Refine
Year of publication
- 2024 (24)
- 2023 (94)
- 2022 (324)
- 2021 (212)
- 2020 (250)
- 2019 (352)
- 2018 (326)
- 2017 (370)
- 2016 (291)
- 2015 (262)
- 2014 (251)
- 2013 (269)
- 2012 (261)
- 2011 (242)
- 2010 (162)
- 2009 (209)
- 2008 (118)
- 2007 (105)
- 2006 (161)
- 2005 (157)
- 2004 (178)
- 2003 (124)
- 2002 (97)
- 2001 (111)
- 2000 (121)
- 1999 (72)
- 1998 (106)
- 1997 (83)
- 1996 (66)
- 1995 (67)
- 1994 (50)
- 1993 (28)
- 1992 (6)
- 1991 (2)
Document Type
- Article (3831)
- Doctoral Thesis (1052)
- Postprint (288)
- Review (128)
- Other (98)
- Conference Proceeding (58)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (50)
- Preprint (20)
- Habilitation Thesis (17)
- Master's Thesis (7)
Keywords
- Arabidopsis thaliana (65)
- climate change (47)
- Arabidopsis (40)
- ancient DNA (31)
- biodiversity (30)
- Dictyostelium (26)
- evolution (25)
- functional traits (23)
- animal personality (22)
- population dynamics (21)
- adaptation (20)
- coexistence (20)
- global change (19)
- phytoplankton (19)
- Evolution (17)
- metabolism (17)
- Climate change (16)
- competition (16)
- metabolomics (16)
- phylogeny (16)
- Klimawandel (15)
- dispersal (15)
- diversity (15)
- gene expression (15)
- synthetic biology (15)
- Chlamydomonas (14)
- conservation (14)
- cyanobacteria (14)
- food quality (14)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (14)
- photosynthesis (14)
- starch (14)
- temperature (14)
- transcription factor (14)
- Daphnia (13)
- biogeography (13)
- biosensor (13)
- body height (13)
- Escherichia coli (12)
- Microsatellites (12)
- centrosome (12)
- epigenetics (12)
- functional diversity (12)
- machine learning (12)
- plasticity (12)
- translation (12)
- zooplankton (12)
- Ökologie (12)
- Biosensor (11)
- Cyanobacteria (11)
- DNA (11)
- DNA methylation (11)
- Germany (11)
- Individual-based model (11)
- ecology (11)
- land use (11)
- microcystin (11)
- protein (11)
- rodents (11)
- transcription factors (11)
- Apis mellifera (10)
- Biodiversity (10)
- Centrosome (10)
- Nitrogen (10)
- Phylogeny (10)
- Serotonin (10)
- abiotic stress (10)
- growth (10)
- heat stress (10)
- microplastics (10)
- molybdenum cofactor (10)
- movement ecology (10)
- phenotypic plasticity (10)
- priming (10)
- salivary gland (10)
- transcriptomics (10)
- Africa (9)
- Brachionus calyciflorus (9)
- Development (9)
- GPS (9)
- Modellierung (9)
- Myodes glareolus (9)
- Photosynthesis (9)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (9)
- ecosystem services (9)
- freshwater (9)
- gene-expression (9)
- individual-based model (9)
- insect (9)
- lamin (9)
- local adaptation (9)
- metabarcoding (9)
- nutrition (9)
- palaeogenomics (9)
- pollen (9)
- senescence (9)
- species richness (9)
- starch metabolism (9)
- AFLP (8)
- Biodiversität (8)
- Biogeography (8)
- Bombina bombina (8)
- Lepus europaeus (8)
- Photosynthese (8)
- Stoffwechsel (8)
- Systembiologie (8)
- alien species (8)
- antibody (8)
- conservation genetics (8)
- dynamics (8)
- grazing (8)
- landscape of fear (8)
- light pollution (8)
- management (8)
- microsatellites (8)
- microtubules (8)
- migration (8)
- modelling (8)
- phosphorylation (8)
- phylogeography (8)
- systems biology (8)
- Campylomormyrus (7)
- Disturbance (7)
- Ecology (7)
- Gene expression (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Microtubules (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- O-antigen (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
- Siberia (7)
- Starch metabolism (7)
- animal movement (7)
- biofilm (7)
- biogenic amines (7)
- cAMP (7)
- chromatin (7)
- community (7)
- community ecology (7)
- dielectrophoresis (7)
- disturbance (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- fitness (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food web (7)
- food webs (7)
- gene flow (7)
- genomics (7)
- giving-up density (7)
- home range (7)
- interactions (7)
- life history (7)
- metabolic networks (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- miRNA (7)
- nitrogen deposition (7)
- nucleus (7)
- permafrost (7)
- plankton (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (7)
- protein folding (7)
- regulation (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seed dispersal (7)
- serotonin (7)
- stability (7)
- stable isotopes (7)
- stress (7)
- taxonomy (7)
- Antikörper (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Biofilm (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Capsella (6)
- Centrosom (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Direct electron transfer (6)
- European hare (6)
- Genomics (6)
- HIREC (6)
- Land use (6)
- Metabolism (6)
- Microtus arvalis (6)
- Mitochondria (6)
- Movement ecology (6)
- Obesity (6)
- Poecilia mexicana (6)
- Population genetics (6)
- Seasonality (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Zooplankton (6)
- auxin (6)
- biomarker (6)
- biomass (6)
- biomimetic sensors (6)
- community effect (6)
- defense (6)
- dopamine (6)
- ecological modelling (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- forest management (6)
- honeybee (6)
- hybridization (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- immobilization (6)
- influenza (6)
- introgression (6)
- lake (6)
- mechanobiology (6)
- metabolic engineering (6)
- microbial ecology (6)
- modeling (6)
- mtDNA (6)
- natural products (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- nuclear lamina (6)
- phosphorus (6)
- plant (6)
- reactive oxygen species (6)
- salt stress (6)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (6)
- tailspike protein (6)
- transcription (6)
- transcriptome (6)
- urbanization (6)
- wheat (6)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Bacteria (5)
- Baltic Sea (5)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (5)
- Biodiversity exploratories (5)
- Body size (5)
- Community assembly (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Dielektrophorese (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Eutrophication (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Fragmentation (5)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (5)
- GABA (5)
- Growth (5)
- HSFA2 (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
- Insect (5)
- Insekten (5)
- Larix (5)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (5)
- Metabolomics (5)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (5)
- Mitochondrial DNA (5)
- Moco biosynthesis (5)
- Network clustering (5)
- Nucleus (5)
- Phenotypic plasticity (5)
- Phosphorus (5)
- Phosphorylierung (5)
- Phylogenetics (5)
- Phytoplankton (5)
- RNA (5)
- RNA-Seq (5)
- Salmonella (5)
- Solanum tuberosum (5)
- Southeast Asia (5)
- Speicheldrüse (5)
- Xanthomonas (5)
- activity (5)
- admixture (5)
- agriculture (5)
- allometry (5)
- angiogenesis (5)
- aquatic fungi (5)
- atomic force microscopy (5)
- bacteria (5)
- bacteriophage (5)
- bioinformatics (5)
- biosensors (5)
- calcium (5)
- carbon (5)
- cell wall (5)
- cell-free protein synthesis (5)
- chloroplast (5)
- co-limitation (5)
- community effect on height (5)
- connectivity (5)
- correlation (5)
- crop production (5)
- diffusion (5)
- drought (5)
- ecological speciation (5)
- environmental change (5)
- expression (5)
- extinction (5)
- fatty acid (5)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (5)
- genetic diversity (5)
- height (5)
- herbivory (5)
- heterogeneity (5)
- honey bee (5)
- hydrogen peroxide (5)
- individual differences (5)
- intraspecific trait variation (5)
- iron (5)
- island biogeography (5)
- leaf (5)
- lipids (5)
- lipopolysaccharide (5)
- molecular evolution (5)
- museum specimens (5)
- new species (5)
- nitrogen (5)
- nutrients (5)
- oxidative stress (5)
- peptide (5)
- phenotyping (5)
- plant community (5)
- plant functional trait (5)
- plants (5)
- plasma membrane (5)
- polystyrene (5)
- population (5)
- predator-prey dynamics (5)
- prediction (5)
- protein-protein interaction (5)
- reproduction (5)
- resource competition (5)
- respiration (5)
- root traits (5)
- rotifers (5)
- salicylic acid (5)
- salinity gradient (5)
- sedaDNA (5)
- signal transduction (5)
- simulation (5)
- speciation (5)
- starch phosphorylation (5)
- strategic growth adjustments (5)
- structure (5)
- stunting (5)
- sucrose (5)
- sulfite oxidase (5)
- tRNA (5)
- thaliana (5)
- thermodynamic stability (5)
- trade-offs (5)
- traits (5)
- transcriptional memory (5)
- tyramine (5)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (5)
- zebrafish (5)
- zinc (5)
- ABC transporter (4)
- Ackerschmalwand (4)
- Actin cytoskeleton (4)
- Adaptation (4)
- Amphibia (4)
- Anpassung (4)
- Arctic (4)
- Auxin (4)
- BMI (4)
- Bakteriophagen (4)
- Bioinformatik (4)
- Biomarker (4)
- Biosensors (4)
- Brassicaceae (4)
- CCM (4)
- Ca2+ (4)
- Cell polarity (4)
- Chloroplast (4)
- Coexistence (4)
- Conservation (4)
- DNA metabarcoding (4)
- Datenbank (4)
- Decomposition (4)
- Diabetes (4)
- Diversität (4)
- Dopamin (4)
- E. coli (4)
- Ecotoxicology (4)
- Fertilization (4)
- GPCR (4)
- Genomik (4)
- Global change (4)
- Habitat fragmentation (4)
- Holocene (4)
- Home range (4)
- Hydrogel (4)
- Influenza (4)
- Interspecific interactions (4)
- Israel (4)
- JUB1 (4)
- Koexistenz (4)
- Land-use intensity (4)
- Life history (4)
- Microarray (4)
- Microcystis (4)
- Microplastics (4)
- Mikrofluidik (4)
- Mikrotubuli (4)
- Molybdenum (4)
- Monoclonal antibody (4)
- NE81 (4)
- NGS (4)
- Namibia (4)
- PBPK (4)
- PUFA (4)
- Pflanzen (4)
- Pinus sylvestris (4)
- Pollen (4)
- Population dynamics (4)
- Populationsdynamik (4)
- Protein (4)
- Proteinfaltung (4)
- Proteins (4)
- Proteomics (4)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (4)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (4)
- RNA-seq (4)
- ROS (4)
- Review (4)
- Rodents (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4)
- Salivary gland (4)
- Shrub encroachment (4)
- Solanum lycopersicum (4)
- Solidago gigantea (4)
- Species richness (4)
- Stress (4)
- Tailspike (4)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (4)
- Transkriptomik (4)
- Tyramin (4)
- Virus (4)
- Zellwand (4)
- actin (4)
- agent-based model (4)
- agricultural landscapes (4)
- algae (4)
- allelopathy (4)
- amperometry (4)
- auxotrophy (4)
- behaviour (4)
- biodiversity exploratories (4)
- biogenic amine (4)
- biological invasions (4)
- biomaterials (4)
- bird migration (4)
- bis-MGD (4)
- bryophytes (4)
- cancer (4)
- carbohydrates (4)
- carbon cycling (4)
- cellulose (4)
- cholesterol (4)
- circadian clock (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- crystal-structure (4)
- cylindrospermopsin (4)
- cytoskeleton (4)
- database (4)
- deep-sea (4)
- development (4)
- diabetes (4)
- diatoms (4)
- dictyostelium (4)
- diversification (4)
- domestication (4)
- drought stress (4)
- ecosystems (4)
- efficient (4)
- electrochemistry (4)
- endophytes (4)
- enzyme (4)
- enzyme catalysis (4)
- enzymes (4)
- eutrophication (4)
- exploratory-behavior (4)
- extremophiles (4)
- fence ecology (4)
- fertilization (4)
- fire (4)
- flower development (4)
- fluctuating light (4)
- foraging (4)
- habitat use (4)
- hantavirus (4)
- heterosis (4)
- heterostyly (4)
- hypoxia (4)
- inflammation (4)
- inheritance (4)
- insects (4)
- inter-individual differences (4)
- interaction (4)
- light variability (4)
- macrophytes (4)
- mathematical modeling (4)
- mathematische Modellierung (4)
- meta-analysis (4)
- metabolic regulation (4)
- metabolites (4)
- methanogenic archaea (4)
- microarray (4)
- mitochondrial DNA (4)
- mitosis (4)
- mobile links (4)
- molecular modeling (4)
- molecular phylogeny (4)
- molybdoenzyme (4)
- monitoring (4)
- monoclonal antibodies (4)
- morphology (4)
- multiple stressors (4)
- network (4)
- networks (4)
- next-generation sequencing (4)
- organ size (4)
- pathogens (4)
- peptides (4)
- personality (4)
- persulfide (4)
- phenology (4)
- phosphate (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- phylogenetic diversity (4)
- plant cell wall (4)
- plant development (4)
- plant functional traits (4)
- plant growth (4)
- plant population and community dynamics (4)
- pollination (4)
- polyadenylation (4)
- population structure (4)
- positive selection (4)
- protein engineering (4)
- protein-protein interactions (4)
- proteins (4)
- random forest (4)
- range shifts (4)
- recombinant inbred line (4)
- regime shift (4)
- resilience (4)
- rice (4)
- rotifer (4)
- school children (4)
- screening (4)
- seasonality (4)
- sediment (4)
- selection (4)
- self-assembly (4)
- space use (4)
- species coexistence (4)
- specific root length (4)
- spectroscopy (4)
- sterols (4)
- stress memory (4)
- supergene (4)
- support vector machine (4)
- surface plasmon resonance (4)
- symbiosis (4)
- synthetische Biologie (4)
- thermodynamische Stabilität (4)
- tomato (4)
- transport (4)
- treeline (4)
- type-III effector (4)
- ungulate (4)
- vascular plants (4)
- vegetation change (4)
- venom (4)
- veterinary cordon fence (4)
- video analysis (4)
- wildlife conservation (4)
- zebularine (4)
- ökologische Modellierung (4)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (3)
- ABCB7 (3)
- Acacia mellifera (3)
- Acer pseudoplatanus (3)
- Aldehyde oxidoreductase (3)
- Allometry (3)
- Amphibians (3)
- Amplicon sequencing (3)
- Antarctica (3)
- Anthropocene (3)
- Antibiotic resistance (3)
- Apoptosis (3)
- Aridity (3)
- Arktis (3)
- Asplanchna brightwellii (3)
- Asteraceae (3)
- Ausbreitung (3)
- Australia (3)
- Auxin transport (3)
- BEEHAVE (3)
- Bacteriophage (3)
- Bakterien (3)
- Behaviour (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (3)
- Biomaterialien (3)
- Brachionus (3)
- Brachypodium hybridum (3)
- Brandenburg (3)
- Brassica napus (3)
- Bucerotidae (3)
- CD spectroscopy (3)
- Calcineurin (3)
- Calcium (3)
- Calliphora (3)
- Calliphora vicina (3)
- Carbon (3)
- Carbon cycling (3)
- Cattle (3)
- Chlamydomonas acidophila (3)
- Chlorella vulgaris (3)
- Chlorophyll (3)
- Cholesterol (3)
- Coadaptation (3)
- Competition (3)
- Cytochrome P450 (3)
- Cytochrome c (3)
- DNA barcoding (3)
- Damage assessment (3)
- Daphnia magna (3)
- Desiccation (3)
- Dielectrophoresis (3)
- Disturbance impacts (3)
- Drought stress (3)
- EDTA (3)
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics (3)
- Electron transfer (3)
- Entwicklung (3)
- Enzyme (3)
- Enzymkinetik (3)
- Epigenetik (3)
- Epithelial tube (3)
- Europe (3)
- Exocrine gland (3)
- Fagus sylvatica (3)
- Felidae (3)
- Fitness (3)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (3)
- Forest management (3)
- Functional diversity (3)
- G protein-coupled receptor (3)
- GPS data (3)
- Genexpression (3)
- Genome assembly (3)
- Germline transmission (3)
- Gewässerökologie (3)
- Grassland (3)
- Grazing (3)
- H2S biosynthesis (3)
- H3K4 methylation (3)
- HIV (3)
- Habitat use (3)
- Heart development (3)
- Honigbiene (3)
- Immunoassay (3)
- India (3)
- Inter-individual differences (3)
- Intraspecific variation (3)
- Invagination (3)
- Invasive species (3)
- LPS (3)
- Lake Stechlin (3)
- Lamin (3)
- Land use intensity (3)
- Large fragment deletion (3)
- Latitudinal gradient (3)
- Leaf senescence (3)
- Limiting similarity (3)
- Limnology (3)
- Livestock (3)
- Local adaptation (3)
- Locally structured standard deviation (3)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (3)
- MHC (3)
- MSAP (3)
- Mars (3)
- Massenspektrometrie (3)
- Mechanotransduction (3)
- Mediterranean Sea (3)
- Metabolic networks (3)
- Metabolit (3)
- Metabolomik (3)
- Microcystin (3)
- Microorganisms (3)
- Microsatellite (3)
- Mikrobiologie (3)
- Mikroplastik (3)
- Mitogenome (3)
- Mitosis (3)
- Modeling (3)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer (3)
- Monoclonal antibodies (3)
- Monte Carlo method (3)
- Mormyridae (3)
- Movement (3)
- Multiplex mutagenesis (3)
- NE Germany (3)
- NMR (3)
- Nahrungsnetze (3)
- Naturschutz (3)
- Naturstoffe (3)
- Nutritional quality (3)
- O-serotyping (3)
- ODBA (3)
- Octopamin (3)
- Orchestia montagui (3)
- Organogenesis (3)
- Outcrossing (3)
- Overweight (3)
- PKA (3)
- Peptid (3)
- Periphyton (3)
- Periplaneta americana (3)
- Phase variation (3)
- Philippine archipelago (3)
- Plankton (3)
- Plant diversity (3)
- Plant functional traits (3)
- Plant functional types (3)
- Plant-soil feedback (3)
- Plants (3)
- Protein complexes (3)
- Pseudomonas syringae (3)
- QTL (3)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (3)
- Regulation (3)
- Reproduction (3)
- Respiration (3)
- Rezeptor (3)
- Rice (3)
- Risk assessment (3)
- Rotifera (3)
- Rozellomycota (3)
- RubisCO (3)
- SARS-CoV-2 (3)
- SELEX (3)
- SEPE (3)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (3)
- Scenedesmus (3)
- Scopoletin (3)
- Sediment (3)
- Sekundärmetabolite (3)
- Senescence (3)
- Sequence alignment (3)
- Sibirien (3)
- Silene vulgaris (3)
- Solidago canadensis (3)
- Space use (3)
- Species comparison (3)
- Speichel (3)
- Stage-based model (3)
- Standard deviation (3)
- Stärke (3)
- Summer Schools (3)
- Switzerland (3)
- Synthetic biology (3)
- Systems biology (3)
- TMAO reductase (3)
- Tailspike protein (3)
- Taxonomy (3)
- Transcription (3)
- Transcription factor (3)
- Transcription factors (3)
- Transkriptom (3)
- Translation (3)
- Tree allometry (3)
- UV radiation (3)
- Urbanization (3)
- V-ATPase (3)
- Variance (3)
- Wastewater (3)
- Weißstorch (3)
- Zea mays (3)
- Zebrafish (3)
- acid ceramidase (3)
- acid sphingomyelinase (3)
- activation (3)
- aggregation (3)
- amino acids (3)
- analytics (3)
- anatoxin (3)
- animal behaviour (3)
- anthropogenic environment (3)
- anthropometry (3)
- aquatic (3)
- aquatic ecosystems (3)
- archival DNA (3)
- assembly (3)
- autophagy (3)
- bacterial O-antigen (3)
- bacterial production (3)
- bats (3)
- behavioral flexibility (3)
- benzaldehyde (3)
- biodiversity conservation (3)
- bioelectrocatalysis (3)
- biophysics (3)
- biosynthesis (3)
- birth weight (3)
- branching (3)
- brassinosteroid (3)
- calcite (3)
- calcium phosphate (3)
- carbohydrate interaction (3)
- cell (3)
- cell adhesion (3)
- cell culture (3)
- cell division (3)
- cells (3)
- cellular bioenergetics (3)
- cellular signalling (3)
- centriole (3)
- chemostat experiments (3)
- child growth (3)
- children (3)
- ciliates (3)
- cis-regulatory evolution (3)
- classical swine fever (3)
- click chemistry (3)
- climate warming (3)
- cockroach (3)
- coiled coil (3)
- common vole (3)
- compensatory dynamics (3)
- competitive growth (3)
- composition (3)
- conscripts (3)
- constraint-based modeling (3)
- consumptive resistance (3)
- costs (3)
- cryptic species (3)
- cyclic AMP (3)
- cytochrome c (3)
- cytosine methylation (3)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (3)
- cytotoxicity (3)
- deep biosphere (3)
- demography (3)
- desiccation (3)
- direct electron transfer (3)
- distribution (3)
- division of labor (3)
- echolocation (3)
- eco-evolutionary experience (3)
- eco-evolutionary feedbacks (3)
- ecological stoichiometry (3)
- ecophysiology (3)
- edge effect (3)
- education (3)
- electric fish (3)
- electron transfer (3)
- electrospinning (3)
- endozoochory (3)
- energy expenditure (3)
- ephrin (3)
- epizoochory (3)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (3)
- evolutionary history (3)
- exposure (3)
- facilitation (3)
- fatty acids (3)
- fitness consequences (3)
- flowering (3)
- forestREplot (3)
- formate dehydrogenase (3)
- fragmentation (3)
- fruit (3)
- functional response (3)
- fungal diversity (3)
- fungi (3)
- gene (3)
- gene duplication (3)
- gene regulation (3)
- gene regulatory network (3)
- genome assembly (3)
- genome scan (3)
- glacial refugia (3)
- glucan (3)
- glycogen (3)
- grain size (3)
- grassland (3)
- growth rate (3)
- habitat loss (3)
- habitat selection (3)
- heat (3)
- heat stress memory (3)
- heterotrophic bacteria (3)
- historical DNA (3)
- honey bees (3)
- hoverflies (3)
- hybridoma (3)
- hydrogel (3)
- hydrogels (3)
- hydrology (3)
- hydroxyapatite (3)
- immunoassay (3)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (3)
- intraspecific variation (3)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (3)
- invasive species (3)
- kernel density estimation (3)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- lake monitoring (3)
- land-use change (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- larch (3)
- latitude (3)
- latitudinal gradient (3)
- life-history traits (3)
- light (3)
- light intensity (irradiance) (3)
- light scattering (3)
- lokale Anpassung (3)
- long-distance dispersal (3)
- mAb disposition (3)
- maintenance of functional diversity (3)
- malnutrition (3)
- mammals (3)
- mapping (3)
- marine (3)
- mathematical modelling (3)
- meadow (3)
- memory (3)
- metabolite (3)
- metacommunity (3)
- metagenome (3)
- metagenomics (3)
- methane (3)
- microbial diversity (3)
- microbial interactions (3)
- microbiome (3)
- microfluidics (3)
- mining lakes (3)
- mitigation (3)
- mitochondria (3)
- mitochondrial genome (3)
- mitogenome (3)
- mitogenomes (3)
- model (3)
- molecular dynamics (3)
- monoclonal antibody (3)
- monoklonale Antikörper (3)
- morphogenesis (3)
- morphometrics (3)
- movement (3)
- mowing (3)
- nanoelectrodes (3)
- nanoparticles (3)
- natal dispersal (3)
- natural habitats (3)
- nature conservation (3)
- niche and fitness differences (3)
- niche width (3)
- nitrogen fixation (3)
- nitrogen limitation (3)
- novel ecosystems (3)
- novelty (3)
- nutrient limitation (3)
- nutrient supply (3)
- nutritional ecology (3)
- obesity (3)
- octopamine (3)
- oil palm (3)
- oligomerization (3)
- one-carbon metabolism (3)
- optimal foraging (3)
- pH (3)
- paleoecology (3)
- paleogenetics (3)
- paleogenomics (3)
- parasites (3)
- pathways (3)
- perceived predation risk (3)
- periphyton (3)
- phosphatidylserine (3)
- photosynthetic rate (3)
- physical activity (3)
- phytoplankton communities (3)
- pigment composition (3)
- plant ecology (3)
- plant invasion (3)
- poly(A) polymerase (3)
- polyethylene (3)
- polymer degradation (3)
- population genomics (3)
- population growth rate (3)
- potassium (3)
- potato (3)
- predation risk (3)
- predator-prey (3)
- primary metabolism (3)
- production (3)
- proteasomal degradation (3)
- proteasome (3)
- protein-carbohydrate interactions (3)
- proteomics (3)
- quorum sensing (3)
- rainfall gradient (3)
- range dynamics (3)
- range size (3)
- recognition (3)
- redox (3)
- remote sensing (3)
- reproductive success (3)
- resistance (3)
- resurrection plants (3)
- rodent (3)
- root morphology (3)
- salmonella (3)
- savanna (3)
- scaling (3)
- secondary metabolites (3)
- sediment core (3)
- seed bank (3)
- seed dispersal syndrome (3)
- selective autophagy (3)
- selenium (3)
- serine cycle (3)
- shape-memory polymers (3)
- shoot apical meristem (3)
- short-read mapping (3)
- shotgun sequencing (3)
- skeletal robustness (3)
- small mammals (3)
- sociality (3)
- soil aggregation (3)
- soil organic carbon (3)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (3)
- spatial autocorrelation (3)
- spatially explicit model (3)
- species assembly (3)
- species distribution modelling (3)
- species distribution models (3)
- starch degradation (3)
- starch granule initiation (3)
- starch granule morphology (3)
- starch granule surface (3)
- starch granules (3)
- starch morphology (3)
- starch synthase (3)
- stoichiometry (3)
- stress recovery (3)
- stress response (3)
- stress tolerance (3)
- stress-gradient hypothesis (3)
- structural thermodynamics (3)
- subcellular localization (3)
- sucrose responsiveness (3)
- supersaturated species coexistence (3)
- survival (3)
- synchrony (3)
- syrphids (3)
- systematics (3)
- technical advance (3)
- time series (3)
- top-down control (3)
- trait adaptation (3)
- trait convergence and divergence (3)
- trait variation (3)
- transcript (3)
- transgenerational response (3)
- trnL (3)
- trophic apparatus (3)
- trophic interactions (3)
- tundra (3)
- type specimens (3)
- ubiquitination (3)
- variability (3)
- variation (3)
- virus (3)
- water dikinase (3)
- wetland vegetation (3)
- white stork (3)
- wild bees (3)
- wild boar (3)
- wild mammal species (3)
- winter wheat (3)
- (SEPE) factors (2)
- 2 Different Strains (2)
- A. tenuissima (2)
- ABA (2)
- AC electroosmosis (2)
- AIP1 (2)
- ARL3 (2)
- ATP (2)
- Acer platanoides (2)
- Achlya (2)
- Achlyaceae (2)
- Acoustic-Signals (2)
- Actin (2)
- Adenylyl cyclase (2)
- Adhäsion (2)
- Agentenbasierte Modelle (2)
- Agrarökologie (2)
- Agricultural landscape (2)
- Agricultural landscapes (2)
- Aktivität (2)
- Aldehyde oxidase (2)
- Aldehydoxidase (2)
- Allozymes (2)
- Alternaria (2)
- Alternaria infectoria (2)
- Alternaria toxin sulfates (2)
- Amerikanische Schabe (2)
- Ancient DNA (2)
- Ancient forest (2)
- Animal movement (2)
- Anthropometrie (2)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (2)
- Antioxidant genes (2)
- Antiphospholipid antibody (2)
- Antiphospholipid syndrome (2)
- Anura (2)
- Aphid host (2)
- Aphidius ervi (2)
- Aphis fabae (2)
- Approximate Bayesian Computation (2)
- Aquatic ecosystems (2)
- Aquatic fungi (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) (2)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (2)
- Archaea (2)
- Arsenic (2)
- Ascomycota (2)
- Asparagales (2)
- Astrocytes (2)
- B lymphocytes (2)
- BEMOVI (2)
- Bayesian inference (2)
- Beneficial mutations (2)
- Beta diversity (2)
- Bewegung (2)
- Biene (2)
- Bildanalyse (2)
- Biofilme (2)
- Biofilms (2)
- Biofuel cell (2)
- Biogene Amine (2)
- Biogenic amines (2)
- Biogeographie (2)
- Biological invasions (2)
- Biologie (2)
- Biomass (2)
- Biomaterial (2)
- Biomimetic sensors (2)
- Biosensoren (2)
- Biosignaturen (2)
- Biosynthesis (2)
- Bis-MGD (2)
- Black Queen Hypothesis (2)
- Blasia (2)
- Blatt (2)
- Blowfly (2)
- Bmp (2)
- Body height (2)
- Body mass index (2)
- Body-Size (2)
- Brachionus fernandoi (2)
- Brachypodium distachyon (2)
- Brachypodium stacei (2)
- Brassica napus L. (2)
- Brassinosteroids (2)
- Bush encroachment (2)
- C. elegans (2)
- CDK5RAP2 (2)
- CLE7 (2)
- CLSM (2)
- CO2 concentrating mechanism (2)
- CO2 reduction (2)
- COR15A (2)
- COVID-19 (2)
- CPG Islands (2)
- CYP734A50 (2)
- Caecilians (2)
- Calcium-Imaging (2)
- Calvin cycle (2)
- Camelus dromedarius (2)
- Canopy (2)
- Carabidae (2)
- Carabidae beetles (2)
- Carbon concentrating mechanism (2)
- Carlini Station (2)
- Carnivorous plant (2)
- Caspian Sea (2)
- Cep192 (2)
- Cetaceans (2)
- Chaperone (2)
- Chemosensory genes (2)
- Chemotaxis (2)
- Chew Bahir (2)
- Chiroptera (2)
- Chlorophyceae (2)
- Chloroplasten (2)
- Chondrocytes (2)
- Chromatin (2)
- Clethra arborea (2)
- Clonal growth (2)
- Coexistence mechanisms (2)
- Coherent partition (2)
- Coiled coils (2)
- Colonization (2)
- Common vole (2)
- Communication networks (2)
- Community (2)
- Community ecology (2)
- Composite (2)
- Conifer plantations (2)
- Connectivity (2)
- Conservation genetics (2)
- Convergent Evolution (2)
- Copper (2)
- Corona (2)
- Costa Rica (2)
- Crosstalk (2)
- Crotalus (2)
- Cryptogams (2)
- Cryptomonas (2)
- Cyclotella (2)
- Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (2)
- Cytochrom c (2)
- Cytochrome b (2)
- Cytochrome oxidase I (2)
- Cytosolic heteroglycans (2)
- D statistics (2)
- DATM (2)
- DELLA proteins (2)
- DNA assembly (2)
- DNA cleavage (2)
- DNA ejection (2)
- DNA methylation loss (2)
- DNA modification (2)
- DNA nanostructure (2)
- DNA preservation (2)
- DOC (2)
- DPE2 (2)
- Decision support (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Dehydration tolerance (2)
- Dendritic cells (2)
- Diatoms (2)
- Differential gene expression (2)
- Differenzielle Genexpression (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Digestive enzyme activity (2)
- Directional climate change (2)
- Disease (2)
- Dispersal (2)
- Distribution modelling (2)
- Disturbance indicator (2)
- Diversity (2)
- Domestic animals (2)
- Donovani (2)
- Drosophila melanogaster (2)
- Dwelling Atlantic Mollies (2)
- EHV-1 (2)
- EMS (2)
- ENTH domain proteins (2)
- EPA (2)
- EWPC2019 (2)
- Early Starvation 1 (2)
- East Africa (2)
- Echolocation (2)
- Ecological network (2)
- Ecosystem functioning (2)
- Egg Size (2)
- Einzelmolekülkraftspektroskopie (2)
- Electric organ discharge (2)
- Elektrochemie (2)
- Elephant disturbance (2)
- Emberiza (2)
- Endocardium (2)
- Energy expenditure (2)
- Environmental DNA (2)
- Environmental filtering (2)
- Enzym (2)
- EphA2 (2)
- Epigenetics (2)
- Epitope imprinting (2)
- Epitope mapping (2)
- Ethnobotany (2)
- Eukaryota (2)
- European Multi Lake Survey (2)
- European bats (2)
- Eutrophierung (2)
- Evolutionsbiologie (2)
- FNR (2)
- FTIR spectroscopy (2)
- Facilitation (2)
- Farber disease (2)
- Fatty acids (2)
- FeS cluster (2)
- Feldhase (2)
- Fire (2)
- Fis (2)
- Fitness components (2)
- Flowering time (2)
- Fluorescence (2)
- Fluorescence lifetime (2)
- Folsomia candida (2)
- Foraging (2)
- Formaldehyde assimilation (2)
- Formate dehydrogenase (2)
- Fortbewegung (2)
- Fragmentierung (2)
- Fresh water fish (2)
- FtsH6 (2)
- FtsZ (2)
- Functional ecology (2)
- Fusarium (2)
- G-Protein-gekoppelte-Rezeptoren (2)
- G-protein coupled receptor (2)
- GC content (2)
- GC-MS (2)
- GPI (2)
- GPS tracking (2)
- Gelatin (2)
- Gelatine (2)
- Gene duplication (2)
- Genetic drift (2)
- Genetic variability (2)
- Genetics (2)
- Genomic Mining (2)
- Glioma (2)
- Global environmental change (2)
- Glomosporiaceae (2)
- Glucose (2)
- Glutamate (2)
- Graph partitions (2)
- Grassland management (2)
- Growth selection (2)
- GxE interaction (2)
- Gynogenesis (2)
- HK620 (2)
- HPLC (2)
- HPLC-MS/MS (2)
- HSF (2)
- HSP21 (2)
- HSP90.1 (2)
- Habitat loss (2)
- Hantavirus (2)
- Haplogroups (2)
- Hapten (2)
- Haptene (2)
- HeH-protein (2)
- Hemodynamics (2)
- Herb layer (2)
- Heterosis (2)
- Hill numbers (2)
- Hippo signaling (2)
- Holocene environmental history (2)
- Honeybee (2)
- HopZ1a (2)
- Host-plant quality (2)
- Human sulfite oxidase (2)
- Hybrid speciation (2)
- Hybridoma (2)
- Hybridoma technology (2)
- Hydrogele (2)
- Hydroxyapatite (2)
- Hypopomus-Occidentalis (2)
- Hypoxie (2)
- Hypoxis (2)
- IBD (2)
- IBM (2)
- IC (2)
- ICDP (2)
- IR spectroscopy (2)
- Illumina amplicon sequencing (2)
- Illuminance (2)
- Immobilisierung (2)
- Immobilization (2)
- In vitro immunization (2)
- Infection (2)
- Inflammation (2)
- Influenza A virus (2)
- Insects (2)
- Insekt (2)
- Integrative taxonomy (2)
- Intensive care (2)
- Interaktion (2)
- Interdigitated electrodes (2)
- Interference (2)
- Intracellular signalling (2)
- Introgression (2)
- Invasion ecology (2)
- Ionentransport (2)
- Iron toxicity (2)
- Island biogeography (2)
- Isolation (2)
- Isolation by distance (2)
- Japan (2)
- Just so stories (2)
- Kartoffel (2)
- Kernhülle (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Kinesin (2)
- Klotho (2)
- Koexpression (2)
- Konnektivität (2)
- Korrelationsanalyse (2)
- Krankheitsökologie (2)
- L-Cysteine desulfurase (2)
- LASSO (2)
- LEM-domain (2)
- LEM-domain protein (2)
- LMA (2)
- Lafora disease (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lake Constance (2)
- Land-use history (2)
- Landscape (2)
- Landscape of fear (2)
- Landschaft der Angst (2)
- Larix cajanderi (2)
- Larix gmelinii (2)
- Late Quaternary vegetation (2)
- Learning (2)
- Leishmania (2)
- Life-History Consequences (2)
- Limitation (2)
- Line immunoassay (2)
- Lipases (2)
- Lipide (2)
- Lipopolysaccharid (2)
- Lipopolysaccharide (2)
- Locally structured correlation (2)
- Long-term change (2)
- MAPK (2)
- MED16 (2)
- Macarorchestia remyi (2)
- Maize (2)
- Management (2)
- Markov cluster algorithm (2)
- Martini force-field (2)
- Mate choice (2)
- Mating system (2)
- Medicago truncatula (2)
- Mediterranean (2)
- Mediterranean grass species (2)
- Meiosis (2)
- Melampyrum pratense (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Menarche (2)
- Mercury (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metaboliten (2)
- Metabolites (2)
- Metacommunity (2)
- Metagemeinschaften (2)
- Metschnikowia (2)
- Microarrays (2)
- Microbiology (2)
- Microperoxidase-11 (2)
- Microsatellite analysis (2)
- Middle East (2)
- Migration (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Milium effusum (2)
- Mitochondrien (2)
- Mitose (2)
- Mixed mating (2)
- Mixotrophy (2)
- Moa (2)
- Model complexity (2)
- Mojave toxin (2)
- Molekularbiologie (2)
- Molybdoenzymes (2)
- Molybdopterin (2)
- Molybdänkofaktor (2)
- Mormyrid Fish (2)
- Morphogenesis (2)
- Morphology (2)
- Mortality (2)
- Mouse (2)
- Mowing (2)
- MtDNA (2)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (2)
- Multiplex (2)
- Museum collections (2)
- MutMap (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Mutator locus (2)
- Mykotoxine (2)
- NAB (2)
- NAC (2)
- NAC transcription factor (2)
- NBR1 (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- NRPS (2)
- NTA (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Nanoparticles (2)
- Nanostruktur (2)
- Neolithic period (2)
- Nest predation (2)
- Netzwerke (2)
- New Guinea (2)
- Nighttime illumination (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nitrogen deposition (2)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
- Non-independent mate choice (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Norway (2)
- Nostoc (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- Nrf2 (2)
- Nutrients (2)
- Nutrition (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-antigen specific phage (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- Offspring weight (2)
- Omicron (2)
- Ophrys (2)
- Organ Discharge Patterns (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Oryctolagus cuniculus (2)
- Oryza sativa (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- Oyster Crassostrea-gigas (2)
- PBS1 (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PCLake (2)
- PCR (2)
- PKS (2)
- PLFA (2)
- Paleogenetics (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Parameter estimation (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Permafrost (2)
- Peronosporaceae (2)
- Personality (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Pflanze (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- Pflanzenökologie (2)
- Pharmakologie (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Phospholipid binding proteins (2)
- Phosphorus limitation (2)
- Phylogenetic analysis (2)
- Phylogenetic-Relationships (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Phylogeographie (2)
- Pichia pastoris (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Planar polarity (2)
- Plant community (2)
- Plant development (2)
- Plant functional groups (2)
- Plant functional trait (2)
- Plant height (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Plastid (2)
- Pleistocene (2)
- Poecili-Mexicana (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Poeciliidae (2)
- Pollimyrus-Isidori (2)
- Pollution (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethylenglykol (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (2)
- Pond (2)
- Population structure (2)
- Population viability analysis (2)
- Population-Growth (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Potato (2)
- Precipitation (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Priming (2)
- Primula (2)
- ProDisc Vivo (2)
- Professionswissen (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Promotor (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Proteine (2)
- Protein–protein interaction (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QTL mapping (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNAseq (2)
- ROF1 (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RPA (2)
- RT-PCR (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Rangeland management (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Regeneration (2)
- Regression (2)
- Renal function (2)
- Reproduktionserfolg (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (2)
- RiPPs (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- RpoS (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Russia (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SPB (2)
- SWL (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Sampling rate (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
- Saprolegniaceae (2)
- Savanna ecology (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Selection of antibody producing cells (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selenium (2)
- Sensitivity analysis (2)
- Sequenzierung (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
- Sexual conflict (2)
- Shannon diversity (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shrews (2)
- Signaling (2)
- Signalling (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Simulationsmodell (2)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (2)
- Small mammals (2)
- SnRK1 (2)
- Social environment (2)
- Soil (2)
- Soil fertility (2)
- South Africa (2)
- Species co-existence (2)
- Species complex (2)
- Species loss (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Stability (2)
- Stable isotopes (2)
- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Starch (2)
- Sterols (2)
- Stickstoff (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Störung (2)
- Succession (2)
- Surface plasmon resonance (2)
- Survival (2)
- Sus scrofa (2)
- System (2)
- Systems Biology (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- TACC (2)
- TIRF (2)
- Talitrids (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Tibetan Plateau (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomate (2)
- Tomato (2)
- Toxicity (2)
- Transcriptional memory (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
- Translocation (2)
- Transport (2)
- Triticum aestivum L. (2)
- Trockenstress (2)
- TusA (2)
- Tyrosinase (2)
- Unmanaged vs. managed forests (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- VMP1 (2)
- Vegetation change (2)
- Vegetation structure (2)
- Venom proteins (2)
- Verkhoyansk mountains (2)
- Vesikel (2)
- VideoScan technology (2)
- Voles (2)
- Vulnerability (2)
- Vulpes vulpes (2)
- Wachstum (2)
- Walker A motif (2)
- Weakly electric fish (2)
- Weizen (2)
- Wildschwein (2)
- Wind (2)
- Wood specific gravity (2)
- Woody aboveground biomass (2)
- XMRV (2)
- XopJ (2)
- Xpr1 (2)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
- Zelladhäsion (2)
- Zellkern (2)
- Zellweger (2)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (2)
- Zootoca vivipara (2)
- Zweizustandsmodell (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- aberrations (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- acclimation (2)
- acetylcholinesterase (2)
- acid mine drainage (2)
- acidophile (2)
- acoustic communication (2)
- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive management (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adaptive radiation (2)
- adhesion (2)
- adolescent growth (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- agroecology (2)
- aldehyde oxidase (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- alignment (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- allocation (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- altenuic acid (2)
- altertoxins (2)
- amino acid (2)
- amitriptyline (2)
- amphibians (2)
- amplicon sequencing (2)
- analysis (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibiotic inactivation (2)
- antibiotic resistance (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- anticancer drug (2)
- aphids (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apodemus-agrarius (2)
- apoplast (2)
- apoptosis (2)
- aptamers (2)
- aptasensors (2)
- aquaculture (2)
- aqueous-solution (2)
- arabidopsis (2)
- arable land (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- argumentation (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial intelligence (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- artificial transcription factor (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assessment (2)
- association (2)
- associative learning (2)
- atomic force microscope (2)
- autocorrelation (2)
- autogamy (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- avian personalities (2)
- avirulence (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- bank vole (2)
- bank voles (2)
- basal body (2)
- batch effect (2)
- behavior (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral type (2)
- behavioural syndrome (2)
- benthic food web (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- beta-diversity (2)
- bifurcation (2)
- binding (2)
- biocatalysis (2)
- biochemistry (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- bioenergetics (2)
- biofilm formation (2)
- biogene Amine (2)
- biological age (2)
- biology (2)
- biomimetic mineralization (2)
- biomimetic recognition elements (2)
- biomineralization (2)
- bioremediation (2)
- biosignatures (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- bistability (2)
- blowfly (2)
- body composition (2)
- body mass (2)
- body mass index (2)
- body proportions (2)
- botanical gardens (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- breeding (2)
- brushite (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- butyrylcholinesterase (2)
- caffeine (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- camelid antibody (2)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- captivity (2)
- carbon budget (2)
- carbon fixation (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- catalase (2)
- catalysis (2)
- catch-up growth (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cell cycle (2)
- cell shape (2)
- cell signaling (2)
- cellular signaling (2)
- cellulose fibers (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cellulose synthase complex (2)
- ceramide (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cetaceans (2)
- chaperone (2)
- chemical modification (2)
- chemical sensors (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chlamydomonas (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- chromatin regulation (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- cilium (2)
- circular dichroism (2)
- climate adaptation (2)
- climate dynamics (2)
- climate variability (2)
- coat colour (2)
- codon usage (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coevolution (2)
- cold (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collagen (2)
- colon cancer (2)
- colonization (2)
- colony decline (2)
- colony viability (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community composition (2)
- community model (2)
- community structure (2)
- community theory (2)
- comparative genomics (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- composite material (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- computational morphodynamics (2)
- concepts (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- conservation targets (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- consumer (2)
- consumer diversity (2)
- converting factor (2)
- coping styles (2)
- copper (2)
- cord blood (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- covariance (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- cryptic species complex (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cyclic voltammetry (2)
- cytokines (2)
- cytokinesis (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytotype (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data integration (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- decline (2)
- defense against predation (2)
- degradation (2)
- degraded DNA (2)
- demographic noise (2)
- determinants of plant community diversity and structure (2)
- developing brain (2)
- developmental canalization (2)
- developmental plasticity (2)
- diacylglycerol (2)
- differential expression analysis (2)
- differential gene expression (2)
- direct effects (2)
- disease (2)
- disease ecology (2)
- dispersal filtering (2)
- diversity profiles (2)
- dominance effect (2)
- drug metabolism (2)
- drug release (2)
- dry and mesic grasslands (2)
- dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist (2)
- dynamic equilibrium (2)
- early-warning signals (2)
- eastern continental Asia (2)
- eavesdropping (2)
- eco-physiology (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecological novelty (2)
- ecosystem function (2)
- ecosystem processes (2)
- ecosystem services provisioning (2)
- effect (2)
- effectors (2)
- egg ratio (2)
- elbow breadth (2)
- electron microscopy (2)
- electropolymerisation (2)
- electropolymerization (2)
- endangered species (2)
- endocardium (2)
- endotoxin (2)
- energy budget (2)
- energy metabolism (2)
- enrichment experiments (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental filtering (2)
- environmental noise (2)
- environmental pollution (2)
- enzymatic MIP synthesis (2)
- enzymatic analyte conversion (2)
- enzymatic inactivation (2)
- enzyme immobilization (2)
- enzyme optimization (2)
- enzyme tracer (2)
- epidemiology (2)
- epigenetic variation (2)
- epithionitrile (2)
- epitope prediction (2)
- error reduction (2)
- essential resources (2)
- establishment (2)
- evolutionary (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- evolutionary ecology (2)
- evolutionary rescue (2)
- evolutionary theory (2)
- exendin-4 (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- experimental evolution (2)
- exploitation (2)
- exposition (2)
- expression patterns (2)
- expression profile (2)
- extinction debt (2)
- extinction drivers (2)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (2)
- extracellular enzymes (2)
- extracellular matrix (2)
- extracellular signaling (2)
- extreme events (2)
- extremophile (2)
- fasciation (2)
- fatty acid changes (2)
- feature selection (2)
- fecundity (2)
- feedbacks (2)
- feeding behaviour (2)
- female choice (2)
- fence interaction (2)
- finite element modeling (2)
- fish (2)
- fisheries (2)
- fitness gradient (2)
- fitness response (2)
- floral scent (2)
- florfenicol (2)
- flow cytometry (2)
- fluktuierendes Licht (2)
- fluorescence (2)
- fluorescence sensor (2)
- food web dynamics (2)
- forage availability (2)
- forage gaps (2)
- foraging behaviour (2)
- forecasting (2)
- forest (2)
- forest herbs (2)
- formaldehyde assimilation (2)
- fractionation factors (2)
- free-living (2)
- freshwater algae (2)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- functional complementation (2)
- functional richness (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- funktionelle Diversität (2)
- galactolipids (2)
- gamma diversity (2)
- gelatin (2)
- gene delivery (2)
- gene regulatory networks (2)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (2)
- genetic (2)
- genetic accommodation (2)
- genetic differentiation (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic rescue (2)
- genetic screen (2)
- genetischer Screen (2)
- genomic prediction (2)
- genotype (2)
- genotypes (2)
- geographic distribution (2)
- germination (2)
- gibberellic acid (2)
- glacial maximum (2)
- glucosinolate hydrolysis (2)
- glutathione (2)
- glutathione peroxidase (2)
- glycine cleavage system (2)
- glycobiology (2)
- grapevine (2)
- grasslands (2)
- groundwater (2)
- groundwater recharge (2)
- guard cell (2)
- habitat (2)
- habitat connectivity (2)
- habitat fragmentation (2)
- handgrip strength (2)
- heart regeneration (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- heavy-chain-only antibody (2)
- heliozoa (2)
- hemoglobin (2)
- herbivore (2)
- hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach (2)
- hilly loes plateau (2)
- histone modification (2)
- holocene (2)
- homeostasis (2)
- hormone (2)
- horse (2)
- host specificity (2)
- hsp70 (2)
- human aldehyde oxidase (2)
- human endotoxemia (2)
- human sulfite oxidase (2)
- human-wildlife conflict (2)
- hybrid capture (2)
- hybridoma technology (2)
- hyperoxia (2)
- hyperthermia (2)
- image analysis (2)
- image processing (2)
- imaging (2)
- immunogenicity (2)
- importin (2)
- in silico (2)
- in vitro (2)
- in vitro immunization (2)
- in vitro particle opening (2)
- in vitro selection (2)
- in-vitro-synthesis (2)
- indirect effects (2)
- indirect facilitation (2)
- individual based modeling (2)
- individual variation (2)
- individual-based modeling (2)
- individual-based modelling (2)
- inducible defense (2)
- industrial farming (2)
- infection (2)
- infiltration (2)
- influenza A virus (2)
- inhibition (2)
- initial site conditions (2)
- inner-mongolia (2)
- inorganic carbon uptake kinetics (2)
- integrative taxonomy (2)
- internal transcribed spacer (2)
- interspecific interactions (2)
- intra-organ-communication (2)
- intraguild predation (2)
- invasibility (2)
- invasion (2)
- invasion success (2)
- invasive (2)
- ion channel (2)
- ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- ion transport (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- island disharmony (2)
- island syndromes (2)
- islands (2)
- jasmonate (2)
- jasmonic acid (2)
- kelp (2)
- lactate (2)
- lake periphyton (2)
- lakes (2)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (2)
- land-use intensity (2)
- landscape generator (2)
- landscape structure (2)
- large herbivores (2)
- large marsh grasshopper (2)
- last glacial maximum (2)
- late pleistocene (2)
- leaf development (2)
- leaf litter (2)
- leaf senescence (2)
- leucine zipper (2)
- lichens (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life‐history traits (2)
- light adaptation (2)
- limits (2)
- lipid classes (2)
- lipid limitation thresholds (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipid metabolism (2)
- lipid rafts (2)
- lipidation (2)
- lipid–lipid interactions (2)
- lipoplexes (2)
- liverwort (2)
- livestock (2)
- locomotion (2)
- longevity (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- maintenance (2)
- major histocompatibility complex (2)
- male Daphnia (2)
- male bank voles (2)
- maltooligosaccharides (2)
- mammalian-cells (2)
- many-to-one genotype–phenotype map (2)
- mate-pairs (2)
- maternal aggression (2)
- maternal effects (2)
- maturation (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mediated delivery (2)
- membrane (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane fluidity (2)
- membrane microdomains (2)
- membrane proteins (2)
- membranes (2)
- mesocosm (2)
- mesophyll cell (2)
- mesoporous materials (2)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (2)
- metabolic (2)
- metabolic network (2)
- metabolic theory (2)
- metabolic-profiling (2)
- metabolische Netzwerke (2)
- metabolomic (2)
- methanogens (2)
- methylotrophy (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbial community (2)
- microbiology (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microeukaryotes (2)
- microstructure (2)
- microtiter plate assay (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- microviridins (2)
- model integration (2)
- model limitations (2)
- modern coexistence theory (2)
- modified Alternaria toxins (2)
- modularity (2)
- mojave desert (2)
- molecular architecture (2)
- molecular biology (2)
- molecular clock (2)
- molecular dynamics simulations (2)
- molecular phylogenetics (2)
- molecular species identification (2)
- molybdenum (2)
- molybdenum cofactor deficiency (2)
- molybdopterin synthase (2)
- moss (2)
- mouse (2)
- movement speed (2)
- multi-nutrient limitation (2)
- multidiversity (2)
- multidrug resistance (2)
- multivalence (2)
- museomics (2)
- mustelid predation (2)
- mutagenesis (2)
- mutation (2)
- mycotoxin profile (2)
- mycotoxins (2)
- myocardium (2)
- myodes-glareolus (2)
- myrmecochory (2)
- n-alkanes (2)
- n-oxide reductase (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- nanobodies (2)
- nanostructure (2)
- natural particle (2)
- natural-selection (2)
- naturalized species (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- neophilia (2)
- neophobia (2)
- net primary productivity (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network reconstruction (2)
- neurodegeneration (2)
- neutrality (2)
- neutralization (2)
- new combination (2)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (2)
- niche partitioning (2)
- niche theory (2)
- nitrile (2)
- nitrous-oxide (2)
- no threshold for stunting (2)
- noise color (2)
- non-breeding (2)
- non-independent mate choice (2)
- non-linear dynamics (2)
- non-predatory mortality (2)
- nonmodel species (2)
- northern peatlands (2)
- novel biomarkers (2)
- novel species (2)
- nuclear pore complex (2)
- nucleic acids (2)
- nucleolus (2)
- nucleoporins (2)
- nucleus-associated body (2)
- null model (2)
- number and brightness (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient cycling (2)
- nutrient spike (2)
- nutrient stoichiometry (2)
- o-phenylenediamine (2)
- ocean acidification (2)
- offspring-defense (2)
- oil yield (2)
- ontogenesis (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- optogenetics (2)
- organ growth (2)
- organic matter (2)
- organisches Material (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- outbreak (2)
- overhunting (2)
- oxidase (2)
- p-Aminophenol (2)
- pace-of-life syndrome (2)
- pacific oyster (2)
- paleoclimate (2)
- paleoenvironmental records (2)
- parallel beta-helix (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- parameters (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parentage (2)
- participatory research (2)
- past biosphere (2)
- past land use (2)
- pasture (2)
- pathway engineering (2)
- pectate lyase (2)
- performance (2)
- periplasmic nitrate reductase (2)
- persistence (2)
- personality-traits (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- pharmacology (2)
- phenomics (2)
- phenotypic phase plane (2)
- phloem (2)
- phloem proteins (2)
- phonotaxis (2)
- phosphoglucan (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- photoresponse (2)
- phylogenomics (2)
- physiology (2)
- phytodiversity (2)
- phytoplankton host (2)
- plant Mediator (2)
- plant adaptation (2)
- plant architecture (2)
- plant communities (2)
- plant functional types (2)
- plant invasions (2)
- plant macrofossil data (2)
- plant naturalization (2)
- plant science (2)
- plant species richness (2)
- plant traits (2)
- plant-plant interactions (2)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (2)
- plant–soil feedback (2)
- plasma (2)
- plastic-associated biofilms (2)
- plastid (2)
- plastid transformation (2)
- plastidial phosphorylase (2)
- playback (2)
- podovirus (2)
- point-of-care (2)
- polarization (2)
- pollinator shift (2)
- poly(a)-binding protein (2)
- poly(ether imide) (2)
- polyamide (2)
- polyethylene glycol (2)
- polyglycerol (2)
- polymorphism (2)
- polyploidization (2)
- polysulfide (2)
- population cycles (2)
- population delimitation (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population viability analysis (2)
- populations (2)
- postglacial recolonization (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- potato tuber (2)
- potential-functions (2)
- prairie vole (2)
- precipitation (2)
- predation (2)
- predator (2)
- predator recognition (2)
- predator–prey cycles (2)
- predictive systems ecology (2)
- preterm infants (2)
- principal component analysis (2)
- progenitor cells (2)
- protease inhibitor (2)
- protease inhibitors (2)
- protected area (2)
- protein adsorption (2)
- protein kinase (2)
- protein phosphorylation (2)
- protein structure (2)
- protein-protein (2)
- pubertal timing (2)
- public health (2)
- pulse perturbation (2)
- purifying selection (2)
- pyridoxal-50-phosphate (2)
- pyruvate (2)
- qPCR (2)
- qRT-PCR (2)
- quantum dots (2)
- quasi-permanent plots (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- rain event depth (2)
- randomization (2)
- rapid evolution (2)
- reaction norms (2)
- receptor (2)
- reciprocal transplant experiment (2)
- recombinant inbred line population (2)
- recombination (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redfield ratio (2)
- redox polymer (2)
- reductive glycine pathway (2)
- reed (2)
- regime shifts (2)
- regression (2)
- regulate gene expression (2)
- relatedness (2)
- repetition (2)
- reproductive strategies (2)
- reptiles (2)
- reserve design (2)
- resource allocation (2)
- resource selection (2)
- resource-tracking (2)
- reveals (2)
- rhodobacter-capsulatus (2)
- ribosome (2)
- ribosome profiling (2)
- risk (2)
- rivastigmine (2)
- robustness (2)
- root hair initiation (2)
- rooting depth (2)
- rural populations (2)
- salamanders (2)
- salicylic-acid (2)
- salinity (2)
- savanna ecology (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scale-dependency (2)
- scaled mass index (2)
- secular changes (2)
- sedimentation (2)
- seed (2)
- seed provisioning (2)
- self-assembled monolayer (2)
- self-incompatibility (2)
- selfing syndrome (2)
- semi-closed mitosis (2)
- sequencing error (2)
- serotyping (2)
- sexual dimorphism (2)
- sexual reproduction (2)
- sexual selection (2)
- sexual species (2)
- shock proteins (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- shrub size (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
- signalling (2)
- significance (2)
- silica beads (2)
- silviculture (2)
- single domain antibodies (2)
- single nucleotide polymorphism (2)
- single-molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- sirna transfection (2)
- slope aspect (2)
- smut fungi (2)
- social information (2)
- social status (2)
- social-economic-political-emotional (2)
- socioeconomic status (2)
- socioeconomy (2)
- soil moisture (2)
- soil texture (2)
- solitary bees (2)
- source regions (2)
- source-sink dynamics (2)
- spatial (2)
- spatial distribution (2)
- spatial-distribution (2)
- spatially explicit (2)
- specialized metabolites (2)
- species abundance (2)
- species distribution model (2)
- species diversity (2)
- species interactions (2)
- specificity factor (2)
- specifier proteins (2)
- spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- sphingosine-1-phosphate (2)
- spindle pole body (2)
- spontaneous reaction (2)
- stable states (2)
- standard metabolic rate (2)
- standard metrics (2)
- starch biosynthesis (2)
- starch granule (2)
- starch granule biogenesis (2)
- starch granule number per chloroplast (2)
- starch granule number regulation (2)
- starch granule size (2)
- starch initiation (2)
- static and dynamic light scattering (2)
- statistical tools (2)
- step selection (2)
- sterol (2)
- stochastic fluctuations (2)
- stopover (2)
- storage (2)
- strategic growth adjustment (2)
- structural equation model (2)
- structural equation modeling (2)
- succession (2)
- succulent karoo (2)
- sugar signalling (2)
- sulfur (2)
- sulfur-bacteria (2)
- sulfurtransferase (2)
- superoxide (2)
- superoxide dismutase (2)
- synchronization (2)
- synthesis (2)
- synthetic circuits (2)
- systematic review (2)
- tail-length (2)
- tailspike (2)
- tailspike proteins (2)
- tamoxifen (2)
- target capture (2)
- target enrichment (2)
- taxonomic (2)
- tbx5 (2)
- telemetry (2)
- telomere dysfunction (2)
- temperature increase (2)
- template digestion (2)
- temporal dynamics (2)
- terrestrial (2)
- testis (2)
- therapeutics (2)
- thermal-stress (2)
- thiocarboxylate (2)
- thionucleosides (2)
- time series analysis (2)
- tissue stiffness (2)
- tissue types (2)
- titin (2)
- tobacco (2)
- tonoplast (2)
- toxicity (2)
- trade-off (2)
- trait diversity (2)
- trait-environment relationship (2)
- transcriptional regulation (2)
- transfer (2)
- transformation (2)
- transgenerational plasticity (2)
- transient dynamics (2)
- transient expression (2)
- transition (2)
- transitory starch (2)
- translational control (2)
- transposable elements (2)
- trehalose 6-phosphate (2)
- trehalose 6‐ phosphate (Tre6P) (2)
- tritrophic food web (2)
- trophic status (2)
- trophic transfer efficiency (2)
- tropical freshwater fish (2)
- tropical maize (2)
- trypanosoma (2)
- two-state model (2)
- tyrosinase (2)
- uPA (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- undernutrition (2)
- understanding (2)
- ungulates (2)
- urban ecology (2)
- urokinase (2)
- vacuolar H+-ATPase (2)
- variance (2)
- vegetation (2)
- vegetation height (2)
- vegetative growth (2)
- vernalization (2)
- vertebrate scavenger (2)
- viral matrix proteins (2)
- virus assembly (2)
- virus infection (2)
- vitamin E (2)
- volatilome (2)
- vole clethrionomys-glareolus (2)
- voles clethrionomys-glareolus (2)
- voltage-dependent (2)
- voltage-independent (2)
- warburg effect (2)
- weakly electric fish (2)
- weight (2)
- wetlands (2)
- wildlife (2)
- wildlife and habitat management (2)
- wildlife corridors (2)
- wildlife management (2)
- wind energy (2)
- winner and loser species (2)
- winter fish kill (2)
- wood anemone (2)
- zooplankton carcasses (2)
- δ13C (2)
- δ15N (2)
- "Omik"-Technologien (1)
- "Optimal annual routine"-Modell (1)
- (Semi-natural) Grasslands (1)
- (Xeno)Hormone (1)
- (glycogen) starch phosphorylase (1)
- (semi-)permanent plots (1)
- (xeno)hormones (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 11beta-HSD1 (1)
- 13C labeling (1)
- 13CO2 labeling (1)
- 16S rDNA (1)
- 16S rRNA (1)
- 16S rRNA Illumina amplicon sequencing (1)
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing (1)
- 16S rRNA/ITS amplicon sequencing (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (1)
- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (1)
- 2-oxoglutarat / FeII- abhängige Dioxygenases (1)
- 2-oxoglutarate /FeII-dependant dioxygenases (1)
- 26S-Proteasom-System-Abbau (1)
- 2D gel electrophoresis (1)
- 2Fe-2S cluster (1)
- 2P cross section (1)
- 3 '-end processing (1)
- 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (1)
- 3-Phosphoglycerinsäure (1)
- 3-end processing (1)
- 3-way coffee hybrids (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D imaging (1)
- 3D structure (1)
- 3D-acceleration sensor (1)
- 4 (1)
- 4-Fluoroaniline (1)
- 454 pyrosequencing (1)
- 454-pyrosequencing (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-HT (1)
- 5-HT receptor (1)
- 5-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methylaminomethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- 60S maturation (1)
- 60S-Reifung (1)
- 6PPD quinone (1)
- 7-Methylheptadecan (1)
- 7-methylheptadecane (1)
- <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (1)
- <i>Zygogonium ericetorum</i> (1)
- A-type carrier protein (1)
- A. thaliana (1)
- AAP bacteria (1)
- ABC Transporter (1)
- ABCE model (1)
- AC Elektrokinetik (1)
- AC Elektroosmosis (1)
- AC electrophoresis (1)
- ACD6 (1)
- ACSL (1)
- ADP-Glukosepyrophosphorylase (1)
- AES (1)
- AF10 (1)
- AHL25 (1)
- AIDS (1)
- ALISA (1)
- ALOX15B (1)
- AMP (1)
- AMSTAR (1)
- AMSTAR 2 (1)
- AMT (1)
- ANPP (1)
- APEC (1)
- APETALA2 (1)
- APP (1)
- APX2 (1)
- ARA (1)
- ARF (1)
- ARL13b (1)
- ARMS (1)
- AT1 receptor / preeclampsia / AT1-AAB / neonatal rat cardiomyocytes / autoantibody / angiotensin II (1)
- AT1-Rezeptor / Präeklampsie / AT1-AAK / neonatale Rattenkardiomyozyten / Autoantikörper / Angiotensin II (1)
- ATI1 (1)
- ATML1 (1)
- ATPS (1)
- AUX1 (1)
- Abandonment (1)
- Abbau (1)
- Abies alba (1)
- Abiotic stress (1)
- Above-/below-ground interactions (1)
- Above-belowground interactions (1)
- Above-ground (1)
- Abscisic-acid (1)
- Absorption kinetics (1)
- Abszisinsäure (1)
- Acacia erioloba (1)
- Access and Benefit Sharing ABS (1)
- Acer (1)
- Aceros (1)
- Acetobacteraceae (1)
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1)
- Acetylcholinesterase (1)
- Achillea millefolium (1)
- Acid mining lakes (1)
- Acidification (1)
- Acidophilic algae (1)
- Acinetobacter baumannii (1)
- Acinonyx jubatus (1)
- Acoustic levitation (1)
- Acrocephalus paludicola (1)
- Actin bundles (1)
- Activation of dendritic cells (1)
- Activity (1)
- Activity respiration (1)
- Actomyosin (1)
- Acute phase response (1)
- Adaptation options (1)
- Adaptive dynamics (1)
- Adaptive evolution (1)
- Adaptive genetic variability (1)
- Adaptive traits (1)
- Addax nasomaculatus (1)
- Adhäsionsproteine (1)
- Adiponectin (1)
- Adipositas (1)
- Adolescence (1)
- Adolescent growth (1)
- Adrenaline (1)
- Adrenochrome (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Adult height (1)
- Aegean flora (1)
- Aeridinae (1)
- Aeroponic cultivation (1)
- Affinity for CO2 uptake (1)
- African green monkeys (1)
- African weakly electric fish (1)
- Afrika (1)
- Afrotheria (1)
- AgMIP (1)
- Age (1)
- Agent-based model (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Aggression (1)
- Aggressivität (1)
- Aging (1)
- Aglais (1)
- Agrarlandschaft (1)
- Agri-environmental schemes (1)
- Agricultural fertilization (1)
- Agricultural intensification (1)
- Agricultural landscape generator (1)
- Agricultural pests (1)
- Agro-ecosystems (1)
- AgroScapeLabs (1)
- Agrocybe aegerita peroxygenase (1)
- Agroecology (1)
- Aix galericulata (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Aktin/Mikrotubuli (1)
- Aktinzytoskelett (1)
- Aktionsraum (1)
- Aktivitätsmessung (1)
- Alaska (1)
- Alcaligenes eutrophus (1)
- Aldehyd (1)
- Aldehyd-oxidase (1)
- Alectrurus risora (1)
- Algae (1)
- Algae-virus (1)
- Algebraic geometry (1)
- Algeria (1)
- Algorithms (1)
- Alien plants (1)
- Alien species (1)
- Alien species richness (1)
- Alignment (1)
- Alkaline phosphatase (1)
- Allee effects (1)
- Allelopathy (1)
- Allogamy (1)
- Allometric Trophic Network model (1)
- Allometric trophic network model (1)
- Allometrie (1)
- Allopatric/sympatric speciation (1)
- Altemate access model (1)
- Alternaria mycotoxins (1)
- Alternaria species-groups (1)
- Alternative growth regulators (1)
- Altersabhängigkeit (1)
- Altitude (1)
- Altitudinal gradient (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Aluminium adjuvants (1)
- Alzheimer (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- AmOctR1 (1)
- AmOctR3 (1)
- Amaranthus retroflexus (1)
- Ambient pressure laser ionization (1)
- Amblystegiaceae (1)
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia (1)
- Amino acids (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Ammoniumassimilation (1)
- Ammoniumtransporter (1)
- Amperometric sensor (1)
- Amperometrie (1)
- Amperometry (1)
- Amphibian (1)
- Amphibien (1)
- Amphipoda (1)
- Amsinckia (1)
- Amur River (1)
- Amyloid beta (1)
- Amyloid fibril (1)
- Amyloidogenesis (1)
- Amylopectin (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Analysis-ready data (1)
- Analytical limitations (1)
- Anatidae (1)
- Anatolia (1)
- Anatomy (1)
- Anchor peptides (1)
- Andrena (1)
- Anemone nemorosa (1)
- Angewandte Mikrobiologie (1)
- Angiogenese (1)
- Angiosperms (1)
- Anguilla anguilla (1)
- Aniline (1)
- Aniline biosensor (1)
- Animal migration (1)
- Anisotropic growth (1)
- Annamites (1)
- Annelida (1)
- Annual (1)
- Annual plant communities (1)
- Annuals (1)
- Anolis (1)
- Anostraca (1)
- Anoxie (1)
- Anreicherungsmethoden (1)
- Anser albifrons (1)
- Antarctic (1)
- Antarctic Specially Managed Area (1)
- Anther retention (1)
- Anthropogenic biome (1)
- Anthropogenic impact (1)
- Anthropogenic pollution (1)
- Anthropometric measurement (1)
- Anti-Diuron-Antikörper (1)
- Anti-biotin antibody (1)
- Antibacterial (1)
- Antibiotic alternatives (1)
- Antibiotika (1)
- Antibiotikaersatz (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antibody (1)
- Antibody detection (1)
- Anticancer (1)
- Antifungal (1)
- Antigone vipio (1)
- Antikörpercharakterisierung (1)
- Antikörperproduktion (1)
- Antikörpervalidierung (1)
- Antilope (1)
- Antisense agents (1)
- Antiviral (1)
- Aphanizomenon (1)
- Apodemus (1)
- Apodemus agrarius (1)
- Apoptose (1)
- Apple (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Aptamers (1)
- Apteryx (1)
- Apyrase (1)
- Aquatic Ecology (1)
- Aquatic Warbler (1)
- Aquatic habitats (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Aquifers (1)
- Arabia (1)
- Arabidopsis lyrata (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana cell size S-morph (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana embryogenesis (1)
- Arabien (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- Arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza (1)
- Archaic humans (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Archival DNA (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Arctic lake sediments (1)
- Arctic snow algal bloom (1)
- Arctic vegetation (1)
- Arealverschiebungen (1)
- Arf-like protein 2 (ARL2) (1)
- Arf-like protein 3 (ARL3) (1)
- Argasidae (1)
- Argentina (1)
- Argininbiosynthese (1)
- Argonaute 2 protein (1)
- Arion (1)
- Arionidae (1)
- Aromatic aldehydes (1)
- Aromatic amino acids (1)
- Array Hybridisierung (1)
- Arrival dates (1)
- Arsen (1)
- Arsenic speciation (1)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (1)
- Arsenolipids (1)
- Artengemeinschaft (1)
- Artenreichtum (1)
- Artenschutz (1)
- Artenzahl (1)
- Arthrobotrys (1)
- Artificial light (1)
- Artificial light at night (1)
- Artificial light at night (ALAN) (1)
- Artificial micro-RNA (1)
- Artificial selection (1)
- Artverbreitungsmodelle (1)
- Arylcarbamate (1)
- Arylharnstoffe (1)
- Ascocentrum (1)
- Ascomyceten (1)
- Ascorbat-Oxidase (1)
- Asia (1)
- Asian elephant (1)
- Assay calibration (1)
- Assemblierungsfaktor (1)
- Assembly pattern (1)
- Assembly rules (1)
- Assimilation efficiency (1)
- Assoziation (1)
- Astrobiologie (1)
- Asymmetric interlaced PCR (1)
- AtAMT1.1 (1)
- AtAMT1.2 (1)
- AtAMT1.3 (1)
- AtAMT1.4 (1)
- AtAMT1.5 (1)
- AtD-CGS (1)
- AtDGK gene (1)
- AtDGK genes (1)
- AtExpA8 (1)
- AtPAP2 (1)
- Atelerix albiventris (1)
- Atelerix algirus (1)
- Atrophin-1 (1)
- Attention (1)
- Au nanoparticles (1)
- Audience effect (1)
- Auditory cortex (1)
- Auenreaktivierung (1)
- Aufnahme (1)
- Ausbreitungsverhalten (1)
- Auskreuzungsrate (1)
- Ausrichtung (1)
- Aussterben (1)
- Aussterbeschuld (1)
- Austausch zwischen zwei Spezies (1)
- Australian rabbit invasion (1)
- Australien (1)
- Autoimmune diagnostics (1)
- Automation (1)
- Autophagie (1)
- Autophagy (1)
- Autotrophie (1)
- Auxine (1)
- Auxotrophie (1)
- Avoidance (1)
- Azobenzene containing cationic surfactants (1)
- B cell activation (1)
- B-Lymphozyten (1)
- B. calyciflorus species complex (1)
- B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation (1)
- BCECF (1)
- BEEBOOK (1)
- BESSY (1)
- BFN1 (1)
- BIA (1)
- BIOMEX (1)
- BMP (1)
- BPP (1)
- BROAD LEAF1 (1)
- BRUSHY1 (1)
- Bacillariophyceae (1)
- Bacillus (1)
- Bacteria identification (1)
- Bacteria-phytoplankton coupling (1)
- Bacterial (1)
- Bacterial biosensor (1)
- Bacterial communities (1)
- Bacterial community composition (1)
- Bacterial community composition (BCC) (1)
- Bacterial growth efficiency (1)
- Bacterial production (1)
- Bacterial toxin (1)
- Baculovirus (1)
- Baetis (1)
- Bahamas (1)
- Bait lamina (1)
- Bakterien Sensor (1)
- Bakteriophage T7 (1)
- Bandung District (1)
- Bangladesh (1)
- Barcoding (1)
- Bark beetle (1)
- Barley (1)
- Basal body (1)
- Base cations (1)
- Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (1)
- Bastardbleichheit (1)
- Bat rabies (1)
- Bats (1)
- Baumgrenze (1)
- Baumgrenzen-Dynamik (1)
- Baumsavanne (1)
- Bayes'sche Inferenz (1)
- Bayesian standard ellipse (1)
- Bayesian statistics (1)
- Bead (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- BeeScan (1)
- Beech forest (1)
- Beech forests (1)
- Beech fructification (1)
- Beetle conservation (1)
- Behavior (1)
- Behavioural adaptations (1)
- Behavioural type (1)
- Beliefs and motivation (1)
- Below-ground (1)
- Below-ground resources (1)
- Bengal Delta (1)
- Bengal tiger (1)
- Benzaldehyd (1)
- Benzaldehyde (1)
- Benzylbenzofuran (1)
- Berlin (1)
- Beschleunigungsmessungen (1)
- Bestandsparameter (1)
- Bestäubung (1)
- Bet-hedging (1)
- Beta-Diversität (1)
- Beta-Zelle (1)
- Beta-diversity (1)
- Beta2 - glycoprotein I (1)
- Beta2-glycoprotein I (1)
- Betta-splendens (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Bgl2p (1)
- Bifurcation parameters (1)
- Big data (1)
- Bilirubin oxidase (1)
- Binding-protein hyl1 (1)
- Bioaccumulation (1)
- Bioaktivierung (1)
- Biocatalysis (1)
- Biochemical limitation (1)
- Biochemical networks (1)
- Biochemical pathway database (1)
- Biochemical reaction networks (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Bioclimatic envelope modelling (1)
- Biocompatibility (1)
- Bioconversion (1)
- Biodiversity Exploratories project (1)
- Biodiversity ecosystem function research (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity indicators (1)
- Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (1)
- Bioelektrokatalytisches Recycling (1)
- Biogas (1)
- Biogenese (1)
- Biohybride Organe (1)
- Bioinformatic (1)
- Bioinorganic chemistry (1)
- Biokatalyse (1)
- Biokatalytisches Recyc (1)
- Biolog EcoPlates (1)
- Biological conservation (1)
- Biologicals (1)
- Biologieunterricht (1)
- Biology teachers (1)
- Biomass nutrient concentrations (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Biomaterials (1)
- Biome (1)
- Biome shifts (1)
- Biomembran (1)
- Biomization (1)
- Biomolekülinteraktionen (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Bioreaktor (1)
- Biosensor array (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Biotic differentiation (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Biotoptypen (1)
- Biowaste composting (1)
- Bioökonomie (1)
- Bird prey (1)
- Bird species richness (1)
- Birds (1)
- Biscutella didyma (1)
- Bistability (1)
- Bistabilität (1)
- Bisulfit Sequenzierung (1)
- Bittergeschmack (1)
- Bittergeschmacksrezeptor (1)
- Bivalve (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blattalterung (1)
- Blattbreite (1)
- Blattläuse (1)
- Blattmorphologie (1)
- Blaubock (1)
- Blaulicht (1)
- Blaulichtsensoren (1)
- Blm10 (1)
- Blood (1)
- Blood-Brain Barrier (1)
- Blue antelope (1)
- Blue-light sensors (1)
- Bluestain fungi (1)
- Blunt trauma (1)
- Blühzeit (1)
- Blüte-Bestäuber-Interaktion (1)
- Blütenduft (1)
- Blütenökologie (1)
- Bodenmikrobiologie (1)
- Body composition (1)
- Body feather moult (1)
- Body length (1)
- Body mass (1)
- Body mass index reference values (1)
- Body mass-abundance (1)
- Body perception (1)
- Body shape (1)
- Body temperature (1)
- Bohemian forest ecosystem (1)
- Boloria eunomia (1)
- Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) (1)
- Boolean algebra (1)
- Boosted regression tree (1)
- Boosting (1)
- Boraginaceae (1)
- Boreal forests (1)
- Borna Disease Virus (1)
- Borna disease virus (1)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Botanik (1)
- Boten-RNA (mRNA) (1)
- Bottleneck (1)
- Bottom-up effect (1)
- Bottom-up effects (1)
- Botulinum neurotoxin (1)
- Botulinum toxin (1)
- Brachfläche (1)
- Brachionus calyciflorus s (1)
- Brain development (1)
- Branched chain amino acids (1)
- Branta canadensis (1)
- Brassinosteriods (1)
- Brassinosteroide (1)
- Braunmoose (1)
- Bray Curtis dissimilarity (1)
- Breast cancer (1)
- Breeding (1)
- Breeding strategies (1)
- Breeding success (1)
- Breeding system (1)
- Breitengrad (1)
- Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (1)
- Bromus hordeaceus (1)
- Brown trout (1)
- Brownification (1)
- Browsing damage (1)
- Browsing pressure (1)
- Brut (1)
- Bryophyte (1)
- Bryophyten (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Bt maize (1)
- Bt-Mais (1)
- Buchfink (1)
- Buchnera (1)
- Budozone (1)
- Buds (1)
- Bukit Tigapuluh Landscape (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- Burrow system (1)
- Busy lizzy (1)
- C sequestration (1)
- C stocks (1)
- C-reactive protein (1)
- C1 assimilation (1)
- C1-Assimilation (1)
- C3 photosynthesis (1)
- C4 (1)
- C:P ratio (1)
- CAM (1)
- CAP (1)
- CART (1)
- CBD (1)
- CD95 (1)
- CDF (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CDS (1)
- CEA (1)
- CED (1)
- CESA Komplex (1)
- CFR Proteaceae (1)
- CHO cell lysate (1)
- CHO-THF, CH-THF, CH2-THF und CH3-THF (1)
- CHO-THF, CH-THF, CH2-THF, and CH3-THF (1)
- CIP/KIP (1)
- CLUH; (1)
- CMC (1)
- CNL1 (1)
- CNS (1)
- CNTs-based screen printed electrodes (1)
- CO(2) (1)
- CO2 assimilation (1)
- CO2 concentration (1)
- CO2 conditions (1)
- CO2 degassing (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- CO2 flux (1)
- CO2 increase (1)
- CO2 limitation (1)
- CO2 supply (1)
- CO2-Entgasung (1)
- COI (1)
- COI-DNA barcoding (1)
- COLOSS (1)
- CORM-2 (1)
- COVID-19 pandemic (1)
- CP75 (1)
- CPI1 (1)
- CPR5 (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- CSD (1)
- CSF (1)
- CSR-strategies (1)
- CWSI (1)
- CYSTATHIONINE GAMMA-SYNTHASE (1)
- Ca2+ oscillations (1)
- CaM4 (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Caffeine (1)
- Calcareous grassland (1)
- Calcineurin-Inhibitoren (1)
- Calcium oscillations (1)
- Callose (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Calvin-Benson cycle (1)
- Calvinzyklus (1)
- Cambodia (1)
- Camelid antibodies (1)
- Camelid single domain antibodies (1)
- Camelus bactrianus (1)
- Cameroon (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canada goose (1)
- Canalization (1)
- Candida (1)
- Canid morphotype (1)
- Canidae (1)
- Canonical correlation analysis (1)
- Canopy closure (1)
- Canopy parameters (1)
- Cantharophily (1)
- Cap'n proto (1)
- Car tire rubber (1)
- Carbohydrate Metabolism (1)
- Carbohydrate binding proteins (1)
- Carbohydrate-binding agents (1)
- Carbon Cycling (1)
- Carbon budgets (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon decomposition (1)
- Carbon isotopes (delta C-13) (1)
- Carbon metabolism (1)
- Carbon pathway (1)
- Carbon preference index (CPI) (1)
- Carbon substrates (1)
- Carbon turnover (1)
- Carboxynitrofluorenon (1)
- Carboxysomen (1)
- Cardiac development (1)
- Cardiac looping (1)
- Cardiac regeneration (1)
- Cardiomyocyte proliferation (1)
- Cardiovascular rehabilitation (1)
- Carex limosa (1)
- Carollia perspicillata (1)
- Carry-over-Effekte (1)
- Catalase (1)
- Catalytically active MIPs (1)
- Catechol (1)
- Catecholamines (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cavia aperea (1)
- CdS quantum dots (1)
- Cell (1)
- Cell culture (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Cell cycle arrest (1)
- Cell death (1)
- Cell expansion (1)
- Cell extrusion (1)
- Cell migration (1)
- Cell signalling (1)
- Cell structures (1)
- Cell volume (1)
- Cell-free (1)
- Cell-free protein expression (1)
- Cell-free protein synthesis (1)
- Cellobiose dehydrogenase (1)
- Cellular P quota (1)
- Cellular phosphorus (1)
- Cellulose-Synthese-Complex (1)
- Central America (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Central nervous system (1)
- Centriole (1)
- Centromere (1)
- Centromeres (1)
- Cephalodella acidophila (1)
- Ceramidase inhibitors (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- Cervidae (1)
- ChIP-seq (1)
- Chaffinch (1)
- Chalcone (1)
- Chaoborus (1)
- Character evolution (1)
- Character mapping (1)
- Charophytes (1)
- Cheirogaleidae (1)
- Chelonia mydas (1)
- Chemical reaction network theory (1)
- Chemometrics (1)
- Chemostatexperimente (1)
- Chenopodium album (1)
- Cherry (1)
- Chick embryos (1)
- Chicken Repeat (1)
- Child growth (1)
- Childhood traits and disorders (1)
- Chitolectin (1)
- Chitooligosaccharides (1)
- Chlamydia-like bacteria (1)
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- Chlorella (1)
- Chlorenchyma (1)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Chlorophyll metabolism (1)
- Chlorophyta (1)
- Chloroplast gene expression (1)
- Chloroplast transcription (1)
- Chloroplast transformation (1)
- Chloroplasten-Genexpression (1)
- Chloroplastentransformation (1)
- Chopralla (1)
- Chromatin Accessibility (1)
- Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (1)
- Chromatin-based mechanisms (1)
- Chronic Renal Failure (1)
- Chronic Renal Failure in Children (1)
- Chronic exposure (1)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1)
- Chronic stress (1)
- Chronodisruption (1)
- Chronosequence (1)
- Chronotopy (1)
- Chukotka vegetation (1)
- Chytrids (1)
- Ciconia ciconia (1)
- Ciliaten (1)
- Cirriferum myzostomida (1)
- Citrobacter rodentium (1)
- Classical compartment model (1)
- Classroom practices (1)
- Clathrin-bedeckte Vesikel (1)
- Clearing formation (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change manipulations (1)
- Climate reconstruction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Climate-change ecology (1)
- Climatic legacy (1)
- Clinical trial (1)
- ClinicalTrials (1)
- Cloeodes complex (1)
- Cloeon (1)
- Clostridioides difficile (1)
- Clostridium difficile (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Clustering Algorithms (1)
- Clutch size (1)
- Co -development (1)
- Co-Evolution (1)
- Co-Transfektion (1)
- Co-evolution (1)
- Co-existence (1)
- Co-limitation (1)
- Coarse woody debris (1)
- Coating (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Codierungssequenz (1)
- Codon Usage (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Cognitive style (1)
- Cographs (1)
- Coherence number (1)
- Cohesive ends (1)
- Coiled Coil (1)
- Cokultur (1)
- Cold (1)
- Cold acclimation (1)
- Coleoptera (1)
- Colimitation (1)
- Collection (1)
- Collection date (1)
- Collembolans (1)
- Colonkrebs (1)
- Columella (1)
- Coluteocarpeae (1)
- Common agricultural policy (1)
- Common noctule bat (1)
- Common-environment trial (1)
- Communication (1)
- Communities as complex adaptive systems (1)
- Community composition (1)
- Community effect (1)
- Community effect in height (1)
- Community effects on growth (1)
- Community matrix (1)
- Community model (1)
- Community-based Modelling (1)
- Community-based modelling (1)
- Community-level Allee effects (1)
- Community-weighted means (1)
- Comparative ecology (1)
- Comparative phylogeography (1)
- Competition-colonization (1)
- Competitive growth (1)
- Competitive growth strategies (1)
- Competitive hierarchies (1)
- Competitive traits (1)
- Complete defoliation (1)
- Complex dynamics (1)
- Complex heterogeneous systems (1)
- Complex networks (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (1)
- Computational Biology (1)
- Computational biology and bioinformatics (1)
- Computational modelling (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Computer Modeling (1)
- Concanavalin A (1)
- Concept of lying (1)
- Concerted evolution (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Confocal laser scanning microscopy (1)
- Congenital heart defects (1)
- Congo River (1)
- Coniferous plantations (1)
- Connectance (1)
- Conservation Biology (1)
- Conservation Genetics (1)
- Conservation biogeography (1)
- Consistency (1)
- Consortium (1)
- Constraint-based approaches (1)
- Constraint-basierte Modellierung (1)
- Consumer (1)
- Continental air masses (1)
- Continuous cultures (1)
- Continuous renal replacement therapy (1)
- Control region (1)
- Convention on Biological Diversity CBD (1)
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES (1)
- Coping styles (1)
- Copolymere (1)
- Coppice (1)
- Copula theory (1)
- Core incubation experiments (1)
- Core stability (1)
- Corms (1)
- Correlation networks (1)
- Corynephorus canescens (1)
- Cospeciation (1)
- Cost of resistance (1)
- Cost-benefit analysis (1)
- Costamer (1)
- Counterstrategy (1)
- Country of origin (1)
- Covalent imprinting (1)
- Cover abundance (1)
- Cover-weighting (1)
- Cre Rekombinase (1)
- Cre recombinase (1)
- Critically ill patients (1)
- Crop modelling (1)
- Cross reactivity (1)
- Cross-species amplification (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Cryptomycota (1)
- Cryptophyta (1)
- Ctenotus regius (1)
- Culicivora caudacuta (1)
- Cultivated barley (1)
- Cultivation (1)
- Cupriavidus necator (1)
- Curculigo (1)
- Curculionidae (1)
- Cutinase (1)
- Cutting frequency (1)
- Cyanobakterien-Biomarker (1)
- Cyanobium (1)
- Cyanotoxins (1)
- Cyclic voltammetry (1)
- Cyclosporin A (1)
- Cyprinidae (1)
- Cytb (1)
- CytoSorb (R) (1)
- Cytochome c (1)
- Cytokines (1)
- Cytokinesis (1)
- Cytosin-Methylierung (1)
- Cytosolic glucosyl transferases (1)
- Cytosolische Translation in Pflanzen (1)
- Cytotoxicity (1)
- DBD dye (1)
- DCM (1)
- DCX (1)
- DDT (1)
- DEK1 (1)
- DELWAQ (1)
- DFB lasers (1)
- DFT (1)
- DGD1 (1)
- DHA (1)
- DISC (1)
- DNA Ejektion (1)
- DNA Elements (1)
- DNA Methylation (1)
- DNA aptamer (1)
- DNA cloning (1)
- DNA extraction (1)
- DNA methylation; (1)
- DNA origami (1)
- DNA sensor (1)
- DNA sequencing (1)
- DNA vaccine (1)
- DNA viruses (1)
- DNA-Aptamer (1)
- DNA-Chip (1)
- DNA-Lipid-Wechselwirkung (1)
- DNA-Vakzinierung (1)
- DNA-binding (1)
- DNA-lipid-interaction (1)
- DNA-metabarcoding (1)
- DNRA (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS Assemblierung (1)
- DNS-Chip (1)
- DOC quality (1)
- DOF Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- DOF transcription factors (1)
- DON (1)
- DPP-4 (1)
- DPP-4 inhibitors (1)
- DRB Evolution (1)
- DRB evolution (1)
- DRP1A (1)
- DRYM (1)
- DSS-Colitis (1)
- DTOF (1)
- DUF300 proteins (1)
- DUF581 (1)
- DUFLOW (1)
- Dactylis glomerata (1)
- Dangeardia mamillata (1)
- Danio rerio (zebrafish) (1)
- Daptomycin (1)
- Dark matter fungi (1)
- Dark-induced senescence (1)
- Darmkrebs (1)
- Data integration (1)
- Data quality (1)
- Data sets (1)
- Data standardisation and formatting (1)
- Database (1)
- Database Approach To Modelling (1)
- Database approach to modelling (1)
- Database errors (1)
- Datenanalyse und Statistik (1)
- Datenintegration (1)
- Datura stramonium (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- DdCP224 (1)
- De novo Assemblierung (1)
- De novo assembly (1)
- Deakklimatisierung (1)
- Debris (1)
- Defenses (1)
- Definition of lying (1)
- Degradom (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Deichrückverlegung (1)
- Delomys (1)
- Delta F508 mutation (1)
- Delta mcyB mutant (1)
- Dendrochronology (1)
- Dendroclimatology (1)
- Denitrifiers (1)
- Density (1)
- Derivatisierung (1)
- Dermochelys coriacea (1)
- Desiccation tolerance (1)
- Design Research (1)
- Detection (1)
- Detektionssystem (1)
- Determination of crystallinity (1)
- Determination of hydration (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Developing brain (1)
- Developmental Biology (1)
- Developmental biology (1)
- Developmental evolution (1)
- Developmental plasticity (1)
- Developmental tempo (1)
- Diacylglycerol (1)
- Diacylglycerol-Kinasen (1)
- Diagnostic (1)
- Diagnostics (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Dialel (1)
- Diaspore morphology (1)
- Diasporenmorphologie (1)
- Diceros bicornis var. minor (1)
- Dichrostachys cinerea (1)
- Dichteabhängigkeit (1)
- Dickkopf 1 (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Dietary Cholesterol (1)
- Differential Equations (1)
- Differential and algebraic equations (1)
- Differential equation (1)
- Differentiation (1)
- Dimensionality reduction (1)
- Dip test (1)
- Discretization (1)
- Discrimination (1)
- Disease monitoring (1)
- Diseases of the nervous system (1)
- Dispersal limitation (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Disposable (1)
- Disproportionating Enzyme (1)
- Disproportionating isozyme 2 (DPE2) dpe2-deficient plants (1)
- Disproportionierungsenzym (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Dissolved inorganic carbon (1)
- Dissolved organic carbon (1)
- Dissoziation (1)
- Distribution (1)
- Dithiolene (1)
- Dithiolene group (1)
- Diuron (1)
- Divergent evolution (1)
- Diversification (1)
- Diversity indices (1)
- Diversity partitioning (1)
- Diversity-Productivity relationship (1)
- Diversitäts-Produktivitäts-Beziehung (1)
- Diätintervention (1)
- Djoudj National Park (1)
- Docking interactions (1)
- Docosahexaenoic acid (1)
- Documentation (1)
- Dog (1)
- Domestication (1)
- Doping (1)
- Dormancy phases (1)
- Dormanz (1)
- Dorstenia kameruniana (1)
- Dosing algorithm (1)
- Downy mildew (1)
- Draft genome (1)
- Drainage (1)
- Dreischluchten-Stausee (1)
- Dreissena polymorpha (1)
- Dreizustandsmodell (1)
- Driftwood habitat (1)
- Drosophila (1)
- Drought (1)
- Drought tolerance (1)
- Drought-stress (1)
- Drug delivery systems (1)
- Drug discovery (1)
- Drug metabolism (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Dry grasslands (1)
- Dry land degradation (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Dryopteridaceae (1)
- Durchflusszytometrie (1)
- Durchfluß-Biochip-Scanner (1)
- Dynamic Energy Budget (1)
- Dynamic energy budget theory (1)
- Dynamic modeling (1)
- Dynamic sitting (1)
- Dynamic vegetation models (1)
- Dynamical global vegetation model (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- E. coil (1)
- E3-Ubiquitin Ligasen (1)
- E3-ubiquitin ligases (1)
- EAAT1 (1)
- EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) (1)
- EARLY STARVATION1 (1)
- EC50 (1)
- EEHV (1)
- EGFP (1)
- ELF3 (1)
- ELISA (1)
- ELONA (1)
- EMG (1)
- ENFA (1)
- ENTH-Domänen Proteine (1)
- ENTH-Domänenproteine (1)
- EPR spectroscopy (1)
- ERK5 (1)
- ESCRT (1)
- ETV (1)
- EXO (1)
- EXPOSE-R2 (1)
- Early childhood education (1)
- Early childhood teachers (1)
- Early mathematics development (1)
- Early starvation protein (1)
- East Asian flyway (1)
- East Prussia (1)
- Eco-evolution (1)
- Eco-genetic modelling (1)
- Eco-hydrological model (1)
- EcoHyD (1)
- Ecohydrological model (1)
- Ecohydrological modeling (1)
- Ecological changes (1)
- Ecological classification (1)
- Ecological guilds (1)
- Ecological interactions (1)
- Ecological models (1)
- Ecological niche (1)
- Ecological niche modeling (1)
- Ecological risk assessment (1)
- Ecological speciation (1)
- Ecological stoichiometry (1)
- Ecological synthesis (1)
- Ecological theory (1)
- Ecophysiology on freshwater phytoplankton (1)
- Ecosystem (1)
- Ecosystem development (1)
- Ecosystem processes (1)
- Ecosystem service value (1)
- Effect group (1)
- Effect model (1)
- Effective pathlength (1)
- Effekt (1)
- Eger Rift (1)
- Ein Kohlenstoff (1)
- Einjahrespflanzen (1)
- Einschätzung der Diffusion (1)
- Einwanderungskredit (1)
- Einzelbasenaustausch (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelzell-Analyse (1)
- Einzelzell-Sequenzierung (1)
- Einzelzellanalytik (1)
- Einzelzellbewegung (1)
- Einzelzellen (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisen-Schwefel-Cluster (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- El Niño/Southern Oscillation-Phänomen (1)
- El`gygytgyn Kratersee (1)
- Elaeis guineensis Jacq (1)
- Elapidae (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elbow breadth (1)
- Electric (1)
- Electric organ (1)
- Electric organ ontogeny (1)
- Electrochemical measurements (1)
- Electrochemical switch (1)
- Electrochemistry (1)
- Electrocyte features (1)
- Electrocyte geometry (1)
- Electrodes (1)
- Electrokinetics (1)
- Electron relay (1)
- Electronic tongue (1)
- Electroosmosis (1)
- Electrophysiology (1)
- Elektrische Entladung (1)
- Elektrische Fische (1)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Elektrophysiologie (1)
- Elephas maximus sumatranus (1)
- Elevation (1)
- Elongation Factor 1-alpha (1)
- El’gygytgyn Crater Lake (1)
- Employment (1)
- Emulsionen (1)
- Encroachment (1)
- Endangered species (1)
- Endocoenobium eudorinae (1)
- Endogenous retrovirus (1)
- Endoglycosidase (1)
- Endophyten (1)
- Endoreduplication (1)
- Endothelial cells (1)
- Endothelial integrity (1)
- Endothelialization (1)
- Endozoochory syndrome (1)
- Endurance (1)
- Energetik (1)
- Energiebudget (1)
- Energiemangel (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Enteritidis (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Environmental Metabolomics (1)
- Environmental gradients (1)
- Environmental heterogeneity (1)
- Environmental niche (1)
- Environmental relationships (1)
- Environmental risk (1)
- Environmental stressor (1)
- Enzymadsorption (1)
- Enzymatic fuel cell (1)
- Enzymatic recycling (1)
- Enzyme Kinetics (1)
- Enzyme adsorption (1)
- Enzyme catalysis (1)
- Enzyme electrode (1)
- Enzyme kinetics (1)
- Enzyme models (1)
- Enzymelektrode ; Monophenolmonooxygenase (1)
- Enzymes (1)
- Enzymmodelle (1)
- Ephrin (1)
- Epidemic (1)
- Epidemics (1)
- Epidemie (1)
- Epidemien (1)
- Epidermis (1)
- Epigenetic memory (1)
- Epigenom Editierung (1)
- Epiphyten (1)
- Epistase (1)
- Epistasis (1)
- Epistylis (1)
- Epithelial ion transport (1)
- Epithelien (1)
- Epitopmapping (1)
- Epitopvorhersage (1)
- Epizoochorie (1)
- Equivocality (1)
- Equus (1)
- Equus dalianensis (1)
- Equus przewalskii (1)
- Erbe (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Erhaltungszucht (1)
- Erigeron annuus (1)
- Erigeron canadensis (1)
- Erkenntnisgewinnung (1)
- Ernte (1)
- Ernte von Wildebeständen (1)
- Ernährungsgewohnheiten (1)
- Ernährungszustand (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Erucasäure (1)
- Erweitertes Fachwissen für den schulischen Kontext (1)
- Erythropoese (1)
- Eschericha coli (1)
- Essentialität (1)
- Essigsäurebakterien (1)
- Establishment (1)
- Esterase (1)
- Estuary SW Netherlands (1)
- Etablierung (1)
- Etmopterus joungi (1)
- Etmopterus litvinovi (1)
- Etmopterus pusillus (1)
- Etmopterus pycnolepis (1)
- Euanthe (1)
- Eubacterium ramulus (1)
- Eucera (1)
- Eukaryoten (1)
- Eurasian lynx (1)
- Eurasian otter (1)
- Euro plus Med PlantBase (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European Union EU (1)
- European bat species (1)
- European brown (1)
- European brown hare (1)
- European corn borer (1)
- European lamprey (1)
- European lobster (1)
- European rabbit (1)
- European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (1)
- Europäische Fledermausarten (1)
- Evapotranspiration (1)
- Evening Complex (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Evolutionsgenetik (1)
- Evolutionsrunde (1)
- Ex situ conservation (1)
- ExPEC (1)
- Excitonic interactions (1)
- Exotic (1)
- Exotic bird species (1)
- Exotic species (1)
- Expansions-Mikroskopie (1)
- Experiment description (1)
- Experimental environment (1)
- Experimental evidence (1)
- Experimental metadata (1)
- Experimental philosophy (1)
- Export (1)
- Exposure (1)
- Expression (1)
- Expression profiling (1)
- External stimuli (1)
- External structural measures (1)
- Extinction cascades (1)
- Extinction risk (1)
- Extinktionsrisko (1)
- Extravasation rate-limited tissue model (1)
- Extravasation-rate limited Gewebemodelle (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- Extreme environment (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremophilic green alga (1)
- Eye-tracking (1)
- F-box (1)
- F. oxysporum (1)
- F1-hybrids (1)
- F2-hybrids (1)
- F7 gene (1)
- FACS (1)
- FAIRE-qPCR (1)
- FAIRE-seq (1)
- FAK-MAPK (1)
- FAME (1)
- FASTAR (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FITC-dextran release (1)
- FLC (1)
- FLN1 (1)
- FLOWERING LOCUS C (1)
- FMN (1)
- FMT (1)
- FRAP (1)
- FRET (1)
- FRUITFULL (1)
- FT-ICR MS (1)
- FTIR-ATR (1)
- FTO (1)
- Fab fragment production (1)
- Fachwissen (1)
- Faecal corticosterone metabolites (1)
- Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (1)
- Faecal pellet group count (1)
- Fagus (1)
- Fallow deer (1)
- Faltung (1)
- Familiarity (1)
- Families (1)
- Fat Patterning (1)
- Fatty acid composition (1)
- Fatty acid conversion (1)
- Fatty acid degradation (1)
- FcRn salvage mechanism (1)
- Fe-S cluster assembly (1)
- Feature Engineering (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Fecundity (1)
- Feeding behavior (1)
- Feeding rate (1)
- Feldberger Seenlandschaft ; Agrarlandschaft ; Brache ; Samenpflanzen ; Bestäuber ; Artenreichtum (1)
- Feldmaus (1)
- Female choice (1)
- Female moratorium (1)
- Fen meadows (1)
- Ferritin (1)
- Ferrocen (1)
- Ferrocene (1)
- Ferrocene benzoboroxol biosensor (1)
- Ferrocene boronic acid (1)
- Fertility (1)
- Festkörper NMR Spektroskopie (1)
- Festuca brevipila (1)
- Fettleibigkeit (1)
- Fettsäure (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Fibres (1)
- Fibroblasten (1)
- Field conditions (1)
- Field experiment (1)
- Field margins (1)
- Field pattern (1)
- Filamente (1)
- Fildes Region (1)
- Fine roots (1)
- Fingolimod (1)
- Fire frequency (1)
- First-generation migrant (1)
- Fisch (1)
- Fitness gradient (1)
- Fitness landscape and frequency-dependent selection (1)
- Flachseen (1)
- Flagella (1)
- Flagellate grazing (1)
- Flagellen (1)
- Flat-headed cat (1)
- Flavonoid-Metabolismus (1)
- Fledermäuse (1)
- Flexibility (1)
- Flexible sampling strategy (1)
- Fließsystem (1)
- Floral Meristem (1)
- Floral Organ (1)
- Floral induction (1)
- Floral scent (1)
- Florigen (1)
- Floristics (1)
- Flower (1)
- Flower Development (1)
- Flower development (1)
- Flower harvesting (1)
- Fluctuating asymmetry (1)
- Fluid streaming (1)
- Fluorescence Quenching Immunoassay (1)
- Fluorescence microscopy (1)
- Fluorescence quenching immunoassay (1)
- Fluoreszeinisothiocyanat (1)
- Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (1)
- Fluoreszenzfluktuationsspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzkorrelationspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmarkierung (1)
- Fluss (1)
- Flux coupling analysis (1)
- Fluxes (1)
- Fodder quality (1)
- Fokalkontakt (1)
- Food Web (1)
- Food intake (1)
- Food quantity (1)
- Food web (1)
- Food web robustness (1)
- Forage values (1)
- Foraging behavior (1)
- Foraging movement (1)
- Forelimb (1)
- Forest age (1)
- Forest change (1)
- Forest continuity (1)
- Forest dependency (1)
- Forest edge (1)
- Forest species (1)
- Forest understorey (1)
- Formaldehyd-Assimilierung (1)
- Formgedächtnispolymere (1)
- Formiat (1)
- Formica lugubris (1)
- Formica pratensis (1)
- Formin (1)
- Forschungsorientierung (1)
- Fortpflanzung (1)
- Fotoschalter (1)
- Fourier (1)
- Fractal landscapes (1)
- Fragaria x ananassa (1)
- Fragmente (1)
- Fraser Complex (1)
- Fraxinus (1)
- Free-living and particle-associated bacteria (1)
- Fresh-water habitats (1)
- Freshwater (1)
- Freshwater algae (1)
- Freshwater fish (1)
- Freshwater fungi (1)
- Freshwater microalgae (1)
- Freshwater microbial communities (1)
- Frucht (1)
- Fruchtknoten (1)
- Fructose (1)
- Fructosyl valine (1)
- Fruit biology (1)
- Fruit maturity (1)
- Fruit pathogens (1)
- Fruit ripening (1)
- Fruit set (1)
- Fruit shape (1)
- Frühwarn-System (1)
- FtsZ ring assemby (1)
- FtsZ ring formation (1)
- FtsZ-Ringbildung (1)
- Full-length 16S rRNA PacBio sequencing (1)
- Functional aging (1)
- Functional analysis (1)
- Functional bat group (1)
- Functional groups (1)
- Functional scaffolds (1)
- Functional trait (1)
- Functional trait diversity (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Functional type (1)
- Functional types (1)
- Fungal challenge (1)
- Fungal communities (1)
- Fungal endophyte (1)
- Fungal physiology and ecology (1)
- Fungal tree (1)
- Funktionelle Diversität (1)
- Fur (1)
- Furanocoumarin (1)
- Furnariidae (1)
- Fusion (1)
- Futtersuchverhalten (1)
- Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (FRET) (1)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (1)
- G protein-coupled receptors (1)
- G protein-gekoppelter Östrogen Rezeptor (1)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (1)
- G-protein-coupled-receptors (1)
- G-quadruplexes (1)
- G-quadruplexes, (1)
- G-quartettes (1)
- G3BP (1)
- GABA(B) receptor (1)
- GBOL (1)
- GBSA (1)
- GC gene (1)
- GC-TOF-MS (1)
- GC-globulin (1)
- GC/MS (1)
- GED cycle (1)
- GED-Zyklus (1)
- GFLASSO (1)
- GFP (1)
- GLOBOSA2 (1)
- GLP-1 and SDF-1a (1)
- GMP (1)
- GMYC (1)
- GPCRs (1)
- GPER (1)
- GPR30 (1)
- GRIND (1)
- GSH (1)
- GSNOR-GSNO reductase (1)
- GTPase (1)
- GUV (1)
- GUVs (1)
- GWA (1)
- GWAS (1)
- GWD (1)
- Galacturonsäure (1)
- Galaktolipide (1)
- Gallionella (1)
- Gap junction (1)
- Gas Chromatography (1)
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (1)
- Gaschromatographie (1)
- Gaussian process (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Gekkonidae (1)
- Gelbe Biotechnologie (1)
- Gelenkbeweglichkeit (1)
- Geltrex (1)
- Gemeinschaftsgarten-Experiment (1)
- Gen (1)
- Gen-Koexpression (1)
- GenBank (1)
- GenPred (1)
- Gencluster-Aktivierung (1)
- Gene Ontology (1)
- Gene co-expression (1)
- Gene expression profiling (1)
- Gene family (1)
- Gene flow (1)
- Gene function prediction (1)
- Gene regulatory network (1)
- Gene structure (1)
- Gene tree-species tree reconciliation (1)
- Gene-expression (1)
- Gene-expression data (1)
- Generality (1)
- Genetic (1)
- Genetic architecture (1)
- Genetic diversity (1)
- Genetic diversity loss (1)
- Genetic models (1)
- Genetic rescue (1)
- Genetic structure (1)
- Genetic transformation (1)
- Genetic vectors (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genetische Rettung (1)
- Genfamilie (1)
- Genom-Scan (1)
- Genome annotation (1)
- Genome-scale metabolic models (1)
- Genome-wide (1)
- Genomes (1)
- Genomic evolution (1)
- Genomic selection (1)
- Genotype by environment (1)
- Genotypic differences (1)
- Genotypic variation (1)
- Genotyping-by-sequencing (1)
- Genotypisierung (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gentechnik (1)
- Gentechnologie (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geoinformationssystem (1)
- Geometric morphometrics (1)
- Geothermobarometric P-T (1)
- Germination (1)
- Germline knockout (1)
- Gerste (1)
- Gerüste aus Fasergeflecht (1)
- Gesangsaktivität (1)
- Gesangsangleich (1)
- Gesangsdialekte (1)
- Gesangslernen (1)
- Geschmackswahrnehmung (1)
- Geschwindigkeit (1)
- Gewebsverteilung (1)
- Gewässer (1)
- Giant Vesicles (1)
- Giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- Gibberellin (1)
- Gießharz (1)
- Gießharzpräparate (1)
- Glacial relict species (1)
- Glanzstreifen (1)
- Glasfaser (1)
- Glial biology (1)
- Glial development (1)
- Gliomas (1)
- Global DNA methylation (1)
- Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) (1)
- Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database (1)
- Globaler Wandel (1)
- Globalwandel (1)
- Gloxinia perennis (1)
- Glucan (1)
- Glucan water dikinase (1)
- Glucan, water dikinase (1)
- Glucan-Wasser-Dikinase (1)
- Glucanotransferase (1)
- Glucolipotoxizität (1)
- Glucosedehydrogenase (1)
- Glucosinolates (1)
- Glutamat (1)
- Glutamine (1)
- Glutathione (1)
- Glutathionperoxidase-2 GPx2 (1)
- Glycated hemoglobin (1)
- Glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c; diabetes; biosensor; immunosensor; enzyme sensor; electrochemical; amperometric; immunoassay; diagnostics; haptoglobin; im (1)
- Glycin-Decarboxylase-Komplex (=GCV) (1)
- Glycin-Spaltsystem (1)
- Glycin-Synthase-Komplex (Umkehrung von GCV) (1)
- Glycopolymer brush (1)
- Glycosylierung (1)
- Glycosyltransferase (1)
- Glykiertes Hämoglobin; HbA1c; Diabetes; Biosensor; Immunosensor; Enzymsensor; amperometrisch; elektrochemisch; Immunoassay; Diagnostik; Haptoglobin; (1)
- Glykogen (1)
- Glyphosate (1)
- Gold nanoparticle (1)
- Goldenrod (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Gondwana (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Good modelling practice (1)
- Gradients (1)
- Gram negative (1)
- Graph (1)
- Graph theory (1)
- Graphtheorie (1)
- Grasland (1)
- Grass flush (1)
- Grassland diversity (1)
- Grasslands (1)
- Greenhouse experiment (1)
- Grewia flava (1)
- Griffithsin (1)
- Grime strategy (1)
- Grip strength (1)
- Gross growth efficiency (1)
- Groundwater (1)
- Growth Regulate Factor (1)
- Growth adjustment (1)
- Growth efficiency (1)
- Growth faltering (1)
- Growth hormone (1)
- Growth modelling (1)
- Growth rates (1)
- Growth reference values (1)
- Growth rings (1)
- Growth signaling (1)
- Growth-rate (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grus japonensis (1)
- Grus monacha (1)
- Grünland (1)
- Gubernatrix cristata (1)
- Guild (1)
- Guppies poecilia-reticulata (1)
- Gustafson-Kessel (1)
- Gut contractions (1)
- Gute-Gene (1)
- Gutmicrobiota (1)
- Gymnophiona (1)
- H16 (1)
- H2O2 (1)
- H2S-Biosynthese (1)
- H3K27me3 Methylation (1)
- H3K4me (1)
- H3K9ac (1)
- HAC1 (1)
- HB13 (1)
- HDA (1)
- HGT (1)
- HIV Erkrankung (1)
- HMA (1)
- HMA sponge (1)
- HPµF (1)
- HS transcriptional memory (1)
- HS-Transkriptionsgedächtnis (1)
- HSE (1)
- HSFA3 (1)
- HTHP (1)
- HUVEC (1)
- Haberlea rhodopensis (1)
- Habitability (1)
- Habitabilität (1)
- Habitat choice (1)
- Habitat filtering (1)
- Habitat gradients (1)
- Habitat heterogeneity (1)
- Habitat preferences (1)
- Habitat selection (1)
- Habitat specialist (1)
- Habitatmodell (1)
- Habrophlebiodes (1)
- Haemoproteus (1)
- Hair matrix (1)
- Haldane's rule (1)
- Hamiltonella (1)
- Hamiltonella defensa (1)
- Handkraft (1)
- Hangman porphyrin (1)
- Hangneigung (1)
- Hantaviren (1)
- Hantavirus-Erkrankung (1)
- Harmful algal bloom (1)
- Harmful algal blooms (1)
- Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (1)
- Hawaii (1)
- HbA1c (1)
- Health risk assessment (1)
- Heart regeneration (1)
- Heat stress (1)
- Heat stress memory, Heat shock factors, Mediator subunits, MED23, MED32, Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Heat stress response (1)
- Heavy-chain only antibodies (1)
- Hedgerow (1)
- Hefe (1)
- Height z-score (1)
- Helarctos malayanus (1)
- Heliconiaceae (1)
- Helix <beta-> (1)
- Hemodialysis (1)
- Henlesche Schleife (1)
- HepG2 hepatocytes (1)
- HepG2-Zellen (1)
- Hepatitis E virus (1)
- Herb diversity (1)
- Herbicide exposure (1)
- Herbivores (1)
- Herbivorous insects (1)
- Herbizide (1)
- Heritability (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Herzentwicklung (1)
- Herzklappe (1)
- Herzmuskelkrankheit (1)
- Heterocarpy (1)
- Heterogeneity (1)
- Heterogeneity species diversity relationship (1)
- Heteroptera (1)
- Heterotrophic activity (1)
- Heterotrophic tissues (1)
- Heterotrophy (1)
- Heubacillus ; Pectat-Lyase ; Helix <beta-> (1)
- Hexapoda (1)
- Hexokinase (1)
- HiT selection (1)
- Hidden Markov models (1)
- Hierarchical partitioning of variance (1)
- High Power LED Array (1)
- High affinity binding (1)
- High forest (1)
- High osmolarity (1)
- High resolution (1)
- High-throughput next-generation sequencing (1)
- Hill exponent (1)
- Hippocampal neurogenesis (1)
- Hippotragus leucophaeus (1)
- Histidin-Metall Koordination (1)
- Histidine transport (1)
- Histon Methylierung (1)
- Histone H3K4 trimethylation (1)
- Histone Modification (1)
- Histone deacetylase inhibitor (1)
- Historic land use (1)
- Historic literature (1)
- Historical ecology (1)
- Hitzeschock-Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Hitzestress (1)
- Hitzestress-Gedächtnis (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochleistungs-LED-Array (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Home range size (1)
- Home-site advantage (1)
- Homeostasis (1)
- Homogeneous immunoassay (1)
- Homoger Immunoassay (1)
- Homologous recombination (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Hordeum vulgare (1)
- Horizontal gene transfer (1)
- Horse (1)
- Horticulture (1)
- Host adaptation (1)
- Host shift (1)
- Host-symbiont interaction (1)
- Housekeeping genes (1)
- HsbA (1)
- Huftiere (1)
- Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) (1)
- Human Physiome (1)
- Human carrying capacity (1)
- Human evolution (1)
- Human face (1)
- Human hair follicle (1)
- Human impact (1)
- Human mesenchymal stem cells (1)
- Human population genomics (1)
- Human serum albumin (1)
- Human used-drugs (1)
- Humanization (1)
- Humans (1)
- Humic acids (1)
- Humid forest (1)
- Humus reproduction (1)
- Hund (1)
- Huntington (1)
- Huntington disease (1)
- Hybrid capture (1)
- Hybrid nanofilms (1)
- Hybrid prediction (1)
- Hybridisierung (1)
- Hybridom (1)
- Hybridomtechnik (1)
- Hybrids (1)
- Hybridzerfall (1)
- Hydrenchyma (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (delta D) (1)
- Hydrogen peroxide (1)
- Hydrogenomonas eutrophus (1)
- Hydrology (1)
- Hydrophilie (1)
- Hydrothermalzeit-Modell (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hyena (1)
- Hymenolepis (1)
- Hyperakkumulation (1)
- Hyperoxide (1)
- Hyponasty (1)
- Hypopharyngeal gland (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- Hypoxidaceae (1)
- Hypsipetes philippinus (1)
- Hyäne (1)
- Hämatopoetische Stammzellen (1)
- Hämatopoiese (1)
- Hämoglobin A / Bestimmung / Biosensor / Amperometrie (1)
- Hämolyse (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hülsenfrüchtler (1)
- IACS (1)
- IAV particles (1)
- IAV-Partikel (1)
- IB (1)
- IB4 (1)
- ICP OES (1)
- ICP-MS (1)
- IDPs (1)
- IL-12 (1)
- INCURVATA11 (1)
- INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein (1)
- INDETERMINATE DOMAIN-Protein (1)
- INST-MFA (1)
- IP3 (1)
- IP3-Rezeptor (1)
- IP3-receptor (1)
- IR (1)
- IR laser (1)
- IRF3 (1)
- ISC (1)
- Iberia (1)
- Iberian lynx (1)
- Identifizierung (1)
- Immune evasion cluster (1)
- Immunfluoreszenz (1)
- Immunity (1)
- Immunization (1)
- Immunoassay; GDH-biosensor; Phenolische Substanzen; Vor-Ort-Analytik; FIA; ß-Galactosidase; Abwasseranalytik (1)
- Immunodeficient mice models (1)
- Immunogene Proteine (1)
- Immunogenic Proteins (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Immunosensor (1)
- Immunscreening (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Impatiens (1)
- Import (1)
- Importin (1)
- Impranil PU degradation (1)
- In vitro dissolution (1)
- In vitro expression (1)
- In vitro protein synthesis (1)
- In vitro transcription (1)
- In vitro transcription technology (1)
- In vitro translation (1)
- In vitro-Immunisierung (1)
- In vivo biotinylation (1)
- In-vitro-Transkriptionstechnologie (1)
- Index Seminum (1)
- Indicator species (1)
- Indicators (1)
- Indium tin oxide (1)
- Indium tin oxide nanoparticles (1)
- Individual based model (1)
- Individual size (1)
- Individual-based modelling (1)
- Individuen-basierende Modelle (1)
- Indo-European (1)
- Indochina (1)
- Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (1)
- Induction of antibody responses (1)
- Inert ingredients (1)
- Infanticide (1)
- Infanticide risk (1)
- Influenza A Viren (1)
- Influenza A Virus (1)
- Influenza virus detection (1)
- Influenza-A (1)
- Influenza-A-Virus (1)
- Information (1)
- Inhibitory cytokines (1)
- Injection-molding (1)
- Innate immunity (1)
- Inner-city area (1)
- Inorganic carbon accumulation (1)
- Inorganic phosphorus limitation (1)
- Inosite (1)
- Insect conservation (1)
- Insect epithelia (1)
- Insect herbivore (1)
- Insect lysate (1)
- Insektizide (1)
- Instructional (1)
- Integrase 1 (1)
- Integrated environmental modelling (1)
- Integration sites (1)
- Integrative Analyse (1)
- Integrative analysis (1)
- Interaction of T and B cells with antigen-presenting cells (1)
- Interactive effects (1)
- Interactors (1)
- Interaktions Netzwerk (1)
- Interaktionsstudie (1)
- Interaktoren (1)
- Intercellular crosstalk (1)
- Interdisciplinary links (1)
- Interferon <beta-> (1)
- Interleukin-35 (1)
- Intermediate disturbance hypothesis (1)
- Intermittent cycles (1)
- Internal pH (1)
- Internal transcribed spacer (1)
- Internal waves (1)
- Internalin B (1)
- Internalin J (1)
- Interspecific aggression (1)
- Interspecific interaction (1)
- Intervertebral disc (1)
- Intraspecific competition (1)
- Intraspecific functional variability (1)
- Intraspecific genetic variation (1)
- Intraspezifische Variation (1)
- Intrinsically disordered proteins (1)
- Introgression Lines (1)
- Invasive plant species (1)
- Invertase (1)
- Invertebrate (1)
- Invertebrate pores (1)
- Inverted emulsion-based method (1)
- Ion channels (1)
- Ion leakage (1)
- Ion mobility (1)
- Ion optics (1)
- Ionenkanal (1)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (IMS) (1)
- Ionic liquid (1)
- Ionmobility spectrometry (1)
- Ips typographus (1)
- Island colonization (1)
- Isoenzyme (1)
- Isoformen (1)
- Isothermal amplification (1)
- Isothermal nucleic acid amplification (1)
- Isotope Effect (1)
- Isotope dilution analysis (1)
- Issue 119 (1)
- Issue 95 (1)
- Isthmus of Kra (1)
- Ixodidae (1)
- JUMONJI (1)
- JUNGBRUNNEN1 (JUB1/ANAC042) (1)
- Jaguar (1)
- Javan leopard (1)
- Jena experiment (1)
- Juan Fernandez Archipelago (1)
- K-ir-like (1)
- KAT1 (1)
- KLF2 (1)
- Kalahari (1)
- Kaliumion (1)
- Kalorimetrie (1)
- Kalzit (1)
- Kalzium (1)
- Kanalisierung (1)
- Kapillarelektrophorese (1)
- Kartoffelknolle (1)
- Karube (1)
- Kaskadeneffekte (1)
- Katalyse (1)
- Katze (1)
- Keimungsrate (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Keratella cochlearis (1)
- Keratinozyten (1)
- Kernel estimation (1)
- Kernlokalisierungssignal (1)
- Kettle hole (1)
- Keystone species (1)
- Kidney Transplantation (1)
- Killer whale (1)
- Klassifikation der Landbedeckung (1)
- Kleinsäuger (1)
- Klick-Chemie (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimaänderung (1)
- Knock in Mäuse (1)
- KoRV (1)
- Koexistenz Mechanismen (1)
- Koexistenz unter wechselnden Bedingungen (1)
- Koexistenz von Arten (1)
- Koexpression Netzwerk Analysen (1)
- Kohlenhydrat Erkennung (1)
- Kohlenhydrat-Protein Interaction (1)
- Kohlenhydrat-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Kohlenhydrate (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Konzentrationsmechanismus (1)
- Kohlenstofffixerung (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffmetabolismus (1)
- Kohlenstoffspeicherung (1)
- Kokain (1)
- Kolonialität (1)
- Kombinationstherapie (1)
- Kompartiment-Modelle (1)
- Komplexauge (1)
- Komposite (1)
- Kompromiss (1)
- Konfokale Mikroskopie (1)
- Konkurrenz (1)
- Konsequenzen von Fang und Besenderung (1)
- Kontraception (1)
- Korngröße (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Krankheitsausbruch (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Krebsbiomarker (1)
- Krebserkennung (1)
- Krebstherapie (1)
- Kriging (1)
- Kruppel-like factor 2 (1)
- Kucukcekmece Lagoon (1)
- Kupffer Cells (1)
- Kv1 (1)
- Kälteakklimatisierung (1)
- Kältestress (1)
- Körperbautyp (1)
- Körperfett (1)
- Körperzusammensetzung (1)
- L-cysteine desulfurase (1)
- L-morph (1)
- L-systems (1)
- LAMP (1)
- LAVESI (1)
- LC-FT-MS (1)
- LC-MS/MS (1)
- LC-OCD (1)
- LC-OCD-OND (1)
- LC/MS (1)
- LCM (1)
- LEA (1)
- LEA protein (1)
- LEA proteins (1)
- LED (1)
- LEUNIG LEUNIG_HOMOLOG SEUSS SEUSS-LIKEs Arabidopsis embryogenesis WOX2-module HD-ZIPIII (1)
- LFA (1)
- LHCII (1)
- LIKE-AUX1 (LAX) (1)
- LINC complex (1)
- LIS1 (1)
- LOC (1)
- LSD1 (1)
- LSU (1)
- LUX (1)
- Lab on chip (1)
- Lab-on-a-chip (1)
- Label-free imaging (1)
- Labeled membrane proteins (1)
- Labor demand (1)
- Labour market outcome (1)
- Laccase (1)
- Lactarius subgenus Plinthogali (1)
- Lactuca serriola (1)
- Lady slipper balsam (1)
- Lake Bolshoe Toko (1)
- Lake Naivasha (1)
- Lake TaiHu (1)
- Lake Xingxinghai (1)
- Lake sediments (1)
- Lakes (1)
- Lambert-Beer (1)
- Lampetra (1)
- Land Reform (1)
- Land management (1)
- Land reform (1)
- Land use management (1)
- Land use type (1)
- Land-use (1)
- Land-use impacts (1)
- Land-use intensification (1)
- Land-use legacy (1)
- Land-use modeling (1)
- Landnutzung (1)
- Landnutzungshistorie (1)
- Landscape connectivity (1)
- Landscape eutrophication (1)
- Landscape genetics (1)
- Landscape metrics (1)
- Landscape simulator (1)
- Landschaftsanalyse (1)
- Landschaftsheterogenität (1)
- Langmuir-Blodgett films (1)
- Langmuir-Schaefer (1)
- Langmuir-Schaefer method (1)
- Langzeitaustrocknung (1)
- Langzeitveränderung (1)
- Laos (1)
- Larch (1)
- Large ungulates (1)
- Large-area mapping (1)
- Laser spectroscopy (1)
- Last glacial maximum (1)
- Late Glacial and Holocene (1)
- Late Holocene (1)
- Late Quaternary (1)
- Late embryogenesis abundant (1)
- Lateral flow (1)
- Lateral flow assay (LFA) (1)
- Lateralization (1)
- Laubstreu (1)
- Leaf (1)
- Leaf Cell (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf axil (1)
- Leaf cavitation (1)
- Leaf litter (1)
- Leaf maltose content (1)
- Leaf metabolism (1)
- Leaf shape (1)
- Leaf trichomes (1)
- Lebensmittelanalytik (1)
- Lebensraumnutzung (1)
- Lebenszyklustheorie (1)
- Leber congenital amaurosis (1)
- Leghämoglobin (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Legionellen (1)
- Legislation (1)
- Leguminosae (1)
- Leguminosenlektin (1)
- Lehramtsstudium Biologie (1)
- Lemna minor (1)
- LemnaTec (1)
- Lemnaceae (1)
- Len (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Lens (1)
- Lentibulariaceae (1)
- Leopard cat (1)
- Leptospheria (1)
- Leptospira spp (1)
- Lernen und Gedächtnis (1)
- Lesion formation (1)
- Lesser antilles (1)
- Leucine-Rich Repeat (1)
- Leucogeranus leucogeranus (1)
- Leucos (1)
- Leukocyte Receptor Complex LRC KIR ILT FCAR Immunglobulin Evolution Immunsystem SNP HRCA (1)
- Leukocyte Receptor Complex LRC KIR ILT FCAR immunoglobulin evolution SNP HRCA (1)
- Leukotriene B4 (1)
- Licht (1)
- Licht-induzierte (1)
- Lichtanpassung (1)
- Lichtverschmutzung (1)
- Life cycle (1)
- Life history strategies (1)
- Life history traits (1)
- Life span (1)
- Life-history traits (1)
- Light (1)
- Light availability (1)
- Light pollution (1)
- Light reactions (1)
- Light-harvesting complex (LHC II) (1)
- Lignin: N ratio (1)
- Like-Early Starvation 1 (1)
- Like-Early starvation protein (1)
- Limited proteolysis (1)
- Limits of life (1)
- Limnologie (1)
- Lipase (1)
- Lipid Synthese (1)
- Lipid synthesis (1)
- Lipide / Doppelschicht (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lipidsynthese (1)
- Lipogenesis (1)
- Lipophagie (1)
- Lipoxygenase (1)
- Lissencephaly (1)
- Litoral (1)
- Litter (1)
- Litter raking (1)
- Littoral (1)
- Liver (1)
- Livestock density (1)
- Livestock type (1)
- Local and regional vegetation (1)
- Local plant-abundance (1)
- Localized surface plasmon resonance (1)
- Locally (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Locomotion costs (1)
- Locustella ochotensis (1)
- Lolium multiflorum (1)
- Lolium perenne (1)
- Lonchocarpus bussei (1)
- Lonchocarpus eriocalyx (1)
- Long-distance migrant (1)
- Long-distance seed dispersal (1)
- Longitudinal (1)
- Lotus japonicus (1)
- Low back pain (1)
- Lower Havel River Region (1)
- Lumpiness in pattern formation and self-organization (1)
- Lutra lutra (1)
- Lying (1)
- Lynx (1)
- Lynx lynx (1)
- LysM receptor kinase (1)
- Lysosom (1)
- Lythrum salicaria (1)
- Lärche (1)
- M-Bandenmodell (1)
- M-band model (1)
- M1-Lipide (1)
- M1-M1 interaction (1)
- M1-M1-Interaktion (1)
- M1-lipids (1)
- MABC-2 (1)
- MADS (1)
- MADS-box transcription factor (1)
- MAMPs (1)
- MAP kinase (1)
- MAPK phosphatase (1)
- MAT (1)
- MC38 (1)
- MCPH (1)
- MEX1 (1)
- MHC Klasse II (1)
- MHC diversity (1)
- MHC polymorphism (1)
- MIP (1)
- MIP sensor (1)
- MIS 5 to 1 (1)
- MLST (1)
- MM (1)
- MOBAK 1 (1)
- MOCS2 (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MONOPTEROS (ARF5) (1)
- MTOC (1)
- MTP (1)
- MTP1 (1)
- MTP2 (1)
- MTP3 (1)
- MUC1 (1)
- MVA (1)
- Macarorchestia martini (1)
- Macarorchestia roffensis (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Macrobrachium rosenbergii (1)
- Macroclimatic gradient (1)
- Macrophage-like phenotype (1)
- Macrophytes (1)
- Madagascar (1)
- Mahd (1)
- Mais (1)
- Maiszünsler (1)
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (1)
- Makrophagen-Aktivierung (1)
- Makrophyten (1)
- Maldanidae (1)
- Male mate choice (1)
- Malnutrition (1)
- Maltodextrin (1)
- Maltose Metabolism (1)
- Maltose assay (1)
- Maltose metabolism (1)
- Management intensity (1)
- Management units (1)
- Manganese (1)
- Mantellidae (1)
- Mantodea (1)
- Marine ecology (1)
- Marine ecosystems (1)
- Marine mammals (1)
- Markov model (1)
- Marsanaloge Regolithe (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Maschinelles-Lernen (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Mass action system (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Mass-balanced reactions (1)
- Mate choice copying (1)
- Mate preferences (1)
- Material binding peptides (1)
- Maternal effects (1)
- Maternal relationships (1)
- Mathematical model (1)
- Mating preferences (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Matrix model (1)
- Matrix vegetation (1)
- Maus Aldehydoxidase1 (1)
- Maxent (1)
- Maximum population (1)
- Maßstabsabhängigkeit (1)
- Mboost (1)
- MbtH (1)
- Mcy gene (1)
- Meadows (1)
- Meat storage (1)
- Mechanical stimulation (1)
- Mechanically-induced stress (1)
- Mechanisms (1)
- Mechanistic effect models (1)
- Mechanistic models (1)
- Mechanistische Modelle (1)
- Mechanobiologie (1)
- Mechanoperception (1)
- Mechanosensation (1)
- Mechanosensing (1)
- Med-Checklist (1)
- Medicago (1)
- Medicinal plants (1)
- Medicine (1)
- Mediterranean Europe (1)
- Mediterranean island (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mediterranean temporary ponds (1)
- Mehrkomponentenanalyse (1)
- Melainabacteria (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membranbindung (1)
- Membrandeformation (1)
- Membrane deformation (1)
- Membrane protein (1)
- Membrane proteins (1)
- Membranfluidität (1)
- Menschenobhut (1)
- Mercaptoundecanoic acid (1)
- Merkmalsvariation (1)
- Merkmalsvielfalt (1)
- Mesenchymal stem cell (1)
- Mesophyll (1)
- Mesophyll tissue (1)
- Mesostigmata (1)
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Metabolic Engineering (1)
- Metabolic Modeling (1)
- Metabolic Regulation (1)
- Metabolic models (1)
- Metabolic network (1)
- Metabolic pathways (1)
- Metabolic syndrome (1)
- Metabolische Netzwerke (1)
- Metabolismus von Medikamenten (1)
- Metabolite Profiling (1)
- Metabolite QTL (1)
- Metabolite network (1)
- Metabolite profiles (1)
- Metabolite-protein interactions (1)
- Metabolitprofil (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metabolome (1)
- Metabolome analysis (1)
- Metacommunity dynamics (1)
- Metagemeinschaft (1)
- Metal Metabolism (1)
- Metal homeostasis (1)
- Metallkation (1)
- Metalloenzymes (1)
- Metals (1)
- Metapopulation dynamics (1)
- Metatranscriptomic (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanemission (1)
- Methankreislauf (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogene Archaeen (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Methanotrophe (1)
- Method (1)
- Methodological quality (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylheptadecanes (1)
- Methylotrophie (1)
- Metrik-Index (1)
- MiSpEx (1)
- Mice (1)
- Micelle (1)
- Micro-RNA (1)
- Micro-algae (1)
- Micro-translantation (1)
- Microarray data (1)
- Microbeads (1)
- Microbial activities (1)
- Microbial carbon transfer (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microbial community (1)
- Microbial ecology (1)
- Microbial electrochemistry (1)
- Microbicide (1)
- Microbiome assembly (1)
- Microbiota (1)
- Microcebus berthae (1)
- Microcebus murinus (1)
- Microchip (1)
- Microcystins (1)
- Microcystis sp (1)
- Microfluidics (1)
- Microgale (1)
- Microphthalmia associated transcription factor (1)
- Microplastics (MP) (1)
- Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) (1)
- Microscale electrode (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microsite degradation (1)
- Microspore (1)
- Microtubule (1)
- Microtus (1)
- Microviridin (1)
- Mid-Holocene (1)
- Mikroalgen (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- Mikrochip (1)
- Mikrogel (1)
- Mikroheizung (1)
- Mikroplastikpartikel (1)
- Mikroskop (1)
- Mikrostrukturierung (1)
- Mikroviskosität (1)
- Military areas (1)
- Milk (1)
- Mineralisation (1)
- Minimum convex polygons (MCPs) (1)
- Minimum information recommendations (1)
- Minimum landing size (1)
- Mining lakes (1)
- Mitochondrial control region I (1)
- Mitochondrial gene order (1)
- Mitochondrial genomes (1)
- Mitochondrial recombination (1)
- Mitochondrial replacement (1)
- Mittelamerika (1)
- Mitteleuropa (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- MoaA (1)
- Moco (1)
- Moco-Biosynthese (1)
- Model Analysis (1)
- Model Implementation (1)
- Model analysis (1)
- Model calibration (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model improvement; (1)
- Model ranking (1)
- Model structure (1)
- Model validation (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modelle der Nahrungsnetze (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modelling Framework (1)
- Modelling framework (1)
- Modelling functional diversity (1)
- Modern pollen-vegetation relationships (1)
- Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (1)
- Modified electrode (1)
- Modified primers (1)
- Moesin (1)
- Molecular biology (1)
- Molecular dielectrophoresis (1)
- Molecular marker (1)
- Molecular medicine (1)
- Molecular methods (1)
- Molecular modeling (1)
- Molecular phylogenetics (1)
- Molecular profile data (1)
- Molecular typing (1)
- Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer film (1)
- Molekular-dynamik (1)
- Molekulardynamik-Simulation (1)
- Molekulare Modellierung (1)
- Molekulare Profildaten (1)
- Molekülmodelle (1)
- Molybdenum Cofaktor (1)
- Molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic (1)
- Molybdenum-iron-iron-sulfur cluster (1)
- Molybdo-flavoenzymes (1)
- Molybdoflavoenzyme (1)
- Molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactor (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Moment closure (1)
- Moment closure for trait-based aggregate model approaches (1)
- Monads (1)
- Monazite growth (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoclonal MIPs (1)
- Monogononta (1)
- Monoschicht (1)
- Monte-Carlo simulations (1)
- Moorsukzession (1)
- Moos-Mikroben-Interaktion (1)
- Moos-assoziierte Methanoxidation (1)
- Moos-assoziierte Methanproduktion (1)
- Moraceae (1)
- Morbus Alzheimer (1)
- Morethia boulengeri (1)
- Mormyroidea (1)
- Morphological evolution (1)
- Morphologie <Biologie> (1)
- Morphometrics (1)
- Morphometry (1)
- Mortality causes (1)
- Mortalität (1)
- Motifs (1)
- Motion (1)
- Moving window (1)
- Mucin (1)
- Multi-cofactor enzymes (1)
- Multi-factorial environmental change (1)
- Multi-functionality index (1)
- Multi-grain sampling (1)
- Multi-scale analysis (1)
- Multi-species (1)
- Multi-spectral data (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multilocus phylogeny (1)
- Multimedia learning (1)
- Multimodal trait distributions (1)
- Multimodel ensemble (1)
- Multiparameter (1)
- Multiple-Sklerose (1)
- Multiplex PCR (1)
- Multiplexed assays (1)
- Multispecies coalescent (1)
- Multispecies-coalescent (1)
- Multistationarity (1)
- Multivalenz (1)
- Multivariate data analysis (1)
- Multiwalled carbon nanotube (1)
- Muntjac (1)
- Murella (1)
- Murine leukemia virus (1)
- Muscle LIM Protein (MLP) (1)
- Mushroom body (1)
- Mushrooms (1)
- Muskel (1)
- Muskel-Sehnen-Verbindung (1)
- Muskel-Skelett-System / Bewegungsapparat (1)
- Mutagenität (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Mutations (1)
- Mutual Information (1)
- Mutualism (1)
- Muzin (1)
- Mycophagy (1)
- Mycorrhiza (1)
- Mycorrhizal symbiosis (1)
- Mykorrhiza (1)
- Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- Myocardium (1)
- Myodes voles (1)
- Myodus glareolus (1)
- Myofibrille (1)
- Myotis myotis (1)
- Myotis spp. (1)
- N (1)
- N efficiency (1)
- N protein (1)
- N-ligands (1)
- N-omega-hydroxy-L-arginine (1)
- NAAT-LFA (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NCDs (1)
- NCI3 (1)
- NDSI (1)
- NDVI (1)
- NET (1)
- NF-B (1)
- NF-X1 (1)
- NF-kappaB (1)
- NFAT (1)
- NH4Cl prepulse (1)
- NHE (1)
- NHR2 (1)
- NIA1 (1)
- NIA2 (1)
- NIF (1)
- NIR (1)
- NOR (1)
- NOS-like activity (1)
- NP-completeness (1)
- NQR (1)
- NWEurope (1)
- NZO (1)
- Na+ - NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (1)
- Na+/H+ antiporter (1)
- Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nagetiere (1)
- Nagoya-protocol (1)
- Nahrungsmittelallergie (1)
- Nahrungssuche (1)
- Naive single chain library (1)
- Naja guineensis sp nov. (1)
- Naja melanoleuca (1)
- Naja savannula sp nov. (1)
- Nanobead (1)
- Nanoelektroden (1)
- Nanogel (1)
- Nanohybrid (1)
- Nanohyla gen. nov (1)
- Nanoparticle (1)
- Nanoparticle uptake (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanostructuring (1)
- Nanotoxicology (1)
- Natura 2000 (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Natural population (1)
- Natural product (1)
- Natural selection (1)
- Naturally rare species (1)
- Nature conservation management (1)
- Naturschutzgenetik (1)
- Naturwald (1)
- Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) (1)
- Neckbanding (1)
- Nectar (1)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- Neisseria meningitidis (1)
- Nekrose (1)
- Nektar (1)
- Neofinetia (1)
- Neogen (1)
- Neolithic (1)
- Neonatal chick (1)
- Neoromicia (1)
- Neottieae (1)
- Nest protection (1)
- Nested and overlapping genes (1)
- NetLogo (1)
- Nettoproduktion (1)
- Network (1)
- Network embedding (1)
- Neu-Delhi Metallo-Beta-Laktamase 1 (NDM-1) (1)
- Neuritenwachstum (1)
- Neuroendocrine tumors (1)
- Neuropeptide Y (1)
- Neurotoxicity (1)
- Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor (1)
- Neurotransmitters (1)
- Neutral landscape model (1)
- New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) (1)
- New species (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Next-generation modelling (1)
- Next/second-generation sequencing (1)
- Ni electrodes (1)
- Niche partitioning (1)
- Nicht-Ziel-Arthropoden (1)
- Nicht-Zielorganismen (1)
- Nichtgleichgewichts-Dynamiken (1)
- Nicotiana tabacum (1)
- Nicotinamide (1)
- Niere (1)
- Nilhechte <Familie> (1)
- Nischen-Aufteilung (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitric oxide synthase (1)
- Nitric oxide synthase-like activity (1)
- Nitro-tyrosine (1)
- Nitrogen cycling (1)
- Nitrospirae (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Noccaea (1)
- Noctilio albiventris (1)
- Nodulin (1)
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (1)
- Non-breeding area (1)
- Non-invasive (1)
- Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Non-stationarity (1)
- Non-target terrestrial plants (1)
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) (1)
- Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) (1)
- Noncoding RNAs (1)
- Nonindigenous (1)
- Noninnocence (1)
- Noninvasive sampling (1)
- Nonlinear optical microscopy (1)
- Nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- Normal and beta distribution (1)
- North Sea (1)
- Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Nosema spp. (1)
- Notch (1)
- Ntn hydrolases (1)
- Nuclear envelope (1)
- Nuclear lamina (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Nuclear proteomics (1)
- Nucleosome occupancy (1)
- Nucleotide-gated channel (1)
- Nudix hydrolase (1)
- Nukleinsäuren (1)
- Nukleosidase (1)
- Null model (1)
- Null models (1)
- Nullmodell (1)
- Number and Brightness (1)
- Number of taste organs (1)
- Nurse bee (1)
- Nutrient (1)
- Nutrient availability (1)
- Nutrient concentrations (1)
- Nutrient cycling (1)
- Nutrient limitation (1)
- Nutritional ecology (1)
- Nyctalus aviator (1)
- Nyctalus noctula (1)
- Nycteribiidae (1)
- Nyquist-shannon sampling theorem (1)
- Nützlinge (1)
- O-Antigen (1)
- O-antigen specificity (1)
- ODD (Overview, Design concepts, Details) protocol (1)
- ODD model description (1)
- ODE model (1)
- OEG-OPG-OEG triblock copolymer (1)
- OGB-1 (1)
- OPA1 (1)
- ORE1 (1)
- ORESARA1 (ORE1/ANAC092) (1)
- OSIRIS (1)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (1)
- Oberflächenladung (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonenresonanzspektroskopie (SPR-Spektroskopie) (1)
- Oberflächentemperatur (1)
- Object capability (1)
- Oceanic distribution (1)
- Ochromonas spp. (1)
- Oderbruch (1)
- Odour recognition (1)
- Offending (1)
- Office chair (1)
- Oil Palm (1)
- Old-age pension (1)
- Oligo(ethylene glycol) derivatization (1)
- Oligomer (1)
- Oligosaccharide (1)
- OmpG (1)
- On Chip PCR (1)
- On-Chip-PCR (1)
- One Plan Approach (1)
- One-carbon (1)
- Ontogenie (1)
- Oocytes (1)
- Oomycetes (1)
- Oomycetous pathogen (1)
- Open Access (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Operon (1)
- Operon copy number (1)
- Opportunistic pathogen (1)
- Optical device (1)
- Optical remote sensing (1)
- Optimal foraging (1)
- Optimality (1)
- Optimalität (1)
- Optimierung von Biosynthesewegen (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Opto-mechanically induced scission of (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Orchard grass (1)
- Ordnung der Partikel auf der Oberfläche (1)
- Organ Groth (1)
- Organgröße (1)
- Organic dyes (1)
- Organic farming (1)
- Organic matter (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Organic matter mineralization (1)
- Organischer Bodenkohlenstoff (1)
- Organization (1)
- Organization model (1)
- Organophosphate (1)
- Ornamental plants (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Oryza sativa ssp japonica cv. taipei 309 (1)
- OsDUR3 (1)
- Osmium (1)
- Osmotrophy (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Osteoblast (1)
- Osteogenese (1)
- Osteoglossomorpha (1)
- Ostpreußen (1)
- Ostrinia nubilalis (1)
- Overexpression targets (1)
- Overgrazing (1)
- Oxidase Subunit-I (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxidative stress (1)
- Oxidoreduktase (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Oxytricha (1)
- Oxytricha spp. (1)
- Ozeanversauerung (1)
- P ratios (1)
- P-31 NMR (1)
- P-Typ ATPase (1)
- P-bodies (1)
- P22 Tailspikeprotein (1)
- P22 tailspike protein (1)
- PAM (1)
- PAM fluorometry (1)
- PAMP (1)
- PAMPs (1)
- PARAFAC (1)
- PAS domain (1)
- PATELLIN (1)
- PAs (1)
- PBDE (1)
- PCB (1)
- PCDitch (1)
- PCK (1)
- PDE delta (1)
- PDE6D (1)
- PEEU (1)
- PEG model (1)
- PER (1)
- PGR5 (1)
- PHS2 (1)
- PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) (1)
- PI3K (1)
- PICF6 (1)
- PIF (1)
- PIN (1)
- PISA (1)
- PKB/Akt (1)
- PLP-Walker A-overlap (1)
- PLP-Walker A-Überlagerung (1)
- PLS (1)
- PMoA (1)
- PNIPAM (1)
- POC (1)
- POCT (1)
- POL (1)
- POLS (1)
- PP2C phosphatase (1)
- PSI (plastic sphere of influence) (1)
- PTH (1)
- PUFA composition (1)
- PVA (population viability analysis) (1)
- PWD (1)
- Paarbindung (1)
- Paarungssystem (1)
- PacBio IsoSeq (1)
- PacBio and Illumina (1)
- Pacbio sequencing (1)
- Pace-of-Life Syndrom (1)
- Pachycladon (1)
- Palaeoclimate (1)
- Palaeolithic (1)
- Palaeozoic metamorphism New Zealand (1)
- Paleoecology (1)
- Paleogeography (1)
- Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic human-environment (1)
- Palmitat (1)
- Palmöl (1)
- Paläontologie (1)
- Paläovegetation (1)
- PanTHERIA (1)
- Panthera Pardus (1)
- Panthera pardus (1)
- Pantoea stewartii (1)
- Papageien (1)
- Papierchromatographie (1)
- Paracetamol (1)
- Paradisaeidae (1)
- Paraechinus aethiopicus (1)
- Paramutation (1)
- Parasite (1)
- Parasiten (1)
- Parasites (1)
- Parasitierung (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (1)
- Parrots (1)
- Particle-associated microorganisms (1)
- Passeriformes (1)
- Past 50 years (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Pastures (1)
- Patch isolation (1)
- Paternal effects (1)
- Pathogenantwort (1)
- Pathogenerkennung (1)
- Pathogenic detection (1)
- Pathogens (1)
- Pathway Abbildung (1)
- Pathwaysuche (1)
- Pattern-oriented modeling (1)
- Pattern-oriented parameter estimation (1)
- Pauridia (1)
- Pax6 (1)
- Peer group (1)
- Pektat-Lyase (1)
- Pektatlyase (1)
- Pektin (1)
- Pektinase (1)
- Pektine (1)
- Pektinsäure (1)
- Pelletbildung (1)
- Pelvic breadth (1)
- Penelopides Philippine hornbills (1)
- Penicillium (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Peptide mass fingerprinting (1)
- Peptides (1)
- Peptidyl-Prolyl-cis-trans Isomerisierung (1)
- Perca (1)
- Performance (1)
- Pericytes (1)
- Periplaneta (1)
- Periplasma (1)
- Permafrost ecosystem (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Permafrostökosysteme (1)
- Permits (1)
- Peronospora farinosa (1)
- Peroxid (1)
- Peroxidase (1)
- Peroxidatic activity (1)
- Peroxide (1)
- Persea americana (1)
- Personalized medicine (1)
- Peru (1)
- Pesticides (1)
- Pestizide (1)
- Pflanze-Pilz-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenanpassung (1)
- Pflanzendiversitaet (1)
- Pflanzenentwicklung (1)
- Pflanzenernährung (1)
- Pflanzenforschung (1)
- Pflanzengemeinschaft (1)
- Pflanzenhormon (1)
- Pflanzenwissenschaften (1)
- Pflanzenzellen (1)
- Pflasterzelle (1)
- Pfotenödem Mausmodell (1)
- PhIP (1)
- Phage Display (1)
- Phage HK620 (1)
- Phage lysins (1)
- Phagen Infektion (1)
- Phagenlysine (1)
- Phalacridae (1)
- Pharmacokinetics (1)
- Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (1)
- Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (1)
- Pharmakodynamik (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Phase relationships (1)
- Phase transition (1)
- PhenObs phenological network (1)
- Phenacetin (1)
- Phenanthrolindion (1)
- Phenobarbital (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phenolic compounds (1)
- Phenolic substances (1)
- Phenomics (1)
- Phenothiazine (1)
- Phenotype (1)
- Phenotyping (1)
- Phloem (1)
- Phloemproteine (1)
- Pho1 (1)
- Pho2 (1)
- Phosphat akkumulierende Organismen (1)
- Phosphatase (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Phosphate limitation (1)
- Phosphatidsäure (1)
- Phosphodiesterase (1)
- Phosphodiesterase delta-subunit (PDE delta) (1)
- Phosphoglucan water dikinase (1)
- Phosphoglucan, water dikinase (1)
- Phosphoglucan-Wasser-Dikinase (1)
- Phospholipide (1)
- Phosphoproteomik (1)
- Phosphorylase (1)
- Phosphorylation (1)
- Phosphorylation Site (1)
- Phosphorylation process (1)
- Phosphorylation sites (1)
- Phosphorylierungsprozess (1)
- Photoautotrophic tissues (1)
- Photoelektrchemischer Sensor (1)
- Photokatalyse (1)
- Photolysis (1)
- Photooxidation (1)
- Photoprotection (1)
- Photoreceptor (1)
- Photorespiration (1)
- Photosensitive polymer brushes (1)
- Photosystem I (1)
- Photosäure (1)
- Phototaxis (1)
- Phragmites australis (1)
- Phylogenese (1)
- Phylogeni (1)
- Physical Network (1)
- Physikalische Quervernetzung (1)
- Physiological mode of action (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytodiversität (1)
- Phytohormone (1)
- Phytol (1)
- Phytoplankton und Zooplankton (1)
- Phytoplanktonpopulationen (1)
- Phytosterols (1)
- Phytotoxicity (1)
- Phänologie (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Phänotypisierung (1)
- Picea abies (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilz-Endophyten (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pipistrellus (1)
- Pipistrellus spp. (1)
- Place (1)
- PlanetScope (1)
- Planetensimulation (1)
- Plankton community (1)
- Planktonnahrungsnetz (1)
- Planktothrix (1)
- Plant Biochemistry (1)
- Plant chemical defense (1)
- Plant coexistence (1)
- Plant community ecology (1)
- Plant community modelling (1)
- Plant conservation (1)
- Plant cytosolic translation (1)
- Plant functional hairs (1)
- Plant functional type (1)
- Plant growth (1)
- Plant growth regulation (1)
- Plant hormones (1)
- Plant interactions (1)
- Plant invasions (1)
- Plant molecular biology (1)
- Plant performance (1)
- Plant phenotyping (1)
- Plant proteomics (1)
- Plant signalling (1)
- Plant soil feedbacks (1)
- Plant species richness (1)
- Plant traits (1)
- Plant transformation (1)
- Plant-animal interactions (1)
- Plant-community composition (1)
- Plant-pollinator interactions (1)
- Plantago major (1)
- Plasmamembran (1)
- Plasmodium falciparum (1)
- Plastibodies (1)
- Plastic (1)
- Plastic surfaces (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Plastidial phosphorylase (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Plastome-evolution (1)
- Plastomevolution (1)
- Pleistocene caballine horses (1)
- Pleistozän (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene (1)
- Ploidy (1)
- Poecile hypermelaenus (1)
- Poecile weigoldicus (1)
- Poecilia reticulata (1)
- Point density (1)
- Point of Care Assay and Vitamin A (1)
- Point of care testing (POCT) (1)
- Point-of-care (1)
- Point-of-care testing (1)
- Polish conscripts (1)
- Pollen dataset (1)
- Pollen-ovule ratio (1)
- Pollenkitt (1)
- Pollination experiment (1)
- Pollination syndromes (1)
- Pollinator (1)
- Poly(A)-Polymerasen (1)
- Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamid (1)
- Polyandrie (1)
- Polychaeta (1)
- Polycomb (1)
- Polyculture (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylen (1)
- Polymer degradation (1)
- Polymer-Netzwerke (1)
- Polymerase chain reaction (1)
- Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (1)
- Polymere (1)
- Polymermembranen (1)
- Polyneuropathie (1)
- Polypodiales (1)
- Polysaccharides (1)
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids (1)
- Polyurie/ Polydipsie (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Ponsin (1)
- Ponto-Caspian region (1)
- Pontogammarus maeoticus (1)
- Population (1)
- Population Genetics - Empirical (1)
- Population cycle (1)
- Population history (1)
- Population management (1)
- Population size (1)
- Population-based model (1)
- Populationsbiologie (1)
- Populationsgefährdungsanalyse (1)
- Populationsgenetik (1)
- Populationskonnektivität (1)
- Populationspersistenz (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Populationsökologie (1)
- Porewater exchange (1)
- Porewater profiles (1)
- Porosity (1)
- Porphyra (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Porpicide (1)
- Post glacial colonization (1)
- Post mortem chemistry (1)
- Post-agricultural forest (1)
- Post-transcriptional modification (1)
- Potential natural vegetation (1)
- Potholes (1)
- Poverty (1)
- Poylaniline (1)
- Pre-existing bias (1)
- Pre-mRNA splicing (1)
- Precursor Z (1)
- Predation (1)
- Predator-prey cycles (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictive vegetation mapping (1)
- Preference (1)
- Pressure distribution (1)
- Preterminfants (1)
- Primates (1)
- Prime graphs (1)
- Primula forbesii (1)
- Primärproduktion (1)
- Primärproduzenten (1)
- Principal Investigator (1)
- Printhead (1)
- ProDisc C (1)
- Probing living Staphylococcus aureus (1)
- Proboscis extension response (1)
- Process-based model (1)
- Process-based models (1)
- Productivity (1)
- Proepicardium (1)
- Professional knowledge (1)
- Profilanalysen (1)
- Profiling (1)
- Profilmessung (1)
- Profilmethode (1)
- Programming language (1)
- Prokaryotes (1)
- Proliferation (1)
- Promiscuity (1)
- Promoter (1)
- Promotoren (1)
- Prostatakrebs (1)
- Proteaceae (1)
- Proteaceen (1)
- Protease-Inhibitoren (1)
- Proteasomaler Abbau (1)
- Protein Adsorption (1)
- Protein Complex Prediction (1)
- Protein G (1)
- Protein Spektroelektrochemie (1)
- Protein adsorption (1)
- Protein aggregation (1)
- Protein carbonylation (1)
- Protein complex assembly (1)
- Protein imprinting (1)
- Protein interaction (1)
- Protein kinase A (1)
- Protein misfolding (1)
- Protein purification (1)
- Protein spectroelectrochemistry (1)
- Protein synthesis (1)
- Protein translation (1)
- Protein voltammetry (1)
- Protein-Aptamer Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Kohlenhydrat Interaktionen (1)
- Protein-Kohlenhydrat-Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Metall-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Protein-Protein interaction network (1)
- Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Protein-bound microcystin (1)
- Protein-lipid interaction (1)
- Protein-membrane interactions (1)
- Protein-protein interaction (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteindegradierung (1)
- Proteindomänen (1)
- Proteinfaltungstest (1)
- Proteinhandel (1)
- Proteinkinase (1)
- Proteinkinase A (1)
- Proteinkomplexassemblierung (1)
- Proteinmissfaltung (1)
- Proteinmodifizierung (1)
- Proteinmultimerisierung (1)
- Proteinphosphatasen (1)
- Proteinphosphorylation (1)
- Proteinphosphorylierung (1)
- Proteinrekonstitution (1)
- Proteinsekretion (1)
- Proteinspiegel regulieren (1)
- Proteinstruktur (1)
- Proteinsynthese (1)
- Proteomic (1)
- Prozessierung (1)
- Prozessregenerierung (1)
- Prunus avium L. (1)
- Prädation (1)
- Präparate (1)
- Pseudochorthippus parallelus (1)
- Pseudomonas (1)
- Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 (1)
- Pseudomonas sp (1)
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (1)
- Psychophysics (1)
- Pteronotus parnellii (1)
- Public information (1)
- Punicalagin (1)
- Puumala virus (1)
- Puumalavirus (1)
- Pyrophosphat (1)
- Pyruvate kinase (1)
- Python (1)
- QSP (1)
- QTL Analyse (1)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Quantitative proteomics (1)
- Quantitative vegetation reconstruction (1)
- Quantum Dots (1)
- Quaternions (1)
- Quercus (1)
- Quergestreifte Muskulatur (1)
- Quorum Sensing (1)
- R (1)
- R (Programmiersprache) (1)
- R programing language (1)
- R software packages (1)
- R.c. Xanthindehydrogenase (1)
- RAFT dispersion polymerization (1)
- RAMseq (1)
- RAPD (1)
- RCAN1 (1)
- RFID (1)
- RING/U-box E3 (1)
- RNA Imaging (1)
- RNA in situ hybridization (1)
- RNA secondary structure (1)
- RNA-Sequenzierung (1)
- RNA-directed DNA methylation (1)
- RNA-sequencing (1)
- RNAPII (1)
- RNAi (1)
- ROBIS (1)
- ROCK (1)
- ROP (1)
- ROS-responsive genes (1)
- RPBF (1)
- RRBS (1)
- RT-LAMP (1)
- RT-qPCR (1)
- Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) (1)
- Radiokarbon (1)
- Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen (1)
- Rainfall niche (1)
- Rainfall variability (1)
- Ralstonia eutropha (1)
- Raman Spektroskopie (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Random eigenvalues (1)
- Random forests (1)
- Random matrices (1)
- Random walk (1)
- Randomisierung (1)
- Range expansion (1)
- Rank-abundance (1)
- Rao's quadratic entropy (1)
- Rapid test (1)
- Rapssamen (1)
- Rarity (1)
- Rasterkraftmikroskop (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Rattus rattus (1)
- RbcL (1)
- Reactive nitrogen species (1)
- Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Real Time PCR (1)
- Recently rare species (1)
- Rechtsgängige parallele beta-Helix (1)
- Reciprocal transplant (1)
- Recombinant Antibodies (1)
- Recombinant Escherichia coli (1)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (1)
- Recyclingsystem (1)
- Red deer (1)
- Redistributive land reform (1)
- Redox (1)
- Redox conditions (1)
- Redox polymer (1)
- Redox proteins (1)
- Redox sensitive proteins (1)
- Redoxine (1)
- Redoxsystem (1)
- Refeeding (1)
- Regeneratin (1)
- Regional climate (1)
- Regreening (1)
- Regression tree analysis (1)
- Regulationsweg (1)
- Regulatorische Gene (1)
- Regulierung der Genexpression (1)
- Reh (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Reintroduction (1)
- Rekombinante Antikörper (1)
- Remediation (1)
- Remige moult (1)
- Remorin (1)
- Renewable raw material (1)
- Repeatability (1)
- Repetition (1)
- Reproductive phase (1)
- Reproductive strategy (1)
- Reproductive traits (1)
- Reproduktion (1)
- Reproduktivität (1)
- Reptilien (1)
- Research needs (1)
- Research samples (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Resistenzmechanismen (1)
- Resource availability (1)
- Resource provisioning (1)
- Resource selection (1)
- Resource variability (1)
- Respiratorisches Synzytial-Virus (1)
- Response group (1)
- Resting eggs (1)
- Restriction enzymes (1)
- Resurrection plant (1)
- Resurrection plants (1)
- Resuspended particulate (1)
- Retina (1)
- Retina disease (1)
- Retinitis pigmentosa protein 2 (RP2) (1)
- Retrotransposon (1)
- Retroviral endogenization (1)
- Reverse Transcription (1)
- Reverse Transkription (1)
- Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP); (1)
- Reversible assembly (1)
- Rewetting (1)
- Rhabdomerverdrehung (1)
- Rhamnose (1)
- Rhaphidophoridae (1)
- Rheological characterization (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (1)
- Rhizobium (1)
- Rhizoctonia (1)
- Rhodamin B (1)
- Rhodamine B (1)
- Rhodanese (1)
- Rhodobacter (1)
- Rhodobacter capsulatus (1)
- RiPP (1)
- Ribosom (1)
- Ribosomal protein heterogeneity (1)
- Ribosomal protein substoichiometry (1)
- Ribosomal-RNA (1)
- Ribosomale Protein Substöchiometrie (1)
- Ribosomale Proteinheterogenität (1)
- Ribosome (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Ribosome specialization (1)
- Ribosomen-Biogenese (1)
- Ribosomen-Spezialisierung (1)
- Ribulose-Monophosphat-Weg (1)
- Rice cum prawn culture (1)
- Ricinus-communis l (1)
- Rickettsia helvetica (1)
- Ripeness (1)
- Risikoabbildung (1)
- Risikoabschätzung (1)
- Risk assessment tool (1)
- Risk avoidance behavior (1)
- Risk of bias (1)
- Risk taking (1)
- River (1)
- Road disturbance (1)
- Rod photoreceptor (1)
- Root hair (1)
- Rotatorien (1)
- Rotifer (1)
- Rough (1)
- Rstats (1)
- RuBisCO (1)
- Rubbing tree (1)
- Ruhezentrum (1)
- Rural habitat (1)
- Russian empire (1)
- Russland (1)
- Russulaceae (1)
- Rutabaga (1)
- Räuber-Beute Beziehungen (1)
- Räuber-Beute Dynamiken (1)
- Rötelmaus (1)
- Rückkreuzungsinzuchtlinie (BIL) (1)
- S locus (1)
- S-glutathionylation (1)
- S-morph (1)
- S-nitrosylation (1)
- S. cerevisiae (1)
- SAG29 (1)
- SAHA (1)
- SAP (1)
- SAR (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 N-gene (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 in vitro diagnostic device (IVD) (1)
- SCF complex (1)
- SCN4aa (1)
- SEPE Factors (1)
- SEPS factors (1)
- SERF1 (1)
- SIRT6 (1)
- SJL (1)
- SLA (1)
- SLC13A5 (1)
- SLOSS (1)
- SLPI (1)
- SLST (1)
- SLiCE (1)
- SNARC effect (1)
- SNP (1)
- SNPs (1)
- SOC (1)
- SORLA (1)
- SPD-2 (1)
- SPR (1)
- SRAssembler (1)
- SRP (1)
- SS4 (1)
- SSD (1)
- SSRs (1)
- SSU rDNA (1)
- STAT6 (1)
- STERILE APETALA (1)
- SUB1A (1)
- SUF (1)
- SULT1A1 (1)
- SULT1B1 (1)
- SUMO (1)
- SUN1 (1)
- SVP (1)
- Saccharidbindung (1)
- Saccharose (1)
- Saccharose Synthase (1)
- Sahara-Sahel (1)
- Sahel (1)
- Salamanders (1)
- Salamandra (1)
- Salmonella enterica (1)
- Salmonella myovirus (1)
- Salmonellen (1)
- Salztransport (1)
- Samen (1)
- Samenausbreitung (1)
- Sandwich-Assay auf Basis von Aptameren (1)
- Sandy soil (1)
- Sanger sequencing (1)
- Saniella (1)
- Sarcomere (1)
- Sarcopenia (1)
- Sarcopoterium spinosum (1)
- Sargasso Sea (1)
- Sarkomer (1)
- Sarmarutilus new genus (1)
- Sarocladium (1)
- Saure Seen (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Savanna rangeland dynamics (1)
- Savanna resilience (1)
- Savanna-grassland bistability (1)
- Savannen Resilienz (1)
- ScHxk2 (1)
- Scale-dependence (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Schabe (1)
- Schatten (1)
- Schimmelpilzinfektion (1)
- Schmettau map (1)
- Schnelltest (1)
- Schulzensee (1)
- Schutz von Raubtieren (1)
- Schwankung (1)
- Schwarzerde (1)
- Schädlinge (1)
- Scientific collaboration (1)
- Scincidae (1)
- Scirpus maritimus (1)
- Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin) (1)
- Scotophilus (1)
- Screen-printed electrode (1)
- Screening (1)
- Sea barley (1)
- Sea ice (1)
- Sea of Azov (1)
- Seamless ligation cloning (1)
- Season (1)
- Seasonal variation (1)
- Seca (1)
- Secondary Metabolites (1)
- Secondary antibodies (1)
- Secondary extinctions (1)
- Secondary metabolite (1)
- Secondary school (1)
- Secondary structure (1)
- Secretion (1)
- Secular height trend (1)
- Secular trend (1)
- Sediment traps (1)
- Sediment-water interface (1)
- Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) (1)
- Sedimentation (1)
- See (1)
- Seed Coat Development (1)
- Seed development (1)
- Seed dispersal by wind (1)
- Seed dormancy (1)
- Seed germination (1)
- Seed immigration (1)
- Seed longevity (1)
- Seed number (1)
- Seed provenance (1)
- Seed traits (1)
- Seedlings (1)
- Seen (1)
- Seepage (1)
- Seesediment (1)
- Seitenkettenstapel (1)
- Selaginella (1)
- Selbstungssyndrom (1)
- Selection (1)
- Selection and design (1)
- Selection method (1)
- Selection-Linked Integration (1)
- Selective breeding (1)
- Selective herbivory (1)
- Selektion Antikörper-produzierender Zellen (1)
- Selen (1)
- Seleniferous area (1)
- Self-assembled monolayer (1)
- Self-powered biosensor (1)
- Senecio vulgaris (1)
- Senescence-associated genes (SAGs) (1)
- Seneszenz (1)
- Sengis (1)
- Senior-LOken syndrome (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sensor fusion (1)
- Sensory zone (1)
- Sepsis; (1)
- Sequence (1)
- Sequenzierungstechnologien der nächsten Generation (1)
- Sericytochromatia (1)
- Serin-Biosensor (1)
- Serin-Hydroxymethyltransferase (1)
- Serin-Zyklus (1)
- Serotoninrezeptor (1)
- Serpine1 (1)
- Serrate (1)
- Serratia (1)
- Serum-free (1)
- Sex (1)
- Sex difference (1)
- Sex ratio (1)
- Sexual dimorphism (1)
- Sf21 lysates (1)
- Shaker (1)
- Shape of trade-offs and stabilizing and disruptive selection (1)
- Shared Data Resource (1)
- Shellfish (1)
- Shewanella (1)
- Shift work (1)
- Shine-Dalgarno sequences (1)
- Shine-Dalgarno-Sequenzen (1)
- Shinorine (1)
- Short Report (1)
- Short reads (1)
- Short-term drought (1)
- Shotgun Sequenzierung (1)
- Siamese fighting fish (1)
- Siberian arctic (1)
- Siberian larch (1)
- Siberian permafrost (1)
- Sideroxydans (1)
- Signal-transduction (1)
- Signalkakaden (1)
- Signalkaskaden (1)
- Signalstoffe (1)
- Signaltransduktionsprozesse (1)
- Signalübertragung (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Silage maize (1)
- Silviculture (1)
- Similarity transformation (1)
- Simple Sequence Repeat (1)
- Simulated microgravity (1)
- Simulation experiment (1)
- Simulation model (1)
- Simulationsexperimente (1)
- Simulationsframework (1)
- Single cell level (1)
- Single chain antibody (1)
- Single chain antibody (scFv) (1)
- Single-cell motility (1)
- Single-nucleotide (1)
- Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (1)
- Siphonaptera (1)
- Sirtuins (1)
- Site ecology (1)
- Site fidelity (1)
- Sitting behaviour (1)
- Size (1)
- Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) (1)
- Size structure (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skeletal robustness (1)
- Skeletochronology (1)
- Skelettrobustizität (1)
- Skewed and peaked trait distributions (1)
- Skleroproteine (1)
- SlTAF1 (1)
- Sleep quality (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Slum tourism (1)
- Small mammal (1)
- Small-molecule miRNA modulators (1)
- Small-world networks (1)
- Snakes (1)
- Snowella (1)
- Social group (1)
- Social network (1)
- Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Sodium chloride (1)
- Soil N2O emissions (1)
- Soil ecology (1)
- Soil fauna (1)
- Soil function (1)
- Soil invertebrates (1)
- Soil moisture (1)
- Soil texture (1)
- Sol-Gel (1)
- Solanaceae (1)
- Solanum (1)
- Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) (1)
- Solanum nigrum (1)
- Solanum tuberosum L. (1)
- Solvation (1)
- Somateria mollissima (1)
- Sommerekzem (1)
- Sonchus oleraceus (1)
- Songdialects (1)
- Sorex araneus (1)
- Source population (1)
- Source und Sink (1)
- South African Cape Floristic Region (1)
- Southern Africa (1)
- Southern Ocean (1)
- Sozialökologische Systeme (1)
- Spain (1)
- Spastin (1)
- Spatial association (1)
- Spatial autocorrelation (1)
- Spatial distribution (1)
- Spatial genetic variation (1)
- Spatial scale (1)
- Spatially explicit model (1)
- Spatiotemporal resurvey data (1)
- Specialized (1)
- Specialized metabolites (1)
- Species age (1)
- Species delimitation (1)
- Species density (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species diversity (1)
- Species number (1)
- Species traits (1)
- Species tree (1)
- Species turnover (1)
- Species-delimitation (1)
- Specific dynamic action (1)
- Specific leaf area (1)
- Specific leaf area (SLA) (1)
- Specimens (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Speichelsekretion (1)
- Speicherproteine (1)
- Sperm competition (1)
- Sperm competition risk (1)
- Sperm storage (1)
- Sphagnum (1)
- Sphagnum magellanicum (1)
- Sphingolipids (1)
- Sphingosine (1)
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1)
- Spiloxene (1)
- Spinnen (1)
- Spitsbergen (1)
- Spleißvariante (1)
- Splice Variant (1)
- Splicing (1)
- Split Ubiquitin (1)
- Split-belt treadmill (1)
- Spore formation (1)
- Spring barley (1)
- Spring bloom (1)
- Sprouting (1)
- Spurengasflüsse (1)
- Squashes pulp (1)
- Srebf1 (1)
- St. Nicolas House Algorithm (1)
- St. Nicolas House Analysis (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable nitrogen isotope (1)
- Stachys sylvatica (1)
- Stammschleife (1)
- Stammzelldifferenzierung (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standing biomass (1)
- Standort (1)
- Starch Degradation (1)
- Starch accumulation (1)
- Starch branching enzyme (1)
- Starch degradation (1)
- Starch granule (1)
- Starch granule number per (1)
- Starch granules (1)
- Starch metabolizing enzymes (1)
- Starch morphology (1)
- Starch phosphorylation (1)
- Starch structure (1)
- Starch synthase (1)
- Starch synthesis (1)
- Statistical Exercise (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Statistische Physik (1)
- Stature (1)
- Staubblätter (1)
- Stauhaltungen (1)
- Staurastromyces oculus (1)
- Staurastrum sp. (1)
- Stay-green (1)
- Steifheit (1)
- Stenella attenuata (1)
- Stethophyma grossum (1)
- Stimuli (1)
- Stimulierung von Zellen (1)
- Stochastic differential equations (1)
- Stoffkreislauf (1)
- Stoffwechselmodellierung (1)
- Stoffwechselnetze (1)
- Stoffwechselprodukt (1)
- Stoffwechselregulation (1)
- Stomatäre Immunität (1)
- Storage effect (1)
- Strahlenbiologie (1)
- Stranding (1)
- Streblidae (1)
- Stress granules (1)
- Stress recovery (1)
- Stress response (1)
- Stress tolerance (1)
- Stretching (1)
- Strophentypen (1)
- Structural determination (1)
- Structural variation (1)
- Structure prediction (1)
- Structure-activity-relationship (1)
- Structured RNAs (1)
- Structured population model (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Strukturelle Thermodynamik (1)
- Strukturproteomics (1)
- Studierendenvorstellungen (1)
- Stunting (1)
- Sturnus (1)
- Stärke Synthese (1)
- Stärkeabbau (1)
- Stärkestoffwechsel (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Störungsökologie (1)
- Sub-lethal effects (1)
- Submarine groundwater discharge (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Submergence tolerance (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Subsoil (1)
- Substate Channeling Immunoassay (1)
- Substrate binding (1)
- Substrate channeling immunoassay (1)
- Substrate specificities (1)
- Sucrose responsiveness (1)
- Sugar efflux (1)
- Sukzession (1)
- Sulfate (1)
- Sulfit-Oxidase (1)
- Sulfite biosensor (1)
- Sulfite oxidase (1)
- Sulfitoxidase (1)
- Sulfotransferasen (1)
- Sulfotransferasen SULT1A1 und SULT1A2 (1)
- Sulfur (1)
- Sulfur transfer (1)
- Sulfuration (1)
- Sulfuricurvum (1)
- Sulfurtransferase (1)
- Sulphite oxidase (1)
- Sumpfschrecke (1)
- Sun bear (1)
- Sun1 (1)
- Sundaland (1)
- Sunscreen (1)
- Superoxid (1)
- Superoxiddismutasen (1)
- Superoxide (1)
- Superoxide Dismutase (1)
- Supervised machine learning (1)
- Supplements (1)
- Support vector (1)
- Support vector machines (1)
- Support-Vektor-Maschine (1)
- Supralittoral talitrids (1)
- Supramolecular Interaction (1)
- Supramolekularen Wechselwirkung (1)
- Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) (1)
- Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Surface imprinting (1)
- Surface modification (1)
- Surface preparation (1)
- Survival success (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Sustainable aquaculture (1)
- Sustainable management of Mediterranean grazing land (1)
- Symbiose (1)
- Symbiosis (1)
- Synchronisation (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- Syncytium (1)
- Synergism (1)
- Synergy (1)
- Synthetic Biology (1)
- Synthetic glycoprotein (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- System ecology (1)
- Systematic review (1)
- Systemsbiologie (1)
- Säkulare Akzeleration (1)
- Südafrika (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T beta h (1)
- T cell activation (1)
- T cell receptor (1)
- T(h)1 (1)
- T(h)17 (1)
- T-Zell Aktivierung (1)
- T7 (1)
- TAT selection (1)
- TBK1 (1)
- TCA cycle (1)
- TCGA (1)
- TCSPC (1)
- TEP (1)
- THC (1)
- TK/TD modelling (1)
- TMAO-reductase (1)
- TNBC (1)
- TOR signaling (1)
- TPK (1)
- TRAP-assay (1)
- TRP channels (1)
- TRPC6 (1)
- TRPV1 (1)
- TRX z (1)
- TSD (1)
- TTR (1)
- Tabak (1)
- Tadpoles (1)
- Tagebaurestseen (1)
- Tagebauseen (1)
- TaiHu (1)
- Tailspike Protein (1)
- Tailspikes (1)
- Talitridae (1)
- Talsperre (1)
- Tamias striatus (1)
- Taphonomy (1)
- Tarchonanthopria freidbergi (1)
- Target attainment (1)
- Target enrichment (1)
- Target of Rapamycin kinase (1)
- Tas2r (1)
- Tas2r expression (1)
- Tas2r-Expression (1)
- Tas2rs (1)
- Taste buds (1)
- Taxonomic assignment (1)
- Taxonomic position (1)
- Tbc1d1 (1)
- Telemetrie (1)
- Telemetry (1)
- Tellurite (1)
- Telomerase (1)
- Temperate ecosystems (1)
- Temperate forests (1)
- Temperature (1)
- Temporal grain (1)
- Temporary pond (1)
- Tenofovir (1)
- Tenrecs (1)
- Terai Arc (1)
- Terminalia catappa (1)
- Terminology (1)
- Tetrads (1)
- Tetrahydrobiopterin (1)
- Th2 cells (1)
- Thai population (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Thaliana (1)
- The Netherlands (1)
- Thellungiella halophila (1)
- Theoretische Ökologie (1)
- Theranostic (1)
- Thermistor (1)
- Thermodynamische Stabilität (1)
- Thermometrie (1)
- Thermoregulationsverhalten (1)
- Thickening (1)
- Thimerosal (1)
- Thioester (1)
- Thioredoxine (1)
- Third generation sensor (1)
- Thlaspi perfoliatum (1)
- Threatened species (1)
- Three Gorges reservoir (1)
- Thylakoid (1)
- Thylakoidmembran (1)
- Tidal pumping (1)
- Tiefe Biosphäre (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tierortung (1)
- Tierpersönlichkeit (1)
- Tierökologie (1)
- Time resolved FRET (1)
- Time series (1)
- Time-lag effects (1)
- Time-resolved spectroscopy (1)
- Time-scales hierarchy (1)
- Toba eruption (1)
- Toba volcanic eruption (1)
- Tocopherol (1)
- Tolerance (1)
- Tomaten (Solanum lycopersicum) (1)
- Tonoplast (1)
- Top-down effect (1)
- Toponymy (1)
- TorD family (1)
- Torfmoose (1)
- Torpor (1)
- Total P (1)
- Total biomass (1)
- Total suspended solids (1)
- Touch-me-not (1)
- Toxicokinetic modelling (1)
- Toxins (1)
- Trabeculation (1)
- Trade chain (1)
- Trade-offs (1)
- Trade-offs zwischen funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Traditional medicine (1)
- Traffic (1)
- Trait (1)
- Trait diversity (1)
- Trait heterogeneity (1)
- Trait interaction (1)
- Trait selection (1)
- Trait-based approach (1)
- Trait-environment relationship (1)
- Traits (1)
- Trans-Golgi network (1)
- Transaktivierungs-Experimente (1)
- Transcript levels (1)
- Transcription analysis (1)
- Transcription facotrs (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transduction (1)
- Transductive learning (1)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) (1)
- Transfer-rna (1)
- Transfer-rna genes; Phylogenetic analysis; Animal phylogeny; Control region; Sister Taxau (1)
- Transferrin (1)
- Transinformation (1)
- Transkiptionsfaktor (1)
- Transkript (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkriptionfaktorgenen (1)
- Transkriptionsnetzwerke (1)
- Transkriptom Sequenzierung (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Translation <Genetik> (1)
- Translation feedback regulation (1)
- Translational regulation (1)
- Translationseffizienz (1)
- Translationsfeedbackregulation (1)
- Translationsinitiation (1)
- Translationsregulation (1)
- Transponierbare Elemente (1)
- Transporteraktivierung (1)
- Transporters (1)
- Treated wastewater (1)
- Tree defence (1)
- Tree growth classes (1)
- Tree recruitment (1)
- Tree regeneration (1)
- TreeNet (1)
- Trehalose-6-Phosphat (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Tricarboxylic acid cycle (1)
- Trichoderma (1)
- Trichome initial cells (1)
- Trifluoroethanol (1)
- Tripleurospermum inodorum (1)
- Tritrophic interaction (1)
- Triturus (1)
- Trockentoleranz (1)
- Troglophilus (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Trophic transfer efficiency (1)
- Trophic upgrading (1)
- Tropical reservoir (1)
- Tropical system (1)
- Trunk trail (1)
- Tuber yield (1)
- Tumor suppression (1)
- Tumorimmuntherapie (1)
- Tundra-Taiga (1)
- Tundra-taiga transition (1)
- Tupaia belangeri (1)
- Turbidity (1)
- Turing instability (1)
- Turkey (1)
- Turnover (1)
- Twin arginine translocation pathway (1)
- Two-photon excitation (1)
- Tylomelania sarasinorum (1)
- Typ-III-Effektor (1)
- Type I importer (1)
- Typical Western Diet (1)
- Typical forest species (1)
- Tyramine (1)
- Tyrannidae (1)
- Tyrosinaseinhibitoren (1)
- Tyrrhenian Sea (1)
- U87 glioma cells (1)
- UDP-glucose (1)
- UNC119 (1)
- UV crosslinking (1)
- UV irradiation (1)
- UV response (1)
- UV-B tolerance (1)
- UV-Licht (1)
- Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System (1)
- Ubiquitin-proteasome-system (1)
- Ubiquitinierung (1)
- Uganda (1)
- Ulcerate pollen (1)
- Ulcerative colitis (1)
- Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-visible Spectroscopy) (1)
- Umweltfilterung (1)
- Umweltrauschen (1)
- Unconscious selection (1)
- Undernutrition (1)
- Understanding (1)
- Understorey (1)
- Uniform sampling (1)
- Unspecific antibody clearance (1)
- Unspecific peroxygenase (1)
- Untereinheitenautausch (1)
- Untereinheitenimpfstoff (1)
- Urban ecology (1)
- Urban waters (1)
- Urbanisation (1)
- Uredinopsis (1)
- Urine (1)
- Urodela (1)
- Urokinase-Typ Plasminogen Aktivator (uPA) (1)
- Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) (1)
- Urosomoida (1)
- Urothione (1)
- Ursus spelaeus (1)
- Utricularia (1)
- V. dahliae (1)
- V2 (1)
- VAP Protein (1)
- VAP protein (1)
- VHH (1)
- Vaccination (1)
- Vacuolar h+-atpase (1)
- Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (1)
- Vancomycin (1)
- Variance partitioning (1)
- Variation (1)
- Variation in funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Varroa destructor (1)
- Varroa mite (1)
- Varves (1)
- Varying CO2 condition (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vasculature (1)
- Vegetable (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vegetation continuum (1)
- Vegetation map (1)
- Vegetation von Tschukotka (1)
- Vegetationsmodellierung (1)
- Vegetationsveränderungen (1)
- Vegetationsveränderungen in der Subarktis (1)
- Vegetationsvielfalt (1)
- Vegetationsökologie (1)
- Vegetative phase (1)
- Vegetative regeneration (1)
- Vegf (1)
- Ventilation (1)
- Ventilator-induced lung injury (1)
- Verbalizer (1)
- Verbreitungsdynamik von Arten (1)
- Verbuschung (1)
- Vereinigungs-Mapping (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhaltens-Timing (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Vernal pool (1)
- Vernetzer (1)
- Veronica (1)
- Veronica cymbalaria (1)
- Veronica hederifolia (1)
- Veronica persica (1)
- Verteidigung (1)
- Verteilungsmuster (1)
- Verticillium (1)
- Verticillium dahliae (1)
- Vesicle (1)
- Vibrio cholerae (1)
- Vicariance (1)
- VideoScan (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Vielfalt (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Viral assembly (1)
- Virion (1)
- Virionenbildung (1)
- Virosomen (1)
- Virus assembly (1)
- Virus-Wirt-Interaktion (1)
- Virus-driven selection (1)
- Virusassemblierung, Virion (1)
- Viruses (1)
- Vis (1)
- Visible yellowing (1)
- Viskoelastizität (1)
- Visualizer (1)
- Vitamin C (1)
- Vitamin E (1)
- Viverridae (1)
- Vogelzug (1)
- Voice break (1)
- Volatile organic compound (VOC) (1)
- Volatile organic compounds (VOC) (1)
- Volta River (1)
- Voltage-gated sodium channel (1)
- Voltammetry (1)
- Vorhersagemodelle (1)
- WA-PLS (1)
- WD40 (1)
- WEREWOLF (1)
- WGCNA (1)
- WRKY40 (1)
- Wachstumsraten (1)
- Wachstumssignale (1)
- Wald (1)
- Waldausdehnung (1)
- Waldbodenpflanzen (1)
- Walddynamik (1)
- Wall proteins (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasser-in-Wasser (1)
- Wasserabsorption (1)
- Wassererosion (1)
- Water flow (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Wautersia eutropha (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weather impact (1)
- Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Weevil (1)
- Weglänge (1)
- Westerlies (1)
- Western Ghats (1)
- Westerschelde estuary (1)
- Wetland species (1)
- White stork (1)
- White-fronted goose (1)
- Whole genome sequencing (1)
- Whole-genome sequencing (1)
- Wiederholungsstudie (1)
- Wiegand-Moloney O-ring statistics (1)
- Wild geese (1)
- Wild mice (1)
- Wildlife management (1)
- Wind turbines (1)
- Winter (1)
- Winter biology (1)
- Winter oilseed rape (1)
- Winter wheat (1)
- Winterfischsterben (1)
- Wireworms (1)
- Wirkstoff-Freisetzun (1)
- Wirkstoffinteraktionen (1)
- Wirtsspezifität (1)
- Wissensextraktion (1)
- Within-species variability (1)
- Wnt (1)
- Wolf (1)
- Wood anatomy (1)
- Woodland indicator species (1)
- Woody (1)
- Woody plant (1)
- World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (1)
- Wurzel (1)
- Wurzelbesiedlung (1)
- Wurzelhaarbildung (1)
- Wühlmaus (1)
- Wüste (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- XFELs (1)
- XLRP (1)
- XMAP215 (1)
- Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase (1)
- Xanthindehydrogenase (1)
- Xanthine (1)
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase (1)
- Xanthine Oxidase (1)
- Xanthine oxidoreductase (1)
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (1)
- XdhC (1)
- Xin (1)
- Xiphophorus (1)
- XopS (1)
- Xpm (1)
- Y chromosome (1)
- YIP (1)
- YKL-40 (1)
- YME1L1 (1)
- YUCCA (1)
- Yield per recruit (YPR) (1)
- Yields (1)
- YnjE (1)
- Yodzis-Innes (1)
- York River (1)
- ZENK (1)
- Zahnwale (1)
- Zeatin (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zebularin (1)
- Zeitpunkt von Störungen (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Kontakt (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Zelladhäsionskontrolle (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellform (1)
- Zellfreie Proteinsynthese (1)
- Zellgröße (1)
- Zellmembran (1)
- Zellmotilität (1)
- Zellproliferation (1)
- Zellsignalisierung (1)
- Zellsortierung (1)
- Zellteilung (1)
- Zellteilungsdefekt (1)
- Zelltyp-spezifisch (1)
- Zentrosomen Amplifikation (1)
- Zielkonflikte (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinypr-1 (1)
- Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- Zona pellucida (1)
- Zoo (1)
- ZooMS (1)
- Zoonosis (1)
- Zoosporic fungi (1)
- Zuckertransporter (1)
- Zugvögel (1)
- Zymosan (1)
- Züchtung (1)
- a domain (1)
- aDNA (1)
- abiotic decomposition (1)
- abiotic soil factors (1)
- abiotische Zersetzung (1)
- abiotischer Stress (1)
- above-ground biomass (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- abscisic acid (ABA) (1)
- abundance estimation (1)
- acI-B in Actinobacteria (1)
- acaricides (1)
- accelerometry (1)
- accessions (1)
- accumulation (1)
- acid ceramidase inhibitor ceranib-2 (1)
- acid invertase (1)
- acid lakes (1)
- acid phosphatase (1)
- acidic lakes (1)
- acidophily (1)
- acinar cell (1)
- acoustic monitoring (1)
- acoustic telemetry (1)
- acquired thermotolerance (1)
- actin cytoskeleton machine (1)
- actin/microtubules (1)
- activated PTT (1)
- activation of oxygen species (1)
- active optical resonators (1)
- active sites (1)
- activity patterns (1)
- activity predictions (1)
- actuation (1)
- acute lung injury (1)
- adaptation of conservation strategies (1)
- adapter oligonucleotide (1)
- adaptive Differenzierung (1)
- adaptive Laborentwicklung (1)
- adaptive differentiation (1)
- adaptive dynamics (1)
- adaptive laboratory evolution (1)
- adaptive preference (1)
- additive partitioning of biodiversity effects (1)
- adeno-associated-virus (1)
- adhesion proteins (1)
- adipogenic differentiation (1)
- adipose tissue (1)
- adipose tissue regeneration (1)
- adolescence (1)
- adsorber materials (1)
- adulthood (1)
- advanced maternal age at first birth (1)
- advection-diffusion (1)
- aerobic sports activity (1)
- afforestation (1)
- aflatoxin B-1 (1)
- age class effects (1)
- age structure (1)
- age-dependent (1)
- age-dependent dispersal (1)
- age-structured populations (1)
- agent-based modelling (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agentenbasiertes Modell (1)
- aggregates (1)
- aggregation size (1)
- aggression (1)
- aggressiveness (1)
- agricultural grasslands (1)
- agricultural intensification (1)
- agricultural land cover (1)
- air pollutant (1)
- airborne (1)
- alarm signals (1)
- aldehyde (1)
- aldehyde oxidase (AOX) (1)
- aldehyde oxidase1 (1)
- alga (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alien vascular plants (1)
- alignment sensitivity/specificity (1)
- allelic variants (1)
- allochthoner Eintrag (1)
- allochthonous matter (1)
- allochthony (1)
- allopatric speciation (1)
- allopatry (1)
- allozymes (1)
- alluvial soil (1)
- alpha diversity (1)
- alpha-glucan (1)
- alpha-helix (1)
- alte DNA (1)
- alte sedimentäre DNA (1)
- altered shoot branching (1)
- alternative splicing (1)
- alternative stable states (1)
- ambient temperature (1)
- amination (1)
- amino alcohols (1)
- ammonium (1)
- ammoniumtransporter (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- amyloid precursor protein (1)
- amyloid precursor-like protein (1)
- amylopectin (1)
- anaerobic respiration (1)
- analogue quality (1)
- analysis-ready data (1)
- analytical approaches (1)
- analytische Lösungsansätze (1)
- anamorph-teleomorph connection (1)
- anatomy (1)
- ancestral area reconstruction (1)
- ancestral biogeographic region reconstruction (1)
- ancestral state reconstruction (1)
- ancestry (1)
- anchoring mechanism (1)
- ancient forest (1)
- ancient forests (1)
- ancient sedimentary DNA (1)
- and palm (1)
- and tissue-specificity (1)
- angeborene Immunantwort (1)
- angiopoitin-like 4 (1)
- anhydrase CAH3 (1)
- animal (1)
- animal model (1)
- animal models (1)
- animal personalities (1)
- animal pests (1)
- animal tracking (1)
- animals under human care (1)
- anisotropic growth (1)
- annexins (1)
- annual plant (1)
- annual plant communities (1)
- annual plant species (1)
- annual plants (1)
- annuals (1)
- anoxia (1)
- antagonism (1)
- antelope (1)
- antheridiogens (1)
- anthers (1)
- anthracene (1)
- anthropogene Einwirkung (1)
- anthropogene Umweltveränderungen (1)
- anthropogener globaler Wandel (1)
- anthropogenic admixture (1)
- anthropogenic effect (1)
- anthropogenic exploitation (1)
- anthropogenic global change (1)
- anthropogenic impact (1)
- anthropogenic interferences (1)
- anthropometric field studies (1)
- anti bacterial (1)
- anti-diuron-antibodies (1)
- antibiotic combinations (1)
- antibiotic paradox (1)
- antibodies (1)
- antibody characterization (1)
- antibody synthesis (1)
- antibody validation (1)
- antidepressants (1)
- antigen (1)
- antimicrobial defense (1)
- antimicrobial peptide (1)
- antimicrobial polymers (1)
- antimicrobial susceptibility testing (1)
- antimikrobielle Peptide (1)
- antioxidant (1)
- antioxidant capacity (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- antipsychotics (1)
- antisense transcription (1)
- antiviral agent (1)
- aoa (1)
- apical-basal axis (1)
- apparent hysteresis (1)
- apparente Hysterese (1)
- appetitive learning (1)
- apple (1)
- approximate Bayesian computation (1)
- aptamer (1)
- aptamer-based sandwich assay (1)
- apyrase (1)
- aquaporin (1)
- aquatic adaptation (1)
- aquatic ecosystem (1)
- aquatic-terrestrial interfaces (1)
- aquatische Ökosysteme (1)
- arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza-Symbiose (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- archaea (1)
- archaeozoology (1)
- archipelago (1)
- area (1)
- arenes (1)
- arginine biosynthesis (1)
- argumentation schemes (1)
- arid (1)
- aridity gradient (1)
- arms race (1)
- array hybridisation (1)
- arsenic (1)
- artificial introduction (1)
- artificial neural network (1)
- artificial protein binders (1)
- artificial virus (1)
- artifizielle Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- aryl diazonium salts (1)
- arylalkylamine N-transferase (1)
- arylcarbamates (1)
- arylureas (1)
- ascorbate oxidase (1)
- asellota crustacea (1)
- asexual reproduction (1)
- aspen parkland (1)
- assay (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- assessment of the diffusion (1)
- association mapping (1)
- association studies (1)
- astrobiology (1)
- astrocytes (1)
- asymmetric competition (1)
- asymmetrische Konkurrenz (1)
- asymmetry (1)
- asymmetry of competition (1)
- atlas data (1)
- atmospheric deposition (1)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (1)
- atom mapping (1)
- atrophin-1 (1)
- attached (1)
- attitude (1)
- attraction-avoidance (1)
- augmented reality (1)
- ausgewogener Komplex (1)
- autonom replizierende Sequenz (1)
- autonomous pathway (1)
- autotomy (1)
- autotrophy (1)
- auxin biosynthesis (1)
- available phosphorus (1)
- aversive learning (1)
- avoidance rate (1)
- baboons (1)
- backbone conformation (1)
- backcross inbred line (BIL) (1)
- bacteriaalgae associations (1)
- bacterial (1)
- bacterial defensive mechanisms (1)
- bacterial infections (1)
- bacterial lifestyles (1)
- bacterial outer membrane vesicles (1)
- bacterial pathogenesis (1)
- bacterial population growth (1)
- bacterial sensor (1)
- bacterial symbionts (1)
- bacterial toxins (1)
- bacteriocytes (1)
- bacteriophages (1)
- bacterivory (1)
- bait trap (1)
- bakterielle Infektionen (1)
- bakterielles O-Antigen (1)
- balance (1)
- balanced complex (1)
- baps (1)
- basal area increment (1)
- basal fungi (1)
- bat conservation (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beekeeping (1)
- beeswax (1)
- beeswax substitutes (1)
- behavior classification (1)
- behavioral choice (1)
- behavioral syndromes (1)
- behavioral thermoregulation (1)
- behavioural adaptations (1)
- behavioural adjustment (1)
- behavioural ecology (1)
- behavioural flexibility (1)
- behavioural plasticity (1)
- behavioural reaction norm (1)
- behavioural timing (1)
- behavioural type (1)
- belowground herbivory (1)
- benthic (1)
- benthic food chain (1)
- benthic primary producers (1)
- benthische Nahrungskette (1)
- benthische Primärproduzenten (1)
- benthos (1)
- benzimidazoles (1)
- berry development (1)
- bet hedging (1)
- bet-hedging (1)
- beta(2)-microglobulin (1)
- beta-Amylase (1)
- beta-Galactosidase (1)
- beta-Lactam (1)
- beta-Lactams (1)
- beta-Solenoidproteine (1)
- beta-amylase (1)
- beta-amylase assay (1)
- beta-cell (1)
- beta-lactamase (1)
- beta-solenoid proteins (1)
- bias (1)
- bifunctional enzyme (1)
- bifunctional sensor (1)
- bifunktionaler Sensor (1)
- big data (1)
- bilateral asymmetry (1)
- bilinear interpolation (1)
- bio-economy (1)
- bio-optical modeling (1)
- bioactivation (1)
- biocatalytic recycling (1)
- biochemical networks (1)
- bioclimatic niche (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biocontrol (1)
- biocontrol of eutrophication (1)
- biodegradable copolymers (PLGA) (1)
- biodiversity assessment (1)
- biodiversity change (1)
- biodiversity crisis (1)
- biodiversity ecosystem functioning (BEF) (1)
- biodiversity effects (1)
- biodiversity homogenization (1)
- biodiversity loss (1)
- biodiversity refugia (1)
- biodynamic farming (1)
- biodynamic manures (1)
- biodynamic preparations (1)
- bioelectrocatalytic recycling (1)
- bioelectrochemistry (1)
- bioelectronics (1)
- bioenergetic model (1)
- biofilms (1)
- biofouling (1)
- biogas (1)
- biogenesis (1)
- biogenic volatile organic compounds (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biohybrid organs (1)
- bioinvasion (1)
- biological carbon pump (1)
- biological control (1)
- biological control agents (1)
- biological engineering (1)
- biological soil crust (1)
- biology classes (1)
- biomass allocation (1)
- biomass-trait feedback (1)
- biomaterial characterization (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biomedical applications (1)
- biomembrane (1)
- biomization (1)
- biomolecule (1)
- biomolecule interactions (1)
- bioreactor (1)
- biosorption (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- biotelemetry (1)
- biotic interactions (1)
- biotic resistance (1)
- biotic stress (1)
- biotin (1)
- biotopes (1)
- bird community (1)
- birds (1)
- birthweight (1)
- bisulfite sequencing (1)
- bitter taste perception (1)
- black earth (1)
- black rhinoceros (1)
- blebbing (1)
- blood (1)
- blood-brain-barrier (1)
- blue light (1)
- bluebuck (1)
- bodenlebende Gliederfüßer (1)
- body fat estimator (1)
- body size (1)
- bog/mire plants (1)
- boldness (1)
- bone accumulation (1)
- bone mimic (1)
- boosted regression trees (1)
- bootstrap (1)
- boreal (1)
- boreal forest (1)
- botanical garden (1)
- bottlebrush copolymers (1)
- brain (1)
- branched chain amino acids (1)
- brassinosteroid signaling (1)
- break points (1)
- breastfed infant development (1)
- breastfeeding (1)
- breath (1)
- breath analysis (1)
- breeding ability (1)
- brown mosses (1)
- brownification (1)
- browsing (1)
- bucerotidae (1)
- budding yeast (1)
- bulk DNA (1)
- bulk heterojunction (1)
- buried horizon (1)
- burrow system (1)
- bushbuck (1)
- butterflies (1)
- c-FLIP (1)
- cDNA array (1)
- cPMP (1)
- cSSR (1)
- caecilians (1)
- calcineurin (1)
- calcineurin inhibitors (1)
- calcite precipitation (1)
- calcium binding (1)
- calcium imaging (1)
- calcium sensor (1)
- calicivirus (1)
- calmodulin (1)
- calorimetry (1)
- camelid (1)
- camera-trap (1)
- camp binding-sites (1)
- campylomormyrus (1)
- canavanine (1)
- cancer biomarker (1)
- cancer cachexia (1)
- cancer detection (1)
- cancer immunotherapy (1)
- cancer markers (1)
- cancer prognosis (1)
- candelilla wax (1)
- candidate species (1)
- canonical correlation analysis (1)
- canopy (1)
- canopy cooling effects (1)
- canopy-air temperature (1)
- capillary electrophoresis (1)
- capsid stability (1)
- capsule formation (1)
- captive populations (1)
- capture enrichment (1)
- capture-recapture modeling (1)
- carbocatalysis (1)
- carbohydrate (1)
- carbohydrate binding site (1)
- carbohydrate recognition (1)
- carbohydrate-protein interaction (1)
- carbon acquisition (1)
- carbon allocation (1)
- carbon concentrating mechanism (1)
- carbon cycle (1)
- carbon electrical collective properties (1)
- carbon flow (1)
- carbon flux (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon limitation (1)
- carbon metabolism (1)
- carbon nanotubes (1)
- carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (1)
- carbon paper (1)
- carbon pathway (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbon sinking flux (1)
- carbon stoichiometry (1)
- carbon storage (1)
- carbon turnover (1)
- carbon uptake kinetics (1)
- carbonated apatite (1)
- carboxynitrofluorenone (1)
- carcasses (1)
- cardiac valves (1)
- cardiovascular biology (1)
- cardiovascular rehabilitation (1)
- cardiovascular system (1)
- cardiovascular-disease (1)
- carnauba wax (1)
- carnivore (1)
- carnivory (1)
- carotenoids bioavailability (1)
- carrion resources (1)
- carry-over effects (1)
- carrying capacity (1)
- cartilage tissue engineering (1)
- cascade reactions (1)
- cassava bacterial blight (1)
- casting resin (1)
- cat (1)
- catalytic antibodies (1)
- catalytic antibody (1)
- catch-up-growth (1)
- cationic liposome (1)
- cattle grazing (1)
- cave (1)
- cave crickets (1)
- cbFBA (1)
- cell adhesion control (1)
- cell death (1)
- cell encapsulation (1)
- cell fixation (1)
- cell membrane (1)
- cell morphogenesis (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell proliferation (1)
- cell selectivity (1)
- cell size (1)
- cell sorting (1)
- cell structure (1)
- cell type-specific (1)
- cell viability assay (1)
- cell wall patterning (1)
- cell-ECM interactions (1)
- cell-based assay (1)
- cell-based in vitro assay (1)
- cellobiose dehydrogenase (1)
- cells epidermis (1)
- cellular C:N:P ratio (1)
- cellular antioxidant system (1)
- cellular forces (1)
- cellularization (1)
- cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (1)
- cellulose microfibrils (1)
- cellulose synthesis (1)
- central Westland (1)
- centrality (1)
- centrality measures (1)
- centrifugation (1)
- centromere (1)
- centrosome amplification (1)
- cerebral cavernous malformations (1)
- cerebral-cortex (1)
- cervical artificial disc replacement (1)
- cervical myelopathy (1)
- cervical spine (1)
- cervical total disc replacement (1)
- cesa complex (1)
- cetacean (1)
- chaetae (1)
- chaetal arrangement (1)
- chain length distribution (1)
- changepoint analysis (1)
- changepoint detection (1)
- changing cofactor specificity (1)
- channel (1)
- channel gating (1)
- channel protein structure (1)
- channel protein-proton interaction (1)
- chaoborus kairomone (1)
- charcoal (1)
- charge generation layers (1)
- chemical clock (1)
- chemical defenses (1)
- chemically induced dislocation (1)
- chemisch-induzierte Dislokation (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemoautotrophy (1)
- chemodiversity (1)
- chemoenzymatic synthesis (1)
- chemosensation (1)
- chemotaxonomy (1)
- chicken (1)
- chicken repeat 1 (1)
- child development (1)
- childhood (1)
- children and adolescents (1)
- chimeric enzyme (1)
- chirality (1)
- chironomids (1)
- chitin synthase (1)
- chitin-induced signaling (1)
- chitinases (1)
- chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- chloro-ribosome (1)
- chlorophyll (1)
- chlorophyll a fluorescence (1)
- chlorophyll content (1)
- chlorophyll fluorescence (1)
- chloroplast genome (1)
- chloroplast isolation (1)
- cholesteryl ester (1)
- chromatin accessibility (1)
- chromatin immunoprecipitation (1)
- chromatin remodeling (1)
- chromatin remodelling (1)
- chromium (1)
- chromosomale Instabilität (1)
- chromosome-scale genome assembly (1)
- chronic pain (1)
- chronic undernutrition (1)
- chronischer Schmerz (1)
- chronotopy (1)
- ciconia ciconia (1)
- ciliate epibionts (1)
- ciliate predators (1)
- circadian rhythm (1)
- cis-regulatory elements (1)
- cis-trans isomerisation of prolyl-peptide bonds (1)
- citizen science programme (1)
- civet oil (1)
- classical compartment model (1)
- classification (1)
- classification models (1)
- clathrin-coated vesicles (1)
- cleistogamy (1)
- cleptoparasitism (1)
- climate (1)
- climate manipulation (1)
- climate mitigation (1)
- climatic debt (1)
- climatic limitation (1)
- clinal variation (1)
- clinical diagnostics (1)
- clipping (1)
- clock genes (1)
- clonal growth (1)
- clonality (1)
- close packing (1)
- closed forest (1)
- cloud (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- clustering (1)
- co-delivery of multiple genes (1)
- co-enrichment (1)
- co-expression (1)
- co-expression network analysis (1)
- co-function network (1)
- co-response (1)
- co-transfection (1)
- co2 concentrating mechanism (1)
- co2 concentration (1)
- coagulans (1)
- coagulation (1)
- coarse grained Molekulardynamiken (1)
- coarse grained molecular dynamics (1)
- coarse-graining (1)
- coastal dunes (1)
- coastal erosion (1)
- cobalt porphyrin (1)
- cocaine (1)
- coculture (1)
- coexistence mechanisms (1)
- cofactors (1)
- cognition (1)
- cohesive ends (1)
- coil-globule transition (1)
- coil-helix (1)
- coiled coils (1)
- coiled-coil (1)
- colimitation (1)
- colitis (1)
- collagen peptide mass fingerprinting (1)
- coloniality (1)
- colonization capacity (1)
- colonization credit (1)
- colony formation (1)
- colony organization (1)
- color morph frequency (1)
- columella (1)
- combinatorial optimization (1)
- combinatorial protein (1)
- combinatorics (1)
- combined heat and drought stress (1)
- common garden (1)
- common garden experiment (1)
- common-garden experiment (1)
- communities (1)
- community assembly (1)
- community assembly rules (1)
- community biomass (1)
- community cytometry (1)
- community dynamics (1)
- community effects (1)
- community phylogenetics (1)
- community respiration (1)
- comparative (1)
- comparative co-expression analysis (1)
- comparative head morphology (1)
- comparative proteomics (1)
- comparison (1)
- competition intensity (1)
- competition resistance trade-off (1)
- competitive exclusion (1)
- competitive performance (1)
- competitive resistance (1)
- complex I (1)
- complex food webs (1)
- complex model (1)
- complexity (1)
- compliant mechanism (1)
- compost (1)
- compost microbiome (1)
- compound eye (1)
- computational biology (1)
- computational molecular biology (1)
- computationally simulated epitopes (1)
- computer tomography (1)
- computergestützte Biologie (1)
- concerted evolution (1)
- condition factor (1)
- condition-dependent mortality (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformational-changes (1)
- congeneric species (1)
- connectedness (1)
- conservation breeding (1)
- conservation evaluation (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- conservation responsibility (1)
- conservation scheme (1)
- consistency (1)
- constrains (1)
- construction (1)
- consumer-diet imbalance (1)
- content knowledge (1)
- contergan (1)
- continuous pasture (1)
- contraception (1)
- contractile tail (1)
- control region (1)
- controversial issues (1)
- conventional agriculture (1)
- cooling effect (1)
- copepods (1)
- copolymers (1)
- copy numbers (1)
- core shell UCNP (1)
- correlation analysis (1)
- correlation networks (1)
- corrinoid-containing enzymes (1)
- corrosion (1)
- corticosterone (1)
- cost optimisation (1)
- costamere (1)
- count data (1)
- coviability (1)
- cox2 (1)
- cranes (1)
- create cropland (1)
- critical nutrient loading (1)
- critical thermal maximum (1)
- critically ill (1)
- crop (1)
- crop losses (1)
- crop model (1)
- crop rotation (1)
- crop yield failure (1)
- cropping diversity (1)
- crops (1)
- cross-level interactions (1)
- cross-striated muscle cells (1)
- crosslinker (1)
- crowding (1)
- crowdsourcing (1)
- crustacean (1)
- crustacean zooplankton (1)
- crustaceans (1)
- cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (1)
- cryptic diversity (1)
- cryptogams (1)
- crystal structure (1)
- crystal twinning (1)
- cucurbits (1)
- cultural dependence (1)
- cultures (1)
- cupriavidus necator (1)
- cyanobacteria biomarker (1)
- cyanobacteria sedimentation (1)
- cyclic GMP (1)
- cyclic-amp (1)
- cycloeucalenol (1)
- cyclops vicinus (1)
- cyclosporin A (1)
- cyr (1)
- cys-peptide (1)
- cystic fibrosis (1)
- cyt b (1)
- cytochrome oxidase I gene (1)
- cytoglobin (1)
- cytokine release (1)
- cytokines/chemokines (1)
- d-loop region (1)
- daily home-made measurements (1)
- daily precipitation (1)
- daily rainfall variability (1)
- dam construction (1)
- dark diversity (1)
- dark respiration (1)
- data analysis and statistics (1)
- data reduction (1)
- data standardisation and formatting (1)
- data synthesis (1)
- databases (1)
- de novo assembly (1)
- de novo hybrid assembly (1)
- de novo ncRNA Vorhersage (1)
- de novo ncRNA prediction (1)
- deacclimation (1)
- dead sorting (1)
- deadwood (1)
- decisions (1)
- decolorization (1)
- deep lake (1)
- deep sequencing (1)
- deep-sea bacterial community (1)
- deep-sea sharks (1)
- defence (1)
- defense genes (1)
- defense priming (1)
- defense signaling pathways (1)
- defensive symbiosis (1)
- degradable polymer (1)
- degradable polymers (1)
- degradome (1)
- degree of urbanization (1)
- dementia (1)
- demographic bottleneck (1)
- demographic history (1)
- demographic properties (1)
- dendritic (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritic polymer (1)
- dendritische Zelle (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- density (1)
- density dependence (1)
- density-dependent (1)
- density-dependent dispersal (1)
- density-driven suppression (1)
- dental eruption (1)
- dephosphorylation (1)
- desert (1)
- desiccation tolerance (1)
- detection (1)
- detection system (1)
- determination (1)
- detrended correspondence analyses (1)
- development cooperation (1)
- development goals (1)
- developmental constraints (1)
- developmental stress (1)
- developmental tempo (1)
- device (1)
- diabetes genes (1)
- diabetic nephropathy (1)
- diagnostic (1)
- diallel (1)
- diamond frogs (1)
- diaptomid copepods (1)
- diaspore (1)
- diaspore morphology (1)
- diaspore weight (1)
- diazonium coupling (1)
- dichteste Packung (1)
- diel cycle (1)
- dielectric (1)
- diet competition (1)
- diet intervention (1)
- dietary mismatch (1)
- dietary patterns (1)
- differential network analysis (1)
- differentiation (1)
- digestive acclimation (1)
- digital (1)
- digital laser range finder (1)
- dilution (1)
- dimensional stability (1)
- dimorphism (1)
- dipeptide (1)
- direct electrochemistry (1)
- direct electron (1)
- directed dispersal (1)
- directed evolution (1)
- disc arthroplasty (1)
- discontinuous migration (1)
- disease diagnosis (1)
- disease invasion (1)
- disease persistence (1)
- disease resistance (1)
- dispersal behavior (1)
- dispersal mortality (1)
- dispersal of cryptogams (1)
- dispersal potential (1)
- dispersal success (1)
- dissection (1)
- dissimilarities of plants (1)
- dissociation (1)
- dissociation kinetics (1)
- distance measure (1)
- distance thresholds (1)
- distribution modelling (1)
- distribution pattern (1)
- disturbance ecology (1)
- disturbance intensity (1)
- disturbance regime (1)
- disturbance timing (1)
- disturbance type (1)
- disturbed areas (1)
- distyly (1)
- disulfide bridges (1)
- diurnal cycle (1)
- diuron (1)
- divalent cations (1)
- divergence (1)
- divergence time (1)
- diversification rates (1)
- diversity theory (1)
- division (1)
- division of labour (1)
- diyabc (1)
- dndBCDE (1)
- docosahexaenoic acid (1)
- doctoral thesis (1)
- dog (1)
- dominance (1)
- dominance-subordination (1)
- dopingtest (1)
- dormancy (1)
- dosing algorithm (1)
- double flowers (1)
- drafted genomes (1)
- drainage works to (1)
- drift (1)
- drift and dispersal (1)
- drones (1)
- drosophila-melanogaster (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug delivery system (1)
- drug drug interactions (1)
- drug eluting stent (1)
- drug resistance evolution (1)
- dry grasslands (1)
- dry weight (1)
- drying trend (1)
- dryland ecosystems (1)
- dryland grasslands (1)
- drylands (1)
- dung (1)
- duplication (1)
- dwarf males (1)
- dye (1)
- dyes (1)
- dynamic (1)
- dynamic body acceleration (1)
- dynamic energy budget (1)
- dynamic energy budget theory (1)
- dynamic energy budgets (1)
- dynamic landscapes (1)
- dynamic light scattering (1)
- eDNA (1)
- eRNA (1)
- early development (1)
- early experience (1)
- early life trauma (1)
- early stage cancer detection (1)
- early warning (1)
- early warning signals (1)
- early warning system (1)
- earthquake (1)
- eco-evolutionary dynamics (1)
- eco-evolutionary feedback (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- ecoevolutionary dynamics (1)
- ecological efficiency (1)
- ecological forecasts (1)
- ecological genetics (1)
- ecological interactions (1)
- ecological networks (1)
- ecological niches (1)
- ecological restoration (1)
- ecological risk assessment (1)
- ecological stability (1)
- ecological strategies (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- ecological theory (1)
- economy (1)
- ecosystem engineering (1)
- ecosystem function and services; (1)
- ecosystem modeling (1)
- ecosystem productivity (1)
- ecosystem reconstruction (1)
- ecosystem restoration (1)
- ecosystem stability (1)
- ecotones (1)
- ecotoxicology (1)
- ecotypes (1)
- ectoparasites (1)
- ectoparasitism (1)
- editing (1)
- effective daylength (1)
- effects of global warming (1)
- efflux (1)
- ego motivation (1)
- eider duck (1)
- einjährige Pflanzen (1)
- eland (1)
- elastic modulus (1)
- elderly (1)
- electric organ (1)
- electric organ discharge (1)
- electro-polymerization (1)
- electrochemical biosensor (1)
- electrochemical biosensors (1)
- electrocyte ontogeny (1)
- electrocyte ultrastructure (1)
- electrode (1)
- electrokinetics (1)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (1)
- electrophysiology (1)
- electropolymers (1)
- electrospun scaffold (1)
- electrosynthesis (1)
- elektrokinetische Effekte (1)
- elemental composition (1)
- elephantid evolution (1)
- elephants (1)
- elevated CO2 concentration (1)
- elevated temperature (1)
- elicitors (1)
- embodied cognition (1)
- embryo (1)
- embryo development (1)
- emergent facilitation (1)
- emission inventory (1)
- emission modeling (1)
- emotional stress (1)
- empirical dynamic modelling (1)
- emulsion (1)
- enantiospecificity (1)
- endemic lizard (1)
- endemicity (1)
- endogenous retrovirus (1)
- endoparasites (1)
- endoperoxides (1)
- endoreduplication (1)
- endosperm (1)
- endosymbiosis (1)
- endothelial cell (1)
- endothelial progenitor cell (1)
- enemy release (1)
- energetic equivalence rule (1)
- energetics (1)
- energy (1)
- energy flow (1)
- energy limiting condition (1)
- energy pathway (1)
- energy starvation (1)
- energy-metabolism (1)
- enrichments methods (1)
- ensemble method (1)
- ensemble prediction (1)
- entropic enzymes (1)
- environment (1)
- environment filtering (1)
- environmental adversity (1)
- environmental and general living conditions (1)
- environmental autocorrelation (1)
- environmental awareness (1)
- environmental changes (1)
- environmental conditions (1)
- environmental effects (1)
- environmental factor (1)
- environmental filtering; (1)
- environmental fluctuations (1)
- environmental forcing (1)
- environmental genomics (1)
- environmental gradient (1)
- environmental impact (1)
- environmental impact assessment (1)
- environmental management (1)
- environmental metabolomics (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- environmental reconstructions (1)
- environmental stress response (1)
- environmental trigger (1)
- enzymatic activities (1)
- enzymatic biofuel cell (1)
- enzymatic degradation (1)
- enzymatic modification (1)
- enzymatically active membrane (1)
- enzymatische Reaktionsspezifität (1)
- enzyme activities (1)
- enzyme activity (1)
- enzyme bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- enzyme catalytic rates (1)
- enzyme engineering (1)
- enzyme evolution (1)
- enzyme isoforms (1)
- enzyme kinetic (1)
- enzyme kinetics (1)
- enzyme models (1)
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (1)
- enzyme/polymer conjugate (1)
- epibiont motility (1)
- epigeal arthropods (1)
- epigenome editing (1)
- epigenomics (1)
- epilimnic methane peak (1)
- epiphytes (1)
- epithelia (1)
- epithelial salt transport (1)
- epithelial transport (1)
- epithelialer Transport (1)
- epitop prediction (1)
- epitope imprinting (1)
- equus caballus (1)
- erhöhte Nachttemperaturen (1)
- erosion (1)
- error avoidance (1)
- erucic acid (1)
- erworbene Immunantwort (1)
- erythropoiesis (1)
- erzeugte Kraft (1)
- essential nutrient (1)
- essentiality (1)
- eukaryotes (1)
- eurasian lynx (1)
- eusociality (1)
- evenness (1)
- everything is everywhere (1)
- evolution of cooperation (1)
- evolution of plastids (1)
- evolutionary genomics (1)
- exercise (1)
- exopolysaccharide (1)
- exopolysaccharides (1)
- expanded genetic code (1)
- expansin (1)
- experiment description (1)
- experimental metadata (1)
- experimental plant communities (1)
- exploitative competition (1)
- exposure time (1)
- expression Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- extensively managed grasslands (1)
- external dispersal (1)
- extinct birds (1)
- extinct species (1)
- extinction risk (1)
- extinctions (1)
- extracellular matrix (ECM) (1)
- extrapolating experimental data (1)
- extrapolation (1)
- extravasation-rate limited tissue model (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extreme temperature events (1)
- extreme weather event (1)
- extreme weather events (1)
- extremophile teleosts (1)
- extremotolerance (1)
- face proportions (1)
- factor VII (1)
- factorial design (1)
- faecal corticosterone metabolites (1)
- faeces (1)
- falling groundwater level (1)
- fallow land (1)
- false smut fungi (1)
- farm productivity (1)
- farmers (1)
- fast and slow learner (1)
- fat-tailed dispersal kernels (1)
- fatty acid composition (1)
- fear (1)
- feature engineering (1)
- feeding rate (1)
- feeding strategies (1)
- felid conservation (1)
- felidae (1)
- female preference (1)
- fen grasslands (1)
- fernandoi (1)
- ferns (1)
- ferrocene (1)
- fertiliser (1)
- fertility (1)
- fff (1)
- fiber mesh scaffolds (1)
- fibre optic (1)
- fibrinogen (1)
- fibroblasts (1)
- fibronectin (1)
- field boundaries (1)
- field margins (1)
- field vole (1)
- filaments (1)
- filtration rate (1)
- final body height (1)
- final height (1)
- fine-scale interactions (1)
- fire frequency (1)
- first flowering day (1)
- fish migration (1)
- fisheries management (1)
- fitness-maximization (1)
- fl (1)
- flagellates (1)
- flavanone (1)
- flavanonol (1)
- flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (1)
- flavonoid (1)
- flavonoid biosynthesis (1)
- flavonoid glycosides (1)
- flavoprotein (1)
- fleshy fruit ripening (1)
- flight (1)
- flight efficiency (1)
- flight height (1)
- floodplain (1)
- floral meristem (1)
- floral organ (1)
- floristic survey (1)
- flow system (1)
- flow-through biochip scanner (1)
- flow-through vessel (1)
- flower ecology (1)
- flower size (1)
- flower-insect-interaction (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluctuating environment (1)
- fluctuating selection (1)
- fluorescein (1)
- fluorescence fluctuation microscopy (1)
- fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence image analysis (1)
- fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (1)
- fluorescence resonance energy transfer (1)
- fluorescent image analysis (1)
- fluorescent labeling (1)
- fluorescent probe (1)
- fluorescent proteins (1)
- fluorescent reporter (1)
- fluoreszierende Proteine (1)
- fluviatilis (1)
- flux analysis (1)
- flux modeling (1)
- fly pollination (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- foetal growth (1)
- folding (1)
- food abundance (1)
- food access (1)
- food allergy (1)
- food analysis (1)
- food chain (1)
- food preference (1)
- food quantity (1)
- food structuring (1)
- food web models (1)
- food-web efficiency (1)
- food-web models (1)
- foodweb (1)
- forage (1)
- foraging behavior (1)
- foreign body giant cells (1)
- forelimb (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest clear-cut (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest dynamics (1)
- forest invasion (1)
- forest plant species (1)
- forest specialist (1)
- forest specialists (1)
- forest understorey (1)
- forest understorey plant species (1)
- forests (1)
- formaldehyde (1)
- formate (1)
- formate assimilation (1)
- formate dehydrogenases (1)
- formate dehyrogenases (1)
- formate oxidation (1)
- fossil (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- founder effect (1)
- founder-cell recruitment (1)
- four-dimensional tissue reconstruction (1)
- fovea (1)
- fragmented landscapes (1)
- fragments (1)
- frame index (1)
- frameshifting (1)
- free energy of binding (1)
- free zinc (1)
- free-flying honey bees (1)
- free-ranging (1)
- freshwater ecology (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater fungi (1)
- freshwater lakes (1)
- freshwater microbes (1)
- freshwater sharks (1)
- fried (1)
- fruit development (1)
- fruit shape (1)
- full annual cycle (1)
- full-length transcriptome (1)
- functional (1)
- functional ecology (1)
- functional genomics (1)
- functional morphology (1)
- functional plant group (1)
- functional senescence (1)
- functional types (1)
- functional-structural plant model (1)
- functionalization (1)
- functioning (1)
- fundamental motor skills (1)
- fungal community (1)
- fungal parasites (1)
- fungal pathogen susceptibility (1)
- funktionale Merkmale (1)
- funktionelle Eigenschaften (1)
- funktionelle Ökologie (1)
- fusion (1)
- fuzzy c-means (1)
- g3p (1)
- galactose-decorated monomer (1)
- game browsing (1)
- gammarus crustacea (1)
- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1)
- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (1)
- gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (1)
- gastropoda (1)
- gastropodochory (1)
- gate effect (1)
- geitonogamy (1)
- gelatin based scaffold (1)
- gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- gender gap (1)
- gene cluster activation (1)
- gene coexpression (1)
- gene conversion (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene expression profiles (1)
- gene family (1)
- gene family evolution (1)
- gene function prediction (1)
- gene knock-out (1)
- gene order (1)
- gene responsiveness (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- gene tree parsimony (1)
- genera Rutilus (1)
- general dynamic model (1)
- generalist emergent group (1)
- generalists (1)
- generalizability (1)
- generalized linear model (1)
- generated force (1)
- genetic adaptation (1)
- genetic circuit (1)
- genetic circuits (1)
- genetic diversity loss (1)
- genetic erosion (1)
- genetic fingerprinting (1)
- genetic monitoring (1)
- genetic mosaicism (1)
- genetic resistance (1)
- genetic variability (1)
- genetic variation (1)
- genetic vectors (1)
- genetics (1)
- genetische Manipulation (1)
- genetische Netzwerke (1)
- genetische Vielfalt (1)
- genetisches Fingerprinting (1)
- genetisches Mosaik (1)
- genome (1)
- genome analysis (1)
- genome architecture (1)
- genome evolution (1)
- genome partitioning (1)
- genome-scale metabolic (1)
- genome-scale metabolic model (1)
- genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (1)
- genomic evolution (1)
- genomic selection (1)
- genomics/proteomics (1)
- genotype data (1)
- genotype-by-Environmental interaction (GxE) (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geochronology (1)
- geographic neighborhood (1)
- geographical and altitudinal distribution (1)
- geographische Großstudie (1)
- geological evolution (1)
- geometric morphometric (1)
- geometric morphometrics (1)
- geothermal aquifer (1)
- germ pores (1)
- germination rate (1)
- gestational weight gain (1)
- giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- giant vesicles (1)
- gibberellin (1)
- giraffe (1)
- giraffe conservation (1)
- glacial / interglacial transition (1)
- glacial divergence (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glacial refuges (1)
- glass fiber (1)
- glaziale Refugien (1)
- glioma (1)
- global and regional change (1)
- global carbon cycle (1)
- global change ecology (1)
- global spread (1)
- global warming (1)
- globaler Wandel (1)
- glucan phosphorylase (1)
- glucan phosphorylation (1)
- glucolipotoxicity (1)
- glucose 1-phosphate (1)
- glucose 1-phosphate transport (1)
- glucose dehydrogenase (1)
- glucose metabolism (1)
- glutathione peroxidase-2 GPx2 (1)
- glycan recognition (1)
- glycated peptide (1)
- glycine decarboxylase complex (=GCV) (1)
- glycine synthase complex (reversal of GCV) (1)
- glyco-inside nano-assemblies (1)
- glycoalkaloids (1)
- glycogen phosphorylation (1)
- glycolate oxidase (1)
- glycoprotein GP2 (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- gold (1)
- good-genes-model (1)
- gov (1)
- gradient boosting (1)
- grain filling (1)
- gram-negative (1)
- gramnegativ (1)
- granule formation (1)
- granule number per chloroplast (1)
- graph theory (1)
- grasshopper (1)
- grassland communities (1)
- grassland management (1)
- grassland productivity (1)
- grasslands ecosystem (1)
- grating coupler (1)
- grazer (1)
- green algae (1)
- green cardamom (1)
- green house gases (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- green-i (1)
- grid-based simulation model (1)
- grobkörnig (1)
- gross primary production (1)
- group living (1)
- group-living (1)
- growing season length (1)
- growth adaptation (1)
- growth chambers (1)
- growth control (1)
- growth coordination (1)
- growth defect (1)
- growth of migrants (1)
- growth references (1)
- growth regulate factor (1)
- growth regulation (1)
- growth selection (1)
- growth standards (1)
- growth tempo (1)
- growth-age (1)
- growthrates (1)
- guideline (1)
- guidelines (1)
- guild assembly (1)
- guppy (1)
- gustatory responsiveness (1)
- gynoecium development (1)
- hADSC (1)
- hCG (1)
- habitability (1)
- habitat choice (1)
- habitat generalist (1)
- habitat islands (1)
- habitat specificity (1)
- habitat suitability (1)
- habitat type (1)
- habitat-species interaction (1)
- haematopoiesis (1)
- hairy root Transformation (1)
- hand force (1)
- handedness (1)
- handling effect (1)
- hantavirus disease (1)
- haplotype (1)
- haplotype reconstruction (1)
- hapten (1)
- haptens (1)
- hare (1)
- harmful algae (1)
- harmonic radar (1)
- harvesting (1)
- hatchery (1)
- hatching success (1)
- health (1)
- heart (1)
- heart development (1)
- heart-disease (1)
- heartwood formation (1)
- heat shock proteins (1)
- heat shock transcription factor (1)
- heat stress response (1)
- heat tolerance (1)
- height in history (1)
- height of Turkish migrants (1)
- helical structures (1)
- hematopoetic stem cells (1)
- hematopoietic stem cell (1)
- heme (1)
- heme proteins (1)
- hemizygosity (1)
- hemodynamics (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- heparan sulfate (1)
- herbaceous layer (1)
- herbicide (1)
- herbicides (1)
- herkogamy (1)
- herpes simplex virus (1)
- heterocyclic aromatic amine (1)
- heterogeneous catalysis (1)
- heterologous systems (1)
- heteromorphic self-incompatibility (1)
- heteronuclear NMR (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterotopic ossification (HO) (1)
- heterozyklisches aromatisches Amin (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- hexamer (1)
- hexapoda (1)
- hexoses (1)
- hibernation (1)
- hidden markov model (1)
- hidden obesity (1)
- hierarchical Bayesian statistics (1)
- hierarchical framework (1)
- hierarchical level (1)
- hierarchical structures (1)
- high density (1)
- high fluorescence signal (1)
- high light (1)
- high night temperature (1)
- high resolution (1)
- high resolution mass spectrometry (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high throughput sequencing (1)
- high-affinity (1)
- high-affinity transporter (1)
- high-dimensional cytometry data (1)
- high-frequency sensors (1)
- high-throughput sequencing (1)
- histidin (1)
- histidine-metal coordination (1)
- histone (1)
- histone methylation (1)
- histone modifications, priming (1)
- historic growth studies (1)
- historical demography (1)
- historical ecology (1)
- historical growth (1)
- historical maps (1)
- hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie (1)
- hohe Auflösung (1)
- hoher Durchsatz Sequenzierung (1)
- holobiont (1)
- holotype (1)
- home range selection (1)
- home-away effect (1)
- home-ranges (1)
- homing (1)
- homoeotic (1)
- homogeneity (1)
- homogenisation (1)
- homogenization (1)
- homology (1)
- homozygosity (1)
- honey bee dance (1)
- honey bee flight (1)
- honey bee mating (1)
- honey bee navigation (1)
- hook-lipped rhinoceros (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- horizontaler Gentransfer (1)
- hormonal pathways (1)
- hormone-releasing hormone (1)
- hormones (1)
- horseradish peroxidase (1)
- horticulture (1)
- host alternation (1)
- host-parasite interaction (1)
- host-pathogen coevolution (1)
- host-plants (1)
- host-specificity (1)
- host-virus (1)
- host– pathogen dynamics (1)
- hotspots (1)
- hub genes (1)
- human (1)
- human evolutionary genetics (1)
- human growth (1)
- human impact (1)
- human induced pluripotent stem cell (1)
- human introduction (1)
- human metabolic syndrome (1)
- human-animal relationships (1)
- human-induced rapid environmental change (1)
- human-vegetation interaction (1)
- human-wildlife conflicts (1)
- humic lake (1)
- humidity (1)
- hummingbird pollination (1)
- hunting (1)
- hyaluronic acid (1)
- hyaluronic acid supplementation (1)
- hybrid breakdown (1)
- hybrid incompatibility (1)
- hybrid model (1)
- hybrid variegation (1)
- hybride Inkompatibilität (1)
- hybridisation capture (1)
- hybridization barrier (1)
- hybridization rate (1)
- hybridoma cells (1)
- hydro-engineering history; (1)
- hydrochlorothiazide (1)
- hydrocortisone (1)
- hydrophilicity (1)
- hydrostatic pressure (1)
- hydrothermal time model (1)
- hyena (1)
- hymenoptera (1)
- hyper spectral (1)
- hyperaccumulation (1)
- hyperforin (1)
- hyperglycemia (1)
- hyperspectral measurements (1)
- hyponasty (1)
- iPhone (1)
- iatom diversity (1)
- identification (1)
- illegal hunting (1)
- illuminance (1)
- imaging flow cytometry (1)
- imbalanced diet (1)
- immobilization; (1)
- immobilized enzyme (1)
- immunconjugate (1)
- immune cell population (1)
- immune reaction (1)
- immune system (1)
- immunity (1)
- immunoassay; GDH-biosensor; phenolic compounds; on-site-analysis; FIA;ß-galactosidase; wastewater analysis (1)
- immunoassays (1)
- immunofluorescence (1)
- immunology (1)
- immunonutrition (1)
- immunoscreening (1)
- immunotherapy (1)
- impact on growth (1)
- impacts (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- imperialist dogma (1)
- implant design (1)
- importance (1)
- in planta modification (1)
- in vivo study (1)
- in-situ (1)
- in-vitro diagnostic (1)
- inbreeding depression (1)
- incubation (1)
- indirect fitness (1)
- indirubin-3-monoxime (1)
- indium tin oxide ITO (1)
- individual based (1)
- individual body height (1)
- individual discrimination (1)
- individual niche specialization (1)
- individual reaction norm (1)
- individual variability (1)
- individual-based (1)
- individual-based models (1)
- individual‐ based model (1)
- individuelle Modellierung (1)
- individuen-basierte Modellierung (1)
- indivuduenbasiert (1)
- indolactams (1)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- inducible defence (1)
- inducible expression (1)
- inducible gene expression (1)
- industrial and developing countries (1)
- induzierbare Genexpression (1)
- inequality (1)
- infection risk (1)
- infectivity (1)
- inflated response curves (1)
- influenza A viruses (1)
- influenza virus (1)
- influenza-A (1)
- information technology (1)
- information theory (1)
- ingestion (1)
- inhibition kinetics (1)
- initiation (1)
- inlabru (1)
- inland water (1)
- inland waters (1)
- innate immune response (1)
- innervation (1)
- innovation (1)
- inorganic phosphorus limitation (1)
- inquiry (1)
- insect behavior (1)
- insect decline (1)
- insect-like AANAT (1)
- insecticides (1)
- insectivores (1)
- instrument (1)
- insulin analog (1)
- insulin resistance (1)
- intake screening (1)
- integrated assessments (1)
- integrated model (1)
- integrative omics analysis (1)
- intellectual disability (1)
- intensification (1)
- intensity vs (1)
- intensive agriculture (1)
- intensively managed grasslands (1)
- inter- and intra-species interactions (1)
- inter-individual difference (1)
- inter-specific interactions (1)
- interaction analysis (1)
- interaction modification (1)
- interaction network (1)
- interactomics (1)
- intercalated disc (1)
- interference competition (1)
- intermediate filament (1)
- internalin B (1)
- interspecies interchange (1)
- interspecific hybridization (1)
- interspecific variation (1)
- interspezifische Wechselwirkungen (1)
- interval squeeze (1)
- intestinal bacteria (1)
- intestine (1)
- intra-specific trait variation (1)
- intra-specific variation (1)
- intracellular pH (1)
- intracellular pH regulation (1)
- intransitivity (1)
- intraspecific brood parasitism (1)
- intraspecific divergence (1)
- intraspecific diversity (1)
- intraspecific trait (1)
- intraspezifische Merkmalsvariation (1)
- intrinsic motivation (1)
- intronic cis-regulatory element (1)
- invariability (1)
- invasion boundary (1)
- invasion by extremes (1)
- invasion stages (1)
- invasiv (1)
- invasive plant (1)
- inversion (1)
- inversions (1)
- invertase (1)
- invertebrate macropores (1)
- invertebrate-derived (iDNA) (1)
- invertebrates (1)
- inverted terminal repeat (ITR) (1)
- in situ scanning (1)
- ion homeostasis (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) (1)
- ionale Zusammensetzung (1)
- ionic composition (1)
- irbesartan (1)
- iron regulation (1)
- iron sulfur clusters (1)
- iron-sulfur cluster (1)
- iron-sulfur protein (1)
- irreversibel (1)
- irreversible (1)
- irrigation (1)
- island biogeography theory (1)
- island ecology (1)
- island evolution (1)
- island population (1)
- islands as model systems (1)
- isoflavone (1)
- isoforms (1)
- isolation (1)
- isolation-by-adaptation (1)
- isothermal amplification (1)
- isothermale Amplifikation (1)
- isotopic labeling (1)
- iterative mapping (1)
- jaguar (1)
- joint flexibility (1)
- joint probability (1)
- jumping spider (1)
- juvenile mortality (1)
- juvenile plasticity (1)
- karyopherin (1)
- katalytische Antikörper (1)
- kationische Liposomen (1)
- keratinocytes (1)
- kettle hole; (1)
- kidney (1)
- killer whale (1)
- kin selection (1)
- kinase pathway (1)
- kindergarten children (1)
- kinematics (1)
- kinesin (1)
- kinetic analysis (1)
- kinetic modeling (1)
- kinetic parameter (1)
- kinetische Analyse (1)
- kinetische Modellierung (1)
- klassische Schweinepest (1)
- knemometry (1)
- kombinatorische Optimierung (1)
- kombinierter Hitze- und Trockenstress (1)
- kontrollierte Freisetzung von Biomolekülen (1)
- konventionelle Landwirtschaft (1)
- kudu (1)
- körperliche Bewegung (1)
- künstlicher Virus (1)
- lab on a chip (1)
- lab-on-a-chip (1)
- lab-on-chip (1)
- label-free biosensors (1)
- laboratory practice (1)
- laccase (1)
- lactams (1)
- lactase-persistence (1)
- lactic acid (1)
- lacustrine groundwater discharge (1)
- lafora disease (1)
- laforin (1)
- lagoon (1)
- lake community (1)
- lake ecosystem (1)
- lake food web (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lake stratification (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land reform (1)
- land sharing vs (1)
- land snails (1)
- land sparing (1)
- land use change (1)
- land use history (1)
- land use impact (1)
- land-cover classification (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use conflicts (1)
- land-use history (1)
- land-use intensity niche (1)
- land-water coupling (1)
- landscape analysis (1)
- landscape complexity; (1)
- landscape connectivity (1)
- landscape genetics (1)
- landscape heterogeneity (1)
- landscape planning (1)
- landscape scale (1)
- landscapes (1)
- langmuir monolayers (1)
- larch forest (1)
- larch species (1)
- large scale national conservation plan (1)
- large scale vegetation diversity (1)
- large ungulate (1)
- large-area mapping (1)
- large-scale study (1)
- larval locomotion (1)
- laser capture microdissection (1)
- last glacial (1)
- last glacial maxima (1)
- late embryogenesis abundant (1)
- late embryogenesis abundant proteins (1)
- laterality (1)
- latitudinal (1)
- latitudinal clines (1)
- latitudinal gradients (1)
- layer-by-layer (1)
- lead halide perovskites (1)
- leading edge (1)
- leading/trailing edge (1)
- leaf area (1)
- leaf area index (1)
- leaf economics (1)
- leaf hydraulic architecture (1)
- leaf midrib (1)
- leaf morphology (1)
- leaf width (1)
- lean mass (1)
- learning (1)
- learning networks plant (1)
- least-cost path (1)
- lebende Materialien (1)
- left handers (1)
- leghemoglobin (1)
- legionella pneumophila (1)
- legume (1)
- legume lectin (1)
- legumes (1)
- leptospirosis (1)
- leucine amino peptidases (1)
- leucine-rich repeat (1)
- leucine-rich repeat protein (1)
- leucinreiches repeat-Protein (1)
- licht-schaltbare Proteine (1)
- life form (1)
- life history attributes (1)
- life-cycle (1)
- life-history evolution (1)
- life-history theory (1)
- life-table experiments (1)
- lifespan (1)
- lifetime (1)
- lifetime achievements (1)
- ligation cloning extract (1)
- light acclimation (1)
- light intensity (1)
- light response (1)
- light responsiveness (1)
- light signaling (1)
- light spectrum (1)
- light-field camera (1)
- light-triggered (1)
- lignin-derived phenols (1)
- lignocellulose (1)
- limb disproportions (1)
- linear enamel hypoplasia (1)
- linear growth (1)
- linker (1)
- lipid (1)
- lipid droplets (1)
- lipid monolayer (1)
- lipid packing (1)
- lipid profiling (1)
- lipid synthesis (1)
- lipid-binding protein (1)
- lipid-ratio (1)
- lipidomics (1)
- lipophagy (1)
- lipopolysaccharide (YLPS) (1)
- lipopolysaccharides (1)
- lipoprotein-lipase (1)
- lipoproteins (1)
- liposomes (1)
- lipoxygenase (1)
- liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (1)
- litter decomposition (1)
- littoral (1)
- littoral eutrophication (1)
- live (1)
- liver (1)
- living collections management (1)
- living materials (1)
- lncRNA (1)
- local abundances (1)
- local convex hull (1)
- local knowledge (1)
- long distance movement (1)
- long-term change (1)
- long-term data (1)
- long-term desiccation (1)
- long-term hydrological changes (1)
- long-term time series (1)
- loop modification (1)
- loss-of-function mutation (1)
- loss-of-function-Mutation (1)
- low NPQ (1)
- low and middle-income (1)
- low light stress conditions (1)
- low temperature (1)
- low temperature stress (1)
- lower Havel river wetland (1)
- lower leg length (1)
- lowland fen (1)
- luminescence lifetime (1)
- lumpy coexistence (1)
- lung organoid (1)
- lycopersicum (1)
- lysine dendron (1)
- lyso-phospholipids (1)
- lysosome (1)
- lyssavirus (1)
- mAb Disposition (1)
- mRFP1 (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mRNA Degradierung (1)
- mRNA Quantification (1)
- mRNA chemistry (1)
- mRNA degradation (1)
- mRNA structure (1)
- mRNA-Chemie (1)
- machine (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- machinelearning (1)
- machinelles Lernen (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macrolides (1)
- macromolecular assemblies (1)
- macrophage activation (1)
- macrophage subsets (1)
- macropores (1)
- macroporous ITO electrodes (1)
- magnesium (1)
- magnetic map (1)
- magnetic pulse (1)
- magnetic-particlebased sensor (1)
- magnetite Ketter (1)
- magnetoreception (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- magpie (1)
- mainland (1)
- major hhistocompatibility complex (1)
- male body height (1)
- male philopatry (1)
- maleimidophenyl (1)
- malin (1)
- maltodextrin (1)
- maltose (1)
- mammalian ALOX15 orthologs (1)
- mammalian body (1)
- mammoth (1)
- management intensity (1)
- management zone (1)
- managing big data (1)
- marine mammal (1)
- mark-release-recapture (1)
- martini (1)
- mass accuracy (1)
- mass cytometry data (1)
- mass flowering (1)
- mass production process (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- matK (1)
- mate choice (1)
- material and moral conditions (1)
- maternal effect (1)
- maternal environmental effects (1)
- maternal lineages (1)
- maternal nicotine consumption (1)
- maternal provisioning (1)
- maternal trauma (1)
- mathematical simulation models (1)
- mathematische Modelierung (1)
- mathematische Simulationsmodelle (1)
- mathematisches Modellierung (1)
- matrix (1)
- matrix elasticity (1)
- matrix protein (1)
- maturity groups (1)
- maximal correlation (1)
- maximum temperature (1)
- mayfly (1)
- mcgraph (1)
- mcy (1)
- measles virus (1)
- measure hormone contents (1)
- measuring instrument (1)
- mecC (1)
- mechanical loading (1)
- mechanics (1)
- mechanische Mikrodis (1)
- mechanische Stabilität (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistic models (1)
- mechanistisches Modell (1)
- mechanosensation (1)
- mechanotransduction (1)
- mediterranean-type ecosystem (1)
- megafauna (1)
- melanoma (1)
- melatonin (1)
- membrane binding (1)
- membrane fatty acids (1)
- membrane fractionation (1)
- membrane order (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membrane repair (1)
- menopause (1)
- mental arithmetic (1)
- mental number line (1)
- mental retardation (1)
- mercury intrusion porosimetry (1)
- merkmalsbasierte Ansätze (1)
- meropenem (1)
- mesenchymal stromal cells (1)
- mesenchymale stromale Zellen (1)
- mesic grasslands (1)
- mesocarp (1)
- mesocosms (1)
- mesophyll (1)
- meta-community (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- metabolic control analysis (1)
- metabolic costs (1)
- metabolic flux analysis (1)
- metabolic genomics (1)
- metabolic modeling (1)
- metabolic modelling (1)
- metabolic plasticity (1)
- metabolic rate (1)
- metabolic scaling theory (1)
- metabolic syndrome (1)
- metabolic theory of ecology (1)
- metabolisch (1)
- metabolische Kosten (1)
- metabolische Modellierung (1)
- metabolischer Phänotyp (1)
- metabolisches Engineering (1)
- metabolisches Modifizieren (1)
- metabolisches Netzwerk (1)
- metabolisches Syndrom (1)
- metabolite breeding (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolome analysis (1)
- metabolomic analysis (1)
- metabolomics/metabolite profiling (1)
- metacommunities (1)
- metacommunity assembly (1)
- metacommunity dynamics (1)
- metagenomics 2.0 (1)
- metal cation (1)
- metal-containing enzyme (1)
- metal-free (1)
- metalloenzyme (1)
- metamorphosis (1)
- metapopulation dynamics (1)
- methane cycle (1)
- methanogene Archaea (1)
- methanogene Archaeen (1)
- methanol assimilation (1)
- methanotrophic bacteria (1)
- methanotrophs (1)
- methanoxidierende Bakterien (1)
- methanproduzierende Archaeen (1)
- methyl viologen (1)
- metric index (1)
- miRNA Regulation (1)
- miRNA regulation (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- micorbicide (1)
- micro-computed tomography (1)
- microRNA-induced silencing complex (1)
- microRNA172 (1)
- microRNA399 (1)
- microalgae (1)
- microalgal resource (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microbial carbon turnover (1)
- microbial decomposition (1)
- microbial degradation (1)
- microbial invasion (1)
- microbial loop (1)
- microbial processes (1)
- microbial soil communities (1)
- microbiota (1)
- microcapsules (1)
- microcystis (1)
- microelectrode (1)
- microgel (1)
- microheating (1)
- microorganisms (1)
- microparticles (1)
- microperoxidase (1)
- microplastics ingestion (1)
- microscale thermophoresis (MST) (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microsites (1)
- microsomes (1)
- microstructures (1)
- microtubule (1)
- microtubule-organizing center (1)
- microviridin (1)
- microviscosity (1)
- migrants (1)
- migratory birds (1)
- mikroRNA399 (1)
- mikrobielle Aktivität (1)
- mikrobielle Bodengemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- mikrobielle Interaktionen (1)
- mikrobielle Moor-Kerngemeinschaft (1)
- mikrobielle Prozesse (1)
- mikrobielle Vielfalt (1)
- mikrobielle Ökologie (1)
- mikrobieller Abbau (1)
- mikrobieller Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- minerals (1)
- mini growth spurt (1)
- mini growth spurts (1)
- minimal invasive Probennahme (1)
- minimal invasive sampling (1)
- minimum convex polygon (1)
- minimum information recommendations (1)
- mirror illusion (1)
- mirror therapy (1)
- misfolding (1)
- mitigation measures (1)
- mitochondrial control region I (1)
- mitochondrial dna sequences (1)
- mitochondrial fragmentation (1)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (1)
- mitochondrial genomes (1)
- mitochondrial haplotypes (1)
- mitochondrial lineages (1)
- mitochondrial phylogeny (1)
- mitochondrial remodelling (1)
- mitochondrial transformation (1)
- mitochondriopathy (1)
- mixed cultures (1)
- mobility (1)
- model analysis (1)
- model coupling (1)
- model description (1)
- model development (1)
- model membranes (1)
- model validation (1)
- model verification (1)
- modest approach (1)
- modifications (1)
- modified electrodes (1)
- modified primers (1)
- moesin (1)
- molecular analysis (1)
- molecular dating (1)
- molecular diversity (1)
- molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- molecular farming (1)
- molecular force sensors (1)
- molecular imprinting (1)
- molecular machine (1)
- molecular methods (1)
- molecular systematics (1)
- molecularly imprinted electropolymers (1)
- molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- molekular geprägte Polymere (1)
- molekulare Datierung (1)
- molekulare Kraftsensoren (1)
- molluscs (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (Moco) (1)
- molybdenum cofactor (Moco)-binding chaperone (1)
- molybdo-enzymes (1)
- molybdo-flavoenzyme (1)
- molybdoenzyme maturation (1)
- molybdoenzymes (1)
- molybdoflavoenzymes (1)
- monogonont rotifer (1)
- monolayers (1)
- moonlighting (1)
- morality (1)
- mormyridae (1)
- morphological (1)
- morphological analysis (1)
- morphological changes (1)
- morphological divergence (1)
- morphological evolution (1)
- morphological plasticity (1)
- morphological similarities (1)
- morphologischen Veränderungen (1)
- mortality (1)
- mortality bias (1)
- moss-associated archaea (1)
- moss-associated bacteria (1)
- moss-associated methanogenesis (1)
- moss-associated methanotrophy (1)
- moss-microbe-interactions (1)
- most recent common ancestor (1)
- motor competence (1)
- motor neurons (1)
- mould fungus (1)
- mouse lethality assay (1)
- movemen ecology (1)
- movement barrier (1)
- movement behaviour (1)
- movement patterns (1)
- mtDNA haplotype (1)
- mulifractional diffusion (1)
- multi-adulteration (1)
- multi-agent simulation (1)
- multi-facettierter Diversität (1)
- multi-fraktionelle Diffusion (1)
- multi-host-multi-pathogen interactions (1)
- multi-lake snapshot surveys (1)
- multi-locus data (1)
- multi-omics (1)
- multi-parametric analysis (1)
- multi-sensor (1)
- multi-species hierarchical modelling (1)
- multi-trophic communities (1)
- multi-trophic dynamics (1)
- multiblock copolymer (1)
- multichannel potentiostat (1)
- multidimensional complexity (1)
- multienzyme electrode (1)
- multifaceted diversity (1)
- multifactorial environmental change (1)
- multifunctional polymers (1)
- multifunctionality (1)
- multilayer films (1)
- multipara (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multiple (1)
- multiple drivers (1)
- multiple genes (1)
- multiple paternity (1)
- multiple sclerosis (1)
- multiple sequence alignment (1)
- multiplex assay (1)
- multitrophic interactions (1)
- multivalency (1)
- multivalent (1)
- multivariate ratio analysis (1)
- multivariate statistische Technik (1)
- murine Tas2rs (1)
- murine leukemia virus (1)
- muscle (1)
- muscle development (1)
- musculoskeletal system (1)
- museum collection (1)
- mustelids (1)
- mutagenicity (1)
- mutants (1)
- mutual information (1)
- mycoloop (1)
- mycorrhiza (1)
- myeloma cells (1)
- myodes glareolus (1)
- myoglobin (1)
- myotendinous junction (1)
- n-oxPTH (1)
- nacheiszeitliche Wiederbesiedlung (1)
- nanobody (1)
- nanocapsules (1)
- nanocarbon materials (1)
- nanoindentation (1)
- nanoparticles assembly (1)
- nanostructured materials (1)
- nanostrukturierte Materialien (1)
- naringenin (1)
- narrow-mouthed frogs (1)
- national biodiversity hotspots (1)
- nationalen Naturschutzplanung (1)
- nationaler Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (1)
- native range (1)
- natural enemies (1)
- natural genetic variation (1)
- natural killer cells (NK cells) (1)
- natural organic matter (1)
- natural resource management (1)
- natural rotifer (1)
- natural selection (1)
- natural variation (1)
- naturalised plants (1)
- nature of science (1)
- naturnahe Habitate (1)
- natürliche genetische Variation (1)
- navigation (1)
- neck evolution (1)
- necrosis (1)
- nectar (1)
- neighbor correlation (1)
- nematodes (1)
- neofunctionalization (1)
- neogene (1)
- neotypification (1)
- nephrocystins (1)
- nephronophthisis (1)
- nephropathia epidemica (1)
- nest predation (1)
- nest-site selection (1)
- net production (1)
- network of plant invasion (1)
- network structure (1)
- neural differentiation (1)
- neurite outgrowth (1)
- neurodegenerative (1)
- neurodegenerative Erkrankung (1)
- neuroglobin (1)
- neurohormone (1)
- neuroinflammation (1)
- neuronal adhesion (1)
- neuronal networks (1)
- neuronale Netzwerke (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neutral landscape models (1)
- neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (1)
- neutral theory (1)
- new genus (1)
- new record (1)
- newborn size (1)
- niche optimum (1)
- niche shifts (1)
- nicht additiv (1)
- nicht-Mendelsche Vererbung (1)
- nicht-einheimisch (1)
- nicht-kanonische Aminosäuren (1)
- nicht-stöchiometrische Modifikationen (1)
- nichtinvasive Diagnostik (1)
- nitrate (1)
- nitrate assimilation (1)
- nitrate reductase (1)
- nitrated proteins (1)
- nitric oxide-NO (1)
- nitrogen availability (1)
- nitrogen remobilization (1)
- nociceptors (1)
- nocturnal epigeal insect (1)
- nodulin (1)
- non-Mendelian inheritance (1)
- non-Newtonian fluid (1)
- non-academic capacity development (1)
- non-associative learning (1)
- non-canonical amino acids (1)
- non-equilibrium coexistence (1)
- non-equilibrium dynamics (1)
- non-invasive Diagnostics (1)
- non-native (1)
- non-native species (1)
- non-random dispersal (1)
- non-ripening (1)
- non-specific (1)
- non-stoichiometric modifications (1)
- non-target arthropods (1)
- non-target organisms (1)
- non-trophic interactions (1)
- nonadditive (1)
- noncanonical amino acid (1)
- noncoding RNA (1)
- nondemonic intrusions (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nonlinear averaging (1)
- nonlinear dynamics (1)
- nonlinear response (1)
- nonproteinogenic amino acid (1)
- nonribosomal peptide (1)
- nonribosomal peptide synthetases (1)
- normal weigh obese (1)
- normal weight obesity (1)
- normalized biomass size spectra (1)
- north-western Europe (1)
- northern Madagascar (1)
- northwestern Pacific (1)
- novel (1)
- novel environment (1)
- nuclear envelop (1)
- nuclear localization signal (1)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- nuclear proteins (1)
- nuclear transport (1)
- nucleation (1)
- nucleosidase (1)
- nucleosome remodelling (1)
- nukleäre Lamina (1)
- numerical cognition (1)
- nurse plant (1)
- nutrient analogues (1)
- nutrient availability (1)
- nutrient leaching (1)
- nutrient ratios (1)
- nutrient-stress (1)
- nutritional components (1)
- nutritional status (1)
- nutritional stress (1)
- nutritive value (1)
- nördliche Moore (1)
- ob/ob (1)
- oberirdische Biomasse (1)
- obesity genes (1)
- obligate parasitic fungal pathogens (1)
- observation hive (1)
- occupancy (1)
- occupancy modeling (1)
- occurrence estimates (1)
- odor (1)
- of-function mutations (1)
- oil (1)
- olfaction (1)
- olfactory (1)
- olfactory communication (1)
- olfactory responsiveness (1)
- oligomer (1)
- olive rhizobacteria (1)
- omega-3 (1)
- omics (1)
- on-chip enzymatic assay (1)
- ontogenetic symmetry (1)
- open-top chambers (1)
- opening strength (1)
- operative temperature (1)
- operative thermal environment (1)
- ophenylenediamine (1)
- opportunistic behaviour (1)
- optic atrophy (1)
- optical microscopy (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optimal annual routine model (1)
- optimal trait (1)
- optimization (1)
- optische Biosensoren (1)
- orchids (1)
- ordering of particles on the surface (1)
- ordinary differential equation (1)
- organ (1)
- organ identity (1)
- organ shape (1)
- organelles (1)
- organic carbon (1)
- organic farming (1)
- organic matter mineralization (1)
- organic matter quality (1)
- organic soil amendments (1)
- organischer Dünger (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organization (1)
- organophosphate (1)
- ornamental plants (1)
- orthogonal system (1)
- orthorhombic form (1)
- osmolytes (1)
- osmoregulation (1)
- osmotic stress (1)
- osteogenesis (1)
- osteology (1)
- outbreeding depression (1)
- outcrossing (1)
- outcrossing rate (1)
- overacidification (1)
- overexpression (1)
- overgrazing (1)
- overlapping reading frames (1)
- oxidative Proteinmodifikationen (1)
- oxidative protein modifications (1)
- oxidoreductase (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen affinity (1)
- oxygen curves (1)
- oxygen evolution (1)
- oxygen radicals (1)
- oxygen reduction reaction (1)
- oxygen scavenger (1)
- oxygen transport (1)
- p-proteins (1)
- p-type ATPase (1)
- pCI (1)
- pH Dependence (1)
- pH regulation (1)
- pH response (1)
- pH responsive hydrogel (1)
- pH-Regulation (1)
- pH-dependent electrochemistry (1)
- pH-drift (1)
- pH-regulation (1)
- pPhytoplankton photoacclimation (1)
- pace of life (1)
- pace-of-life (1)
- paclobutrazol (1)
- pain (1)
- pair bonding (1)
- paired species (1)
- palaeoecology (1)
- palaeoenvironment (1)
- palaeogenetics (1)
- palaeogenome (1)
- palaeontology (1)
- palaeovegetation (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleoenvironments (1)
- paleontology (1)
- paleophysiology (1)
- paleovegetation (1)
- palmitate (1)
- pantropical spotted dolphin (1)
- paper chromatography (1)
- paper-based (1)
- paperbased (1)
- papier-basiert (1)
- papierbasiert (1)
- papillae (1)
- paraffin (1)
- parallele beta-Helix (1)
- parallele rechtsgängige beta-Helix (1)
- paramutation (1)
- parasite (1)
- parasite-mediated (1)
- parasites and diseases (1)
- parasitic fungi (1)
- parasitism (1)
- paratose (1)
- parchment (1)
- parental age (1)
- parental care (1)
- parental education (1)
- parental educational status (1)
- parental effect (1)
- pareto optimality (1)
- parity (1)
- partial correlation (1)
- partial differential equations (1)
- partial protandry (1)
- participatory ecological-economic modelling (1)
- particle-associated (1)
- particle-associated and free-living bacteria (1)
- particle-associated bacteria (1)
- particulate matter (1)
- particulate organic matter (1)
- pastoralism (1)
- patch occupancy (1)
- patch use (1)
- patch use; (1)
- patchiness in (1)
- pathogen (1)
- pathogen bacteria (1)
- pathogen diversity (1)
- pathogen host (1)
- pathogen host interaction (1)
- pathogen persistence (1)
- pathogen proneness (1)
- pathogen response (1)
- pathogen transmission (1)
- pathogene Bakterien (1)
- pathotypes (1)
- pathway mapping (1)
- pathway search (1)
- patrolling optimization (1)
- pattern perception (1)
- pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- patterns (1)
- pavement cell (1)
- pavement cells image analysis (1)
- peatland core microbiome (1)
- peatland development (1)
- pectin (1)
- pectinase (1)
- pelagic and benthic lake habitats (1)
- pelagic environment (1)
- pelagic food chain (1)
- pelagic food web (1)
- pelagische Nahrungskette (1)
- peptide engineering (1)
- peptide imprinting (1)
- peptide mimotopes (1)
- peptide nucleic acid (1)
- peptidyl transferase (1)
- percentage of body fat (1)
- percentage of fat mass (1)
- perceptibility (1)
- perennial (1)
- performance evaluation (1)
- performance landscape (1)
- performance prediction (1)
- perfusion bioreactor (1)
- periglacial process (1)
- periodic flooding (1)
- peripheral anionic site (1)
- periplasmic aldehyde oxidoreductase (1)
- permafrost degradation (1)
- permafrost deposits (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permittivity (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- peroxidase mimics (1)
- peroxidases (1)
- persistence length (1)
- personalised medicine (1)
- personalisierte Medizin (1)
- perturbation (1)
- perylene quinone derivatives (1)
- pest (1)
- pest control (1)
- pesticide (1)
- petrous bone (1)
- pflanzliche Zellwände (1)
- pflanzliches Immunsystem (1)
- pgm (1)
- phage (1)
- phage HK620 (1)
- phage infection (1)
- phage resistance (1)
- phagemid display (1)
- phages (1)
- pharmaceutical dosage forms (1)
- pharmacodynamics (1)
- pharmakologisches Profil (1)
- phenanthrolindione (1)
- phenol (1)
- phenols (1)
- phenomic prediction (1)
- phenotype (1)
- phenotypic variability (1)
- phenotypic variation (1)
- phloem architecture (1)
- phloem reloading (1)
- phosphatases (1)
- phosphate accumulating organisms (1)
- phosphate limitation (1)
- phosphatidic acid (1)
- phosphoglucan water dikinase (1)
- phospholipid-derived fatty acid (1)
- phospholipids (1)
- phosphoproteomics (1)
- phosphorus limitation (1)
- phosphorylated amino acid (1)
- photo-induced (1)
- photoacid (1)
- photoactive proteins (1)
- photoactive yellow protein (PYP) (1)
- photoautotrophic growth (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photocurrent (1)
- photoelectrochemical sensor (1)
- photoheterotrophy (1)
- photoinduziert (1)
- photoperiod (1)
- photoreceptor (1)
- photorespiration (1)
- photosensitizer (1)
- photoswitches (1)
- photosynthesis response (1)
- photosystem (1)
- photosystem I (1)
- photosystem II (1)
- phyllotaxis (1)
- phylogenesis (1)
- phylogenetic regression (1)
- phylogenetic relationship (1)
- physical and physiological dormancy (1)
- physical education (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physical modification (1)
- physical time (1)
- physiological mode of action (1)
- phytochrome (1)
- phytol (1)
- phytoplankton and zooplankton (1)
- phytoplankton composition (1)
- phytoplankton ecology (1)
- phytoplankton photoacclimation (1)
- phytoplankton populations (1)
- phänotypische Variation (1)
- picocyanobacteria diversity (1)
- piezophilic bacteria (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- pinniped (1)
- place (1)
- plan (1)
- planar polarity (1)
- planetary simulation (1)
- plankton food web (1)
- plant biology (1)
- plant breeding (1)
- plant carbon metabolism (1)
- plant cell wall biosynthesis (1)
- plant cell walls (1)
- plant cortical microtubules (1)
- plant defense (1)
- plant density (1)
- plant development and life-history traits (1)
- plant immune system (1)
- plant interactions (1)
- plant migration (1)
- plant nurseries (1)
- plant ontogenetic stage (1)
- plant parasite (1)
- plant pathogen (1)
- plant pathology (1)
- plant performance (1)
- plant phenotyping (1)
- plant phylogeny (1)
- plant potassium channel (1)
- plant productivity (1)
- plant protection (1)
- plant regeneration (1)
- plant research (1)
- plant secondary metabolites (1)
- plant specialized metabolism (1)
- plant species diversity (1)
- plant strategies (1)
- plant synthetic biology (1)
- plant yield (1)
- plant-animal interaction (1)
- plant-climate interaction (1)
- plant-fungal interactions (1)
- plant-microbe interaction (1)
- plant-microbe interactions (1)
- plant-pathogen interaction (1)
- plant-plant interaction (1)
- plant-soil feedback (1)
- plant-soil feedbacks (1)
- plant-soil interaction (1)
- plant-water relations (1)
- plasma-membrane (1)
- plasmid (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- plastochromanol-8 (1)
- platinum nanoparticles (1)
- pleiotropy (1)
- pleistocene (1)
- pneumococcal pneumonia (1)
- polar environment (1)
- pollen adhesion (1)
- pollen development (1)
- pollen limitation (1)
- pollen-beetles (1)
- pollen-to-ovule ratio (1)
- pollenkitt (1)
- pollination experiment (1)
- pollination syndrome (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (5558) (remove)
Development of a CRISPR/Cas gene editing technique for the coccolithophore Chrysotila carterae
(2024)
Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and distinct actin-related proteins with filament-forming properties are even found in prokaryotes. Due to these commonalities, actin-modulating proteins of many species share similar structural properties and proposed functions. The polymerization and depolymerization of actin are critical processes for a cell as they can contribute to shape changes to adapt to its environment and to move and distribute nutrients and cellular components within the cell. However, to what extent functions of actin-binding proteins are conserved between distantly related species, has only been addressed in a few cases. In this work, functions of Coronin-A (CorA) and Actin-interacting protein 1 (Aip1), two proteins involved in actin dynamics, were characterized. In addition, the interchangeability and function of Aip1 were investigated in two phylogenetically distant model organisms. The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (encoding two homologs, AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) and in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (encoding one homolog, DdAip1) were chosen because the functions of their actin cytoskeletons may differ in many aspects. Functional analyses between species were conducted for AIP1 homologs as flowering plants do not harbor a CorA gene.
In the first part of the study, the effect of four different mutation methods on the function of Coronin-A protein and the resulting phenotype in D. discoideum was revealed in two genetic knockouts, one RNAi knockdown and a sudden loss-of-function mutant created by chemical-induced dislocation (CID). The advantages and disadvantages of the different mutation methods on the motility, appearance and development of the amoebae were investigated, and the results showed that not all observed properties were affected with the same intensity. Remarkably, a new combination of Selection-Linked Integration and CID could be established.
In the second and third parts of the thesis, the exchange of Aip1 between plant and amoeba was carried out. For A. thaliana, the two homologs (AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) were analyzed for functionality as well as in D. discoideum. In the Aip1-deficient amoeba, rescue with AIP1-1 was more effective than with AIP1-2. The main results in the plant showed that in the aip1-2 mutant background, reintroduced AIP1-2 displayed the most efficient rescue and A. thaliana AIP1-1 rescued better than DdAip1. The choice of the tagging site was important for the function of Aip1 as steric hindrance is a problem. The DdAip1 was less effective when tagged at the C-terminus, while the plant AIP1s showed mixed results depending on the tag position. In conclusion, the foreign proteins partially rescued phenotypes of mutant plants and mutant amoebae, despite the organisms only being very distantly related in evolutionary terms.
Arachidonsäurelipoxygenasen (ALOX-Isoformen) sind Lipid-peroxidierenden Enzyme, die bei der Zelldifferenzierung und bei der Pathogenese verschiedener Erkrankungen bedeutsam sind. Im menschlichen Genom gibt es sechs funktionelle ALOX-Gene, die als Einzelkopiegene vorliegen. Für jedes humane ALOX-Gen gibt es ein orthologes Mausgen. Obwohl sich die sechs humanen ALOX-Isoformen strukturell sehr ähnlich sind, unterscheiden sich ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften deutlich voneinander. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden vier unterschiedliche Fragestellungen zum Vorkommen, zur biologischen Rolle und zur Evolutionsabhängigkeit der enzymatischen Eigenschaften von Säugetier-ALOX-Isoformen untersucht:
1) Spitzhörnchen (Tupaiidae) sind evolutionär näher mit dem Menschen verwandt als Nagetiere und wurden deshalb als Alternativmodelle für die Untersuchung menschlicher Erkrankungen vorgeschlagen. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals der Arachidonsäurestoffwechsel von Spitzhörnchen untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass im Genom von Tupaia belangeri vier unterschiedliche ALOX15-Gene vorkommen und die Enzyme sich hinsichtlich ihrer katalytischen Eigenschaften ähneln. Diese genomische Vielfalt, die weder beim Menschen noch bei Mäusen vorhanden ist, erschwert die funktionellen Untersuchungen zur biologischen Rolle des ALOX15-Weges. Damit scheint Tupaia belangeri kein geeigneteres Tiermodel für die Untersuchung des ALOX15-Weges des Menschen zu sein.
2) Entsprechend der Evolutionshypothese können Säugetier-ALOX15-Orthologe in Arachidonsäure-12-lipoxygenierende- und Arachidonsäure-15-lipoxygenierende Enzyme eingeteilt werden. Dabei exprimieren Säugetierspezies, die einen höheren Evolutionsgrad als Gibbons aufweisen, Arachidonsäure-15-lipoxygenierende ALOX15-Orthologe, während evolutionär weniger weit entwickelte Säugetiere Arachidonsäure-12 lipoxygenierende Enzyme besitzen. In dieser Arbeit wurden elf neue ALOX15-Orthologe als rekombinante Proteine exprimiert und funktionell charakterisiert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse fügen sich widerspruchsfrei in die Evolutionshypothese ein und verbreitern deren experimentelle Basis. Die experimentellen Daten bestätigen auch das Triadenkonzept.
3) Da humane und murine ALOX15B-Orthologe unterschiedliche funktionelle Eigenschaften aufweisen, können Ergebnisse aus murinen Krankheitsmodellen zur biologischen Rolle der ALOX15B nicht direkt auf den Menschen übertragen werden. Um die ALOX15B-Orthologen von Maus und Mensch funktionell einander anzugleichen, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit Knock-in Mäuse durch die In vivo Mutagenese mittels CRISPR/Cas9-Technik hergestellt. Diese exprimieren eine humanisierte Mutante (Doppelmutation von Tyrosin603Asparaginsäure+Histidin604Valin) der murinen Alox15b. Diese Mäuse waren lebens- und fortpflanzungsfähig, zeigten aber geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede zu ausgekreuzten Wildtyp-Kontrolltieren im Rahmen ihre Individualentwicklung.
4) In vorhergehenden Untersuchungen zur Rolle der ALOX15B in Rahmen der Entzündungsreaktion wurde eine antiinflammatorische Wirkung des Enzyms postuliert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob eine Humanisierung der murinen Alox15b die Entzündungsreaktion in zwei verschiedenen murinen Entzündungsmodellen beeinflusst. Eine Humanisierung der murinen Alox15b führte zu einer verstärkten Ausbildung von Entzündungssymptomen im induzierten Dextran-Natrium-Sulfat-Kolitismodell. Im Gegensatz dazu bewirkte die Humanisierung der Alox15b eine Abschwächung der Entzündungssymptome im Freund‘schen Adjuvans Pfotenödemmodell. Diese Daten deuten darauf hin, dass sich die Rolle der ALOX15B in verschiedenen Entzündungsmodellen unterscheidet.
Microalgae have been recognized as a promising green production platform for recombinant proteins. The majority of studies on recombinant protein expression have been conducted in the green microalga C. reinhardtii. While promising improvement regarding nuclear transgene expression in this alga has been made, it is still inefficient due to epigenetic silencing, often resulting in low yields that are not competitive with other expressor organisms. Other microalgal species might be better suited for high-level protein expression, but are limited in their availability of molecular tools.
The red microalga Porphyridium purpureum recently emerged as candidate for the production of recombinant proteins. It is promising in that transformation vectors are episomally maintained as autonomously replicating plasmids in the nucleus at a high copy number, thus leading to high expression values in this red alga.
In this work, we expand the genetic tools for P. purpureum and investigate parameters that govern efficient transgene expression. We provide an improved transformation protocol to streamline the generation of transgenic lines in this organism. After being able to efficiently generate transgenic lines, we showed that codon usage is a main determinant of high-level transgene expression, not only at the protein level but also at the level of mRNA accumulation. The optimized expression constructs resulted in YFP accumulation up to an unprecedented 5% of the total soluble protein. Furthermore, we designed new constructs conferring efficient transgene expression into the culture medium, simplifying purification and harvests of recombinant proteins. To further improve transgene expression, we tested endogenous promoters driving the most highly transcribed genes in P. purpureum and found minor increase of YFP accumulation.
We employed the previous findings to express complex viral antigens from the hepatitis B virus and the hepatitis C virus in P. purpureum to demonstrate its feasibility as producer of biopharmaceuticals. The viral glycoproteins were successfully produced to high levels and could reach their native confirmation, indicating a functional glycosylation machinery and an appropriate folding environment in this red alga. We could successfully upscale the biomass production of transgenic lines and with that provide enough material for immunization trials in mice that were performed in collaboration. These trials showed no toxicity of neither the biomass nor the purified antigens, and, additionally, the algal-produced antigens were able to elicit a strong and specific immune response.
The results presented in this work pave the way for P. purpureum as a new promising producer organism for biopharmaceuticals in the microalgal field.
Heat stress (HS) is a major abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and productivity. However, plants have developed various adaptive mechanisms to cope with HS, including the acquisition and maintenance of thermotolerance, which allows them to respond more effectively to subsequent stress episodes. HS memory includes type II transcriptional memory which is characterized by enhanced re-induction of a subset of HS memory genes upon recurrent HS. In this study, new regulators of HS memory in A. thaliana were identified through the characterization of rein mutants.
The rein1 mutant carries a premature stop in CYCLIN-DEPENDENT-KINASE 8 (CDK8) which is part of the cyclin kinase module of the Mediator complex. Rein1 seedlings show impaired type II transcriptional memory in multiple heat-responsive genes upon re-exposure to HS. Additionally, the mutants exhibit a significant deficiency in HS memory at the physiological level. Interaction studies conducted in this work indicate that CDK8 associates with the memory HEAT SHOCK FACTORs HSAF2 and HSFA3. The results suggest that CDK8 plays a crucial role in HS memory in plants together with other memory HSFs, which may be potential targets of the CDK8 kinase function. Understanding the role and interaction network of the Mediator complex during HS-induced transcriptional memory will be an exciting aspect of future HS memory research.
The second characterized mutant, rein2, was selected based on its strongly impaired pAPX2::LUC re-induction phenotype. In gene expression analysis, the mutant revealed additional defects in the initial induction of HS memory genes. Along with this observation, basal thermotolerance was impaired similarly as HS memory at the physiological level in rein2. Sequencing of backcrossed bulk segregants with subsequent fine mapping narrowed the location of REIN2 to a 1 Mb region on chromosome 1. This interval contains the At1g65440 gene, which encodes the histone chaperone SPT6L. SPT6L interacts with chromatin remodelers and bridges them to the transcription machinery to regulate nucleosome and Pol II occupancy around the transcriptional start site. The EMS-induced missense mutation in SPT6L may cause altered HS-induced gene expression in rein2, possibly triggered by changes in the chromatin environment resulting from altered histone chaperone function.
Expanding research on screen-derived factors that modify type II transcriptional memory has the potential to enhance our understanding of HS memory in plants. Discovering connections between previously identified memory factors will help to elucidate the underlying network of HS memory. This knowledge can initiate new approaches to improve heat resilience in crops.
This work analyzed functional and regulatory aspects of the so far little characterized EPSIN N-terminal Homology (ENTH) domain-containing protein EPSINOID2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. ENTH domain proteins play accessory roles in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) (Zouhar and Sauer 2014). Their ENTH domain interacts with membranes and their typically long, unstructured C-terminus contains binding motifs for adaptor protein complexes and clathrin itself. There are seven ENTH domain proteins in Arabidopsis. Four of them possess the canonical long C-terminus and participate in various, presumably CCV-related intracellular transport processes (Song et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2007; Sauer et al. 2013; Collins et al. 2020; Heinze et al. 2020; Mason et al. 2023). The remaining three ENTH domain proteins, however, have severely truncated C-termini and were termed EPSINOIDs (Zouhar and Sauer 2014; Freimuth 2015). Their functions are currently unclear. Preceding studies focusing on EPSINOID2 indicated a role in root hair formation: epsinoid2 T DNA mutants exhibited an increased root hair density and EPSINOID2-GFP was specifically located in non-hair cell files in the Arabidopsis root epidermis (Freimuth 2015, 2019).
In this work, it was clearly shown that loss of EPSINOID2 leads to an increase in root hair density through analyses of three independent mutant alleles, including a newly generated CRISPR/Cas9 full deletion mutant. The ectopic root hairs emerging from non-hair positions in all epsinoid2 mutant alleles are most likely not a consequence of altered cell fate, because extensive genetic analyses placed EPSINOID2 downstream of the established epidermal patterning network. Thus, EPSINOID2 seems to act as a cell autonomous inhibitor of root hair formation. Attempts to confirm this hypothesis by ectopically overexpressing EPSINOID2 led to the discovery of post-transcriptional and -translational regulation through different mechanisms. One involves the little characterized miRNA844-3p. Interference with this pathway resulted in ectopic EPSINOID2 overexpression and decreased root hair density, confirming it as negative factor in root hair formation. A second mechanism likely involves proteasomal degradation. Treatment with proteasomal inhibitor MG132 led to EPSINOID2-GFP accumulation, and a KEN box degron motif was identified in the EPSINOID2 sequence associated with degradation through a ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway. In line with a tight dose regulation, genetic analyses of all three mutant alleles indicate that EPSINOID2 is haploinsufficient. Lastly, it was revealed that, although EPSINOID2 promoter activity was found in all epidermal cells, protein accumulation was observed in N-cells only, hinting at yet another layer of regulation.
The plant cell wall plays several crucial roles during plant development with its integrity acting as key signalling component for growth regulation during biotic and abiotic stresses. Cellulose microfibrils, the principal load-bearing components is the major component of the primary cell wall, whose synthesis is mediated by microtubule-associated CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) COMPLEXES (CSC). Previous studies have shown that CSC interacting proteins COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CC) facilitate sustained cellulose synthesis during salt stress by promoting repolymerization of cortical microtubules. However, our understanding of cellulose synthesis during salt stress remains incomplete.
In this study, a pull-down of CC1 protein led to the identification of a novel interactor, termed LEA-like. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LEA-like belongs to the LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT (LEA) protein family, specifically to the LEA_2 subgroup, showing a close relationship with the CC proteins. Roots of the double mutants lea-like and its closest homolog emb3135 exhibited hypersensitivity when grown on cellulose synthesis inhibitors. Further analysis of higher-order mutants of lea-like, emb3135, and cesa6 demonstrated a genetic interaction between them indicating a significant role in cellulose synthesis.
Live-cell imaging revealed that both LEA-like and EMB3135 migrated with the CSC at the plasma membrane along microtubule tracks in control and oryzalin-treated conditions which destabilize microtubules, suggesting a tight interaction. Investigation of fluorescently labeled lines of different domains of the LEA-like protein revealed that the N-terminal cytosolic domain of LEA-like colocalizes with microtubules, suggesting a physical association between the two.
Considering the established role of LEA proteins in abiotic stress tolerance, we performed phenotypic analysis of the mutant under various stresses. Growth of double mutants of lea-like and emb3135 on NaCl containing media resulted in swelling of root cell indicating a putative role in salt stress tolerance. Supportive of this the quadruple mutant, lacking LEA-like, EMB3135, CC1, and CC2 proteins, exhibited a severe root growth defect on NaCl media compared to control conditions. Live-cell imaging revealed that under salt stress, the LEA-like protein forms aggregates in the plasma membrane.
In conclusion, this study has unveiled two novel interactors of the CSC that act with the CC proteins that regulate plant growth in response to salt stress providing new insights into the intricate regulation of cellulose synthesis, particularly under such conditions.
The inclusion of exotic germplasm serves as a crucial means to enhance allelic and
consequently phenotypic diversity in inbred crop species. Such species have experienced a reduction in diversity due to artificial selection focused on a limited set of traits. The natural biodiversity within ecosystems presents an opportunity to explore various traits influencing plant survival, reproductive fitness and yield potential. In agricultural research, the study of wild species closely related to cultivated plants serves as a means to comprehend the genetic foundations of past domestication events and the polymorphisms essential for future breeding efforts to develop superior varieties. In order to examine the metabolic composition, pinpoint quantitative trait loci (QTL) and facilitate their resolution an extensive large-scale analysis of metabolic QTL (mQTL) was conducted on tomato backcross inbred lines (BILs) derived from a cross between the wild species S. pennellii (5240) incorporated into the background of S. lycopersicum cv. LEA determinate inbred which can be grown in open fields and cv. TOP indeterminate which can be grown in greenhouse conditions. A large number of mQTL associated with primary secondary and lipid metabolism in fruit were identified across the two BIL populations. Epistasis, the interactions between genes at different loci, has been an interest in molecular and quantitative genetics for many decades. The study of epistasis requires the analysis of very large populations with multiple independent genotypes that carry specific genomic regions. In order to understand the genetic basis of tomato fruit metabolism, I extended the work to investigate epistatic interactions of the genomic regions. In addition, two candidate genes were identified through quantitative trait loci underlying fruit-specific sucrose and jasmonic acid derivatives. Finally, in this study, I assessed the genetic framework of fruit metabolic traits with a high level of detail, utilizing the newly created Solanum pennellii (5240) backcrossed introgression lines (n=3000). This investigation resulted in the discovery of promising candidate loci associated with significant fruit quality traits, including those to the abundance of glutamic acid and aspartic acid crucial elements contributing to the development of acidity and flavors.
Genome-scale metabolic models are mathematical representations of all known reactions occurring in a cell. Combined with constraints based on physiological measurements, these models have been used to accurately predict metabolic fluxes and effects of perturbations (e.g. knock-outs) and to inform metabolic engineering strategies. Recently, protein-constrained models have been shown to increase predictive potential (especially in overflow metabolism), while alleviating the need for measurement of nutrient uptake rates. The resulting modelling frameworks quantify the upkeep cost of a certain metabolic flux as the minimum amount of enzyme required for catalysis. These improvements are based on the use of in vitro turnover numbers or in vivo apparent catalytic rates of enzymes for model parameterization. In this thesis several tools for the estimation and refinement of these parameters based on in vivo proteomics data of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been developed and applied. The difference between in vitro and in vivo catalytic rate measures for the three microorganisms was systematically analyzed. The results for the facultatively heterotrophic microalga C. reinhardtii considerably expanded the apparent catalytic rate estimates for photosynthetic organisms. Our general finding pointed at a global reduction of enzyme efficiency in heterotrophy compared to other growth scenarios. Independent of the modelled organism, in vivo estimates were shown to improve accuracy of predictions of protein abundances compared to in vitro values for turnover numbers. To further improve the protein abundance predictions, machine learning models were trained that integrate features derived from protein-constrained modelling and codon usage. Combining the two types of features outperformed single feature models and yielded good prediction results without relying on experimental transcriptomic data. The presented work reports valuable advances in the prediction of enzyme allocation in unseen scenarios using protein constrained metabolic models. It marks the first successful application of this modelling framework in the biotechnological important taxon of green microalgae, substantially increasing our knowledge of the enzyme catalytic landscape of phototrophic microorganisms.
Moss-microbe associations are often characterised by syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms and their hosts, but the structure of the microbial consortia and their role in peatland development remain unknown.
In order to study microbial communities of dominant peatland mosses, Sphagnum and brown mosses, and the respective environmental drivers, four study sites representing different successional stages of natural northern peatlands were chosen on a large geographical scale: two brown moss-dominated, circumneutral peatlands from the Arctic and two Sphagnum-dominated, acidic peat bogs from subarctic and temperate zones.
The family Acetobacteraceae represented the dominant bacterial taxon of Sphagnum mosses from various geographical origins and displayed an integral part of the moss core community. This core community was shared among all investigated bryophytes and consisted of few but highly abundant prokaryotes, of which many appear as endophytes of Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses represent habitats for archaea which were not studied in association with peatland mosses so far. Euryarchaeota that are capable of methane production (methanogens) displayed the majority of the moss-associated archaeal communities. Moss-associated methanogenesis was detected for the first time, but it was mostly negligible under laboratory conditions. Contrarily, substantial moss-associated methane oxidation was measured on both, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses, supporting that methanotrophic bacteria as part of the moss microbiome may contribute to the reduction of methane emissions from pristine and rewetted peatlands of the northern hemisphere.
Among the investigated abiotic and biotic environmental parameters, the peatland type and the host moss taxon were identified to have a major impact on the structure of moss-associated bacterial communities, contrarily to archaeal communities whose structures were similar among the investigated bryophytes. For the first time it was shown that different bog development stages harbour distinct bacterial communities, while at the same time a small core community is shared among all investigated bryophytes independent of geography and peatland type.
The present thesis displays the first large-scale, systematic assessment of bacterial and archaeal communities associated both with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses. It suggests that some host-specific moss taxa have the potential to play a key role in host moss establishment and peatland development.
Long-term bacteria-fungi-plant associations in permafrost soils inferred from palaeometagenomics
(2024)
The arctic is warming 2 – 4 times faster than the global average, resulting in a strong feedback on northern ecosystems such as boreal forests, which cover a vast area of the high northern latitudes. With ongoing global warming, the treeline subsequently migrates northwards into tundra areas. The consequences of turning ecosystems are complex: on the one hand, boreal forests are storing large amounts of global terrestrial carbon and act as a carbon sink, dragging carbon dioxide out of the global carbon cycle, suggesting an enhanced carbon uptake with increased tree cover. On the other hand, with the establishment of trees, the albedo effect of tundra decreases, leading to enhanced soil warming. Meanwhile, permafrost thaws, releasing large amounts of previously stored carbon into the atmosphere. So far, mainly vegetation dynamics have been assessed when studying the impact of warming onto ecosystems. Most land plants are living in close symbiosis with bacterial and fungal communities, sustaining their growth in nutrient poor habitats. However, the impact of climate change on these subsoil communities alongside changing vegetation cover remains poorly understood. Therefore, a better understanding of soil community dynamics on multi millennial timescales is inevitable when addressing the development of entire ecosystems. Unravelling long-term cross-kingdom dependencies between plant, fungi, and bacteria is not only a milestone for the assessment of warming on boreal ecosystems. On top, it also is the basis for agriculture strategies to sustain society with sufficient food in a future warming world.
The first objective of this thesis was to assess ancient DNA as a proxy for reconstructing the soil microbiome (Manuscripts I, II, III, IV). Research findings across these projects enable a comprehensive new insight into the relationships of soil microorganisms to the surrounding vegetation. First, this was achieved by establishing (Manuscript I) and applying (Manuscript II) a primer pair for the selective amplification of ancient fungal DNA from lake sediment samples with the metabarcoding approach. To assess fungal and plant co-variation, the selected primer combination (ITS67, 5.8S) amplifying the ITS1 region was applied on samples from five boreal and arctic lakes. The obtained data showed that the establishment of fungal communities is impacted by warming as the functional ecological groups are shifting. Yeast and saprotroph dominance during the Late Glacial declined with warming, while the abundance of mycorrhizae and parasites increased with warming. The overall species richness was also alternating. The results were compared to shotgun sequencing data reconstructing fungi and bacteria (Manuscripts III, IV), yielding overall comparable results to the metabarcoding approach. Nonetheless, the comparison also pointed out a bias in the metabarcoding, potentially due to varying ITS lengths or copy numbers per genome.
The second objective was to trace fungus-plant interaction changes over time (Manuscripts II, III). To address this, metabarcoding targeting the ITS1 region for fungi and the chloroplast P6 loop for plants for the selective DNA amplification was applied (Manuscript II). Further, shotgun sequencing data was compared to the metabarcoding results (Manuscript III). Overall, the results between the metabarcoding and the shotgun approaches were comparable, though a bias in the metabarcoding was assumed. We demonstrated that fungal shifts were coinciding with changes in the vegetation. Yeast and lichen were mainly dominant during the Late Glacial with tundra vegetation, while warming in the Holocene lead to the expansion of boreal forests with increasing mycorrhizae and parasite abundance. Aside, we highlighted that Pinaceae establishment is dependent on mycorrhizal fungi such as Suillineae, Inocybaceae, or Hyaloscypha species also on long-term scales.
The third objective of the thesis was to assess soil community development on a temporal gradient (Manuscripts III, IV). Shotgun sequencing was applied on sediment samples from the northern Siberian lake Lama and the soil microbial community dynamics compared to ecosystem turnover. Alongside, podzolization processes from basaltic bedrock were recovered (Manuscript III). Additionally, the recovered soil microbiome was compared to shotgun data from granite and sandstone catchments (Manuscript IV, Appendix). We assessed if the establishment of the soil microbiome is dependent on the plant taxon and as such comparable between multiple geographic locations or if the community establishment is driven by abiotic soil properties and as such the bedrock area. We showed that the development of soil communities is to a great extent driven by the vegetation changes and temperature variation, while time only plays a minor role. The analyses showed general ecological similarities especially between the granite and basalt locations, while the microbiome on species-level was rather site-specific. A greater number of correlated soil taxa was detected for deep-rooting boreal taxa in comparison to grasses with shallower roots. Additionally, differences between herbaceous taxa of the late Glacial compared to taxa of the Holocene were revealed.
With this thesis, I demonstrate the necessity to investigate subsoil community dynamics on millennial time scales as it enables further understanding of long-term ecosystem as well as soil development processes and such plant establishment. Further, I trace long-term processes leading to podzolization which supports the development of applied carbon capture strategies under future global warming.
The African weakly electric fishes (Mormyridae) exhibit a remarkable adaptive radiation possibly due to their species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs). It is produced by a muscle-derived electric organ that is located in the caudal peduncle. Divergence in EODs acts as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism to drive species radiations. However, the mechanism behind the EOD diversification are only partially understood.
The aim of this study is to explore the genetic basis of EOD diversification from the gene expression level across Campylomormyrus species/hybrids and ontogeny. I firstly produced a high quality genome of the species C. compressirostris as a valuable resource to understand the electric fish evolution.
The next study compared the gene expression pattern between electric organs and skeletal muscles in Campylomormyrus species/hybrids with different types of EOD duration. I identified several candidate genes with an electric organ-specific expression, e.g. KCNA7a, KLF5, KCNJ2, SCN4aa, NDRG3, MEF2. The overall genes expression pattern exhibited a significant association with EOD duration in all analyzed species/hybrids. The expression of several candidate genes, e.g. KCNJ2, KLF5, KCNK6 and KCNQ5, possibly contribute to the regulation of EOD duration in Campylomormyrus due to their increasing or decreasing expression. Several potassium channel genes showed differential expression during ontogeny in species and hybrid with EOD alteration, e.g. KCNJ2.
I next explored allele specific expression of intragenus hybrids by crossing the duration EOD species C. compressirostris with the medium duration EOD species C. tshokwe and the elongated duration EOD species C. rhynchophorus. The hybrids exhibited global expression dominance of the C. compressirostris allele in the adult skeletal muscle and electric organ, as well as in the juvenile electric organ. Only the gene KCNJ2 showed dominant expression of the allele from C. rhynchophorus, and this was increasingly dominant during ontogeny. It hence supported our hypothesis that KCNJ2 is a key gene of regulating EOD duration. Our results help us to understand, from a genetic perspective, how gene expression effect the EOD diversification in the African weakly electric fish.
This thesis focuses on the molecular evolution of Macroscelidea, commonly referred to as sengis. Sengis are a mammalian order belonging to the Afrotherians, one of the four major clades of placental mammals. Sengis currently consist of twenty extant species, all of which are endemic to the African continent. They can be separated in two families, the soft-furred sengis (Macroscelididae) and the giant sengis (Rhynchocyonidae). While giant sengis can be exclusively found in forest habitats, the different soft-furred sengi species dwell in a broad range of habitats, from tropical rain-forests to rocky deserts.
Our knowledge on the evolutionary history of sengis is largely incomplete. The high level of superficial morphological resemblance among different sengi species (especially the soft-furred sengis) has for example led to misinterpretations of phylogenetic relationships, based on morphological characters. With the rise of DNA based taxonomic inferences, multiple new genera were defined and new species described. Yet, no full taxon molecular phylogeny exists, hampering the answering of basic taxonomic questions. This lack of knowledge can be to some extent attributed to the limited availability of fresh-tissue samples for DNA extraction. The broad African distribution, partly in political unstable regions and low population densities complicate contemporary sampling approaches. Furthermore, the DNA information available usually covers only short stretches of the mitochondrial genome and thus a single genetic locus with limited informational content.
Developments in DNA extraction and library protocols nowadays offer the opportunity to access DNA from museum specimens, collected over the past centuries and stored in natural history museums throughout the world. Thus, the difficulties in fresh-sample acquisition for molecular biological studies can be overcome by the application of museomics, the research field which emerged from those laboratory developments.
This thesis uses fresh-tissue samples as well as a vast collection museum specimens to investigate multiple aspects about the macroscelidean evolutionary history. Chapter 4 of this thesis focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of all currently known sengi species. By accessing DNA information from museum specimens in combination of fresh tissue samples and publicly available genetic resources it produces the first full taxon molecular phylogeny of sengis. It confirms the monophyly of the genus Elephantulus and discovers multiple deeply divergent lineages within different species, highlighting the need for species specific approaches. The study furthermore focuses on the evolutionary time frame of sengis by evaluating the impact of commonly varied parameters on tree dating. The results of the study show, that the mitochondrial information used in previous studies to temporal calibrate the Macroscelidean phylogeny led to an overestimation of node ages within sengis. Especially soft-furred sengis are thus much younger than previously assumed. The refined knowledge of nodes ages within sengis offer the opportunity to link e.g. speciation events to environmental changes.
Chapter 5 focuses on the genus Petrodromus with its single representative Petrodromus tetradactylus. It again exploits the opportunities of museomics and gathers a comprehensive, multi-locus genetic dataset of P. tetradactylus individuals, distributed across most the known range of this species. It reveals multiple deeply divergent lineages within Petrodromus, whereby some could possibly be associated to previously described sub-species, at least one was formerly unknown. It underscores the necessity for a revision of the genus Petrodromus through the integration of both molecular and morphological evidence. The study, furthermore identifies changing forest distributions through climatic oscillations as main factor shaping the genetic structure of Petrodromus.
Chapter 6 uses fresh tissue samples to extent the genomic resources of sengis by thirteen new nuclear genomes, of which two were de-novo assembled. An extensive dataset of more than 8000 protein coding one-to-one orthologs allows to further refine and confirm the temporal time frame of sengi evolution found in Chapter 4. This study moreover investigates the role of gene-flow and incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) in sengi evolution. In addition it identifies clade specific genes of possible outstanding evolutionary importance and links them to potential phenotypic traits affected. A closer investigation of olfactory receptor proteins reveals clade specific differences. A comparison of the demographic past of sengis to other small African mammals does not reveal a sengi specific pattern.
Human activities modify nature worldwide via changes in the environment, biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems, which in turn disrupt ecosystem services and feed back negatively on humans. A pressing challenge is thus to limit our impact on nature, and this requires detailed understanding of the interconnections between the environment, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. These three components of ecosystems each include multiple dimensions, which interact with each other in different ways, but we lack a comprehensive picture of their interconnections and underlying mechanisms. Notably, diversity is often viewed as a single facet, namely species diversity, while many more facets exist at different levels of biological organisation (e.g. genetic, phenotypic, functional, multitrophic diversity), and multiple diversity facets together constitute the raw material for adaptation to environmental changes and shape ecosystem functioning. Consequently, investigating the multidimensionality of ecosystems, and in particular the links between multifaceted diversity, environmental changes and ecosystem functions, is crucial for ecological research, management and conservation. This thesis aims to explore several aspects of this question theoretically.
I investigate three broad topics in this thesis. First, I focus on how food webs with varying levels of functional diversity across three trophic levels buffer environmental changes, such as a sudden addition of nutrients or long-term changes (e.g. warming or eutrophication). I observed that functional diversity generally enhanced ecological stability (i.e. the buffering capacity of the food web) by increasing trophic coupling. More precisely, two aspects of ecological stability (resistance and resilience) increased even though a third aspect (the inverse of the time required for the system to reach its post-perturbation state) decreased with increasing functional diversity. Second, I explore how several diversity facets served as a raw material for different sources of adaptation and how these sources affected multiple ecosystem functions across two trophic levels. Considering several sources of adaptation enabled the interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes, which affected trophic coupling and thereby ecosystem functioning. Third, I reflect further on the multifaceted nature of diversity by developing an index K able to quantify the facet of functional diversity, which is itself multifaceted. K can provide a comprehensive picture of functional diversity and is a rather good predictor of ecosystem functioning. Finally I synthesise the interdependent mechanisms (complementarity and selection effects, trophic coupling and adaptation) underlying the relationships between multifaceted diversity, ecosystem functioning and the environment, and discuss the generalisation of my findings across ecosystems and further perspectives towards elaborating an operational biodiversity-ecosystem functioning framework for research and conservation.
Overcoming natural biomass limitations in gram-negative bacteria through synthetic carbon fixation
(2024)
The carbon demands of an ever-increasing human population and the concomitant rise in net carbon emissions requires CO2 sequestering approaches for production of carbon-containing molecules. Microbial production of carbon-containing products from plant-based sugars could replace current fossil-based production. However, this form of sugar-based microbial production directly competes with human food supply and natural ecosystems. Instead, one-carbon feedstocks derived from CO2 and renewable energy were proposed as an alternative. The one carbon molecule formate is a stable, readily soluble and safe-to-store energetic mediator that can be electrochemically generated from CO2 and (excess off-peak) renewable electricity. Formate-based microbial production could represent a promising approach for a circular carbon economy. However, easy-to-engineer and efficient formate-utilizing microbes are lacking. Multiple synthetic metabolic pathways were designed for better-than-nature carbon fixation. Among them, the reductive glycine pathway was proposed as the most efficient pathway for aerobic formate assimilation. While some of these pathways have been successfully engineered in microbial hosts, these synthetic strains did so far not exceed the performance of natural strains. In this work, I engineered and optimized two different synthetic formate assimilation pathways in gram-negative bacteria to exceed the limits of a natural carbon fixation pathway, the Calvin cycle.
The first chapter solidified Cupriavidus necator as a promising formatotrophic host to produce value-added chemicals. The formate tolerance of C. necator was assessed and a production pathway for crotonate established in a modularized fashion. Last, bioprocess optimization was leveraged to produce crotonate from formate at a titer of 148 mg/L.
In the second chapter, I chromosomally integrated and optimized the synthetic reductive glycine pathway in C. necator using a transposon-mediated selection approach. The insertion methodology allowed selection for condition-specific tailored pathway expression as improved pathway performance led to better growth. I then showed my engineered strains to exceed the biomass yields of the Calvin cycle utilizing wildtype C. necator on formate. This demonstrated for the first time the superiority of a synthetic formate assimilation pathway and by extension of synthetic carbon fixation efforts as a whole.
In chapter 3, I engineered a segment of a synthetic carbon fixation cycle in Escherichia coli. The GED cycle was proposed as a Calvin cycle alternative that does not perform a wasteful oxygenation reaction and is more energy efficient. The pathways simple architecture and reasonable driving force made it a promising candidate for enhanced carbon fixation. I created a deletion strain that coupled growth to carboxylation via the GED pathway segment. The CO2 dependence of the engineered strain and 13C-tracer analysis confirmed operation of the pathway in vivo.
In the final chapter, I present my efforts of implementing the GED cycle also in C. necator, which might be a better-suited host, as it is accustomed to formatotrophic and hydrogenotrophic growth. To provide the carboxylation substrate in vivo, I engineered C. necator to utilize xylose as carbon source and created a selection strain for carboxylase activity. I verify activity of the key enzyme, the carboxylase, in the decarboxylative direction. Although CO2-dependent growth of the strain was not obtained, I showed that all enzymes required for operation of the GED cycle are active in vivo in C. necator.
I then evaluate my success with engineering a linear and cyclical one-carbon fixation pathway in two different microbial hosts. The linear reductive glycine pathway presents itself as a much simpler metabolic solution for formate dependent growth over the sophisticated establishment of hard-to-balance carbon fixation cycles. Last, I highlight advantages and disadvantages of C. necator as an upcoming microbial benchmark organism for synthetic metabolism efforts and give and outlook on its potential for the future of C1-based manufacturing.
Resolving the evolutionary history of two hippotragin antelopes using archival and ancient DNA
(2024)
African antelopes are iconic but surprisingly understudied in terms of their genetics, especially when it comes to their evolutionary history and genetic diversity. The age of genomics provides an opportunity to investigate evolution using whole nuclear genomes. Decreasing sequencing costs enable the recovery of multiple loci per genome, giving more power to single specimen analyses and providing higher resolution insights into species and populations that can help guide conservation efforts. This age of genomics has only recently begun for African antelopes. Many African bovids have a declining population trend and hence, are often endangered. Consequently, contemporary samples from the wild are often hard to collect. In these cases, ex situ samples from contemporary captive populations or in the form of archival or ancient DNA (aDNA) from historical museum or archaeological/paleontological specimens present a great research opportunity with the latter two even offering a window to information about the past. However, the recovery of aDNA is still considered challenging from regions with prevailing climatic conditions that are deemed adverse for DNA preservation like the African continent. This raises the question if DNA recovery from fossils as old as the early Holocene from these regions is possible.
This thesis focuses on investigating the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of two species: the addax (Addax nasomaculatus) and the blue antelope (Hippotragus leucophaeus). The addax is critically endangered and might even already be extinct in the wild, while the blue antelope became extinct ~1800 AD, becoming the first extinct large African mammal species in historical times. Together, the addax and the blue antelope can inform us about current and past extinction events and the knowledge gained can help guide conservation efforts of threatened species. The three studies used ex situ samples and present the first nuclear whole genome data for both species. The addax study used historical museum specimens and a contemporary sample from a captive population. The two studies on the blue antelope used mainly historical museum specimens but also fossils, and resulted in the recovery of the oldest paleogenome from Africa at that time.
The aim of the first study was to assess the genetic diversity and the evolutionary history of the addax. It found that the historical wild addax population showed only limited phylogeographic structuring, indicating that the addax was a highly mobile and panmictic population and suggesting that the current European captive population might be missing the majority of the historical mitochondrial diversity. It also found the nuclear and mitochondrial diversity in the addax to be rather low compared to other wild ungulate species. Suggestions on how to best save the remaining genetic diversity are presented. The European zoo population was shown to exhibit no or only minor levels of inbreeding, indicating good prospects for the restoration of the species in the wild. The trajectory of the addax’s effective population size indicated a major bottleneck in the late Pleistocene and a low effective population size well before recent human impact led to the species being critically endangered today.
The second study set out to investigate the identities of historical blue antelope specimens using aDNA techniques. Results showed that six out of ten investigated specimens were misidentified, demonstrating the blue antelope to be one of the scarcest mammal species in historical natural history collections, with almost no bone reference material. The preliminary analysis of the mitochondrial genomes suggested a low diversity and hence low population size at the time of the European colonization of southern Africa.
Study three presents the results of the analyses of two blue antelope nuclear genomes, one ~200 years old and another dating to the early Holocene, 9,800–9,300 cal years BP. A fossil-calibrated phylogeny dated the divergence time of the three historically extant Hippotragus species to ~2.86 Ma and demonstrated the blue and the sable antelope (H. niger) to be sister species. In addition, ancient gene flow from the roan (H. equinus) into the blue antelope was detected. A comparison with the roan and the sable antelope indicated that the blue antelope had a much lower nuclear diversity, suggesting a low population size since at least the early Holocene. This concurs with findings from the fossil record that show a considerable decline in abundance after the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Moreover, it suggests that the blue antelope persisted throughout the Holocene regardless of a low population size, indicating that human impact in the colonial era was a major factor in the blue antelope’s extinction.
This thesis uses aDNA analyses to provide deeper insights into the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of the addax and the blue antelope. Human impact likely was the main driver of extinction in the blue antelope, and is likely the main factor threatening the addax today. This thesis demonstrates the value of ex situ samples for science and conservation, and suggests to include genetic data for conservation assessments of species. It further demonstrates the beneficial use of aDNA for the taxonomic identification of historically important specimens in natural history collections. Finally, the successful retrieval of a paleogenome from the early Holocene of Africa using shotgun sequencing shows that DNA retrieval from samples of that age is possible from regions generally deemed unfavorable for DNA preservation, opening up new research opportunities. All three studies enhance our knowledge of African antelopes, contributing to the general understanding of African large mammal evolution and to the conservation of these and similarly threatened species.
The global drylands cover nearly half of the terrestrial surface and are home to more than two billion people. In many drylands, ongoing land-use change transforms near-natural savanna vegetation to agricultural land to increase food production. In Southern Africa, these heterogenous savanna ecosystems are also recognized as habitats of many protected animal species, such as elephant, lion and large herds of diverse herbivores, which are of great value for the tourism industry. Here, subsistence farmers and livestock herder communities often live in close proximity to nature conservation areas. Although these land-use transformations are different regarding the future they aspire to, both processes, nature conservation with large herbivores and agricultural intensification, have in common, that they change the vegetation structure of savanna ecosystems, usually leading to destruction of trees, shrubs and the woody biomass they consist of.
Such changes in woody vegetation cover and biomass are often regarded as forms of land degradation and forest loss. Global forest conservation approaches and international programs aim to stop degradation processes, also to conserve the carbon bound within wood from volatilization into earth’s atmosphere. In search for mitigation options against global climate change savannas are increasingly discussed as potential carbon sinks. Savannas, however, are not forests, in that they are naturally shaped by and adapted to disturbances, such as wildfires and herbivory. Unlike in forests, disturbances are necessary for stable, functioning savanna ecosystems and prevent these ecosystems from forming closed forest stands. Their consequently lower levels of carbon storage in woody vegetation have long been the reason for savannas to be overlooked as a potential carbon sink but recently the question was raised if carbon sequestration programs (such as REDD+) could also be applied to savanna ecosystems. However, heterogenous vegetation structure and chronic disturbances hamper the quantification of carbon stocks in savannas, and current procedures of carbon storage estimation entail high uncertainties due to methodological obstacles. It is therefore challenging to assess how future land-use changes such as agricultural intensification or increasing wildlife densities will impact the carbon storage balance of African drylands.
In this thesis, I address the research gap of accurately quantifying carbon storage in vegetation and soils of disturbance-prone savanna ecosystems. I further analyse relevant drivers for both ecosystem compartments and their implications for future carbon storage under land-use change. Moreover, I show that in savannas different carbon storage pools vary in their persistence to disturbance, causing carbon bound in shrub vegetation to be most likely to experience severe losses under land-use change while soil organic carbon stored in subsoils is least likely to be impacted by land-use change in the future.
I start with summarizing conventional approaches to carbon storage assessment and where and for which reasons they fail to accurately estimated savanna ecosystem carbon storage. Furthermore, I outline which future-making processes drive land-use change in Southern Africa along two pathways of land-use transformation and how these are likely to influence carbon storage. In the following chapters, I propose a new method of carbon storage estimation which is adapted to the specific conditions of disturbance-prone ecosystems and demonstrate the advantages of this approach in relation to existing forestry methods. Specifically, I highlight sources for previous over- and underestimation of savanna carbon stocks which the proposed methodology resolves. In the following chapters, I apply the new method to analyse impacts of land-use change on carbon storage in woody vegetation in conjunction with the soil compartment. With this interdisciplinary approach, I can demonstrate that indeed both, agricultural intensification and nature conservation with large herbivores, reduce woody carbon storage above- and belowground, but partly sequesters this carbon into the soil organic carbon stock. I then quantify whole-ecosystem carbon storage in different ecosystem compartments (above- and belowground woody carbon in shrubs and trees, respectively, as well as topsoil and subsoil organic carbon) of two savanna vegetation types (scrub savanna and savanna woodland). Moreover, in a space-for-time substitution I analyse how land-use changes impact carbon storage in each compartment and in the whole ecosystem. Carbon storage compartments are found to differ in their persistence to land-use change with carbon bound in shrub biomass being least persistent to future changes and subsoil organic carbon being most stable under changing land-use. I then explore which individual land-use change effects act as drivers of carbon storage through Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) and uncover non-linear effects, especially of elephant browsing, with implications for future carbon storage. In the last chapter, I discuss my findings in the larger context of this thesis and discuss relevant implications for land-use change and future-making decisions in rural Africa.
Mantodea, commonly known as mantids, have captivated researchers owing to their enigmatic behavior and ecological significance. This order comprises a diverse array of predatory insects, boasting over 2,400 species globally and inhabiting a wide spectrum of ecosystems. In Iran, the mantid fauna displays remarkable diversity, yet numerous facets of this fauna remain poorly understood, with a significant dearth of systematic and ecological research. This substantial knowledge gap underscores the pressing need for a comprehensive study to advance our understanding of Mantodea in Iran and its neighboring regions.
The principal objective of this investigation was to delve into the ecology and phylogeny of Mantodea within these areas. To accomplish this, our research efforts concentrated on three distinct genera within Iranian Mantodea. These genera were selected due to their limited existing knowledge base and feasibility for in-depth study. Our comprehensive methodology encompassed a multifaceted approach, integrating morphological analysis, molecular techniques, and ecological observations.
Our research encompassed a comprehensive revision of the genus Holaptilon, resulting in the description of four previously unknown species. This extensive effort substantially advanced our understanding of the ecological roles played by Holaptilon and refined its systematic classification. Furthermore, our investigation into Nilomantis floweri expanded its known distribution range to include Iran. By conducting thorough biological assessments, genetic analyses, and ecological niche modeling, we obtained invaluable insights into distribution patterns and genetic diversity within this species. Additionally, our research provided a thorough comprehension of the life cycle, behaviors, and ecological niche modeling of Blepharopsis mendica, shedding new light on the distinctive characteristics of this mantid species. Moreover, we contributed essential knowledge about parasitoids that infect mantid ootheca, laying the foundation for future studies aimed at uncovering the intricate mechanisms governing ecological and evolutionary interactions between parasitoids and Mantodea.
Carbohydrates play a vital role in all living organisms; serving as a cornerstone in primary metabolism through the release of energy from their hydrolysis and subsequent re-utilization (Apriyanto et al., 2022). Starch is the principal carbohydrate reserve in plants, providing essential energy for plant growth. Furthermore, starch serves as a significant carbohydrate source in the human diet. Beyond its nutritional value, starch has extensive industrial application associated with many aspects of human society, such as feed, pharmacy, textiles, and the production of biodegradable plastics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying starch metabolism in plants carries multifaceted benefits. Not only does it contribute to increasing crop yield and refining grain quality, but also can improve the efficiency of industrial applications.
Starch in plants is categorized into two classes based on their location and function: transitory starch and storage starch. Transitory starch is produced in chloroplasts of autotrophic tissues/organs, such as leaves. It is synthesized during the day and degraded during the night. Storage starch is synthesized in heterotrophic tissues/organs, such as endosperm, roots and tubers, which is utilized for plant reproduction and industrial application in human life. Most studies aiming to comprehend starch metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana primarily focus on transitory starch.
Starch is stored as granular form in chloroplast and amyloplast. The parameters of starch granules, including size, morphology, and quantity per chloroplast serve as indicators of starch metabolism status. However, the understanding of their regulatory mechanism is still incomplete. In this research, I initially employed a simple and adapted method based on laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM) to observe size, morphology and quantity of starch granules within chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana in vivo. This method facilitated a rapid and versatile analysis of starch granule parameters across numerous samples. Utilizing this approach, I compared starch granule number per chloroplast between mesophyll cells and guard cells in both wild type plants (Col-0) and several starch related mutants. The results revealed that the granule number is distinct between mesophyll cells and guard cells, even within the same genetic background, suggesting that guard cells operate a unique regulatory mechanism of starch granule number.
Subsequently, I redirected my attention toward examining starch morphology. Through microscopy analyses, I observed a gradual alteration in starch granule morphology in certain mutants during leaf aging. Specifically, in mutants such as sex1-8 and dpe2phs1ss4, there was a progressive alteration in starch granule morphology over time. Conversely, in Col-0 and ss4 mutant, these morphological alterations were not evident. This discovery suggests a new perspective to understand the development of starch morphology.
Further investigation revealed that mutants lacking either Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2) or MALTOSE-EXCESS 1 (MEX1) exhibited gradual alterations in starch morphology with leaf aging. Notably, the most severe effects on starch morphology occurred in double mutants lacking either DPE2 or MEX1 in conjunction with a lack of starch synthase 4 (SS4). In these mutations, a transformation of the starch granule morphology from the typical discoid morphology to oval and eventually to a spherical shape.
To investigate the changes in the internal structure of starch during this alteration, I analyzed the chain length distribution (CLD) of the amylopectin of young, intermediate and old leaves of the mutants. Throughout starch granule development, I found an increased presence of short glucan chains within the granules, particularly evident in dpe2ss4 and mex1ss4 mutants, as well as their parental single mutants. Notably, the single mutant ss4 also showed an affected granule morphology, albeit not influenced by leaf aging..
The CLD pattern of the amylopectin reflects an integrative regulation involving several participants in starch synthesis, including starch synthases (SSs), starch branching/debranching enzymes (SBEs/DBEs). Therefore, I further detected the expression of related genes on transcription level and the enzymatic activity of their respective proteins. Results indicated altered gene expression of several regulators in these mutants, particularly demonstrating dramatic alterations in dpe2 and dpe2ss4 with leaf aging. These changes corresponded with the observed alterations in starch granule morphology.
Taken together, I have identified and characterized a progressive alteration in starch granule morphology primarily resulting from the deficiencies in DPE2 and MEX1. Furthermore, I have associated the CLD pattern with the granule morphogenesis, as well as the gene expression and enzymatic activity of proteins involved in starch synthesis. Unlike SS4, which is implicated in starch initiation, MEX1 and DPE2 are involved into starch degradation. MEX1 is located in chloroplast envelope and DPE2 is situated in the cytosol. Considering the locations and known functions of DPE2/MEX1 and SS4, I infer that there might be two pathways influencing starch morphology: an initiation-affected pathway via SS4 and a degradation-affected pathway via DPE2/MEX1.
Due to their sessile lifestyle, plants are constantly exposed to pathogens and possess a multi-layered immune system that prevents infection. The first layer of immunity called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), enables plants to recognise highly conserved molecules that are present in pathogens, resulting in immunity from non-adaptive pathogens. Adapted pathogens interfere with PTI, however the second layer of plant immunity can recognise these virulence factors resulting in a constant evolutionary battle between plant and pathogen. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease in tomato and pepper plants. Like many Gram-negative bacteria, Xcv possesses a type-III secretion system, which it uses to translocate type-III effectors (T3E) into plant cells. Xcv has over 30 T3Es that interfere with the immune response of the host and are important for successful infection. One such effector is the Xanthomonas outer protein M (XopM) that shows no similarity to any other known protein. Characterisation of XopM and its role in virulence was the focus of this work.
While screening a tobacco cDNA library for potential host target proteins, the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein 1-2 like (VAP12) was identified. The interaction between XopM and VAP12 was confirmed in the model species Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis as well as in tomato, a Xcv host. As plants possess multiple VAP proteins, it was determined that the interaction of XopM and VAP is isoform specific.
It could be confirmed that the major sperm protein (MSP) domain of NtVAP12 is sufficient for binding XopM and that binding can be disrupted by substituting one amino acid (T47) within this domain. Most VAP interactors have at least one FFAT (two phenylalanines [FF] in an acidic tract) related motif, screening the amino acid sequence of XopM showed that XopM has two FFAT-related motifs. Substitution of the second residue of each FFAT motif (Y61/F91) disrupts NtVAP12 binding, suggesting that these motifs cooperatively mediate this interaction. Structural modelling using AlphaFold further confirmed that the unstructured N-terminus of XopM binds NtVAP12 at its MSP domain, which was further confirmed by the generation of truncated XopM variants.
Infection of pepper leaves, with a XopM deficient Xcv strain did not result in a reduction of virulence in comparison to the Xcv wildtype, showing that the function of XopM during infection is redundant. Virus-induced gene silencing of NbVAP12 in N. benthamiana plants also did not affect Xcv virulence, which further indicated that interaction with VAP12 is also non-essential for Xcv virulence. Despite such findings, ectopic expression of wildtype XopM and XopMY61A/F91A in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings enhanced the growth of a non-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 strain. XopM was found to interfere with the PTI response allowing Pst growth independent of its binding to VAP. Furthermore, transiently expressed XopM could suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS; one of the earliest PTI responses) production in N. benthamiana leaves. The FFAT double mutant XopMY61A/F91A as well as the C-terminal truncation variant XopM106-519 could still suppress the ROS response while the N-terminal variant XopM1-105 did not. Suppression of ROS production is therefore independent of VAP binding. In addition, tagging the C-terminal variant of XopM with a nuclear localisation signal (NLS; NLS-XopM106-519) resulted in significantly higher ROS production than the membrane localising XopM106-519 variant, indicating that XopM-induced ROS suppression is localisation dependent.
To further characterise XopM, mass spectrometry techniques were used to identify post-translational modifications (PTM) and potential interaction partners. PTM analysis revealed that XopM contains up to 21 phosphorylation sites, which could influence VAP binding. Furthermore, proteins of the Rab family were identified as potential plant protein interaction partners. Rab proteins serve a multitude of functions including vesicle trafficking and have been previously identified as T3E host targets. Taking this into account, a model of virulence of XopM was proposed, with XopM anchoring itself to VAP proteins to potentially access plasma membrane associated proteins. XopM possibly interferes with vesicle trafficking, which in turn suppresses ROS production through an unknown mechanism.
In this work it was shown that XopM targets VAP proteins. The data collected suggests that this T3E uses VAP12 to anchor itself into the right place to carry out its function. While more work is needed to determine how XopM contributes to virulence of Xcv, this study sheds light onto how adapted pathogens overcome the immune response of their hosts. It is hoped that such knowledge will contribute to the development of crops resistant to Xcv in the future.
Climate change, driven by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), presents a significant societal challenge for the 21st century. Biotechnological approaches for microbial production of commodity chemicals and fuels offer possible solutions to re-fix CO2 from the atmosphere, thereby mitigating carbon emissions and contributing to a sustainable carbon-economy in the future. Biological CO2 fixation is also at the heart of agricultural productivity, where photosynthesis and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle present promising biotechnological targets for crop improvement.
Synthetic biology allows testing metabolic solutions not known to exist in nature, which may exceed their natural counterparts in terms of efficiency. In this thesis, I explore the design of such new-to-nature metabolic pathways for biological CO2 utilization and their implementation in living cells (in vivo).
In the first chapter, I describe the development of a metabolic pathway that enables intracellular conversion of CO2 to formate, giving access to highly efficient carbon fixation routes. In nature, CO2-reduction remains restricted to anaerobic organisms and low redox potentials. Here, we introduce the “CORE cycle”, a synthetic metabolic pathway that converts CO2 to formate under fully aerobic conditions and ambient CO2 levels, using only NADPH as a reductant. We leverage this synthetic, ATP-energized pathway to overcome the thermodynamic and kinetic barriers associated with CO2-reduction. Applying rational metabolic engineering and adaptive evolution, this work demonstrates that Escherichia coli can utilize ambient CO2 as the sole source of one-carbon units and serine, achieving a first step towards novel modes of synthetic autotrophy. We further apply computational modeling to showcase the potential of the CORE cycle as a photorespiratory bypass for enhancing photosynthesis.
In the second chapter, I describe the development of the “LCM module”, a novel metabolic route for CO2-incorporating conversion of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate. This route relies on the newly uncovered, promiscuous activity of an adenosylcobalamin (B12)-dependent enzyme, which we significantly optimize through targeted hypermutation and in vivo selection strategies. The LCM module provides a shorter and more efficient pathway for acetyl-CoA assimilation compared to natural routes, offering novel opportunities for synthetic CO2 fixation.
Overall, through theoretical pathway analysis, enzyme bioprospecting, and modular metabolic engineering in E. coli, this thesis expands the solution space for biological CO2 fixation.
Sulfur is an important element that is incorporated into many biomolecules in humans. The incorporation and transfer of sulfur into biomolecules is, however, facilitated by a series of different sulfurtransferases. Among these sulfurtransferases is the human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) also designated as tRNA thiouridine modification protein (TUM1). The role of the human TUM1 protein has been suggested in a wide range of physiological processes in the cell among which are but not limited to involvement in Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation and generation of H2S as signaling molecule both in mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous interaction studies showed that TUM1 interacts with the L-cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 3 (MOCS3). Here, we show the roles of TUM1 in human cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically modified Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Here, we show that TUM1 is involved in the sulfur transfer for Molybdenum cofactor synthesis and tRNA thiomodification by spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of sulfite oxidase and liquid chromatography quantification of the level of sulfur-modified tRNA. Further, we show that TUM1 has a role in hydrogen sulfide production and cellular bioenergetics.
In late summer, migratory bats of the temperate zone face the challenge of accomplishing two energy-demanding tasks almost at the same time: migration and mating. Both require information and involve search efforts, such as localizing prey or finding potential mates. In non-migrating bat species, playback studies showed that listening to vocalizations of other bats, both con-and heterospecifics, may help a recipient bat to find foraging patches and mating sites. However, we are still unaware of the degree to which migrating bats depend on con-or heterospecific vocalizations for identifying potential feeding or mating opportunities during nightly transit flights. Here, we investigated the vocal responses of Nathusius’ pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, to simulated feeding and courtship aggregations at a coastal migration corridor. We presented migrating bats either feeding buzzes or courtship calls of their own or a heterospecific migratory species, the common noctule, Nyctalus noctula. We expected that during migratory transit flights, simulated feeding opportunities would be particularly attractive to bats, as well as simulated mating opportunities which may indicate suitable roosts for a stopover. However, we found that when compared to the natural silence of both pre-and post-playback phases, bats called indifferently during the playback of conspecific feeding sounds, whereas P. nathusii echolocation call activity increased during simulated feeding of N. noctula. In contrast, the call activity of P. nathusii decreased during the playback of conspecific courtship calls, while no response could be detected when heterospecific call types were broadcasted. Our results suggest that while on migratory transits, P. nathusii circumnavigate conspecific mating aggregations, possibly to save time or to reduce the risks associated with social interactions where aggression due to territoriality might be expected. This avoidance behavior could be a result of optimization strategies by P. nathusii when performing long-distance migratory flights, and it could also explain the lack of a response to simulated conspecific feeding. However, the observed increase of activity in response to simulated feeding of N. noctula, suggests that P. nathusii individuals may be eavesdropping on other aerial hawking insectivorous species during migration, especially if these occupy a slightly different foraging niche.
The African weakly electric fish genus Campylomormyrus includes 15 described species mostly native to the Congo River and its tributaries. They are considered sympatric species, because their distribution area overlaps. These species generate species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs) varying in waveform characteristics, including duration, polarity, and phase number. They exhibit also pronounced divergence in their snout, i.e. the length, thickness, and curvature. The diversifications in these two phenotypical traits (EOD and snout) have been proposed as key factors promoting adaptive radiation in Campylomormyrus. The role of EODs as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism driving sympatric speciation by promoting assortative mating has been examined using behavioral, genetical, and histological approaches. However, the evolutionary effects of the snout morphology and its link to species divergence have not been closely examined. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of snout morphology diversification and its correlated EOD to better understand their sympatric speciation and evolutionary drivers. Moreover, I aim to utilize the intragenus and intergenus hybrids of Campylomormyrus to better understand trait divergence as well as underlying molecular/genetic mechanisms involved in the radiation scenario. To this end, I utilized three different approaches: feeding behavior analysis, diet assessment, and geometric morphometrics analysis. I performed feeding behavior experiments to evaluate the concept of the phenotype-environment correlation by testing whether Campylomormyrus species show substrate preferences. The behavioral experiments showed that the short snout species exhibits preference to sandy substrate, the long snout species prefers a stone substrate, and the species with intermediate snout size does not exhibit any substrate preference. The experiments suggest that the diverse feeding apparatus in the genus Campylomormyrus may have evolved in adaptation to their microhabitats. I also performed diet assessments of sympatric Campylomormyrus species and a sister genus species (Gnathonemus petersii) with markedly different snout morphologies and EOD using NGS-based DNA metabarcoding of their stomach contents. The diet of each species was documented showing that aquatic insects such as dipterans, coleopterans and trichopterans represent the major diet component. The results showed also that all species are able to exploit diverse food niches in their habitats. However, comparing the diet overlap indices showed that different snout morphologies and the associated divergence in the EOD translated into different prey spectra. These results further support the idea that the EOD could be a ‘magic trait’ triggering both adaptation and reproductive isolation. Geometric morphometrics method was also used to compare the phenotypical shape traits of the F1 intragenus (Campylomormyrus) and intergenus (Campylomormyrus species and Gnathonemus petersii) hybrids relative to their parents. The hybrids of these species were well separated based on the morphological traits, however the hybrid phenotypic traits were closer to the short-snouted species. In addition, the likelihood that the short snout expressed in the hybrids increases with increasing the genetic distance of the parental species. The results confirmed that additive effects produce intermediate phenotypes in F1-hybrids. It seems, therefore, that morphological shape traits in hybrids, unlike the physiological traits, were not expressed straightforward.
Ribosomes decode mRNA to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes, once considered static, executing machines, are now viewed as dynamic modulators of translation. Increasingly detailed analyses of structural ribosome heterogeneity led to a paradigm shift toward ribosome specialization for selective translation. As sessile organisms, plants cannot escape harmful environments and evolved strategies to withstand. Plant cytosolic ribosomes are in some respects more diverse than those of other metazoans. This diversity may contribute to plant stress acclimation. The goal of this thesis was to determine whether plants use ribosome heterogeneity to regulate protein synthesis through specialized translation. I focused on temperature acclimation, specifically on shifts to low temperatures. During cold acclimation, Arabidopsis ceases growth for seven days while establishing the responses required to resume growth. Earlier results indicate that ribosome biogenesis is essential for cold acclimation. REIL mutants (reil-dkos) lacking a 60S maturation factor do not acclimate successfully and do not resume growth. Using these genotypes, I ascribed cold-induced defects of ribosome biogenesis to the assembly of the polypeptide exit tunnel (PET) by performing spatial statistics of rProtein changes mapped onto the plant 80S structure. I discovered that growth cessation and PET remodeling also occurs in barley, suggesting a general cold response in plants. Cold triggered PET remodeling is consistent with the function of Rei-1, a REIL homolog of yeast, which performs PET quality control. Using seminal data of ribosome specialization, I show that yeast remodels the tRNA entry site of ribosomes upon change of carbon sources and demonstrate that spatially constrained remodeling of ribosomes in metazoans may modulate protein synthesis. I argue that regional remodeling may be a form of ribosome specialization and show that heterogeneous cytosolic polysomes accumulate after cold acclimation, leading to shifts in the translational output that differs between wild-type and reil-dkos. I found that heterogeneous complexes consist of newly synthesized and reused proteins. I propose that tailored ribosome complexes enable free 60S subunits to select specific 48S initiation complexes for translation. Cold acclimated ribosomes through ribosome remodeling synthesize a novel proteome consistent with known mechanisms of cold acclimation. The main hypothesis arising from my thesis is that heterogeneous/ specialized ribosomes alter translation preferences, adjust the proteome and thereby activate plant programs for successful cold acclimation.
Mitochondria and plastids are organelles with an endosymbiotic origin. During evolution, many genes are lost from the organellar genomes and get integrated in the nuclear genome, in what is known as intracellular/endosymbiotic gene transfer (IGT/EGT). IGT has been reproduced experimentally in Nicotiana tabacum at a gene transfer rate (GTR) of 1 event in 5 million cells, but, despite its centrality to eukaryotic evolution, there are no genetic factors known to influence the frequency of IGT in higher eukaryotes. The focus of this work was to determine the role of different DNA repair pathways of double strand break repair (DSBR) in the integration step of organellar DNA in the nuclear genome during IGT. Here, a CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis strategy was implemented in N. tabacum, with the aim of generating mutants in nuclear genes without expected visible phenotypes. This strategy led to the generation of a collection of independent mutants in the LIG4 (necessary for non-homologous end joining, NHEJ) and POLQ genes (necessary for microhomology mediated end joining, MMEJ). Targeting of other DSBR genes (KU70, KU80, RPA1C) generated mutants with unexpectedly strong developmental phenotypes.. These factors have telomeric roles, hinting towards a possible relationship between telomere length, and strength of developmental disruption upon loss of telomere structure in plants. The mutants were made in a genetic background encoding a plastid-encoded IGT reporter, that confers kanamycin resistance upon transfer to the nucleus. Through large scale independent experiments, increased IGT from the chloroplast to the nucleus was observed in lig4 mutants, as well as lines encoding a POLQ gene with a defective polymerase domain (polqΔPol). This shows that NHEJ or MMEJ have a double-sided relationship with IGT: while transferred genes may integrate using either pathway, the presence of both pathways suppresses IGT in wild-type somatic cells, thus demonstrating for the first time the extent on which nuclear genes control IGT frequency in plants. The IGT frequency increases in the mutants are likely mediated by increased availability of double strand breaks for integration. Additionally, kinetic analysis reveals that gene transfer (GT) events accumulate linearly as a function of time spent under antibiotic selection in the experiment, demonstrating that, contrary to what was previously thought, there is no such thing as a single GTR in somatic IGT experiments. Furthermore, IGT in tissue culture experiments appears to be the result of a "race against the clock" for integration in the nuclear genome, that starts when the organellar DNA arrives to the nucleus granting transient antibiotic resistance. GT events and escapes of kanamycin selection may be two possible outcomes from this race: those instances where the organellar DNA gets to integrate are recovered as GT events, and in those cases where timely integration fails, antibiotic resistance cannot be sustained, and end up considered as escapes. In the mutants, increased opportunities for integration in the nuclear genome change the overall ratio between IGT and escape events. The resources generated here are promising starting points for future research: (1) the mutant collection, for the further study of processes that depend on DNA repair in plants (2) the collection of GT lines obtained from these experiments, for the study of the effect of DSBR pathways over integration patterns and stability of transferred genes and (3) the developed CRISPR/Cas9 workflow for mutant generation, to make N. tabacum meet its potential as an attractive model for answering complex biological questions.
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1) is acknowledged as an important mediator of estrogen signaling. Given the ubiquitous expression of GPER1, it is likely that the receptor plays a role in a variety of malignancies, not only in the classic hormonally regulated tissues (e.g., breast, ovary, and prostate), but also in the colon. As colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women worldwide and environmental factors and dietary habits are important risk factors, it is increasingly recognized that natural and synthetic hormones and their associated receptors might play a role in CRC. Through oral consumption, environmental contaminants with endocrine activity are in contact with the gastrointestinal mucosa, where they might exert their toxic effects. Although GPER1 has been shown to be engaged in physiological and pathophysiological processes, its role in CRC remains poorly understood. Thus, pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic effects are described in the literature. This thesis has uncovered novel roles of GPER1 in mediating major CRC-associated phenotypes in transformed and non-transformed colon cell lines. Exposure to the estrogens 17β-estradiol (E2), bisphenol-A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) but also the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) resulted in GPER1-dependent induction of supernumerary centrosomes, whole chromosomal instability (w-CIN) and aneuploidy. Indeed, both knockdown and inhibition of GPER1 attenuated the generation of (xeno)hormone-driven supernumerary centrosomes and karyotype instability. Mechanistically, (xeno)hormone-induced centrosome amplification was associated with transient multipolar mitosis and the generation of so called anaphase “lagging” chromosomes. The results of this thesis propose a GPER1/PKA/AKAP9-pathway in regulating centrosome numbers in colorectal cancer cells and the involvement of the centriolar protein centrin. Remarkably, exposure to (xeno)hormones resulted in atypical enlargement and unexpected phosphorylation of the centriole marker centrin in interphase. These findings provide a novel role for GPER1 in key CRC-prone lesions and shed light on underlying mechanisms that involve GPER1 function in the colon. Elucidating to what extent centrosomal proteins are involved in the GPER1-mediated aneugenic effect will be an important task for future studies. The present study was intended to lay a first foundation to understand the molecular basis and potential risk factors of CRC which might help to reduce the use of laboratory animals. Since numerous animal experiments are conducted in biomedical research, the development of alternative methods is indispensable. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) as the German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) addresses this issue by uncovering underlying mechanisms leading to colorectal cancer as necessary prerequisite in order to develop alternative methods.
Photosynthesis converts light into metabolic energy which fuels plant growth. In nature, many factors influence light availability for photosynthesis on different time scales, from shading by leaves within seconds up to seasonal changes over months. Variability of light energy supply for photosynthesis can limit a plant´s biomass accumulation. Plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with strongly fluctuation light (FL). These range from long-term optimization of leaf morphology and physiology and levels of pigments and proteins in a process called light acclimation, to rapid changes in protein activity within seconds. Therefore, uncovering how plants deal with FL on different time scales may provide key ideas for improving crop yield. Photosynthesis is not an isolated process but tightly integrates with metabolism through mutual regulatory interactions. We thus require mechanistic understanding of how long-term light acclimation shapes both, dynamic photosynthesis and its interactions with downstream metabolism. To approach this, we analyzed the influence of growth light on i) the function of known rapid photosynthesis regulators KEA3 and VCCN1 in dynamic photosynthesis (Chapter 2-3) and ii) the interconnection of photosynthesis with photorespiration (PR; Chapter 4).
We approached topic (i) by quantifying the effect of different growth light regimes on photosynthesis and photoprotection by using kea3 and vccn1 mutants. Firstly, we found that, besides photosynthetic capacity, the activities of VCCN1 and KEA3 during a sudden high light phase also correlated with growth light intensity. This finding suggests regulation of both proteins by the capacity of downstream metabolism. Secondly, we showed that KEA3 accelerated photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) kinetics in two ways: Directly via downregulating the lumen proton concentration and thereby de-activating pH-dependent NPQ, and indirectly via suppressing accumulation of the photoprotective pigment zeaxanthin.
For topic (ii), we analyzed the role of PR, a process which recycles a toxic byproduct of the carbon fixation reactions, in metabolic flexibility in a dynamically changing light environment. For this we employed the mutants hpr1 and ggt1 with a partial block in PR. We characterized the function of PR during light acclimation by tracking molecular and physiological changes of the two mutants. Our data, in contrast to previous reports, disprove a generally stronger physiological relevance of PR under dynamic light conditions. Additionally, the two different mutants showed pronounced and distinct metabolic changes during acclimation to a condition inducing higher photosynthetic activity. This underlines that PR cannot be regarded purely as a cyclic detoxification pathway for 2PG. Instead, PR is highly interconnected with plant metabolism, with GGT1 and HPR1 representing distinct metabolic modulators.
In summary, the presented work provides further insight into how energetic and metabolic flexibility is ensured by short-term regulators and PR during long-term light acclimation.
The light reactions of photosynthesis are carried out by a series of multiprotein complexes embedded in thylakoid membranes. Among them, photosystem I (PSI), acting as plastocyanin-ferderoxin oxidoreductase, catalyzes the final reaction. Together with light-harvesting antenna I, PSI forms a high-molecular-weight supercomplex of ~600 kDa, consisting of eighteen subunits and nearly two hundred co-factors. Assembly of the various components into a functional thylakoid membrane complex requires precise coordination, which is provided by the assembly machinery. Although this includes a small number of proteins (PSI assembly factors) that have been shown to play a role in the formation of PSI, the process as a whole, as well as the intricacy of its members, remains largely unexplored.
In the present work, two approaches were used to find candidate PSI assembly factors. First, EnsembleNet was used to select proteins thought to be functionally related to known PSI assembly factors in Arabidopsis thaliana (approach I), and second, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of tagged PSI assembly factors in Nicotiana tabacum was performed (approach II).
Here, the novel PSI assembly factors designated CO-EXPRESSED WITH PSI ASSEMBLY 1 (CEPA1) and Ycf4-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (Y4IP1) were identified. A. thaliana null mutants for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 showed a growth phenotype and pale leaves compared with the wild type. Biophysical experiments using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) revealed insufficient electron transport on the PSII acceptor side. Biochemical analyses revealed that both CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are specifically involved in PSI accumulation in A. thaliana at the post-translational level but are not essential. Consistent with their roles as factors in the assembly of a thylakoid membrane protein complex, the two proteins localize to thylakoid membranes. Remarkably, cepa1 y4ip1 double mutants exhibited lethal phenotypes in early developmental stages under photoautotrophic growth. Finally, co-IP and native gel experiments supported a possible role for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 in mediating PSI assembly in conjunction with other PSI assembly factors (e.g., PPD1- and PSA3-CEPA1 and Ycf4-Y4IP1). The fact that CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are found exclusively in green algae and higher plants suggests eukaryote-specific functions. Although the specific mechanisms need further investigation, CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are two novel assembly factors that contribute to PSI formation.
The musculoskeletal system provides support and enables movement to the body, and its deterioration is a crucial aspect of age-related functional decline. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play an important role in musculoskeletal homeostasis due to their broad differentiation potentials and their ability to support osteogenic and myogenic tissue maintenance and regeneration. In the bone, MSCs differentiate either into osteochondrogenic progenitors to form osteocytes and chondrocytes, or increasingly with age into adipogenic progenitors which give rise to bone-resident adipocytes. In skeletal muscle, during healthy regeneration MSCs provide regulatory signals that activate local, tissue-specific stem cells, known as satellite cells, which regenerate contractile myofibres. This process involves a significant cross-talk to immune cells stemming from both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. During ageing, muscle-resident MSCs undergo increased adipogenic lineage commitment, causing niche changes that contribute to fatty infiltration in muscles. These shifts in cell populations in bone lead to the loss of osteogenic cells and subsequently osteoporosis, or in muscle to impaired regeneration and to the development of sarcopenia. However, the signals that drive transition of MSCs into their respective cellular fates remain elusive.
This thesis aims to elucidate the transcriptional shifts modulating cell states and cell types in musculoskeletal MSC fate determination. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to characterise cell type-specific transcript regulation. State-of-the-art bioinformatics tools were combined with different analytical platforms that include both droplet-based scRNA-seq for large heterogeneous populations, and microfluidics-based scRNA-seq to assess small, rare subpopulations. For each platform, distinct computational pipelines were established including filtering steps to exclude low-quality cells, and data visualisation was performed by dimensionality reduction. Downstream analysis included clustering, cell type annotation, and differential gene expression to investigate transcriptional states in defined cell types during ageing and injury in the muscle and bone. Finally, a novel tool to assess publication activities in defined areas of research for the identified marker genes was developed.
The results in the bone indicate that ageing MSCs increasingly commit towards an adipogenic fate at the expense of osteogenic specialisation. The data also suggests that significant cell population shifts of MSC-type fibro-adipogenic progenitors during muscle ageing underlie the pathologies observed in homeostatic and post-injury regenerative conditions. High-throughput visualisation of publication activity for candidate genes enabled more effective biological evaluation of scRNA-seq data. These results expose critical age-related changes in the stem cell niches of skeletal muscle and bone, highlight their respective sensitivity to nutrition and pathology, and elucidate novel factors that modulate stem cell-based regeneration. Targeting these processes might improve musculoskeletal health in the context of ageing and prevent the negative effects of pathological lineage determination.
Hantaviruses (HVs) are a group of zoonotic viruses that infect human beings primarily through aerosol transmission of rodent excreta and urine samplings. HVs are classified geographically into: Old World HVs (OWHVs) that are found in Europe and Asia, and New World HVs (NWHVs) that are observed in the Americas. These different strains can cause severe hantavirus diseases with pronounced renal syndrome or severe cardiopulmonary system distress. HVs can be extremely lethal, with NWHV infections reaching up to 40 % mortality rate. HVs are known to generate epidemic outbreaks in many parts of the world including Germany, which has seen periodic HV infections over the past decade. HV has a trisegmented genome. The small segment (S) encodes the nucleocapsid protein (NP), the middle segment (M) encodes the glycoproteins (GPs) Gn and Gc which forms up to tetramers and primarily monomers \& dimers upon independent expression respectively and large segment (L) encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Interactions between these viral proteins are crucial in providing mechanistic insights into HV virion development. Despite best efforts, there continues to be lack of quantification of these associations in living cells. This is required in developing the mechanistic models for HV viral assembly. This dissertation focuses on three key questions pertaining to the initial steps of virion formation that primarily involves the GPs and NP.
The research investigations in this work were completed using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) approaches. FCS is frequently used in assessing the biophysical features of bio-molecules including protein concentration and diffusion dynamics and circumvents the requirement of protein overexpression. FCS was primarily applied in this thesis to evaluate protein multimerization, at single cell resolution.
The first question addressed which GP spike formation model proposed by Hepojoki et al.(2010) appropriately describes the evidence in living cells. A novel in cellulo assay was developed to evaluate the amount of fluorescently labelled and unlabeled GPs upon co-expression. The results clearly showed that Gn and Gc initially formed a heterodimeric Gn:Gc subunit. This sub-unit then multimerizes with congruent Gn:Gc subunits to generate the final GP spike. Based on these interactions, models describing the formation of GP complex (with multiple GP spike subunits) were additionally developed.
HV GP assembly primarily takes place in the Golgi apparatus (GA) of infected cells. Interestingly, NWHV GPs are hypothesized to assemble at the plasma membrane (PM). This led to the second research question in this thesis, in which a systematic comparison between OWHV and NWHV GPs was conducted to validate this hypothesis. Surprisingly, GP localization at the PM was congruently observed with OWHV and NWHV GPs. Similar results were also discerned with OWHV and NWHV GP localization in the absence of cytoskeletal factors that regulate HV trafficking in cells.
The final question focused on quantifying the NP-GP interactions and understanding their influence of NP and GP multimerization. Gc mutlimers were detected in the presence of NP and complimented by the presence of localized regions of high NP-Gc interactions in the perinuclear region of living cells. Gc-CT domain was shown to influence NP-Gc associations. Gn, on the other hand, formed up to tetrameric complexes, independent from the presence of NP.
The results in this dissertation sheds light on the initial steps of HV virion formation by quantifying homo and heterotypic interactions involving NP and GPs, which otherwise are very difficult to perform. Finally, the in cellulo methodologies implemented in this work can be potentially extended to understand other key interactions involved in HV virus assembly.
Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffi) is a distinguished expression system widely used in industrial production processes. Recent molecular research has focused on numerous approaches to increase recombinant protein yield in P. pastoris. For example, the design of expression vectors and synthetic genetic elements, gene copy number optimization, or co-expression of helper proteins
(transcription factors, chaperones, etc.). However, high clonal variability of transformants and low screening throughput have hampered significant success.
To enhance screening capacities, display-based methodologies inherit the potential for efficient isolation of producer clones via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Therefore, this study focused on developing a novel clone selection method that is based on the non-covalent attachment of Fab fragments on the P. pastoris cell surface to be applicable for FACS.
Initially, a P. pastoris display system was developed, which is a prerequisite for the surface capture of secreted Fabs. A Design of Experiments approach was applied to analyze the influence of various genetic elements on antibody fragment display. The combined P. pastoris formaldehyde dehydrogenase promoter (PFLD1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase 2 signal peptide (ScSUC2), - agglutinin (ScSAG1) anchor protein, and the ARS of Kluyveromyces lactis (panARS) conferred highest display levels.
Subsequently, eight single-chain variable fragments (scFv) specific for the constant part of the Fab heavy or light chain were individually displayed in P. pastoris. Among the tested scFvs, the anti-human CH1 IgG domain scFv allowed the most efficient Fab capture detected by flow cytometry.
Irrespective of the Fab sequence, exogenously added as well as simultaneously secreted Fabs were successfully captured on the cell surface. Furthermore, Fab secretion capacities were shown to correlate to the level of surface-bound Fabs as demonstrated for characterized producer clones.
Flow-sorted clones presenting high amounts of Fabs showed an increase in median Fab titers (factor of 21 to 49) compared to unsorted clones when screened in deep-well plates. For selected candidates, improved functional Fab yields of sorted cells vs. unsorted cells were confirmed in an upscaled shake flask production. Since the scFv capture matrix was encoded on an episomal plasmid with inherently unstable autonomously replicating sequences (ARS), efficient plasmid curing was observed after removing the selective pressure. Hence, sorted clones could be immediately used for production without the need to modify the expression host or vector. The resulting switchable display/secretion system provides a streamlined approach for the isolation of Fab producers and subsequent Fab production.
The genetic structure of Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei) on the central and western North Pacific feeding grounds was investigated using a total of 1195 mitochondrial control region sequences and 1182 microsatellite genotypes at 17 loci in specimens collected from three longitudinal areas, 1W (135 degrees E-165 degrees E), 1E (165 degrees E-180 degrees), and 2 (180 degrees-155 degrees W). Genetic diversities were similar among areas and a haplotype network did not show any geographic structure, while an analysis of molecular variance found evidence of genetic structure in this species. Pairwise FST and G'ST estimates and heterogeneity tests attributed this structure to weak but significant differentiation between areas 1W/1E and 2. A Mantel test and a high-resolution analysis of genetic diversity statistics showed a weak spatial cline of genetic differentiation. These findings could be reconciled by two possible stock structure scenarios: (1) a single population with kin-association affecting feeding ground preference and (2) two populations with feeding ground preference for either area 1W or area 2. An estimated dispersal rate between areas 1W and 2 indicates that both scenarios should be considered as a precautionary principle in stock assessments.
Potato FLC-like and SVP-like proteins jointly control growth and distinct developmental processes
(2023)
Based on worldwide consumption, Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) is the most important non-grain food crop. Potato has two ways of stable propagation: sexually via flowering and vegetatively via tuberization. Remarkably, these two developmental processes are controlled by similar molecular regulators and mechanisms. Given that FLC and SVP genes act as key flowering regulators in the model species Arabidopsis and in various other crop species, this study aimed at identifying FLC and SVP homologs in potato and investigating their roles in the regulation of plant development, with a particular focus on flowering and tuberization. Our analysis demonstrated that there are five FLC-like and three SVP like proteins encoded in the potato genome. The expression profiles of StFLCs and StSVPs throughout potato development and the detected interactions between their proteins indicate tissue specificity of the individual genes and distinct roles of a variety of putative protein complexes. In particular, we discovered that StFLC-D, as well as StFLC-B, StSVP-A, and StSVP-B play a complex role in the regulation of flowering time, as not only increased but also decreased levels of their transcripts promote earlier flowering. Most importantly, StFLC-D has a marked impact on tuberization under non-inductive conditions and susceptibility to temperature-induced tuber malformation, also known as second growth. Plants with decreased levels of StFLC-D demonstrated a strong ability to produce tubers under long days and appeared to be insensitive to temperature-induced second growth. Lastly, our data also suggests that StFLCs and StSVPs may be involved in the nitrogen-dependent regulation of potato development. Taken together, this study highlights the functional importance of StFLC and StSVP genes in the regulation of distinct developmental processes in potato.
Movement is a mechanism that shapes biodiversity patterns across spatialtemporal scales. Thereby, the movement process affects species interactions, population dynamics and community composition. In this thesis, I disentangled the effects of movement on the biodiversity of zooplankton ranging from the individual to the community level. On the individual movement level, I used video-based analysis to explore the implication of movement behavior on preypredator interactions. My results showed that swimming behavior was of great importance as it determined their survival in the face of predation. The findings also additionally highlighted the relevance of the defense status/morphology of prey, as it not only affected the prey-predator relationship by the defense itself but also by plastic movement behavior. On the community movement level, I used a field mesocosm experiment to explore the role of dispersal (time i.e., from the egg bank into the water body and space i.e., between water bodies) in shaping zooplankton metacommunities. My results revealed that priority effects and taxon-specific dispersal limitation influenced community composition. Additionally, different modes of dispersal also generated distinct community structures. The egg bank and biotic vectors (i.e. mobile links) played significant roles in the colonization of newly available habitat patches. One crucial aspect that influences zooplankton species after arrival in new habitats is the local environmental conditions. By using common garden experiments, I assessed the performance of zooplankton communities in their home vs away environments in a group of ponds embedded within an agricultural landscape. I identified environmental filtering as a driving factor as zooplankton communities from individual ponds developed differently in their home and away environments. On the individual species level, there was no consistent indication of local adaptation. For some species, I found a higher abundance/fitness in their home environment, but for others, the opposite was the case, and some cases were indifferent.
Overall, the thesis highlights the links between movement and biodiversity patterns, ranging from the individual active movement to the community level.
Life on Earth is diverse and ranges from unicellular organisms to multicellular creatures like humans. Although there are theories about how these organisms might have evolved, we understand little about how ‘life’ started from molecules. Bottom-up synthetic biology aims to create minimal cells by combining different modules, such as compartmentalization, growth, division, and cellular communication.
All living cells have a membrane that separates them from the surrounding aqueous medium and helps to protect them. In addition, all eukaryotic cells have organelles that are enclosed by intracellular membranes. Each cellular membrane is primarily made of a lipid bilayer with membrane proteins. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules that assemble into molecular bilayers consisting of two leaflets. The hydrophobic chains of the lipids in the two leaflets face each other, and their hydrophilic headgroups face the aqueous surroundings. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are model membrane systems that form large compartments with a size of many micrometers and enclosed by a single lipid bilayer. The size of GUVs is comparable to the size of cells, making them good membrane models which can be studied using an optical microscope. However, after the initial preparation, GUV membranes lack membrane proteins which have to be reconstituted into these membranes by subsequent preparation steps. Depending on the protein, it can be either attached via anchor lipids to one of the membrane leaflets or inserted into the lipid bilayer via its transmembrane domains.
The first step is to prepare the GUVs and then expose them to an exterior solution with proteins. Various protocols have been developed for the initial preparation of GUVs. For the second step, the GUVs can be exposed to a bulk solution of protein or can be trapped in a microfluidic device and then supplied with the protein solution. To minimize the amount of solution and for more precise measurements, I have designed a microfluidic device that has a main channel, and several dead-end side channels that are perpendicular to the main channel. The GUVs are trapped in the dead-end channels. This design exchanges the solution around the GUVs via diffusion from the main channel, thus shielding the GUVs from the flow within the main channel. This device has a small volume of just 2.5 μL, can be used without a pump and can be combined with a confocal microscope, enabling uninterrupted imaging of the GUVs during the experiments. I used this device for most of the experiments on GUVs that are discussed in this thesis.
In the first project of the thesis, a lipid mixture doped with an anchor lipid was used that can bind to a histidine chain (referred to as His-tag(ged) or 6H) via the metal cation Ni2+. This method is widely used for the biofunctionalization of GUVs by attaching proteins without a transmembrane domain. Fluorescently labeled His-tags which are bound to a membrane can be observed in a confocal microscope. Using the same lipid mixture, I prepared the GUVs with different protocols and investigated the membrane composition of the resulting GUVs by evaluating the amount of fluorescently labeled His-tagged molecules bound to their membranes. I used the microfluidic device described above to expose the outer leaflet of the vesicle to a constant concentration of the His-tagged molecules. Two fluorescent molecules with a His-tag were studied and compared: green fluorescent protein (6H-GFP) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (6H-FITC). Although the quantum yield in solution is similar for both molecules, the brightness of the membrane-bound 6H-GFP is higher than the brightness of the membrane-bound 6H-FITC. The observed difference in the brightness reveals that the fluorescence of the 6H-FITC is quenched by the anchor lipid via the Ni2+ ion. Furthermore, my measurements also showed that the fluorescence intensity of the membranebound His-tagged molecules depends on microenvironmental factors such as pH. For both 6H-GFP and 6H-FITC, the interaction with the membrane is quantified by evaluating the equilibrium dissociation constant. The membrane fluorescence is measured as a function of the fluorophores’ molar concentration. Theoretical analysis of these data leads to the equilibrium dissociation constants of (37.5 ± 7.5) nM for 6H-GFP and (18.5 ± 3.7) nM for 6H-FITC.
The anchor lipid mentioned previously used the metal cation Ni2+ to mediate the bond between the anchor lipid and the His-tag. The Ni2+ ion can be replaced by other transition metal ions. Studies have shown that Co3+ forms the strongest bonds with the His-tags attached to proteins. In these studies, strong oxidizing agents were used to oxidize the Co2+ mediated complex with the His-tagged protein to a Co3+ mediated complex. This procedure puts the proteins at risk of being oxidized as well. In this thesis, the vesicles were first prepared with anchor lipids without any metal cation. The Co3+ was added to these anchor lipids and finally the His-tagged protein was added to the GUVs to form the Co3+ mediated bond. This system was also established using the microfluidic device.
The different preparation procedures of GUVs usually lead to vesicles with a spherical morphology. On the other hand, many cell organelles have a more complex architecture with a non spherical topology. One fascinating example is provided by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which is made of a continuous membrane and extends throughout the cell in the form of tubes and sheets. The tubes are connected by three-way junctions and form a tubular network of irregular polygons. The formation and maintenance of these reticular networks requires membrane proteins that hydrolyize guanosine triphosphate (GTP). One of these membrane proteins is atlastin. In this thesis, I reconstituted the atlastin protein in GUV membranes using detergent-assisted reconstitution protocols to insert the proteins directly into lipid bilayers.
This thesis focuses on protein reconstitution by binding His-tagged proteins to anchor lipids and by detergent-assisted insertion of proteins with transmembrane domains. It also provides the design of a microfluidic device that can be used in various experiments, one example is the evaluation of the equilibrium dissociation constant for membrane-protein interactions. The results of this thesis will help other researchers to understand the protocols for preparing GUVs, to reconstitute proteins in GUVs, and to perform experiments using the microfluidic device. This knowledge should be beneficial for the long-term goal of combining the different modules of synthetic biology to make a minimal cell.
Increasing demand for food, healthcare, and transportation arising from the growing world population is accompanied by and driving global warming challenges due to the rise of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Industrialization for human needs has been increasingly releasing CO2 into the atmosphere for the last century or more. In recent years, the possibility of recycling CO2 to stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration and combat rising temperatures has gained attention. Thus, using CO2 as the feedstock to address future world demands is the ultimate solution while controlling the rapid climate change. Valorizing CO2 to produce activated and stable one-carbon feedstocks like formate and methanol and further upgrading them to industrial microbial processes to replace unsustainable feedstocks would be crucial for a future biobased circular economy. However, not all microbes can grow on formate as a feedstock, and those microbes that can grow are not well established for industrial processes.
S. cerevisiae is one of the industrially well-established microbes, and it is a significant contributor to bioprocess industries. However, it cannot grow on formate as a sole carbon and energy source. Thus, engineering S. cerevisiae to grow on formate could potentially pave the way to sustainable biomass and value-added chemicals production.
The Reductive Glycine Pathway (RGP), designed as the aerobic twin of the anaerobic Reductive Acetyl-CoA pathway, is an efficient formate and CO2 assimilation pathway. The RGP comprises of the glycine synthesis module (Mis1p, Gcv1p, Gcv2p, Gcv3p, and Lpd1p), the glycine to serine conversion module (Shmtp), the pyruvate synthesis module (Cha1p), and the energy supply module (Fdh1p). The RGP requires formate and elevated CO2 levels to operate the glycine synthesis module. In this study, I established the RGP in the yeast system using growth-coupled selection strategies to achieve formate and CO2-dependent biomass formation in aerobic conditions.
Firstly, I constructed serine biosensor strains by disrupting the native serine and glycine biosynthesis routes in the prototrophic S288c and FL100 yeast strains and insulated serine, glycine, and one-carbon metabolism from the central metabolic network. These strains cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source but require the supply of serine or glycine to complement the engineered auxotrophies. Using growth as a readout, I employed these strains as selection hosts to establish the RGP. Initially, to achieve this, I engineered different serine-hydroxymethyltransferases in the genome of serine biosensor strains for efficient glycine to serine conversion. Then, I implemented the glycine synthesis module of the RGP in these strains for the glycine and serine synthesis from formate and CO2. I successfully conducted Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) using these strains, which yielded a strain capable of glycine and serine biosynthesis from formate and CO2. Significant growth improvements from 0.0041 h-1 to 0.03695 h-1 were observed during ALE. To validate glycine and serine synthesis, I conducted carbon tracing experiments with 13C formate and 13CO2, confirming that more than 90% of glycine and serine biosynthesis in the evolved strains occurs via the RGP. Interestingly, labeling data also revealed that 10-15% of alanine was labelled, indicating pyruvate synthesis from the formate-derived serine using native serine deaminase (Cha1p) activity. Thus, RGP contributes to a small pyruvate pool which is converted to alanine without any selection pressure for pyruvate synthesis from formate. Hence, this data confirms the activity of all three modules of RGP even in the presence of glucose. Further, ALE in glucose limiting conditions did not improve pyruvate flux via the RGP.
Growth characterization of these strains showed that the best growth rates were achieved in formate concentrations between 25 mM to 300 mM. Optimum growth required 5% CO2, and dropped when the CO2 concentration was reduced from 5% to 2.5%.
Whole-genome sequencing of these evolved strains revealed mutations in genes that encode Gdh1p, Pet9p, and Idh1p. These enzymes might influence intracellular NADPH, ATP, and NADH levels, indicating adjustment to meet the energy demand of the RGP. I reverse-engineered the GDH1 truncation mutation on unevolved serine biosensor strains and reproduced formate dependent growth. To elucidate the effect of the GDH1 mutation on formate assimilation, I reintroduced this mutation in the S288c strain and conducted carbon-tracing experiments to compared formate assimilation between WT and ∆gdh1 mutant strains. Comparatively, enhanced formate assimilation was recorded in the ∆gdh1 mutant strain.
Although the 13C carbon tracing experiments confirmed the activity of all three modules of the RGP, the overall pyruvate flux via the RGP might be limited by the supply of reducing power. Hence, in a different approach, I overexpressed the formate dehydrogenase (Fdh1p) for energy supply and serine deaminase (Cha1p) for active pyruvate synthesis in the S288c parental strain and established growth on formate and serine without glucose in the medium. Further reengineering and evolution of this strain with a consistent energy, and formate-derived serine supply for pyruvate synthesis, is essential to achieve complete formatotrophic growth in the yeast system.
Monoklonale Antikörper (mAK) sind eines der wichtigsten Biomoleküle für die Umweltanalytik und die medizinische Diagnostik. Für die Detektion von Mikroorganismen bilden sie die Grundlage für ein schnelles und präzises Testverfahren. Bis heute gibt es, aufgrund des hohen zeitlichen und materiellen Aufwandes und der unspezifischen Immunisierungsstrategien, nur wenige mAK, die spezifisch Mikroorganismen erkennen.
Zu diesem Zweck sollte ein anwendbares Verfahren für die Generierung von mAK gegen Mikroorganismen entwickelt werden, welches anhand von Escherichia coli O157:H7 und Legionella pneumophila validiert wurde. In dieser Dissertation konnten neue Oberflächenstrukturen auf den Mikroorganismen mittels vergleichender Genomanalysen und in silico Epitopanalysen identifiziert werden. Diese wurden in das Virushüllprotein VP1 integriert und für eine gezielte Immunisierungsstrategie verwendet. Für die Bestimmung antigenspezifischer antikörperproduzierender Hybridome wurde ein Immunfärbeprotokoll entwickelt und etabliert, um die Hybridome im Durchflusszytometer zu sortieren.
In der vorliegenden Studie konnten für E. coli O157:H7 insgesamt 53 potenzielle Proteinkandidaten und für L. pneumophila 38 Proteine mithilfe der bioinformatischen Analyse identifiziert werden. Fünf verschiedene potenzielle Epitope wurden für E. coli O157:H7 und drei verschiedenen für L. pneumophila ausgewählt und für die Immunisierung mit chimären VP1 verwendet. Alle Immunseren zeigten eine antigenspezifische Immunantwort. Aus den nachfolgend generierten Hybridomzellen konnten mehrere Antikörperkandidaten gewonnen werden, welche in Charakterisierungsstudien eine starke Bindung zu E. coli O157:H7 bzw. L. pneumophila vorwiesen. Kreuzreaktivitäten zu anderen relevanten Mikroorganismen konnten keine bzw. nur in geringem Maße festgestellt werden.
Folglich konnte der hier beschriebene interdisziplinäre Ansatz zur Generierung spezifischer mAK gegen Mikroorganismen nachweislich spezifische mAK hervorbringen und ist als hocheffizienter Arbeitsablauf für die Herstellung von Antikörpern gegen Mikroorganismen einsetzbar.
Functional characterization of ROS-responsive genes, ANAC085 and ATR7, in Arabidopsis thaliana
(2023)
Biostimulant SuperFifty based molecular priming to increase plant strength and stress tolerance
(2023)
In times of ongoing biodiversity loss, understanding how communities are structured and what mechanisms and local adaptations underlie the patterns we observe in nature is crucial for predicting how future ecological and anthropogenic changes might affect local and regional biodiversity. Aquatic zooplankton are a group of primary consumers that represent a critical link in the food chain, providing nutrients for the entire food web. Thus, understanding the adaptability and structure of zooplankton communities is essential. In this work, the genetic basis for the different temperature adaptations of two seasonally shifted (i.e., temperature-dependent) occurring freshwater rotifers of a formerly cryptic species complex (Brachionus calyciflorus) was investigated to understand the overall genetic diversity and evolutionary scenario for putative adaptations to different temperature regimes. Furthermore, this work aimed to clarify to what extent the different temperature adaptations may represent a niche partitioning process thus enabling co-existence. The findings were then embedded in a metacommunity context to understand how zooplankton communities assemble in a kettle hole metacommunity located in the northeastern German "Uckermark" and which underlying processes contribute to the biodiversity patterns we observe. Using a combined approach of newly generated mitochondrial resources (genomes/cds) and the analysis of a candidate gene (Heat Shock Protein 40kDa) for temperature adaptation, I showed that the global representatives of B. calyciflorus s.s.. are genetically more similar than B. fernandoi (average pairwise nucleotide diversity: 0.079 intraspecific vs. 0.257 interspecific) indicating that both species carry different standing genetic variation. In addition to differential expression in the thermotolerant B. calyciflorus s.s. and thermosensitive B. fernandoi, the HSP 40kDa also showed structural variation with eleven fixed and six positively selected sites, some of which are located in functional areas of the protein. The estimated divergence time of ~ 25-29 Myr combined with the fixed sites and a prevalence of ancestral amino acids in B. calyciflorus s.s. indicate that B. calyciflorus s.s. remained in the ancestral niche, while B. fernandoi partitioned into a new niche. The comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear markers (HPS 40kDa, ITS1, COI) revealed a hybridisation event between the two species. However, as hybridisation between the two species is rare, it can be concluded that the temporally isolated niches (i.e., seasonal-shifted occurrence) they inhabit based on their different temperature preferences most likely represent a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism that allows sympatric occurrence while maintaining species boundaries. To determine the processes underlying zooplankton community assembly, a zooplankton metacommunity comprising 24 kettle holes was sampled over a two-year period. Active (i.e., water samples) and dormant communities (i.e., dormant eggs hatched from sediment) were identified using a two-fragment DNA metabarcoding approach (COI and 18S). Species richness and diversity as well as community composition were analysed considering spatial, temporal and environmental parameters. The analysis revealed that environmental filtering based on parameters such as pH, size and location of the habitat patch (i.e., kettle hole) and surrounding field crops largely determined zooplankton community composition (explained variance: Bray-Curtis dissimilarities: 10.5%; Jaccard dissimilarities: 12.9%), indicating that adaptation to a particular habitat is a key feature of zooplankton species in this system. While the spatial configuration of the kettle holes played a minor role (explained variance: Bray-Curtis dissimilarities: 2.8% and Jaccard dissimilarities: 5.5%), the individual kettle hole sites had a significant influence on the community composition. This suggests monopolisation/priority effects (i.e., dormant communities) of certain species in individual kettle holes. As environmental filtering is the dominating process structuring zooplankton communities, this system could be significantly influenced by future land-use change, pollution and climate change.
Biomolecules such as proteins and lipids have vital roles in numerous cellular functions, including biomolecule transport, protein functions, cellular homeostasis and biomembrane integrity. Traditional biochemistry methods do not provide precise information about cellular biomolecule distribution and behavior under native environmental conditions since they are not transferable to live cell samples. Consequently, this can lead to inaccuracies in quantifying biomolecule interactions due to potential complexities arising from the heterogeneity of native biomembranes. To overcome these limitations, minimal invasive microscopic techniques, such as fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) in combination with fluorescence proteins (FPs) and fluorescence lipid analogs, have been developed. FFS techniques and membrane property sensors enable the quantification of various parameters, including concentration, dynamics, oligomerization, and interaction of biomolecules in live cell samples.
In this work, several FFS approaches and membrane property sensors were implemented and employed to examine biological processes of diverse context. Multi-color scanning fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (sFCS) was used the examine protein oligomerization, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and protein dynamics at the cellular plasma membrane (PM). Additionally, two-color number and brightness (N&B) analysis was extended with the cross-correlation analysis in order to quantify hetero-interactions of proteins in the PM with very slow motion, which would not accessible with sFCS due strong initial photobleaching. Furthermore, two semi-automatic analysis pipelines were designed: spectral Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis to study changes in membrane charge at the inner leaflet of the PM, and spectral generalized polarization (GP) imaging and spectral phasor analysis to monitor changes in membrane fluidity and order.
An important parameter for studying PPIs is molecular brightness, which directly determines oligomerization and can be extracted from FFS data. However, FPs often display complex photophysical transitions, including dark states. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize FPs for their dark-states to ensure reliable oligomerization measurements. In this study, N&B and sFCS analysis were applied to determine photophysical properties of novel green FPs under different conditions (i.e., excitation power and pH) in living cells. The results showed that the new FPs, mGreenLantern (mGL) and Gamillus, exhibited the highest molecular brightness at the cost of lower photostability. The well-established monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) remained the best option to investigate PPIs at lower pH, while mGL was best suited for neutral pH, and Gamillus for high pH. These findings provide guidance for selecting an appropriate FP to quantify PPIs via FFS under different environmental conditions.
Next, several biophysical fluorescence microscopy approaches (i.e., sFCS, GP imaging, membrane charge FRET) were employed to monitor changes in lipid-lipid-packing in biomembranes in different biological context. Lipid metabolism in cancer cells is known to support rapid proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, targeting lipid synthesis or membrane integrity holds immense promise as an anticancer strategy. However, the mechanism of action of the novel agent erufosine (EPC3) on membrane stability is not fully under
stood. The present work revealed that EPC3 reduces lipid packing and composition as well as increased membrane fluidity and dynamic, hence, modifies lipid-lipid-interaction. These effects on membrane integrity were likely triggered by modulations in lipid metabolism and membrane organization. In the case of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, regulation of lipid metabolism is crucial for multiple steps in IAV replication and is related to the pathogenicity of IAV. Here, it is shown for the first time that IAV infection triggers a local enrichment of negatively charged lipids at the inner leaflet of the PM, which decreases membrane fluidity and dynamic, as well as increases lipid packing at the assembly site in living cells. This suggests that IAV alters lipid-lipid interactions and organization at the PM. Overall, this work highlights the potential of biophysical techniques as a screening platform for studying membrane properties in living cells at the single-cell level.
Finally, this study addressed remaining questions about the early stage of IAV assembly. The recruitment of matrix protein 1 (M1) and its interaction with other viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix protein 2 (M2), has been a subject of debate due to conflicting results. In this study, different FFS approaches were performed in transfected cells to investigate interactions between IAV proteins themselves and host factors at the PM. FFS measurements revealed that M2 interacts strongly with M1, leading to the translocation of M1 to the PM. This interaction likely took place along the non-canonical pathway, as evidenced by the detection of an interaction between M2 and the host factor LC3-II, leading to the recruitment of LC3-II to the PM. Moreover, weaker interaction was observed between HA and membrane-bound M1, and no interaction between NA and M1. Interestingly, higher oligomeric states of M1 were only detectable in infected cells. These results indicate that M2 initiates virion assembly by recruiting M1 to the PM, which may serve as a platform for further interactions with viral proteins and host factors.
In the present thesis, AC electrokinetic forces, like dielectrophoresis and AC electroosmosis, were demonstrated as a simple and fast method to functionalize the surface of nanoelectrodes with submicrometer sized biological objects. These nanoelectrodes have a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 500 nm arranged in an array of 6256 electrodes. Due to its medical relevance influenza virus as well as anti-influenza antibodies were chosen as a model organism. Common methods to bring antibodies or proteins to biosensor surfaces are complex and time-consuming. In the present work, it was demonstrated that by applying AC electric fields influenza viruses and antibodies can be immobilized onto the nanoelectrodes within seconds without any prior chemical modification of neither the surface nor the immobilized biological object. The distribution of these immobilized objects is not uniform over the entire array, it exhibits a decreasing gradient from the outer row to the inner ones. Different causes for this gradient have been discussed, such as the vortex-shaped fluid motion above the nanoelectrodes generated by, among others, electrothermal fluid flow. It was demonstrated that parts of the accumulated material are permanently immobilized to the electrodes. This is a unique characteristic of the presented system since in the literature the AC electrokinetic immobilization is almost entirely presented as a method just for temporary immobilization. The spatial distribution of the immobilized viral material or the anti-influenza antibodies at the electrodes was observed by either the combination of fluorescence microscopy and deconvolution or by super-resolution microscopy (STED). On-chip immunoassays were performed to examine the suitability of the functionalized electrodes as a potential affinity-based biosensor. Two approaches were pursued: A) the influenza virus as the bio-receptor or B) the influenza virus as the analyte. Different sources of error were eliminated by ELISA and passivation experiments. Hence, the activity of the immobilized object was inspected by incubation with the analyte. This resulted in the successful detection of anti-influenza antibodies by the immobilized viral material. On the other hand, a detection of influenza virus particles by the immobilized anti-influenza antibodies was not possible. The latter might be due to lost activity or wrong orientation of the antibodies. Thus, further examinations on the activity of by AC electric fields immobilized antibodies should follow. When combined with microfluidics and an electrical read-out system, the functionalized chips possess the potential to serve as a rapid, portable, and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) device. This device can be utilized as a basis for diverse applications in diagnosing and treating influenza, as well as various other pathogens.
The global climate crisis is significantly contributing to changing ecosystems, loss of biodiversity and is putting numerous species on the verge of extinction. In principle, many species are able to adapt to changing conditions or shift their habitats to more suitable regions. However, change is progressing faster than some species can adjust, or potential adaptation is blocked and disrupted by direct and indirect human action. Unsustainable anthropogenic land use in particular is one of the driving factors, besides global heating, for these ecologically critical developments. Precisely because land use is anthropogenic, it is also a factor that could be quickly and immediately corrected by human action.
In this thesis, I therefore assess the impact of three climate change scenarios of increasing intensity in combination with differently scheduled mowing regimes on the long-term development and dispersal success of insects in Northwest German grasslands. The large marsh grasshopper (LMG, Stethophyma grossum, Linné 1758) is used as a species of reference for the analyses. It inhabits wet meadows and marshes and has a limited, yet fairly good ability to disperse. Mowing and climate conditions affect the development and mortality of the LMG differently depending on its life stage.
The specifically developed simulation model HiLEG (High-resolution Large Environmental
Gradient) serves as a tool for investigating and projecting viability and dispersal success under different climate conditions and land use scenarios. It is a spatially explicit, stage- and cohort-based model that can be individually configured to represent the life cycle and characteristics of terrestrial insect species, as well as high-resolution environmental data and the occurrence of external disturbances. HiLEG is a freely available and adjustable software that can be used to support conservation planning in cultivated grasslands.
In the three case studies of this thesis, I explore various aspects related to the structure of simulation models per se, their importance in conservation planning in general, and insights regarding the LMG in particular. It became apparent that the detailed resolution of model processes and components is crucial to project the long-term effect of spatially and temporally confined events. Taking into account conservation measures at the regional level has further proven relevant, especially in light of the climate crisis. I found that the LMG is benefiting from global warming in principle, but continues to be constrained by harmful mowing regimes. Land use measures could, however, be adapted in such a way that they allow the expansion and establishment of the LMG without overly affecting agricultural yields.
Overall, simulation models like HiLEG can make an important contribution and add value
to conservation planning and policy-making. Properly used, simulation results shed light
on aspects that might be overlooked by subjective judgment and the experience of individual stakeholders. Even though it is in the nature of models that they are subject to limitations and only represent fragments of reality, this should not keep stakeholders from using them, as long as these limitations are clearly communicated. Similar to HiLEG, models could further be designed in such a way that not only the parameterization can be adjusted as required, but also the implementation itself can be improved and changed as desired. This openness and flexibility should become more widespread in the development of simulation models.
Conservation of the jaguar relies on holistic and transdisciplinary conservation strategies that integratively safeguard essential, connected habitats, sustain viable populations and their genetic exchange, and foster peaceful human-jaguar coexistence. These strategies define four research priorities to advance jaguar conservation throughout the species’ range. In this thesis I provide several relevant ecological and sociological insights into these research priorities, each addressed in a separate chapter. I focus on the effects of anthropogenic landscapes on jaguar habitat use and population gene flow, spatial patterns of jaguar habitat suitability and functional population connectivity, and on innovative governance approaches which can work synergistically to help achieve human-wildlife conviviality. Furthermore, I translate these insights into recommendations for conservation practice by providing tools and suggestions that conservation managers and stakeholders can use to implement local actions but also make broad scale conservation decisions in Central America. In Chapter 2, I model regional habitat use of jaguars, producing spatially-explicit maps for management of key areas of habitat suitability. Using an occupancy model of 13-year-camera-trap occurrence data, I show that human influence has the strongest impact on jaguar habitat use, and that Jaguar Conservation Units are the most important reservoirs of high quality habitat in this region. I build upon these results by zooming in to an area of high habitat suitability loss in Chapter 3, northern Central America. Here I study the drivers of jaguar gene flow and I produce spatially-explicit maps for management of key areas of functional population connectivity in this region. I use microsatellite data and pseudo-optimized multiscale, multivariate resistance surfaces of gene flow to show that jaguar gene flow is influenced by environmental, and even more strongly, by human influence variables; and that the areas of lowest gene flow resistance largely coincide with the location of the Jaguar Conservation Units. Given that human activities significantly impact jaguar habitat use and gene flow, securing viable jaguar populations in anthropogenic landscapes also requires fostering peaceful human-wildlife coexistence. This is a complex challenge that cannot be met without transdisciplinary academic research and cross-sectoral, collaborative governance structures that effectively respond to the multiple challenges of such coexistence. With this in mind, I focus in Chapter 4 on carnivore conservation initiatives that apply transformative governance approaches to enact transformative change towards human-carnivore coexistence. Using the frameworks of transformative biodiversity governance and convivial conservation, I highlight in this chapter concrete pathways, supported by more inclusive, democratic forms of conservation decision-making and participation that promote truly transformative changes towards human-jaguar conviviality.