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Einleitung
(2005)
Das jüdische Gebetbuch ist von jeher eine Brücke zwischen dem großen Reservoir der juedischen Tradition und den modernen Lebensumständen. Die ständige überarbeitung und Veränderung der Liturgie ist dabei nicht nur eine historische Tatsache, sondern liegt in ihrem Wesen begründet: Liturgie als Theologie. Das Gebetbuch ist also ein zutiefst menschliches Produkt, zu dem jede Generation ihren jeweiligen Beitrag leistet. Dazu muss man zwischen Liturgie und Gebet unterscheiden. Das eine ist Gebets-Ordnung, das andere Gebets-Haltung. Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die Studientagung 2003 des Abraham Geiger Kollegs an der Universität Potsdam. Rabbiner und Gelehrte haben Ursprung und Entwicklung der jüdischen Liturgie nachgezeichnet. Entstanden ist ein vielschichtiges Kaleidoskop, das Werden und Sein des jüdischen Gottesdienstes vertieft.
The interplay between topography and Indian summer monsoon circulation profoundly controls precipitation distribution, sediment transport, and river discharge along the Southern Himalayan Mountain Front (SHF). The Higher Himalayas form a major orographic barrier that separates humid sectors to the south and and regions to the north. During the Indian summer monsoon, vortices transport moisture from the Bay of Bengal, swirl along the SHF to the northwest, and cause heavy rainfall when colliding with the mountain front. In the eastern and central parts of the Himalaya, precipitation measurements derived from passive microwave analysis (SSM/I) show a strong gradient, with high values at medium elevations and extensive penetration of moisture along major river valleys into the orogen. The end of the monsoonal conveyer belt is near the Sutlej Valley in the NW Himalaya, where precipitation is lower and rainfall maxima move to lower elevations. This region thus comprises a climatic transition zone that is very sensitive to changes in Indian summer monsoon strength. To constrain magnitude, temporal, and spatial distribution of precipitation, we analyzed high-resolution passive microwave data from the last decade and identified an abnormal monsoon year (AMY) in 2002. During the 2002 AMY, violent rainstorms conquered orographic barriers and penetrated far into otherwise and regions in the northwest Himalaya at elevations in excess of 3 km asl. While precipitation in these regions was significantly increased and triggered extensive erosional processes (i.e., debris flows) on sparsely vegetated, steep hillslopes, mean rainfall along the low to medium elevations was not significantly greater in magnitude. This shift may thus play an important role in the overall sediment flux toward the Himalayan foreland. Using extended precipitation and sediment flux records for the last century, we show that these events have a decadal recurrence interval during the present-day monsoon circulation. Hence, episodically occurring AMYs control geomorphic processes primarily in the high-elevation and sectors of the orogen, while annual recurring monsoonal rainfall distribution dominates erosion in the low- to medium- elevation parts along the SHF. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Late Quaternary intensified monsoon phases control landscape evolution in the northwest Himalaya
(2005)
The intensity of the Asian summer-monsoon circulation varies over decadal to millennial time scales and is reflected in changes in surface processes, terrestrial environments, and marine sediment records. However, the mechanisms of long-lived (2-5 k.y.) intensified monsoon phases, the related changes in precipitation distribution, and their effect on landscape evolution and sedimentation rates are not yet well understood. The and high-elevation sectors of the orogen correspond to a climatically sensitive zone that currently receives rain only during abnormal (i.e., strengthened) monsoon seasons. Analogous to present-day rainfall anomalies, enhanced precipitation during an intensified monsoon phase is expected to have penetrated far into these geomorphic threshold regions where hillslopes are close to the angle of failure. We associate landslide triggering during intensified monsoon phases with enhanced precipitation, discharge, and sediment flux leading to an increase in pore-water pressure, lateral scouring of rivers, and over- steepening of hillslopes, eventually resulting in failure of slopes and exceptionally large mass movements. Here we use lacustrine deposits related to spatially and temporally clustered large landslides (>0.5 km(3)) in the Sutlej Valley region of the northwest Himalaya to calculate sedimentation rates and to infer rainfall patterns during late Pleistocene (29-24 ka) and Holocene (10-4 ka) intensified monsoon phases. Compared to present-day sediment-flux measurements, a fivefold increase in sediment-transport rates recorded by sediments in landslide-dammed lakes characterized these episodes of high climatic variability. These changes thus emphasize the pronounced imprint of millennial-scale climate change on surface processes and landscape evolution
Basement-cored uplift provinces are often characterized by high-angle reverse faulting along preexisting crustal heterogeneities, which may greatly affect the mechanics of deformation and the coupling between erosion and orogenic structure. Herein we construct a coupled deformation-erosion model to understand the mechanics and erosion of mountain belts in which the spatial distribution of deformation is largely influenced by the presence of preexisting high-angle faults. In this case, deformation is accommodated along, and topography is built above, these structures. This topographic loading leads to increasing lithostatic stresses beneath these regions. As a result, active deformation may migrate to frictionally stronger structures in adjacent regions where lithostatic loading is lower. The migration of deformation to such nearby structures depends on the Hubbert-Rubey pore fluid pressure ratio of the crust (lambda), the orientations of the frictionally weaker and stronger preexisting faults (beta(1) and beta(2), respectively), the friction coefficients (mu(b1) and mu(b2)) and Hubbert-Rubey fluid-pressure ratios (lambda(b1) and lambda(b2)) of these faults, and the surface slope of the topography above the frictionally weaker structure (alpha), assuming zero surface slope above the frictionally stronger structure. In general, we found that for a given alpha and beta(1), as mu(b1) increases lambda=lambda(b1)=lambda(b2) increases, and beta(2) decreases, the value of mu(b2) required to force deformation to migrate increases. However, as erosional processes lead to decreasing surface slopes, deformation will be inhibited from migrating to frictionally stronger structures in adjacent regions. Our model results may help to explain some aspects of the deformation observed and the possible correlation between precipitation and the migration of deformation within these tectonic provinces
Intramontane basins may act as important sediment storage areas, serve as recorders of the history of deformation, record syntectonic deposition, and document the evolution of climatic conditions during deposition. We document the timing, cyclicity, and processes that led to the filling and reexcavation of the intramontane Quebrada del Toro basin in NW Argentina. Geomorphic and geologic observations indicate that the basin was filled with sediment that has been subsequently excavated at least two times in the last similar to 8 m.y. The last filling and excavation cycle occurred within the last 0.98 m.y. and has led to the deposition and removal of similar to 61.4 km(3) of material from the basin, leading to a basin-wide averaged minimum denudation rate of 0.16 mm/yr. Aggradation within the basin took place due to channel steepening of the downstream fluvial system that connects the intramontane basin to the foreland. This portion of the fluvial system is actively incising through an uplifting bedrock zone. We use observations within the Toro to test a quasiphysically based model of channel aggradation behind a rising base level that rises due to downstream channel steepening. Our work shows that the bedrock incision rate constant required to reproduce conditions observed within the Toro basin is consistent with values measured independently in similar rock types. Therefore, in intramontane basins that experience similar processes of filling and evacuation, this model may be used to assess the relative importance of tectonic rock uplift, bedrock resistance to fluvial incision, and climate in determining the geomorphic and sedimentologic history of these basins
Lake sediments in 10 Ethiopian, Kenyan, and Tanzanian rift basins suggest that there were three humid periods at 2.7 to 2.5 million years ago (Ma), 1.9 to 1.7 Ma, and 1.1 to 0.9 Ma, superimposed on the longer-term aridification of East Africa. These humid periods correlate with increased aridity in northwest and northeast Africa and with substantial global climate transitions. These episodes could have had important impacts on the speciation and dispersal of mammals and hominins, because a number of key events, such as the origin of the genus Homo and the evolution of the species Homo erectus, took place in this region during that time.
We present an automatic control method for phase locking of regular and chaotic non-identical oscillations, when all subsystems interact via feedback. This method is based on the well known principle of feedback control which takes place in nature and is successfully used in engineering. In contrast to unidirectional and bidirectional coupling, the approach presented here supposes the existence of a special controller, which allows to change the parameters of the controlled systems. First we discuss general principles of automatic phase synchronization (PS) for arbitrary coupled systems with a controller whose input is given by a special quadratic form of coordinates of the individual systems and its output is a result of the application of a linear differential operator. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for controlled PS on several examples: (i) two coupled regular oscillators, (ii) coupled regular and chaotic oscillators, (iii) two coupled chaotic R"ossler oscillators, (iv) two coupled foodweb models, (v) coupled chaotic R"ossler and Lorenz oscillators, (vi) ensembles of locally coupled regular oscillators, (vii) ensembles of locally coupled chaotic oscillators, and (viii) ensembles of globally coupled chaotic oscillators.
We study phase synchronization effects in a chain of nonidentical chaotic oscillators with a type-I intermittent behavior. Two types of parameter distribution, linear and random, are considered. The typical phenomena are the onset and existence of global (all-to-all) and cluster (partial) synchronization with increase of coupling. Increase of coupling strength can also lead to desynchronization phenomena, i.e., global or cluster synchronization is changed into a regime where synchronization is intermittent with incoherent states. Then a regime of a fully incoherent nonsynchronous state (spatiotemporal intermittency) appears. Synchronization-desynchronization transitions with increase of coupling are also demonstrated for a system resembling an intermittent one: a chain of coupled maps replicating the spiking behavior of neurobiological networks
This essay shows how Jewish identity in pre-1933 Germany defined itself and how the widely known concept of German-Jewish symbiosis came into question after the organized murder of the European Jews. The search for a German- Jewish legacy in postwar Germany as well as in the countries in which the Jewish emigres found a new home will be explored. Moreover, the Eastern European cultural roots of Jews who migrated from Russia to Germany in the 1990s will also be discussed
Seismic tomography, imaging of seismic scatterers, and magnetotelluric soundings reveal a sharp lithologic contrast along a similar to 10 km long segment of the Arava Fault (AF), a prominent fault of the southern Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the Middle East. Low seismic velocities and resistivities occur on its western side and higher values east of it, and the boundary between the two units coincides partly with a seismic scattering image. At 1 - 4 km depth the boundary is offset to the east of the AF surface trace, suggesting that at least two fault strands exist, and that slip occurred on multiple strands throughout the margin's history. A westward fault jump, possibly associated with straightening of a fault bend, explains both our observations and the narrow fault zone observed by others