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Intrinsic fluorescence quenching of humic substances (HS) and the sensitization of Ln(3+) luminescence (Ln3+ Tb3+, Eu3+) in HS complexes were investigated. Both measurements yielded complementary information on the complexation of metals by HS. Large differences between fulvic acids(FA)and humic acids (HA) were found. From time-resolved luminescence measurements it is concluded that a combination of energy transfer and energy back transfer between HS and Ln(3+) is responsible for the observed luminescence decay characteristics. In the case of Eu3+, an additional participation of charge-transfer states is suggested. A new concept for the evaluation of the sensitized luminescence decays of Ln(3+) was adapted
Heterocyclization of (Z)-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxothiazolidines, bearing electron-withdrawing groups conjugated to an exocyclic double bond at C(2)-position, afforded under reductive conditions, cis-tetrahydroftiro[2,3- d]thiazole derivatives. The reactions of these functionalized push-pull beta-enamines occur in a stereocontrolled fashion via activated vinylogous N-methyliminium ions, which are trapped by an internal hydroxyethyl group
The synthesis of a series of 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxalines (flavazoles) by acylation, alkylation, halogenation, and aminomethylation of the parent compound is reported and their structure is investigated by H-1, C-13 and N-15 NMR spectroscopy. The restricted rotation about the partial C, N double bond of the N-acyl derivatives 7-10 is studied by dynamic NMR spectroscopy and the barriers to rotation are determined. In order to assign unequivocally the 15 N chemical shifts of N-4 and N-9, in case of 3-substituted flavazoles, exemplary the H-1, C-13, and N-15 NMR chemical shifts of 34, 35, and 39 are also theoretically calculated by quantum chemical methods [ab initio at different levels of theory (HF/6-3G* and B3LYP/6-31G*)]. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
A novel method to prepare ultrathin, freestanding polyelectrolyte films in pores, without the need of sacrificial precursor coatings, has been developed (see Figure). The freestanding films are stable under ambient conditions and suited for additional electrostatic self-assembly or surface modification. They can be specifically decomposed, whereas after thermal crosslinking, resistant films are obtained
The configuration and dynamic behavior of O-allyl-S-methyl-N-(acridin-9-yl)iminothiocarbonate (1) and its S- allyl-O-methyl regioisomer (2) were studied using quantum chemical calculations and by applying a novel graphical method to scatter maps obtained from MD simulations for evaluation of an NOE-weighted internuclear distance (r(NOE)). Energy calculations indicated that the Z configuration was predominant for each compound and, further, this was supported both by the calculated chemical shifts and the rNOE. Both N-inversion- and rotation-type transition-state structures were also calculated for the E/Z isomerization process, the results indicating that the preferred interconversion mechanism for 1 is N-inversion, but contrastingly, interconversion via rotation is equally as probable as N-inversion for 2. This supports the notion that one or the other or both pathways can be active and each system needs to be assessed on a case- by-case basis. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The surface shear viscosity of a myelin mimetic Langmuir monolayer is investigated upon adsorption of myelin basic protein (MBP). We measure an increase of the surface shear viscosity at picomolar concentrations of the protein, suggesting that the globular conformation of MBP changes upon adsorption at the monolayer. The conformational change enables hydrodynamic interactions of the proteins, with a typical separation of hundreds of nanometers. This unfolding is essential for the compactification of the myelin sheath, serving an enhanced saltatory signal transduction in vertebrates. The viscometry used extends the sensitivity of standard surface viscometers toward lower viscosities
Two different approaches. with an unsaturated carbohydrate as a radical acceptor and a carbohydrate derived aldehyde as a radical precursor, led to key intermediates in the synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-oct-2-ulosonic acids (KDO). Manganese(III) acetate and cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate were the reagents of choice for the oxidative generation of radicals, whereas samarium(II) iodide was employed for reductive couplings. Both strategies were realized by using easily available starting materials, with acetic acid as C-2 and ethyl acrylate as C-3 building blocks, respectively
Conformational equilibria for a number of methyl substituted 1,3-dioxanes 1, 1,3-oxathianes 2 and 1,3-dithianes 3 were calculated at the HF and DFT levels of theory. In addition to the chair conformers also the energetically adjacent twist conformers were considered and the positions of the corresponding conformational equilibria estimated. On the basis of the global energy minima of conformers, participating in the conformational equilibria, the 1J(C,Hax,equ) coupling constants were calculated using the GIAO method and compared with the experimental values obtained from C-13, H- 1 coupled C-13 NMR spectra. The Perlin effect, the influence of the solvent and the suitability of this NMR parameter for assigning the conformational equilibria present are critically discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The quotient of the occupation numbers of pi bonding and pi* antibonding orbitals of the central C=C partial double bond, pi*(C=C)/pi(C=C), proved to be a useful parameter to quantify the push-pull effect completely for the first time in substituted alkenes by examination of a comprehensive set of compounds. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
[GRAPHICS] Amino-substituted thio(seleno)acrylamides 1-4 were synthesized and their H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra assigned. Both the NMR data and the results of theoretical calculations at the ab initio level of theory were employed to elucidate the adopted structures of the compounds in terms of E/Z isomerism and s-cis/s-trans configuration. In the case of the asymmetrically N(Me)Ph-substituted compounds, ab initio GIAO-calculated ring current effects of the N-phenyl group were applied to successfully determine the preferred conformer bias. The restricted rotations about the two C-N partial double bonds were studied by DNMR and the barriers to rotation (Delta G(c)(double dagger)) determined at the coalescence temperatures, and these were discussed with respect to the structural differences between the compounds. The barriers to rotation were also calculated at the ab initio level of theory where the best results (R-2 = 0.8746) were obtained only with inclusion of the solvent at the SCIPCMHF/6-31G* level of theory. The calculations also provided means of assessing structural influences which were not available due to inaccessible rotation barriers. By means of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of 1-4, the occupation numbers of nitrogen lone pairs and bonding/antibonding pi/pi* orbitals were shown to quantitatively describe thio(seleno)amide/vinylogous thio(seleno)amide "resonance". Finally, the thio(seleno)carbonyl anisotropic effect was quantitatively calculated by the GIRO method and visualized by isochemical shielding surfaces (ICSS). Only marginal differences between the two anisotropic effects were calculated and are therefore of questionable utility for previous and future applications with respect to stereochemical assignments
Electron beam irradiation of poly(vinyl methyl ether) films : 1. Synthesis and film topography
(2005)
Temperature-sensitive hydrogel layers on silicon (Si) substrates were synthesized by electron beam irradiation of spin-coated poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) films. The influences of the used solvent, the polymer concentration, and the spinning velocity on the homogeneity and the thickness of the PVME film were investigated. In the range of concentration c(p) = 1-15 wt% PVME in ethanol solution, homogeneous films with a thickness between d = 50 nm and 1.7 mu m were obtained. The films were cross-linked by electron beam irradiation under inert atmosphere and analyzed by sol-gel- analysis. The results were compared with bulkgels formed by electron beam irradiation of PVME in the dry state. The film topography was analyzed by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. An islandlike structure in the dry, swollen, and shrunken state of the hydrogel films was observed
Photochemical and photophysical properties were investigated for poly(arylenevinylene)s containing a flexible biphenyl "hinge" unit by applying one-photon (OP) and two-photon (TP) excitation to explore excited-state properties. The poly(arylenevinylene)s were poly[(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(4,4'-dihexyloxy-3,3'-biph enylenevinylene)] (1), poly[(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(2,2'-dihexyloxy-3,3'-biph enylenevinylene)] (2), and poly[(2,5-dihexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(2,2'-biphenylene-vinylene )] (3). Effective emission quantum yields and related photonic properties were evaluated on a realistic per-chromophore basis using effective conjugation lengths based on the Strickler-Berg relationship. intramolecular photocyclization was deduced to occur in the one case where the biphenyl molecular connectivity permitted the reaction, based on matrix- assisted loser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC)-NMR, and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) results. The various photoprocesses could be induced by either OP or TP excitation, though the first excited singlet state is the photoactive state. The higher excitation energy 1 of the TP excited state favors indirect population of the S, state by electronic coupling between the TP and OP excited states [lambda(max)(TPE) (nm): 726; delta (GM)([9]): 1 = 229, 2 = 215, 3 = 109). Photochemical processes occurring from the lowest OP excited state (S-1) could therefore also be indirectly induced by TP excitation
The conformational equilibria of the cis/trans isomers of some 1,4-di-substituted cyclohexanes (X = OH, OMe, Me, OCOCH3, OCOC(CH3)(3), OCOCCl3, OCOCF3) were calculated at several levels of theory; the best correlation between calculated and experimentally available Delta G(0)s refers to the MP2/6-311 +G*//MP2/6-311G* results. In addition, the hyperconjugative effect of the substituents was studied with the NBO options included in the GAUSSIAN-98 package; a number of interactions between filled NBOs and antibonding orbitals could be considered as most representative for delocalization along the molecules studied. The effect of the substituents on the molecular geometry of the substituted cyclohexanesas well as the partitioning of both hyperconjugative and steric substituent effects on the present conformational equilibria is critically evaluated. Our model [E. Kleinpeter, F. Taddei, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM) 683 (2004) 29] for interpreting the relative stability of conformers of substituted cyclohexanes could be further verified and its reliability assessed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Fluorocarbon associative polymers of the polysoap type were studied using two fluorescent probes, 1- octanoylpyrene (OcPyH) and 1-perfluorooctanoylpyrene (OcPyF). In aqueous solution the polymers formed hydrophobic domains composed of hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon or both types of polymeric side chains, which could solubilize the probes. This resulted in the appearance of new fluorescence emission bands and changes in the fluorescence polarization of the probes. The differences in the solubilization properties of the polymers are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
In C-13 NMR spectroscopy, there are many empirical methods for fast and exact computation of C-13 chemical shifts; comparable procedures for Si-29 NMR chemical shifts are not existing or are older than 20 years. On basis of the largest database of Si-29 chemical shifts available, along this paper a relatively simple procedure for the similarly exact calculation of the Si-29 chemical shifts of disilanes (average margin of error ca. 3.7 ppm) is given. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
To determine whether Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements can provide quantitative distance information in single-molecule fluorescence experiments on polypeptides, we measured FRET efficiency distributions for donor and acceptor dyes attached to the ends of freely diffusing polyproline molecules of various lengths. The observed mean FRET efficiencies agree with those determined from ensemble lifetime measurements but differ considerably from the values expected from Forster theory, with polyproline treated as a rigid rod. At donor-acceptor distances much less than the Forster radius R-o, the observed efficiencies are lower than predicted, whereas at distances comparable to and greater than R-0, they are much higher. Two possible contributions to the former are incomplete orientational averaging during the donor lifetime and, because of the large size of the dyes, breakdown of the point-dipole approximation assumed in Forster theory. End-to-end distance distributions and correlation times obtained from Langevin molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the differences for the longer polyproline peptides can be explained by chain bending, which considerably shortens the donor-acceptor distances
Interpretation of conformational effects on 2-endo-norborneol by natural chemical shielding analysis
(2005)
This paper represents an extension of our work on the H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shifts of norbornane and 2-endo- norborneol. NCS-NBO analysis was employed to probe contributions of bond orbitals and orbitals of lone pairs to nuclear shielding in conformers of the alcohol generated by rotation of the C-O bond. Variations in H-1 and C-13 chemical shifts with the dihedral angle are discussed in terms of Lewis and non-Lewis partitioning and their respective importance is evaluated. In addition to hyperconjugation of the lone pair in a p orbital of oxygen that was previously reported, a sizable participation of the lone pair which is in an sp orbital is also observed and their combined effect dominates the carbon chemical shifts of the C-1-C-2-OH and C-3-C-2-OH fragments. Both lone pairs on oxygen also contribute to localized, though-space effects on nuclei in the vicinity, these effects answering for the largest deviations in hydrogen chemical shifts on rotation around the C-O bond. On the other hand, for conformers in which nonbonded repulsions lead to distortions in the molecular framework, variations in chemical shifts may be attributed to angular effects
Heterobimetallic 3d-4-complexes with bis(1;2-dithiooxalato)nickelate(II) as planar bridging block
(2005)
Planar bis(1,2-dithiooxalato)nickelates(II) react in aqueous solutions of lanthanide ions to form pentanuclear, heterobimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)(n)}(2)- {Ni(dto)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (Ln = Y3+, La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, Lu3+; n = 4 or 5; x = 9-12). With [{Nd(H2O)(5)}(2){Ni(S2C2O2)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (x = 10-12) (1) and [{Er(H2O)(4)}(2){Ni(S2C2O2)(2)}(3)] (.) xH(2)O (x = 9- 10) (2) we were able to isolate two complexes of this series as single crystals, which were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Depending on the individual ionic radii of the lanthanide ions, the compounds crystallize in two different crystal systems with the following unit cell parameters: 1, monoclinic in P2(1)/c with a = 11.3987(13), b = 11.4878(8), c = 20.823(2)angstrom , beta = 98.907(9)degrees and Z = 2; 2, triclinic in P (1) over bar with a = 10.5091(6), b = 11.0604(6), c = 11.2823(6) angstrom, alpha = 107.899(4)degrees, beta = 91.436(4)degrees, gamma = 112.918(4)degrees and Z = 1. The channels and cavities appearing in the packing of the molecules are occupied by uncoordinated water molecules. High magnetic moments up to 14.65 BM./f.u. have been observed at room temperature due to the combined moments of the individual lanthanide ions
General syntheses have been developed for meso-substituted porphyrins with one or two substituents in the 5,10- positions and no beta substituents. 5-Substituted porphyrins with only one meso substituent are easily prepared by an acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrromethane, pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde. and an appropriate aldehyde using a "[2+1+1]" approach. Similarly, 5,10-disubstituted porphyrins are accessible by simple condensation of unsubstituted tripyrrane with pyrrole and various aldehydes using a "[3+1]" approach. The yields for these reactions are low to moderate and additional formation of either di- or mono-substituted porphyrins due to scrambling of the intermediates is observed. However, the reactions can be performed quite easily and the desired target compounds are easily removed due to large differences in solubility. A complementary and more selective synthesis involves the use of organolithium reagents for SNAr reactions. Reaction of in situ generated porphyrin (porphine) with 1.1-8 equivalents of RLi gave the monosubstituted porphyrins, while reaction with 3-6 equivalents of RLi gave the 5,10-disubstituted porphyrins in yields ranging from 43 to 90%. These hitherto almost inaccessible compounds complete the series of different homologues of A-, 5,15-A(2)-, 5,10-A(2)-, A(3)-, and A(4)-type porphyrin's and allow an investigation of the gradual influence of type, number, and regiochemical arrangement of substituents on the properties of meso-substituted porphyrins. They also present important starting materials for the synthesis of ABCD porphyrins and are potential synthons for supramolecular materials requiring specific substituent orientations
The geometric structure and bonding properties of medium-sized ArnH+ clusters (n = 2-35), in which a proton is wrapped up in a number of Ar atoms, are investigated by applying a diatomics-in-molecules (DIM) model with ab-initio input data generated by means of multi-reference configuration-interaction (MRCI) computations. For the smaller complexes, n = 2-7, cross-checking calculations employing the coupled-cluster approach (CCSD) with the same one-electron atomic basis set as for the input data calculations (aug-cc-pVTZ from Dunning), show good agreement thus justifying the extension of the DIM study to larger n. Local minima of the multi-dimensional potential-energy surfaces (PES) are determined by combining a Monte-Carlo sampling followed, for each generated point, by a steepest-descent optimization procedure. For the electronic ground state of the ArnH+ clusters, the global minimum (corresponding to the most stable structure of the cluster) as well as secondary minima are found and analyzed. The structural and energetic data obtained reveal the building-up regularities for the most stable structures and make it possible to formulate a simple increment scheme. The low-lying excited states are also calculated by the DIM approach; they all turn out to be globally repulsive
The search for new efficient sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) points to improve photophysical properties like absorption in the red region and singlet oxygen quantum yield as well as to control the localization of the sensitizer within the tumour cell. Depending on their physicochemical properties and their uptake mechanism, sensitizers can reach different intracellular concentrations and localize in different subcellular compartments. Moreover, the preferential localization of a sensitizer in target organelles, like mitochondria or lysosomes, could determine the cell death mechanism after PDT. This study aimed to investigate the influence of substitutions on dihydroxychlorins with regard to intracellular uptake, subcellular localization and cell death pathway. Moreover, the effect of a liposome-based delivery system was tested. The intracellular uptake was found to be strictly dependent on the sensitizer molecular structure and the means of its delivery. The most polar sensitizer in this study (compound 3) had, depending on incubation time, an intracellular concentration 2-8 times higher than the unsubstituted chlorin 1. All investigated photosensitizers localize predominantly in lysosomes but after longer incubation times weak fluorescence intensity was also detected in mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. The cell death pathway was found to be influenced by the sensitizer intracellular concentration and the applied light doses. In general, the increasing amphiphilicity of the sensitizer molecules is correlated with an increased sensitizer uptake and an increased rate of necrotic cells after irradiation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
A new synthesis of 9 alpha-hydroxy-alpha-agarofuran (6 alpha) is described, using a microbiological hydroxylation alpha-agarofuran (5) as the key reaction. The stereochemistry of the biohydroxylation was determined on the basis of a NOESY-experiment and GIAO calculations at the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level. A strong gamma-effect was observed at C15 of the agarofuran ring which was correctly predicted by the GIAO-B3LYP calculations
In order to elucidate the interactions of copper with wood, three mononuclear copper(II) coordination compounds with a vanillinate anion, cis-[Cu(C8H7O3)(2)(H2O)(2)] (1), trans-[Cu(C8H7O3)(2)(H2O)(2)].2H(2)O (2), and trans- [Cu(C8H7O3)(2)(H2O)(2)] (3), have been characterized. X-ray structure analysis of the cis isomer 1 reveals two bidentate vanillinate ions coordinated via methoxy (Cu-O1 2.260(2) angstrom) and deprotonated hydroxy oxygen atoms (Cu-O2 1.909(2) angstrom), and two water molecules (Cu-O1w 2.087(2) angstrom) in the octahedral CuO6 chromophore. Two axes O1-Cu- O1w' in the octahedron have the same length, while the third axis O2-Cu-O2' is shorter. This is in agreement with the room temperature EPR spectrum of 1, showing two signals (g(12) 2.302, g(3) 2.005), but interestingly, three signals (g(1) 2.393, g(2) 2.214, g(3) 2.010) in the 115 K spectrum were found. The same coordination atoms were found also in the trans isomer 2 (Cu-O2 1.950(2), Cu-O1w 1.994(2), Cu-O1 2.334(2) angstrom), however here, two axes of almost equal length are short (O2-Cu-O2' O1w-Cu-O1w'), while the third axis is longer (O1-Cu-O1'). On the other hand, three (rhombic) signals (g(1) 2.289, g(2) 2.163, g(3) 2.086) in the room temperature EPR spectrum of 2 suggest three different axes in the coordination octahedron. In the EPR spectrum, of the second trans complex 3, a slightly rhombically distorted elongated axial spectrum is found. The 115 K EPR spectra of the two trans complexes 2 and 3 do not differ significantly from the features observed at room temperature. These results indicate that there is not always a straightforward correlation between the results of XRD structure analysis and EPR spectroscopy. Nevertheless, both methods can act also complementarily and give a deeper insight into the nature of copper(II) chromophores
Using standard cell biological and biochemical methods we were able to test the ability of a degradable, thermoplastic block copolymer to support the adhesion, proliferation, and the cellular activity of primary cell cultures of the oral cavity in vitro. The delicate balance between a group of endogenous enzymes, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors (Tissue Inhibitor of MMPs, TIMPs) have a decisive function in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix during processes like wound healing or the integration of biomaterials in surrounding tissues after implantation. Recently developed, biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers with shape-memory properties may be the key to develop new therapeutical options in head and neck surgery. Primary cell cultures of the oral cavity of Sprague-Dawley rats were seeded on the surface of a thermoplastic block copolymer and on a polystyrene surface as control. Conditioned media of the primary cells were analyzed for MMPs and TIMPs after different periods of cell growth. The MMP and TIMP expression was analysed by zymography and a radiometric enzyme assay. No statistically significant differences in the appearance and the kinetic of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMPs were detected between cells grown on the polymer surface compared to the control. An appropriate understanding of the molecular processes that regulate cellular growth and integration of a biomaterial in surrounding tissue is the requirement for an optimal adaptation of biodegradable, polymeric biomaterials to the physiological, anatomical, and surgical conditions in vivo to develop new therapeutic options in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery
Multicompartment micelles are complex nanosized systems that possess a hydrosoluble shell and a hydrophobic core, which is characterized by segregated incompatible subdomains. With roots starting about ten years ago, the field of multi compartment micelles has evolved slowly, until recently when significant achievements have been made. The present article reviews strategies for building such micellar assemblies as well as morphological studies, highlights the future challenges, and discusses possible applications, which exploit the coexistence of differentiated nano- domains. Formation of multi compartment micelles using miktoarm stars mu-(polyethylethylene)(poly(ethylene oxide))(poly(perfluoropropylene oxide)) and a cryo-TEM image visualizing the process
A series of RAFT agents was synthesised, and used to prepare various ionic. non-ionic and zwitterionic water- soluble polymers, in organic as well as in aqueous media. The RAFT process proved to be a powerful method to prepare functional polymers of complex structure. such as amphiphilic diblock and triblock copolymers. This includes polymers containing one or even two stimuli-sensitive hydrophilic blocks. Switching the hydrophilic character of a single or of several blocks by changing the PH, the temperature or the salt content demonstrated the variability of the molecular designs suited for stimuli-sensitive polymeric amphiphiles, and exemplified the concept of multiple-sensitive systems. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd
A series of nonionic, anionic, and cationic water-soluble monomers bearing the (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, or styrene moiety were polymerized in water by free-radical polymerization via reversible addition- fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Several new water-soluble RAFT agents based on dithiobenzoate were employed that are water soluble independently of the pH. One of them bears a fluorophore, enabling unsymmetrical double end-group labeling as well as the preparation of fluorescent-labeled polymers. The temperature-dependent stability of the new RAFT agents against hydrolysis was studied. Controlled polymerization in aqueous solution was possible with styrenic, acrylic, and methacrylic monomers; molar masses increase with conversion, and polydispersities are relatively low. But RAFT polymerization failed for an anionic itaconate. Whereas polymerizations of methacrylamides were slow at temperatures below 60 degrees C, such conditions proved favorable for the RAFT polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates, to minimize hydrolysis of the dithioester end-group functionality, and to improve the preparation of block copolymers
In this article we report about a successful application of modern machine learning technology, namely Support Vector Machines, to the problem of assessing the 'drug-likeness' of a chemical from a given set of descriptors of the Substance. We were able to drastically improve the recent result by Byvatov et al. (2003) on this task and achieved an error rate of about 7% on unseen compounds using Support Vector Machines. We see a very high potential of such machine learning techniques for a variety of computational chemistry problems that occur in the drug discovery and drug design process
A series of dimeric cationic surfactants (gemini surfactants), which have spacer groups of varying length and flexibility, was synthesized. The series is derived from the parent compounds dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride or benzyldodecyldimethylammonium chloride. Characteristic surfactant properties of the dimeric ammonium compounds such as surface activity, micellization, viscosity effects, foaming, and solubilization, were studied with respect to the influence of the spacer group on the surfactant. For all properties, the influence of the length of the spacer group was predominant though the chemical nature of the spacer cannot be neglected
Three series of new oligomeric cationic surfactants were synthesized. These amphiphiles are trimeric and tetrameric oligomeric quaternary ammonium chlorides, with spacer groups of different lengths separating the individual surfactant fragments. The properties of the compounds, such as Krafft temperatures, surface activity, micellization, viscosifying effects, foaming and solubilizing capacity, are studied. The influence of the degree of oligomerization and of the spacer group on the surfactant properties is discussed, in comparison with the analogous standard monomeric and dimeric ("gemini") surfactants. Typically, the evolution of the properties observed from standard to dimeric surfactants progresses with the trimers and tetramers, resulting for instance in extremely low critical micellization concentrations
Absorption and fluorescence properties of 4 hydraulic oils ( 3 biological and 1 petroleum-based) were investigated. In-situ LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) analysis of the oils on a brown sandy loam soil was performed. With calibration, quantitative detection was achieved. Estimated limits of detection were below ca. 500 mg/kg for the petroleum-based oil and ca. 2000 mg/kg for one biological oil. A semi-quantitative classification scheme is proposed for monitoring of the biological oils. This approach was applied to investigate the migration of a biological oil in soil- containing compartments, namely a soil column and a soil bed
Equilibria between the Z (tau(1) = 0 degrees) and E (tau(1) = 180 degrees) conformers of p-substituted phenyl acetates 4 and trifluoroacetates 5 (X = OMe, Me, H, Cl, CN, NO2) were studied by ab initio calculations at the HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* levels of theory. The preference for the Z conformer, Delta E(HF), was calculated to be 5.36 kcal mol(-1) and 7.50 kcal mot(-1) for phenyl acetate and phenyl trifluoroacetate (i.e., with X = H), respectively. The increasing electron-withdrawing ability of the phenyl substituent X increases the preference of the Z conformer. An excellent correlation with a negative slope was observed for both series between Delta E of the E-Z equilibrium and the Hammett sigma constant. By using an appropriate isodesmic reaction, it was shown that electron-withdrawing substituents decrease the stability of both conformers, but the effect is higher with the E conformer. Electron-withdrawing phenyl substituents decrease the delocalization of the lone pair of the ether oxygen to the C=O antibonding orbital (n(O) -> pi*(C=O)) in both the E and Z forms and in both series studied; this effect is higher in the E conformer than in the Z conformer. The n(O) -> pi*(C=O) electron donation has a minimum value with tau(1) = 90 degrees and a maximum value with tau(1) = 90 degrees (the Z conformer), the value with tau(1) = 180 degrees (the E conformer) being between these two values, obviously due to steric hindrance. The effects of the phenyl substituents on the reactivity of the esters studied are discussed in terms of molecular orbital interactions. ED/EW substituents adjust the availability of the pi*(C=O) antibonding orbital to interact with the lone pair orbital of the attacking nucleophile and therefore affect the reactivity: EW substituents increase and ED substituents decrease it. Excellent correlations were observed between the rate coefficients of nucleophilic acyl substitutions and pi*(C=O) occupancies of the ester series 4 and