1)
- Bodenfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenkohlenstoff (1)
- Bodenparameter (1)
- Bodenwasser (1)
- Bodenwassergehalt (1)
- Bohrlochmessungen (1)
- Bohrlochrandausbrüche (1)
- Bolivian tin belt (1)
- Bor (1)
- Bor-isotopen (1)
- Borisotope; Zentrale Anden; kontinentaler Arc-Vulkanismus; Across-arc Variation; Borisotopenfraktionierung; krustale Kontamination (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Boron isotopes; Central Andes; continental arc volcanism; across-arc variation; boron isotope fractionation; crustal contamination (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- Braunsbach Sturzflut (1)
- Braunsbach flash flood (1)
- Bruchflaechenstruktur (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Bruchmodel (1)
- Bruchverfolgung (1)
- Bruchzähigkeit (1)
- Bucht von Bengalen (1)
- Buntsandstein (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CMIP5 models (1)
- CRS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caimancito oil field (1)
- Caimancito-Ölfeld (1)
- Calderas (1)
- Campo petrolero Caimancito (1)
- Canada (1)
- Carbo-Iron® (1)
- Carbonate-Silicate reactions (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carrara marble (1)
- Carrara-marmor (1)
- Causal structure (1)
- Cenozoic aridification (1)
- Cenral Andes (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Central Mediterranean (1)
- Central andes (1)
- Central-Asia (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Chaco-Paraná Becken (1)
- Chaco-Paraná basin (1)
- Changing World (1)
- Channel Transmission Losses (1)
- Charnockit (1)
- Chile Rücken (1)
- Chile ridge (1)
- Chilean Andes (1)
- China (1)
- Chirete (1)
- Cimmerian orogeny (1)
- Cinética de fases (1)
- Cinética del querógeno (1)
- Climate Adaptation (1)
- Climate Mitigation (1)
- Climate reconstruction (1)
- Code_Aster (1)
- Colorado (1)
- Common-Reflection-Surface (1)
- Compound dislocation models (CDMs) (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Congo Air Boundary (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Contamination Control (1)
- Continental Rifts (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Core-mantle baundary (1)
- Cosmogenic Nuclides (1)
- Coulomb stress (1)
- Coulombspannung (1)
- Cretaceous (1)
- Cretaceous basin (1)
- Crustal density (1)
- Cuenca Cretácica (1)
- Cuenca intramontana (1)
- Cyclostratigraphy (1)
- Cyprus arc (1)
- D” Schicht (1)
- D” layer (1)
- DANSER (1)
- DAS (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- Dabie Shan (1)
- Data-Mining (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenbearbeitung (1)
- Datenfilter (1)
- Dauer der Bodenbewegung (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deformación cuaternaria (1)
- Deformationsquellenmodellierung (1)
- Dehnungsdeformation (1)
- Dendrobaena veneta (1)
- Dendroklimatologie (1)
- Denitrifikation (1)
- Density modelling (1)
- Denudationsraten (1)
- Deuterium Exzesses (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Diagenese (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diaguita (1)
- Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- Diamantstempelzellen (1)
- Diatoms (1)
- Dichteheterogenitäten im oberen Mantel (1)
- Digital Elevation Model (1)
- Digital Elevation Models (1)
- Digitale Gesteinsphysik (1)
- Dike (1)
- Dinoflagellatenzyste (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Dispersionskurven (1)
- Distally steepened ramps (1)
- Distribution functions with upper bound (1)
- Drohnen-Fernerkundung (1)
- Druck-Temperatur Bedingungen (1)
- Drucklösungsprozesse (1)
- Dryland Rivers (1)
- Dyke (1)
- Dämpfungstomographie (1)
- ENSO (1)
- ERA5 (1)
- EROEI (1)
- ETAS (1)
- ETAS Modell (1)
- ETAS model (1)
- EXAFS (1)
- Early Earth (1)
- Earth's mantle (1)
- Earthquake forecasting (1)
- Earthquake magnitude (1)
- Earthquakes (1)
- East African Plateau (1)
- Eastern Karoo Basin (1)
- Echtzeitanwendung (1)
- Edelgase (1)
- Edelgasisotope (1)
- Eifel (1)
- Eifel Depression (1)
- Eifeler Nord-Süd-Zone (1)
- Einengungsraten (1)
- Einsatzzeiten (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Einzugsgebietshydrologie (1)
- Einzugsgebietsklassifizierung (1)
- Eisdamm (1)
- Eisdynamik (1)
- Eisenbahninfrastruktur (1)
- Eisenia fetida (1)
- Eismodell (1)
- Eklogite (1)
- Elastische Gesteinseigenschaften (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Elbe Ästuar (1)
- Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Elektrische Widerstandstomographie (ERT) (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2.0 (1)
- EnMAP Satellit (1)
- EnMAP satellite (1)
- Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle (1)
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems (1)
- Ensemble analysis (1)
- Ensemble-Analyse (1)
- Entwicklungsländer (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Eocene (1)
- Eozän (1)
- Epithermal Ag-Sn deposits (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Erbeben (1)
- Erdbeben Modellierung (1)
- Erdbeben-Magnitude (1)
- Erdbebengefährdung (1)
- Erdbebengefährdungsabschätzungen (1)
- Erdbebeninteraktion (1)
- Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Erdbebenmodelierung (1)
- Erdbebenquellen-Array (1)
- Erdbebenquellinversion (1)
- Erdbebenschwarm 2008 (1)
- Erdbebenschäden (1)
- Erdbebenwechselwirkung (1)
- Erdbeeben (1)
- Erdbeobachtung (1)
- Erdfälle (1)
- Erdrutsche (1)
- Ereignissynchronisation (1)
- Error (1)
- Erz (1)
- Erzgebirge (1)
- Etendeka (1)
- Etna (1)
- Eulerian grid (1)
- Eulerische Gitter (1)
- Eurasian active margin (1)
- Eurasischer aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European basin system (1)
- Europäische Alpen (1)
- Event Koinzidenz Analyse (1)
- Exhumationsprozesse (1)
- Exhumationsraten (1)
- Exhumierung (1)
- Expositionsaltersdatierung (1)
- Expositionsmodellen (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extremereignisse (1)
- Extremniederschlag (1)
- Extremniederschläge (1)
- Falten (1)
- FastScape (1)
- Fault Healing (1)
- Fault architecture (1)
- Fault interaction (1)
- Fe-Mg-carpholite (1)
- Fehlerquellen der Modellierung (1)
- Feinsedimente (1)
- Feld (1)
- Feldarbeit (1)
- Feldspat (1)
- Felsmechanik (1)
- Fen complex (1)
- Fernerkundung an Vulkanen (1)
- Ferroperiklas (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Festigkeit des Schiefer (1)
- Finnmark Platform (1)
- Firmicutes (1)
- Fission-track thermochronology (1)
- Flache Subduktion (1)
- Flachwassercarbonate (1)
- Flat subduction (1)
- Flood Forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency analysis (1)
- Flood regionalisation (1)
- Floods Directive (1)
- Fluid Flow (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-Gesteinswechselwirkungen (1)
- Fluid-Schmelze Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-strömungen (1)
- Fluide (1)
- Fluidströmung (1)
- Fluoreszenzbildgebung (1)
- Flussbettmorphologie (1)
- Flussprozesse (1)
- Flussterrassen (1)
- Flutbasalt (1)
- Flüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitsinklusionen (1)
- Folgenabschätzung (1)
- Foraminifera (1)
- Fore-Arc (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin (1)
- Foreland basins (1)
- Formación Yacoraite (1)
- Formationsschaden (1)
- Forschungsmethodik (1)
- Forstwirtschaft (1)
- Fotogrammetrie (1)
- Fourier analysis (1)
- Fourier spectra (1)
- Fourier-Spektren (1)
- Fracture mechanics (1)
- Freeze-Thaw-Cycles (1)
- Frost-Tau-Wechsel (1)
- Frühdiagenese (1)
- Frühe Erdgeschichte (1)
- Fundament (1)
- GDGT (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GMPE adjustment (1)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (1)
- GRACE (1)
- Gabbro-Eklogit (1)
- Gangschwarm (1)
- Gasgeochemie (1)
- Gaylussite (1)
- Gebietszustand (1)
- Gebirgsbildung (1)
- Gebirgsbäche (1)
- Gebirgshydrologie (1)
- Gebäudenergiebedarf (1)
- Gefahrenanalyse (1)
- Gemmatimonadetes (1)
- Geochronology (1)
- Geodynamic Modeling (1)
- Geodynamic Modelling (1)
- Geodynamiche Modellierung (1)
- Geodynamics (1)
- Geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Geodäsie (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetic activity (1)
- Geomagnetic index (1)
- Geomagnetic observatory (1)
- Geomagnetische Aktivität (1)
- Geomagnetischer Index (1)
- Geomagnetisches Observatorium (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanical Modelling (1)
- Geomechanik (1)
- Geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- Geomicrobiology (1)
- Geomikrobiologie (1)
- Geomorphology (1)
- Geophysics (1)
- Georgia (1)
- Georgian chant (1)
- Georgien (1)
- Georgische liturgische Gesänge (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geothermal monitoring (1)
- Geothermisches Monitoring (1)
- Geowissenschaften (1)
- Gerinne-Hang-Kopplung (1)
- Gerinnemorphologie (1)
- Geschiebetransport (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsmodell (1)
- Gestein-Wasser-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Gesteinsmagnetik (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacier Mass Balances (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glasstruktur (1)
- Glazialisostasie (1)
- Gletschervorfeld (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global change (1)
- Global earthquake data (1)
- Global inversion (1)
- Globale Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Globale Inversion (1)
- Gläser (1)
- Gondwana (1)
- Grabenbruch (1)
- Grabenbrüche (1)
- Gravel-bed (1)
- Gravimetrie (1)
- Greenland ice cores (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Grundgestein (1)
- Grundgesteinshöhe (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grundwasserentwicklung (1)
- Grundwasserneubildung (1)
- Grundwassersanierung (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- H/V (1)
- HDAC (1)
- HP-HT Experimente (1)
- HP-HT experiments (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT-Metamorphose (1)
- Halobacteria (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hangerosion (1)
- Hanghydrologie (1)
- Hangrutsch (1)
- Hauptspannungsachse (1)
- Haushalte (1)
- Hawaii (1)
- Hebung (1)
- Hebung des Plateaus (1)
- Hebungsgeschichte (1)
- Hebungsraten (1)
- Hercynian orogeny (1)
- Herdmechanismen (1)
- Herdzeit Parameter Abschätzung (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heterozoan (1)
- Heterozoikum (1)
- Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (1)
- High-pressure/low-temperature rocks (1)
- Himalaja (Kaghan) (1)
- Himalaya (Kaghan Valley) (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet Orogen (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet orogen (1)
- Himalayas (1)
- Hitze (1)
- Hochdruck/Niedrigtemperatur Gesteine (1)
- Hochdruckrelikte (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochland von Tibet (1)
- Hochplateau (1)
- Hochtemperatur Gesteinsdeformtion (1)
- Hochwasserregionalisierung (1)
- Hochwasserrekonstruktion (1)
- Hochwasserrisiko (1)
- Hochwasserrisikoanalysen (1)
- Hochwasserrisikokette (1)
- Hochwasserstatistik (1)
- Hochwassertypen (1)
- Hochwasservorhersage (1)
- Hohlzylinderversuche (1)
- Holzkompost (1)
- Home (1)
- Horizontal flux (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- HySpex (1)
- Hydratbildung (1)
- Hydrathabitus (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hydrogeophysics (1)
- Hydrogeopyhsik (1)
- Hydrogravimetrie (1)
- Hydrological Modelling (1)
- Hydrological extremes (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- Hyperion (1)
- Hämmerlein (1)
- ICESat-2 (1)
- IHPV (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- Ice model (1)
- Iceland (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Impakt (1)
- In-Situ-Analyse (1)
- InSAR Datenanalyse (1)
- InSAR- Techniken (1)
- India (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Monsoon Circulation (1)
- Indian Ocean (1)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Indische Monsunzirkulation (1)
- Indische Sommer Monsun (1)
- Indischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Induzierte Seismizität (1)
- Injektion (1)
- Injektionsschema (1)
- Interaktion zwischen sich ausbreitenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- Interferometrie (1)
- Interseismic strain rates (1)
- Interseismiche Dehnungsraten (1)
- Intramontane basin (1)
- Intramontanes Becken (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Inversions-Theorie (1)
- Inversionstheorie (1)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (1)
- Ionic liquids (1)
- Ionosphäre (1)
- Island (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotopen (1)
- Isotopenfraktionierung (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Isábena Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Isábena catchment (1)
- Isótopos de Boro (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- June 2013 flood (1)
- Kanada (1)
- Karakoram (1)
- Karakorum (1)
- Karbonat-Silikat-Reaktionen (1)
- Karbonat-Stabilität (1)
- Karbonatplattformen (1)
- Karbonatrampen (1)
- Karbonatschmelze (1)
- Karpholithe (1)
- Karst (1)
- Kausalstruktur (1)
- Kenia (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kerguelen (1)
- Kerogenkinetik (1)
- Klimaanpassung (1)
- Klimaschutz (1)
- Klimatologie (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimaveränderung (1)
- Klimaänderungen (1)
- Knickpoint (1)
- Knickpoint retreat (1)
- Knickpunkt (1)
- Knickpunkt-Rückzug (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlengrubenabraum (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Budget (1)
- Kohlenstoffdioxid (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- Kohlenstoffspeicher (1)
- Kolloidtransport (1)
- Kongo Luftmassengrenze (1)
- Konin region (1)
- Kontaminationskontrolle (1)
- Kontinentale Kollision (1)
- Kontinentalrand (1)
- Koppelung (1)
- Korallen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kreide (1)
- Kreidebecken (1)
- Kriecheigenschaften (1)
- Kruste (1)
- Krustenstruktur der Süd-Türkei (1)
- Krustenstruktur des Eratosthenes Seeberges (1)
- Krustenverformungen (1)
- Kugelflächenfunktionen (1)
- Kuilyu complex (1)
- Kultivierung (1)
- Kumamoto Erdbeben (1)
- Kumamoto earthquake (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Kwajalein (1)
- Känozoische Aridifizierung (1)
- Küste (1)
- Küstenlinien (1)
- L-Asterisk (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- Lake Baikal (1)
- Lake Challa (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Naivasha (1)
- Lake Towuti (1)
- Land use change (1)
- Landformen (1)
- Landnutzungsänderung (1)
- Landsat (1)
- Landsat. (1)
- Landscape Evolution (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landschaftseffekte (1)
- Landschaftspräferenzen (1)
- Landslide inventory (1)
- Landslide susceptibility (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laptev Sea region (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laserheizsystem (1)
- Last Glacial (1)
- Late Quaternary (1)
- Lateglacial (1)
- Laufzeitresiduen (1)
- Lava dome (1)
- Lavadom (1)
- Lavafontänen (1)
- Lawinen (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Lena delta (1)
- Letztes Glazial (1)
- Lichenometrie (1)
- Liguride Complex (1)
- Limnologie (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui Störungszone (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Lithospheric Deformation (1)
- Lithospheric strength (1)
- Lithospheric structure (1)
- Lithosphärenfestigkeit (1)
- Lithosphärische Deformation (1)
- Llaima Vulkan (1)
- Llaima volcano (1)
- Lokalisierte Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Verformung (1)
- Lonar lake (1)
- Lonarsee (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Lower Devonian (1)
- Lumineszenz (1)
- Lusatia (1)
- Luxembourg (1)
- Luxemburg (1)
- Lycian Nappes (1)
- Lykischen Decken (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- MO (1)
- MSPAC (1)
- Mackenzie Delta (1)
- Mackenzie-Delta (1)
- Magma-Entgasung (1)
- Magmagänge (1)
- Magmatismus (1)
- Magnesit (1)
- Magnetostratigraphie (1)
- Magnetotelluric (1)
- Magnetotellurics (1)
- Mahalanobis distance (1)
- Mahalanobis-Distanz (1)
- Malta (1)
- Mantel (1)
- Mantel Plume (1)
- Mantelplumes (1)
- Mantle (1)
- Mantle Plume (1)
- Mantleplumes (1)
- Marmarameer (1)
- Martinez del Tineo (1)
- Massenaussterben (1)
- Massenversatzprozesse (1)
- Mediterranes Tiefdrucksystem (1)
- Meditteranean sea (1)
- Meeressedimente (1)
- Melilitit (1)
- Melt inclusions (1)
- Merapi (1)
- Mesozoic (1)
- Mesozoikum (1)
- Metamorphism (1)
- Metamorphose (1)
- Metasomatism (1)
- Metasomatose (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mexiko (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Middle Eocene deformation (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Mikro-CT (1)
- Mikrobieller Abbau von organischen Material (1)
- Mikroplatte (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrostrukturelle (1)
- Mikrostrukturen (1)
- Mikrozonierung (1)
- Mineralogie (1)
- Mineralreaktion (1)
- Mineralverwitterungsreaktionen (1)
- Mineralzusammensetzung (1)
- Mittelmeer (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- Mixmodelle (1)
- Mobile Belts (1)
- Model (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modellanpassung (1)
- Modellierung der Wassertrübung (1)
- Modellierung des seismischen Zyklus (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Momententensorinversion (1)
- Monazit (1)
- Mondsee (1)
- Mongolei (1)
- Mongolia (1)
- Morphometrie (1)
- Morphometry (1)
- Multi-Hazard (1)
- Multiproxy-Untersuchung (1)
- Multiskalen Netzwerk (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Multivariate statistic (1)
- Muscovit (1)
- Muster der Bodenfeuchte (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- NE Pamir (1)
- NEG (1)
- NO2 (1)
- NW Argentina (1)
- NW Himalaja (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- Naher Osten (1)
- Naivasha See (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namibia (1)
- NatRiskChange (1)
- Naturrisiken (1)
- Natürliche Staudämme (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Nearshore zone (1)
- Neotectonics (1)
- Nettorotation der Lithosphäre (1)
- Neutronen (1)
- Nevado Coropuna (1)
- Nicht-Einmaligkeit (1)
- Niederschlag (1)
- Niedrigwasser (1)
- Niger (1)
- Niger River (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nordanatolische Störungszone (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Becken (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Tiefland (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (1)
- North Calabrian Unit (1)
- North-East German Plain (1)
- Northeast German Basin (1)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Nuklide (1)
- Numerische 2D Modellierung (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- Nährstoffeinträge (1)
- Nährstoffretention (1)
- ODP Leg 194 (1)
- OSL (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächenexpositionsdatierung (1)
- Oberflächennahe Geophysik (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluss (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluß (1)
- Ocean Colour satellite data (1)
- Ocean color remote sensing (1)
- Ocean sciences (1)
- Oligo-Miocene (1)
- Oligozän-Miozän-Grenze (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Optical remote sensing (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optische Sensoren (1)
- Organic matter mineralization (1)
- Organofazies (1)
- Ortscharakterisierung (1)
- Ortseffekte (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Rift (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- Ostafrikansches Rift (1)
- Ostkordillere (1)
- PLA (1)
- PM10, PM2, PM1 (1)
- PPGIS (1)
- Palaeoecology (1)
- Palaeoklima (1)
- Paleoclimate (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleofloods (1)
- Paleogeography (1)
- Paleolimnology (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleomagnetismus (1)
- Paläo-See Mweru (1)
- Paläo-Strain-Berechnung (1)
- Paläoaltimetrie (1)
- Paläohochwasser (1)
- Paläohydrologie (1)
- Paläointensität (1)
- Paläoklimadynamik (1)
- Paläomagnetismus (1)
- Paläosekularvariation (1)
- Paläotektonik (1)
- Paläotopographie (1)
- Pamir-Tien Shan (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Parallel Seismik (1)
- Paris Basin (1)
- Pariser Becken (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Partikel Swarm Optimierung (1)
- Partikelschwarm-Optimierung (1)
- Passive Kontinentalränder (1)
- Passive margins (1)
- Patagonien (1)
- Patagonien ; Neogen ; Hebung ; Subduktion ; Anden (1)
- Pattern Recognition (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Periglazial (1)
- Periglazialgeomorphologie (1)
- Permafrost-Taustörungen (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Permafrostlandschaften (1)
- Permafrostsedimente (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Permeabilitätsentwicklung (1)
- Petrology (1)
- Pfadanalysen (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pflanzen-Habitat Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenwachs (1)
- Pflanzenwachstum (1)
- Pflanzenwasserzustand (1)
- Pflaume (1)
- PhaseKinetics (1)
- PhasePaPy (1)
- Phasenkinetik (1)
- Phasenpicker (1)
- Photozoan (1)
- Photozoikum (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Piano delle Concazze (1)
- Picker (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Plattenbewegungen (1)
- Plattentektonik (1)
- Playa (1)
- Plume-Rücken Interaktion (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polarimetrie (1)
- Polarimetry (1)
- Polen (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollenproduktivitätsschätzungen (1)
- Polynia (1)
- Pontiden (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Porentypen in Karbonate (1)
- Porphyrische Kupferlagerstätte (1)
- Posidonia shale (1)
- Posidonienschiefer (1)
- Potsdam (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Probabilistic regional envelope curves (1)
- Probabilistische Regionale Hüllkurven (1)
- Probenahmestrategie (1)
- Procrustes rotation analysis (1)
- Prokrustes Analyse (1)
- Prozessidentifikation (1)
- Präzision Gartenbau (1)
- Prüfköpfe (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Puna Plateau (1)
- Puna plateau (1)
- Qilian mountains (1)
- Quantitative Daten (1)
- Quartäre Deformation (1)
- Quaternary (1)
- Quaternary deformation (1)
- Quell-Array optimales Design (1)
- Quellarray (1)
- Quelle Inversion (1)
- Quellenparameter (1)
- Quellenumkehr (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- RCP scenarios (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- Radar-Satelliteninterferometrie (1)
- Radiokarbondatierung (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Ramos X-11 (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumwellen (1)
- Reaktionspfadmodellierung (1)
- Reaktivierung von Störungszonen (1)
- Receiver Function (1)
- Receiver Functions (1)
- Receiver Funktionen (1)
- Recurrence network (1)
- Recurrence plot (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Regensturm (1)
- Region Konin (1)
- Regional Climate Model (1)
- Regressionsanalyse (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Reibung an Plattengrenzen (1)
- Reifegradbezogene Biomarker (1)
- Remote Sensing (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Rhenohercynian Zone (1)
- Rhenohercynische Zone (1)
- Rheological modeling (1)
- Rheologische Modellierung (1)
- Rhizosphere (1)
- Riff (1)
- Ringstörungen (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikobewertung von Vulkanausbrüchen (1)
- Rissmechanik (1)
- Risstransmissivität (1)
- River (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- Rupture Propagation (1)
- Russia (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- Réunion (1)
- Río Pescado (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionspektroskopie (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Rückenkollision (1)
- Rückensubduktion (1)
- S Phase (1)
- S-Phase (1)
- SEC (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SPAC (1)
- SRTM (1)
- SWAT (1)
- Sachsengängerei (1)
- Sahel (1)
- Salt Range (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Salta Rift (1)
- Salta basin (1)
- Salta-Becken (1)
- Salzgestein (1)
- Salzpfanne (1)
- Samara (1)
- San Andreas Fault (1)
- San Andreas Verwerfung (1)
- Sandstein (1)
- Santa Cruz formation (1)
- Santa-Barbara system (1)
- Saprolit (1)
- Sardinia (1)
- Sardinien (1)
- Satelliten-Fernerkundung (1)
- Satellitenbilder (1)
- Satellitenmission Swarm (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoffisotope (1)
- Savannen-Ökologie (1)
- Saxo-Thuringia (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Schaden (1)
- Schadensabschätzung (1)
- Schallemissionen (1)
- Scherzonen (1)
- Schmelzeinschlüsse (1)
- Schmelzstruktur (1)
- Schnee (1)
- Schwemmfächer (1)
- Schwerkraft (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- SeaWiFS Ocean-Colour Satellitendaten (1)
- Sediment Fingerprinting (1)
- Sediment Flux (1)
- Sediment Transport (1)
- Sedimentationsdynamik (1)
- Sedimentbecken (1)
- Sedimente (1)
- Sedimentenabfolge (1)
- Sedimentfalle (1)
- Sedimentfazies (1)
- Sedimentfracht (1)
- Sedimentmächtigkeit (1)
- Sedimentquellenidentifizierung (1)
- Sedimenttransportsystem (1)
- Sedimentvolumen (1)
- Seeausbrüche (1)
- Seedurchmischung (1)
- Seespiegelschwankungen (1)
- Seestandsänderung (1)
- Seesystemreaktionen (1)
- Seewasserhaushalt (1)
- SeisComP3 (1)
- Seismic Array Methods (1)
- Seismic arrays (1)
- Seismik (1)
- Seismische Arrays (1)
- Seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- Seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Seismische Tomographie (1)
- Seismizität und Tektonik (1)
- Seismizitätsmodellierung (1)
- Seltenerdelemente (1)
- Sentinel 2 (1)
- Sentinel-2 MSI (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shortening (1)
- Shortening rates (1)
- Shyok Fluss (1)
- Shyok River (1)
- Siberian larch (1)
- Sibirien (1)
- Sibirien <Nord> (1)
- Sibirienhoch (1)
- Sichuan (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Signalbildung (1)
- Signalweiterleitung (1)
- Silikatschmelze (1)
- Silikatverwitterung (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Skala (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skarn (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slope (1)
- Sn (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil hydrology (1)
- Soil moisture (1)
- Solar irradiation (1)
- Solare Austrahlung (1)
- Solid Earth sciences (1)
- Sorption (1)
- South Chile (1)
- South Eifel (1)
- Southatlantic (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Southern Apennines (1)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Space climate (1)
- Space weather (1)
- Spalt Spuren (1)
- Spalteneruption (1)
- Spannung (1)
- Spannungsfeld des späten Känozoikums (1)
- Spannungsmessung (1)
- Spannungsmuster (1)
- Spannungsänderungen (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Spiti valley (1)
- Spitsbergen (1)
- Spity Valley (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Spread F (1)
- Spröde Vorläufer (1)
- Spurenelement-Partitionierung (1)
- Spurenelementverteilung (1)
- Spätglazial (1)
- Spätquartär (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stabile Isotope (1)
- Stabile Isotopen (1)
- Stabile Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Stadtentwicklung (1)
- Stalagmiten (1)
- Standort des Streuers (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- Statistical seismology (1)
- Statistische Seismologie (1)
- Steilwinkel-Analyse von PcP (1)
- Stochastischer Algorithmus (1)
- Strahlung und chemische Eigenschaften (1)
- Strain Localisation (1)
- Strain Localization (1)
- Stratigrafie (1)
- Stratigraphie (1)
- Stream Power Law (1)
- Stressmodellierung (1)
- Strike-Slip Störungen (1)
- Strike-slip fault (1)
- Stromsektor (1)
- Structure-from-motion (1)
- Strukturmodellierung (1)
- Sturzflut (1)
- Sturzfluten (1)
- Städe (1)
- Städte Effizienz (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Störungsbau (1)
- Störungsinteraktion (1)
- Störungszonen (1)
- Störungszonenarchitektur (1)
- Subduktionsbeben (1)
- Subsidenzgeschichte (1)
- Subsurface Biosphere (1)
- Suguta Tal (1)
- Suguta Valley (1)
- Suigetsu (1)
- Sulfatreduktion (1)
- Sumatra (1)
- Sumatra Störung (1)
- Sumatra fault (1)
- Superconducting gravimetry (1)
- Supraleit-Gravimetrie (1)
- Supraleitender Gravimeter (SG) (1)
- Suspendsionsfracht (1)
- Swarm constellation (1)
- Sweet (1)
- Synchronisation von Ereignissen (1)
- Syntaxe (1)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (1)
- Synthetische Sandsteine (1)
- Süd Chile (1)
- Süd-Türkei (1)
- Südatlantik (1)
- Südeifel (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- TDR (1)
- TIME-GCM (1)
- TRMM (1)
- Taifune (1)
- TanDEM-X (1)
- Tarim Basin (1)
- Tarutung (1)
- Tasas de acortamiento (1)
- Taylor’s law (1)
- Tectona grandis (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tectonic geomorphology (1)
- Tektonische Geomorphologie (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temperaturfeld (1)
- Tendürek Vulkan (1)
- Tendürek volcano (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Thermal (1)
- Thermal modeling (1)
- Thermal-conductivity (1)
- Thermisch (1)
- Thermische Modellierung (1)
- Thermokarstprozesse (1)
- Tian Shan (1)
- Tian-Shan (1)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (1)
- Tibet (1)
- Tiefbeben und Kernexplosionen (1)
- Tiefendeformation (1)
- Tiefenversickerung (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tien-Shan (1)
- Tiltmeter (1)
- Time series analysis (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Tomographie des elektrischen Widerstands (1)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (1)
- Tonmineralien (1)
- Topographie (1)
- Torsion Experiments (1)
- Torsionsexperimente (1)
- Tote Meer (1)
- Totes Meer (1)
- Transferverluste in Flüssen (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transformation hydrologischer Signale (1)
- Transformstörung (1)
- Transnationalismus (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Trendanalysen (1)
- Triangular dislocations (TDs) (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Basin (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Embayment (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Becken (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Bucht (1)
- Tritium Assay (1)
- Tritium Versuchsanordnung (1)
- Trockenflüsse (1)
- Tropospheric nitrogen-dioxide (1)
- Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem (1)
- Tsunami-Risiko (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidites (1)
- Turbidity retrieval (1)
- Turmalin (1)
- Twitter (1)
- U-Pb Geochronologie (1)
- U-Pb geochronology (1)
- UHI (1)
- UHP (1)
- UV fs laser ablation (1)
- UV-Lasermikrodissektion (1)
- UV-laser microdissection (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Uk’37 (1)
- Ultra-Niedriggeschwindigkeitszonen (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Umweltmonitoring (1)
- Umweltrekonstruktion (1)
- Uncertainty Analysis (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- Unsupervised Learning (1)
- Unterdevon (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untergrunduntersuchung der Biosphäre (1)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (1)
- Untertage-Kohlevergasung (1)
- Unüberwachtes Lernen (1)
- Uplift Rates (1)
- Uran (1)
- Uran-Blei-Datierung (1)
- VI (1)
- VIIRS DNB (1)
- Validation (1)
- Vansee (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Variabilität von Bodenbewegung (1)
- Variscan orogeny (1)
- Vegetationsbedeckung (1)
- Verarbeitung seismischer Daten (1)
- Verdichtung (1)
- Verformungslokalisierung (1)
- Verkürzung (1)
- Verschüttungsaltersdatierung (1)
- Verteilungsfunktionen mit einer oberen Grenze (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertreibung (1)
- Verwitterungsfeedback (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Viskositätsstruktur im oberen Mantel (1)
- Volcano (1)
- Volcano deformation modelling (1)
- Vorelandbecken (1)
- Vorhersage (1)
- Vorland (1)
- Vorlandbeckenentwicklung (1)
- Vorlanddeformation (1)
- Vs Profile (1)
- Vs profiles (1)
- Vulcano (1)
- Vulkan Verformung (1)
- Vulkaniklastika (1)
- Vulkanismus (1)
- Vulkanologie (1)
- Vulkanverformungsmodellierung (1)
- Vulkanüberwachung (1)
- WGHM (1)
- Waldbewirtschaftung (1)
- Waldumbau (1)
- Warve (1)
- Warves (1)
- Wasser-Gesteins-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Wasser-Monitoring (1)
- Wasserdampf (1)
- Wassergütemodellierung (1)
- Wasserpflanzen (1)
- Wasserqualität (1)
- Wasserspeicheränderungen (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Wavelet (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weilerbach-Mulde (1)
- Well-log analysis (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellenbrechung und Diffraktion (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeit (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeiten (1)
- Wellenleiter (1)
- Weltraumklima (1)
- Weltraumwetter (1)
- Wenchuan (1)
- West Fault Zone (1)
- West Turkey (1)
- West Türkei (1)
- Westböhmen (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Western Interior Basin (1)
- Western Qaidam Basin (1)
- Wiederkehr (1)
- Windböen (1)
- Winddynamik (1)
- Winderosion (1)
- Wirtsgesteinsskala (1)
- Wittlicher Senke (1)
- Wofram-Zinn Lagerstätte (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- Wuchiapingium (1)
- Würzburg (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- XANES (1)
- XAS (1)
- XRF (1)
- Yacoraite Formation (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Gorge (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Schlucht (1)
- Yatta (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Younger Dryas (1)
- Zeitanhängig (1)
- Zeitserie (1)
- Zeitskala (1)
- Zentral Asien (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinn (1)
- Zipf’s law (1)
- Zusammengesetztes Dislokationsmodel (CDM) (1)
- Zustands-Übergangs-Modelle (1)
- Zyklostratigraphie (1)
- Zypernbogen (1)
- accumulation (1)
- accumulation rates (1)
- acidophilic microorganisms (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- activ continental margin (1)
- active faulting (1)
- active seismic (1)
- active source data (1)
- adapation (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- aero (1)
- aftershock (1)
- aftershock sequence (1)
- aftershocks (1)
- age modeling (1)
- age-related biomarkers (1)
- airglow (1)
- aktive Quelldaten (1)
- aktive Seismik (1)
- aktive Verwerfungen (1)
- aktive Weitewinkel-Seismik (1)
- aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- alaskan tundra (1)
- alkenones (1)
- allochthon (1)
- alluvial (1)
- alluvial channel morphology (1)
- alpine (1)
- alpine catchments (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- ambient vibration (1)
- anaerobe Inkubationensexperimente (1)
- anaerobic incubation experiments (1)
- analysis of pathways (1)
- anisotropic inversion (1)
- annually laminated sediments (1)
- antecedent conditions (1)
- aquatic ecosystems (1)
- aquatischen Ökosystemen (1)
- archeomagnetism (1)
- archetype (1)
- architecture (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- area (1)
- argentina (1)
- argon (1)
- arktische Gewässer (1)
- arktischer Nahküstenbereich (1)
- array design (1)
- artificial light (1)
- artificial mixtures (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- assimilation (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- asthenospheric slab-window (1)
- asthenospherisches "slab-window" (1)
- astronomical calibration (1)
- asymmetric pair distribution function (1)
- attribute analysis (1)
- authigene Mineralbildung (1)
- authigenic mineral formation (1)
- autochthon (1)
- automatic classification (1)
- automatic processing (1)
- automatische Klassifizierung (1)
- b-Wert Kartierung (1)
- b-value map (1)
- barite (1)
- barrow (1)
- basaltic volcanoes (1)
- basement rock (1)
- basin evolution (1)
- basin structure (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beam forming (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock elevation (1)
- beginnende Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision (1)
- beobachtende Seismologie (1)
- biodegradación (1)
- biodegradation (1)
- biodiversity (1)
- biodiversity decline (1)
- bioenergy (1)
- biofuel (1)
- biogeoscience (1)
- biologischer Abbau (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de edad (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de madurez (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (1)
- body waves (1)
- bolivianischen Zinngürtels (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- borehole breakouts (1)
- borehole leakage (1)
- boron (1)
- bottom water (1)
- bottom waters (1)
- boundary element method (1)
- brittle deformation (1)
- brittle precursors (1)
- burial dating (1)
- calc-alkaline (1)
- calcium phosphate (1)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (1)
- calibration (1)
- campo de esfuerzo del Cenozoico tardío (1)
- canopy height (1)
- carbon budget (1)
- carbon cycling (1)
- carbon dioxide exchange (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbonate (1)
- carbonate melt (1)
- carbonate platforms (1)
- carbonate pore types (1)
- carbonate ramps (1)
- carbonate stability (1)
- carbonate systems (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carpholite (1)
- catchment (1)
- catchment classification (1)
- catchment hydrology (1)
- catchment state (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell counts (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement (1)
- central Andes (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Poland (1)
- central south island (1)
- central-eastern Beringia (1)
- change detection (1)
- channel steps (1)
- channel-hillslope coupling (1)
- charnockite (1)
- chemical dating (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (1)
- chemische Datierung (1)
- chemische Verwitterung (1)
- chilenische Anden (1)
- chitosan (1)
- chronology (AICC2012) (1)
- circular statistics (1)
- circulation (1)
- cirrus detection (1)
- cities (1)
- city clusters (1)
- city of Potsdam (1)
- city of Wuerzburg (1)
- clay mineral (1)
- clima (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate change impact (1)
- climate dynamics (1)
- climate extreme events (1)
- climate global and local patterns (1)
- climate impacts (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate reconstruction (1)
- climatic change (1)
- climatolgoy (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- closed chamber method (1)
- cloud detection (1)
- coal mine waste (1)
- coesite (1)
- coherency (1)
- coherent noise (1)
- collapse (1)
- colloid transport (1)
- combinatorial inverse modelling (1)
- complex network (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- complexes (1)
- composite properties (1)
- compound-specific stable carbon isotope analyses (1)
- compression (1)
- computational ethnomusicology (1)
- computational seismology (1)
- computergestützte Musikethnologie (1)
- computergestützte Seismologie (1)
- concrete (1)
- conductivity anisotropy (1)
- conflict (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental collision zones (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continental margins (1)
- controlled source wide angle seismic (1)
- controlo estrutural (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (1)
- convolutional neural network (1)
- copper (1)
- corals (1)
- core-mantle boundary (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- cosmic-ray (1)
- cosmogenic (1)
- cosmogenic AL-26 (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclide-based dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- counterclockwise block rotation between overlapping rift segments (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- coupling (1)
- crack (1)
- creep properties (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- critical zone (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crustal deformations (1)
- crustal stress (1)
- crustal structure of south central Turkey (1)
- crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cuenca intermontana (1)
- cultivation (1)
- d-excess (1)
- damage assessment (1)
- damage modelling (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data filtering (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data processing (1)
- data science (1)
- data-mining (1)
- decision tree (1)
- decision trees (1)
- deep carbon (1)
- deep crust (1)
- deep earthquakes and nuclear explosions (1)
- deep permafrost carbon (1)
- deep seated landslide (1)
- deep seepage (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation mechanisms (1)
- deformation monitoring (1)
- deformation source modeling (1)
- degradation (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density modeling (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- denudation (1)
- denudation processes (1)
- denudation rates (1)
- deposits (1)
- depósitos de volfrâmio-estanho (1)
- der Städtische Wärmeinseleffekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt basierend auf Landoberflächentemperatur (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- developing countries (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- diagenesis (1)
- diagenetische Prozesse (1)
- diamond anvil cell (1)
- diamond anvil cells (1)
- diatoms (1)
- dichtegetriebene Strömung (1)
- die Stadtform (1)
- digital image analysis (1)
- digitale Bildanalyse (1)
- dike pathways (1)
- dip-coating (1)
- dispersion curves (1)
- dissolution (1)
- distal steil ansteigende Rampen (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- diversity (1)
- drained lake basins (1)
- dreieckige Dislokationen (TDs) (1)
- drought (1)
- duration (1)
- dust sources (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamische Topographie (1)
- décollement (1)
- early diagenesis (1)
- early earth tectonics (1)
- early eocene (1)
- early warning (1)
- earth mantle (1)
- earth system model (1)
- earth system models (1)
- earth's mantle (1)
- earthquake bulletin data (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake forecasting (1)
- earthquake location (1)
- earthquake source array (1)
- earthquake source observations (1)
- eclogite (UHP) (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- eco-hydrology (1)
- ecohydrology (1)
- ecological genetics (1)
- economic impacts (1)
- effective porosity (1)
- effektive Porosität (1)
- elastic properties (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- electric and magnetic fields (1)
- electrons (1)
- elektrische und magnetische Felder (1)
- elevated CO2 concentration (1)
- emergency response (1)
- energy demand (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- enhanced geothermal system (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- environmental seismology (1)
- eocene thermal maximum (1)
- epithermale Zinn-Silber-lagerstätte (1)
- equatorial electrojet (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- equifinality (1)
- ererbte Strukturen (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- estuary (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- evaporites (1)
- evapotranspiration (1)
- evolution (1)
- exhumation processes (1)
- exhumation rates (1)
- exposure (1)
- exposure age dating (1)
- extinction event (1)
- extracellular DNA (1)
- extreme Ereignisse (1)
- extreme Klimaereignisse (1)
- extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse (1)
- extreme hydrometeorological events (1)
- extreme precipitation (1)
- failed rift (1)
- fallamiento activo (1)
- faltendes neuronales Netzwerk (1)
- fan (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fault (1)
- fault bend fold (1)
- fault healing (1)
- fault plane structure (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- fault zone architecture (1)
- feldspar (1)
- ferropericlase (1)
- fieldwork (1)
- finite Differenzen (1)
- finite Elemente (1)
- finite difference simulation (1)
- finite differences (1)
- finite elements (1)
- fire emissions (1)
- fire history (1)
- fission track (1)
- fissure eruption (1)
- flash flood (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flat-slab subduction (1)
- flood (1)
- flood adaptation (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood mitigation (1)
- flood reconstruction (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- flood types (1)
- flood volcanism (1)
- flooding (1)
- floodplain (1)
- floodplain inundation (1)
- floodplains (1)
- fluctuations (1)
- fluid (1)
- fluid inclusions (1)
- fluid rock interaction (1)
- fluid-melt interaction (1)
- fluid-rock interactions (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluvial fill terraces (1)
- fluvial incision (1)
- fluviale Einschneidung (1)
- flux tracking (1)
- fluxo de fluidos (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- food web (1)
- foraminifera (1)
- fore-arc (1)
- forecast (1)
- forecasting (1)
- foreland deformation (1)
- forest (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest management (1)
- forest structure (1)
- forestry (1)
- formation damage (1)
- foundation (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracture mechanics (1)
- fracture toughness (1)
- fracture transmissivity (1)
- fracture-controlled (1)
- frequency analysis (1)
- frictional properties (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- gabbros (1)
- gas geochemistry (1)
- gas hydrates (1)
- gas production (1)
- geführte Wellen (1)
- gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gerichtete Rotation von Krustenblöcken zwischen zwei überlappenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- gekoppelter Fluid-und Wärmetransport (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gemeinsame Inversion (1)
- geo-bio interaction (1)
- geodesy (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geodynamic models (1)
- geodynamische Modelle (1)
- geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- geohazards (1)
- geologic fault (1)
- geological hyperspectral image classification (1)
- geologische Störungen (1)
- geologische Verwerfung (1)
- geologische hyperspektrale Bildklassifikation (1)
- geomagnetic excursions (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetische Exkursionen (1)
- geomechanical modelling (1)
- geomechanics (1)
- geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- geophyics (1)
- geophysical methods (1)
- geophysikalische Methoden (1)
- geoquímica da alteração hidrotermal (1)
- geothermal (1)
- geothermal exploration (1)
- geothermal monitoring (1)
- geothermics (1)
- geothermische Exploration (1)
- geothermische Überwachung (1)
- geothermischer Reservoire (1)
- geschlossene Haubenmessmethode (1)
- gestreute Phasen (1)
- glacial hazards (1)
- glacial incision (1)
- glacial isostatic adjustment (1)
- glacial lake outburst floods (1)
- glacier (1)
- glacier forefield (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glass (1)
- glass structure (1)
- glasses (1)
- glaziale Einschneidung (1)
- global (1)
- global change (1)
- global flood model (1)
- global inversion (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global navigation satellite systems (1)
- global vegetation model (1)
- globale Inversion (1)
- globale und lokale Muster des Klimas (1)
- globales Navigationssatellitensystem (1)
- globales Positionsbestimmungssystem (1)
- globales Überschwemmungsmodell (1)
- grain-size distribution (1)
- grandes movimientos en masa (1)
- granulite (1)
- graphite (1)
- gravimetry (1)
- grazing (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- gross primary production (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- ground motion variability (1)
- ground motions (1)
- ground penetrating radar (1)
- ground-motion modelling (1)
- ground-motion models (1)
- ground-penetration radar (1)
- groundwater evolution (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- groundwater vulnerability (1)
- growing season (1)
- growth response (1)
- große Massenbewegungen (1)
- guided waves (1)
- gulf coastal plain (1)
- half-life (1)
- halophiles (1)
- hanging wall (1)
- hazard (1)
- hazard assessments (1)
- heat (1)
- heat-stress (1)
- helium (1)
- herzynische Orogenese (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heterozoan carbonates (1)
- heterozoisch (1)
- heuristic analysis (1)
- high latitudes (1)
- high pressure (1)
- high pressure relicts (1)
- high temperature rock deformation (1)
- high-P metamorphism (1)
- high-intensity industrialized agricultural production systems (1)
- high-pressure (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metasediments (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- hillslope diffusion (1)
- hillslope hydrology (1)
- historical earthquakes (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- historische Erdbeben (1)
- hochdruckmetamorphe Sedimente (1)
- hollow cylinder experiments (1)
- holocene (1)
- horizontal-vertikales Spektralverhältnis (1)
- horizontaler Fluss (1)
- host rock scale (1)
- huddle test (1)
- human impact (1)
- hybrid modelling (1)
- hydrate (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate habitus (1)
- hydraulic simulation (1)
- hydraulische Risserzeugung (1)
- hydraulisches Aufbrechen (1)
- hydro-meteorological risk (1)
- hydro-meteorologische Risiken (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrogravimetry (1)
- hydrological flow paths (1)
- hydrological modeling (1)
- hydrological monitoring and modelling (1)
- hydrological signatures (1)
- hydrologische Fließpfade (1)
- hydrologische Vorbedingungen (1)
- hydropower (1)
- hydrothermal (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrothermale Alteration (1)
- hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- hyperspektral (1)
- hyperspektral Fernerkundung (1)
- ice (1)
- ice dam (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- ice sheet (1)
- identifying influential nodes (1)
- image processing (1)
- impact (1)
- impact assessment (1)
- in-situ analysis (1)
- in-situ remediation (1)
- in-stream processes (1)
- incipient continent-continent collision (1)
- indischer Monsun (1)
- induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- induzierte Seismizität (1)
- induzierten Seismizität (1)
- inherited structures (1)
- injection (1)
- injection scheme (1)
- innovation (1)
- insights (1)
- instrumental seismology (1)
- instrumentelle Seismologie (1)
- insurance (1)
- inter- and intra-station variability (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- interferometry (1)
- intermontane Becken (1)
- intermontane Talverfüllungen (1)
- intermontane basin (1)
- intermontane valley fill (1)
- internal structure (1)
- introgression (1)
- inundation (1)
- inverse Modellierung (1)
- inverse Modellirung (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- iron reduction (1)
- iron-rich sediment (1)
- isostatic uplift (1)
- isostatische Hebung (1)
- isotopic composition (1)
- isotopic fractionation (1)
- isturbance tracking (1)
- joint inversion (1)
- kerogen kinetics (1)
- kimmerische Orogenese (1)
- kombinatorische inverse Modellierung (1)
- komplexe Systeme (1)
- kontinuierlicher Simulationsansatz (1)
- kosmische Neutronenstrahlung (1)
- kosmische Strahlung (1)
- kosmogen (1)
- kosmogene Radionuklid-basierte Datierung (1)
- kritische Zone (1)
- krustale Spannungen (1)
- künstliche neurale Netzwerke (1)
- lacustrine record (1)
- lacustrine sediment (1)
- lake Donggi Cona (1)
- lake Meerfelder Maar (1)
- lake basins (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lake drainage (1)
- lake mixing (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lake system responses (1)
- lakes water balance (1)
- lakustrine Abfolge (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land cover change (1)
- land use (1)
- land-use change (1)
- landforms (1)
- landscape preferences (1)
- landscape effects (1)
- landscape hydrology (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- larch species (1)
- large mass movements (1)
- laser heating (1)
- laser-geheizte Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- laser-heated Diamond Anvil Cell (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- late cenozoic stress field (1)
- late holocene (1)
- latitude ionosphere (1)
- lava fountains (1)
- lead (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- length measurements (1)
- lichenometry (1)
- lidar (1)
- lineare spektrale Entmischung (1)
- lipid biomarkers (1)
- lithium (1)
- lithosphere net rotation (1)
- lithosphere stress field (1)
- lithosphärisches Spannungsfeld (1)
- local Seismicity (1)
- localized deformation (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- logistic regression (1)
- lokale Seismitität (1)
- low flow (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- low-intensity eco-agricultural production systems (1)
- lower crustal bodies (1)
- lower mantle (1)
- lower thermosphere (1)
- lunar tides (1)
- lunare Gezeiten (1)
- lysimeter (1)
- ländliche Entwicklung (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magma assisted continental rifting (1)
- magma degassing (1)
- magma-poor (1)
- magmagestütztes kontinentales Rifting (1)
- magmatic (1)
- magmatic arc (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatisch (1)
- magmatisch-hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesite (1)
- magnetic field (1)
- magnetic polarisation direction (1)
- magnetische Polarisationsrichtung (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- magnetostratigraphy (1)
- magnetotelluric (1)
- manaderos de petróleo (1)
- mantle (1)
- margins (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- marine terrace (1)
- marine terraces (1)
- mass (1)
- mass extinction (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- matríz mineral (1)
- maturity-related biomarkers (1)
- mecanismos de disparo (1)
- mehrfache Stressfaktoren (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt inclusions (1)
- melt structure (1)
- menschliche Einflüsse (1)
- metagenomic analysis (1)
- metal recycling plants (1)
- metaophiolite (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- meteoric 10Be (1)
- methane (1)
- microbial methane oxidation (1)
- microplate (1)
- microseismicity (1)
- microsructure (1)
- microstructural deformation mechanisms (1)
- microstructures (1)
- microtopography (1)
- microzonation (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- middle Miocene (1)
- middle atmosphere (1)
- migration (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle aerobe Methanoxidation (1)
- mine face mapping (1)
- mineral composition (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineral matrix (1)
- mineral reaction (1)
- mineral weathering reactions (1)
- mineralische Matrix (1)
- mitochondrial haplotypes (1)
- mittleres Miozän (1)
- mixture models (1)
- modelling error sources (1)
- modifizierte räumliche Autkorrelationsmethode (1)
- molecular biomarkers (1)
- molekulare Biomarker (1)
- molybdenum (1)
- moment tensors (1)
- monazite (1)
- mountain geomorphology (1)
- mountain hydrology (1)
- mountain rivers (1)
- mountainous rivers (1)
- multi-equilibrium thermobarometry (1)
- multi-hazard (1)
- multi-proxy approach (1)
- multi-slab (1)
- multi-stage exhumation (1)
- multiple stress factors (1)
- multiscale network (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariate Statistik (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- muscovite (1)
- music information retrieval (1)
- musical scales (1)
- musikalische Tonleitern (1)
- n-alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nZVI (1)
- nachaltige Städteentwicklung (1)
- nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- nano zero-valent iron (1)
- nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- natural risks (1)
- natürlichen Ölaustritten (1)
- near-vertical seismic reflection (1)
- nearshore zone (1)
- neodymium (1)
- neogene (1)
- neon (1)
- net ecosystem exchange (1)
- network (1)
- neutron field (1)
- neutrons (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nicht-monetäre Bewertung (1)
- nichtisothermer Mehrphasenfluss (1)
- nightlights (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- noble gas (1)
- noble gas isotopes (1)
- noise cross (1)
- noise reduction (1)
- non-destructive testing (1)
- non-isothermal multiphase flow (1)
- non-monetary valuation (1)
- nonstationarity (1)
- normal faulting (1)
- north-atlantic (1)
- northern Andes (1)
- northern seward peninsula (1)
- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- nuclides (1)
- numerical (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerisch (1)
- numerische Modelle (1)
- numerische Strömungsmechanik (1)
- nutrient emissions (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nördliche Anden (1)
- nördliche hohe Breitengrade (1)
- oberflächennahe Geophysík (1)
- object based image analysis (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- objektbasierte Bildanalyse (1)
- observational seismology (1)
- occurrence rate (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- oceanic crust (1)
- offene Daten (1)
- offener Tagebau (1)
- oil seeps (1)
- oligocene climate (1)
- onset times (1)
- open (1)
- open data (1)
- open pit mining (1)
- operational service (1)
- ophiolite (1)
- opinion (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical properties (1)
- optimal array configuration (1)
- optimale Array-Konfiguration (1)
- optische Eigenschaften (1)
- ore (1)
- ore deposit (1)
- organic carbon (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- organofacies (1)
- origination (1)
- orogenic evolution (1)
- orogenic peridotite (1)
- orogeny (1)
- ortsverteile faseroptische Dehnungsmessung (1)
- ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- outburst floods (1)
- oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (1)
- oxygen isotope (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- ozeanische Kruste (1)
- pH (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeoecology (1)
- palaeointensity (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- palaeomagnetism (1)
- paleo-lake Mweru (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleo-strain calculation (1)
- paleo-topography (1)
- paleoaltimetry (1)
- paleofloods (1)
- paleogeography (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleolimnology (1)
- paleosecular variations (1)
- paleosol sequence (1)
- panafrican orogeny (1)
- panafrikanische Orogenese (1)
- parallel seismic (1)
- part 1 (1)
- participatory mapping (1)
- particle swarm optimisation (1)
- passive Seismik (1)
- passive microwave (1)
- passive seismic (1)
- pattern recognition (1)
- patterns (1)
- percolation (1)
- periglacial landscape evolution (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- periglaziale Landschaften (1)
- periglaziale Landschaftsentwicklung (1)
- permafrost degradation (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permafrost landscapes (1)
- permafrost regions (1)
- permafrost sediments (1)
- permafrost thaw (1)
- permafrost thaw disturbances (1)
- permanent deformation (1)
- permanente Verformung (1)
- permeability (1)
- permeability evolution (1)
- permeability test (1)
- petrology (1)
- petrothermal systems (1)
- petrothermale Systeme (1)
- petrothermales System (EGS) (1)
- phasepicker (1)
- phytoplankton distribution (1)
- picker (1)
- pile (1)
- plant ecology (1)
- plant waxes (1)
- plant-habitat interactions (1)
- plate boundary friction (1)
- plate motions (1)
- plate tectonics (1)
- plateau uplift (1)
- plum (1)
- plume (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- pluvial flooding (1)
- pluvial floods (1)
- plötzliche stratosphärische Erwärmungsereignisse (1)
- point cloud (1)
- polar ice (1)
- polares Eis (1)
- polarimetric decompositions (1)
- polarimetrische Dekompositionen (1)
- pollen (1)
- pollution (1)
- pollution indices (1)
- poly(lactic acid) (1)
- polymictic lakes (1)
- polymiktische Seen (1)
- polynya (1)
- porphyry copper deposit (1)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (1)
- potentially toxic elements (1)
- precision horticulture (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- pressures (1)
- principal components (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- probabilistic approach (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistischer Ansatz (1)
- process identification (1)
- production rates (1)
- productivity (1)
- propagation (1)
- psychology (1)
- quantitative data (1)
- quartäre Geochronologie (1)
- quaternary (1)
- radar satellite interferometry (1)
- radiación y propiedades químicas (1)
- radial flow (1)
- radiale Strömung (1)
- radiation and chemical properties (1)
- radiation-damage (1)
- radiocarbon age dating (1)
- radiogene Wärmeproduktion (1)
- radiogenic heat production (1)
- radiogenic heat-production (1)
- radiogenic isotopes (1)
- radiolyse (1)
- radiolysis (1)
- radiólisis (1)
- railway infrastructure (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rainfall (1)
- rainstorm (1)
- ramp (1)
- random vibration (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rapid damage mapping (1)
- rapid earthquake impact assessment (1)
- rate-state friction (1)
- reaction path modelling (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive transport groundwater model (1)
- reactive transport simulation (1)
- reaktive Transportsimulation (1)
- reaktives Grundwassermodell (1)
- real-time application (1)
- recovery (1)
- recurrence (1)
- recurrence network (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- recycling (1)
- reduction (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection (1)
- reflection seismics (1)
- reflection seismology (1)
- regimes (1)
- regionale Hydrologie (1)
- regionales Klimamodell (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regularization (1)
- release (1)
- remediation (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- reservoir (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- residuals (1)
- resources (1)
- response spectra (1)
- response time (1)
- retrogressive thaw slump (1)
- retrogressiven Auftaurutschungen (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- ridge subduction (1)
- ridge-collision (1)
- rift (1)
- rift segments interaction (1)
- ring-fault (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- risk analysis (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk management cycle (1)
- risk model chain (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river sediment (1)
- rivers (1)
- rock fracture (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock mass (1)
- rock mechanics (1)
- rock-water interaction (1)
- rockmagnetism (1)
- rockslide (1)
- rotation (1)
- rotational seismology (1)
- roughness (1)
- rupture (1)
- rural development (1)
- russische Arktis (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- räumlich explizit (1)
- räumliche Aggregation (1)
- räumliche Analyse (1)
- räumliche Autkorrelationsmethode (1)
- räumliche Autokorrelation (1)
- räumliche Kalibrierung (1)
- räumliche Variabilität (1)
- räumliche Wiederkehr (1)
- saisonale Arbeitsmigration (1)
- saline Seen (1)
- saline lakes (1)
- saline pan (1)
- saline pan cycle (1)
- salt dissolution (1)
- salt rock (1)
- san andreas fault (1)
- sandstones (1)
- saprolite (1)
- satellite images (1)
- savanna (1)
- savanna ecology (1)
- scattered phases (1)
- scatterer location (1)
- scenario (1)
- schnelle Einschätzung von Erdbebenauswirkungen (1)
- sea (1)
- sea-level projections (1)
- seasonal labor migration (1)
- seasonality (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sediment (1)
- sediment fingerprinting (1)
- sediment routing (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transit time (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment transport modelling (1)
- sediment trap (1)
- sediment volume (1)
- sediment-routing system (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (1)
- sedimentary basin (1)
- sedimentary basins (1)
- sedimentary dynamics (1)
- sedimentary facies (1)
- sedimentary microbes (1)
- sedimentary organic matter (1)
- sedimentary record (1)
- sedimentation pattern (1)
- sedimentology (1)
- sediments (1)
- sedimentäre alte DNA (1)
- seismic (1)
- seismic array (1)
- seismic attenuation (1)
- seismic attributes (1)
- seismic cycle modeling (1)
- seismic event localization (1)
- seismic imaging (1)
- seismic interferometry (1)
- seismic interpretation (1)
- seismic measurements (1)
- seismic monitoring (1)
- seismic sequence stratigraphy (1)
- seismic signal processing (1)
- seismic source inversion (1)
- seismic source-time function estimation (1)
- seismic velocities (1)
- seismic velocity (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity modelling (1)
- seismics (1)
- seismische Attribute (1)
- seismische Dämpfung (1)
- seismische Ereignislokalisierung (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeit (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- seismische Interpretation (1)
- seismische Messungen (1)
- seismische Rauschen (1)
- seismische Sequenzstratigraphie (1)
- seismische Stapelungs-Methode (1)
- seismische Tomographie (1)
- seismisches Array (1)
- seismogene Kopplungszone (1)
- seismogenic coupling zone (1)
- seismology ; PKP caustic point B ; diffraction of PKP core phases ; decay spectra of waveform data ; transition zone to the earth's inner core ; Germa (1)
- seismotectonic (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- sensors (1)
- shadow detection (1)
- shale strength (1)
- shallow geophysics (1)
- shallow-water carbonates (1)
- shear zones (1)
- shoreline (1)
- shorelines (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- signal formation (1)
- silicate melt (1)
- silicate melts (1)
- silicate weathering (1)
- silicon (1)
- silikatische Schmelzen (1)
- simulation on a day-to-day-basis (1)
- simulation-based attribution (1)
- simulações numéricas (1)
- singleslab (1)
- sistemas magmático-hidrotermais (1)
- site characterization (1)
- skarn (1)
- skill (1)
- slags (1)
- slope failure (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow avalanches (1)
- snow detection (1)
- social (1)
- soil constituents mapping (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil hydrology (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil moisture patterns (1)
- soil water content (1)
- soils (1)
- sorption (1)
- source array (1)
- source array optimal design (1)
- source direction (1)
- source duration (1)
- source model (1)
- source parameters (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- southern Turkey (1)
- spatial aggregation (1)
- spatial analyses (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial calibration (1)
- spatial correlation (1)
- spatial recurrence (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatial variability (1)
- spatial-distribution (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- special sensor microwave imager (1)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral unmixing (1)
- spectro-directional (1)
- spektro-direktional (1)
- spherical harmonics (1)
- spread F (1)
- spröde Deformation (1)
- spätes Holozän (1)
- stabilen Isotopen (1)
- stable isotope (1)
- stalagmites (1)
- starker Konvektion (1)
- state-transition models (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistische Seismologie (1)
- steep-angle analysis of PcP (1)
- stochastic algorithms (1)
- stratigraphic forward modelling (1)
- stratigraphische Vorwärtsmodellierung (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- streambed morphology (1)
- streamflow variability (1)
- strength (1)
- stress (1)
- stress changes (1)
- stress measurement (1)
- stress modeling (1)
- stress partitioning (1)
- stress pattern (1)
- strike-slip (1)
- strike-slip faults (1)
- structural inheritance (1)
- structural modelling (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- strukturelle Kontrolle (1)
- subduction earthquake (1)
- subduction-accretionary complexes (1)
- subduktions-akkretions Komplexe (1)
- subrosion (1)
- subsidence analysis (1)
- subsidence history (1)
- subsurface (1)
- subsurface biosphere (1)
- sudden stratospheric warming (1)
- sulfate reduction (1)
- sulphate reduction (1)
- summer monsoon (1)
- superconducting gravimeter (SG) (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- surface (1)
- surface evolution (1)
- surface exposure dating (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface urban heat island effect (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- susceptibility of the European electricity sector (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- sustainable development (1)
- sustainable urban development (1)
- sustained casing pressure (1)
- suture zones (1)
- swarm mission (1)
- switzerland (1)
- synchronization (1)
- syntaxis (1)
- synthetic array beam power (1)
- synthetic hydrate samples (1)
- synthetic sandstone (1)
- synthetic seismograms (1)
- synthetische Array-Strahlleistung (1)
- synthetische Hydratproben (1)
- synthetische Seismogramme (1)
- systems (1)
- tagesaktuelle Simulation (1)
- tectonic evolution (1)
- tectonic inversion (1)
- tectonic stress (1)
- tectonic uplift (1)
- tektonische Hebung (1)
- tektonische Spannungen (1)
- teleseismic rupture tracking (1)
- teleseismische Bruchverfolgung (1)
- temperature changes (1)
- temperature field analysis (1)
- temporal gravity variations (1)
- tensile Anteile (1)
- tensile earthquake (1)
- tensile earthquakes (1)
- terrigenous input (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal model (1)
- thermal modelling (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermisches Feld (1)
- thermisches Modell (1)
- thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- thermo-mechanics (1)
- thermo-mechanische Modellierung (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical mantle convection (1)
- thermochemischer Mantelkonvektion (1)
- thermodynamic and kinetic properties (1)
- thermodynamic modelling (1)
- thermodynamische Modellierungen (1)
- thermodynamische und kinetische Eigenschaften (1)
- thermoerosion (1)
- thermokarst lakes (1)
- thermokarst processes (1)
- thickness-displacement relationships (1)
- thrust belts (1)
- tibetan plateau (1)
- tide gauge observations (1)
- tiefer Kohlenstoff (1)
- tiefes Lernen (1)
- time dependent (1)
- time scale (1)
- time-scale (1)
- time-series analysis (1)
- time-series mapping (1)
- tin (1)
- tomography (1)
- topography (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- trace element partitioning (1)
- traditional Georgian music (1)
- traditionelle Georgische Musik (1)
- transferability (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- transient earthquake patterns (1)
- transiente Erdbebenmuster (1)
- transit-time (1)
- transnational migration (1)
- transnationale Migration (1)
- transnationalism (1)
- transport processes (1)
- travel time distributions (1)
- traveltime (1)
- tree water status (1)
- treeline (1)
- trend analyses (1)
- trend attribution (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend drivers (1)
- triaxial deformation experiments (1)
- triaxiale Deformationsexperimente (1)
- trigger mechanism (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tropical biodiversity (1)
- tropical swamp (1)
- tsunami early warning (1)
- tsunami risk (1)
- tundra (1)
- tundra–taiga ecotone (1)
- tungsten-tin deposits (1)
- turbidity modelling (1)
- turmalina (1)
- typhoons (1)
- ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- uncertainties (1)
- uncertainty estimation (1)
- unconventional shale (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- united states (1)
- unkonventionelle Schiefer (1)
- unterer Mantel (1)
- upper mantle density heterogeneities (1)
- upper mantle viscosity structure (1)
- uranium (1)
- uranium-lead-dating (1)
- urban development (1)
- urban efficiency (1)
- urban form (1)
- urban heat island effect (1)
- urban infill development (1)
- varve (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate feedbacks (1)
- vegetation‐climate‐fire‐soil feedbacks (1)
- velocity model (1)
- velocity structure (1)
- verbesserte geothermische Systeme (1)
- verstärkende Seen (1)
- vertical coupling (1)
- vertikale Kuppelung (1)
- vertikaler Fluss (1)
- very slow moving landslide (1)
- video analysis (1)
- virtual active seismic (1)
- virtuelle aktive Seismik (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic hazard assessment (1)
- volcanic hydrothermal systems (1)
- volcanic seismology (1)
- volcanic tremor (1)
- volcaniclastics (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano deformation (1)
- volcano remote sensing (1)
- volcano seismology (1)
- volcanology (1)
- voring basin (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungs-und Hydrothermalsysteme (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungssysteme (1)
- vulkanischer Gläser (1)
- vulkanischer Tremor (1)
- wasting (1)
- water age (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water monitoring (1)
- water quality (1)
- water quality modelling (1)
- water resources (1)
- water rock interactions (1)
- water storage changes (1)
- water vapour (1)
- wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- wave velocities (1)
- weakening mechanisms (1)
- weather (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weather patterns (1)
- weathering feedback (1)
- wetland (1)
- wetlands (1)
- wind energy production (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity (1)
- wind gusts (1)
- winderosion (1)
- winds (1)
- winter (1)
- wood compost (1)
- x-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- zeitabhängige Gravitationsvariation (1)
- zentral-östliches Beringia (1)
- zentrale Anden (1)
- zentralen Anden (1)
- zinc (1)
- zirkulare Statistik (1)
- Ästuar (1)
- Ätna (1)
- Ökohydrologie (1)
- Östliches Karoo-Becken (1)
- Überschwemmungen (1)
- Überschwemmungsflächen (1)
- Überwachung (1)
- Þeistareykir Iceland (1)
- Þeistareykir Island (1)
- äquatorialen Plasma-Verarmungen (1)
- äquatorialer Elektrojet (1)
- ökohydrologische Modellierung (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
- ökonomische Auswirkungen (1)
- östlich-südzentrale Anden (1)
- östliche Kordillere (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stabile Isotope (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stable isotopes (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (506) (remove)
Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf Forschungen in den Jahren 2007-2009. Sie betrachtet die saisonale Arbeitsmigration aus der polnischen Region Konin, wo die Arbeitsmigration aus ökonomischen Gründen, wie auch in ähnlich strukturierten Gebieten Polens, eine lange Tradition hat, die bis ins 19. Jahrhundert zurückgeht. Sie wird die saisonale Migration ins Ausland mit den ökonomischen, sozialen und räumlichen Auswirkungen aus der Perspektive des Einzelnen und seiner unmittelbaren Umgebung, aber auch der Gesellschaft und Herkunftsgebiet der Migranten betrachtet.
Entsprechend der Zielstellung wurden zunächst verschiedene Varianten der Kompostierung von Holzsubstanz getestet, um eine optimale Technologie, die auch für Entwicklungsländer realisierbar ist, herauszufinden. Hierzu sind in Pflanztöpfe Holzspäne (Woodchips) von zwei verschieden Holzarten (Laub- und Nadelholz) gefüllt und mit verschiedenen natürlichen Stickstoffquellen gemischt worden. Diese Ansätze wurden regelmäßig mit Kompostwasser appliziert. Nach vier Wochen sind zwei verschiedene Wurmarten (Dendrobaena veneta und Eisenia fetida) hinzugegeben worden. Die Feuchthaltung erfolgte ab diesem Zeitpunkt durch Frischwasser. Die qualitativ beste Versuchsvariante ist im nächsten Schritt mit weiteren natürlichen Stickstoffquellen, die in Entwicklungsländern zur Verfügung gestellt werden könnten, getestet worden. Von allen Kompostvarianten sind im Labor eine Vielzahl von bodenphysikalischen (z.B. Dichte, Wasserhaltekapazität) und bodenchemischen Zustandsgrößen (z.B. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit, Totalgehalte biophiler Elemente, Bodenreaktion, organische Substanzgehalte, Kationenaustauschkapazität) bestimmt worden. Die Wiederum qualitativ beste Mischung ist in einer weiteren Versuchsreihe in verschiedenen Mengenverhältnissen mit tertiärerem Abraumsand des Braunkohlebergbaus gemischt worden. In diese Versuchsmischungen wurde die Grasmischung RSM 7.2.1 eingesät und regelmäßig bewässert sowie die Wuchshöhe gemessen. Nach 42 Tagen wurden das Gras geerntet und die biometrischen Parameter, die Nährstoffgehalte (pflanzenverfügbare Fraktionen), die Bodenreaktion, die effektive bzw. potentielle Kationenaustauschkapazität sowie die Pufferkapazitäten der Mischsubstrate bestimmt. Die nächsten Versuchsvarianten sind als Feldversuche in der Niederlausitz durchgeführt worden. Für ihre Realisierung wurde als weiterer Zuschlagsstoff Arkadolith® zugemischt. Die Plotflächen sind sowohl auf Abraumsanden des Tertiärs als auch Quartärs angelegt worden. In jeweils eine Subvariante ist RSM 7.2.1, in die andere eine autochthone Grasmischung eingesät worden. Diese Experimente wurden nach 6 Monaten beendet, die Bestimmung aller Parameter erfolgte in gleicher Weise wie bei den Gewächshausversuchen. Auf Basis aller Versuchsreihen konnten die besten Kompostqualitäten und ihre optimalen Herstellungsvarianten ermittelt werden. Eine weitere Aufgabe war es zu untersuchen, wie im Vergleich zur Verbrennung von Holzmasse die CO2-Emission in die Atmosphäre durch Holzkompostierung verringert werden kann. Hierzu wurde während der verschiedenen Kompostierungsvarianten die CO2-Freisetzung gemessen. Im Vergleich dazu ist jeweils die gleiche Masse an Holzsubstanz verbrannt worden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im Vergleich zu der thermischen Verwertung von Holsubstanz die CO2-Emission bis zu 50 % verringert werden kann. Dem Boden kann darüber hinaus energiereiche organische Substanz zugeführt werden, die eine Entwicklung der Bodenorganismen ermöglicht. Ein weiteres Experiment zielte darauf ab, die Stabilität der Holzkomposte zu bestimmen. Darüber hinaus sollte untersucht werden, ob durch die Zufuhr von pyrogenem Kohlenstoff eine Vergrößerung der Stabilität zu erreichen ist. Diese Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe der Thermogravimetrie vorgenommen. Alle wichtigen Kompostierungsvarianten sind sowohl mit verschiedenen Zusatzmengen als auch ohne Zusatz von pyrogenem Kohlenstoff vermessen worden. Als Vergleichssubstanz diente der Oberboden eines Niedermoorgleys, der naturgemäß einen relativ hohen Anteil an organischer Substanz aufweist. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im Bereich niedriger Temperaturen die Wasserbindung im Naturboden fester ist. In der Fraktion der oxidierbaren organischen Substanz, im mittleren Temperaturbereich gemessen, ist die natürliche Bodensubstanz ebenfalls stabiler, was auf eine intensivere Bindung zwischen den organischen und anorganischen Bestandteilen, also auf stabilere organisch-mineralische Komplexe, schlussfolgern lässt. Im Bereich höherer Temperaturen (T> 550° C) waren im Naturboden keine nennenswerten organischen Bestandteile mehr nachweisbar. Hingegen wiesen die Kompostvarianten einen hohen Anteil stabiler Fraktionen, vor allem aromatische Verbindungen, auf. Diese Aussagen erscheinen vor allem für die praktische Anwendung der Holzkomposte in Hinblick auf ihre Langzeitwirkung bedeutsam. Der Zusatz von pyrogenem Kohlenstoff zeigte keine zusätzliche Stabilisierungswirkung.
Among the multitude of geomorphological processes, aeolian shaping processes are of special character, Pedogenic dust is one of the most important sources of atmospheric aerosols and therefore regarded as a key player for atmospheric processes. Soil dust emissions, being complex in composition and properties, influence atmospheric processes and air quality and has impacts on other ecosystems. In this because even though their immediate impact can be considered low (exceptions exist), their constant and large-scale force makes them a powerful player in the earth system. dissertation, we unravel a novel scientific understanding of this complex system based on a holistic dataset acquired during a series of field experiments on arable land in La Pampa, Argentina. The field experiments as well as the generated data provide information about topography, various soil parameters, the atmospheric dynamics in the very lower atmosphere (4m height) as well as measurements regarding aeolian particle movement across a wide range of particle size classes between 0.2μm up to the coarse sand.
The investigations focus on three topics: (a) the effects of low-scale landscape structures on aeolian transport processes of the coarse particle fraction, (b) the horizontal and vertical fluxes of the very fine particles and (c) the impact of wind gusts on particle emissions.
Among other considerations presented in this thesis, it could in particular be shown, that even though the small-scale topology does have a clear impact on erosion and deposition patterns, also physical soil parameters need to be taken into account for a robust statistical modelling of the latter. Furthermore, specifically the vertical fluxes of particulate matter have different characteristics for the particle size classes. Finally, a novel statistical measure was introduced to quantify the impact of wind gusts on the particle uptake and its application on the provided data set. The aforementioned measure shows significantly increased particle concentrations during points in time defined as gust event.
With its holistic approach, this thesis further contributes to the fundamental understanding of how atmosphere and pedosphere are intertwined and affect each other.
In sedimentary basins, rock thermal conductivity can vary both laterally and vertically, thus altering the basin’s thermal structure locally and regionally. Knowledge of the thermal conductivity of geological formations and its spatial variations is essential, not only for quantifying basin evolution and hydrocarbon maturation processes, but also for understanding geothermal conditions in a geological setting. In conjunction with the temperature gradient, thermal conductivity represents the basic input parameter for the determination of the heat-flow density; which, in turn, is applied as a major input parameter in thermal modeling at different scales. Drill-core samples, which are necessary to determine thermal properties by laboratory measurements, are rarely available and often limited to previously explored reservoir formations. Thus, thermal conductivities of Mesozoic rocks in the North German Basin (NGB) are largely unknown. In contrast, geophysical borehole measurements are often available for the entire drilled sequence. Therefore, prediction equations to determine thermal conductivity based on well-log data are desirable. In this study rock thermal conductivity was investigated on different scales by (1) providing thermal-conductivity measurements on Mesozoic rocks, (2) evaluating and improving commonly applied mixing models which were used to estimate matrix and pore-filled rock thermal conductivities, and (3) developing new well-log based equations to predict thermal conductivity in boreholes without core control. Laboratory measurements are performed on sedimentary rock of major geothermal reservoirs in the Northeast German Basin (NEGB) (Aalenian, Rhaethian-Liassic, Stuttgart Fm., and Middle Buntsandstein). Samples are obtained from eight deep geothermal wells that approach depths of up to 2,500 m. Bulk thermal conductivities of Mesozoic sandstones range between 2.1 and 3.9 W/(m∙K), while matrix thermal conductivity ranges between 3.4 and 7.4 W/(m∙K). Local heat flow for the Stralsund location averages 76 mW/m², which is in good agreement to values reported previously for the NEGB. For the first time, in-situ bulk thermal conductivity is indirectly calculated for entire borehole profiles in the NEGB using the determined surface heat flow and measured temperature data. Average bulk thermal conductivity, derived for geological formations within the Mesozoic section, ranges between 1.5 and 3.1 W/(m∙K). The measurement of both dry- and water-saturated thermal conductivities allow further evaluation of different two-component mixing models which are often applied in geothermal calculations (e.g., arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, Hashin-Shtrikman mean, and effective-medium theory mean). It is found that the geometric-mean model shows the best correlation between calculated and measured bulk thermal conductivity. However, by applying new model-dependent correction, equations the quality of fit could be significantly improved and the error diffusion of each model reduced. The ‘corrected’ geometric mean provides the most satisfying results and constitutes a universally applicable model for sedimentary rocks. Furthermore, lithotype-specific and model-independent conversion equations are developed permitting a calculation of water-saturated thermal conductivity from dry-measured thermal conductivity and porosity within an error range of 5 to 10%. The limited availability of core samples and the expensive core-based laboratory measurements make it worthwhile to use petrophysical well logs to determine thermal conductivity for sedimentary rocks. The approach followed in this study is based on the detailed analyses of the relationships between thermal conductivity of rock-forming minerals, which are most abundant in sedimentary rocks, and the properties measured by standard logging tools. By using multivariate statistics separately for clastic, carbonate and evaporite rocks, the findings from these analyses allow the development of prediction equations from large artificial data sets that predict matrix thermal conductivity within an error of 4 to 11%. These equations are validated successfully on a comprehensive subsurface data set from the NGB. In comparison to the application of earlier published approaches formation-dependent developed for certain areas, the new developed equations show a significant error reduction of up to 50%. These results are used to infer rock thermal conductivity for entire borehole profiles. By inversion of corrected in-situ thermal-conductivity profiles, temperature profiles are calculated and compared to measured high-precision temperature logs. The resulting uncertainty in temperature prediction averages < 5%, which reveals the excellent temperature prediction capabilities using the presented approach. In conclusion, data and methods are provided to achieve a much more detailed parameterization of thermal models.
The hydrological budget of a region is determined based on the horizontal and vertical water fluxes acting in both inward and outward directions. These integrated water fluxes vary, altering the total water storage and consequently the gravitational force of the region. The time-dependent gravitational field can be observed through the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravimetric satellite mission, provided that the mass variation is above the sensitivity of GRACE. This study evaluates mass changes in prominent reservoir regions through three independent approaches viz. fluxes, storages, and gravity, by combining remote sensing products, in-situ data and hydrological model outputs using WaterGAP Global Hydrological Model (WGHM) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). The results show that the dynamics revealed by the GRACE signal can be better explored by a hybrid method, which combines remote sensing-based reservoir volume estimates with hydrological model outputs, than by exclusive model-based storage estimates. For the given arid/ semi-arid regions, GLDAS based storage estimations perform better than WGHM.
Large-scale volcanic deformation recently detected by radar interferometry (InSAR) provides new information and thus new scientific challenges for understanding volcano-tectonic activity and magmatic systems. The destabilization of such a system at depth noticeably affects the surrounding environment through magma injection, ground displacement and volcanic eruptions. To determine the spatiotemporal evolution of the Lazufre volcanic area located in the central Andes, we combined short-term ground displacement acquired by InSAR with long-term geological observations. Ground displacement was first detected using InSAR in 1997. By 2008, this displacement affected 1800 km2 of the surface, an area comparable in size to the deformation observed at caldera systems. The original displacement was followed in 2000 by a second, small-scale, neighbouring deformation located on the Lastarria volcano. We performed a detailed analysis of the volcanic structures at Lazufre and found relationships with the volcano deformations observed with InSAR. We infer that these observations are both likely to be the surface expression of a long-lived magmatic system evolving at depth. It is not yet clear whether Lazufre may trigger larger unrest or volcanic eruptions; however, the second deformation detected at Lastarria and the clear increase of the large-scale deformation rate make this an area of particular interest for closer continuous monitoring.
Volcanoes are one of the Earth’s most dynamic zones and responsible for many changes in our planet. Volcano seismology aims to provide an understanding of the physical processes in volcanic systems and anticipate the style and timing of eruptions by analyzing the seismic records. Volcanic tremor signals are usually observed in the seismic records before or during volcanic eruptions. Their analysis contributes to evaluate the evolving volcanic activity and potentially predict eruptions. Years of continuous seismic monitoring now provide useful information for operational eruption forecasting. The continuously growing amount of seismic recordings, however, poses a challenge for analysis, information extraction, and interpretation, to support timely decision making during volcanic crises. Furthermore, the complexity of eruption processes and precursory activities makes the analysis challenging.
A challenge in studying seismic signals of volcanic origin is the coexistence of transient signal swarms and long-lasting volcanic tremor signals. Separating transient events from volcanic tremors can, therefore, contribute to improving our understanding of the underlying physical processes. Some similar issues (data reduction, source separation, extraction, and classification) are addressed in the context of music information retrieval (MIR). The signal characteristics of acoustic and seismic recordings comprise a number of similarities. This thesis is going beyond classical signal analysis techniques usually employed in seismology by exploiting similarities of seismic and acoustic signals and building the information retrieval strategy on the expertise developed in the field of MIR.
First, inspired by the idea of harmonic–percussive separation (HPS) in musical signal processing, I have developed a method to extract harmonic volcanic tremor signals and to detect transient events from seismic recordings. This provides a clean tremor signal suitable for tremor investigation along with a characteristic function suitable for earthquake detection. Second, using HPS algorithms, I have developed a noise reduction technique for seismic signals. This method is especially useful for denoising ocean bottom seismometers, which are highly contaminated by noise. The advantage of this method compared to other denoising techniques is that it doesn’t introduce distortion to the broadband earthquake waveforms, which makes it reliable for different applications in passive seismological analysis. Third, to address the challenge of extracting information from high-dimensional data and investigating the complex eruptive phases, I have developed an advanced machine learning model that results in a comprehensive signal processing scheme for volcanic tremors. Using this method seismic signatures of major eruptive phases can be automatically detected. This helps to provide a chronology of the volcanic system. Also, this model is capable to detect weak precursory volcanic tremors prior to the eruption, which could be used as an indicator of imminent eruptive activity. The extracted patterns of seismicity and their temporal variations finally provide an explanation for the transition mechanism between eruptive phases.
The main intention of the PhD project was to create a varve chronology for the Suigetsu Varves 2006' (SG06) composite profile from Lake Suigetsu (Japan) by thin section microscopy. The chronology was not only to provide an age-scale for the various palaeo-environmental proxies analysed within the SG06 project, but also and foremost to contribute, in combination with the SG06 14C chronology, to the international atmospheric radiocarbon calibration curve (IntCal). The SG06 14C data are based on terrestrial leaf fossils and therefore record atmospheric 14C values directly, avoiding the corrections necessary for the reservoir ages of the marine datasets, which are currently used beyond the tree-ring limit in the IntCal09 dataset (Reimer et al., 2009). The SG06 project is a follow up of the SG93 project (Kitagawa & van der Plicht, 2000), which aimed to produce an atmospheric calibration dataset, too, but suffered from incomplete core recovery and varve count uncertainties. For the SG06 project the complete Lake Suigetsu sediment sequence was recovered continuously, leaving the task to produce an improved varve count. Varve counting was carried out using a dual method approach utilizing thin section microscopy and micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µXRF). The latter was carried out by Dr. Michael Marshall in cooperation with the PhD candidate. The varve count covers 19 m of composite core, which corresponds to the time frame from ≈10 to ≈40 kyr BP. The count result showed that seasonal layers did not form in every year. Hence, the varve counts from either method were incomplete. This rather common problem in varve counting is usually solved by manual varve interpolation. But manual interpolation often suffers from subjectivity. Furthermore, sedimentation rate estimates (which are the basis for interpolation) are generally derived from neighbouring, well varved intervals. This assumes that the sedimentation rates in neighbouring intervals are identical to those in the incompletely varved section, which is not necessarily true. To overcome these problems a novel interpolation method was devised. It is computer based and automated (i.e. avoids subjectivity and ensures reproducibility) and derives the sedimentation rate estimate directly from the incompletely varved interval by statistically analysing distances between successive seasonal layers. Therefore, the interpolation approach is also suitable for sediments which do not contain well varved intervals. Another benefit of the novel method is that it provides objective interpolation error estimates. Interpolation results from the two counting methods were combined and the resulting chronology compared to the 14C chronology from Lake Suigetsu, calibrated with the tree-ring derived section of IntCal09 (which is considered accurate). The varve and 14C chronology showed a high degree of similarity, demonstrating that the novel interpolation method produces reliable results. In order to constrain the uncertainties of the varve chronology, especially the cumulative error estimates, U-Th dated speleothem data were used by linking the low frequency 14C signal of Lake Suigetsu and the speleothems, increasing the accuracy and precision of the Suigetsu calibration dataset. The resulting chronology also represents the age-scale for the various palaeo-environmental proxies analysed in the SG06 project. One proxy analysed within the PhD project was the distribution of event layers, which are often representatives of past floods or earthquakes. A detailed microfacies analysis revealed three different types of event layers, two of which are described here for the first time for the Suigetsu sediment. The types are: matrix supported layers produced as result of subaqueous slope failures, turbidites produced as result of landslides and turbidites produced as result of flood events. The former two are likely to have been triggered by earthquakes. The vast majority of event layers was related to floods (362 out of 369), which allowed the construction of a respective chronology for the last 40 kyr. Flood frequencies were highly variable, reaching their greatest values during the global sea level low-stand of the Glacial, their lowest values during Heinrich Event 1. Typhoons affecting the region represent the most likely control on the flood frequency, especially during the Glacial. However, also local, non-climatic controls are suggested by the data. In summary, the work presented here expands and revises knowledge on the Lake Suigetsu sediment and enabls the construction of a far more precise varve chronology. The 14C calibration dataset is the first such derived from lacustrine sediments to be included into the (next) IntCal dataset. References: Kitagawa & van der Plicht, 2000, Radiocarbon, Vol 42(3), 370-381 Reimer et al., 2009, Radiocarbon, Vol 51(4), 1111-1150
Rheology describes the flow of matter under the influence of stress, and - related to solids- it investigates how solids subjected to stresses deform. As the deformation of the Earth’s outer layers, the lithosphere and the crust, is a major focus of rheological studies, rheology in the geosciences describes how strain evolves in rocks of variable composition and temperature under tectonic stresses. It is here where deformation processes shape the form of ocean basins and mountain belts that ultimately result from the complex interplay between lithospheric plate motion and the susceptibility of rocks to the influence of plate-tectonic forces. A rigorous study of the strength of the lithosphere and deformation phenomena thus requires in-depth studies of the rheological characteristics of the involved materials and the temporal framework of deformation processes.
This dissertation aims at analyzing the influence of the physical configuration of the lithosphere on the present-day thermal field and the overall rheological characteristics of the lithosphere to better understand variable expressions in the formation of passive continental margins and the behavior of strike-slip fault zones. The main methodological approach chosen is to estimate the present-day thermal field and the strength of the lithosphere by 3-D numerical modeling. The distribution of rock properties is provided by 3-D structural models, which are used as the basis for the thermal and rheological modeling. The structural models are based on geophysical and geological data integration, additionally constrained by 3-D density modeling. More specifically, to decipher the thermal and rheological characteristics of the lithosphere in both oceanic and continental domains, sedimentary basins in the Sea of Marmara (continental transform setting), the SW African passive margin (old oceanic crust), and the Norwegian passive margin (young oceanic crust) were selected for this study.
The Sea of Marmara, in northwestern Turkey, is located where the dextral North Anatolian Fault zone (NAFZ) accommodates the westward escape of the Anatolian Plate toward the Aegean. Geophysical observations indicate that the crust is heterogeneous beneath the Marmara basin, but a detailed characterization of the lateral crustal heterogeneities is presented for the first time in this study. Here, I use different gravity datasets and the general non-uniqueness in potential field modeling, to propose three possible end-member scenarios of crustal configuration. The models suggest that pronounced gravitational anomalies in the basin originate from significant density heterogeneities within the crust. The rheological modeling reveals that associated variations in lithospheric strength control the mechanical segmentation of the NAFZ. Importantly, a strong crust that is mechanically coupled to the upper mantle spatially correlates with aseismic patches where the fault bends and changes its strike in response to the presence of high-density lower crustal bodies. Between the bends, mechanically weaker crustal domains that are decoupled from the mantle are characterized by creep.
For the passive margins of SW Africa and Norway, two previously published 3-D conductive and lithospheric-scale thermal models were analyzed. These 3-D models differentiate various sedimentary, crustal, and mantle units and integrate different geophysical data, such as seismic observations and the gravity field. Here, the rheological modeling suggests that the present-day lithospheric strength across the oceanic domain is ultimately affected by the age and past thermal and tectonic processes as well as the depth of the thermal lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, while the configuration of the crystalline crust dominantly controls the rheological behavior of the lithosphere beneath the continental domains of both passive margins.
The thermal and rheological models show that the variations of lithospheric strength are fundamentally influenced by the temperature distribution within the lithosphere. Moreover, as the composition of the lithosphere significantly influences the present-day thermal field, it therefore also affects the rheological characteristics of the lithosphere. Overall my studies add to our understanding of regional tectonic deformation processes and the long-term behavior of sedimentary basins; they confirm other analyses that have pointed out that crustal heterogeneities in the continents result in diverse lithospheric thermal characteristics, which in turn results in higher complexity and variations of rheological behavior compared to oceanic domains with a thinner, more homogeneous crust.
Abstract. The aim of this study is to investigate the shallow thermal field differences for two differently aged passive continental margins by analyzing regional variations in geothermal gradient and exploring the controlling factors for these variations. Hence, we analyzed two previously published 3-D conductive and lithospheric-scale thermal models of the Southwest African and the Norwegian passive margins. These 3-D models differentiate various sedimentary, crustal, and mantle units and integrate different geophysical data such as seismic observations and the gravity field. We extracted the temperature–depth distributions in 1 km intervals down to 6 km below the upper thermal boundary condition. The geothermal gradient was then calculated for these intervals between the upper thermal boundary condition and the respective depth levels (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 km below the upper thermal boundary condition). According to our results, the geothermal gradient decreases with increasing depth and shows varying lateral trends and values for these two different margins. We compare the 3-D geological structural models and the geothermal gradient variations for both thermal models and show how radiogenic heat production, sediment insulating effect, and thermal lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depth influence the shallow thermal field pattern. The results indicate an ongoing process of oceanic mantle cooling at the young Norwegian margin compared with the old SW African passive margin that seems to be thermally equilibrated in the present day.
In this study, we validate and compare elevation accuracy and geomorphic metrics of satellite-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) on the southern Central Andean Plateau. The plateau has an average elevation of 3.7 km and is characterized by diverse topography and relief, lack of vegetation, and clear skies that create ideal conditions for remote sensing. At 30m resolution, SRTM-C, ASTER GDEM2, stacked ASTER L1A stereopair DEM, ALOS World 3D, and TanDEM-X have been analyzed. The higher-resolution datasets include 12m TanDEM-X, 10m single-CoSSC TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X DEMs, and 5m ALOS World 3D. These DEMs are state of the art for optical (ASTER and ALOS) and radar (SRTM-C and TanDEM-X) spaceborne sensors. We assessed vertical accuracy by comparing standard deviations of the DEM elevation versus 307 509 differential GPS measurements across 4000m of elevation. For the 30m DEMs, the ASTER datasets had the highest vertical standard deviation at > 6.5 m, whereas the SRTM-C, ALOS World 3D, and TanDEM-X were all < 3.5 m. Higher-resolution DEMs generally had lower uncertainty, with both the 12m TanDEM-X and 5m ALOSWorld 3D having < 2m vertical standard deviation. Analysis of vertical uncertainty with respect to terrain elevation, slope, and aspect revealed the low uncertainty across these attributes for SRTM-C (30 m), TanDEM-X (12–30 m), and ALOS World 3D (5–30 m). Single-CoSSC TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X 10m DEMs and the 30m ASTER GDEM2 displayed slight aspect biases, which were removed in their stacked counterparts (TanDEM-X and ASTER Stack). Based on low vertical standard deviations and visual inspection alongside optical satellite data, we selected the 30m SRTM-C, 12–30m TanDEM-X, 10m single-CoSSC TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X, and 5m ALOS World 3D for geomorphic metric comparison in a 66 km2 catchment with a distinct river knickpoint. Consistent m=n values were found using chi plot channel profile analysis, regardless of DEM type and spatial resolution. Slope, curvature, and drainage area were calculated and plotting schemes were used to assess basin-wide differences in the hillslope-to-valley transition related to the knickpoint. While slope and hillslope length measurements vary little between datasets, curvature displays higher magnitude measurements with fining resolution. This is especially true for the optical 5m ALOS World 3D DEM, which demonstrated high-frequency noise in 2–8 pixel steps through a Fourier frequency analysis. The improvements in accurate space-radar DEMs (e.g., TanDEM-X) for geomorphometry are promising, but airborne or terrestrial data are still necessary for meter-scale analysis.
Many institutions struggle to tap into the potential of their large archives of radar reflectivity: these data are often affected by miscalibration, yet the bias is typically unknown and temporally volatile. Still, relative calibration techniques can be used to correct the measurements a posteriori. For that purpose, the usage of spaceborne reflectivity observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) platforms has become increasingly popular: the calibration bias of a ground radar (GR) is estimated from its average reflectivity difference to the spaceborne radar (SR). Recently, Crisologo et al. (2018) introduced a formal procedure to enhance the reliability of such estimates: each match between SR and GR observations is assigned a quality index, and the calibration bias is inferred as a quality-weighted average of the differences between SR and GR. The relevance of quality was exemplified for the Subic S-band radar in the Philippines, which is greatly affected by partial beam blockage.
The present study extends the concept of quality-weighted averaging by accounting for path-integrated attenuation (PIA) in addition to beam blockage. This extension becomes vital for radars that operate at the C or X band. Correspondingly, the study setup includes a C-band radar that substantially overlaps with the S-band radar. Based on the extended quality-weighting approach, we retrieve, for each of the two ground radars, a time series of calibration bias estimates from suitable SR overpasses. As a result of applying these estimates to correct the ground radar observations, the consistency between the ground radars in the region of overlap increased substantially. Furthermore, we investigated if the bias estimates can be interpolated in time, so that ground radar observations can be corrected even in the absence of prompt SR overpasses. We found that a moving average approach was most suitable for that purpose, although limited by the absence of explicit records of radar maintenance operations.
The interactions between atmosphere and steep topography in the eastern south–central Andes result in complex relations with inhomogenous rainfall distributions. The atmospheric conditions leading to deep convection and extreme rainfall and their spatial patterns—both at the valley and mountain-belt scales—are not well understood. In this study, we aim to identify the dominant atmospheric conditions and their spatial variability by analyzing the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and dew-point temperature (Td). We explain the crucial effect of temperature on extreme rainfall generation along the steep climatic and topographic gradients in the NW Argentine Andes stretching from the low-elevation eastern foreland to the high-elevation central Andean Plateau in the west. Our analysis relies on version 2.0 of the ECMWF’s (European Centre for Medium-RangeWeather Forecasts) Re-Analysis (ERA-interim) data and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) data. We make the following key observations: First, we observe distinctive gradients along and across strike of the Andes in dew-point temperature and CAPE that both control rainfall distributions. Second, we identify a nonlinear correlation between rainfall and a combination of dew-point temperature and CAPE through a multivariable regression analysis. The correlation changes in space along the climatic and topographic gradients and helps to explain controlling factors for extreme-rainfall generation. Third, we observe more contribution (or higher importance) of Td in the tropical low-elevation foreland and intermediate-elevation areas as compared to the high-elevation central Andean Plateau for 90th percentile rainfall. In contrast, we observe a higher contribution of CAPE in the intermediate-elevation area between low and high elevation, especially in the transition zone between the tropical and subtropical areas for the 90th percentile rainfall. Fourth, we find that the parameters of the multivariable regression using CAPE and Td can explain rainfall with higher statistical significance for the 90th percentile compared to lower rainfall percentiles. Based on our results, the spatial pattern of rainfall-extreme events during the past ∼16 years can be described by a combination of dew-point temperature and CAPE in the south–central Andes.
Weltweit verursachen Städte etwa 70 % der Treibhausgasemissionen und sind daher wichtige Akteure im Klimaschutz bzw. eine wichtige Zielgruppe von Klimapolitiken. Gleichzeitig sind Städte besonders stark von möglichen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels betroffen: Insbesondere extreme Wetterereignisse wie Hitzewellen oder Starkregenereignisse mit Überflutungen verursachen in Städten hohe Sachschäden und wirken sich negativ auf die Gesundheit der städtischen Bevölkerung aus. Daher verfolgt das Projekt ExTrass das Ziel, die städtische Resilienz gegenüber extremen Wetterereignissen in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Stadtverwaltungen, Strukturen des Bevölkerungsschutzes und der Zivilgesellschaft zu stärken. Im Fokus stehen dabei (kreisfreie) Groß- und Mittelstädte mit 50.000 bis 500.000 Einwohnern, insbesondere die Fallstudienstädte Potsdam, Remscheid und Würzburg.
Der vorliegende Bericht beinhaltet die Ergebnisse der 14-monatigen Definitionsphase von ExTrass, in der vor allem die Abstimmung eines Arbeitsprogramms im Mittelpunkt stand, das in einem nachfolgenden dreijährigen Forschungsprojekt (F+E-Phase) gemeinsam von Wissenschaft und Praxispartnern umgesetzt werden soll. Begleitend wurde eine Bestandsaufnahme von Klimaanpassungs- und Klimaschutzstrategien/-plänen in 99 deutschen Groß- und Mittelstädten vorgenommen. Zudem wurden für Potsdam und Würzburg Pfadanalysen für die Klimapolitik durchgeführt. Darin wird insbesondere die Bedeutung von Schlüsselakteuren deutlich. Weiterhin wurden im Rahmen von Stakeholder-Workshops Anpassungsherausforderungen und aktuelle Handlungsbedarfe in den Fallstudienstädten identifiziert und Lösungsansätze erarbeitet, die in der F+E-Phase entwickelt und getestet werden sollen. Neben Maßnahmen auf gesamtstädtischer Ebene und auf Stadtteilebene wurden Maßnahmen angestrebt, die die Risikowahrnehmung, Vorsorge und Selbsthilfefähigkeit von Unternehmen und Bevölkerung stärken können. Daher wurde der Stand der Risikokommunikation in Deutschland für das Projekt aufgearbeitet und eine erste Evaluation von Risikokommunikationswerkzeugen durchgeführt. Der Bericht endet mit einer Kurzfassung des Arbeitsprogramms 2018-2021.
Humankind and their environment need to be protected from the harmful effects of spent nuclear fuel, and therefore disposal in deep geological formations is favoured worldwide. Suitability of potential host rocks is evaluated, among others, by the retention capacity with respect to radionuclides. Safety assessments are based on the quantification of radionuclide migration lengths with numerical simulations as experiments cannot cover the required temporal (1 Ma) and spatial scales (>100 m).
Aim of the present thesis is to assess the migration of uranium, a geochemically complex radionuclide, in the potential host rock Opalinus Clay. Radionuclide migration in clay formations is governed by diffusion due to their low permeability and retarded by sorption. Both processes highly depend on pore water geochemistry and mineralogy that vary between different facies. Diffusion is quantified with the single-component (SC) approach using one diffusion coefficient for all species and the process-based multi-component (MC) option. With this, each species is assigned its own diffusion coefficient and the interaction with the diffuse double layer is taken into account. Sorption is integrated via a bottom-up approach using mechanistic surface complexation models and cation exchange. Therefore, reactive transport simulations are conducted with the geochemical code PHREEQC to quantify uranium migration, i.e. diffusion and sorption, as a function of mineralogical and geochemical heterogeneities on the host rock scale.
Sorption processes are facies dependent. Migration lengths vary between the Opalinus Clay facies by up to 10 m. Thereby, the geochemistry of the pore water, in particular the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), is more decisive for the sorption capacity than the amount of clay minerals. Nevertheless, higher clay mineral quantities compensate geochemical variations. Consequently, sorption processes must be quantified as a function of pore water geochemistry in contact with the mineral assemblage.
Uranium diffusion in the Opalinus Clay is facies independent. Speciation is dominated by aqueous ternary complexes of U(VI) with calcium and carbonate. Differences in the migration lengths between SC and MC diffusion are with +/-5 m negligible. Further, the application of the MC approach highly depends on the quality and availability of the underlying data. Therefore, diffusion processes can be adequately quantified with the SC approach using experimentally determined diffusion coefficients.
The hydrogeological system governs pore water geochemistry within the formation rather than the mineralogy. Diffusive exchange with the adjacent aquifers established geochemical gradients over geological time scales that can enhance migration by up to 25 m. Consequently, uranium sorption processes must be quantified following the identified priority: pCO2 > hydrogeology > mineralogy.
The presented research provides a workflow and orientation for other potential disposal sites with similar pore water geochemistry due to the identified mechanisms and dependencies. With a maximum migration length of 70 m, the retention capacity of the Opalinus Clay with respect to uranium is sufficient to fulfill the German legal minimum requirement of a thickness of at least 100 m.
Marked along-strike changes in stratigraphy, mountain belt morphology, basement exhumation, and deformation styles characterize the Andean retroarc; these changes have previously been related to spatiotemporal variations in the subduction angle. We modeled new apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data from nine ranges located between 26 degrees S and 28 degrees S. Using new and previously published data, we constructed a Cretaceous to Pliocene paleogeographic model that delineates a four-stage tectonic evolution: extensional tectonics during the Cretaceous (120-75 Ma), the formation of a broken foreland basin between 55 and 30 Ma, reheating due to burial beneath sedimentary rocks (18-13 Ma), and deformation, exhumation, and surface uplift during the Late Miocene and the Pliocene (13-3 Ma). Our model highlights how preexisting upper plate structures control the deformation patterns of broken foreland basins. Because retroarc deformation predates flat-slab subduction, we propose that slab anchoring may have been the precursor of Eocene-Oligocene compression in the Andean retroarc. Our model challenges models which consider broken foreland basins and retroarc deformation in the NW Argentinian Andes to be directly related to Miocene flat subduction.
Das Menderes Massiv im Westen der Türkei stellt eine große Kulmination metamorpher Gesteine dar. Das Untersuchungsgebiet ist im Zentralen Menderes Massiv (Ödemis Submassiv) gelegen, das von den beiden aktiven Gräben, dem Gediz Graben im Norden und dem Büyük Menderes Graben im Süden begrenzt wird. Die Untersuchungen der Eklogit Relikte im zentralen Menderes Massiv haben ergeben, dass sich im Menderes Massiv Hochdruckrelikte in unterschiedlichen tektonischen Positionen befinden. Zum einen existieren Eklogit-Blöcke in der obersten Einheit (Selcuk Einheit) des zentralen Menderes Massivs und zum anderen Hochdruck-Relikte in der strukturell mittleren Birgi - Tire Decke. Die Granate der quarzfreien Eklogit-Blöcke weisen große Ähnlichkeiten mit denen der HP/LT Gesteine von Sifnos und Syros auf. Die Entwicklung der Eklogit-Blöcke in der Olistostrom-Einheit lässt sich jedoch nicht mit den Eklogit Relikten in der strukturell mittleren Birgi Tire Decke vergleichen. Für die Eklogit-Relikte in der Birgi Tire Decke wurde eine polymetamorphe Entwicklung mithilfe petrologischer Untersuchungen und chemischen und Pb-Pb Datierungen herausgearbeitet. Die Eklogit Relikte gehören zu einem metamorphen Teilpfad, der durch eine Amphibolitfazies 1 - Hochdruck - Amphibolitfazies 2/Granulitfazies charakterisiert ist. Der Endpunkt dieses Teilpfades ist mit Temperaturen zwischen 700 und 750 °C und Drücken von 1.2 - 1.4 GPa belegt. Für diese Bedingungen konnte ein minimales Alter von 520 Ma durch chemische Datierungen an Monaziten einer Augengneisprobe und Pb-Pb Datierungen an Zirkonen einer Augengneis- und Metagabbroprobe bestimmt werden. Dieser amphibolit/granulitfazieller Endpunkt wird mit den Granitintrusionen des zentralen und südlichen Menderes Massiv korreliert, die in einem Zeitraum zwischen 520 Ma bis 550 Ma stattfanden. Sowohl die Amphibolitfazies 1 als auch das Hochdruckereignis werden der Panafrikanischen Orogenese zugeordnet. Für die Hochdruckbedingungen wurden maximale Temperaturen zwischen 680°C und 720°C und bei einem Druck von 2.2 GPa bestimmt. In den untersuchten Metasedimenten konnte eine prograde metamorphe Entwicklung abgeleitet werden, die amphibolitfazielle Bedingungen von 660°C bei 0.6 GPa erreichte. Das Metamorphosealter dieser Metasedimente konnte mit < 100 Ma mittels chemischer Mikrosondendatierung bestimmt werden. Die in den Metasedimenten herausgearbeiteten Druck- und Temperaturbedingungen wurden ebenfalls in den metabasischen Gesteinen bestimmt. Diese Ergebnisse werden als Krustenstapelung der metabasischen Gesteine, Augengneise und Metasedimente interpretiert, die mit der alpinen Orogenese im Zusammenhang stehen. Durch die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lässt sich die Birgi-Tire Decke im zentralen Menderes Massiv genauer charakterisieren. Sie besteht aus Metasedimenten, pelitischen Gneisen, Augengneisen und metabasichen Gesteinen. Die Gneise (pelitische und Augengneise) und die metabasischen Gesteine stellen panafrikanische Relikte dar, die einen amphibolit- eklogit- amphibolit/granulitfaziellen Metamorphosepfad gespeichert haben. Die amphibolit- bis granulitfazielle Metamorphose hängt mit den Granitintrusionen zusammen und fand in einem Zeitraum zwischen 520 - 550 Ma statt. Große Teile der Metasedimente der Birgi Tire Decke haben jedoch nur eine alpine metamorphe Entwicklung durchlaufen, wo sie unter amphibolitfazielle Bedingungen Krustentiefen erreichten, bei denen sie mit den panafrikanischen Relikten zusammen gestapelt wurden und eine gemeinsame Exhumierung erfahren haben.
The climate is a complex dynamical system involving interactions and feedbacks among different processes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Although numerous studies have attempted to understand the climate system, nonetheless, the studies investigating the multiscale characteristics of the climate are scarce. Further, the present set of techniques are limited in their ability to unravel the multi-scale variability of the climate system. It is completely plausible that extreme events and abrupt transitions, which are of great interest to climate community, are resultant of interactions among processes operating at multi-scale. For instance, storms, weather patterns, seasonal irregularities such as El Niño, floods and droughts, and decades-long climate variations can be better understood and even predicted by quantifying their multi-scale dynamics. This makes a strong argument to unravel the interaction and patterns of climatic processes at different scales. With this background, the thesis aims at developing measures to understand and quantify multi-scale interactions within the climate system.
In the first part of the thesis, I proposed two new methods, viz, multi-scale event synchronization (MSES) and wavelet multi-scale correlation (WMC) to capture the scale-specific features present in the climatic processes. The proposed methods were tested on various synthetic and real-world time series in order to check their applicability and replicability. The results indicate that both methods (WMC and MSES) are able to capture scale-specific associations that exist between processes at different time scales in a more detailed manner as compared to the traditional single scale counterparts.
In the second part of the thesis, the proposed multi-scale similarity measures were used in constructing climate networks to investigate the evolution of spatial connections within climatic processes at multiple timescales. The proposed methods WMC and MSES, together with complex network were applied to two different datasets.
In the first application, climate networks based on WMC were constructed for the univariate global sea surface temperature (SST) data to identify and visualize the SSTs patterns that develop very similarly over time and distinguish them from those that have long-range teleconnections to other ocean regions. Further investigations of climate networks on different timescales revealed (i) various high variability and co-variability regions, and (ii) short and long-range teleconnection regions with varying spatial distance. The outcomes of the study not only re-confirmed the existing knowledge on the link between SST patterns like El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, but also suggested new insights into the characteristics and origins of long-range teleconnections.
In the second application, I used the developed non-linear MSES similarity measure to quantify the multivariate teleconnections between extreme Indian precipitation and climatic patterns with the highest relevance for Indian sub-continent. The results confirmed significant non-linear influences that were not well captured by the traditional methods. Further, there was a substantial variation in the strength and nature of teleconnection across India, and across time scales.
Overall, the results from investigations conducted in the thesis strongly highlight the need for considering the multi-scale aspects in climatic processes, and the proposed methods provide robust framework for quantifying the multi-scale characteristics.
Understanding the rates and processes of denudation is key to unraveling the dynamic processes that shape active orogens. This includes decoding the roles of tectonic and climate-driven processes in the long-term evolution of high- mountain landscapes in regions with pronounced tectonic activity and steep climatic and surface-process gradients. Well-constrained denudation rates can be used to address a wide range of geologic problems. In steady-state landscapes, denudation rates are argued to be proportional to tectonic or isostatic uplift rates and provide valuable insight into the tectonic regimes underlying surface denudation. The use of denudation rates based on terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) such as 10Beryllium has become a widely-used method to quantify catchment-mean denudation rates. Because such measurements are averaged over timescales of 102 to 105 years, they are not as susceptible to stochastic changes as shorter-term denudation rate estimates (e.g., from suspended sediment measurements) and are therefore considered more reliable for a comparison to long-term processes that operate on geologic timescales. However, the impact of various climatic, biotic, and surface processes on 10Be concentrations and the resultant denudation rates remains unclear and is subject to ongoing discussion. In this thesis, I explore the interaction of climate, the biosphere, topography, and geology in forcing and modulating denudation rates on catchment to orogen scales.
There are many processes in highly dynamic active orogens that may effect 10Be concentrations in modern river sands and therefore impact 10Be-derived denudation rates. The calculation of denudation rates from 10Be concentrations, however, requires a suite of simplifying assumptions that may not be valid or applicable in many orogens. I investigate how these processes affect 10Be concentrations in the Arun Valley of Eastern Nepal using 34 new 10Be measurements from the main stem Arun River and its tributaries. The Arun Valley is characterized by steep gradients in climate and topography, with elevations ranging from <100 m asl in the foreland basin to >8,000 asl in the high sectors to the north. This is coupled with a five-fold increase in mean annual rainfall across strike of the orogen. Denudation rates from tributary samples increase toward the core of the orogen, from <0.2 to >5 mm/yr from the Lesser to Higher Himalaya. Very high denudation rates (>2 mm/yr), however, are likely the result of 10Be TCN dilution by surface and climatic processes, such as large landsliding and glaciation, and thus may not be representative of long-term denudation rates. Mainstem Arun denudation rates increase downstream from ~0.2 mm/yr at the border with Tibet to 0.91 mm/yr at its outlet into the Sapt Kosi. However, the downstream 10Be concentrations may not be representative of the entire upstream catchment. Instead, I document evidence for downstream fining of grains from the Tibetan Plateau, resulting in an order-of-magnitude apparent decrease in the measured 10Be concentration.
In the Arun Valley and across the Himalaya, topography, climate, and vegetation are strongly interrelated. The observed increase in denudation rates at the transition from the Lesser to Higher Himalaya corresponds to abrupt increases in elevation, hillslope gradient, and mean annual rainfall. Thus, across strike (N-S), it is difficult to decipher the potential impacts of climate and vegetation cover on denudation rates. To further evaluate these relationships I instead took advantage of an along-strike west-to-east increase of mean annual rainfall and vegetation density in the Himalaya. An analysis of 136 published 10Be denudation rates from along strike of the revealed that median denudation rates do not vary considerably along strike of the Himalaya, ~1500 km E-W. However, the range of denudation rates generally decreases from west to east, with more variable denudation rates in the northwestern regions of the orogen than in the eastern regions. This denudation rate variability decreases as vegetation density increases (R=- 0.90), and increases proportionately to the annual seasonality of vegetation (R=0.99). Moreover, rainfall and vegetation modulate the relationship between topographic steepness and denudation rates such that in the wet, densely vegetated regions of the Himalaya, topography responds more linearly to changes in denudation rates than in dry, sparsely vegetated regions, where the response of topographic steepness to denudation rates is highly nonlinear. Understanding the relationships between denudation rates, topography, and climate is also critical for interpreting sedimentary archives. However, there is a lack of understanding of how terrestrial organic matter is transported out of orogens and into sedimentary archives. Plant wax lipid biomarkers derived from terrestrial and marine sedimentary records are commonly used as paleo- hydrologic proxy to help elucidate these problems. I address the issue of how to interpret the biomarker record by using the plant wax isotopic composition of modern suspended and riverbank organic matter to identify and quantify organic matter source regions in the Arun Valley. Topographic and geomorphic analysis, provided by the 10Be catchment-mean denudation rates, reveals that a combination of topographic steepness (as a proxy for denudation) and vegetation density is required to capture organic matter sourcing in the Arun River.
My studies highlight the importance of a rigorous and careful interpretation of denudation rates in tectonically active orogens that are furthermore characterized by strong climatic and biotic gradients. Unambiguous information about these issues is critical for correctly decoding and interpreting the possible tectonic and climatic forces that drive erosion and denudation, and the manifestation of the erosion products in sedimentary archives.
Himalayan water resources attract a rapidly growing number of hydroelectric power projects (HPP) to satisfy Asia's soaring energy demands. Yet HPP operating or planned in steep, glacier-fed mountain rivers face hazards of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that can damage hydropower infrastructure, alter water and sediment yields, and compromise livelihoods downstream. Detailed appraisals of such GLOF hazards are limited to case studies, however, and a more comprehensive, systematic analysis remains elusive. To this end we estimate the regional exposure of 257 Himalayan HPP to GLOFs, using a flood-wave propagation model fed by Monte Carlo-derived outburst volumes of >2300 glacial lakes. We interpret the spread of thus modeled peak discharges as a predictive uncertainty that arises mainly from outburst volumes and dam-breach rates that are difficult to assess before dams fail. With 66% of sampled HPP are on potential GLOF tracks, up to one third of these HPP could experience GLOF discharges well above local design floods, as hydropower development continues to seek higher sites closer to glacial lakes. We compute that this systematic push of HPP into headwaters effectively doubles the uncertainty about GLOF peak discharge in these locations. Peak discharges farther downstream, in contrast, are easier to predict because GLOF waves attenuate rapidly. Considering this systematic pattern of regional GLOF exposure might aid the site selection of future Himalayan HPP. Our method can augment, and help to regularly update, current hazard assessments, given that global warming is likely changing the number and size of Himalayan meltwater lakes.
The advantages of remote sensing using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a high spatial resolution of images, temporal flexibility and narrow-band spectral data from different wavelengths domains. This enables the detection of spatio-temporal dynamics of environmental variables, like plant-related carbon dynamics in agricultural landscapes. In this paper, we quantify spatial patterns of fresh phytomass and related carbon (C) export using imagery captured by a 12-band multispectral camera mounted on the fixed wing UAV Carolo P360. The study was performed in 2014 at the experimental area CarboZALF-D in NE Germany. From radiometrically corrected and calibrated images of lucerne (Medicago sativa), the performance of four commonly used vegetation indices (VIs) was tested using band combinations of six near-infrared bands. The highest correlation between ground-based measurements of fresh phytomass of lucerne and VIs was obtained for the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) using near-infrared band b(899). The resulting map was transformed into dry phytomass and finally upscaled to total C export by harvest. The observed spatial variability at field- and plot-scale could be attributed to small-scale soil heterogeneity in part.
Tectonic and geological processes on Earth often result in structural anisotropy of the subsurface, which can be imaged by various geophysical methods. In order to achieve appropriate and realistic Earth models for interpretation, inversion algorithms have to allow for an anisotropic subsurface. Within the framework of this thesis, I analyzed a magnetotelluric (MT) data set taken from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa. This data set exhibited strong indications for crustal anisotropy, e.g. MT phases out of the expected quadrant, which are beyond of fitting and interpreting with standard isotropic inversion algorithms. To overcome this obstacle, I have developed a two-dimensional inversion method for reconstructing anisotropic electrical conductivity distributions. The MT inverse problem represents in general a non-linear and ill-posed minimization problem with many degrees of freedom: In isotropic case, we have to assign an electrical conductivity value to each cell of a large grid to assimilate the Earth's subsurface, e.g. a grid with 100 x 50 cells results in 5000 unknown model parameters in an isotropic case; in contrast, we have the sixfold in an anisotropic scenario where the single value of electrical conductivity becomes a symmetric, real-valued tensor while the number of the data remains unchanged. In order to successfully invert for anisotropic conductivities and to overcome the non-uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem it is necessary to use appropriate constraints on the class of allowed models. This becomes even more important as MT data is not equally sensitive to all anisotropic parameters. In this thesis, I have developed an algorithm through which the solution of the anisotropic inversion problem is calculated by minimization of a global penalty functional consisting of three entries: the data misfit, the model roughness constraint and the anisotropy constraint. For comparison, in an isotropic approach only the first two entries are minimized. The newly defined anisotropy term is measured by the sum of the square difference of the principal conductivity values of the model. The basic idea of this constraint is straightforward. If an isotropic model is already adequate to explain the data, there is no need to introduce electrical anisotropy at all. In order to ensure successful inversion, appropriate trade-off parameters, also known as regularization parameters, have to be chosen for the different model constraints. Synthetic tests show that using fixed trade-off parameters usually causes the inversion to end up by either a smooth model with large RMS error or a rough model with small RMS error. Using of a relaxation approach on the regularization parameters after each successful inversion iteration will result in smoother inversion model and a better convergence. This approach seems to be a sophisticated way for the selection of trade-off parameters. In general, the proposed inversion method is adequate for resolving the principal conductivities defined in horizontal plane. Once none of the principal directions of the anisotropic structure is coincided with the predefined strike direction, only the corresponding effective conductivities, which is the projection of the principal conductivities onto the model coordinate axes direction, can be resolved and the information about the rotation angles is lost. In the end the MT data from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa has been analyzed. The MT data exhibits an area (> 10 km) where MT phases over 90 degrees occur. This part of data cannot be modeled by standard isotropic modeling procedures and hence can not be properly interpreted. The proposed inversion method, however, could not reproduce the anomalous large phases as desired because of losing the information about rotation angles. MT phases outside the first quadrant are usually obtained by different anisotropic anomalies with oblique anisotropy strike. In order to achieve this challenge, the algorithm needs further developments. However, forward modeling studies with the MT data have shown that surface highly conductive heterogeneity in combination with a mid-crustal electrically anisotropic zone are required to fit the data. According to known geological and tectonic information the mid-crustal zone is interpreted as a deep aquifer related to the fractured Table Mountain Group rocks in the Cape Fold Belt.
Skarn deposits are found on every continents and were formed at different times from Precambrian to Tertiary. Typically, the formation of a skarn is induced by a granitic intrusion in carbonates-rich sedimentary rocks. During contact metamorphism, fluids derived from the granite interact with the sedimentary host rocks, which results in the formation of calc-silicate minerals at the expense of carbonates. Those newly formed minerals generally develop in a metamorphic zoned aureole with garnet in the proximal and pyroxene in the distal zone. Ore elements contained in magmatic fluids are precipitated due to the change in fluid composition. The temperature decrease of the entire system, due to the cooling of magmatic fluids and the entering of meteoric water, allows retrogression of some prograde minerals.
The Hämmerlein skarn deposit has a multi-stage history with a skarn formation during regional metamorphism and a retrogression of primary skarn minerals during the granitic intrusion. Tin was mobilized during both events. The 340 Ma old tin-bearing skarn minerals show that tin was present in sediments before the granite intrusion, and that the first Sn enrichment occurred during the skarn formation by regional metamorphism fluids. In a second step at ca. 320 Ma, tin-bearing fluids were produced with the intrusion of the Eibenstock granite. Tin, which has been added by the granite and remobilized from skarn calc-silicates, precipitated as cassiterite.
Compared to clay or marl, the skarn is enriched in Sn, W, In, Zn, and Cu. These metals have been supplied during both regional metamorphism and granite emplacement. In addition, the several isotopic and chemical data of skarn samples show that the granite selectively added elements such as Sn, and that there was no visible granitic contribution to the sedimentary signature of the skarn
The example of Hämmerlein shows that it is possible to form a tin-rich skarn without associated granite when tin has already been transported from tin-bearing sediments during regional metamorphism by aqueous metamorphic fluids. These skarns are economically not interesting if tin is only contained in the skarn minerals. Later alteration of the skarn (the heat and fluid source is not necessarily a granite), however, can lead to the formation of secondary cassiterite (SnO2), with which the skarn can become economically highly interesting.
It is commonly recognized that soil moisture exhibits spatial heterogeneities occurring in a wide range of scales. These heterogeneities are caused by different factors ranging from soil structure at the plot scale to land use at the landscape scale. There is an urgent need for effi-cient approaches to deal with soil moisture heterogeneity at large scales, where manage-ment decisions are usually made. The aim of this dissertation was to test innovative ap-proaches for making efficient use of standard soil hydrological data in order to assess seep-age rates and main controls on observed hydrological behavior, including the role of soil het-erogeneities.
As a first step, the applicability of a simplified Buckingham-Darcy method to estimate deep seepage fluxes from point information of soil moisture dynamics was assessed. This was done in a numerical experiment considering a broad range of soil textures and textural het-erogeneities. The method performed well for most soil texture classes. However, in pure sand where seepage fluxes were dominated by heterogeneous flow fields it turned out to be not applicable, because it simply neglects the effect of water flow heterogeneity. In this study a need for new efficient approaches to handle heterogeneities in one-dimensional water flux models was identified.
As a further step, an approach to turn the problem of soil moisture heterogeneity into a solu-tion was presented: Principal component analysis was applied to make use of the variability among soil moisture time series for analyzing apparently complex soil hydrological systems. It can be used for identifying the main controls on the hydrological behavior, quantifying their relevance, and describing their particular effects by functional averaged time series. The ap-proach was firstly tested with soil moisture time series simulated for different texture classes in homogeneous and heterogeneous model domains. Afterwards, it was applied to 57 mois-ture time series measured in a multifactorial long term field experiment in Northeast Germa-ny.
The dimensionality of both data sets was rather low, because more than 85 % of the total moisture variance could already be explained by the hydrological input signal and by signal transformation with soil depth. The perspective of signal transformation, i.e. analyzing how hydrological input signals (e.g., rainfall, snow melt) propagate through the vadose zone, turned out to be a valuable supplement to the common mass flux considerations. Neither different textures nor spatial heterogeneities affected the general kind of signal transfor-mation showing that complex spatial structures do not necessarily evoke a complex hydro-logical behavior. In case of the field measured data another 3.6% of the total variance was unambiguously explained by different cropping systems. Additionally, it was shown that dif-ferent soil tillage practices did not affect the soil moisture dynamics at all.
The presented approach does not require a priori assumptions about the nature of physical processes, and it is not restricted to specific scales. Thus, it opens various possibilities to in-corporate the key information from monitoring data sets into the modeling exercise and thereby reduce model uncertainties.
Arctic tundra landscapes are composed of a complex mosaic of patterned ground features, varying in soil moisture, vegetation composition, and surface hydrology over small spatial scales (10-100 m). The importance of microtopography and associated geomorphic landforms in influencing ecosystem structure and function is well founded, however, spatial data products describing local to regional scale distribution of patterned ground or polygonal tundra geomorphology are largely unavailable. Thus, our understanding of local impacts on regional scale processes (e.g., carbon dynamics) may be limited. We produced two key spatiotemporal datasets spanning the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (similar to 60,000 km(2)) to evaluate climate-geomorphological controls on arctic tundra productivity change, using (1) a novel 30m classification of polygonal tundra geomorphology and (2) decadal-trends in surface greenness using the Landsat archive (1999-2014). These datasets can be easily integrated and adapted in an array of local to regional applications such as (1) upscaling plot-level measurements (e.g., carbon/energy fluxes), (2) mapping of soils, vegetation, or permafrost, and/or (3) initializing ecosystem biogeochemistry, hydrology, and/or habitat modeling.
Trends in precipitation over Germany and the Rhine basin related to changes in weather patterns
(2017)
Precipitation as the central meteorological feature for agriculture, water security, and human well-being amongst others, has gained special attention ever since. Lack of precipitation may have devastating effects such as crop failure and water scarcity. Abundance of precipitation, on the other hand, may as well result in hazardous events such as flooding and again crop failure. Thus, great effort has been spent on tracking changes in precipitation and relating them to underlying processes. Particularly in the face of global warming and given the link between temperature and atmospheric water holding capacity, research is needed to understand the effect of climate change on precipitation.
The present work aims at understanding past changes in precipitation and other meteorological variables. Trends were detected for various time periods and related to associated changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. The results derived in this thesis may be used as the foundation for attributing changes in floods to climate change. Assumptions needed for the downscaling of large-scale circulation model output to local climate stations are tested and verified here.
In a first step, changes in precipitation over Germany were detected, focussing not only on precipitation totals, but also on properties of the statistical distribution, transition probabilities as a measure for wet/dry spells, and extreme precipitation events.
Shifting the spatial focus to the Rhine catchment as one of the major water lifelines of Europe and the largest river basin in Germany, detected trends in precipitation and other meteorological variables were analysed in relation to states of an ``optimal'' weather pattern classification. The weather pattern classification was developed seeking the best skill in explaining the variance of local climate variables.
The last question addressed whether observed changes in local climate variables are attributable to changes in the frequency of weather patterns or rather to changes within the patterns itself. A common assumption for a downscaling approach using weather patterns and a stochastic weather generator is that climate change is expressed only as a changed occurrence of patterns with the pattern properties remaining constant. This assumption was validated and the ability of the latest generation of general circulation models to reproduce the weather patterns was evaluated.
% Paper 1
Precipitation changes in Germany in the period 1951-2006 can be summarised briefly as negative in summer and positive in all other seasons. Different precipitation characteristics confirm the trends in total precipitation: while winter mean and extreme precipitation have increased, wet spells tend to be longer as well (expressed as increased probability for a wet day followed by another wet day). For summer the opposite was observed: reduced total precipitation, supported by decreasing mean and extreme precipitation and reflected in an increasing length of dry spells.
Apart from this general summary for the whole of Germany, the spatial distribution within the country is much more differentiated. Increases in winter precipitation are most pronounced in the north-west and south-east of Germany, while precipitation increases are highest in the west for spring and in the south for autumn. Decreasing summer precipitation was observed in most regions of Germany, with particular focus on the south and west.
The seasonal picture, however, was again differently represented in the contributing months, e.g.\ increasing autumn precipitation in the south of Germany is formed by strong trends in the south-west in October and in the south-east in November. These results emphasise the high spatial and temporal organisation of precipitation changes.
% Paper 2
The next step towards attributing precipitation trends to changes in large-scale atmospheric patterns was the derivation of a weather pattern classification that sufficiently stratifies the local climate variables under investigation. Focussing on temperature, radiation, and humidity in addition to precipitation, a classification based on mean sea level pressure, near-surface temperature, and specific humidity was found to have the best skill in explaining the variance of the local variables. A rather high number of 40 patterns was selected, allowing typical pressure patterns being assigned to specific seasons by the associated temperature patterns. While the skill in explaining precipitation variance is rather low, better skill was achieved for radiation and, of course, temperature.
Most of the recent GCMs from the CMIP5 ensemble were found to reproduce these weather patterns sufficiently well in terms of frequency, seasonality, and persistence.
% Paper 3
Finally, the weather patterns were analysed for trends in pattern frequency, seasonality, persistence, and trends in pattern-specific precipitation and temperature. To overcome uncertainties in trend detection resulting from the selected time period, all possible periods in 1901-2010 with a minimum length of 31 years were considered. Thus, the assumption of a constant link between patterns and local weather was tested rigorously. This assumption was found to hold true only partly. While changes in temperature are mainly attributable to changes in pattern frequency, for precipitation a substantial amount of change was detected within individual patterns.
Magnitude and even sign of trends depend highly on the selected time period. The frequency of certain patterns is related to the long-term variability of large-scale circulation modes.
Changes in precipitation were found to be heterogeneous not only in space, but also in time - statements on trends are only valid for the specific time period under investigation. While some part of the trends can be attributed to changes in the large-scale circulation, distinct changes were found within single weather patterns as well.
The results emphasise the need to analyse multiple periods for thorough trend detection wherever possible and add some note of caution to the application of downscaling approaches based on weather patterns, as they might misinterpret the effect of climate change due to neglecting within-type trends.
Traveltime residuals for worldwide seismic stations are calculated. We use P and S waves from earthquakes in SE-Asia at teleseismic and regional distances. The obtained station residuals help to enhance earthquake localisation. Furthermore we calculated regional source dependent station residuals. They show a systematic dependence of the locality of the source. These source dependent residuals reflect heterogenities along the path and can be used for a refinement of earthquake localisation.
Transient permeability in porous and fractured sandstones mediated by fluid-rock interactions
(2021)
Understanding the fluid transport properties of subsurface rocks is essential for a large number of geotechnical applications, such as hydrocarbon (oil/gas) exploitation, geological storage (CO2/fluids), and geothermal reservoir utilization. To date, the hydromechanically-dependent fluid flow patterns in porous media and single macroscopic rock fractures have received numerous investigations and are relatively well understood. In contrast, fluid-rock interactions, which may permanently affect rock permeability by reshaping the structure and changing connectivity of pore throats or fracture apertures, need to be further elaborated. This is of significant importance for improving the knowledge of the long-term evolution of rock transport properties and evaluating a reservoir’ sustainability. The thesis focuses on geothermal energy utilization, e.g., seasonal heat storage in aquifers and enhanced geothermal systems, where single fluid flow in porous rocks and rock fracture networks under various pressure and temperature conditions dominates.
In this experimental study, outcrop samples (i.e., Flechtinger sandstone, an illite-bearing Lower Permian rock, and Fontainebleau sandstone, consisting of pure quartz) were used for flow-through experiments under simulated hydrothermal conditions. The themes of the thesis are (1) the investigation of clay particle migration in intact Flechtinger sandstone and the coincident permeability damage upon cyclic temperature and fluid salinity variations; (2) the determination of hydro-mechanical properties of self-propping fractures in Flechtinger and Fontainebleau sandstones with different fracture features and contrasting mechanical properties; and (3) the investigation of the time-dependent fracture aperture evolution of Fontainebleau sandstone induced by fluid-rock interactions (i.e., predominantly pressure solution). Overall, the thesis aims to unravel the mechanisms of the instantaneous reduction (i.e., direct responses to thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) conditions) and progressively-cumulative changes (i.e., time-dependence) of rock transport properties.
Permeability of intact Flechtinger sandstone samples was measured under each constant condition, where temperature (room temperature up to 145 °C) and fluid salinity (NaCl: 0 ~ 2 mol/l) were stepwise changed. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to investigate the changes of local porosity, microstructures, and clay element contents before and after the experiments. The results indicate that the permeability of illite-bearing Flechtinger sandstones will be impaired by heating and exposure to low salinity pore fluids. The chemically induced permeability variations prove to be path-dependent concerning the applied succession of fluid salinity changes. The permeability decay induced by a temperature increase and a fluid salinity reduction operates by relatively independent mechanisms, i.e., thermo-mechanical and thermo-chemical effects.
Further, the hydro-mechanical investigations of single macroscopic fractures (aligned, mismatched tensile fractures, and smooth saw-cut fractures) illustrate that a relative fracture wall offset could significantly increase fracture aperture and permeability, but the degree of increase depends on fracture surface roughness. X-ray computed tomography (CT) demonstrates that the contact area ratio after the pressure cycles is inversely correlated to the fracture offset. Moreover, rock mechanical properties, determining the strength of contact asperities, are crucial so that relatively harder rock (i.e., Fontainebleau sandstone) would have a higher self-propping potential for sustainable permeability during pressurization. This implies that self-propping rough fractures with a sufficient displacement are efficient pathways for fluid flow if the rock matrix is mechanically strong.
Finally, two long-term flow-through experiments with Fontainebleau sandstone samples containing single fractures were conducted with an intermittent flow (~140 days) and continuous flow (~120 days), respectively. Permeability and fluid element concentrations were measured throughout the experiments. Permeability reduction occurred at the beginning stage when the stress was applied, while it converged at later stages, even under stressed conditions. Fluid chemistry and microstructure observations demonstrate that pressure solution governs the long-term fracture aperture deformation, with remarkable effects of the pore fluid (Si) concentration and the structure of contact grain boundaries. The retardation and the cessation of rock fracture deformation are mainly induced by the contact stress decrease due to contact area enlargement and a dissolved mass accumulation within the contact boundaries. This work implies that fracture closure under constant (pressure/stress and temperature) conditions is likely a spontaneous process, especially at the beginning stage after pressurization when the contact area is relatively small. In contrast, a contact area growth yields changes of fracture closure behavior due to the evolution of contact boundaries and concurrent changes in their diffusive properties. Fracture aperture and thus permeability will likely be sustainable in the long term if no other processes (e.g., mineral precipitations in the open void space) occur.
The tropical warm pool waters surrounding Indonesia are one of the equatorial heat and moisture sources that are considered as a driving force of the global climate system. The climate in Indonesia is dominated by the equatorial monsoon system, and has been linked to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, which often result in severe droughts or floods over Indonesia with profound societal and economic impacts on the populations living in the world's fourth most populated country. The latest IPCC report states that ENSO will remain the dominant mode in the tropical Pacific with global effects in the 21st century and ENSO-related precipitation extremes will intensify. However, no common agreement exists among climate simulation models for projected change in ENSO and the Australian-Indonesian Monsoon. Exploring high-resolution palaeoclimate archives, like tree rings or varved lake sediments, provide insights into the natural climate variability of the past, and thus helps improving and validating simulations of future climate changes. Centennial tree-ring stable isotope records | Within this doctoral thesis the main goal was to explore the potential of tropical tree rings to record climate signals and to use them as palaeoclimate proxies. In detail, stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes were extracted from teak trees in order to establish the first well-replicated centennial (AD 1900-2007) stable isotope records for Java, Indonesia. Furthermore, different climatic variables were tested whether they show significant correlation with tree-ring proxies (ring-width, δ13C, δ18O). Moreover, highly resolved intra-annual oxygen isotope data were established to assess the transfer of the seasonal precipitation signal into the tree rings. Finally, the established oxygen isotope record was used to reveal possible correlations with ENSO events. Methodological achievements | A second goal of this thesis was to assess the applicability of novel techniques which facilitate and optimize high-resolution and high-throughput stable isotope analysis of tree rings. Two different UV-laser-based microscopic dissection systems were evaluated as a novel sampling tool for high-resolution stable isotope analysis. Furthermore, an improved procedure of tree-ring dissection from thin cellulose laths for stable isotope analysis was designed. The most important findings of this thesis are: I) The herein presented novel sampling techniques improve stable isotope analyses for tree-ring studies in terms of precision, efficiency and quality. The UV-laser-based microdissection serve as a valuable tool for sampling plant tissue at ultrahigh-resolution and for unprecedented precision. II) A guideline for a modified method of cellulose extraction from wholewood cross-sections and subsequent tree-ring dissection was established. The novel technique optimizes the stable isotope analysis process in two ways: faster and high-throughput cellulose extraction and precise tree-ring separation at annual to high-resolution scale. III) The centennial tree-ring stable isotope records reveal significant correlation with regional precipitation. High-resolution stable oxygen values, furthermore, allow distinguishing between dry and rainy season rainfall. IV) The δ18O record reveals significant correlation with different ENSO flavors and demonstrates the importance of considering ENSO flavors when interpreting palaeoclimatic data in the tropics. The findings of my dissertation show that seasonally resolved δ18O records from Indonesian teak trees are a valuable proxy for multi-centennial reconstructions of regional precipitation variability (monsoon signals) and large-scale ocean-atmosphere phenomena (ENSO) for the Indo-Pacific region. Furthermore, the novel methodological achievements offer many unexplored avenues for multidisciplinary research in high-resolution palaeoclimatology.
Towards unifying approaches in exposure modelling for scenario-based multi-hazard risk assessments
(2023)
This cumulative thesis presents a stepwise investigation of the exposure modelling process for risk assessment due to natural hazards while highlighting its, to date, not much-discussed importance and associated uncertainties. Although “exposure” refers to a very broad concept of everything (and everyone) that is susceptible to damage, in this thesis it is narrowed down to the modelling of large-area residential building stocks. Classical building exposure models for risk applications have been constructed fully relying on unverified expert elicitation over data sources (e.g., outdated census datasets), and hence have been implicitly assumed to be static in time and in space. Moreover, their spatial representation has also typically been simplified by geographically aggregating the inferred composition onto coarse administrative units whose boundaries do not always capture the spatial variability of the hazard intensities required for accurate risk assessments. These two shortcomings and the related epistemic uncertainties embedded within exposure models are tackled in the first three chapters of the thesis. The exposure composition of large-area residential building stocks is studied on the scope of scenario-based earthquake loss models. Then, the proposal of optimal spatial aggregation areas of exposure models for various hazard-related vulnerabilities is presented, focusing on ground-shaking and tsunami risks. Subsequently, once the experience is gained in the study of the composition and spatial aggregation of exposure for various hazards, this thesis moves towards a multi-hazard context while addressing cumulative damage and losses due to consecutive hazard scenarios. This is achieved by proposing a novel method to account for the pre-existing damage descriptions on building portfolios as a key input to account for scenario-based multi-risk assessment. Finally, this thesis shows how the integration of the aforementioned elements can be used in risk communication practices. This is done through a modular architecture based on the exploration of quantitative risk scenarios that are contrasted with social risk perceptions of the directly exposed communities to natural hazards.
In Chapter 1, a Bayesian approach is proposed to update the prior assumptions on such composition (i.e., proportions per building typology). This is achieved by integrating high-quality real observations and then capturing the intrinsic probabilistic nature of the exposure model. Such observations are accounted as real evidence from both: field inspections (Chapter 2) and freely available data sources to update existing (but outdated) exposure models (Chapter 3). In these two chapters, earthquake scenarios with parametrised ground motion fields were transversally used to investigate the role of such epistemic uncertainties related to the exposure composition through sensitivity analyses. Parametrised scenarios of seismic ground shaking were the hazard input utilised to study the physical vulnerability of building portfolios. The second issue that was investigated, which refers to the spatial aggregation of building exposure models, was investigated within two decoupled vulnerability contexts: due to seismic ground shaking through the integration of remote sensing techniques (Chapter 3); and within a multi-hazard context by integrating the occurrence of associated tsunamis (Chapter 4). Therein, a careful selection of the spatial aggregation entities while pursuing computational efficiency and accuracy in the risk estimates due to such independent hazard scenarios (i.e., earthquake and tsunami) are discussed. Therefore, in this thesis, the physical vulnerability of large-area building portfolios due to tsunamis is considered through two main frames: considering and disregarding the interaction at the vulnerability level, through consecutive and decoupled hazard scenarios respectively, which were then contrasted.
Contrary to Chapter 4, where no cumulative damages are addressed, in Chapter 5, data and approaches, which were already generated in former sections, are integrated with a novel modular method to ultimately study the likely interactions at the vulnerability level on building portfolios. This is tested by evaluating cumulative damages and losses after earthquakes with increasing magnitude followed by their respective tsunamis. Such a novel method is grounded on the possibility of re-using existing fragility models within a probabilistic framework. The same approach is followed in Chapter 6 to forecast the likely cumulative damages to be experienced by a building stock located in a volcanic multi-hazard setting (ash-fall and lahars). In that section, special focus was made on the manner the forecasted loss metrics are communicated to locally exposed communities. Co-existing quantitative scientific approaches (i.e., comprehensive exposure models; explorative risk scenarios involving single and multiple hazards) and semi-qualitative social risk perception (i.e., level of understanding that the exposed communities have about their own risk) were jointly considered. Such an integration ultimately allowed this thesis to also contribute to enhancing preparedness, science divulgation at the local level as well as technology transfer initiatives.
Finally, a synthesis of this thesis along with some perspectives for improvement and future work are presented.
Most hydrological studies rely on a model calibrated using discharge alone. However, judging the model reliability based on such calibration is problematic, as it does not guarantee the correct representation of internal hydrological processes. This study aims (a) to develop a comprehensive multi-objective calibration framework using remote sensing vegetation data and hydrological signatures (flow duration curve - FDC, and baseflow index) in addition to discharge, and (b) to apply this framework for calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in a typical Andean catchment. Overall, our calibration approach outperformed traditional discharge-based and FDC signature-based calibration strategies in terms of vegetation, streamflow, and flow partitioning simulation. New hydrological insights for the region are the following: baseflow is the main component of the streamflow sustaining the long dry-season flow, and pasture areas offer higher water yield and baseflow than other land-cover types. The proposed approach could be used in other data-scarce regions with complex topography.
The East African Plateau provides a spectacular example of geodynamic plateau uplift, active continental rifting, and associated climatic forcing. It is an integral part of the East African Rift System and has an average elevation of approximately 1,000 m. Its location coincides with a negative Bouguer gravity anomaly with a semi-circular shape, closely related to a mantle plume, which influences the Cenozoic crustal development since its impingement in Eocene-Oligocene time. The uplift of the East African Plateau, preceding volcanism, and rifting formed an important orographic barrier and tectonically controlled environment, which is profoundly influenced by climate driven processes. Its location within the equatorial realm supports recently proposed hypotheses, that topographic changes in this region must be considered as the dominant forcing factor influencing atmospheric circulation patterns and rainfall distribution. The uplift of this region has therefore often been associated with fundamental climatic and environmental changes in East Africa and adjacent regions. While the far-reaching influence of the plateau uplift is widely accepted, the timing and the magnitude of the uplift are ambiguous and are still subject to ongoing discussion. This dilemma stems from the lack of datable, geomorphically meaningful reference horizons that could record surface uplift. In order to quantify the amount of plateau uplift and to find evidence for the existence of significant relief along the East African Plateau prior to rifting, I analyzed and modeled one of the longest terrestrial lava flows; the 300-km-long Yatta phonolite flow in Kenya. This lava flow is 13.5 Ma old and originated in the region that now corresponds to the eastern rift shoulders. The phonolitic flow utilized an old riverbed that once drained the eastern flank of the plateau. Due to differential erosion this lava flow now forms a positive relief above the parallel-flowing Athi River, which is mimicking the course of the paleo-river. My approach is a lava-flow modeling, based on an improved composition and temperature dependent method to parameterize the flow of an arbitrary lava in a rectangular-shaped channel. The essential growth pattern is described by a one-dimensional model, in which Newtonian rheological flow advance is governed by the development of viscosity and/or velocity in the internal parts of the lava-flow front. Comparing assessments of different magma compositions reveal that length-dominated, channelized lava flows are characterized by high effusion rates, rapid emplacement under approximately isothermal conditions, and laminar flow. By integrating the Yatta lava flow dimensions and the covered paleo-topography (slope angle) into the model, I was able to determine the pre-rift topography of the East African Plateau. The modeling results yield a pre-rift slope of at least 0.2°, suggesting that the lava flow must have originated at a minimum elevation of 1,400 m. Hence, high topography in the region of the present-day Kenya Rift must have existed by at least 13.5 Ma. This inferred mid-Miocene uplift coincides with the two-step expansion of grasslands, as well as important radiation and speciation events in tropical Africa. Accordingly, the combination of my results regarding the Yatta lava flow emplacement history, its location, and its morphologic character, validates it as a suitable “paleo-tiltmeter” and has thus to be considered as an important topographic and volcanic feature for the topographic evolution in East Africa.
In this study we examine the tonal organization of a series of recordings of liturgical chants, sung in 1966 by the Georgian master singer Artem Erkomaishvili. This dataset is the oldest corpus of Georgian chants from which the time synchronous F0-trajectories for all three voices have been reliably determined (Müller et al. 2017). It is therefore of outstanding importance for the understanding of the tuning principles of traditional Georgian vocal music.
The aim of the present study is to use various computational methods to analyze what these recordings can contribute to the ongoing scientific dispute about traditional Georgian tuning systems. Starting point for the present analysis is the re-release of the original audio data together with estimated fundamental frequency (F0) trajectories for each of the three voices, beat annotations, and digital scores (Rosenzweig et al. 2020). We present synoptic models for the pitch and the harmonic interval distributions, which are the first of such models for which the complete Erkomaishvili dataset was used. We show that these distributions can be very compactly be expressed as Gaussian mixture models, anchored on discrete sets of pitch or interval values for the pitch and interval distributions, respectively. As part of our study we demonstrate that these pitch values, which we refer to as scale pitches, and which are determined as the mean values of the Gaussian mixture elements, define the scale degrees of the melodic sound scales which build the skeleton of Artem Erkomaishvili’s intonation. The observation of consistent pitch bending of notes in melodic phrases, which appear in identical form in a group of chants, as well as the observation of harmonically driven intonation adjustments, which are clearly documented for all pure harmonic intervals, demonstrate that Artem Erkomaishvili intentionally deviates from the scale pitch skeleton quite freely. As a central result of our study, we proof that this melodic freedom is always constrained by the attracting influence of the scale pitches. Deviations of the F0-values of individual note events from the scale pitches at one instance of time are compensated for in the subsequent melodic steps. This suggests a deviation-compensation mechanism at the core of Artem Erkomaishvili’s melody generation, which clearly honors the scales but still allows for a large degree of melodic flexibility. This model, which summarizes all partial aspects of our analysis, is consistent with the melodic scale models derived from the observed pitch distributions, as well as with the melodic and harmonic interval distributions. In addition to the tangible results of our work, we believe that our work has general implications for the determination of tuning models from audio data, in particular for non-tempered music.
Sediment archives in the terrestrial and marine realm are regularly analyzed to infer changes in climate, tectonic, or anthropogenic boundary conditions of the past. However, contradictory observations have been made regarding whether short period events are faithfully preserved in stratigraphic archives; for instance, in marine sediments offshore large river systems. On the one hand, short period events are hypothesized to be non-detectable in the signature of terrestrially derived sediments due to buffering during sediment transport along large river systems. On the other hand, several studies have detected signals of short period events in marine records offshore large river systems. We propose that this apparent discrepancy is related to the lack of a differentiation between different types of signals and the lack of distinction between river response times and signal propagation times. In this review, we (1) expand the definition of the term ‘signal’ and group signals in sub-categories related to hydraulic grain size characteristics, (2) clarify the different types of ‘times’ and suggest a precise and consistent terminology for future use, and (3) compile and discuss factors influencing the times of signal transfer along sediment routing systems and how those times vary with hydraulic grain size characteristics. Unraveling different types of signals and distinctive time periods related to signal propagation addresses the discrepancies mentioned above and allows a more comprehensive exploration of event preservation in stratigraphy – a prerequisite for reliable environmental reconstructions from terrestrially derived sedimentary records.
The shallow Earth’s layers are at the interplay of many physical processes: some being driven by atmospheric forcing (precipitation, temperature...) whereas others take their origins at depth, for instance ground shaking due to seismic activity. These forcings cause the subsurface to continuously change its mechanical properties, therefore modulating the strength of the surface geomaterials and hydrological fluxes. Because our societies settle and rely on the layers hosting these time-dependent properties, constraining the hydro-mechanical dynamics of the shallow subsurface is crucial for our future geographical development. One way to investigate the ever-changing physical changes occurring under our feet is through the inference of seismic velocity changes from ambient noise, a technique called seismic interferometry. In this dissertation, I use this method to monitor the evolution of groundwater storage and damage induced by earthquakes. Two research lines are investigated that comprise the key controls of groundwater recharge in steep landscapes and the predictability and duration of the transient physical properties due to earthquake ground shaking. These two types of dynamics modulate each other and influence the velocity changes in ways that are challenging to disentangle. A part of my doctoral research also addresses this interaction. Seismic data from a range of field settings spanning several climatic conditions (wet to arid climate) in various seismic-prone areas are considered. I constrain the obtained seismic velocity time-series using simple physical models, independent dataset, geophysical tools and nonlinear analysis. Additionally, a methodological development is proposed to improve the time-resolution of passive seismic monitoring.
The seismicity of the Dead Sea fault zone (DSFZ) during the last two millennia is characterized by a number of damaging and partly devastating earthquakes. These events pose a considerable seismic hazard and seismic risk to Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, and Israel. The occurrence rates for large earthquakes along the DSFZ show indications to temporal changes in the long-term view. The aim of this thesis is to find out, if the occurrence rates of large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 6) in different parts of the DSFZ are time-dependent and how. The results are applied to probabilistic seismic hazard assessments (PSHA) in the DSFZ and neighboring areas. Therefore, four time-dependent statistical models (distributions), including Weibull, Gamma, Lognormal and Brownian Passage Time (BPT), are applied beside the exponential distribution (Poisson process) as the classical time-independent model. In order to make sure, if the earthquake occurrence rate follows a unimodal or a multimodal form, a nonparametric bootstrap test of multimodality has been done. A modified method of weighted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is applied to estimate the parameters of the models. For the multimodal cases, an Expectation Maximization (EM) method is used in addition to the MLE method. The selection of the best model is done by two methods; the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) as well as a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. Finally, the confidence intervals of the estimated parameters corresponding to the candidate models are calculated, using the bootstrap confidence sets. In this thesis, earthquakes with Mw ≥ 6 along the DSFZ, with a width of about 20 km and inside 29.5° ≤ latitude ≤ 37° are considered as the dataset. The completeness of this dataset is calculated since 300 A.D. The DSFZ has been divided into three sub zones; the southern, the central and the northern sub zone respectively. The central and the northern sub zones have been investigated but not the southern sub zone, because of the lack of sufficient data. The results of the thesis for the central part of the DSFZ show that the earthquake occurrence rate does not significantly pursue a multimodal form. There is also no considerable difference between the time-dependent and time-independent models. Since the time-independent model is easier to interpret, the earthquake occurrence rate in this sub zone has been estimated under the exponential distribution assumption (Poisson process) and will be considered as time-independent with the amount of 9.72 * 10-3 events/year. The northern part of the DSFZ is a special case, where the last earthquake has occurred in 1872 (about 137 years ago). However, the mean recurrence time of Mw ≥ 6 events in this area is about 51 years. Moreover, about 96 percent of the observed earthquake inter-event times (the time between two successive earthquakes) in the dataset regarding to this sub zone are smaller than 137 years. Therefore, it is a zone with an overdue earthquake. The results for this sub zone verify that the earthquake occurrence rate is strongly time-dependent, especially shortly after an earthquake occurrence. A bimodal Weibull-Weibull model has been selected as the best fit for this sub zone. The earthquake occurrence rate, corresponding to the selected model, is a smooth function of time and reveals two clusters within the time after an earthquake occurrence. The first cluster begins right after an earthquake occurrence, lasts about 80 years, and is explicitly time-dependent. The occurrence rate, regarding to this cluster, is considerably lower right after an earthquake occurrence, increases strongly during the following ten years and reaches its maximum about 0.024 events/year, then decreases over the next 70 years to its minimum about 0.0145 events/year. The second cluster begins 80 years after an earthquake occurrence and lasts until the next earthquake occurs. The earthquake occurrence rate, corresponding to this cluster, increases extremely slowly, such as it can be considered as an almost constant rate about 0.015 events/year. The results are applied to calculate the time-dependent PSHA in the northern part of the DSFZ and neighbouring areas.
It has always been enigmatic which processes control the accretion of the North American terranes towards the Pacific plate and the landward migration of the San Andreas plate boundary. One of the theories suggests that the Pacific plate first cools and captures the uprising mantle in the slab window, and then it causes the accretion of the continental crustal blocks. The alternative theory attributes the accretion to the capture of Farallon plate fragments (microplates) stalled in the ceased Farallon-North America subduction zone. Quantitative judgement between these two end-member concepts requires a 3D thermomechanical numerical modeling. However, the software tool required for such modeling is not available at present in the geodynamic modeling community. The major aim of the presented work is comprised basically of two interconnected tasks. The first task is the development and testing of the research Finite Element code with sufficiently advanced facilities to perform the three-dimensional geological time scale simulations of lithospheric deformation. The second task consists in the application of the developed tool to the Neogene deformations of the crust and the mantle along the San Andreas Fault System in Central and northern California. The geological time scale modeling of lithospheric deformation poses numerous conceptual and implementation challenges for the software tools. Among them is the necessity to handle the brittle-ductile transition within the single computational domain, adequately represent the rock rheology in a broad range of temperatures and stresses, and resolve the extreme deformations of the free surface and internal boundaries. In the framework of this thesis the new Finite Element code (SLIM3D) has been successfully developed and tested. This code includes a coupled thermo-mechanical treatment of deformation processes and allows for an elasto-visco-plastic rheology with diffusion, dislocation and Peierls creep mechanisms and Mohr-Coulomb plasticity. The code incorporates an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation with free surface and Winkler boundary conditions. The modeling technique developed is used to study the aspects influencing the Neogene lithospheric deformation in central and northern California. The model setup is focused on the interaction between three major tectonic elements in the region: the North America plate, the Pacific plate and the Gorda plate, which join together near the Mendocino Triple Junction. Among the modeled effects is the influence of asthenosphere upwelling in the opening slab window on the overlying North American plate. The models also incorporate the captured microplate remnants in the fossil Farallon subduction zone, simplified subducting Gorda slab, and prominent crustal heterogeneity such as the Salinian block. The results show that heating of the mantle roots beneath the older fault zones and the transpression related to fault stepping, altogether, render cooling in the slab window alone incapable to explain eastward migration of the plate boundary. From the viewpoint of the thermomechanical modeling, the results confirm the geological concept, which assumes that a series of microplate capture events has been the primary reason of the inland migration of the San Andreas plate boundary over the recent 20 Ma. The remnants of the Farallon slab, stalled in the fossil subduction zone, create much stronger heterogeneity in the mantle than the cooling of the uprising asthenosphere, providing the more efficient and direct way for transferring the North American terranes to Pacific plate. The models demonstrate that a high effective friction coefficient on major faults fails to predict the distinct zones of strain localization in the brittle crust. The magnitude of friction coefficient inferred from the modeling is about 0.075, which is far less than typical values 0.6 – 0.8 obtained by variety of borehole stress measurements and laboratory data. Therefore, the model results presented in this thesis provide additional independent constrain which supports the “weak-fault” hypothesis in the long-term ongoing debate over the strength of major faults in the SAFS.
The Andes are a ~7000 km long N-S trending mountain range developed along the South American western continental margin. Driven by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the continental South American plate, the formation of the northern and central parts of the orogen is a type case for a non-collisional orogeny. In the southern Central Andes (SCA, 29°S-39°S), the oceanic plate changes the subduction angle between 33°S and 35°S from almost horizontal (< 5° dip) in the north to a steeper angle (~30° dip) in the south. This sector of the Andes also displays remarkable along- and across- strike variations of the tectonic deformation patterns. These include a systematic decrease of topographic elevation, of crustal shortening and foreland and orogenic width, as well as an alternation of the foreland deformation style between thick-skinned and thin-skinned recorded along- and across the strike of the subduction zone. Moreover, the SCA are a very seismically active region. The continental plate is characterized by a relatively shallow seismicity (< 30 km depth) which is mainly focussed at the transition from the orogen to the lowland areas of the foreland and the forearc; in contrast, deeper seismicity occurs below the interiors of the northern foreland. Additionally, frequent seismicity is also recorded in the shallow parts of the oceanic plate and in a sector of the flat slab segment between 31°S and 33°S. The observed spatial heterogeneity in tectonic and seismic deformation in the SCA has been attributed to multiple causes, including variations in sediment thickness, the presence of inherited structures and changes in the subduction angle of the oceanic slab. However, there is no study that inquired the relationship between the long-term rheological configuration of the SCA and the spatial deformation patterns. Moreover, the effects of the density and thickness configuration of the continental plate and of variations in the slab dip angle in the rheological state of the lithosphere have been not thoroughly investigated yet. Since rheology depends on composition, pressure and temperature, a detailed characterization of the compositional, structural and thermal fields of the lithosphere is needed. Therefore, by using multiple geophysical approaches and data sources, I constructed the following 3D models of the SCA lithosphere: (i) a seismically-constrained structural and density model that was tested against the gravity field; (ii) a thermal model integrating the conversion of mantle shear-wave velocities to temperature with steady-state conductive calculations in the uppermost lithosphere (< 50 km depth), validated by temperature and heat-flow measurements; and (iii) a rheological model of the long-term lithospheric strength using as input the previously-generated models.
The results of this dissertation indicate that the present-day thermal and rheological fields of the SCA are controlled by different mechanisms at different depths. At shallow depths (< 50 km), the thermomechanical field is modulated by the heterogeneous composition of the continental lithosphere. The overprint of the oceanic slab is detectable where the oceanic plate is shallow (< 85 km depth) and the radiogenic crust is thin, resulting in overall lower temperatures and higher strength compared to regions where the slab is steep and the radiogenic crust is thick. At depths > 50 km, largest temperatures variations occur where the descending slab is detected, which implies that the deep thermal field is mainly affected by the slab dip geometry.
The outcomes of this thesis suggests that long-term thermomechanical state of the lithosphere influences the spatial distribution of seismic deformation. Most of the seismicity within the continental plate occurs above the modelled transition from brittle to ductile conditions. Additionally, there is a spatial correlation between the location of these events and the transition from the mechanically strong domains of the forearc and foreland to the weak domain of the orogen. In contrast, seismicity within the oceanic plate is also detected where long-term ductile conditions are expected. I therefore analysed the possible influence of additional mechanisms triggering these earthquakes, including the compaction of sediments in the subduction interface and dehydration reactions in the slab. To that aim, I carried out a qualitative analysis of the state of hydration in the mantle using the ratio between compressional- and shear-wave velocity (vp/vs ratio) from a previous seismic tomography. The results from this analysis indicate that the majority of the seismicity spatially correlates with hydrated areas of the slab and overlying continental mantle, with the exception of the cluster within the flat slab segment. In this region, earthquakes are likely triggered by flexural processes where the slab changes from a flat to a steep subduction angle.
First-order variations in the observed tectonic patterns also seem to be influenced by the thermomechanical configuration of the lithosphere. The mechanically strong domains of the forearc and foreland, due to their resistance to deformation, display smaller amounts of shortening than the relatively weak orogenic domain. In addition, the structural and thermomechanical characteristics modelled in this dissertation confirm previous analyses from geodynamic models pointing to the control of the observed heterogeneities in the orogen and foreland deformation style. These characteristics include the lithospheric and crustal thickness, the presence of weak sediments and the variations in gravitational potential energy.
Specific conditions occur in the cold and strong northern foreland, which is characterized by active seismicity and thick-skinned structures, although the modelled crustal strength exceeds the typical values of externally-applied tectonic stresses. The additional mechanisms that could explain the strain localization in a region that should resist deformation are: (i) increased tectonic forces coming from the steepening of the slab and (ii) enhanced weakening along inherited structures from pre-Andean deformation events. Finally, the thermomechanical conditions of this sector of the foreland could be a key factor influencing the preservation of the flat subduction angle at these latitudes of the SCA.
Widespread landscape changes are presently observed in the Arctic and are most likely to
accelerate in the future, in particular in permafrost regions which are sensitive to climate warming. To assess current and future developments, it is crucial to understand past
environmental dynamics in these landscapes. Causes and interactions of environmental variability can hardly be resolved by instrumental records covering modern time scales. However, long-term
environmental variability is recorded in paleoenvironmental archives. Lake sediments are important archives that allow reconstruction of local limnogeological processes as well as past environmental changes driven directly or indirectly by climate dynamics. This study aims at
reconstructing Late Quaternary permafrost and thermokarst dynamics in central-eastern Beringia,
the terrestrial land mass connecting Eurasia and North America during glacial sea-level low stands. In order to investigate development, processes and influence of thermokarst dynamics, several sediment cores from extant lakes and drained lake basins were analyzed to answer the
following research questions:
1. When did permafrost degradation and thermokarst lake development take place and what were enhancing and inhibiting environmental factors?
2. What are the dominant processes during thermokarst lake development and how are
they reflected in proxy records?
3. How did, and still do, thermokarst dynamics contribute to the inventory and properties of organic matter in sediments and the carbon cycle?
Methods applied in this study are based upon a multi-proxy approach combining
sedimentological, geochemical, geochronological, and micropaleontological analyses, as well as
analyses of stable isotopes and hydrochemistry of pore-water and ice. Modern field observations of water quality and basin morphometrics complete the environmental investigations.
The investigated sediment cores reveal permafrost degradation and thermokarst dynamics on different time scales. The analysis of a sediment core from GG basin on the northern Seward
Peninsula (Alaska) shows prevalent terrestrial accumulation of yedoma throughout the Early to
Mid Wisconsin with intermediate wet conditions at around 44.5 to 41.5 ka BP. This first wetland
development was terminated by the accumulation of a 1-meter-thick airfall tephra most likely originating from the South Killeak Maar eruption at 42 ka BP. A depositional hiatus between 22.5 and 0.23 ka BP may indicate thermokarst lake formation in the surrounding of the site which forms a yedoma upland till today. The thermokarst lake forming GG basin initiated 230 ± 30 cal a
BP and drained in Spring 2005 AD. Four years after drainage the lake talik was still unfrozen below 268 cm depth.
A permafrost core from Mama Rhonda basin on the northern Seward Peninsula preserved a
full lacustrine record including several lake phases. The first lake generation developed at 11.8 cal ka BP during the Lateglacial-Early Holocene transition; its old basin (Grandma Rhonda) is still partially preserved at the southern margin of the study basin. Around 9.0 cal ka BP a shallow and more dynamic thermokarst lake developed with actively eroding shorelines and potentially intermediate shallow water or wetland phases (Mama Rhonda). Mama Rhonda lake drainage at 1.1 cal ka BP was followed by gradual accumulation of terrestrial peat and top-down refreezing of the lake talik. A significant lower organic carbon content was measured in Grandma Rhonda deposits (mean TOC of 2.5 wt%) than in Mama Rhonda deposits (mean TOC of 7.9 wt%) highlighting the impact of thermokarst dynamics on biogeochemical cycling in different lake generations by thawing and mobilization of organic carbon into the lake system.
Proximal and distal sediment cores from Peatball Lake on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska revealed young thermokarst dynamics since about 1,400 years along a depositional gradient based on reconstructions from shoreline expansion rates and absolute dating results. After its initiation as a remnant pond of a previous drained lake basin, a rapidly deepening lake with increasing oxygenation of the water column is evident from laminated sediments, and higher Fe/Ti and Fe/S ratios in the sediment. The sediment record archived characterizing shifts in depositional regimes and sediment sources from upland deposits and re-deposited sediments from drained thaw lake basins depending on the gradually changing shoreline configuration. These changes are evident from alternating organic inputs into the lake system which highlights the potential for thermokarst lakes to recycle old carbon from degrading permafrost deposits of its catchment.
The lake sediment record from Herschel Island in the Yukon (Canada) covers the full Holocene period. After its initiation as a thermokarst lake at 11.7 cal ka BP and intense thermokarst activity until 10.0 cal ka BP, the steady sedimentation was interrupted by a depositional hiatus at 1.6 cal ka BP which likely resulted from lake drainage or allochthonous slumping due to collapsing shore lines. The specific setting of the lake on a push moraine composed of marine deposits is reflected in the sedimentary record. Freshening of the maturing lake is indicated by decreasing electrical conductivity in pore-water. Alternation of marine to freshwater ostracods and foraminifera confirms decreasing salinity as well but also reflects episodical re-deposition of allochthonous marine sediments.
Based on permafrost and lacustrine sediment records, this thesis shows examples of the Late Quaternary evolution of typical Arctic permafrost landscapes in central-eastern Beringia and the complex interaction of local disturbance processes, regional environmental dynamics and global climate patterns. This study confirms that thermokarst lakes are important agents of organic matter recycling in complex and continuously changing landscapes.
Current climate warming is affecting arctic regions at a faster rate than the rest of the world. This has profound effects on permafrost that underlies most of the arctic land area. Permafrost thawing can lead to the liberation of considerable amounts of greenhouse gases as well as to significant changes in the geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology of the corresponding landscapes, which may in turn act as a positive feedback to the climate system. Vast areas of the east Siberian lowlands, which are underlain by permafrost of the Yedoma-type Ice Complex, are particularly sensitive to climate warming because of the high ice content of these permafrost deposits. Thermokarst and thermal erosion are two major types of permafrost degradation in periglacial landscapes. The associated landforms are prominent indicators of climate-induced environmental variations on the regional scale. Thermokarst lakes and basins (alasses) as well as thermo-erosional valleys are widely distributed in the coastal lowlands adjacent to the Laptev Sea. This thesis investigates the spatial distribution and morphometric properties of these degradational features to reconstruct their evolutionary conditions during the Holocene and to deduce information on the potential impact of future permafrost degradation under the projected climate warming. The methodological approach is a combination of remote sensing, geoinformation, and field investigations, which integrates analyses on local to regional spatial scales. Thermokarst and thermal erosion have affected the study region to a great extent. In the Ice Complex area of the Lena River Delta, thermokarst basins cover a much larger area than do present thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands (20.0 and 2.2 %, respectively), which indicates that the conditions for large-area thermokarst development were more suitable in the past. This is supported by the reconstruction of the development of an individual alas in the Lena River Delta, which reveals a prolonged phase of high thermokarst activity since the Pleistocene/Holocene transition that created a large and deep basin. After the drainage of the primary thermokarst lake during the mid-Holocene, permafrost aggradation and degradation have occurred in parallel and in shorter alternating stages within the alas, resulting in a complex thermokarst landscape. Though more dynamic than during the first phase, late Holocene thermokarst activity in the alas was not capable of degrading large portions of Pleistocene Ice Complex deposits and substantially altering the Yedoma relief. Further thermokarst development in existing alasses is restricted to thin layers of Holocene ice-rich alas sediments, because the Ice Complex deposits underneath the large primary thermokarst lakes have thawed completely and the underlying deposits are ice-poor fluvial sands. Thermokarst processes on undisturbed Yedoma uplands have the highest impact on the alteration of Ice Complex deposits, but will be limited to smaller areal extents in the future because of the reduced availability of large undisturbed upland surfaces with poor drainage. On Kurungnakh Island in the central Lena River Delta, the area of Yedoma uplands available for future thermokarst development amounts to only 33.7 %. The increasing proximity of newly developing thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands to existing degradational features and other topographic lows decreases the possibility for thermokarst lakes to reach large sizes before drainage occurs. Drainage of thermokarst lakes due to thermal erosion is common in the study region, but thermo-erosional valleys also provide water to thermokarst lakes and alasses. Besides these direct hydrological interactions between thermokarst and thermal erosion on the local scale, an interdependence between both processes exists on the regional scale. A regional analysis of extensive networks of thermo-erosional valleys in three lowland regions of the Laptev Sea with a total study area of 5,800 km² found that these features are more common in areas with higher slopes and relief gradients, whereas thermokarst development is more pronounced in flat lowlands with lower relief gradients. The combined results of this thesis highlight the need for comprehensive analyses of both, thermokarst and thermal erosion, in order to assess past and future impacts and feedbacks of the degradation of ice-rich permafrost on hydrology and climate of a certain region.
Quantitative thermodynamic and geochemical modeling is today applied in a variety of geological environments from the petrogenesis of igneous rocks to the oceanic realm. Thermodynamic calculations are used, for example, to get better insight into lithosphere dynamics, to constrain melting processes in crust and mantle as well as to study fluid-rock interaction. The development of thermodynamic databases and computer programs to calculate equilibrium phase diagrams have greatly advanced our ability to model geodynamic processes from subduction to orogenesis. However, a well-known problem is that despite its broad application the use and interpretation of thermodynamic models applied to natural rocks is far from straightforward. For example, chemical disequilibrium and/or unknown rock properties, such as fluid activities, complicate the application of equilibrium thermodynamics.
One major aspect of the publications presented in this Habilitationsschrift are new approaches to unravel dynamic and chemical histories of rocks that include applications to chemically open system behaviour. This approach is especially important in rocks that are affected by element fractionation due to fractional crystallisation and fluid loss during dehydration reactions. Furthermore, chemically open system behaviour has also to be considered for studying fluid-rock interaction processes and for extracting information from compositionally zoned metamorphic minerals. In this Habilitationsschrift several publications are presented where I incorporate such open system behaviour in the forward models by incrementing the calculations and considering changing reacting rock compositions during metamorphism. I apply thermodynamic forward modelling incorporating the effects of element fractionation in a variety of geodynamic and geochemical applications in order to better understand lithosphere dynamics and mass transfer in solid rocks.
In three of the presented publications I combine thermodynamic forward models with trace element calculations in order to enlarge the application of geochemical numerical forward modeling. In these publications a combination of thermodynamic and trace element forward modeling is used to study and quantify processes in metamorphic petrology at spatial scales from µm to km. In the thermodynamic forward models I utilize Gibbs energy minimization to quantify mineralogical changes along a reaction path of a chemically open fluid/rock system. These results are combined with mass balanced trace element calculations to determine the trace element distribution between rock and melt/fluid during the metamorphic evolution. Thus, effects of mineral reactions, fluid-rock interaction and element transport in metamorphic rocks on the trace element and isotopic composition of minerals, rocks and percolating fluids or melts can be predicted.
One of the included publications shows that trace element growth zonations in metamorphic garnet porphyroblasts can be used to get crucial information about the reaction path of the investigated sample. In order to interpret the major and trace element distribution and zoning patterns in terms of the reaction history of the samples, we combined thermodynamic forward models with mass-balance rare earth element calculations. Such combined thermodynamic and mass-balance calculations of the rare earth element distribution among the modelled stable phases yielded characteristic zonation patterns in garnet that closely resemble those in the natural samples. We can show in that paper that garnet growth and trace element incorporation occurred in near thermodynamic equilibrium with matrix phases during subduction and that the rare earth element patterns in garnet exhibit distinct enrichment zones that fingerprint the minerals involved in the garnet-forming reactions.
In two of the presented publications I illustrate the capacities of combined thermodynamic-geochemical modeling based on examples relevant to mass transfer in subduction zones. The first example focuses on fluid-rock interaction in and around a blueschist-facies shear zone in felsic gneisses, where fluid-induced mineral reactions and their effects on boron (B) concentrations and isotopic compositions in white mica are modeled. In the second example, fluid release from a subducted slab and associated transport of B and variations in B concentrations and isotopic compositions in liberated fluids and residual rocks are modeled. I show that, combined with experimental data on elemental partitioning and isotopic fractionation, thermodynamic forward modeling unfolds enormous capacities that are far from exhausted.
In my publications presented in this Habilitationsschrift I compare the modeled results to geochemical data of natural minerals and rocks and demonstrate that the combination of thermodynamic and geochemical models enables quantification of metamorphic processes and insights into element cycling that would have been unattainable so far.
Thus, the contributions to the science community presented in this Habilitatonsschrift concern the fields of petrology, geochemistry, geochronology but also ore geology that all use thermodynamic and geochemical models to solve various problems related to geo-materials.
The Timpa delle Murge ophiolite in the North Calabrian Unit is part of the Liguride Complex (southern Apennines). The study is concentrated on the gabbroic part of the ophiolite of the Pollino area. They preserve the high-grade ocean floor metamorphic and locally developed flaser textures under ocean floor conditions. The primary magmatic assemblages are clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and opaques. Brown hornblende is a late magmatic phase. Green hornblende, actinolite, albite, chlorite and epidote display metamorphic recrystallization under lower amphibolite facies conditions, followed by greenschist facies.
The gabbros show subalkaline near to alkaline character with a tendency to a more calkalkaline trend. The normalization to primitive mantle and mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) compositions indicates a considerable depletion in Nb, P, Zr and Ti and an enrichment in Ba, Rb, K, Sr and Eu. This points to a mantle source, which is not compatible with a "normal" mid-ocean ridge situation. Rather, the gabbros are generated from a N-MORB-like melt with a strong crustal component, which was influenced by subduction related fluids and episodic melting during mid-ocean-ridge processes.
Plausible geodynamic settings of the Timpa delle Murge gabbros are oceanic back-arc positions with embryonic MORB-activities. Similar slab contaminated magmatism is also known from the early stage of island arc formation in supra-subduction zone environments like the Izu-Bonin-Mariana island arc.
The foreland of the Andes in South America is characterised by distinct along strike changes in surface deformational styles. These styles are classified into two end-members, the thin-skinned and the thick-skinned style. The superficial expression of thin-skinned deformation is a succession of narrowly spaced hills and valleys, that form laterally continuous ranges on the foreland facing side of the orogen. Each of the hills is defined by a reverse fault that roots in a basal décollement surface within the sedimentary cover, and acted as thrusting ramp to stack the sedimentary pile. Thick-skinned deformation is morphologically characterised by spatially disparate, basement-cored mountain ranges. These mountain ranges are uplifted along reactivated high-angle crustal-scale discontinuities, such as suture zones between different tectonic terranes.
Amongst proposed causes for the observed variation are variations in the dip angle of the Nazca plate, variation in sediment thickness, lithospheric thickening, volcanism or compositional differences. The proposed mechanisms are predominantly based on geological observations or numerical thermomechanical modelling, but there has been no attempt to understand the mechanisms from a point of data-integrative 3D modelling. The aim of this dissertation is therefore to understand how lithospheric structure controls the deformational behaviour. The integration of independent data into a consistent model of the lithosphere allows to obtain additional evidence that helps to understand the causes for the different deformational styles. Northern Argentina encompasses the transition from the thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt in Bolivia, to the thick-skinned Sierras Pampeanas province, which makes this area a well suited location for such a study. The general workflow followed in this study first involves data-constrained structural- and density-modelling in order to obtain a model of the study area. This model was then used to predict the steady-state thermal field, which was then used to assess the present-day rheological state in northern Argentina.
The structural configuration of the lithosphere in northern Argentina was determined by means of data-integrative, 3D density modelling verified by Bouguer gravity. The model delineates the first-order density contrasts in the lithosphere in the uppermost 200 km, and discriminates bodies for the sediments, the crystalline crust, the lithospheric mantle and the subducting Nazca plate. To obtain the intra-crustal density structure, an automated inversion approach was developed and applied to a starting structural model that assumed a homogeneously dense crust. The resulting final structural model indicates that the crustal structure can be represented by an upper crust with a density of 2800 kg/m³, and a lower crust of 3100 kg/m³. The Transbrazilian Lineament, which separates the Pampia terrane from the Río de la Plata craton, is expressed as a zone of low average crustal densities.
In an excursion, we demonstrate in another study, that the gravity inversion method developed to obtain intra-crustal density structures, is also applicable to obtain density variations in the uppermost lithospheric mantle. Densities in such sub-crustal depths are difficult to constrain from seismic tomographic models due to smearing of crustal velocities. With the application to the uppermost lithospheric mantle in the north Atlantic, we demonstrate in Tan et al. (2018) that lateral density trends of at least 125\,km width are robustly recovered by the inversion method, thereby providing an important tool for the delineation of subcrustal density trends.
Due to the genetic link between subduction, orogenesis and retroarc foreland basins the question rises whether the steady-state assumption is valid in such a dynamic setting. To answer this question, I analysed (i) the impact of subduction on the conductive thermal field of the overlying continental plate, (ii) the differences between the transient and steady-state thermal fields of a geodynamic coupled model. Both studies indicate that the assumption of a thermal steady-state is applicable in most parts of the study area. Within the orogenic wedge, where the assumption cannot be applied, I estimated the transient thermal field based on the results of the conducted analyses.
Accordingly, the structural model that had been obtained in the first step, could be used to obtain a 3D conductive steady-state thermal field. The rheological assessment based on this thermal field indicates that the lithosphere of the thin-skinned Subandean ranges is characterised by a relatively strong crust and a weak mantle. Contrarily, the adjacent foreland basin consists of a fully coupled, very strong lithosphere. Thus, shortening in northern Argentina can only be accommodated within the weak lithosphere of the orogen and the Subandean ranges. The analysis suggests that the décollements of the fold-and-thrust belt are the shallow continuation of shear zones that reside in the ductile sections of the orogenic crust. Furthermore, the localisation of the faults that provide strain transfer between the deeper ductile crust and the shallower décollement is strongly influenced by crustal weak zones such as foliation. In contrast to the northern foreland, the lithosphere of the thick-skinned Sierras Pampeanas is fully coupled and characterised by a strong crust and mantle. The high overall strength prevents the generation of crustal-scale faults by tectonic stresses. Even inherited crustal-scale discontinuities, such as sutures, cannot sufficiently reduce the strength of the lithosphere in order to be reactivated. Therefore, magmatism that had been identified to be a precursor of basement uplift in the Sierras Pampeanas, is the key factor that leads to the broken foreland of this province. Due to thermal weakening, and potentially lubrication of the inherited discontinuities, the lithosphere is locally weakened such that tectonic stresses can uplift the basement blocks. This hypothesis explains both the spatially disparate character of the broken foreland, as well as the observed temporal delay between volcanism and basement block uplift.
This dissertation provides for the first time a data-driven 3D model that is consistent with geophysical data and geological observations, and that is able to causally link the thermo-rheological structure of the lithosphere to the observed variation of surface deformation styles in the retroarc foreland of northern Argentina.
The Central Andes region in South America is characterized by a complex and heterogeneous deformation system. Recorded seismic activity and mapped neotectonic structures indicate that most of the intraplate deformation is located along the margins of the orogen, in the transitions to the foreland and the forearc. Furthermore, the actively deforming provinces of the foreland exhibit distinct deformation styles that vary along strike, as well as characteristic distributions of seismicity with depth. The style of deformation transitions from thin-skinned in the north to thick-skinned in the south, and the thickness of the seismogenic layer increases to the south. Based on geological/geophysical observations and numerical modelling, the most commonly invoked causes for the observed heterogeneity are the variations in sediment thickness and composition, the presence of inherited structures, and changes in the dip of the subducting Nazca plate. However, there are still no comprehensive investigations on the relationship between the lithospheric composition of the Central Andes, its rheological state and the observed deformation processes. The central aim of this dissertation is therefore to explore the link between the nature of the lithosphere in the region and the location of active deformation. The study of the lithospheric composition by means of independent-data integration establishes a strong base to assess the thermal and rheological state of the Central Andes and its adjacent lowlands, which alternatively provide new foundations to understand the complex deformation of the region. In this line, the general workflow of the dissertation consists in the construction of a 3D data-derived and gravity-constrained density model of the Central Andean lithosphere, followed by the simulation of the steady-state conductive thermal field and the calculation of strength distribution. Additionally, the dynamic response of the orogen-foreland system to intraplate compression is evaluated by means of 3D geodynamic modelling.
The results of the modelling approach suggest that the inherited heterogeneous composition of the lithosphere controls the present-day thermal and rheological state of the Central Andes, which in turn influence the location and depth of active deformation processes. Most of the seismic activity and neo--tectonic structures are spatially correlated to regions of modelled high strength gradients, in the transition from the felsic, hot and weak orogenic lithosphere to the more mafic, cooler and stronger lithosphere beneath the forearc and the foreland. Moreover, the results of the dynamic simulation show a strong localization of deviatoric strain rate second invariants in the same region suggesting that shortening is accommodated at the transition zones between weak and strong domains. The vertical distribution of seismic activity appears to be influenced by the rheological state of the lithosphere as well. The depth at which the frequency distribution of hypocenters starts to decrease in the different morphotectonic units correlates with the position of the modelled brittle-ductile transitions; accordingly, a fraction of the seismic activity is located within the ductile part of the crust. An exhaustive analysis shows that practically all the seismicity in the region is restricted above the 600°C isotherm, in coincidence with the upper temperature limit for brittle behavior of olivine. Therefore, the occurrence of earthquakes below the modelled brittle-ductile could be explained by the presence of strong residual mafic rocks from past tectonic events. Another potential cause of deep earthquakes is the existence of inherited shear zones in which brittle behavior is favored through a decrease in the friction coefficient. This hypothesis is particularly suitable for the broken foreland provinces of the Santa Barbara System and the Pampean Ranges, where geological studies indicate successive reactivation of structures through time. Particularly in the Santa Barbara System, the results indicate that both mafic rocks and a reduction in friction are required to account for the observed deep seismic events.
Intracontinental deformation usually is a result of tectonic forces associated with distant plate collisions. In general, the evolution of mountain ranges and basins in this environment is strongly controlled by the distribution and geometries of preexisting structures. Thus, predictive models usually fail in forecasting the deformation evolution in these kinds of settings. Detailed information on each range and basin-fill is vital to comprehend the evolution of intracontinental mountain belts and basins. In this dissertation, I have investigated the complex Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tien Shan in Central Asia, which is one of the most active intracontinental ranges in the world. The work presented here combines a broad array of datasets, including thermo- and geochronology, paleoenvironmental interpretations, sediment provenance and subsurface interpretations in order to track changes in tectonic deformation. Most of the identified changes are connected and can be related to regional-scale processes that governed the evolution of the western Tien Shan.
The NW-SE trending Talas-Fergana fault (TFF) separates the western from the central Tien Shan and constitutes a world-class example of the influence of preexisting anisotropies on the subsequent structural development of a contractile orogen. While to the east most of ranges and basins have a sub-parallel E-W trend, the triangular-shaped Fergana basin forms a substantial feature in the western Tien Shan morphology with ranges on all three sides. In this thesis, I present 55 new thermochronologic ages (apatite fission track and zircon (U-Th)/He)) used to constrain exhumation histories of several mountain ranges in the western Tien Shan. At the same time, I analyzed the Fergana basin-fill looking for progressive changes in sedimentary paleoenvironments, source areas and stratal geometrical configurations in the subsurface and outcrops.
The data presented in this thesis suggests that low cooling rates (<1°C Myr-1), calm depositional environments, and low depositional rates (<10 m Myr-1) were widely distributed across the western Tien Shan, describing a quiescent tectonic period throughout the Paleogene. Increased cooling rates in the late Cenozoic occurred diachronously and with variable magnitudes in different ranges. This rapid cooling stage is interpreted to represent increased erosion caused by active deformation and constrains the onset of Cenozoic deformation in the western Tien Shan. Time-temperature histories derived from the northwestern Tien Shan samples show an increase in cooling rates by ~25 Ma. This event is correlated with a synchronous pulse
iv
in the South Tien Shan. I suggest that strike-slip motion along the TFF commenced at the Oligo-Miocene boundary, facilitating CCW rotation of the Fergana basin and enabling exhumation of the linked horsetail splays. Higher depositional rates (~150 m Myr-1) in the Oligo-Miocene section (Massaget Fm.) of the Fergana basin suggest synchronous deformation in the surrounding ranges. The central Alai Range also experienced rapid cooling around this time, suggesting that the onset of intramontane basin fragmentation and isolation is coeval. These results point to deformation starting simultaneously in the late Oligocene – early Miocene in geographically distant mountain ranges. I suggest that these early uplifts are controlled by reactivated structures (like the TFF), which are probably the frictionally weakest and most-suitably oriented for accommodating and transferring N-S horizontal shortening along the western Tien Shan.
Afterwards, in the late Miocene (~10 Ma), a period of renewed rapid cooling affected the Tien Shan and most mountain ranges and inherited structures started to actively deform. This episode is widely distributed and an increase in exhumation is interpreted in most of the sampled ranges. Moreover, the Pliocene section in the basin subsurface shows the higher depositional rates (>180 m Myr-1) and higher energy facies. The deformation and exhumation increase further contributed to intramontane basin partitioning. Overall, the interpretation is that the Tien Shan and much of Central Asia suffered a global increase in the rate of horizontal crustal shortening. Previously, stress transfer along the rigid Tarim block or Pamir indentation has been proposed to account for Himalayan hinterland deformation. However, the extent of the episode requires a different and broader geodynamic driver.
The South Chilean subduction zone between 41° and 43.5°S : seismicity, structure and state of stress
(2008)
While the northern and central part of the South American subduction zone has been intensively studied, the southern part has attracted less attention, which may be due to its difficult accessibility and lower seismic activity. However, the southern part exhibits strong seismic and tsunamogenic potential with the prominent example of the Mw=9.5 May 22, 1960 Valdivia earthquake. In this study data from an amphibious seismic array (Project TIPTEQ) is presented. The network reached from the trench to the active magmatic arc incorporating the Island of Chiloé and the north-south trending Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (LOFZ). 364 local events were observed in an 11-month period from November 2004 until October 2005. The observed seismicity allows to constrain for the first time the current state of stress of the subducting plate and magmatic arc, as well as the local seismic velocity structure. The downgoing Benioff zone is readily identifiable as an eastward dipping plane with an inclination of ~30°. Main seismic activity occurred predominantly in a belt parallel to the coast of Chiloé Island in a depth range of 12-30 km, which is presumably related to the plate interface. The down-dip termination of abundant intermediate depth seismicity at approximately 70 km depth seems to be related to the young age (and high temperature) of the oceanic plate. A high-quality subset of events was inverted for a 2-D velocity model. The vp model resolves the sedimentary basins and the downgoing slab. Increased velocities below the longitudinal valley and the eastern part of Chiloé Island suggest the existence of a mantle bulge. Apart from the events in the Benioff Zone, shallow crustal events were observed mainly in different clusters along the magmatic arc. These crustal clusters of seismicity are related to the LOFZ, as well as to the volcanoes Chaitén, Michinmahuida and Corcovado. Seismic activity up to a magnitude of 3.8 Mw reveals the recent activity of the fault zone. Focal mechanisms for the events along the LOFZ were calculated using a moment tensor inversion of amplitude spectra for body waves which mostly yield strike-slip mechanisms indicating a SW-NE striking of sigma_1 for the LOFZ. Focal mechanism stress inversion indicates a strike-slip regime along the arc and a thrust regime in the Benioff zone. The observed deformation - which is also revealed by teleseismic observations - suggests a confirmation for the proposed northward movement of a forearc sliver acting as a detached continental micro-plate.
Human development has far-reaching impacts on the surface of the globe. The transformation of natural land cover occurs in different forms, and urban growth is one of the most eminent transformative processes. We analyze global land cover data and extract cities as defined by maximally connected urban clusters. The analysis of the city size distribution for all cities on the globe confirms Zipf’s law. Moreover, by investigating the percolation properties of the clustering of urban areas we assess the closeness to criticality for various countries. At the critical thresholds, the urban land cover of the countries undergoes a transition from separated clusters to a gigantic component on the country scale. We study the Zipf-exponents as a function of the closeness to percolation and find a systematic dependence, which could be the reason for deviating exponents reported in the literature. Moreover, we investigate the average size of the clusters as a function of the proximity to percolation and find country specific behavior. By relating the standard deviation and the average of cluster sizes—analogous to Taylor’s law—we suggest an alternative way to identify the percolation transition. We calculate spatial correlations of the urban land cover and find long-range correlations. Finally, by relating the areas of cities with population figures we address the global aspect of the allometry of cities, finding an exponent δ ≈ 0.85, i.e., large cities have lower densities.
The overarching goal of this dissertation is to provide a better understanding of the role of wind and water in shaping Earth’s Cenozoic orogenic plateaus - prominent high-elevation, low relief sectors in the interior of Cenozoic mountain belts. In particular, the feedbacks between surface uplift, the build-up of topography and ensuing changes in precipitation, erosion, and vegetation patterns are addressed in light of past and future climate change. Regionally, the study focuses on the two world’s largest plateaus, the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Andes and Tibetan Plateau, both characterized by average elevations of >4 km. Both plateaus feature high, deeply incised flanks with pronounced gradients in rainfall, vegetation, hydrology, and surface processes. These characteristics are rooted in the role of plateaus to act as efficient orographic barriers to rainfall and to force changes in atmospheric flow.
The thesis examines the complex topics of tectonic and climatic forcing of the surface-process regime on three different spatial and temporal scales: (1) bedrock wind-erosion rates are quantified in the arid Qaidam Basin of NW Tibet over millennial timescales using cosmogenic radionuclide dating; (2) present-day stable isotope composition in rainfall is examined across the south-central Andes in three transects between 22° S and 28° S; these data are modeled and assessed with remotely sensed rainfall data of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; (3) finally, a 2.5-km-long Mio-Pliocene sedimentary record of the intermontane Angastaco Basin (25°45’ S, 66°00’ W) is presented in the context of hydrogen and carbon compositions of molecular lipid biomarker, and oxygen and carbon isotopes obtained from pedogenic carbonates; these records are compared to other environmental proxies, including hydrated volcanic glass shards from volcanic ashes intercalated in the sedimentary strata.
There are few quantitative estimates of eolian bedrock-removal rates from arid, low relief landscapes. Wind-erosion rates from the western Qaidam Basin based on cosmogenic 10Be measurements document erosion rates between 0.05 to 0.4 mm/yr. This finding indicates that in arid environments with strong winds, hyperaridity, exposure of friable strata, and ongoing rock deformation and uplift, wind erosion can outpace fluvial erosion. Large eroded sediment volumes within the Qaidam Basin and coeval dust deposition on the Chinese Loess plateau, exemplify the importance of dust production within arid plateau environments for marine and terrestrial depositional processes, but also health issues and fertilization of soils.
In the south-central Andes, the analysis of 234 stream-water samples for oxygen and hydrogen reveals that areas experiencing deep convective storms do not show the commonly observed patterns of isotopic fractionation and the expected co-varying relationships between oxygen and hydrogen with increasing elevation. These convective storms are formed over semi-arid intermontane basins in the transition between the broken foreland of the Sierras Pampeanas, the Eastern Cordillera, and the Puna Plateau in the interior of the orogen. Here, convective rainfall dominates the precipitation budget and no systematic stable isotope-elevation relationship exists. Regions to the north, in the transition between the broken foreland and the Subandean foreland fold-and-thrust belt, the impact of convection is subdued, with lower degrees of storminess and a stronger expected isotope-elevation relationship. This finding of present-day fractionation trends of meteoric water is of great importance for paleoenvironmental studies in attempts to use stable isotope relationships in the reconstruction of paleoelevations.
The third part of the thesis focuses on the paleohydrological characteristics of the Mio-Pliocene (10-2 Ma) Angastaco Basin sedimentary record, which reveals far-reaching environmental changes during Andean uplift and orographic barrier formation. A precipitation- evapotranspiration record identifies the onset of a precipitation regime related to the South American Low Level Jet at this latitude after 9 Ma. Humid foreland conditions existed until 7 Ma, followed by orographic barrier uplift to the east of the present-day Angastaco Basin. This was superseded by rapid (~0.5 Myr) aridification in an intermontane basin, highlighting the effects of eastward-directed deformation. A transition in vegetation cover from a humid C3 forest ecosystem to semi-arid C4-dominated vegetation was coeval with continued basin uplift to modern elevations.
The Southern Central Andes (33°-36°S) are an excellent natural laboratory to study orogenic deformation processes, where boundary conditions, such as the geometry of the subducted plate, impose an important control on the evolution of the orogen. On the other hand, the South American plate presents a series of heterogeneities that additionally impart control on the mode of deformation. This thesis aims to test the control of this last factor over the construction of the Cenozoic Andean orogenic system.
From the integration of surface and subsurface information in the southern area (34-36°S), the evolution of Andean deformation over the steeply dipping subduction segment was studied. A structural model was developed evaluating the stress state from the Miocene to the present-day and its influence in the migration of magmatic fluids and hydrocarbons. Based on these data, together with the data generated by other researchers in the northern zone of the study area (33-34°S), geodynamic numerical modeling was performed to test the hypothesis of the decisive role of upper-plate heterogeneities in the Andean evolution. Geodynamic codes (LAPEX-2D and ASPECT) which simulate the behavior of materials with elasto-visco-plastic rheologies under deformation, were used. The model results suggest that upper-plate contractional deformation is significantly controlled by the strength of the lithosphere, which is defined by the composition of the upper and lower crust, and by the proportion of lithospheric mantle, which in turn is determined by previous tectonic events. In addition, the previous regional tectono-magmatic events also defined the composition of the crust and its geometry, which is another factor that controls the localization of deformation. Accordingly, with more felsic lower crustal composition, the deformation follows a pure-shear mode, while more mafic compositions induce a simple-shear deformation mode. On the other hand, it was observed that initial lithospheric thickness may fundamentally control the location of deformation, with zones characterized by thin lithosphere are prone to concentrate it. Finally, it was found that an asymmetric lithosphere-astenosphere boundary resulting from corner flow in the mantle wedge of the eastward-directed subduction zone tends to generate east-vergent detachments.