Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (707) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (383)
- Postprint (287)
- Article (17)
- Habilitation Thesis (7)
- Master's Thesis (7)
- Conference Proceeding (4)
- Bachelor Thesis (1)
- Other (1)
Keywords
- Arabidopsis thaliana (17)
- climate change (17)
- Klimawandel (15)
- Arabidopsis (11)
- biodiversity (11)
- Ökologie (11)
- evolution (10)
- Biosensor (9)
- Dictyostelium (9)
- Evolution (9)
- Modellierung (9)
- ecology (9)
- metabolism (9)
- Biodiversität (8)
- Serotonin (8)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (8)
- coexistence (8)
- diversity (8)
- protein (8)
- salivary gland (8)
- DNA (7)
- Stoffwechsel (7)
- Systembiologie (7)
- animal personality (7)
- biosensor (7)
- population dynamics (7)
- transcription factors (7)
- Antikörper (6)
- Centrosom (6)
- ancient DNA (6)
- cyanobacteria (6)
- dispersal (6)
- ecological modelling (6)
- functional diversity (6)
- functional traits (6)
- insect (6)
- metabolomics (6)
- microplastics (6)
- modelling (6)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (6)
- phosphorylation (6)
- serotonin (6)
- synthetic biology (6)
- transcriptomics (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (5)
- Biogenic amine (5)
- Chlamydomonas (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Dielektrophorese (5)
- GPS (5)
- Phosphorylierung (5)
- Photosynthese (5)
- Speicheldrüse (5)
- adaptation (5)
- antibody (5)
- biogenic amines (5)
- centrosome (5)
- dielectrophoresis (5)
- dopamine (5)
- freshwater (5)
- gene expression (5)
- gene-expression (5)
- microcystin (5)
- phylogeny (5)
- protein folding (5)
- systems biology (5)
- thermodynamic stability (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (4)
- Bioinformatik (4)
- Datenbank (4)
- Diversität (4)
- Dopamin (4)
- Escherichia coli (4)
- GABA (4)
- GPCR (4)
- Influenza (4)
- Insekten (4)
- Koexistenz (4)
- Mikrofluidik (4)
- Mikrotubuli (4)
- Pflanzen (4)
- Protein (4)
- Proteinfaltung (4)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (4)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (4)
- Tyramin (4)
- biofilm (4)
- biogeography (4)
- bioinformatics (4)
- dynamics (4)
- fluorescence microscopy (4)
- global change (4)
- honeybee (4)
- influenza (4)
- lamin (4)
- mathematische Modellierung (4)
- metabolic networks (4)
- metabolite profiling (4)
- methanogenic archaea (4)
- miRNA (4)
- microtubules (4)
- movement ecology (4)
- next generation sequencing (4)
- peptide (4)
- photosynthesis (4)
- plankton (4)
- seed dispersal (4)
- thermodynamische Stabilität (4)
- transcription factor (4)
- ökologische Modellierung (4)
- Arctic (3)
- Arktis (3)
- Ausbreitung (3)
- Bacteria (3)
- Bakteriophagen (3)
- Biochemie (3)
- Biomaterialien (3)
- Bombina bombina (3)
- Capsella (3)
- Cyanobacteria (3)
- Diabetes (3)
- Ecology (3)
- Entwicklung (3)
- Enzyme (3)
- European hare (3)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (3)
- G protein-coupled receptor (3)
- Genexpression (3)
- Genomics (3)
- Genomik (3)
- Gewässerökologie (3)
- Honigbiene (3)
- Israel (3)
- LCSM (3)
- Massenspektrometrie (3)
- Metabolit (3)
- Microarray (3)
- Microtus arvalis (3)
- Mikrobiologie (3)
- Mikroplastik (3)
- Nahrungsnetze (3)
- Naturstoffe (3)
- O-antigen (3)
- Octopamin (3)
- PKA (3)
- Peptid (3)
- Populationsdynamik (3)
- Rezeptor (3)
- Sekundärmetabolite (3)
- Siberia (3)
- Sibirien (3)
- Solanum tuberosum (3)
- Speichel (3)
- Tailspike (3)
- Transkriptom (3)
- Transkriptomik (3)
- Virus (3)
- Weißstorch (3)
- Zellwand (3)
- abiotic stress (3)
- alien species (3)
- biogenic amine (3)
- cellular signalling (3)
- cockroach (3)
- community (3)
- cyclic AMP (3)
- database (3)
- diabetes (3)
- enzyme (3)
- epigenetics (3)
- fatty acid (3)
- food quality (3)
- food webs (3)
- genetic diversity (3)
- grazing (3)
- home range (3)
- immobilization (3)
- individual-based model (3)
- insects (3)
- introgression (3)
- lake (3)
- landscape of fear (3)
- life history (3)
- lokale Anpassung (3)
- management (3)
- mathematical modeling (3)
- mathematical modelling (3)
- mechanobiology (3)
- metabolite (3)
- methane (3)
- microarray (3)
- microsatellites (3)
- nuclear envelope (3)
- nuclear lamina (3)
- nucleus (3)
- octopamine (3)
- phytoplankton (3)
- plants (3)
- plasticity (3)
- proteins (3)
- regulation (3)
- reproduction (3)
- rodents (3)
- salmonella (3)
- species coexistence (3)
- starch (3)
- stress (3)
- sucrose (3)
- sulfite oxidase (3)
- symbiosis (3)
- synthetische Biologie (3)
- transcription (3)
- translation (3)
- tyramine (3)
- wheat (3)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (3)
- 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (2)
- AFLP (2)
- Adhäsion (2)
- Agentenbasierte Modelle (2)
- Agrarökologie (2)
- Amerikanische Schabe (2)
- Animal personality (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Anthropometrie (2)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (2)
- BMI (2)
- Bakterien (2)
- Behaviour (2)
- Bewegung (2)
- Biene (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biofilme (2)
- Biogene Amine (2)
- Biosensoren (2)
- Brachionus calyciflorus (2)
- Brassicaceae (2)
- Calcineurin (2)
- Calcium-Imaging (2)
- Calliphora (2)
- Centrosome (2)
- Chloroplast (2)
- Chloroplasten (2)
- Cytochrom c (2)
- DNA assembly (2)
- DNA methylation (2)
- Daphnia (2)
- Disturbance (2)
- Donovani (2)
- ENTH domain proteins (2)
- Einzelmolekülkraftspektroskopie (2)
- Elektrochemie (2)
- Enzym (2)
- Enzymkinetik (2)
- Epigenetik (2)
- Eutrophierung (2)
- Evolutionsbiologie (2)
- Feldhase (2)
- Fitness (2)
- Fragmentierung (2)
- G-Protein-gekoppelte-Rezeptoren (2)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (2)
- GC-MS (2)
- Gelatine (2)
- H2S biosynthesis (2)
- HIREC (2)
- Heterosis (2)
- Hydrogel (2)
- Hydrogele (2)
- Immobilisierung (2)
- Immunoassay (2)
- Individual-based models (2)
- Insekt (2)
- Interaktion (2)
- JUB1 (2)
- Kartoffel (2)
- Kernhülle (2)
- Koexpression (2)
- Konnektivität (2)
- Korrelationsanalyse (2)
- Lamin (2)
- Landschaft der Angst (2)
- Lepus europaeus (2)
- Lipide (2)
- MHC (2)
- MSAP (2)
- Mars (2)
- Medicago truncatula (2)
- Melampyrum pratense (2)
- Membranproteine (2)
- Metabolism (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metaboliten (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Metabolomik (2)
- Metagemeinschaften (2)
- Microcystin (2)
- Microcystis (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Mikroorganismen (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Mitochondria (2)
- Mitose (2)
- Moco biosynthesis (2)
- Molekularbiologie (2)
- Multiplex (2)
- Mykotoxine (2)
- Myodes glareolus (2)
- NE Germany (2)
- NE81 (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Nanostruktur (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nostoc punctiforme (2)
- Obesity (2)
- PBPK (2)
- PUFA (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Pathogen (2)
- Periplaneta americana (2)
- Permafrost (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- Pharmakologie (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogeny (2)
- Phylogeographie (2)
- Phytoplankton (2)
- Plankton (2)
- Plants (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Plastid (2)
- Poecilia mexicana (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polyethylenglykol (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Professionswissen (2)
- Promotor (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Proteine (2)
- Quantitative Trait Locus (2)
- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (2)
- RNA (2)
- RNA-Seq (2)
- ROS (2)
- RT-PCR (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Reproduktionserfolg (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- RubisCO (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Salmonella (2)
- Schmalwand <Arabidopsis> (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Sequence alignment (2)
- Sequenzierung (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Silene vulgaris (2)
- Simulationsmodell (2)
- Solidago canadensis (2)
- Solidago gigantea (2)
- Stickstoff (2)
- Stress (2)
- Stärke (2)
- System (2)
- Tomate (2)
- Trockenstress (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- V-ATPase (2)
- Wachstum (2)
- Weizen (2)
- Zelladhäsion (2)
- Zellkern (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- Zweizustandsmodell (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- activation (2)
- adhesion (2)
- agricultural landscapes (2)
- alignment (2)
- allometry (2)
- angiogenesis (2)
- aquatic fungi (2)
- arabidopsis (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- association (2)
- atomic force microscope (2)
- autophagy (2)
- auxin (2)
- auxotrophy (2)
- benzaldehyde (2)
- biochemistry (2)
- biogene Amine (2)
- biomaterials (2)
- biophysics (2)
- biosensors (2)
- bird migration (2)
- bryophytes (2)
- cAMP (2)
- calcite (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer (2)
- carbohydrates (2)
- carbon (2)
- carbon cycling (2)
- cell adhesion (2)
- cell signaling (2)
- cell wall (2)
- cell-free protein synthesis (2)
- cells (2)
- cellular bioenergetics (2)
- chlamydomonas (2)
- chloroplast (2)
- chloroplasts (2)
- coiled coil (2)
- common vole (2)
- community ecology (2)
- competition (2)
- connectivity (2)
- conservation (2)
- conservation genetics (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- crystal-structure (2)
- cytosine methylation (2)
- cytoskeleton (2)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (2)
- deep biosphere (2)
- deep-sea (2)
- defense (2)
- degradation (2)
- development (2)
- dictyostelium (2)
- disease (2)
- disturbance (2)
- diversification (2)
- drought stress (2)
- drug release (2)
- ecosystem functioning (2)
- ecosystems (2)
- efficient (2)
- electron microscopy (2)
- endophytes (2)
- environmental change (2)
- enzymes (2)
- ephrin (2)
- epizoochory (2)
- eutrophication (2)
- evolutionary biology (2)
- evolutionary history (2)
- expansion microscopy (2)
- exploratory-behavior (2)
- expression (2)
- fence ecology (2)
- fire (2)
- fitness (2)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (2)
- food web (2)
- fungi (2)
- funktionelle Diversität (2)
- gene (2)
- genetic engineering (2)
- genetic screen (2)
- genetischer Screen (2)
- genome scan (2)
- genomics (2)
- giving-up density (2)
- glycogen (2)
- grassland (2)
- habitat use (2)
- heat stress memory (2)
- honey bee (2)
- hybridization capture (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- individual based modeling (2)
- inflammation (2)
- inheritance (2)
- interaction (2)
- interspecific interactions (2)
- intraspecific trait variation (2)
- iron (2)
- land use (2)
- leaf (2)
- light pollution (2)
- lipids (2)
- lipopolysaccharide (2)
- local adaptation (2)
- machine learning (2)
- metabolische Netzwerke (2)
- metabolites (2)
- microbial interactions (2)
- microbiology (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- mining lakes (2)
- mobile links (2)
- molecular biology (2)
- molecular modeling (2)
- molybdenum cofactor (2)
- monoclonal antibodies (2)
- monoklonale Antikörper (2)
- movement (2)
- mycotoxins (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- nanostructure (2)
- natural products (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- networks (2)
- organisches Material (2)
- palaeogenomics (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- parallel beta-helix (2)
- pathway engineering (2)
- pectate lyase (2)
- peptides (2)
- persulfide (2)
- pharmacology (2)
- phenology (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- phloem (2)
- phloem proteins (2)
- phosphate (2)
- phylogeography (2)
- plant (2)
- plant community (2)
- plant diversity (2)
- plant ecology (2)
- plant functional trait (2)
- plant science (2)
- point-of-care (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- polyethylene (2)
- polyethylene glycol (2)
- polystyrene (2)
- population structure (2)
- potato (2)
- predator-prey (2)
- proteasomal degradation (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein-carbohydrate interactions (2)
- protein-protein interactions (2)
- range shifts (2)
- receptor (2)
- recognition (2)
- recombinant inbred line (2)
- redox (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- reptiles (2)
- ribosome profiling (2)
- rotifer (2)
- salinity gradient (2)
- scaling (2)
- secondary metabolites (2)
- sedaDNA (2)
- seed bank (2)
- selenium (2)
- serine cycle (2)
- shotgun sequencing (2)
- simulation (2)
- single-molecule force spectroscopy (2)
- small mammals (2)
- space use (2)
- spatial autocorrelation (2)
- spatially explicit model (2)
- species richness (2)
- starch degradation (2)
- starch metabolism (2)
- stress response (2)
- structure (2)
- support vector machine (2)
- tailspike (2)
- tailspike protein (2)
- temperature (2)
- trait variation (2)
- transcript (2)
- transformation (2)
- transport (2)
- treeline (2)
- two-state model (2)
- ungulate (2)
- vegetation change (2)
- veterinary cordon fence (2)
- video analysis (2)
- virus (2)
- white stork (2)
- zebrafish (2)
- zebularine (2)
- zinc (2)
- "Omik"-Technologien (1)
- "Optimal annual routine"-Modell (1)
- (SEPE) factors (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 11beta-HSD1 (1)
- 2 Different Strains (1)
- 2-oxoglutarat / FeII- abhängige Dioxygenases (1)
- 2-oxoglutarate /FeII-dependant dioxygenases (1)
- 26S-Proteasom-System-Abbau (1)
- 3-Phosphoglycerinsäure (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-Methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methylaminomethyl-2-Thiouridin (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolat (1)
- 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (1)
- 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine (1)
- 60S maturation (1)
- 60S-Reifung (1)
- 7-Methylheptadecan (1)
- 7-methylheptadecane (1)
- <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (1)
- <i>Zygogonium ericetorum</i> (1)
- A. tenuissima (1)
- ABA (1)
- ABC transporter (1)
- ABCB7 (1)
- AC Elektrokinetik (1)
- AC Elektroosmosis (1)
- AC electrokinetics (1)
- AC electroosmosis (1)
- ACD6 (1)
- ADP-Glukosepyrophosphorylase (1)
- ALAN (1)
- ALOX15B (1)
- AMT (1)
- ARMS (1)
- AT1 receptor / preeclampsia / AT1-AAB / neonatal rat cardiomyocytes / autoantibody / angiotensin II (1)
- AT1-Rezeptor / Präeklampsie / AT1-AAK / neonatale Rattenkardiomyozyten / Autoantikörper / Angiotensin II (1)
- ATP (1)
- ATPS (1)
- Abbau (1)
- Abscisic-acid (1)
- Abszisinsäure (1)
- Acacia mellifera (1)
- Acetobacteraceae (1)
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1)
- Acetylcholinesterase (1)
- Achlya (1)
- Achlyaceae (1)
- Acinonyx jubatus (1)
- Acoustic-Signals (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton (1)
- Activity (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adhäsionsproteine (1)
- Adiponectin (1)
- Adipositas (1)
- Africa (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Aggressivität (1)
- Agrarlandschaft (1)
- Agroecology (1)
- Aktin (1)
- Aktionsraum (1)
- Aktivität (1)
- Aktivitätsmessung (1)
- Aldehydoxidase (1)
- Allometrie (1)
- Allozymes (1)
- Alternaria infectoria (1)
- Alternaria toxin sulfates (1)
- Altersabhängigkeit (1)
- Altitude (1)
- Aluize (1)
- Alzheimer (1)
- Alzheimer's Disease (1)
- Amaranthus retroflexus (1)
- Amblystegiaceae (1)
- Aminosäuren (1)
- Ammonium (1)
- Ammoniumassimilation (1)
- Ammoniumtransporter (1)
- Amperometrie (1)
- Amplicon sequencing (1)
- Amsinckia (1)
- Amyloid beta (1)
- Angewandte Mikrobiologie (1)
- Angiogenese (1)
- Anoxie (1)
- Anreicherungsmethoden (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Anti-Diuron-Antikörper (1)
- Antibiotic alternatives (1)
- Antibiotic resistance (1)
- Antibiotika (1)
- Antibiotikaersatz (1)
- Antibodies (1)
- Antikörpercharakterisierung (1)
- Antikörperproduktion (1)
- Antikörpervalidierung (1)
- Antiphospholipid antibody (1)
- Antiphospholipid syndrome (1)
- Aphid host (1)
- Aphidius ervi (1)
- Apis mellifera (1)
- Apodemus (1)
- Apoptose (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Approximate Bayesian Computation (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Aptamers (1)
- Apteryx (1)
- Apyrase (1)
- Aquatic Ecology (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana cell size S-morph (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) (1)
- Arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza (1)
- Archaea (1)
- Arealverschiebungen (1)
- Argininbiosynthese (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Array Hybridisierung (1)
- Arsen (1)
- Arsenic (1)
- Artengemeinschaft (1)
- Artenreichtum (1)
- Artenzahl (1)
- Artverbreitungsmodelle (1)
- Arylcarbamate (1)
- Arylharnstoffe (1)
- Ascomycota (1)
- Ascorbat-Oxidase (1)
- Asplanchna brightwellii (1)
- Assoziation (1)
- Asymmetric interlaced PCR (1)
- AtAMT1.1 (1)
- AtAMT1.2 (1)
- AtAMT1.3 (1)
- AtAMT1.4 (1)
- AtAMT1.5 (1)
- AtDGK gene (1)
- AtDGK genes (1)
- Atrophin-1 (1)
- Auenreaktivierung (1)
- Aufnahme (1)
- Ausbreitungsverhalten (1)
- Auskreuzungsrate (1)
- Ausrichtung (1)
- Aussterbeschuld (1)
- Austausch zwischen zwei Spezies (1)
- Australia (1)
- Australien (1)
- Autophagie (1)
- Autotrophie (1)
- Auxine (1)
- Auxotrophie (1)
- B lymphocytes (1)
- B-Lymphozyten (1)
- B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation (1)
- BEEHAVE (1)
- BESSY (1)
- BIA (1)
- BROAD LEAF1 (1)
- Bacteriophage (1)
- Baculovirus (1)
- Bakterien Sensor (1)
- Bakteriophage T7 (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Barley (1)
- Bastardbleichheit (1)
- Baumgrenze (1)
- Baumgrenzen-Dynamik (1)
- Bayes'sche Inferenz (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Bead (1)
- Beneficial mutations (1)
- Benzaldehyd (1)
- Beschleunigungsmessungen (1)
- Bestandsparameter (1)
- Bestäubung (1)
- Beta-Diversität (1)
- Beta-Zelle (1)
- Beta2 - glycoprotein I (1)
- Betta-splendens (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Binding-protein hyl1 (1)
- Bioaktivierung (1)
- Biochemical pathway database (1)
- Bioelektrokatalytisches Recycling (1)
- Biogas (1)
- Biogeographie (1)
- Biohybride Organe (1)
- Biokatalyse (1)
- Biokatalytisches Recyc (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Biologieunterricht (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomasse (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Biomembran (1)
- Biomolekülinteraktionen (1)
- Biophysik (1)
- Bioreaktor (1)
- Biosignaturen (1)
- Biosynthese (1)
- Biotechnologie (1)
- Biotoptypen (1)
- Bistabilität (1)
- Bisulfit Sequenzierung (1)
- Bittergeschmack (1)
- Bittergeschmacksrezeptor (1)
- Black Queen Hypothesis (1)
- Blasia (1)
- Blatt (1)
- Blattalterung (1)
- Blattbreite (1)
- Blattläuse (1)
- Blattmorphologie (1)
- Blaulicht (1)
- Blaulichtsensoren (1)
- Blue-light sensors (1)
- Blühzeit (1)
- Blüte-Bestäuber-Interaktion (1)
- Blütenduft (1)
- Blütenökologie (1)
- Bodenmikrobiologie (1)
- Body-Size (1)
- Borna Disease Virus (1)
- Borna disease virus (1)
- Borrelia burgdorferi (1)
- Botanik (1)
- Boten-RNA (mRNA) (1)
- Brachfläche (1)
- Brachionus fernandoi (1)
- Brachypodium distachyon (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brachypodium stacei (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- Brassica napus L. (1)
- Brassinosteroide (1)
- Brassinosteroids (1)
- Braunmoose (1)
- Breeding (1)
- Breitengrad (1)
- Brownification (1)
- Brut (1)
- Bryophyten (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Bt maize (1)
- Bt-Mais (1)
- Buchfink (1)
- Budozone (1)
- C4 (1)
- CBD (1)
- CD95 (1)
- CDF (1)
- CDK5RAP2 (1)
- CEA (1)
- CED (1)
- CESA Komplex (1)
- CHO-THF, CH-THF, CH2-THF und CH3-THF (1)
- CHO-THF, CH-THF, CH2-THF, and CH3-THF (1)
- CNL1 (1)
- CO2 degassing (1)
- CO2-Entgasung (1)
- COR15A (1)
- CP75 (1)
- CPG Islands (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- Ca2+ (1)
- CaM4 (1)
- Calcineurin-Inhibitoren (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Campylomormyrus (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canopy parameters (1)
- Carabidae beetles (1)
- Carbon (1)
- Carbon Cycling (1)
- Carbon concentrating mechanism (1)
- Carbon cycling (1)
- Carboxynitrofluorenon (1)
- Carboxysomen (1)
- Carlini Station (1)
- Carnivorous plant (1)
- Carry-over-Effekte (1)
- Cattle (1)
- Cell (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Cell polarity (1)
- Central America (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Centromere (1)
- Centromeres (1)
- Cep192 (1)
- Chaffinch (1)
- Changane (1)
- Chelonia mydas (1)
- Chemosensory genes (1)
- Chemostatexperimente (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chenopodium album (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chicken Repeat (1)
- Chiroptera (1)
- Chlorella vulgaris (1)
- Chlorophyll (1)
- Chloroplast gene expression (1)
- Chloroplast transformation (1)
- Chloroplasten-Genexpression (1)
- Chloroplastentransformation (1)
- Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (1)
- Chukotka vegetation (1)
- Chytridiomycota (1)
- Ciliaten (1)
- Cirriferum myzostomida (1)
- Clathrin-bedeckte Vesikel (1)
- Clethra arborea (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Clonal growth (1)
- Clostridium difficile (1)
- Co-Evolution (1)
- Co-Transfektion (1)
- Coadaptation (1)
- Codierungssequenz (1)
- Codon Usage (1)
- Coexpression (1)
- Coiled Coil (1)
- Coiled coils (1)
- Cokultur (1)
- Cold acclimation (1)
- Colonkrebs (1)
- Columella (1)
- Community assembly (1)
- Complex networks (1)
- Composite (1)
- Connectivity (1)
- Constraint-basierte Modellierung (1)
- Convergent Evolution (1)
- Copolymere (1)
- Corynephorus canescens (1)
- Costa Rica (1)
- Costamer (1)
- Covalent imprinting (1)
- Cre Rekombinase (1)
- Cre recombinase (1)
- Crotalus (1)
- Cyanobakterien-Biomarker (1)
- Cyclosporin A (1)
- Cytochome c (1)
- Cytochrome b (1)
- Cytosin-Methylierung (1)
- Cytosolische Translation in Pflanzen (1)
- D statistics (1)
- DGD1 (1)
- DISC (1)
- DNA Ejektion (1)
- DNA Elements (1)
- DNA cleavage (1)
- DNA cloning (1)
- DNA ejection (1)
- DNA metabarcoding (1)
- DNA methylation loss (1)
- DNA modification (1)
- DNA nanostructure (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DNA vaccine (1)
- DNA-Aptamer (1)
- DNA-Chip (1)
- DNA-Lipid-Wechselwirkung (1)
- DNA-Vakzinierung (1)
- DNA-binding (1)
- DNA-lipid-interaction (1)
- DNS (1)
- DNS Assemblierung (1)
- DNS-Chip (1)
- DOC (1)
- DOF Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- DOF transcription factors (1)
- DRB Evolution (1)
- DRB evolution (1)
- DRYM (1)
- DSS-Colitis (1)
- Damage assessment (1)
- Data sets (1)
- Database (1)
- Datenanalyse und Statistik (1)
- Datenintegration (1)
- Datura stramonium (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- De novo Assemblierung (1)
- Degradom (1)
- Deichrückverlegung (1)
- Delomys (1)
- Derivatisierung (1)
- Dermochelys coriacea (1)
- Design Research (1)
- Detektionssystem (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Development (1)
- Diacylglycerol (1)
- Diacylglycerol-Kinasen (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Dialel (1)
- Diaspore morphology (1)
- Diasporenmorphologie (1)
- Dichteabhängigkeit (1)
- Differential gene expression (1)
- Differenzielle Genexpression (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Digestive enzyme activity (1)
- Directional climate change (1)
- Diseases of the nervous system (1)
- Disproportionating Enzyme (1)
- Disproportionierungsenzym (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Dissoziation (1)
- Disturbance impacts (1)
- Disturbance indicator (1)
- Diuron (1)
- Diversity-Productivity relationship (1)
- Diversitäts-Produktivitäts-Beziehung (1)
- Diätintervention (1)
- Docking interactions (1)
- Domestic animals (1)
- Doping (1)
- Dormanz (1)
- Dreischluchten-Stausee (1)
- Dreissena polymorpha (1)
- Dreizustandsmodell (1)
- Drosophila (1)
- Drought tolerance (1)
- Durchfluß-Biochip-Scanner (1)
- Dwelling Atlantic Mollies (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- E. coli (1)
- E3-Ubiquitin Ligasen (1)
- E3-ubiquitin ligases (1)
- EAAT1 (1)
- EDTA (1)
- EGFP (1)
- EHV-1 (1)
- ENTH-Domänen Proteine (1)
- ENTH-Domänenproteine (1)
- ETV (1)
- EWPC2019 (1)
- Early Starvation 1 (1)
- Early starvation protein (1)
- East Africa (1)
- East Prussia (1)
- Ecosystem development (1)
- Ecotoxicology (1)
- Effekt (1)
- Egg Size (1)
- Ein Kohlenstoff (1)
- Einjahrespflanzen (1)
- Einschätzung der Diffusion (1)
- Einwanderungskredit (1)
- Einzelbasenaustausch (1)
- Einzelmolekül-Kraftspektroskopie (1)
- Einzelzellanalytik (1)
- Einzelzellbewegung (1)
- Einzelzellen (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Eisen-Schwefel-Cluster (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- El Niño/Southern Oscillation-Phänomen (1)
- El`gygytgyn Kratersee (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electrochemistry (1)
- Elektrische Entladung (1)
- Elektrische Fische (1)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Elektrophysiologie (1)
- Elephant disturbance (1)
- El’gygytgyn Crater Lake (1)
- Emberiza (1)
- Emulsionen (1)
- Endophyten (1)
- Energetik (1)
- Energiebudget (1)
- Energiemangel (1)
- Energy expenditure (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Environmental Metabolomics (1)
- Enzymadsorption (1)
- Enzyme adsorption (1)
- Enzyme kinetics (1)
- Enzymelektrode ; Monophenolmonooxygenase (1)
- Enzymmodelle (1)
- EphA2 (1)
- Ephrin (1)
- Epidemic (1)
- Epidemics (1)
- Epidemie (1)
- Epidemien (1)
- Epigenom Editierung (1)
- Epiphyten (1)
- Epithelial tube (1)
- Epithelien (1)
- Epitope mapping (1)
- Epitopmapping (1)
- Epitopvorhersage (1)
- Epizoochorie (1)
- Erbe (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Erhaltungszucht (1)
- Erigeron annuus (1)
- Erigeron canadensis (1)
- Erkenntnisgewinnung (1)
- Ernte (1)
- Ernte von Wildebeständen (1)
- Ernährungsgewohnheiten (1)
- Ernährungszustand (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Erucasäure (1)
- Erweitertes Fachwissen für den schulischen Kontext (1)
- Erythropoese (1)
- Essentialität (1)
- Essigsäurebakterien (1)
- Estuary SW Netherlands (1)
- Etablierung (1)
- Eukaryota (1)
- Eukaryoten (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European Multi Lake Survey (1)
- European corn borer (1)
- Evolutionsgenetik (1)
- Evolutionsrunde (1)
- ExPEC (1)
- Exocrine gland (1)
- Expansions-Mikroskopie (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extinktionsrisko (1)
- Extravasation-rate limited Gewebemodelle (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- FRAP (1)
- Fachwissen (1)
- Faltung (1)
- Families (1)
- Feature Engineering (1)
- Feldberger Seenlandschaft ; Agrarlandschaft ; Brache ; Samenpflanzen ; Bestäuber ; Artenreichtum (1)
- Feldmaus (1)
- Ferrocen (1)
- Festkörper NMR Spektroskopie (1)
- Fettleibigkeit (1)
- Fettsäure (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Fibroblasten (1)
- Filamente (1)
- Fire-bellied toad (1)
- Fis (1)
- Flachseen (1)
- Flagella (1)
- Flagellen (1)
- Flavonoid-Metabolismus (1)
- Fledermäuse (1)
- Fließsystem (1)
- Florigen (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Flowering time (1)
- Fluorescence Quenching Immunoassay (1)
- Fluorescence quenching immunoassay (1)
- Fluoreszeinisothiocyanat (1)
- Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (1)
- Fluoreszenzfluktuationsspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzkorrelationspektroskopie (1)
- Fluoreszenzmarkierung (1)
- Fluss (1)
- Fokalkontakt (1)
- Food Web (1)
- Foraging (1)
- Formaldehyd-Assimilierung (1)
- Formaldehyde assimilation (1)
- Forschungsorientierung (1)
- Fortbewegung (1)
- Fortpflanzung (1)
- Fotoschalter (1)
- Fragmentation (1)
- Fragmente (1)
- Fresh water fish (1)
- Fresh-water habitats (1)
- Frucht (1)
- Fruchtknoten (1)
- Fructose (1)
- Fructosyl valine (1)
- FtsZ (1)
- FtsZ ring assemby (1)
- FtsZ-Ringbildung (1)
- Functional analysis (1)
- Fungal endophyte (1)
- Funktionelle Diversität (1)
- Fusarium (1)
- Futtersuchverhalten (1)
- Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (FRET) (1)
- Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1)
- G protein-coupled receptors (1)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (1)
- G-protein-coupled-receptors (1)
- G-quadruplexes, (1)
- G-quartettes (1)
- GC content (1)
- GC-TOF-MS (1)
- GPCRs (1)
- GPI (1)
- GUV (1)
- GUVs (1)
- GWAS (1)
- Galacturonsäure (1)
- Galaktolipide (1)
- Gas Chromatography (1)
- Gaschromatographie (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Gelatin (1)
- Gelenkbeweglichkeit (1)
- Gemeinschaftsgarten-Experiment (1)
- Gen (1)
- Gen-Koexpression (1)
- Gencluster-Aktivierung (1)
- Gene co-expression (1)
- Gene expression (1)
- Gene expression profiling (1)
- Gene-expression (1)
- Gene-expression data (1)
- Genetic transformation (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genfamilie (1)
- Genom-Scan (1)
- Genome annotation (1)
- Genome assembly (1)
- Genomic Mining (1)
- Genotypisierung (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gentechnik (1)
- Gentechnologie (1)
- Gentherapie (1)
- Gentransfer (1)
- Geoinformationssystem (1)
- Germany (1)
- Germline transmission (1)
- Gerste (1)
- Gerüste aus Fasergeflecht (1)
- Gesangsaktivität (1)
- Gesangsangleich (1)
- Gesangsdialekte (1)
- Gesangslernen (1)
- Geschmackswahrnehmung (1)
- Geschwindigkeit (1)
- Gewebsverteilung (1)
- Gewässer (1)
- Giant Vesicles (1)
- Giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- Gießharz (1)
- Gießharzpräparate (1)
- Glanzstreifen (1)
- Glasfaser (1)
- Glial biology (1)
- Glial development (1)
- Globaler Wandel (1)
- Globalwandel (1)
- Glomosporiaceae (1)
- Glucan water dikinase (1)
- Glucan-Wasser-Dikinase (1)
- Glucolipotoxizität (1)
- Glucosedehydrogenase (1)
- Glutamat (1)
- Glutamate (1)
- Glutathionperoxidase-2 GPx2 (1)
- Glycated hemoglobin (1)
- Glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c; diabetes; biosensor; immunosensor; enzyme sensor; electrochemical; amperometric; immunoassay; diagnostics; haptoglobin; im (1)
- Glycin-Decarboxylase-Komplex (=GCV) (1)
- Glycin-Spaltsystem (1)
- Glycin-Synthase-Komplex (Umkehrung von GCV) (1)
- Glycosylierung (1)
- Glykiertes Hämoglobin; HbA1c; Diabetes; Biosensor; Immunosensor; Enzymsensor; amperometrisch; elektrochemisch; Immunoassay; Diagnostik; Haptoglobin; (1)
- Glykogen (1)
- Graphtheorie (1)
- Grasland (1)
- Growth (1)
- Growth selection (1)
- Growth-rate (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grünland (1)
- Guppies poecilia-reticulata (1)
- Gute-Gene (1)
- Gynogenesis (1)
- H2S-Biosynthese (1)
- H3K4me (1)
- HDA (1)
- HIV (1)
- HIV Erkrankung (1)
- HK620 (1)
- HMA (1)
- HPLC-MS/MS (1)
- HPµF (1)
- HSF (1)
- HUVEC (1)
- Habitatmodell (1)
- Handkraft (1)
- Hangneigung (1)
- Hantaviren (1)
- Hantavirus (1)
- Haplogroups (1)
- Haptene (1)
- Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (1)
- HbA1c (1)
- HeH-protein (1)
- Hefe (1)
- Helix <beta-> (1)
- Henlesche Schleife (1)
- HepG2 hepatocytes (1)
- HepG2-Zellen (1)
- Herbizide (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Herzentwicklung (1)
- Herzklappe (1)
- Herzmuskelkrankheit (1)
- Heubacillus ; Pectat-Lyase ; Helix <beta-> (1)
- High Power LED Array (1)
- Hippo signaling (1)
- Histidin-Metall Koordination (1)
- Histon Methylierung (1)
- Hitzeschock-Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Hitzestress (1)
- Hitzestress-Gedächtnis (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochleistungs-LED-Array (1)
- Holocene environmental history (1)
- Holozän (1)
- Homogeneous immunoassay (1)
- Homoger Immunoassay (1)
- Honey bee (1)
- Hordeum vulgare (1)
- Huftiere (1)
- Huntington (1)
- Hybrid speciation (1)
- Hybridomtechnik (1)
- Hybridzerfall (1)
- Hydrophilie (1)
- Hydrothermalzeit-Modell (1)
- Hydroxyapatit (1)
- Hydroxyapatite (1)
- Hyena (1)
- Hyperakkumulation (1)
- Hyperoxide (1)
- Hypopomus-Occidentalis (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Hyäne (1)
- Hämatopoetische Stammzellen (1)
- Hämatopoiese (1)
- Hämoglobin A / Bestimmung / Biosensor / Amperometrie (1)
- Hämolyse (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hülsenfrüchtler (1)
- IAV particles (1)
- IAV-Partikel (1)
- IBD (1)
- IC (1)
- ICDP (1)
- ICP OES (1)
- INCURVATA11 (1)
- INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein (1)
- INDETERMINATE DOMAIN-Protein (1)
- IP3 (1)
- IP3-Rezeptor (1)
- IP3-receptor (1)
- IR laser (1)
- IRF3 (1)
- Identifizierung (1)
- Illumina amplicon sequencing (1)
- Illuminance (1)
- Immunoassay; GDH-biosensor; Phenolische Substanzen; Vor-Ort-Analytik; FIA; ß-Galactosidase; Abwasseranalytik (1)
- Immunogene Proteine (1)
- Immunogenic Proteins (1)
- Immunologie (1)
- Immunscreening (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Importin (1)
- In vitro transcription technology (1)
- In vitro-Immunisierung (1)
- In-vitro-Transkriptionstechnologie (1)
- Individuen-basierende Modelle (1)
- Influenza A Viren (1)
- Influenza A Virus (1)
- Influenza A virus (1)
- Influenza-A-Virus (1)
- Information (1)
- Inosite (1)
- Insect (1)
- Insektizide (1)
- Integrative Analyse (1)
- Integrative analysis (1)
- Inter-individual differences (1)
- Interactors (1)
- Interaktions Netzwerk (1)
- Interaktionsstudie (1)
- Interaktoren (1)
- Interferon <beta-> (1)
- Internalin B (1)
- Internalin J (1)
- Interspecific interactions (1)
- Intraspezifische Variation (1)
- Introgression (1)
- Introgression Lines (1)
- Invagination (1)
- Invertase (1)
- Invertebrate (1)
- Inverted emulsion-based method (1)
- Ionenkanal (1)
- Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (IMS) (1)
- Ionentransport (1)
- Island biogeography (1)
- Isoformen (1)
- Jaguar (1)
- Kaliumion (1)
- Kalorimetrie (1)
- Kalzit (1)
- Kanalisierung (1)
- Kapillarelektrophorese (1)
- Kartoffelknolle (1)
- Kaskadeneffekte (1)
- Katalyse (1)
- Katze (1)
- Keimungsrate (1)
- Keratinozyten (1)
- Kernlokalisierungssignal (1)
- Kinesin (1)
- Klassifikation der Landbedeckung (1)
- Kleinsäuger (1)
- Klick-Chemie (1)
- Klima (1)
- Klimaänderung (1)
- Knock in Mäuse (1)
- Koexistenz Mechanismen (1)
- Koexistenz unter wechselnden Bedingungen (1)
- Koexistenz von Arten (1)
- Kohlenhydrat Erkennung (1)
- Kohlenhydrat-Protein Interaction (1)
- Kohlenhydrat-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Kohlenhydrate (1)
- Kohlenstoff (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Konzentrationsmechanismus (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffmetabolismus (1)
- Kokain (1)
- Kolonialität (1)
- Kombinationstherapie (1)
- Kompartiment-Modelle (1)
- Komplexauge (1)
- Komposite (1)
- Konkurrenz (1)
- Konsequenzen von Fang und Besenderung (1)
- Kontraception (1)
- Korngröße (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Krankheitsökologie (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Krebsbiomarker (1)
- Krebserkennung (1)
- Krebstherapie (1)
- Kälteakklimatisierung (1)
- Körperbautyp (1)
- Körperfett (1)
- Körperzusammensetzung (1)
- L-morph (1)
- LAMP (1)
- LASSO (1)
- LAVESI (1)
- LC-FT-MS (1)
- LCM (1)
- LEM-domain protein (1)
- LHCII (1)
- LMA (1)
- LOC (1)
- LPS (1)
- Lab on chip (1)
- Lab-on-a-chip (1)
- Lactuca serriola (1)
- Lafora disease (1)
- Lake (1)
- Lake Constance (1)
- Lake TaiHu (1)
- Land Reform (1)
- Landnutzung (1)
- Landnutzungshistorie (1)
- Langzeitaustrocknung (1)
- Langzeitveränderung (1)
- Large fragment deletion (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Late Quaternary vegetation (1)
- Laubstreu (1)
- Leaf senescence (1)
- Leaf trichomes (1)
- Lebensmittelanalytik (1)
- Lebensraumnutzung (1)
- Lebenszyklustheorie (1)
- Leghämoglobin (1)
- Legionella (1)
- Legionellen (1)
- Leguminosenlektin (1)
- Lehramtsstudium Biologie (1)
- Len (1)
- Lernen und Gedächtnis (1)
- Leucine-Rich Repeat (1)
- Leukocyte Receptor Complex LRC KIR ILT FCAR Immunglobulin Evolution Immunsystem SNP HRCA (1)
- Leukocyte Receptor Complex LRC KIR ILT FCAR immunoglobulin evolution SNP HRCA (1)
- Licht (1)
- Licht-induzierte (1)
- Lichtanpassung (1)
- Life history (1)
- Life-History Consequences (1)
- Like-Early Starvation 1 (1)
- Like-Early starvation protein (1)
- Limitation (1)
- Limnologie (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Line immunoassay (1)
- Lipases (1)
- Lipid Synthese (1)
- Lipid synthesis (1)
- Lipide / Doppelschicht (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Lipidsynthese (1)
- Lipophagie (1)
- Lipopolysaccharid (1)
- Lipopolysaccharide (1)
- Lipoxygenase (1)
- Litoral (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Local adaptation (1)
- Locally structured correlation (1)
- Locally structured standard deviation (1)
- Lotus japonicus (1)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (1)
- Lysosom (1)
- Lärche (1)
- M-Bandenmodell (1)
- M-band model (1)
- M1-Lipide (1)
- M1-M1 interaction (1)
- M1-M1-Interaktion (1)
- M1-lipids (1)
- MADS-domain transcription factor (1)
- MAP kinase (1)
- MAPK (1)
- MC38 (1)
- MED16 (1)
- MHC Klasse II (1)
- MHC polymorphism (1)
- MIP sensor (1)
- MTP (1)
- MTP1 (1)
- MTP2 (1)
- MTP3 (1)
- MUC1 (1)
- MVA (1)
- Mahd (1)
- Mais (1)
- Maiszünsler (1)
- Maize (1)
- Makrophagen-Aktivierung (1)
- Makrophyten (1)
- Maltodextrin (1)
- Management (1)
- Marine ecosystems (1)
- Markov cluster algorithm (1)
- Marsanaloge Regolithe (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Martini force-field (1)
- Mass Spectrometry (1)
- Mate choice (1)
- Mating preferences (1)
- Maus Aldehydoxidase1 (1)
- Maßstabsabhängigkeit (1)
- Mechanistic models (1)
- Mechanistische Modelle (1)
- Mechanobiologie (1)
- Mechanosensation (1)
- Medicago (1)
- Mediterranean (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Mediterranean grass species (1)
- Mehrkomponentenanalyse (1)
- Meiosis (1)
- Membran (1)
- Membranbindung (1)
- Membrandeformation (1)
- Membrane deformation (1)
- Membrane protein (1)
- Membranfluidität (1)
- Menschenobhut (1)
- Merkmalsvariation (1)
- Merkmalsvielfalt (1)
- Mesophyll (1)
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) (1)
- Messenger-RNS (1)
- Metabolic pathways (1)
- Metabolische Netzwerke (1)
- Metabolite Profiling (1)
- Metabolites (1)
- Metabolitprofil (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metabolome (1)
- Metacommunity (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methanemission (1)
- Methankreislauf (1)
- Methanogene (1)
- Methanogene Archaeen (1)
- Methanotrophe (1)
- Methylation (1)
- Methylotrophie (1)
- Metrik-Index (1)
- Metschnikowia (1)
- Micro-RNA (1)
- Microarray data (1)
- Microarrays (1)
- Microbial communities (1)
- Microbiology (1)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (1)
- Microorganisms (1)
- Microsatellite (1)
- Microsatellite analysis (1)
- Microsatellites (1)
- Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microtus (1)
- Microviridin (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Mikroalgen (1)
- Mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- Mikrochip (1)
- Mikrogel (1)
- Mikroheizung (1)
- Mikroplastikpartikel (1)
- Mikroskop (1)
- Mikrostrukturierung (1)
- Mikroviskosität (1)
- Mining lakes (1)
- Mitochondrial DNA (1)
- Mitochondrial genomes (1)
- Mitochondrien (1)
- Mitosis (1)
- Mittelamerika (1)
- Mitteleuropa (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- Mixed mating (1)
- Moa (1)
- Moco-Biosynthese (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (1)
- Mojave toxin (1)
- Molecular modeling (1)
- Molecular profile data (1)
- Molekular-dynamik (1)
- Molekulardynamik-Simulation (1)
- Molekulare Modellierung (1)
- Molekulare Profildaten (1)
- Molekülmodelle (1)
- Molybdenum Cofaktor (1)
- Molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic (1)
- Molybdoflavoenzyme (1)
- Molybdänkofaktor (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoschicht (1)
- Moorsukzession (1)
- Moos-Mikroben-Interaktion (1)
- Moos-assoziierte Methanoxidation (1)
- Moos-assoziierte Methanproduktion (1)
- Morbus Alzheimer (1)
- Mormyrid Fish (1)
- Morphologie <Biologie> (1)
- Mortalität (1)
- Motifs (1)
- Movement ecology (1)
- Mucin (1)
- Multilayers (1)
- Multiparameter (1)
- Multiplex PCR (1)
- Multiplex mutagenesis (1)
- Multivalenz (1)
- Muscle LIM Protein (MLP) (1)
- Museum collections (1)
- Muskel (1)
- Muskel-Sehnen-Verbindung (1)
- Mutagenität (1)
- Mutation (1)
- Mutation rate (1)
- Mutations (1)
- Mutator locus (1)
- Muzin (1)
- Mycorrhiza (1)
- Mycorrhizal symbiosis (1)
- Mykorrhiza (1)
- Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- Myodus glareolus (1)
- Myofibrille (1)
- NAB (1)
- NCI3 (1)
- NF-kappaB (1)
- NFAT (1)
- NGS (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NTA (1)
- NZO (1)
- Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nahrungsmittelallergie (1)
- Nahrungssuche (1)
- Nanoelektroden (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Natural Products (1)
- Naturschutz (1)
- Naturwald (1)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- Neisseria meningitidis (1)
- Nekrose (1)
- Nektar (1)
- Neolithic period (1)
- Nettoproduktion (1)
- Network clustering (1)
- Netzwerke (1)
- Neu-Delhi Metallo-Beta-Laktamase 1 (NDM-1) (1)
- Neuritenwachstum (1)
- Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor (1)
- Neurotransmitters (1)
- New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) (1)
- Next generation sequencing (1)
- Nicht-Ziel-Arthropoden (1)
- Nicht-Zielorganismen (1)
- Nichtgleichgewichts-Dynamiken (1)
- Niere (1)
- Nighttime illumination (1)
- Nilhechte <Familie> (1)
- Nischen-Aufteilung (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrogen (1)
- Nitrogen deposition (1)
- Noctilio albiventris (1)
- Nodulin (1)
- Noncoding RNAs (1)
- Northern Asia (1)
- Nostoc (1)
- Nrf2 (1)
- Nucleotide-gated channel (1)
- Nucleus (1)
- Nukleinsäuren (1)
- Nukleosidase (1)
- Nullmodell (1)
- Nutritional quality (1)
- Nützlinge (1)
- O-Antigen (1)
- O-antigen specific phage (1)
- O-serotyping (1)
- ODBA (1)
- OMICs tools (1)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (1)
- Oberflächenladung (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonenresonanzspektroskopie (SPR-Spektroskopie) (1)
- Oberflächentemperatur (1)
- Oderbruch (1)
- Offspring weight (1)
- Oligomer (1)
- Omicron (1)
- OmpG (1)
- On Chip PCR (1)
- On-Chip-PCR (1)
- One-carbon (1)
- Ontogenie (1)
- Open Access (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Operon (1)
- Operon copy number (1)
- Optimality (1)
- Optimalität (1)
- Optimierung von Biosynthesewegen (1)
- Optogenetik (1)
- Orchestia montagui (1)
- Ordnung der Partikel auf der Oberfläche (1)
- Organ Discharge Patterns (1)
- Organ Groth (1)
- Organgröße (1)
- Organization (1)
- Organogenesis (1)
- Organophosphate (1)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (1)
- Oryza sativa (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Osteogenese (1)
- Ostpreußen (1)
- Ostrinia nubilalis (1)
- Outcrossing (1)
- Outcrossing rate (1)
- Outdoor enclosure (1)
- Oxidase Subunit-I (1)
- Oyster Crassostrea-gigas (1)
- Ozeanversauerung (1)
- P-Typ ATPase (1)
- P22 Tailspikeprotein (1)
- P22 tailspike protein (1)
- PC-3 cells (1)
- PEEU (1)
- PNIPAM (1)
- POC (1)
- POCT (1)
- POL (1)
- PVA (population viability analysis) (1)
- Paarbindung (1)
- Paarungssystem (1)
- PacBio IsoSeq (1)
- Pace-of-Life Syndrom (1)
- Paleogenetics (1)
- Palmitat (1)
- Paläovegetation (1)
- Panthera Pardus (1)
- Panthera pardus (1)
- Pantoea stewartii (1)
- Papageien (1)
- Papierchromatographie (1)
- Paramutation (1)
- Parasite (1)
- Parasiten (1)
- Parasites (1)
- Parasitierung (1)
- Parasitoid wasp (1)
- Parrots (1)
- Partial Little Square (1)
- Passeriformes (1)
- Past 50 years (1)
- Paternity analysis (1)
- Pathogenantwort (1)
- Pathogenerkennung (1)
- Pathway Abbildung (1)
- Pathway design (1)
- Pathwaysuche (1)
- Pattern-oriented parameter estimation (1)
- Pektat-Lyase (1)
- Pektatlyase (1)
- Pektin (1)
- Pektinase (1)
- Pektine (1)
- Pektinsäure (1)
- Pelletbildung (1)
- Peptide (1)
- Peptidyl-Prolyl-cis-trans Isomerisierung (1)
- Performance (1)
- Periphyton (1)
- Periplaneta (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Permafrostökosysteme (1)
- Peroxid (1)
- Peroxidase (1)
- Peroxide (1)
- Pestizide (1)
- Pex1 (1)
- Pex6 (1)
- Pflanze (1)
- Pflanze-Pilz-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenanpassung (1)
- Pflanzendiversitaet (1)
- Pflanzenentwicklung (1)
- Pflanzenernährung (1)
- Pflanzenforschung (1)
- Pflanzengemeinschaft (1)
- Pflanzenhormon (1)
- Pflanzenwissenschaften (1)
- Pflanzenökologie (1)
- Pfotenödem Mausmodell (1)
- PhIP (1)
- Phage Display (1)
- Phage HK620 (1)
- Phage lysins (1)
- Phagen Infektion (1)
- Phagenlysine (1)
- Pharmakodynamik (1)
- Pharmakokinetik (1)
- Phase variation (1)
- Phenanthrolindion (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phenotype (1)
- Phenotyping (1)
- Philippine archipelago (1)
- Phloem (1)
- Phloemproteine (1)
- Phosphat akkumulierende Organismen (1)
- Phosphatase (1)
- Phosphatidsäure (1)
- Phosphoglucan water dikinase (1)
- Phosphoglucan-Wasser-Dikinase (1)
- Phospholipid binding proteins (1)
- Phospholipide (1)
- Phosphorylation process (1)
- Phosphorylation sites (1)
- Phosphorylierungsprozess (1)
- Photoelektrchemischer Sensor (1)
- Photokatalyse (1)
- Photosäure (1)
- Phylogenese (1)
- Phylogenetic analysis (1)
- Phylogenetic-Relationships (1)
- Phylogenetics (1)
- Phylogenomics (1)
- Phylogeography (1)
- Physical Network (1)
- Physikalische Quervernetzung (1)
- Phytodiversität (1)
- Phytol (1)
- Phytoplankton und Zooplankton (1)
- Phytoplanktonpopulationen (1)
- Phänologie (1)
- Phänotyp (1)
- Phänotypisierung (1)
- Pilz-Endophyten (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pinus sylvestris (1)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (1)
- Place (1)
- Planktonnahrungsnetz (1)
- Plant cytosolic translation (1)
- Plant development (1)
- Plant growth (1)
- Plant hormones (1)
- Plant transformation (1)
- Plantago major (1)
- Plasmamembran (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Plastome-evolution (1)
- Plastomevolution (1)
- Pleistozän (1)
- Poecili-Mexicana (1)
- Poecilia formosa (1)
- Poecilia latipinna (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Pollimyrus-Isidori (1)
- Poly(A)-Polymerasen (1)
- Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamid (1)
- Polyandrie (1)
- Polyelektrolyt (1)
- Polyethylen (1)
- Polymer-Netzwerke (1)
- Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (1)
- Polymere (1)
- Polymermembranen (1)
- Polyneuropathie (1)
- Polysaccharides (1)
- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (1)
- Ponsin (1)
- Population-Growth (1)
- Populationsbiologie (1)
- Populationsgefährdungsanalyse (1)
- Populationskonnektivität (1)
- Populationspersistenz (1)
- Populationsstruktur (1)
- Populationsökologie (1)
- Porphyrin (1)
- Predation (1)
- Primärproduktion (1)
- Primärproduzenten (1)
- Profilanalysen (1)
- Profiling (1)
- Profilmessung (1)
- Profilmethode (1)
- Promiscuous enzymes (1)
- Promoter (1)
- Promotoren (1)
- Prostatakrebs (1)
- Proteaceae (1)
- Proteaceen (1)
- Protease-Inhibitoren (1)
- Proteasomaler Abbau (1)
- Protein Adsorption (1)
- Protein Spektroelektrochemie (1)
- Protein complex assembly (1)
- Protein complexes (1)
- Protein spectroelectrochemistry (1)
- Protein synthesis (1)
- Protein-Aptamer Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Kohlenhydrat Interaktionen (1)
- Protein-Kohlenhydrat-Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Metall-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Proteinbindung (1)
- Proteindegradierung (1)
- Proteindomänen (1)
- Proteinfaltungstest (1)
- Proteinhandel (1)
- Proteinkinase (1)
- Proteinkinase A (1)
- Proteinkomplexassemblierung (1)
- Proteinmissfaltung (1)
- Proteinmodifizierung (1)
- Proteinmultimerisierung (1)
- Proteinphosphatasen (1)
- Proteinphosphorylation (1)
- Proteinphosphorylierung (1)
- Proteinrekonstitution (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Proteinsekretion (1)
- Proteinspiegel regulieren (1)
- Proteinstruktur (1)
- Proteinsynthese (1)
- Protein–protein interaction (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prozessierung (1)
- Prozessregenerierung (1)
- Prädation (1)
- Präparate (1)
- Public information (1)
- Punicalagin (1)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (1)
- Pyrophosphat (1)
- QSP (1)
- QTL (1)
- QTL Analyse (1)
- QTL mapping (1)
- Quantitative proteomics (1)
- Quantum Dots (1)
- Quergestreifte Muskulatur (1)
- R.c. Xanthindehydrogenase (1)
- RCAN1 (1)
- RING/U-box E3 (1)
- RNA interference (1)
- RNA secondary structure (1)
- RNA virus (1)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (1)
- RNA-seq (1)
- RNAi (1)
- Radiokarbon (1)
- Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen (1)
- Raman Spektroskopie (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Randomisierung (1)
- Raphidiopsis (1)
- Rapssamen (1)
- Rasterkraftmikroskop (1)
- Real Time PCR (1)
- Rechtsgängige parallele beta-Helix (1)
- Recombinant Antibodies (1)
- Recombination (1)
- Recyclingsystem (1)
- Redox (1)
- Redoxine (1)
- Redoxsystem (1)
- Regeneratin (1)
- Regeneration (1)
- Regulationsweg (1)
- Regulatorische Gene (1)
- Regulierung der Genexpression (1)
- Reh (1)
- Rekombinante Antikörper (1)
- Reproduktion (1)
- Reproduktivität (1)
- Reptilien (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Resistenzmechanismen (1)
- Resource Competition (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiratorisches Synzytial-Virus (1)
- Retrotransposon (1)
- Reverse Transcription (1)
- Reverse Transkription (1)
- Rhabdomerverdrehung (1)
- Rhamnose (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Rhizobium (1)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (1)
- Rhodamin B (1)
- Rhodamine B (1)
- Rhodanese (1)
- RiPP (1)
- Ribosom (1)
- Ribosomal protein heterogeneity (1)
- Ribosomal protein substoichiometry (1)
- Ribosomal-RNA (1)
- Ribosomale Protein Substöchiometrie (1)
- Ribosomale Proteinheterogenität (1)
- Ribosome biogenesis (1)
- Ribosome profiling (1)
- Ribosome specialization (1)
- Ribosomen-Biogenese (1)
- Ribosomen-Spezialisierung (1)
- Ribulose-Monophosphat-Weg (1)
- Ricinus-communis l (1)
- Risikoabbildung (1)
- Risikoabschätzung (1)
- River (1)
- Rodents (1)
- Roridula gorgonias (1)
- Rotatorien (1)
- Rotifera (1)
- Rotifier (1)
- RpoS (1)
- RuBisCO (1)
- Ruhezentrum (1)
- Russia (1)
- Russland (1)
- Räuber-Beute Beziehungen (1)
- Räuber-Beute Dynamiken (1)
- Rötelmaus (1)
- S-morph (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 (1)
- SELEX (1)
- SJL (1)
- SNP (1)
- SORLA (1)
- SPB (1)
- SULT1A1 (1)
- SULT1B1 (1)
- SWL (1)
- Saccharidbindung (1)
- Saccharose (1)
- Saccharose Synthase (1)
- Sailfin molly (1)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- Salmonellen (1)
- Salztransport (1)
- Samen (1)
- Samenausbreitung (1)
- Sandwich-Assay auf Basis von Aptameren (1)
- Saprolegnia (1)
- Saprolegniaceae (1)
- Sarkomer (1)
- Saure Seen (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Savanna ecology (1)
- Savanna resilience (1)
- Savannas (1)
- Savanne (1)
- Savannen Resilienz (1)
- Schabe (1)
- Schatten (1)
- Schnelltest (1)
- Schutz von Raubtieren (1)
- Schwankung (1)
- Schwarzerde (1)
- Schädlinge (1)
- Screening (1)
- Seasonality (1)
- Secondary Metabolites (1)
- Sedimentation (1)
- See (1)
- Seen (1)
- Seesediment (1)
- Seitenkettenstapel (1)
- Selbstungssyndrom (1)
- Selection of antibody producing cells (1)
- Selection-Linked Integration (1)
- Selektion Antikörper-produzierender Zellen (1)
- Selen (1)
- Senecio vulgaris (1)
- Seneszenz (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sequence (1)
- Sequenzierungstechnologien der nächsten Generation (1)
- Serin-Biosensor (1)
- Serin-Hydroxymethyltransferase (1)
- Serin-Zyklus (1)
- Serine cycle (1)
- Serotoninrezeptor (1)
- Serrate (1)
- Sexual Selection (1)
- Sexual selection (1)
- Shigella flexneri (1)
- Shine-Dalgarno sequences (1)
- Shine-Dalgarno-Sequenzen (1)
- Shotgun Sequenzierung (1)
- Shotgun sequencing (1)
- Shrub encroachment (1)
- Siamese fighting fish (1)
- Siberian larch (1)
- Siberian permafrost (1)
- Signal-transduction (1)
- Signalkakaden (1)
- Signalkaskaden (1)
- Signalstoffe (1)
- Signaltransduktionsprozesse (1)
- Signalübertragung (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulationsexperimente (1)
- Simulationsframework (1)
- Single cell level (1)
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (1)
- Single-cell motility (1)
- Size (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skeletal robustness (1)
- Skelettrobustizität (1)
- Skleroproteine (1)
- Small-world networks (1)
- SnRK1 (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Soil (1)
- Sol-Gel (1)
- Solanum nigrum (1)
- Sommerekzem (1)
- Sonchus oleraceus (1)
- Songdialects (1)
- Southeast Asia (1)
- Sozialökologische Systeme (1)
- Species comparison (1)
- Species number (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Specific wood density (1)
- Speichelsekretion (1)
- Speicherproteine (1)
- Sphagnum (1)
- Spinnen (1)
- Spleißvariante (1)
- Splice Variant (1)
- Split Ubiquitin (1)
- Spurengasflüsse (1)
- Stammschleife (1)
- Standard deviation (1)
- Standort (1)
- Starch metabolism (1)
- Starch synthesis (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistische Physik (1)
- Staubblätter (1)
- Stauhaltungen (1)
- Steifheit (1)
- Stethophyma grossum (1)
- Stimuli (1)
- Stimulierung von Zellen (1)
- Stoffkreislauf (1)
- Stoffwechselmodellierung (1)
- Stoffwechselnetze (1)
- Stoffwechselprodukt (1)
- Stoffwechselregulation (1)
- Stomatäre Immunität (1)
- Strahlenbiologie (1)
- Strophentypen (1)
- Structure prediction (1)
- Structured RNAs (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Strukturelle Thermodynamik (1)
- Strukturproteomics (1)
- Studierendenvorstellungen (1)
- Stärke Synthese (1)
- Stärkeabbau (1)
- Stärkestoffwechsel (1)
- Störung (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Substate Channeling Immunoassay (1)
- Substrate channeling immunoassay (1)
- Succession (1)
- Sukzession (1)
- Sulfit-Oxidase (1)
- Sulfitoxidase (1)
- Sulfotransferasen (1)
- Sulfotransferasen SULT1A1 und SULT1A2 (1)
- Sulfurtransferase (1)
- Sumpfschrecke (1)
- Superoxid (1)
- Superoxiddismutasen (1)
- Superoxide Dismutase (1)
- Support vector machines (1)
- Support-Vektor-Maschine (1)
- Supramolecular Interaction (1)
- Supramolekularen Wechselwirkung (1)
- Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) (1)
- Sus scrofa (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Symbiose (1)
- Synchronisation (1)
- Synchrotronstrahlung (1)
- Synthetische Biologie (1)
- Systems Biology (1)
- Systems biology (1)
- Systemsbiologie (1)
- Säkulare Akzeleration (1)
- Säugetiere (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- T cell activation (1)
- T-Zell Aktivierung (1)
- T7 (1)
- TACC (1)
- TBK1 (1)
- THC (1)
- TIRF (1)
- TMAO reductase (1)
- TRAP-assay (1)
- TRPV1 (1)
- Tabak (1)
- Tagebaurestseen (1)
- Tagebauseen (1)
- TaiHu (1)
- Tailspike Protein (1)
- Tailspike protein (1)
- Tailspikes (1)
- Talitrids (1)
- Talsperre (1)
- Tas2r (1)
- Tas2r expression (1)
- Tas2r-Expression (1)
- Tas2rs (1)
- Tbc1d1 (1)
- Telemetrie (1)
- Telomerase (1)
- Thaliana (1)
- Theoretische Ökologie (1)
- Thermistor (1)
- Thermodynamische Stabilität (1)
- Thermometrie (1)
- Thermoregulationsverhalten (1)
- Thioester (1)
- Thioredoxine (1)
- Three Gorges reservoir (1)
- Tiefe Biosphäre (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tierortung (1)
- Tierpersönlichkeit (1)
- Tierökologie (1)
- Tocopherol (1)
- Toll and Imd pathways (1)
- Tomaten (Solanum lycopersicum) (1)
- Tomato (1)
- Tonoplast (1)
- Torfmoose (1)
- Trade-offs zwischen funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Transaktivierungs-Experimente (1)
- Transcription facotrs (1)
- Transcription factors (1)
- Transcriptome (1)
- Transcriptome assembly (1)
- Transcriptomics (1)
- Transduction (1)
- Transfer-rna (1)
- Transfer-rna genes; Phylogenetic analysis; Animal phylogeny; Control region; Sister Taxau (1)
- Transinformation (1)
- Transkiptionsfaktor (1)
- Transkript (1)
- Transkription <Genetik> (1)
- Transkriptionfaktorgenen (1)
- Transkriptionsnetzwerke (1)
- Transkriptom Sequenzierung (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Translation (1)
- Translation <Genetik> (1)
- Translation feedback regulation (1)
- Translational regulation (1)
- Translationseffizienz (1)
- Translationsfeedbackregulation (1)
- Translationsinitiation (1)
- Translationsregulation (1)
- Transponierbare Elemente (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transporteraktivierung (1)
- Tree allometry (1)
- TreeNet (1)
- Trehalose-6-Phosphat (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Trichome initial cells (1)
- Tripleurospermum inodorum (1)
- Trockentoleranz (1)
- Tumorimmuntherapie (1)
- Tundra-Taiga (1)
- Tupaia belangeri (1)
- TusA (1)
- Tyrosinase (1)
- Tyrosinaseinhibitoren (1)
- Tyrrhenian Sea (1)
- UV-Licht (1)
- Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System (1)
- Ubiquitin-proteasome-system (1)
- Ubiquitinierung (1)
- Umweltfilterung (1)
- Umweltrauschen (1)
- Understorey (1)
- Untereinheitenautausch (1)
- Untereinheitenimpfstoff (1)
- Urokinase-Typ Plasminogen Aktivator (uPA) (1)
- Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) (1)
- VMP1 (1)
- Vacuolar h+-atpase (1)
- Variance (1)
- Variation (1)
- Variation in funktionellen Eigenschaften (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vegetation von Tschukotka (1)
- Vegetationsmodellierung (1)
- Vegetationsveränderungen (1)
- Vegetationsveränderungen in der Subarktis (1)
- Vegetationsvielfalt (1)
- Venom proteins (1)
- Verbreitungsdynamik von Arten (1)
- Verbuschung (1)
- Vereinigungs-Mapping (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhaltens-Timing (1)
- Verhaltensökologie (1)
- Verkhoyansk mountains (1)
- Vernetzer (1)
- Veronica persica (1)
- Verteidigung (1)
- Verteilungsmuster (1)
- Vesicle (1)
- Vesikel (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Vielfalt (1)
- Viral assembly (1)
- Virion (1)
- Virionenbildung (1)
- Virosomen (1)
- Virus-Wirt-Interaktion (1)
- Virusassemblierung, Virion (1)
- Vitamin C (1)
- Vitamin E (1)
- Vogelzug (1)
- Vorhersagemodelle (1)
- WRKY40 (1)
- Wachstumsraten (1)
- Wald (1)
- Waldausdehnung (1)
- Waldbodenpflanzen (1)
- Walddynamik (1)
- Walker A motif (1)
- Wall proteins (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasser-in-Wasser (1)
- Wasserabsorption (1)
- Wassererosion (1)
- Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Weglänge (1)
- Westerschelde estuary (1)
- White stork (1)
- Wiederholungsstudie (1)
- Wildschwein (1)
- Wind (1)
- Winterfischsterben (1)
- Wirkstoff-Freisetzun (1)
- Wirkstoffinteraktionen (1)
- Wirtsspezifität (1)
- Wissensextraktion (1)
- Wood specific gravity (1)
- Woody aboveground biomass (1)
- Wurzel (1)
- Wurzelbesiedlung (1)
- Wurzelhaarbildung (1)
- Wühlmaus (1)
- Wüste (1)
- XMRV (1)
- Xanthindehydrogenase (1)
- Xanthomonas (1)
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (1)
- Xin (1)
- XopJ (1)
- XopS (1)
- Xpr1 (1)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (1)
- YnjE (1)
- ZENK (1)
- Zeatin (1)
- Zebrafisch (1)
- Zebularin (1)
- Zeitpunkt von Störungen (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Kontakt (1)
- Zell-Matrix-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Zelladhäsionskontrolle (1)
- Zellbiologie (1)
- Zelle (1)
- Zellfreie Proteinsynthese (1)
- Zellgröße (1)
- Zellmotilität (1)
- Zellproliferation (1)
- Zellsignalisierung (1)
- Zellsortierung (1)
- Zellteilung (1)
- Zellteilungsdefekt (1)
- Zelltyp-spezifisch (1)
- Zellweger (1)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (1)
- Zielkonflikte (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zirkulardichroismus (1)
- Zona pellucida (1)
- Zoo (1)
- Zuckertransporter (1)
- Zugvögel (1)
- Züchtung (1)
- aberrations (1)
- abiotic decomposition (1)
- abiotische Zersetzung (1)
- abiotischer Stress (1)
- above-ground biomass (1)
- accelerometer (1)
- accelerometry (1)
- accessions (1)
- acclimation (1)
- acetylcholinesterase (1)
- acid mine drainage (1)
- acid phosphatase (1)
- acidic lakes (1)
- acinar cell (1)
- acoustic communication (1)
- actin (1)
- activity (1)
- adapter oligonucleotide (1)
- adaptive Differenzierung (1)
- adaptive Laborentwicklung (1)
- adaptive differentiation (1)
- adaptive introgression (1)
- adaptive laboratory evolution (1)
- adaptive processes (1)
- adhesion proteins (1)
- admixture (1)
- age-dependent (1)
- agent-based model (1)
- aggregation (1)
- aggression (1)
- aggressiveness (1)
- agricultural landscape (1)
- agriculture (1)
- agrin (1)
- agro-infiltration (1)
- agroecology (1)
- aldehyde (1)
- aldehyde oxidase1 (1)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (1)
- alga (1)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (1)
- alkylphospholipids (1)
- allelopathy (1)
- allocation (1)
- allochthoner Eintrag (1)
- allochthonous matter (1)
- alphaherpesvirus (1)
- alte DNA (1)
- alte sedimentäre DNA (1)
- altenuic acid (1)
- altered shoot branching (1)
- altertoxins (1)
- amino acids (1)
- ammonium (1)
- ammoniumtransporter (1)
- amperometry (1)
- amphibians (1)
- amyloid beta (1)
- analysis (1)
- analytical approaches (1)
- analytics (1)
- analytische Lösungsansätze (1)
- anatoxin (1)
- ancestry (1)
- ancient sedimentary DNA (1)
- angeborene Immunantwort (1)
- angiopoitin-like 4 (1)
- anhydrase CAH3 (1)
- animal behaviour (1)
- animal cognition (1)
- animal migration (1)
- animal movement (1)
- animal personalities (1)
- anisotropic growth (1)
- annual plant (1)
- annual plant species (1)
- anoxia (1)
- anthers (1)
- anthropogene Einwirkung (1)
- anthropogener globaler Wandel (1)
- anthropogenic environment (1)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (1)
- anthropogenic global change (1)
- anthropogenic impact (1)
- anthropometry (1)
- anti-diuron-antibodies (1)
- anti-oxidative response (1)
- antibiotic combinations (1)
- antibiotic inactivation (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antibody characterization (1)
- antibody producing cell selection (1)
- antibody synthesis (1)
- antibody validation (1)
- anticancer drug (1)
- aphids (1)
- apical-basal axis (1)
- apis mellifera (1)
- apodemus-agrarius (1)
- apoptosis (1)
- apparent hysteresis (1)
- apparente Hysterese (1)
- aptamer-based sandwich assay (1)
- aptamers (1)
- aptasensors (1)
- apyrase (1)
- aquaculture (1)
- aquatic (1)
- aquatic ecosystem (1)
- aquatic ecosystems (1)
- aquatische Ökosysteme (1)
- aqueous-solution (1)
- arabidopsis-thaliana (1)
- arable land (1)
- arable weeds (1)
- arbuscular mycorrhiza (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza-Symbiose (1)
- arbuskuläre Mykorrhizasymbiose (1)
- area-based conservation (1)
- arginine biosynthesis (1)
- arid (1)
- array hybridisation (1)
- arthropod (1)
- artificial intelligence (1)
- artificial introduction (1)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (1)
- artificial transcription factor (1)
- artificial virus (1)
- artifizielle Transkriptionsfaktoren (1)
- arylcarbamates (1)
- arylureas (1)
- ascorbate oxidase (1)
- ascorbate peroxidase (1)
- asellota crustacea (1)
- aspen parkland (1)
- assay (1)
- assembly (1)
- assembly processes (1)
- assessment of the diffusion (1)
- association mapping (1)
- astrocytes (1)
- asymmetric competition (1)
- asymmetrische Konkurrenz (1)
- atrophin-1 (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- automated radio telemetry (1)
- autonom replizierende Sequenz (1)
- autotrophy (1)
- avian personalities (1)
- avirulence (1)
- axillary bud (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial O-antigen (1)
- bacterial infections (1)
- bacterial population growth (1)
- bacterial sensor (1)
- bacteriophage (1)
- bacteriophages (1)
- bakterielle Infektionen (1)
- bakterielles O-Antigen (1)
- baltic sea (1)
- bank voles (1)
- basal body (1)
- bats (1)
- behavior (1)
- behavioral flexibility (1)
- behavioral plasticity (1)
- behavioral type (1)
- behaviour (1)
- behavioural adaptations (1)
- behavioural ecology (1)
- behavioural timing (1)
- behavioural type (1)
- belowground herbivory (1)
- benthic food web (1)
- benthic primary producers (1)
- benthische Nahrungskette (1)
- benthische Primärproduzenten (1)
- beta diversity (1)
- beta-Amylase (1)
- beta-Galactosidase (1)
- beta-Solenoidproteine (1)
- beta-amylase (1)
- beta-cell (1)
- beta-diversity (1)
- beta-solenoid proteins (1)
- bifunctional sensor (1)
- bifunktionaler Sensor (1)
- bifurcation (1)
- binding (1)
- bioactivation (1)
- biocatalysis (1)
- biocatalytic recycling (1)
- biodiversity conservation (1)
- biodiversity exploratories (1)
- biodiversity facets (1)
- bioelectrocatalysis (1)
- bioelectrocatalytic recycling (1)
- biofilms (1)
- biofouling (1)
- biogas (1)
- biohybrid organs (1)
- biological invasions (1)
- biological soil crust (1)
- biological soil crusts (1)
- biology (1)
- biology classes (1)
- biomarker (1)
- biomass (1)
- biomembrane (1)
- biomimetic mineralization (1)
- biomimetic recognition elements (1)
- biomimetic sensors (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biomolecule (1)
- biomolecule interactions (1)
- bioreactor (1)
- biosignatures (1)
- biosynthesis (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- biotic filtering (1)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (1)
- biotopes (1)
- birds (1)
- bis-MGD (1)
- bistability (1)
- bisulfite sequencing (1)
- bitter taste perception (1)
- black earth (1)
- blood-brain-barrier (1)
- blowfly (1)
- blue light (1)
- bodenlebende Gliederfüßer (1)
- body size (1)
- boldness (1)
- brackish waters (1)
- brain (1)
- branched chain amino acids (1)
- branching (1)
- breeding (1)
- breeding ability (1)
- brown mosses (1)
- brownification (1)
- brushite (1)
- bucerotidae (1)
- budding yeast (1)
- buffer zones (1)
- burrow system (1)
- bush encroachment (1)
- butyrylcholinesterase (1)
- c-FLIP (1)
- cDNA array (1)
- caecilians (1)
- caffeine (1)
- calcineurin (1)
- calcineurin inhibitors (1)
- calcium (1)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (1)
- calcium imaging (1)
- calcium phosphate (1)
- calmodulin (1)
- calorimetry (1)
- camelid antibody (1)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (1)
- camp binding-sites (1)
- cancer biomarker (1)
- cancer detection (1)
- cancer therapy (1)
- canonical correlation analysis (1)
- capillary electrophoresis (1)
- captivity (1)
- carbohydrate binding site (1)
- carbohydrate interaction (1)
- carbohydrate recognition (1)
- carbohydrate-protein interaction (1)
- carbon concentrating mechanism (1)
- carbon flow (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon metabolism (1)
- carboxynitrofluorenone (1)
- cardiac development (1)
- cardiac valves (1)
- cardiomyocyte (1)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (1)
- cardiovascular biology (1)
- cardiovascular-disease (1)
- carrion ecology (1)
- carry-over effects (1)
- cascading effects (1)
- casting resin (1)
- cat (1)
- catalase (1)
- catalysis (1)
- catalytic antibodies (1)
- catch-up growth (1)
- cationic liposome (1)
- cave (1)
- cell (1)
- cell adhesion control (1)
- cell cycle (1)
- cell division (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell proliferation (1)
- cell size (1)
- cell sorting (1)
- cell type-specific (1)
- cell-ECM interactions (1)
- cellular forces (1)
- cellular signaling (1)
- cellulose fibers (1)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (1)
- centriole (1)
- cereal leaf beetle (1)
- cerebral-cortex (1)
- cesa complex (1)
- chain length distribution (1)
- chaoborus kairomone (1)
- chaperone (1)
- chemical clock (1)
- chemical sensors (1)
- chemically induced dislocation (1)
- chemisch-induzierte Dislokation (1)
- chemostat experiments (1)
- chicken repeat 1 (1)
- chimeric transcription factors (1)
- chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1)
- chlorophyll (1)
- cholesterol (1)
- chromatin (1)
- chromatin accessibility (1)
- chromatin immunoprecipitation (1)
- chromatin regulation (1)
- chronic pain (1)
- chronischer Schmerz (1)
- chytridiomycota (1)
- ciconia ciconia (1)
- ciliates (1)
- cilium (1)
- circadian clock (1)
- circular dichroism (1)
- cis-regulatory evolution (1)
- cis-trans isomerisation of prolyl-peptide bonds (1)
- classical compartment model (1)
- clathrin-coated vesicles (1)
- click chemistry (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate dynamics (1)
- climate warming (1)
- close packing (1)
- co-delivery of multiple genes (1)
- co-expression (1)
- co-limitation (1)
- co-response (1)
- co-transfection (1)
- co2 concentrating mechanism (1)
- co2 concentration (1)
- coarse grained Molekulardynamiken (1)
- coarse grained molecular dynamics (1)
- coarse-graining (1)
- cocaine (1)
- coculture (1)
- codon usage (1)
- coefficient (1)
- coexistence mechanisms (1)
- cohesive ends (1)
- coiled coils (1)
- collagen (1)
- colon cancer (1)
- coloniality (1)
- colonization (1)
- colonization credit (1)
- colony formation (1)
- colony viability (1)
- columella (1)
- combinatorial optimization (1)
- combined heat and drought stress (1)
- common-garden experiment (1)
- common‐garden experiment (1)
- community dynamics (1)
- community model (1)
- community theory (1)
- comparative (1)
- compensatory dynamics (1)
- competition–defense trade‐off (1)
- complex model (1)
- composite material (1)
- composition (1)
- compost (1)
- compound eye (1)
- comprehensive analysis (1)
- computational biology (1)
- computational morphodynamics (1)
- concepts (1)
- concerted evolution (1)
- confocal microscopy (1)
- conformational change (1)
- conformational-changes (1)
- conservation breeding (1)
- conservation targets (1)
- consistency (1)
- constraint-based modeling (1)
- consumer (1)
- consumer diversity (1)
- consumptive resistance (1)
- content knowledge (1)
- contraception (1)
- control region (1)
- converting factor (1)
- coping styles (1)
- copolymers (1)
- copper (1)
- cord blood (1)
- cori cycle (1)
- correlation (1)
- correlation networks (1)
- corrosion (1)
- costamere (1)
- costs (1)
- coviability analysis (1)
- crop (1)
- crop diversity (1)
- crop production (1)
- cropping system (1)
- crops (1)
- cross-species capture (1)
- cross-striated muscle cells (1)
- crosslinker (1)
- crowding (1)
- cryptic species complex (1)
- cryptomycota (1)
- cucurbits (1)
- cyanobacteria biomarker (1)
- cyanobacterial bloom (1)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (1)
- cyclic-amp (1)
- cyclosporin A (1)
- cylindrospermopsin (1)
- cytochrome c (1)
- cytokines (1)
- cytokinesis (1)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (1)
- cytotype (1)
- d-loop region (1)
- daily precipitation (1)
- daily rainfall variability (1)
- dark virus (1)
- data analysis and statistics (1)
- data integration (1)
- data standardisation and formatting (1)
- ddRAD (1)
- de novo assembly (1)
- de novo genome assembly (1)
- de novo ncRNA Vorhersage (1)
- de novo ncRNA prediction (1)
- dead Cas9 (1)
- decline (1)
- deep lake (1)
- defense against predation (1)
- defense priming (1)
- degradome (1)
- demographic noise (1)
- dendritic cell (1)
- dendritische Zelle (1)
- density-dependent (1)
- dephosphorylation (1)
- desert (1)
- desiccation (1)
- desiccation tolerance (1)
- detection system (1)
- developing brain (1)
- developmental canalization (1)
- diacylglycerol (1)
- diagnostic (1)
- diallel (1)
- diaspore morphology (1)
- diaspore weight (1)
- dichteste Packung (1)
- diet intervention (1)
- dietary patterns (1)
- differential expression analysis (1)
- differential gene expression (1)
- diffusion (1)
- direct effects (1)
- direct electron transfer (1)
- directed dispersal (1)
- disease ecology (1)
- dispersal behavior (1)
- dispersal filtering (1)
- dispersal potential (1)
- dissociation (1)
- distance measure (1)
- distribution pattern (1)
- disturbance timing (1)
- diuron (1)
- divalent cations (1)
- diversity profiles (1)
- division of labor (1)
- doctoral thesis (1)
- dominance effect (1)
- dopingtest (1)
- dormancy (1)
- drosophila-melanogaster (1)
- droughts (1)
- drug drug interactions (1)
- dry and mesic grasslands (1)
- duplication (1)
- dynamic equilibrium (1)
- early warning signals (1)
- early-warning signals (1)
- earthquake (1)
- eastern continental Asia (1)
- eavesdropping (1)
- echolocation (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- ecological genetics (1)
- ecological novelty (1)
- ecological speciation (1)
- ecophysiology (1)
- ecosystem reconstruction (1)
- ecosystem services (1)
- ecosystem services provisioning (1)
- ectoparasites (1)
- edge effect (1)
- effect (1)
- effective daylength (1)
- efflux (1)
- egg ratio (1)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (1)
- einjährige Pflanzen (1)
- elastic modulus (1)
- electric fish (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electrokinetics (1)
- electrophysiology (1)
- electropolymerisation (1)
- elektrokinetische Effekte (1)
- emulsion (1)
- endemic lizard (1)
- endocardium (1)
- endogenous retrovirus (1)
- endotoxin (1)
- endozoochory (1)
- energetics (1)
- energy budget (1)
- energy expenditure (1)
- energy starvation (1)
- energy-metabolism (1)
- enrichment experiments (1)
- enrichments methods (1)
- environment filtering (1)
- environmental filtering (1)
- environmental metabolomics (1)
- environmental noise (1)
- environmental pollution (1)
- enzymatic MIP synthesis (1)
- enzymatic analyte conversion (1)
- enzymatic inactivation (1)
- enzymatische Reaktionsspezifität (1)
- enzyme activities (1)
- enzyme kinetic (1)
- enzyme models (1)
- enzyme optimization (1)
- enzyme tracer (1)
- epigeal arthropods (1)
- epigenetic variation (1)
- epigenome editing (1)
- epiphytes (1)
- epithelia (1)
- epithelial salt transport (1)
- epithelial transport (1)
- epithelialer Transport (1)
- epitop prediction (1)
- epitope prediction (1)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (1)
- erhöhte Nachttemperaturen (1)
- erosion (1)
- error reduction (1)
- erucic acid (1)
- erworbene Immunantwort (1)
- erythropoiesis (1)
- erzeugte Kraft (1)
- essentiality (1)
- establishment (1)
- eukaryotes (1)
- evolutionary (1)
- evolutionary ecology (1)
- evolutionary rescue (1)
- exopolysaccharide (1)
- exopolysaccharides (1)
- experiment description (1)
- experimental metadata (1)
- exposition (1)
- exposure (1)
- expression Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- expression patterns (1)
- extinction debt (1)
- extinction drivers (1)
- extinction risk (1)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (1)
- extracellular enzymes (1)
- extracellular matrix (1)
- extracellular matrix (ECM) (1)
- extracellular signaling (1)
- extravasation-rate limited tissue model (1)
- extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- extremophiles (1)
- faecal corticosterone metabolites (1)
- fallow land (1)
- farmers (1)
- fatty acid changes (1)
- feature engineering (1)
- feature selection (1)
- feeding behaviour (1)
- felid conservation (1)
- female choice (1)
- fence interaction (1)
- ferrocene (1)
- fertiliser (1)
- fertilization (1)
- fiber mesh scaffolds (1)
- fibre optic (1)
- fibroblasts (1)
- filaments (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- fisheries (1)
- fitness consequences (1)
- fitness response (1)
- fl (1)
- flavonoid biosynthesis (1)
- floating mat (1)
- flooded grasslands (1)
- floral meristem (1)
- floral organ (1)
- floral scent (1)
- florfenicol (1)
- flow-through biochip scanner (1)
- flower development (1)
- flower ecology (1)
- flower-insect-interaction (1)
- flowering (1)
- fluctuating light (1)
- fluktuierendes Licht (1)
- fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (1)
- fluorescence sensor (1)
- fluorescent labeling (1)
- fluorescent proteins (1)
- fluoreszierende Proteine (1)
- focal adhesion (1)
- folding (1)
- food allergy (1)
- food analysis (1)
- food web dynamics (1)
- forage availability (1)
- forage gaps (1)
- foraging behaviour (1)
- forelimb (1)
- forest (1)
- forest dynamics (1)
- forest invasion (1)
- forest plant species (1)
- forest specialist (1)
- formaldehyde assimilation (1)
- formate dehydrogenase (1)
- fractionation factors (1)
- fragmentation (1)
- fragments (1)
- freshwater algae (1)
- freshwater ecology (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- fruit (1)
- fruit shape (1)
- full annual cycle (1)
- functional ecology (1)
- functional response (1)
- functional richness (1)
- functionalization (1)
- fungal diversity (1)
- fungal pathogens (1)
- funktionale Merkmale (1)
- funktionelle Eigenschaften (1)
- funktionelle Ökologie (1)
- galactolipids (1)
- gammarus crustacea (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gelöster organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- gene cluster activation (1)
- gene delivery (1)
- gene expression control (1)
- gene expression profiles (1)
- gene family (1)
- gene order (1)
- gene regulation (1)
- gene regulatory networks (1)
- gene therapy (1)
- generalist emergent group (1)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (1)
- generated force (1)
- genetic (1)
- genetic accommodation (1)
- genetic circuits (1)
- genetic differentiation (1)
- genetic diversity loss (1)
- genetic fingerprinting (1)
- genetic mosaicism (1)
- genetic rescue (1)
- genetic variation (1)
- genetic vectors (1)
- genetische Manipulation (1)
- genetische Netzwerke (1)
- genetische Vielfalt (1)
- genetisches Fingerprinting (1)
- genetisches Mosaik (1)
- genome assembly (1)
- genomic evolution (1)
- genotype (1)
- genotype data (1)
- genotyping (1)
- geographic distribution (1)
- geographische Großstudie (1)
- geological evolution (1)
- geothermal aquifer (1)
- germination rate (1)
- giant unilamellar vesicles (1)
- giant vesicles (1)
- glacial maximum (1)
- glacial refugia (1)
- glass fiber (1)
- glaziale Refugien (1)
- globaler Wandel (1)
- glucolipotoxicity (1)
- glucose dehydrogenase (1)
- glutathione (1)
- glutathione peroxidase (1)
- glutathione peroxidase-2 GPx2 (1)
- glycine cleavage system (1)
- glycine decarboxylase complex (=GCV) (1)
- glycine synthase complex (reversal of GCV) (1)
- glycogen phosphorylation (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- good-genes-model (1)
- grain size (1)
- granule formation (1)
- graph theory (1)
- grating coupler (1)
- grazer (1)
- green algae (1)
- green house gases (1)
- green-i (1)
- grobkörnig (1)
- groundwater (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- growth (1)
- growth defect (1)
- growth regulate factor (1)
- growthrates (1)
- guard cell (1)
- hADSC (1)
- hCG (1)
- habitat connectivity (1)
- habitat selection (1)
- haematopoiesis (1)
- hairy root Transformation (1)
- hand force (1)
- haplotype reconstruction (1)
- haptens (1)
- harvesting (1)
- heart development (1)
- heart regeneration (1)
- heart-disease (1)
- heat shock protein (1)
- heat stress (1)
- heat stress response (1)
- heavy-chain-only antibody (1)
- heliozoa (1)
- hematopoetic stem cells (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- herbicides (1)
- herbivore (1)
- herbivory (1)
- heterocyclic aromatic amine (1)
- heterogeneity (1)
- heteroplasmy (1)
- heterosis (1)
- heterotrophic bacteria (1)
- heterozyklisches aromatisches Amin (1)
- hexapoda (1)
- hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach (1)
- high fluorescence signal (1)
- high light (1)
- high night temperature (1)
- high resolution (1)
- high resolution mass spectrometry (1)
- high throughput sequencing (1)
- hilly loes plateau (1)
- histidine-metal coordination (1)
- histone methylation (1)
- histone modifications, priming (1)
- hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie (1)
- hohe Auflösung (1)
- hoher Durchsatz Sequenzierung (1)
- holocene (1)
- homeostasis (1)
- homozygosity (1)
- honey bees (1)
- horizontal gene transfer (1)
- horizontaler Gentransfer (1)
- hormone (1)
- horse (1)
- host specificity (1)
- host-specificity (1)
- hoverflies (1)
- hsp70 (1)
- human (1)
- human aldehyde oxidase (1)
- human endotoxemia (1)
- human metabolic syndrome (1)
- hybrid breakdown (1)
- hybrid incompatibility (1)
- hybrid variegation (1)
- hybride Inkompatibilität (1)
- hybridization (1)
- hybridoma (1)
- hybridoma cells (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogen peroxide (1)
- hydrology (1)
- hydrophilicity (1)
- hydrothermal time model (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hyperaccumulation (1)
- hyperoxia (1)
- hyperthermia (1)
- hypoxia (1)
- identification (1)
- image analysis (1)
- immune system (1)
- immunoassay; GDH-biosensor; phenolic compounds; on-site-analysis; FIA;ß-galactosidase; wastewater analysis (1)
- immunogenicity (1)
- immunology (1)
- immunoscreening (1)
- impacts (1)
- importin (1)
- in silico (1)
- in vitro (1)
- in vitro immunization (1)
- in vitro particle opening (1)
- in vitro selection (1)
- in-vitro diagnostic (1)
- in-vitro-synthesis (1)
- indirect effects (1)
- indirect facilitation (1)
- individual based (1)
- individual differences (1)
- individual variation (1)
- individual-based modeling (1)
- individual-based modelling (1)
- individuelle Modellierung (1)
- individuen-basierte Modellierung (1)
- indivuduenbasiert (1)
- inducible gene expression (1)
- industrial farming (1)
- induzierbare Genexpression (1)
- influenza A virus (1)
- influenza A viruses (1)
- ingestion (1)
- inhibition (1)
- initial site conditions (1)
- initiation (1)
- innate immune response (1)
- inner-mongolia (1)
- innervation (1)
- inquiry (1)
- insecticides (1)
- integrative omics analysis (1)
- inter-individual differences (1)
- interaction analysis (1)
- interaction network (1)
- interactions (1)
- interactomics (1)
- intercalated disc (1)
- internal transcribed spacer (1)
- internalin B (1)
- interspecies interchange (1)
- interspezifische Wechselwirkungen (1)
- intra-organ-communication (1)
- intraguild predation (1)
- intraspecific variation (1)
- intraspezifische Merkmalsvariation (1)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (1)
- invasibility (1)
- invasion success (1)
- invasiv (1)
- invasive (1)
- invertase (1)
- ion channel (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) (1)
- ion transport (1)
- ionale Zusammensetzung (1)
- ionic composition (1)
- ionic strength (1)
- iron sulfur clusters (1)
- irreversibel (1)
- irreversible (1)
- island biogeography (1)
- island disharmony (1)
- island syndromes (1)
- isoforms (1)
- isothermal amplification (1)
- isothermale Amplifikation (1)
- jaguar (1)
- jasmonate (1)
- joint flexibility (1)
- katalytische Antikörper (1)
- kationische Liposomen (1)
- kelp (1)
- keratinocytes (1)
- kernel density estimation (1)
- kidney (1)
- kinesin (1)
- kinetic analysis (1)
- kinetic modeling (1)
- kinetische Analyse (1)
- kinetische Modellierung (1)
- kombinatorische Optimierung (1)
- kombinierter Hitze- und Trockenstress (1)
- kontrollierte Freisetzung von Biomolekülen (1)
- körperliche Bewegung (1)
- künstlicher Virus (1)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (1)
- lab on a chip (1)
- lab-on-a-chip (1)
- lab-on-chip (1)
- lactase-persistence (1)
- lactate (1)
- lafora disease (1)
- laforin (1)
- lake food web (1)
- lake periphyton (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lakes (1)
- land reform (1)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (1)
- land use history (1)
- land-cover classification (1)
- landscape diversity (1)
- landscape generator (1)
- landscape genetics (1)
- landscape homogenization (1)
- larch (1)
- larch species (1)
- large marsh grasshopper (1)
- large scale national conservation plan (1)
- large scale vegetation diversity (1)
- large-scale study (1)
- larval locomotion (1)
- laser capture microdissection (1)
- late embryogenesis abundant (1)
- late pleistocene (1)
- latitudinal clines (1)
- leaf litter (1)
- leaf width (1)
- lebende Materialien (1)
- leghemoglobin (1)
- legionella pneumophila (1)
- legume (1)
- legume lectin (1)
- leucine-rich repeat (1)
- leucine-rich repeat protein (1)
- leucinreiches repeat-Protein (1)
- lichens (1)
- licht-schaltbare Proteine (1)
- life-history theory (1)
- life‐history traits (1)
- ligation cloning extract (1)
- light (1)
- light adaptation (1)
- light intensity (irradiance) (1)
- light variability (1)
- light-triggered (1)
- limits (1)
- lipid classes (1)
- lipid limitation thresholds (1)
- lipid membranes (1)
- lipid monolayer (1)
- lipid synthesis (1)
- lipid–lipid interactions (1)
- lipophagy (1)
- lipoplexes (1)
- lipopolysaccharides (1)
- lipoprotein-lipase (1)
- littoral eutrophication (1)
- liverwort (1)
- living materials (1)
- long distance movement (1)
- long-distance dispersal (1)
- long-term change (1)
- long-term desiccation (1)
- longevity (1)
- loss-of-function mutation (1)
- loss-of-function-Mutation (1)
- lower Havel river wetland (1)
- lysosome (1)
- mAb Disposition (1)
- mAb disposition (1)
- mRNA (1)
- mRNA Degradierung (1)
- mRNA chemistry (1)
- mRNA degradation (1)
- mRNA-Chemie (1)
- machinelles Lernen (1)
- macrophage activation (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- magnetite Ketter (1)
- magnetotactic bacteria (1)
- magnetotaktische Bakterien (1)
- maintenance (1)
- maintenance of functional diversity (1)
- major hhistocompatibility complex (1)
- major histocompatibility complex (1)
- male Daphnia (1)
- male bank voles (1)
- malin (1)
- maltodextrin (1)
- maltooligosaccharides (1)
- mammalian ALOX15 orthologs (1)
- mammalian-cells (1)
- mammals (1)
- many-to-one genotype–phenotype map (1)
- marine (1)
- martini (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mate-pairs (1)
- maternal aggression (1)
- mathematical simulation models (1)
- mathematische Modelierung (1)
- mathematische Simulationsmodelle (1)
- mathematisches Modellierung (1)
- meadow (1)
- mechanics (1)
- mechanische Mikrodis (1)
- mechanische Stabilität (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistisches Modell (1)
- mechanosensation (1)
- mediated delivery (1)
- melatonin (1)
- membrane (1)
- membrane binding (1)
- membrane biophysics (1)
- membrane fluidity (1)
- membrane microdomains (1)
- membrane protein (1)
- membranes (1)
- mesophyll (1)
- mesophyll cell (1)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- metabolic (1)
- metabolic Quantitative Trait Loci (1)
- metabolic costs (1)
- metabolic engineering (1)
- metabolic genomics (1)
- metabolic modelling (1)
- metabolic plasticity (1)
- metabolic regulation (1)
- metabolic theory (1)
- metabolic-profiling (1)
- metabolisch (1)
- metabolische Kosten (1)
- metabolischer Phänotyp (1)
- metabolisches Engineering (1)
- metabolisches Syndrom (1)
- metabolite breeding (1)
- metabolome (1)
- metabolomic (1)
- metabolomic analysis (1)
- metacommunities (1)
- metagenome (1)
- metamorphosis (1)
- methane cycle (1)
- methanogene Archaea (1)
- methanogene Archaeen (1)
- methanogens (1)
- methanotrophic bacteria (1)
- methanotrophs (1)
- methanoxidierende Bakterien (1)
- methanproduzierende Archaeen (1)
- methylotrophy (1)
- metric index (1)
- miRNA Regulation (1)
- miRNA regulation (1)
- miRNAs (1)
- microRNA399 (1)
- microalgae (1)
- microarrays (1)
- microbial activity (1)
- microbial carbon turnover (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial decomposition (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial ecology (1)
- microbial processes (1)
- microbial soil communities (1)
- microcystis (1)
- microeukaryotes (1)
- microgel (1)
- microheating (1)
- microorganisms (1)
- microstructures (1)
- microtiter plate assay (1)
- microviridin (1)
- microviscosity (1)
- migratory birds (1)
- mikroRNA399 (1)
- mikrobielle Aktivität (1)
- mikrobielle Bodengemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaft (1)
- mikrobielle Interaktionen (1)
- mikrobielle Moor-Kerngemeinschaft (1)
- mikrobielle Prozesse (1)
- mikrobielle Vielfalt (1)
- mikrobielle Ökologie (1)
- mikrobieller Abbau (1)
- mikrobieller Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- minimal invasive Probennahme (1)
- minimal invasive sampling (1)
- minimum information recommendations (1)
- misfolding (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- mitochondrial control region I (1)
- mitochondrial dna sequences (1)
- mitochondrial genome (1)
- mitochondrial haplotypes (1)
- mitogenome (1)
- mitogenomes (1)
- mitosis (1)
- model integration (1)
- model limitations (1)
- modeling (1)
- modern coexistence theory (1)
- modified Alternaria toxins (1)
- modified primers (1)
- mojave desert (1)
- molecular dynamics (1)
- molecular dynamics simulation (1)
- molecular dynamics simulations (1)
- molecular evolution (1)
- molecular force sensors (1)
- molecular methods (1)
- molecular phylogenetics (1)
- molecular phylogeny (1)
- molecular species identification (1)
- molekular geprägte Polymere (1)
- molekulare Kraftsensoren (1)
- molybdenum cofactor deficiency (1)
- molybdoflavoenzymes (1)
- molybdopterin synthase (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monoclonal antibody (1)
- morphogenesis (1)
- morphological changes (1)
- morphologischen Veränderungen (1)
- morphology (1)
- moss (1)
- moss-associated archaea (1)
- moss-associated bacteria (1)
- moss-associated methanogenesis (1)
- moss-associated methanotrophy (1)
- moss-microbe-interactions (1)
- movemen ecology (1)
- movement speed (1)
- mowing (1)
- mulifractional diffusion (1)
- multi-fraktionelle Diffusion (1)
- multilayer films (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multiple genes (1)
- multiple sequence alignment (1)
- multiplex assay (1)
- multivalence (1)
- multivalency (1)
- multivariate statistische Technik (1)
- multi‐ year flooding cycle (1)
- murine Tas2rs (1)
- murine leukemia virus (1)
- muscle (1)
- museum specimens (1)
- mustelid predation (1)
- mutagenicity (1)
- mutation (1)
- mutual information (1)
- mycotoxin profile (1)
- myocardium (1)
- myodes-glareolus (1)
- myotendinous junction (1)
- myrmecochory (1)
- n-oxide reductase (1)
- nacheiszeitliche Wiederbesiedlung (1)
- nanobodies (1)
- nanoelectrodes (1)
- nanoparticles (1)
- nanoparticles assembly (1)
- nanostructured materials (1)
- nanostrukturierte Materialien (1)
- natal dispersal (1)
- national biodiversity hotspots (1)
- nationalen Naturschutzplanung (1)
- nationaler Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (1)
- natural enemies (1)
- natural genetic variation (1)
- natural habitats (1)
- natural particle (1)
- natural-selection (1)
- nature of science (1)
- naturnahe Habitate (1)
- natürliche genetische Variation (1)
- necrobiome (1)
- necrosis (1)
- nectar (1)
- neophilia (1)
- neophobia (1)
- nest predation (1)
- net primary productivity (1)
- net production (1)
- network (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neurite outgrowth (1)
- neurodegenerative (1)
- neurodegenerative Erkrankung (1)
- neurohormone (1)
- neuronal networks (1)
- neuronale Netzwerke (1)
- neuropeptide (1)
- neutralization (1)
- next generation sequencing (NGS) (1)
- next-generation sequencing (1)
- niche and fitness differences (1)
- niche partitioning (1)
- niche width (1)
- nicht additiv (1)
- nicht-Mendelsche Vererbung (1)
- nicht-einheimisch (1)
- nicht-kanonische Aminosäuren (1)
- nicht-stöchiometrische Modifikationen (1)
- nichtinvasive Diagnostik (1)
- nitrate (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- nitrogen deposition (1)
- nitrogen fixation (1)
- nitrogen limitation (1)
- nitrous-oxide (1)
- no threshold for stunting (1)
- nodulin (1)
- noise color (1)
- non-Mendelian inheritance (1)
- non-breeding (1)
- non-canonical amino acids (1)
- non-equilibrium coexistence (1)
- non-equilibrium dynamics (1)
- non-independent mate choice (1)
- non-invasive Diagnostics (1)
- non-linear dynamics (1)
- non-native (1)
- non-random dispersal (1)
- non-stoichiometric modifications (1)
- non-target arthropods (1)
- non-target organisms (1)
- nonadditive (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- northern peatlands (1)
- novel biomarkers (1)
- novel ecosystems (1)
- novel species (1)
- novelty (1)
- nuclear localization signal (1)
- nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- nuclear pore complex (1)
- nucleic acids (1)
- nucleolus (1)
- nucleoporins (1)
- nucleosidase (1)
- nucleus-associated body (1)
- nukleäre Lamina (1)
- null model (1)
- nutrient spike (1)
- nutrient supply (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nördliche Moore (1)
- o-phenylenediamine (1)
- ob/ob (1)
- oberirdische Biomasse (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- of-function mutations (1)
- offspring-defense (1)
- oligomer (1)
- oligomerization (1)
- on-chip enzymatic assay (1)
- one-carbon metabolism (1)
- ontogeny (1)
- optimal annual routine model (1)
- optische Biosensoren (1)
- optogenetics (1)
- ordering of particles on the surface (1)
- organ size (1)
- organic carbon (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organic matter quality (1)
- organischer Dünger (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organization (1)
- organophosphate (1)
- osmotic-pressure (1)
- osteogenesis (1)
- outcrossing rate (1)
- overacidification (1)
- overgrazing (1)
- overhunting (1)
- oxidase (1)
- oxidative Proteinmodifikationen (1)
- oxidative protein modifications (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxygen transport (1)
- p-proteins (1)
- p-type ATPase (1)
- pCI (1)
- pH (1)
- pH-Regulation (1)
- pH-regulation (1)
- pPhytoplankton photoacclimation (1)
- pace-of-life (1)
- pace-of-life syndrome (1)
- pacific oyster (1)
- pair bonding (1)
- palaeoecology (1)
- paleoclimate (1)
- paleoenvironmental records (1)
- paleovegetation (1)
- palmitate (1)
- paper chromatography (1)
- paper-based (1)
- paperbased (1)
- papier-basiert (1)
- papierbasiert (1)
- parallele beta-Helix (1)
- parallele rechtsgängige beta-Helix (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parameters (1)
- paramutation (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parentage (1)
- particulate organic matter (1)
- past biosphere (1)
- past land use (1)
- pasture (1)
- pathogen (1)
- pathogen bacteria (1)
- pathogen host interaction (1)
- pathogen response (1)
- pathogene Bakterien (1)
- pathogens (1)
- pathway mapping (1)
- pathway search (1)
- pathways (1)
- pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- patterns (1)
- peatland core microbiome (1)
- peatland development (1)
- pectin (1)
- pectinase (1)
- pelagische Nahrungskette (1)
- peptide nucleic acid (1)
- perceived predation risk (1)
- percentage of body fat (1)
- performance (1)
- periphyton (1)
- periplasmic nitrate reductase (1)
- permafrost (1)
- permafrost degradation (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- persistence length (1)
- personalised medicine (1)
- personalisierte Medizin (1)
- personality-traits (1)
- pest (1)
- pesticide (1)
- pflanzliche Zellwände (1)
- phage HK620 (1)
- phage infection (1)
- phages (1)
- pharmacodynamics (1)
- pharmacokinetics (1)
- pharmakologisches Profil (1)
- phenanthrolindione (1)
- phenol (1)
- phenotypic phase plane (1)
- phenotypic variation (1)
- phloem architecture (1)
- phonotaxis (1)
- phosphate accumulating organisms (1)
- phosphatidic acid (1)
- phosphatidylserine (1)
- photo-induced (1)
- photoacid (1)
- photoactive proteins (1)
- photoactive yellow protein (PYP) (1)
- photocatalysis (1)
- photoelectrochemical sensor (1)
- photoinduziert (1)
- photoresponse (1)
- photoswitches (1)
- photosynthetic rate (1)
- phylogenetic diversity (1)
- physical activity (1)
- physiology (1)
- phytodiversity (1)
- phytol (1)
- phytoplankton and zooplankton (1)
- phytoplankton communities (1)
- phytoplankton host (1)
- phytoplankton populations (1)
- phänotypische Variation (1)
- pigment composition (1)
- pigmentation (1)
- planar polarity (1)
- plankton food web (1)
- plant Mediator (1)
- plant adaptation (1)
- plant cell wall (1)
- plant cell wall biosynthesis (1)
- plant cell walls (1)
- plant clonality (1)
- plant communities (1)
- plant development (1)
- plant functional types (1)
- plant growth (1)
- plant macrofossil data (1)
- plant naturalization (1)
- plant phenotyping (1)
- plant research (1)
- plant secondary metabolites (1)
- plant-animal interaction (1)
- plant-fungal interactions (1)
- plant-microbe interactions (1)
- plant–soil feedback (1)
- plasma membrane (1)
- plasma-membrane (1)
- plastic-associated biofilms (1)
- plastid (1)
- plastidial phosphorylase (1)
- playback (1)
- pleistocene (1)
- podovirus (1)
- polarization (1)
- pollen (1)
- pollination (1)
- poly(a)-binding protein (1)
- poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (1)
- polyQ (1)
- polyamide (1)
- polyandry (1)
- polyelectrolyte multilayers (1)
- polyglucosan body (1)
- polymer degradation (1)
- polymer membranes (1)
- polymer networks (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (1)
- polymers (1)
- polyneuropathy (1)
- polyploidization (1)
- polysaccharides (1)
- polysulfide (1)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (1)
- ponsin (1)
- population (1)
- population connectivity (1)
- population delimitation (1)
- population ecology (1)
- population growth rate (1)
- population persistence (1)
- population viability analysis (1)
- porous scaffolds (1)
- poröse Gerüste (1)
- positive selection (1)
- post-translational modifications (1)
- postglacial recolonization (1)
- posttranslationale Modifikationen (1)
- potassium ions (1)
- potato tuber (1)
- potential-functions (1)
- prairie vole (1)
- pre-service teacher (1)
- precipitation (1)
- predation risk (1)
- predator recognition (1)
- predator-prey dynamics (1)
- predator-prey relationships (1)
- predator–prey cycles (1)
- prediction (1)
- predictive analysis (1)
- predictive habitat model (1)
- predictive modelling (1)
- preparation (1)
- preterm infants (1)
- primary human macrophages (1)
- primary producer (1)
- primary production (1)
- primäre humane Makrophagen (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- process recovery (1)
- processing (1)
- production (1)
- professional competence (1)
- professional knowledge (1)
- progenitor cells (1)
- prostate cancer (1)
- protease inhibitor (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein aggregation (1)
- protein binding (1)
- protein degradation (1)
- protein domains (1)
- protein folding screen (1)
- protein kinase (1)
- protein modification (1)
- protein multimerization (1)
- protein phosphatases (1)
- protein phosphatise (1)
- protein phosphorylation (1)
- protein reconstitution (1)
- protein secretion (1)
- protein structure (1)
- protein trafficking (1)
- protein-aptamer interaction (1)
- protein-level regulation (1)
- protein-metal interaction (1)
- protein-protein interaction (1)
- proteomics (1)
- prädiktive Analyse (1)
- pulse perturbation (1)
- punicalagin (1)
- purifying selection (1)
- pyridoxal-50-phosphate (1)
- pyrophosphate (1)
- pyruvate (1)
- qPCR (1)
- qRT-PCR (1)
- qualitative pathway interpretation (1)
- quantitativen Schutzzielen (1)
- quantum dots (1)
- quasi-permanent plots (1)
- quiescent center (1)
- radiation biology (1)
- radiocarbon (1)
- rain event depth (1)
- rainfall gradient (1)
- randomization (1)
- range dynamics (1)
- range size (1)
- rape seed (1)
- rapid evolution (1)
- rare plants (1)
- ratiometric imaging (1)
- reaction norms (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1)
- reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) (1)
- receptors (1)
- reciprocal transplant experiment (1)
- recombinant Escherichia coli (1)
- recombinant inbred line population (1)
- recombination (1)
- recycling system (1)
- red noise (1)
- redfield ratio (1)
- redox metabolism (1)
- redox polymer (1)
- reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (1)
- reductive glycine pathway (1)
- reduktiver Acetyl-CoA-Weg (1)
- reduktiver Glycinweg (1)
- regenerative Medizin (1)
- regenerative medicine (1)
- regime shift (1)
- regime shifts (1)
- regression methods (1)
- regulate gene expression (1)
- regulatory genes (1)
- regulatory pathway (1)
- reliability (1)
- repeatability (1)
- reproduction success (1)
- reproductive strategies (1)
- reserve design (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- resilience (1)
- resistance mechanisms (1)
- resource competition (1)
- resource-tracking (1)
- respiration (1)
- respiratory syncytial virus (1)
- restoration of floodplains (1)
- restriction enzymes (1)
- resurrection plants (1)
- resurvey (1)
- retrotransposon (1)
- reveals (1)
- reziprokes Transplantationsexperiment (1)
- rhabdomere twisting (1)
- rheology (1)
- rhodobacter-capsulatus (1)
- ribosomal dynamics (1)
- ribosome (1)
- ribulose monophosphate pathway (1)
- rice (1)
- riesen unilamellare Vesikel (1)
- riesige unilamellare Vesikel (1)
- right-handed parallel beta-helix (1)
- risk (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk mapping (1)
- rivastigmine (1)
- robustness (1)
- roe deer (1)
- root (1)
- root colonization (1)
- root gravitropism (1)
- root hair formation (1)
- root hair initiation (1)
- root morphology (1)
- root traits (1)
- rooting depth (1)
- rotifers (1)
- ruderal (1)
- run length (1)
- rural populations (1)
- räumlich explizit (1)
- räumlich explizites Modell (1)
- räumlich und zeitlich kontrollierte Wirkstoff-Freisetzung (1)
- räumliche Autokorrelation (1)
- saccharide binding (1)
- saccharomyces cerevisiae (1)
- saccharomyces-cerevisiae (1)
- salicylic acid (1)
- salicylic-acid (1)
- saliva (1)
- saliva secretion (1)
- salivary glands (1)
- salmonella typhimurium (1)
- salt stress (1)
- saure Phosphatase (1)
- scaffolding (1)
- scale dependence (1)
- scale-dependency (1)
- scaled mass index (1)
- school-related content knowledge (1)
- schwach elektrischer Fisch (1)
- screening (1)
- seasonality (1)
- second messenger (1)
- secondary metabolism (1)
- secondary structure (1)
- secretion (1)
- secular acceleration (1)
- sediment (1)
- sediment core (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (1)
- sedimentation (1)
- seed dispersal syndrome (1)
- seeds (1)
- seismic activity (1)
- seismische Aktivität (1)
- sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe (1)
- selbstheilende Materialien (1)
- selection (1)
- selection-linked integration (1)
- self-assembled monolayer (1)
- self-healing materials (1)
- selfing syndrome (1)
- seltene Pflanzen (1)
- semi-arid grassland (1)
- semi-arides Grasland (1)
- semi-closed mitosis (1)
- semi-natural habitat (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensor (1)
- sequence (1)
- sequencing (1)
- sequencing error (1)
- serine biosensor (1)
- serine hydroxymethyltransferase (1)
- serotyping (1)
- seston (1)
- setting back dykes (1)
- sexual selection (1)
- sexual species (1)
- shade (1)
- shock proteins (1)
- short-read mapping (1)
- shrews (1)
- shrub size (1)
- shrubification (1)
- shrubland (1)
- sibirischen Permafrost (1)
- side chain stacking (1)
- signal compounds (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- signaling (1)
- signalling (1)
- signalling pathways (1)
- significance (1)
- silica beads (1)
- simulation experiments (1)
- simulation framework (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulation modell (1)
- simultane Einbringung multipler Gene (1)
- singing activity (1)
- single cell analysis (1)
- single cell imaging (1)
- single cell sammpling and analysis (SCSA) (1)
- single domain antibodies (1)
- single molecule force spectroscopy (1)
- single nucleotide polymorphisms (1)
- single-cell (1)
- sirna transfection (1)
- site conditions (1)
- skin (1)
- slope (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- smut fungi (1)
- social information (1)
- social-economic-political-emotional (1)
- soil type (1)
- sol-gel (1)
- solanum tuberosum (1)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (1)
- solid-state MAS NMR (1)
- solitary bees (1)
- somatotype (1)
- song-matching (1)
- song-sharing (1)
- song-types (1)
- songlearning (1)
- source regions (1)
- southern North-Sea (1)
- spatial (1)
- spatial distribution (1)
- spatial-distribution (1)
- spatially and temporally controlled drug release (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- spatially explicit modelling (1)
- spatially-explicit (1)
- specialized metabolites (1)
- species abundance (1)
- species assembly (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species distribution models (1)
- specific root length (1)
- specificity factor (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
- sperm storage (1)
- spiders (1)
- spindle pole body (1)
- spontaneous reaction (1)
- stabile Isotope Tracer (1)
- stability (1)
- stable isotope tracer (1)
- stable isotope tracing (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- stable states (1)
- standard metabolic rate (1)
- standard metrics (1)
- starch biosynthesis (1)
- starch granule (1)
- starch granule biogenesis (1)
- starch granule initiation (1)
- starch granule morphology (1)
- starch granule number per chloroplast (1)
- starch granule number regulation (1)
- starch granule size (1)
- starch granules (1)
- starch initiation (1)
- starch morphology (1)
- starch synthase (1)
- starch synthases (1)
- static and dynamic light scattering (1)
- stem loop (1)
- sterols (1)
- stewartan (1)
- stiffness (1)
- stimulation of cells (1)
- stimuli (1)
- stochastic dynamic programming (1)
- stochastic fluctuations (1)
- stochastic gradient boosting (1)
- stochastic modeling (1)
- stochastic time series (1)
- stochastisch-dynamische Optimierung (1)
- stochastische Modellierung (1)
- stochastische Zeitreihen (1)
- stocking capacity (1)
- stoichiometric modeling (1)
- stomatal immunity (1)
- stopover (1)
- storage proteins (1)
- stress-response (1)
- structural equation model (1)
- structural genomics (1)
- structural thermodynamics (1)
- style (1)
- stöchiometrische Modellierung (1)
- subarctic vegetation change (1)
- subboreal (1)
- subcellular localization (1)
- submarin (1)
- submarine (1)
- subunit exchange (1)
- subunit vaccine (1)
- succession (1)
- succulent karoo (1)
- sucrose responsiveness (1)
- sucrose synthase (1)
- sugar signalling (1)
- sugar transporter (1)
- sulfotranferases (1)
- sulfotransferases SULT1A1 and SULT1A2 (1)
- sulfur (1)
- sulfur transferase (1)
- sulfur-bacteria (1)
- sulfurtransferase (1)
- sulphur (1)
- summer eczema (1)
- superoxide (1)
- superoxide dismutase (1)
- supersaturated species coexistence (1)
- supervised learning (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface chemistry (1)
- surface plasmon resonance (1)
- surface temperature (1)
- survival (1)
- survival rate (1)
- sustainable land use (1)
- sustainable management (1)
- symbiose-relevante mikroRNA-Targets (1)
- symbiosis-relevant microRNA targets (1)
- symplastic loading (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synchrotron radiation (1)
- synthesis (1)
- synthetic circuits (1)
- synthetic formatotrphy (1)
- syrphids (1)
- systematic review (1)
- systemsbiology (1)
- tRNA (1)
- tRNA Thiomodifikation (1)
- tRNA thiomodifications (1)
- tail-length (1)
- tailspike proteins (1)
- tamoxifen (1)
- target capture (1)
- target enrichment (1)
- taste (1)
- taxonomic (1)
- tbr mutant (1)
- tbx5 (1)
- telemetry (1)
- telomere dysfunction (1)
- temperatur-sensitive (1)
- temperature sensitive foldi (1)
- template digestion (1)
- temporary wetland (1)
- terra preta (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrisch (1)
- testis (1)
- thaliana (1)
- theoretical ecology (1)
- theoretische Ökologie (1)
- therapeutics (1)
- thermal-stress (1)
- thermo-responsive Polymere (1)
- thermo-responsive polymers (1)
- thermometry (1)
- thermoregulatory behaviour (1)
- thermoresponsive (1)
- thermoresponsive Polymere (1)
- thermoresponsive polymers (1)
- thick ascending limb (1)
- thiocarboxylate (1)
- thioester (1)
- thionucleosides (1)
- thioredoxin (1)
- three-state model (1)
- tiefe Biosphäre (1)
- time-kill curves (1)
- tip growth (1)
- tissue stiffness (1)
- tissue types (1)
- titin (1)
- tobacco (1)
- tocopherol (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (1)
- top-down control (1)
- topography (1)
- toxicity (1)
- trace gas fluxes (1)
- tracking (1)
- tracking impacts (1)
- trade-offs (1)
- trade-offs between functional traits (1)
- tradeoff (1)
- trait adaptation (1)
- trait convergence and divergence (1)
- trait diversity (1)
- trait-environment relationship (1)
- traits (1)
- trans-Golgi Netzwerk (1)
- trans-Golgi network (1)
- transactivation assay (1)
- transcript level (1)
- transcription factor genes (1)
- transcriptional memory (1)
- transcriptional regulation (1)
- transcriptome analysis (1)
- transcriptome sequencing (1)
- transepitheliales Potential (1)
- transgenerational response (1)
- transgenes Mausmodell (1)
- transgenic mouse model (1)
- transient expression (1)
- transient receptor potential ion channels (1)
- transient-receptor-potential-Ionenkanäle (1)
- transition (1)
- transition metals (1)
- transitorische Stärke (1)
- transitory starch (1)
- translation efficiency (1)
- translation initiation (1)
- translational control (1)
- transmission (1)
- transposable elements (1)
- tree infilling (1)
- treeline dynamics (1)
- trehalose 6-phosphate (1)
- trehalose 6‐ phosphate (Tre6P) (1)
- trehalose synthesis (1)
- trifluoroethanol (1)
- tritrophic food web (1)
- tritrophic system (1)
- tritrophisches System (1)
- trophic apparatus (1)
- trophic transfer efficiency (1)
- trophische Transfereffizienz (1)
- tropical freshwater fish (1)
- tropische Süßwasserfische (1)
- trypanosoma (1)
- tumor immunotherapy (1)
- tundra-taiga (1)
- turnover (1)
- type specimens (1)
- type-III effector (1)
- tyrosinase (1)
- tyrosinase inhibitors (1)
- tägliche Regenmenge (1)
- täglicher Niederschlag (1)
- ubiquitination (1)
- udp-galacturonic acid (1)
- udp-rhamnose (1)
- understanding (1)
- ungulates (1)
- untere Havelniederung (1)
- unterirdische Pflanzenfresser (1)
- urban soil erosion (1)
- urbane Bodenerosion (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vacuolar H+-ATPase (1)
- validity (1)
- variation (1)
- vascular plants (1)
- vector system (1)
- vegetation (1)
- vegetation height (1)
- vegetation modeling (1)
- vegetation type (1)
- vegetation-climate feedbacks (1)
- vegetative growth (1)
- velocity (1)
- venom (1)
- vergleichend (1)
- vernalization (1)
- vertebrate scavenger (1)
- vertebrates (1)
- verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren (1)
- veränderte Triebverzweigung (1)
- vesicle transport (1)
- viral fitness (1)
- viral infections (1)
- viral matrix proteins (1)
- virale Infektionen (1)
- virgin forest (1)
- virosome (1)
- virulence-associated genes (1)
- virulenzassoziierte Gene (1)
- virus assembly (1)
- virus infection (1)
- virus-host interaction (1)
- vitamin E (1)
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (1)
- volatile organische Substanzen (VOCs) (1)
- vole clethrionomys-glareolus (1)
- voles (1)
- voles clethrionomys-glareolus (1)
- vollständiger Jahreszyklus (1)
- warburg effect (1)
- water (1)
- water absorbance (1)
- water erosion (1)
- water reservoir (1)
- water-in-water (1)
- weakly electric fish (1)
- wechselseitige Information (1)
- western Eger Rift (1)
- westlichen Eger-Graben (1)
- wetland vegetation (1)
- wild bees (1)
- wild boar (1)
- wild mammal species (1)
- wildlife and habitat management (1)
- wildlife conservation (1)
- wildlife corridors (1)
- wildlife management (1)
- winner and loser species (1)
- winter biology (1)
- winter fish kill (1)
- winter wheat (1)
- woodland herb (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- x-ray crystallography (1)
- yield (1)
- zeatin (1)
- zellfreie Proteinsynthese (1)
- zelluläre Bioenergetik (1)
- zelluläre Kräfte (1)
- zelluläre Signalübertragung (1)
- zona pellucida (1)
- zooplankton (1)
- zweiwertige Kationen (1)
- zwitterionic phospholipids (1)
- zwitterionische Phospholipide (1)
- zytosolische tRNA-Thiolierung (1)
- ÁtAMT2 (1)
- Ähnlichkeitsmaß (1)
- Öko-Ethologie (1)
- Ökokline (1)
- Ökologische Modelle (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Ökosystem-Rekonstruktion (1)
- Ökosystementwicklung (1)
- Ökosystemfunktion (1)
- Ökosystemfunktionen (1)
- Ökotoxikologie (1)
- Ökotypen (1)
- Übergangsmetalle (1)
- Übersäuerung (1)
- öffentliche Gesundheit (1)
- ökohydrologische Modellierung (1)
- δ13C (1)
- δ15N (1)
- „Natur der Naturwissenschaften“ (1)
Institute
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (707) (remove)
The African weakly electric fishes (Mormyridae) exhibit a remarkable adaptive radiation possibly due to their species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs). It is produced by a muscle-derived electric organ that is located in the caudal peduncle. Divergence in EODs acts as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism to drive species radiations. However, the mechanism behind the EOD diversification are only partially understood.
The aim of this study is to explore the genetic basis of EOD diversification from the gene expression level across Campylomormyrus species/hybrids and ontogeny. I firstly produced a high quality genome of the species C. compressirostris as a valuable resource to understand the electric fish evolution.
The next study compared the gene expression pattern between electric organs and skeletal muscles in Campylomormyrus species/hybrids with different types of EOD duration. I identified several candidate genes with an electric organ-specific expression, e.g. KCNA7a, KLF5, KCNJ2, SCN4aa, NDRG3, MEF2. The overall genes expression pattern exhibited a significant association with EOD duration in all analyzed species/hybrids. The expression of several candidate genes, e.g. KCNJ2, KLF5, KCNK6 and KCNQ5, possibly contribute to the regulation of EOD duration in Campylomormyrus due to their increasing or decreasing expression. Several potassium channel genes showed differential expression during ontogeny in species and hybrid with EOD alteration, e.g. KCNJ2.
I next explored allele specific expression of intragenus hybrids by crossing the duration EOD species C. compressirostris with the medium duration EOD species C. tshokwe and the elongated duration EOD species C. rhynchophorus. The hybrids exhibited global expression dominance of the C. compressirostris allele in the adult skeletal muscle and electric organ, as well as in the juvenile electric organ. Only the gene KCNJ2 showed dominant expression of the allele from C. rhynchophorus, and this was increasingly dominant during ontogeny. It hence supported our hypothesis that KCNJ2 is a key gene of regulating EOD duration. Our results help us to understand, from a genetic perspective, how gene expression effect the EOD diversification in the African weakly electric fish.
Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and distinct actin-related proteins with filament-forming properties are even found in prokaryotes. Due to these commonalities, actin-modulating proteins of many species share similar structural properties and proposed functions. The polymerization and depolymerization of actin are critical processes for a cell as they can contribute to shape changes to adapt to its environment and to move and distribute nutrients and cellular components within the cell. However, to what extent functions of actin-binding proteins are conserved between distantly related species, has only been addressed in a few cases. In this work, functions of Coronin-A (CorA) and Actin-interacting protein 1 (Aip1), two proteins involved in actin dynamics, were characterized. In addition, the interchangeability and function of Aip1 were investigated in two phylogenetically distant model organisms. The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (encoding two homologs, AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) and in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (encoding one homolog, DdAip1) were chosen because the functions of their actin cytoskeletons may differ in many aspects. Functional analyses between species were conducted for AIP1 homologs as flowering plants do not harbor a CorA gene.
In the first part of the study, the effect of four different mutation methods on the function of Coronin-A protein and the resulting phenotype in D. discoideum was revealed in two genetic knockouts, one RNAi knockdown and a sudden loss-of-function mutant created by chemical-induced dislocation (CID). The advantages and disadvantages of the different mutation methods on the motility, appearance and development of the amoebae were investigated, and the results showed that not all observed properties were affected with the same intensity. Remarkably, a new combination of Selection-Linked Integration and CID could be established.
In the second and third parts of the thesis, the exchange of Aip1 between plant and amoeba was carried out. For A. thaliana, the two homologs (AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) were analyzed for functionality as well as in D. discoideum. In the Aip1-deficient amoeba, rescue with AIP1-1 was more effective than with AIP1-2. The main results in the plant showed that in the aip1-2 mutant background, reintroduced AIP1-2 displayed the most efficient rescue and A. thaliana AIP1-1 rescued better than DdAip1. The choice of the tagging site was important for the function of Aip1 as steric hindrance is a problem. The DdAip1 was less effective when tagged at the C-terminus, while the plant AIP1s showed mixed results depending on the tag position. In conclusion, the foreign proteins partially rescued phenotypes of mutant plants and mutant amoebae, despite the organisms only being very distantly related in evolutionary terms.
Arachidonsäurelipoxygenasen (ALOX-Isoformen) sind Lipid-peroxidierenden Enzyme, die bei der Zelldifferenzierung und bei der Pathogenese verschiedener Erkrankungen bedeutsam sind. Im menschlichen Genom gibt es sechs funktionelle ALOX-Gene, die als Einzelkopiegene vorliegen. Für jedes humane ALOX-Gen gibt es ein orthologes Mausgen. Obwohl sich die sechs humanen ALOX-Isoformen strukturell sehr ähnlich sind, unterscheiden sich ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften deutlich voneinander. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden vier unterschiedliche Fragestellungen zum Vorkommen, zur biologischen Rolle und zur Evolutionsabhängigkeit der enzymatischen Eigenschaften von Säugetier-ALOX-Isoformen untersucht:
1) Spitzhörnchen (Tupaiidae) sind evolutionär näher mit dem Menschen verwandt als Nagetiere und wurden deshalb als Alternativmodelle für die Untersuchung menschlicher Erkrankungen vorgeschlagen. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals der Arachidonsäurestoffwechsel von Spitzhörnchen untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass im Genom von Tupaia belangeri vier unterschiedliche ALOX15-Gene vorkommen und die Enzyme sich hinsichtlich ihrer katalytischen Eigenschaften ähneln. Diese genomische Vielfalt, die weder beim Menschen noch bei Mäusen vorhanden ist, erschwert die funktionellen Untersuchungen zur biologischen Rolle des ALOX15-Weges. Damit scheint Tupaia belangeri kein geeigneteres Tiermodel für die Untersuchung des ALOX15-Weges des Menschen zu sein.
2) Entsprechend der Evolutionshypothese können Säugetier-ALOX15-Orthologe in Arachidonsäure-12-lipoxygenierende- und Arachidonsäure-15-lipoxygenierende Enzyme eingeteilt werden. Dabei exprimieren Säugetierspezies, die einen höheren Evolutionsgrad als Gibbons aufweisen, Arachidonsäure-15-lipoxygenierende ALOX15-Orthologe, während evolutionär weniger weit entwickelte Säugetiere Arachidonsäure-12 lipoxygenierende Enzyme besitzen. In dieser Arbeit wurden elf neue ALOX15-Orthologe als rekombinante Proteine exprimiert und funktionell charakterisiert. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse fügen sich widerspruchsfrei in die Evolutionshypothese ein und verbreitern deren experimentelle Basis. Die experimentellen Daten bestätigen auch das Triadenkonzept.
3) Da humane und murine ALOX15B-Orthologe unterschiedliche funktionelle Eigenschaften aufweisen, können Ergebnisse aus murinen Krankheitsmodellen zur biologischen Rolle der ALOX15B nicht direkt auf den Menschen übertragen werden. Um die ALOX15B-Orthologen von Maus und Mensch funktionell einander anzugleichen, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit Knock-in Mäuse durch die In vivo Mutagenese mittels CRISPR/Cas9-Technik hergestellt. Diese exprimieren eine humanisierte Mutante (Doppelmutation von Tyrosin603Asparaginsäure+Histidin604Valin) der murinen Alox15b. Diese Mäuse waren lebens- und fortpflanzungsfähig, zeigten aber geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede zu ausgekreuzten Wildtyp-Kontrolltieren im Rahmen ihre Individualentwicklung.
4) In vorhergehenden Untersuchungen zur Rolle der ALOX15B in Rahmen der Entzündungsreaktion wurde eine antiinflammatorische Wirkung des Enzyms postuliert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob eine Humanisierung der murinen Alox15b die Entzündungsreaktion in zwei verschiedenen murinen Entzündungsmodellen beeinflusst. Eine Humanisierung der murinen Alox15b führte zu einer verstärkten Ausbildung von Entzündungssymptomen im induzierten Dextran-Natrium-Sulfat-Kolitismodell. Im Gegensatz dazu bewirkte die Humanisierung der Alox15b eine Abschwächung der Entzündungssymptome im Freund‘schen Adjuvans Pfotenödemmodell. Diese Daten deuten darauf hin, dass sich die Rolle der ALOX15B in verschiedenen Entzündungsmodellen unterscheidet.
Microalgae have been recognized as a promising green production platform for recombinant proteins. The majority of studies on recombinant protein expression have been conducted in the green microalga C. reinhardtii. While promising improvement regarding nuclear transgene expression in this alga has been made, it is still inefficient due to epigenetic silencing, often resulting in low yields that are not competitive with other expressor organisms. Other microalgal species might be better suited for high-level protein expression, but are limited in their availability of molecular tools.
The red microalga Porphyridium purpureum recently emerged as candidate for the production of recombinant proteins. It is promising in that transformation vectors are episomally maintained as autonomously replicating plasmids in the nucleus at a high copy number, thus leading to high expression values in this red alga.
In this work, we expand the genetic tools for P. purpureum and investigate parameters that govern efficient transgene expression. We provide an improved transformation protocol to streamline the generation of transgenic lines in this organism. After being able to efficiently generate transgenic lines, we showed that codon usage is a main determinant of high-level transgene expression, not only at the protein level but also at the level of mRNA accumulation. The optimized expression constructs resulted in YFP accumulation up to an unprecedented 5% of the total soluble protein. Furthermore, we designed new constructs conferring efficient transgene expression into the culture medium, simplifying purification and harvests of recombinant proteins. To further improve transgene expression, we tested endogenous promoters driving the most highly transcribed genes in P. purpureum and found minor increase of YFP accumulation.
We employed the previous findings to express complex viral antigens from the hepatitis B virus and the hepatitis C virus in P. purpureum to demonstrate its feasibility as producer of biopharmaceuticals. The viral glycoproteins were successfully produced to high levels and could reach their native confirmation, indicating a functional glycosylation machinery and an appropriate folding environment in this red alga. We could successfully upscale the biomass production of transgenic lines and with that provide enough material for immunization trials in mice that were performed in collaboration. These trials showed no toxicity of neither the biomass nor the purified antigens, and, additionally, the algal-produced antigens were able to elicit a strong and specific immune response.
The results presented in this work pave the way for P. purpureum as a new promising producer organism for biopharmaceuticals in the microalgal field.
Heat stress (HS) is a major abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and productivity. However, plants have developed various adaptive mechanisms to cope with HS, including the acquisition and maintenance of thermotolerance, which allows them to respond more effectively to subsequent stress episodes. HS memory includes type II transcriptional memory which is characterized by enhanced re-induction of a subset of HS memory genes upon recurrent HS. In this study, new regulators of HS memory in A. thaliana were identified through the characterization of rein mutants.
The rein1 mutant carries a premature stop in CYCLIN-DEPENDENT-KINASE 8 (CDK8) which is part of the cyclin kinase module of the Mediator complex. Rein1 seedlings show impaired type II transcriptional memory in multiple heat-responsive genes upon re-exposure to HS. Additionally, the mutants exhibit a significant deficiency in HS memory at the physiological level. Interaction studies conducted in this work indicate that CDK8 associates with the memory HEAT SHOCK FACTORs HSAF2 and HSFA3. The results suggest that CDK8 plays a crucial role in HS memory in plants together with other memory HSFs, which may be potential targets of the CDK8 kinase function. Understanding the role and interaction network of the Mediator complex during HS-induced transcriptional memory will be an exciting aspect of future HS memory research.
The second characterized mutant, rein2, was selected based on its strongly impaired pAPX2::LUC re-induction phenotype. In gene expression analysis, the mutant revealed additional defects in the initial induction of HS memory genes. Along with this observation, basal thermotolerance was impaired similarly as HS memory at the physiological level in rein2. Sequencing of backcrossed bulk segregants with subsequent fine mapping narrowed the location of REIN2 to a 1 Mb region on chromosome 1. This interval contains the At1g65440 gene, which encodes the histone chaperone SPT6L. SPT6L interacts with chromatin remodelers and bridges them to the transcription machinery to regulate nucleosome and Pol II occupancy around the transcriptional start site. The EMS-induced missense mutation in SPT6L may cause altered HS-induced gene expression in rein2, possibly triggered by changes in the chromatin environment resulting from altered histone chaperone function.
Expanding research on screen-derived factors that modify type II transcriptional memory has the potential to enhance our understanding of HS memory in plants. Discovering connections between previously identified memory factors will help to elucidate the underlying network of HS memory. This knowledge can initiate new approaches to improve heat resilience in crops.
This work analyzed functional and regulatory aspects of the so far little characterized EPSIN N-terminal Homology (ENTH) domain-containing protein EPSINOID2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. ENTH domain proteins play accessory roles in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) (Zouhar and Sauer 2014). Their ENTH domain interacts with membranes and their typically long, unstructured C-terminus contains binding motifs for adaptor protein complexes and clathrin itself. There are seven ENTH domain proteins in Arabidopsis. Four of them possess the canonical long C-terminus and participate in various, presumably CCV-related intracellular transport processes (Song et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2007; Sauer et al. 2013; Collins et al. 2020; Heinze et al. 2020; Mason et al. 2023). The remaining three ENTH domain proteins, however, have severely truncated C-termini and were termed EPSINOIDs (Zouhar and Sauer 2014; Freimuth 2015). Their functions are currently unclear. Preceding studies focusing on EPSINOID2 indicated a role in root hair formation: epsinoid2 T DNA mutants exhibited an increased root hair density and EPSINOID2-GFP was specifically located in non-hair cell files in the Arabidopsis root epidermis (Freimuth 2015, 2019).
In this work, it was clearly shown that loss of EPSINOID2 leads to an increase in root hair density through analyses of three independent mutant alleles, including a newly generated CRISPR/Cas9 full deletion mutant. The ectopic root hairs emerging from non-hair positions in all epsinoid2 mutant alleles are most likely not a consequence of altered cell fate, because extensive genetic analyses placed EPSINOID2 downstream of the established epidermal patterning network. Thus, EPSINOID2 seems to act as a cell autonomous inhibitor of root hair formation. Attempts to confirm this hypothesis by ectopically overexpressing EPSINOID2 led to the discovery of post-transcriptional and -translational regulation through different mechanisms. One involves the little characterized miRNA844-3p. Interference with this pathway resulted in ectopic EPSINOID2 overexpression and decreased root hair density, confirming it as negative factor in root hair formation. A second mechanism likely involves proteasomal degradation. Treatment with proteasomal inhibitor MG132 led to EPSINOID2-GFP accumulation, and a KEN box degron motif was identified in the EPSINOID2 sequence associated with degradation through a ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway. In line with a tight dose regulation, genetic analyses of all three mutant alleles indicate that EPSINOID2 is haploinsufficient. Lastly, it was revealed that, although EPSINOID2 promoter activity was found in all epidermal cells, protein accumulation was observed in N-cells only, hinting at yet another layer of regulation.
Moss-microbe associations are often characterised by syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms and their hosts, but the structure of the microbial consortia and their role in peatland development remain unknown.
In order to study microbial communities of dominant peatland mosses, Sphagnum and brown mosses, and the respective environmental drivers, four study sites representing different successional stages of natural northern peatlands were chosen on a large geographical scale: two brown moss-dominated, circumneutral peatlands from the Arctic and two Sphagnum-dominated, acidic peat bogs from subarctic and temperate zones.
The family Acetobacteraceae represented the dominant bacterial taxon of Sphagnum mosses from various geographical origins and displayed an integral part of the moss core community. This core community was shared among all investigated bryophytes and consisted of few but highly abundant prokaryotes, of which many appear as endophytes of Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses represent habitats for archaea which were not studied in association with peatland mosses so far. Euryarchaeota that are capable of methane production (methanogens) displayed the majority of the moss-associated archaeal communities. Moss-associated methanogenesis was detected for the first time, but it was mostly negligible under laboratory conditions. Contrarily, substantial moss-associated methane oxidation was measured on both, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses, supporting that methanotrophic bacteria as part of the moss microbiome may contribute to the reduction of methane emissions from pristine and rewetted peatlands of the northern hemisphere.
Among the investigated abiotic and biotic environmental parameters, the peatland type and the host moss taxon were identified to have a major impact on the structure of moss-associated bacterial communities, contrarily to archaeal communities whose structures were similar among the investigated bryophytes. For the first time it was shown that different bog development stages harbour distinct bacterial communities, while at the same time a small core community is shared among all investigated bryophytes independent of geography and peatland type.
The present thesis displays the first large-scale, systematic assessment of bacterial and archaeal communities associated both with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses. It suggests that some host-specific moss taxa have the potential to play a key role in host moss establishment and peatland development.
Long-term bacteria-fungi-plant associations in permafrost soils inferred from palaeometagenomics
(2024)
The arctic is warming 2 – 4 times faster than the global average, resulting in a strong feedback on northern ecosystems such as boreal forests, which cover a vast area of the high northern latitudes. With ongoing global warming, the treeline subsequently migrates northwards into tundra areas. The consequences of turning ecosystems are complex: on the one hand, boreal forests are storing large amounts of global terrestrial carbon and act as a carbon sink, dragging carbon dioxide out of the global carbon cycle, suggesting an enhanced carbon uptake with increased tree cover. On the other hand, with the establishment of trees, the albedo effect of tundra decreases, leading to enhanced soil warming. Meanwhile, permafrost thaws, releasing large amounts of previously stored carbon into the atmosphere. So far, mainly vegetation dynamics have been assessed when studying the impact of warming onto ecosystems. Most land plants are living in close symbiosis with bacterial and fungal communities, sustaining their growth in nutrient poor habitats. However, the impact of climate change on these subsoil communities alongside changing vegetation cover remains poorly understood. Therefore, a better understanding of soil community dynamics on multi millennial timescales is inevitable when addressing the development of entire ecosystems. Unravelling long-term cross-kingdom dependencies between plant, fungi, and bacteria is not only a milestone for the assessment of warming on boreal ecosystems. On top, it also is the basis for agriculture strategies to sustain society with sufficient food in a future warming world.
The first objective of this thesis was to assess ancient DNA as a proxy for reconstructing the soil microbiome (Manuscripts I, II, III, IV). Research findings across these projects enable a comprehensive new insight into the relationships of soil microorganisms to the surrounding vegetation. First, this was achieved by establishing (Manuscript I) and applying (Manuscript II) a primer pair for the selective amplification of ancient fungal DNA from lake sediment samples with the metabarcoding approach. To assess fungal and plant co-variation, the selected primer combination (ITS67, 5.8S) amplifying the ITS1 region was applied on samples from five boreal and arctic lakes. The obtained data showed that the establishment of fungal communities is impacted by warming as the functional ecological groups are shifting. Yeast and saprotroph dominance during the Late Glacial declined with warming, while the abundance of mycorrhizae and parasites increased with warming. The overall species richness was also alternating. The results were compared to shotgun sequencing data reconstructing fungi and bacteria (Manuscripts III, IV), yielding overall comparable results to the metabarcoding approach. Nonetheless, the comparison also pointed out a bias in the metabarcoding, potentially due to varying ITS lengths or copy numbers per genome.
The second objective was to trace fungus-plant interaction changes over time (Manuscripts II, III). To address this, metabarcoding targeting the ITS1 region for fungi and the chloroplast P6 loop for plants for the selective DNA amplification was applied (Manuscript II). Further, shotgun sequencing data was compared to the metabarcoding results (Manuscript III). Overall, the results between the metabarcoding and the shotgun approaches were comparable, though a bias in the metabarcoding was assumed. We demonstrated that fungal shifts were coinciding with changes in the vegetation. Yeast and lichen were mainly dominant during the Late Glacial with tundra vegetation, while warming in the Holocene lead to the expansion of boreal forests with increasing mycorrhizae and parasite abundance. Aside, we highlighted that Pinaceae establishment is dependent on mycorrhizal fungi such as Suillineae, Inocybaceae, or Hyaloscypha species also on long-term scales.
The third objective of the thesis was to assess soil community development on a temporal gradient (Manuscripts III, IV). Shotgun sequencing was applied on sediment samples from the northern Siberian lake Lama and the soil microbial community dynamics compared to ecosystem turnover. Alongside, podzolization processes from basaltic bedrock were recovered (Manuscript III). Additionally, the recovered soil microbiome was compared to shotgun data from granite and sandstone catchments (Manuscript IV, Appendix). We assessed if the establishment of the soil microbiome is dependent on the plant taxon and as such comparable between multiple geographic locations or if the community establishment is driven by abiotic soil properties and as such the bedrock area. We showed that the development of soil communities is to a great extent driven by the vegetation changes and temperature variation, while time only plays a minor role. The analyses showed general ecological similarities especially between the granite and basalt locations, while the microbiome on species-level was rather site-specific. A greater number of correlated soil taxa was detected for deep-rooting boreal taxa in comparison to grasses with shallower roots. Additionally, differences between herbaceous taxa of the late Glacial compared to taxa of the Holocene were revealed.
With this thesis, I demonstrate the necessity to investigate subsoil community dynamics on millennial time scales as it enables further understanding of long-term ecosystem as well as soil development processes and such plant establishment. Further, I trace long-term processes leading to podzolization which supports the development of applied carbon capture strategies under future global warming.
Ribosomes decode mRNA to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes, once considered static, executing machines, are now viewed as dynamic modulators of translation. Increasingly detailed analyses of structural ribosome heterogeneity led to a paradigm shift toward ribosome specialization for selective translation. As sessile organisms, plants cannot escape harmful environments and evolved strategies to withstand. Plant cytosolic ribosomes are in some respects more diverse than those of other metazoans. This diversity may contribute to plant stress acclimation. The goal of this thesis was to determine whether plants use ribosome heterogeneity to regulate protein synthesis through specialized translation. I focused on temperature acclimation, specifically on shifts to low temperatures. During cold acclimation, Arabidopsis ceases growth for seven days while establishing the responses required to resume growth. Earlier results indicate that ribosome biogenesis is essential for cold acclimation. REIL mutants (reil-dkos) lacking a 60S maturation factor do not acclimate successfully and do not resume growth. Using these genotypes, I ascribed cold-induced defects of ribosome biogenesis to the assembly of the polypeptide exit tunnel (PET) by performing spatial statistics of rProtein changes mapped onto the plant 80S structure. I discovered that growth cessation and PET remodeling also occurs in barley, suggesting a general cold response in plants. Cold triggered PET remodeling is consistent with the function of Rei-1, a REIL homolog of yeast, which performs PET quality control. Using seminal data of ribosome specialization, I show that yeast remodels the tRNA entry site of ribosomes upon change of carbon sources and demonstrate that spatially constrained remodeling of ribosomes in metazoans may modulate protein synthesis. I argue that regional remodeling may be a form of ribosome specialization and show that heterogeneous cytosolic polysomes accumulate after cold acclimation, leading to shifts in the translational output that differs between wild-type and reil-dkos. I found that heterogeneous complexes consist of newly synthesized and reused proteins. I propose that tailored ribosome complexes enable free 60S subunits to select specific 48S initiation complexes for translation. Cold acclimated ribosomes through ribosome remodeling synthesize a novel proteome consistent with known mechanisms of cold acclimation. The main hypothesis arising from my thesis is that heterogeneous/ specialized ribosomes alter translation preferences, adjust the proteome and thereby activate plant programs for successful cold acclimation.
Hantaviruses (HVs) are a group of zoonotic viruses that infect human beings primarily through aerosol transmission of rodent excreta and urine samplings. HVs are classified geographically into: Old World HVs (OWHVs) that are found in Europe and Asia, and New World HVs (NWHVs) that are observed in the Americas. These different strains can cause severe hantavirus diseases with pronounced renal syndrome or severe cardiopulmonary system distress. HVs can be extremely lethal, with NWHV infections reaching up to 40 % mortality rate. HVs are known to generate epidemic outbreaks in many parts of the world including Germany, which has seen periodic HV infections over the past decade. HV has a trisegmented genome. The small segment (S) encodes the nucleocapsid protein (NP), the middle segment (M) encodes the glycoproteins (GPs) Gn and Gc which forms up to tetramers and primarily monomers \& dimers upon independent expression respectively and large segment (L) encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Interactions between these viral proteins are crucial in providing mechanistic insights into HV virion development. Despite best efforts, there continues to be lack of quantification of these associations in living cells. This is required in developing the mechanistic models for HV viral assembly. This dissertation focuses on three key questions pertaining to the initial steps of virion formation that primarily involves the GPs and NP.
The research investigations in this work were completed using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) approaches. FCS is frequently used in assessing the biophysical features of bio-molecules including protein concentration and diffusion dynamics and circumvents the requirement of protein overexpression. FCS was primarily applied in this thesis to evaluate protein multimerization, at single cell resolution.
The first question addressed which GP spike formation model proposed by Hepojoki et al.(2010) appropriately describes the evidence in living cells. A novel in cellulo assay was developed to evaluate the amount of fluorescently labelled and unlabeled GPs upon co-expression. The results clearly showed that Gn and Gc initially formed a heterodimeric Gn:Gc subunit. This sub-unit then multimerizes with congruent Gn:Gc subunits to generate the final GP spike. Based on these interactions, models describing the formation of GP complex (with multiple GP spike subunits) were additionally developed.
HV GP assembly primarily takes place in the Golgi apparatus (GA) of infected cells. Interestingly, NWHV GPs are hypothesized to assemble at the plasma membrane (PM). This led to the second research question in this thesis, in which a systematic comparison between OWHV and NWHV GPs was conducted to validate this hypothesis. Surprisingly, GP localization at the PM was congruently observed with OWHV and NWHV GPs. Similar results were also discerned with OWHV and NWHV GP localization in the absence of cytoskeletal factors that regulate HV trafficking in cells.
The final question focused on quantifying the NP-GP interactions and understanding their influence of NP and GP multimerization. Gc mutlimers were detected in the presence of NP and complimented by the presence of localized regions of high NP-Gc interactions in the perinuclear region of living cells. Gc-CT domain was shown to influence NP-Gc associations. Gn, on the other hand, formed up to tetrameric complexes, independent from the presence of NP.
The results in this dissertation sheds light on the initial steps of HV virion formation by quantifying homo and heterotypic interactions involving NP and GPs, which otherwise are very difficult to perform. Finally, the in cellulo methodologies implemented in this work can be potentially extended to understand other key interactions involved in HV virus assembly.
Development of electrochemical antibody-based and enzymatic assays for mycotoxin analysis in food
(2023)
Electrochemical methods are promising to meet the demand for easy-to-use devices monitoring key parameters in the food industry. Many companies run own lab procedures for mycotoxin analysis, but it is a major goal to simplify the analysis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using horseradish peroxidase as enzymatic label, together with 3,3',5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)/H2O2 as substrates allows sensitive mycotoxin detection with optical detection methods. For the miniaturization of the detection step, an electrochemical system for mycotoxin analysis was developed. To this end, the electrochemical detection of TMB was studied by cyclic voltammetry on different screen-printed electrodes (carbon and gold) and at different pH values (pH 1 and pH 4). A stable electrode reaction, which is the basis for the further construction of the electrochemical detection system, could be achieved at pH 1 on gold electrodes. An amperometric detection method for oxidized TMB, using a custom-made flow cell for screen-printed electrodes, was established and applied for a competitive magnetic bead-based immunoassay for the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. A limit of detection of 150 pM (60 ng/L) could be obtained and the results were verified with optical detection. The applicability of the magnetic bead-based immunoassay was tested in spiked beer using a handheld potentiostat connected via Bluetooth to a smartphone for amperometric detection allowing to quantify ochratoxin A down to 1.2 nM (0.5 µg/L).
Based on the developed electrochemical detection system for TMB, the applicability of the approach was demonstrated with a magnetic bead-based immunoassay for the ergot alkaloid, ergometrine. Under optimized assay conditions a limit of detection of 3 nM (1 µg/L) was achieved and in spiked rye flour samples ergometrine levels in a range from 25 to 250 µg/kg could be quantified. All results were verified with optical detection. The developed electrochemical detection method for TMB gives great promise for the detection of TMB in many other HRP-based assays.
A new sensing approach, based on an enzymatic electrochemical detection system for the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 was established using an Aspergillus niger fumonisin amine oxidase (AnFAO). AnFAO was produced recombinantly in E. coli as maltose-binding protein fusion protein and catalyzes the oxidative deamination of fumonisins, producing hydrogen peroxide. It was found that AnFAO has a high storage and temperature stability. The enzyme was coupled covalently to magnetic particles, and the enzymatically produced H2O2 in the reaction with fumonisin B1 was detected amperometrically in a flow injection system using Prussian blue/carbon electrodes and the custom-made wall-jet flow cell. Fumonisin B1 could be quantified down to 1.5 µM (≈ 1 mg/L). The developed system represents a new approach to detect mycotoxins using enzymes and electrochemical methods.
Movement is a mechanism that shapes biodiversity patterns across spatialtemporal scales. Thereby, the movement process affects species interactions, population dynamics and community composition. In this thesis, I disentangled the effects of movement on the biodiversity of zooplankton ranging from the individual to the community level. On the individual movement level, I used video-based analysis to explore the implication of movement behavior on preypredator interactions. My results showed that swimming behavior was of great importance as it determined their survival in the face of predation. The findings also additionally highlighted the relevance of the defense status/morphology of prey, as it not only affected the prey-predator relationship by the defense itself but also by plastic movement behavior. On the community movement level, I used a field mesocosm experiment to explore the role of dispersal (time i.e., from the egg bank into the water body and space i.e., between water bodies) in shaping zooplankton metacommunities. My results revealed that priority effects and taxon-specific dispersal limitation influenced community composition. Additionally, different modes of dispersal also generated distinct community structures. The egg bank and biotic vectors (i.e. mobile links) played significant roles in the colonization of newly available habitat patches. One crucial aspect that influences zooplankton species after arrival in new habitats is the local environmental conditions. By using common garden experiments, I assessed the performance of zooplankton communities in their home vs away environments in a group of ponds embedded within an agricultural landscape. I identified environmental filtering as a driving factor as zooplankton communities from individual ponds developed differently in their home and away environments. On the individual species level, there was no consistent indication of local adaptation. For some species, I found a higher abundance/fitness in their home environment, but for others, the opposite was the case, and some cases were indifferent.
Overall, the thesis highlights the links between movement and biodiversity patterns, ranging from the individual active movement to the community level.
Life on Earth is diverse and ranges from unicellular organisms to multicellular creatures like humans. Although there are theories about how these organisms might have evolved, we understand little about how ‘life’ started from molecules. Bottom-up synthetic biology aims to create minimal cells by combining different modules, such as compartmentalization, growth, division, and cellular communication.
All living cells have a membrane that separates them from the surrounding aqueous medium and helps to protect them. In addition, all eukaryotic cells have organelles that are enclosed by intracellular membranes. Each cellular membrane is primarily made of a lipid bilayer with membrane proteins. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules that assemble into molecular bilayers consisting of two leaflets. The hydrophobic chains of the lipids in the two leaflets face each other, and their hydrophilic headgroups face the aqueous surroundings. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are model membrane systems that form large compartments with a size of many micrometers and enclosed by a single lipid bilayer. The size of GUVs is comparable to the size of cells, making them good membrane models which can be studied using an optical microscope. However, after the initial preparation, GUV membranes lack membrane proteins which have to be reconstituted into these membranes by subsequent preparation steps. Depending on the protein, it can be either attached via anchor lipids to one of the membrane leaflets or inserted into the lipid bilayer via its transmembrane domains.
The first step is to prepare the GUVs and then expose them to an exterior solution with proteins. Various protocols have been developed for the initial preparation of GUVs. For the second step, the GUVs can be exposed to a bulk solution of protein or can be trapped in a microfluidic device and then supplied with the protein solution. To minimize the amount of solution and for more precise measurements, I have designed a microfluidic device that has a main channel, and several dead-end side channels that are perpendicular to the main channel. The GUVs are trapped in the dead-end channels. This design exchanges the solution around the GUVs via diffusion from the main channel, thus shielding the GUVs from the flow within the main channel. This device has a small volume of just 2.5 μL, can be used without a pump and can be combined with a confocal microscope, enabling uninterrupted imaging of the GUVs during the experiments. I used this device for most of the experiments on GUVs that are discussed in this thesis.
In the first project of the thesis, a lipid mixture doped with an anchor lipid was used that can bind to a histidine chain (referred to as His-tag(ged) or 6H) via the metal cation Ni2+. This method is widely used for the biofunctionalization of GUVs by attaching proteins without a transmembrane domain. Fluorescently labeled His-tags which are bound to a membrane can be observed in a confocal microscope. Using the same lipid mixture, I prepared the GUVs with different protocols and investigated the membrane composition of the resulting GUVs by evaluating the amount of fluorescently labeled His-tagged molecules bound to their membranes. I used the microfluidic device described above to expose the outer leaflet of the vesicle to a constant concentration of the His-tagged molecules. Two fluorescent molecules with a His-tag were studied and compared: green fluorescent protein (6H-GFP) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (6H-FITC). Although the quantum yield in solution is similar for both molecules, the brightness of the membrane-bound 6H-GFP is higher than the brightness of the membrane-bound 6H-FITC. The observed difference in the brightness reveals that the fluorescence of the 6H-FITC is quenched by the anchor lipid via the Ni2+ ion. Furthermore, my measurements also showed that the fluorescence intensity of the membranebound His-tagged molecules depends on microenvironmental factors such as pH. For both 6H-GFP and 6H-FITC, the interaction with the membrane is quantified by evaluating the equilibrium dissociation constant. The membrane fluorescence is measured as a function of the fluorophores’ molar concentration. Theoretical analysis of these data leads to the equilibrium dissociation constants of (37.5 ± 7.5) nM for 6H-GFP and (18.5 ± 3.7) nM for 6H-FITC.
The anchor lipid mentioned previously used the metal cation Ni2+ to mediate the bond between the anchor lipid and the His-tag. The Ni2+ ion can be replaced by other transition metal ions. Studies have shown that Co3+ forms the strongest bonds with the His-tags attached to proteins. In these studies, strong oxidizing agents were used to oxidize the Co2+ mediated complex with the His-tagged protein to a Co3+ mediated complex. This procedure puts the proteins at risk of being oxidized as well. In this thesis, the vesicles were first prepared with anchor lipids without any metal cation. The Co3+ was added to these anchor lipids and finally the His-tagged protein was added to the GUVs to form the Co3+ mediated bond. This system was also established using the microfluidic device.
The different preparation procedures of GUVs usually lead to vesicles with a spherical morphology. On the other hand, many cell organelles have a more complex architecture with a non spherical topology. One fascinating example is provided by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which is made of a continuous membrane and extends throughout the cell in the form of tubes and sheets. The tubes are connected by three-way junctions and form a tubular network of irregular polygons. The formation and maintenance of these reticular networks requires membrane proteins that hydrolyize guanosine triphosphate (GTP). One of these membrane proteins is atlastin. In this thesis, I reconstituted the atlastin protein in GUV membranes using detergent-assisted reconstitution protocols to insert the proteins directly into lipid bilayers.
This thesis focuses on protein reconstitution by binding His-tagged proteins to anchor lipids and by detergent-assisted insertion of proteins with transmembrane domains. It also provides the design of a microfluidic device that can be used in various experiments, one example is the evaluation of the equilibrium dissociation constant for membrane-protein interactions. The results of this thesis will help other researchers to understand the protocols for preparing GUVs, to reconstitute proteins in GUVs, and to perform experiments using the microfluidic device. This knowledge should be beneficial for the long-term goal of combining the different modules of synthetic biology to make a minimal cell.
Increasing demand for food, healthcare, and transportation arising from the growing world population is accompanied by and driving global warming challenges due to the rise of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Industrialization for human needs has been increasingly releasing CO2 into the atmosphere for the last century or more. In recent years, the possibility of recycling CO2 to stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration and combat rising temperatures has gained attention. Thus, using CO2 as the feedstock to address future world demands is the ultimate solution while controlling the rapid climate change. Valorizing CO2 to produce activated and stable one-carbon feedstocks like formate and methanol and further upgrading them to industrial microbial processes to replace unsustainable feedstocks would be crucial for a future biobased circular economy. However, not all microbes can grow on formate as a feedstock, and those microbes that can grow are not well established for industrial processes.
S. cerevisiae is one of the industrially well-established microbes, and it is a significant contributor to bioprocess industries. However, it cannot grow on formate as a sole carbon and energy source. Thus, engineering S. cerevisiae to grow on formate could potentially pave the way to sustainable biomass and value-added chemicals production.
The Reductive Glycine Pathway (RGP), designed as the aerobic twin of the anaerobic Reductive Acetyl-CoA pathway, is an efficient formate and CO2 assimilation pathway. The RGP comprises of the glycine synthesis module (Mis1p, Gcv1p, Gcv2p, Gcv3p, and Lpd1p), the glycine to serine conversion module (Shmtp), the pyruvate synthesis module (Cha1p), and the energy supply module (Fdh1p). The RGP requires formate and elevated CO2 levels to operate the glycine synthesis module. In this study, I established the RGP in the yeast system using growth-coupled selection strategies to achieve formate and CO2-dependent biomass formation in aerobic conditions.
Firstly, I constructed serine biosensor strains by disrupting the native serine and glycine biosynthesis routes in the prototrophic S288c and FL100 yeast strains and insulated serine, glycine, and one-carbon metabolism from the central metabolic network. These strains cannot grow on glucose as the sole carbon source but require the supply of serine or glycine to complement the engineered auxotrophies. Using growth as a readout, I employed these strains as selection hosts to establish the RGP. Initially, to achieve this, I engineered different serine-hydroxymethyltransferases in the genome of serine biosensor strains for efficient glycine to serine conversion. Then, I implemented the glycine synthesis module of the RGP in these strains for the glycine and serine synthesis from formate and CO2. I successfully conducted Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) using these strains, which yielded a strain capable of glycine and serine biosynthesis from formate and CO2. Significant growth improvements from 0.0041 h-1 to 0.03695 h-1 were observed during ALE. To validate glycine and serine synthesis, I conducted carbon tracing experiments with 13C formate and 13CO2, confirming that more than 90% of glycine and serine biosynthesis in the evolved strains occurs via the RGP. Interestingly, labeling data also revealed that 10-15% of alanine was labelled, indicating pyruvate synthesis from the formate-derived serine using native serine deaminase (Cha1p) activity. Thus, RGP contributes to a small pyruvate pool which is converted to alanine without any selection pressure for pyruvate synthesis from formate. Hence, this data confirms the activity of all three modules of RGP even in the presence of glucose. Further, ALE in glucose limiting conditions did not improve pyruvate flux via the RGP.
Growth characterization of these strains showed that the best growth rates were achieved in formate concentrations between 25 mM to 300 mM. Optimum growth required 5% CO2, and dropped when the CO2 concentration was reduced from 5% to 2.5%.
Whole-genome sequencing of these evolved strains revealed mutations in genes that encode Gdh1p, Pet9p, and Idh1p. These enzymes might influence intracellular NADPH, ATP, and NADH levels, indicating adjustment to meet the energy demand of the RGP. I reverse-engineered the GDH1 truncation mutation on unevolved serine biosensor strains and reproduced formate dependent growth. To elucidate the effect of the GDH1 mutation on formate assimilation, I reintroduced this mutation in the S288c strain and conducted carbon-tracing experiments to compared formate assimilation between WT and ∆gdh1 mutant strains. Comparatively, enhanced formate assimilation was recorded in the ∆gdh1 mutant strain.
Although the 13C carbon tracing experiments confirmed the activity of all three modules of the RGP, the overall pyruvate flux via the RGP might be limited by the supply of reducing power. Hence, in a different approach, I overexpressed the formate dehydrogenase (Fdh1p) for energy supply and serine deaminase (Cha1p) for active pyruvate synthesis in the S288c parental strain and established growth on formate and serine without glucose in the medium. Further reengineering and evolution of this strain with a consistent energy, and formate-derived serine supply for pyruvate synthesis, is essential to achieve complete formatotrophic growth in the yeast system.
Monoklonale Antikörper (mAK) sind eines der wichtigsten Biomoleküle für die Umweltanalytik und die medizinische Diagnostik. Für die Detektion von Mikroorganismen bilden sie die Grundlage für ein schnelles und präzises Testverfahren. Bis heute gibt es, aufgrund des hohen zeitlichen und materiellen Aufwandes und der unspezifischen Immunisierungsstrategien, nur wenige mAK, die spezifisch Mikroorganismen erkennen.
Zu diesem Zweck sollte ein anwendbares Verfahren für die Generierung von mAK gegen Mikroorganismen entwickelt werden, welches anhand von Escherichia coli O157:H7 und Legionella pneumophila validiert wurde. In dieser Dissertation konnten neue Oberflächenstrukturen auf den Mikroorganismen mittels vergleichender Genomanalysen und in silico Epitopanalysen identifiziert werden. Diese wurden in das Virushüllprotein VP1 integriert und für eine gezielte Immunisierungsstrategie verwendet. Für die Bestimmung antigenspezifischer antikörperproduzierender Hybridome wurde ein Immunfärbeprotokoll entwickelt und etabliert, um die Hybridome im Durchflusszytometer zu sortieren.
In der vorliegenden Studie konnten für E. coli O157:H7 insgesamt 53 potenzielle Proteinkandidaten und für L. pneumophila 38 Proteine mithilfe der bioinformatischen Analyse identifiziert werden. Fünf verschiedene potenzielle Epitope wurden für E. coli O157:H7 und drei verschiedenen für L. pneumophila ausgewählt und für die Immunisierung mit chimären VP1 verwendet. Alle Immunseren zeigten eine antigenspezifische Immunantwort. Aus den nachfolgend generierten Hybridomzellen konnten mehrere Antikörperkandidaten gewonnen werden, welche in Charakterisierungsstudien eine starke Bindung zu E. coli O157:H7 bzw. L. pneumophila vorwiesen. Kreuzreaktivitäten zu anderen relevanten Mikroorganismen konnten keine bzw. nur in geringem Maße festgestellt werden.
Folglich konnte der hier beschriebene interdisziplinäre Ansatz zur Generierung spezifischer mAK gegen Mikroorganismen nachweislich spezifische mAK hervorbringen und ist als hocheffizienter Arbeitsablauf für die Herstellung von Antikörpern gegen Mikroorganismen einsetzbar.
Dielektrophorese ist die Manipulation polarisierbarer Partikel durch inhomogene elektrische Wechselfelder. In dieser Arbeit wurden drei verschiedene Enzyme durch Dielektrophorese immobilisiert und anschließend hinsichtlich ihrer katalytischen Aktivität untersucht: Meerrettichperoxidase, Cholinoxidase aus Alcaligenes sp. und Glucoseoxidase aus Aspergillus niger. Die Immobilisierung erfolgte durch Dielektrophorese auf nano-Elektrodenarrays aus Wolfram-Zylindern mit 500 nm Durchmesser oder aus Titannitrid-Ringen mit 20 nm Breite. Die Immobilisierung der Enzyme konnte fluoreszenzmikroskopisch entweder anhand der intrinsischen Fluoreszenz oder aufgrund einer Fluoreszenzmarkierung vor oder nach der Immobilisierung für alle getesteten Enzyme nachgewiesen werden. Die Messung der Enzymaktivität erfolgte quantitativ durch den direkten oder indirekten Nachweis des gebildeten Produktes oder, im Falle der Cholinoxidase, durch Beobachtung der intrinsischen Fluoreszenz des Cofaktors FAD, die vom Oxidationszustand dieses Enzyms abhängt. Für die Meerrettichperoxidase konnte so eine hohe erhaltene Enzymaktivität nach der Immobilisierung nachgewiesen werden. Die Aktivität der permanent immobilisierten Fraktion der Meerrettichperoxidase entsprach bis zu 47 % der höchstmöglichen Aktivität einer Monolage dieses Enzyms auf den Elektroden des Chips. Diese Aktivität kann als aktive, aber zufällig gegenüber der Oberfläche ausgerichtete Enzymschicht interpretiert werden. Für die permanent immobilisierte Glucoseoxidase wurde nur eine Aktivität entsprechend <1,3 % der Aktivität einer solchen Enzymschicht detektiert, während für die immobilisierte Cholinoxidase gar keine Aktivität nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die Aktivität der durch DEP immobilisierten Enzyme konnte somit quantitativ bestimmt werden. Der Anteil an erhaltener Aktivität hängt dabei stark vom verwendeten Enzym ab.
Biomolecules such as proteins and lipids have vital roles in numerous cellular functions, including biomolecule transport, protein functions, cellular homeostasis and biomembrane integrity. Traditional biochemistry methods do not provide precise information about cellular biomolecule distribution and behavior under native environmental conditions since they are not transferable to live cell samples. Consequently, this can lead to inaccuracies in quantifying biomolecule interactions due to potential complexities arising from the heterogeneity of native biomembranes. To overcome these limitations, minimal invasive microscopic techniques, such as fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) in combination with fluorescence proteins (FPs) and fluorescence lipid analogs, have been developed. FFS techniques and membrane property sensors enable the quantification of various parameters, including concentration, dynamics, oligomerization, and interaction of biomolecules in live cell samples.
In this work, several FFS approaches and membrane property sensors were implemented and employed to examine biological processes of diverse context. Multi-color scanning fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (sFCS) was used the examine protein oligomerization, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and protein dynamics at the cellular plasma membrane (PM). Additionally, two-color number and brightness (N&B) analysis was extended with the cross-correlation analysis in order to quantify hetero-interactions of proteins in the PM with very slow motion, which would not accessible with sFCS due strong initial photobleaching. Furthermore, two semi-automatic analysis pipelines were designed: spectral Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis to study changes in membrane charge at the inner leaflet of the PM, and spectral generalized polarization (GP) imaging and spectral phasor analysis to monitor changes in membrane fluidity and order.
An important parameter for studying PPIs is molecular brightness, which directly determines oligomerization and can be extracted from FFS data. However, FPs often display complex photophysical transitions, including dark states. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize FPs for their dark-states to ensure reliable oligomerization measurements. In this study, N&B and sFCS analysis were applied to determine photophysical properties of novel green FPs under different conditions (i.e., excitation power and pH) in living cells. The results showed that the new FPs, mGreenLantern (mGL) and Gamillus, exhibited the highest molecular brightness at the cost of lower photostability. The well-established monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) remained the best option to investigate PPIs at lower pH, while mGL was best suited for neutral pH, and Gamillus for high pH. These findings provide guidance for selecting an appropriate FP to quantify PPIs via FFS under different environmental conditions.
Next, several biophysical fluorescence microscopy approaches (i.e., sFCS, GP imaging, membrane charge FRET) were employed to monitor changes in lipid-lipid-packing in biomembranes in different biological context. Lipid metabolism in cancer cells is known to support rapid proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, targeting lipid synthesis or membrane integrity holds immense promise as an anticancer strategy. However, the mechanism of action of the novel agent erufosine (EPC3) on membrane stability is not fully under
stood. The present work revealed that EPC3 reduces lipid packing and composition as well as increased membrane fluidity and dynamic, hence, modifies lipid-lipid-interaction. These effects on membrane integrity were likely triggered by modulations in lipid metabolism and membrane organization. In the case of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, regulation of lipid metabolism is crucial for multiple steps in IAV replication and is related to the pathogenicity of IAV. Here, it is shown for the first time that IAV infection triggers a local enrichment of negatively charged lipids at the inner leaflet of the PM, which decreases membrane fluidity and dynamic, as well as increases lipid packing at the assembly site in living cells. This suggests that IAV alters lipid-lipid interactions and organization at the PM. Overall, this work highlights the potential of biophysical techniques as a screening platform for studying membrane properties in living cells at the single-cell level.
Finally, this study addressed remaining questions about the early stage of IAV assembly. The recruitment of matrix protein 1 (M1) and its interaction with other viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix protein 2 (M2), has been a subject of debate due to conflicting results. In this study, different FFS approaches were performed in transfected cells to investigate interactions between IAV proteins themselves and host factors at the PM. FFS measurements revealed that M2 interacts strongly with M1, leading to the translocation of M1 to the PM. This interaction likely took place along the non-canonical pathway, as evidenced by the detection of an interaction between M2 and the host factor LC3-II, leading to the recruitment of LC3-II to the PM. Moreover, weaker interaction was observed between HA and membrane-bound M1, and no interaction between NA and M1. Interestingly, higher oligomeric states of M1 were only detectable in infected cells. These results indicate that M2 initiates virion assembly by recruiting M1 to the PM, which may serve as a platform for further interactions with viral proteins and host factors.
In the present thesis, AC electrokinetic forces, like dielectrophoresis and AC electroosmosis, were demonstrated as a simple and fast method to functionalize the surface of nanoelectrodes with submicrometer sized biological objects. These nanoelectrodes have a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 500 nm arranged in an array of 6256 electrodes. Due to its medical relevance influenza virus as well as anti-influenza antibodies were chosen as a model organism. Common methods to bring antibodies or proteins to biosensor surfaces are complex and time-consuming. In the present work, it was demonstrated that by applying AC electric fields influenza viruses and antibodies can be immobilized onto the nanoelectrodes within seconds without any prior chemical modification of neither the surface nor the immobilized biological object. The distribution of these immobilized objects is not uniform over the entire array, it exhibits a decreasing gradient from the outer row to the inner ones. Different causes for this gradient have been discussed, such as the vortex-shaped fluid motion above the nanoelectrodes generated by, among others, electrothermal fluid flow. It was demonstrated that parts of the accumulated material are permanently immobilized to the electrodes. This is a unique characteristic of the presented system since in the literature the AC electrokinetic immobilization is almost entirely presented as a method just for temporary immobilization. The spatial distribution of the immobilized viral material or the anti-influenza antibodies at the electrodes was observed by either the combination of fluorescence microscopy and deconvolution or by super-resolution microscopy (STED). On-chip immunoassays were performed to examine the suitability of the functionalized electrodes as a potential affinity-based biosensor. Two approaches were pursued: A) the influenza virus as the bio-receptor or B) the influenza virus as the analyte. Different sources of error were eliminated by ELISA and passivation experiments. Hence, the activity of the immobilized object was inspected by incubation with the analyte. This resulted in the successful detection of anti-influenza antibodies by the immobilized viral material. On the other hand, a detection of influenza virus particles by the immobilized anti-influenza antibodies was not possible. The latter might be due to lost activity or wrong orientation of the antibodies. Thus, further examinations on the activity of by AC electric fields immobilized antibodies should follow. When combined with microfluidics and an electrical read-out system, the functionalized chips possess the potential to serve as a rapid, portable, and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) device. This device can be utilized as a basis for diverse applications in diagnosing and treating influenza, as well as various other pathogens.
The global climate crisis is significantly contributing to changing ecosystems, loss of biodiversity and is putting numerous species on the verge of extinction. In principle, many species are able to adapt to changing conditions or shift their habitats to more suitable regions. However, change is progressing faster than some species can adjust, or potential adaptation is blocked and disrupted by direct and indirect human action. Unsustainable anthropogenic land use in particular is one of the driving factors, besides global heating, for these ecologically critical developments. Precisely because land use is anthropogenic, it is also a factor that could be quickly and immediately corrected by human action.
In this thesis, I therefore assess the impact of three climate change scenarios of increasing intensity in combination with differently scheduled mowing regimes on the long-term development and dispersal success of insects in Northwest German grasslands. The large marsh grasshopper (LMG, Stethophyma grossum, Linné 1758) is used as a species of reference for the analyses. It inhabits wet meadows and marshes and has a limited, yet fairly good ability to disperse. Mowing and climate conditions affect the development and mortality of the LMG differently depending on its life stage.
The specifically developed simulation model HiLEG (High-resolution Large Environmental
Gradient) serves as a tool for investigating and projecting viability and dispersal success under different climate conditions and land use scenarios. It is a spatially explicit, stage- and cohort-based model that can be individually configured to represent the life cycle and characteristics of terrestrial insect species, as well as high-resolution environmental data and the occurrence of external disturbances. HiLEG is a freely available and adjustable software that can be used to support conservation planning in cultivated grasslands.
In the three case studies of this thesis, I explore various aspects related to the structure of simulation models per se, their importance in conservation planning in general, and insights regarding the LMG in particular. It became apparent that the detailed resolution of model processes and components is crucial to project the long-term effect of spatially and temporally confined events. Taking into account conservation measures at the regional level has further proven relevant, especially in light of the climate crisis. I found that the LMG is benefiting from global warming in principle, but continues to be constrained by harmful mowing regimes. Land use measures could, however, be adapted in such a way that they allow the expansion and establishment of the LMG without overly affecting agricultural yields.
Overall, simulation models like HiLEG can make an important contribution and add value
to conservation planning and policy-making. Properly used, simulation results shed light
on aspects that might be overlooked by subjective judgment and the experience of individual stakeholders. Even though it is in the nature of models that they are subject to limitations and only represent fragments of reality, this should not keep stakeholders from using them, as long as these limitations are clearly communicated. Similar to HiLEG, models could further be designed in such a way that not only the parameterization can be adjusted as required, but also the implementation itself can be improved and changed as desired. This openness and flexibility should become more widespread in the development of simulation models.
Conservation of the jaguar relies on holistic and transdisciplinary conservation strategies that integratively safeguard essential, connected habitats, sustain viable populations and their genetic exchange, and foster peaceful human-jaguar coexistence. These strategies define four research priorities to advance jaguar conservation throughout the species’ range. In this thesis I provide several relevant ecological and sociological insights into these research priorities, each addressed in a separate chapter. I focus on the effects of anthropogenic landscapes on jaguar habitat use and population gene flow, spatial patterns of jaguar habitat suitability and functional population connectivity, and on innovative governance approaches which can work synergistically to help achieve human-wildlife conviviality. Furthermore, I translate these insights into recommendations for conservation practice by providing tools and suggestions that conservation managers and stakeholders can use to implement local actions but also make broad scale conservation decisions in Central America. In Chapter 2, I model regional habitat use of jaguars, producing spatially-explicit maps for management of key areas of habitat suitability. Using an occupancy model of 13-year-camera-trap occurrence data, I show that human influence has the strongest impact on jaguar habitat use, and that Jaguar Conservation Units are the most important reservoirs of high quality habitat in this region. I build upon these results by zooming in to an area of high habitat suitability loss in Chapter 3, northern Central America. Here I study the drivers of jaguar gene flow and I produce spatially-explicit maps for management of key areas of functional population connectivity in this region. I use microsatellite data and pseudo-optimized multiscale, multivariate resistance surfaces of gene flow to show that jaguar gene flow is influenced by environmental, and even more strongly, by human influence variables; and that the areas of lowest gene flow resistance largely coincide with the location of the Jaguar Conservation Units. Given that human activities significantly impact jaguar habitat use and gene flow, securing viable jaguar populations in anthropogenic landscapes also requires fostering peaceful human-wildlife coexistence. This is a complex challenge that cannot be met without transdisciplinary academic research and cross-sectoral, collaborative governance structures that effectively respond to the multiple challenges of such coexistence. With this in mind, I focus in Chapter 4 on carnivore conservation initiatives that apply transformative governance approaches to enact transformative change towards human-carnivore coexistence. Using the frameworks of transformative biodiversity governance and convivial conservation, I highlight in this chapter concrete pathways, supported by more inclusive, democratic forms of conservation decision-making and participation that promote truly transformative changes towards human-jaguar conviviality.
Die Fluoreszenz-Calcium-Imaging-Methode wird auch heute noch als gängige Methode verwendet, vor allem wegen der geringeren Kosten für das Wirkstoffscreening in der pharmazeutischen Forschung, wobei Ionenkanäle sowie einige der G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs) die Mehrzahl der Wirkstoffziele ansprechen. Die zellfreie Synthese eukaryotischer Proteine hat nicht die Nachteile, die bei der Überexpression dieser ionenpermeablen Proteine in Zellen auftreten können, wie z. B. Zelltoxizität, geringere Proteinexpression und die Beseitigung der exprimierten Proteine aufgrund veränderter Domänen sowie die zeitaufwändige Pflege von Zelllinien. Die Synthese von Ionenkanälen in zellfreien Proteinsyntheseplattformen für das künftige Wirkstoffscreening ist noch in der Grundlagenforschung. Obwohl die Fluoreszenz-Calcium-Imaging-Methode in zellbasierten Assays weit verbreitet ist, wurde diese Methode bisher noch nicht in zellfreien Proteinexpressionssystemen verwendet. Insgesamt ist die neue Anwendung der Calcium-Imaging-Methode in eukaryontischen zellfreien Systemen eine Voraussetzung für die schnelle pharmakologische Analyse von Wirkstoffen. Das erste Ziel dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit bestand darin, die grundlegenden Prinzipien der Calcium-Imaging-Methode zur Untersuchung von Ionenkanälen in zellbasierten Systemen zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden zwei Tumorzelllinien des Auges verwendet, und zwar benigne Pterygiumzellen und maligne Aderhautmelanom 92.1 Zellen. In diesen Studien wurde die Interaktion zwischen den nativ überexprimierten transient-receptor-potential-Ionenkanälen (TRPs) wie TRP Vanilliod 1 (TRPV1) (Capsaicinrezeptor) und TRP Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) (Mentholrezeptor) in diesen Tumorzellen nach Zugabe von verschiedenen Medikamenten und Hormonen untersucht. Das zweite Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Calcium-Mechanismus von GPCRs in den Zellen zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde Mas, ein GPCR und Angiotensin (1-7) -Hormonrezeptor, aus dem renin-angiotensin-aldosteron-system (RAAS) in der Human Embryonic Kidney-293 (HEK293) Zelllinie überexprimiert. In dieser Studie wurden insbesondere die Aktivierung klassischer GPCR-Signalwege wie Phospholipase C und Proteinkinase C durch Angiotensin-(1-7) über Mas und die Beteiligung von TRP-Kanälen nachgewiesen. Die zellbasierte-Calcium-Imaging-Methode für chemische Calcium-Indikatoren ließ sich aufgrund der Anwesenheit einer großen Menge cytosolischer Carboxylesterasen gut anwenden. Carboxylesterase ist das wichtigste Enzym in der Calcium Imaging Methode, das die Verarbeitung chemischen Calcium-Farbstoffe behandelt. Dieses Enzym fehlt jedoch in Mikrosomen, die als Basismembran für die Integration synthetisierter Ionenkanäle in eukaryontischen zellfreien Systemen verwendet werden. Das dritte Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit war die Umsetzung der zellbasierten Calcium-Imaging Methode und der Calcium-Signalwege in zellfreie Systeme. Hier wurde die zellfrei synthetisierte Carboxylesterase in Mikrosomen von Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) als praktikables Calcium-Imaging-Werkzeug etabliert, um sowohl native ionenpermeable Proteine als auch zellfrei-synthetisierte Ionenkanäle zu untersuchen. Die Enzymaktivität der zellfrei-synthetisierten Carboxylesterase in Mikrosomen wurde durch Esterase-Assays und den Calcium-Fluoreszenzfarbstoff Fluo-5N Acetoxymethylester (Fluo-5N AM) Belastungstests nachgewiesen. Das Calcium-Imaging der nativ vorhandenen Ca2+-ATPase des sarkoplasmatischen/endoplasmatischen Retikulums (SERCA) und der Ryanodin-Rezeptoren (RyR) in den Mikrosomen sowie der zell-frei exprimierten TRP-Ionenkanäle wurden mit dem Fura-5N-AM- Fluoreszenzfarbstoff in mit Carboxylesterase vorsynthetisierten Mikrosomen nachgewiesen.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass das Prinzip der zellbasierten Calcium-Imaging -Methode vielversprechend an das eukaryotische zellfreie Sf21-System angepasst werden konnte, um Ionenkanäle zu analysieren. Nach entsprechender Forschung könnte die etablierte Methode in Zukunft auch auf andere Membranproteine ausgeweitet werden. Dies umfasst die Untersuchung anderer zell-frei exprimierte GPCRs oder anderer Ionenkanäle wie Kalium-, Natrium- und Chlorid-Ionenkanäle.
Species are adapted to the environment they live in. Today, most environments are subjected to rapid global changes induced by human activity, most prominently land cover and climate changes. Such transformations can cause adjustments or disruptions in various eco-evolutionary processes. The repercussions of this can appear at the population level as shifted ranges and altered abundance patterns. This is where global change effects on species are usually detected first.
To understand how eco-evolutionary processes act and interact to generate patterns of range and abundance and how these processes themselves are influenced by environmental conditions, spatially-explicit models provide effective tools. They estimate a species’ niche as the set of environmental conditions in which it can persist. However, the currently most commonly used models rely on static correlative associations that are established between a set of spatial predictors and observed species distributions. For this, they assume stationary conditions and are therefore unsuitable in contexts of global change. Better equipped are process-based models that explicitly implement algorithmic representations of eco-evolutionary mechanisms and evaluate their joint dynamics. These models have long been regarded as difficult to parameterise, but an increased data availability and improved methods for data integration lessen this challenge. Hence, the goal of this thesis is to further develop process-based models, integrate them into a complete modelling workflow, and provide the tools and guidance for their successful application.
With my thesis, I presented an integrated platform for spatially-explicit eco-evolutionary modelling and provided a workflow for their inverse calibration to observational data. In the first chapter, I introduced RangeShiftR, a software tool that implements an individual-based modelling platform for the statistical programming language R. Its open-source licensing, extensive help pages and available tutorials make it accessible to a wide audience. In the second chapter, I demonstrated a comprehensive workflow for the specification, calibration and validation of RangeShiftR by the example of the red kite in Switzerland. The integration of heterogeneous data sources, such as literature and monitoring data, allowed to successfully calibrate the model. It was then used to make validated, spatio-temporal predictions of future red kite abundance. The presented workflow can be adopted to any study species if data is available. In the third chapter, I extended RangeShiftR to directly link demographic processes to climatic predictors. This allowed me to explore the climate-change responses of eight Swiss breeding birds in more detail. Specifically, the model could identify the most influential climatic predictors, delineate areas of projected demographic suitability, and attribute current population trends to contemporary climate change.
My work shows that the application of complex, process-based models in conservation-relevant contexts is feasible, utilising available tools and data. Such models can be successfully calibrated and outperform other currently used modelling approaches in terms of predictive accuracy. Their projections can be used to predict future abundances or to assess alternative conservation scenarios. They further improve our mechanistic understanding of niche and range dynamics under climate change. However, only fully mechanistic models, that include all relevant processes, allow to precisely disentangle the effects of single processes on observed abundances. In this respect, the RangeShiftR model still has potential for further extensions that implement missing influential processes, such as species interactions.
Dynamic, process-based models are needed to adequately model a dynamic reality. My work contributes towards the advancement, integration and dissemination of such models. This will facilitate numeric, model-based approaches for species assessments, generate ecological insights and strengthen the reliability of predictions on large spatial scales under changing conditions.
In this work, the role of the TusA protein was investigated for the cell functionality and FtsZ ring assembly in Escherichia coli. TusA is the tRNA-2-thiouridine synthase that acts as a sulfur transferase in tRNA thiolation for the formation of 2-thiouridine at the position 34 (wobble base) of tRNALys, tRNAGlu and tRNAGln. It binds the persulfide form of sulfur and transfers it to further proteins during mnm5s2U tRNA modification at wobble position and for Moco biosynthesis. With this thiomodification of tRNA, the ribosome binding is more efficient and frameshifting is averted during the protein translation. Previous studies have revealed an essential role of TusA in bacterial cell physiology since deletion of the tusA gene resulted in retarded growth and filamentous cells during the exponential growth phase in a rich medium which suddenly disappeared during the stationary phase. This indicates a problem in the cell division process. Therefore the focus of this work was to investigate the role of TusA for cell functionality and FtsZ ring formation and thus the cell separation.
The reason behind the filamentous growth of the tusA mutant strain was investigated by growth and morphological analyses. ΔtusA cells showed a retarded growth during the exponential phase compared to the WT strain. Also, morphological analysis of ΔtusA cells confirmed the filamentous cell shape. The growth and cell division defects in ΔtusA indicated a defect in FtsZ protein as a key player of cell division. The microscopic investigation revealed that filamentous ΔtusA cells possessed multiple DNA parts arranged next to each other. This suggested that although the DNA replication occurred correctly, there was a defect in the step where FtsZ should act; probably FtsZ is unable to assemble to the ring structure or the assembled ring is not able to constrict. All tested mutant strains (ΔtusD, ΔtusE and ΔmnmA) involved in the mnm5s2U34 tRNA modification pathway shared the similar retarded growth and filamentous cell shape like ΔtusA strain. Thus, the cell division defect arises from a defect in mnm5s2U34 tRNA thiolation.
Since the FtsZ ring formation was supposed to be defective in filaments, a possible intracellular interaction of TusA and FtsZ was examined by fluorescent (EGFP and mCherry) fusion proteins expression and FRET. FtsZ expressing tusA mutant (DE3) cells showed a red mCherry signal at the cell poles, indicating that FtsZ is still in the assembling phase. Interestingly, the cellular region of EGFP-TusA fusion protein expressed in ΔtusA (DE3) was conspicuous; the EGFP signal was spread throughout the whole cell and, in addition, a slight accumulation of the EGFP-TusA fluorescence was detectable at the cell poles, the same part of the cell as for mCherry-FtsZ. Thus, this strongly suggested an interaction of TusA and FtsZ.
Furthermore, the cellular FtsZ and Fis concentrations, and their change during different growth phases were determined via immunoblotting. All tested deletion strains of mnm5s2U34 tRNA modification show high cellular FtsZ and Fis levels in the exponential phase, shifting to the later growth phases. This shift reflects the retarded growth, whereby the deletion strains reach later the exponential phase. Conclusively, the growth and cell division defect, and thus the formation of filaments, is most likely caused by changes in the cellular FtsZ and Fis concentrations.
Finally, the translation efficiencies of certain proteins (RpoS, Fur, Fis and mFis) in tusA mutant and in additional gene deletion strains were studied whether they were affected by using unmodified U34 tRNAs of Lys, Glu and Gln. The translation efficiency is decreased in mnm5s2U34 tRNA modification-impaired strains in addition to their existing growth and cell division defect due to the elimination of these three amino acids. Finally, these results confirm and reinforce the importance of Lys, Glu and Gln and the mnm5s2U34 tRNA thiolation for efficient protein translation. Thus, these findings verify that the translation of fur, fis and rpoS is regulated by mnm5s2U34 tRNA modifications, which is growth phase-dependent.
In total, this work showed the importance of the role of TusA for bacterial cell functionality and physiology. The deletion of the tusA gene disrupted a complex regulatory network within the cell, that most influenced by the decreased translation of Fis and RpoS, caused by the absence of mnm5s2U34 tRNA modifications. The disruption of RpoS and Fis cellular network influences in turn the cellular FtsZ level in the early exponential phase. Finally, the reduced FtsZ concentration leads to elongated, filamentous E. coli cells, which are unable to divide.
Sulfur is essential for the functionality of some important biomolecules in humans. Biomolecules like the Iron-sulfur clusters, tRNAs, Molybdenum cofactor, and some vitamins. The trafficking of sulfur involves proteins collectively called sulfurtransferase. Among these are TUM1, MOCS3, and NFS1.
This research investigated the role of TUM1 for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and cytosolic tRNA thiolation in humans. The rhodanese-like protein MOCS3 and the L-cysteine desulfurase (NFS1) have been previously demonstrated to interact with TUM1. These interactions suggested a dual function of TUM1 in sulfur transfer for Moco biosynthesis and cytosolic tRNA thiolation. TUM1 deficiency has been implicated to be responsible for a rare inheritable disorder known as mercaptolactate cysteine disulfiduria (MCDU), which is associated with a mental disorder. This mental disorder is similar to the symptoms of sulfite oxidase deficiency which is characterised by neurological disorders. Therefore, the role of TUM1 as a sulfurtransferase in humans was investigated, in CRISPR/Cas9 generated TUM1 knockout HEK 293T cell lines.
For the first time, TUM1 was implicated in Moco biosynthesis in humans by quantifying the intermediate product cPMP and Moco using HPLC. Comparing the TUM1 knockout cell lines to the wild-type, accumulation and reduction of cPMP and Moco were observed respectively. The effect of TUM1 knockout on the activity of a Moco-dependent enzyme, Sulfite oxidase, was also investigated. Sulfite oxidase is essential for the detoxification of sulfite to sulfate. Sulfite oxidase activity and protein abundance were reduced due to less availability of Moco. This shows that TUM1 is essential for efficient sulfur transfer for Moco biosynthesis. Reduction in cystathionin -lyase in TUM1 knockout cells was quantified, a possible coping mechanism of the cell against sulfite production through cysteine catabolism.
Secondly, the involvement of TUM1 in tRNA thio-modification at the wobble Uridine-34 was reported by quantifying the amount of mcm5s2U and mcm5U via HPLC. The reduction and accumulation of mcm5s2U and mcm5U in TUM1 knockout cells were observed in the nucleoside analysis. Herein, exogenous treatment with NaHS, a hydrogen sulfide donor, rescued the Moco biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation, and cell proliferation deficits in TUM1 knockout cells.
Further, TUM1 was shown to impact mitochondria bioenergetics through the measurement of the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) via the seahorse cell Mito stress analyzer. Reduction in total ATP production was also measured. This reveals how important TUM1 is for H2S biosynthesis in the mitochondria of HEK 293T.
Finally, the inhibition of NFS1 in HEK 293T and purified NFS1 protein by 2-methylene 3-quinuclidinone was demonstrated via spectrophotometric and radioactivity quantification. Inhibition of NFS1 by MQ further affected the iron-sulfur cluster-dependent enzyme aconitase activity.
Cells are built from a variety of macromolecules and metabolites. Both, the proteome and the metabolome are highly dynamic and responsive to environmental cues and developmental processes. But it is not their bare numbers, but their interactions that enable life. The protein-protein (PPI) and protein-metabolite interactions (PMI) facilitate and regulate all aspects of cell biology, from metabolism to mitosis. Therefore, the study of PPIs and PMIs and their dynamics in a cell-wide context is of great scientific interest. In this dissertation, I aim to chart a map of the dynamic PPIs and PMIs across metabolic and cellular transitions. As a model system, I study the shift from the fermentative to the respiratory growth, known as the diauxic shift, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To do so, I am applying a co-fractionation mass spectrometry (CF-MS) based method, dubbed protein metabolite interactions using size separation (PROMIS). PROMIS, as well as comparable methods, will be discussed in detail in chapter 1.
Since PROMIS was developed originally for Arabidopsis thaliana, in chapter 2, I will describe the adaptation of PROMIS to S. cerevisiae. Here, the obtained results demonstrated a wealth of protein-metabolite interactions, and experimentally validated 225 previously predicted PMIs. Applying orthogonal, targeted approaches to validate the interactions of a proteogenic dipeptide, Ser-Leu, five novel protein-interactors were found. One of those proteins, phosphoglycerate kinase, is inhibited by Ser-Leu, placing the dipeptide at the regulation of glycolysis.
In chapter 3, I am presenting PROMISed, a novel web-tool designed for the analysis of PROMIS- and other CF-MS-datasets. Starting with raw fractionation profiles, PROMISed enables data pre-processing, profile deconvolution, scores differences in fractionation profiles between experimental conditions, and ultimately charts interaction networks. PROMISed comes with a user-friendly graphic interface, and thus enables the routine analysis of CF-MS data by non-computational biologists.
Finally, in chapter 4, I applied PROMIS in combination with the isothermal shift assay to the diauxic shift in S. cerevisiae to study changes in the PPI and PMI landscape across this metabolic transition. I found a major rewiring of protein-protein-metabolite complexes, exemplified by the disassembly of the proteasome in the respiratory phase, the loss of interaction of an enzyme involved in amino acid biosynthesis and its cofactor, as well as phase and structure specific interactions between dipeptides and enzymes of central carbon metabolism.
In chapter 5, I am summarizing the presented results, and discuss a strategy to unravel the potential patterns of dipeptide accumulation and binding specificities. Lastly, I recapitulate recently postulated guidelines for CF-MS experiments, and give an outlook of protein interaction studies in the near future.
Im Rahmen des PSI-Projekts wurde eine Lehrveranstaltung konzipiert, die Lehramtsstudierenden einen vertieften Einblick sowohl in den Ablauf von Forschung als auch eine Bearbeitung einer eigenen experimentellen Forschungsaufgabe ermöglichen soll. Anlass waren die Berücksichtigung eines „Wissens über Erkenntnisgewinnung in der Disziplin“ im Modell des „Erweiterten Fachwissens für den schulischen Kontext“ (PSI) sowie Erkenntnisse empirischer Studien, die die Relevanz eigener Forschungserfahrung für das Unterrichten naturwissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisgewinnungsprozesse zeigen. Hier stellen wir eine neue Lehrveranstaltung (4 SWS) vor, die den angehenden Lehrkräften Forschungserfahrung ermöglicht (Seminar und Praktikum). Die Lehrveranstaltung vermittelt Einblicke in Forschung und die „Natur der Naturwissenschaften“, ermöglicht das Durchführen eigener wissenschaftlicher und schulrelevanter Experimente und bietet eine angemessene Reflexion über die verschiedenen Kurselemente. Die Evaluationsergebnisse sind überwiegend positiv, zeigen aber auch, dass für die Studierenden die wahrgenommene Schulrelevanz und die fachdidaktischen Aspekte ein wichtiges Kriterium für die positive Bewertung sind.
In late summer, migratory bats of the temperate zone face the challenge of accomplishing two energy-demanding tasks almost at the same time: migration and mating. Both require information and involve search efforts, such as localizing prey or finding potential mates. In non-migrating bat species, playback studies showed that listening to vocalizations of other bats, both con-and heterospecifics, may help a recipient bat to find foraging patches and mating sites. However, we are still unaware of the degree to which migrating bats depend on con-or heterospecific vocalizations for identifying potential feeding or mating opportunities during nightly transit flights. Here, we investigated the vocal responses of Nathusius’ pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, to simulated feeding and courtship aggregations at a coastal migration corridor. We presented migrating bats either feeding buzzes or courtship calls of their own or a heterospecific migratory species, the common noctule, Nyctalus noctula. We expected that during migratory transit flights, simulated feeding opportunities would be particularly attractive to bats, as well as simulated mating opportunities which may indicate suitable roosts for a stopover. However, we found that when compared to the natural silence of both pre-and post-playback phases, bats called indifferently during the playback of conspecific feeding sounds, whereas P. nathusii echolocation call activity increased during simulated feeding of N. noctula. In contrast, the call activity of P. nathusii decreased during the playback of conspecific courtship calls, while no response could be detected when heterospecific call types were broadcasted. Our results suggest that while on migratory transits, P. nathusii circumnavigate conspecific mating aggregations, possibly to save time or to reduce the risks associated with social interactions where aggression due to territoriality might be expected. This avoidance behavior could be a result of optimization strategies by P. nathusii when performing long-distance migratory flights, and it could also explain the lack of a response to simulated conspecific feeding. However, the observed increase of activity in response to simulated feeding of N. noctula, suggests that P. nathusii individuals may be eavesdropping on other aerial hawking insectivorous species during migration, especially if these occupy a slightly different foraging niche.
Sulfur is an important element that is incorporated into many biomolecules in humans. The incorporation and transfer of sulfur into biomolecules is, however, facilitated by a series of different sulfurtransferases. Among these sulfurtransferases is the human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) also designated as tRNA thiouridine modification protein (TUM1). The role of the human TUM1 protein has been suggested in a wide range of physiological processes in the cell among which are but not limited to involvement in Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation and generation of H2S as signaling molecule both in mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous interaction studies showed that TUM1 interacts with the L-cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 3 (MOCS3). Here, we show the roles of TUM1 in human cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically modified Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Here, we show that TUM1 is involved in the sulfur transfer for Molybdenum cofactor synthesis and tRNA thiomodification by spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of sulfite oxidase and liquid chromatography quantification of the level of sulfur-modified tRNA. Further, we show that TUM1 has a role in hydrogen sulfide production and cellular bioenergetics.
Starch is a biopolymer for which, despite its simple composition, understanding the precise mechanism behind its formation and regulation has been challenging. Several approaches and bioanalytical tools can be used to expand the knowledge on the different parts involved in the starch metabolism. In this sense, a comprehensive analysis targeting two of the main groups of molecules involved in this process: proteins, as effectors/regulators of the starch metabolism, and maltodextrins as starch components and degradation products, was conducted in this research work using potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) as model of study. On one side, proteins physically interacting to potato starch were isolated and analyzed through mass spectrometry and western blot for their identification. Alternatively, starch interacting proteins were explored in potato tubers from transgenic plants having antisense inhibition of starch-related enzymes and on tubers stored under variable environmental conditions. Most of the proteins recovered from the starch granules corresponded to previously described proteins having a specific role in the starch metabolic pathway. Another set of proteins could be grouped as protease inhibitors, which were found weakly interacting to starch. Variations in the protein profile obtained after electrophoresis separation became clear when tubers were stored under different temperatures, indicating a differential expression of proteins in response to changing environmental conditions.
On the other side, since maltodextrin metabolism is thought to be involved in both starch initiation and degradation, soluble maltooligosaccharide content in potato tubers was analyzed in this work under diverse experimental variables. For this, tuber disc samples from wild type and transgenic lines strongly repressing either the plastidial or cytosolic form of the -glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase were incubated with glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and glucose-1-phosphate solutions to evaluate the influence of such enzymes on the conversion of the carbon sources into soluble maltodextrins, in comparison to wild-type samples. Relative maltodextrin amounts analyzed through capillary electrophoresis equipped with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) revealed that tuber discs could immediately uptake glucose-1-phosphate and use it to produce maltooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of up to 30 (DP30), in contrast to transgenic tubers with strong repression of the plastidial glucan phosphorylase. The results obtained from the maltodextrin analysis support previous indications that a specific transporter for glucose-1-phosphate may exist in both the plant cells and the plastidial membranes, thereby allowing a glucose-6-phosphate independent transport. Furthermore, it confirms that the plastidial glucan phosphorylase is responsible for producing longer maltooligosaccharides in the plastids by catalyzing a glucan polymerization reaction when glucose-1-phosphate is available. All these findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of the plastidial glucan phosphorylase as a key enzyme directly involved in the synthesis and degradation of glucans and their implication on starch metabolism.
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or RNA molecules that can bind specifically and with high affinity to target molecules due to their unique three-dimensional structure. For this reason, they are often compared to antibodies and sometimes even referred to as “chemical antibodies”. They are simple and inexpensive to synthesize, easy to modify, and smaller than conventional antibodies. Enzymes, especially hydrolases, are interesting targets in this context. This class of enzymes is capable of hydrolytically cleaving various macromolecules such as proteins, as well as smaller molecules such as antibiotics. Hence, they play an important role in many biological processes including diseases and their treatment. Hydrolase detection as well as the understanding of their function is therefore of great importance for diagnostics and therapy. Due to their various desirable features compared to antibodies, aptamers are being discussed as alternative agents for analytical and diagnostic use in various applications. The use of aptamers in therapy is also frequently investigated, as the binding of aptamers can have effects on the catalytic activity, protein-protein interactions, or proteolytic cascades. Aptamers are generated by an in vitro selection process. Potential aptamer candidates are selected from a pool of enriched nucleic acid sequences with affinity to the target, and their binding affinity and specificity is investigated. This is one of the most important steps in aptamer generation to obtain specific aptamers with high affinity for use in analytical and diagnostic applications. The binding properties or binding domains and their effects on enzyme functions form the basis for therapeutic applications.
In this work, the binding properties of DNA aptamers against two different hydrolases were investigated. In view of their potential utility for analytical methods, aptamers against human urokinase (uPA) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) were evaluated for their binding affinity and specificity using different methods. Using the uPA aptamers, a protocol for measuring the binding kinetics of an aptamer-protein-interaction by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) was developed. Based on the increased expression of uPA in different types of cancer, uPA is discussed as a prognostic and diagnostic tumor marker. As uPA aptamers showed different binding sites on the protein, microtiter plate-based aptamer sandwich assay systems for the detection of uPA were developed. Because of the function of urokinase in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, uPA is also discussed as a therapeutic target. In this regard, the different binding sites of aptamers showed different effects on uPA function. In vitro experiments demonstrated both inhibition of uPA binding to its receptor as well as the inhibition of uPA catalytic activity for different aptamers. Thus, in addition to their specificity and affinity for their targets, the utility of the aptamers for potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications was demonstrated. First, as an alternative inhibitor of human urokinase for therapeutic purposes, and second, as valuable recognition molecules for the detection of urokinase, as a prognostic and diagnostic marker for cancer, and for NDM-1 to detect resistance to carbapenem antibiotics.
Transposable elements (TEs) are loci that can replicate and multiply within the genome of their host. Within the host, TEs through transposition are responsible for variation on genomic architecture and gene regulation across all vertebrates. Genome assemblies have increased in numbers in recent years. However, to explore in deep the variations within different genomes, such as SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism), INDELs (Insertion-deletion), satellites and transposable elements, we need high-quality genomes. Studies of molecular markers in the past 10 years have limitations to correlate with biological differences because molecular markers rely on the accuracy of the genomic resources. This has generated that a substantial part of the studies of TE in recent years have been on high quality genomic resources such as Drosophila, zebrafinch and maize. As testudine have a slow mutation rate lower only to crocodilians, with more than 300 species, adapted to different environments all across the globe, the testudine clade can help us to study variation. Here we propose Testudines as a clade to study variation and the abundance of TE on different species that diverged a long time ago. We investigated the genomic diversity of sea turtles, identifying key genomic regions associated to gene family duplication, specific expansion of particular TE families for Dermochelyidae and that are important for phenotypic differentiation, the impact of environmental changes on their populations, and the dynamics of TEs within different lineages. In chapter 1, we identify that despite high levels of genome synteny within sea turtles, we identified that regions of reduced collinearity and microchromosomes showed higher concentrations of multicopy gene families, as well as genetic distances between species, indicating their potential importance as sources of variation underlying phenotypic differentiation. We found that differences in the ecological niches occupied by leatherback and green turtles have led to contrasting evolutionary paths for their olfactory receptor genes. We identified in leatherback turtles a long-term low population size. Nonetheless, we identify no correlation between the regions of reduced collinearity with abundance of TEs or an accumulation of a particular TE group. In chapter 2, we identified that sea turtle genomes contain a significant proportion of TEs, with differences in TE abundance between species, and the discovery of a recent expansion of Penelope-like elements (PLEs) in the highly conserved sea turtle genome provides new insights into the dynamics of TEs within Testudines. In chapter 3, we compared the proportion of TE across the Testudine clade, and we identified that the proportion of transposable elements within the clade is stable, regardless of the quality of the assemblies. However, we identified that the proportion of TEs orders has correlation with genome quality depending of their expanded abundancy. For retrotransposon, a highly abundant element for this clade, we identify no correlation. However, for DNA elements a rarer element on this clade, correlate with the quality of the assemblies.
Here we confirm that high-quality genomes are fundamental for the study of transposable element evolution and the conservation within the clade. The detection and abundance of specific orders of TEs are influenced by the quality of the genomes. We identified that a reduction in the population size on D. coriacea had left signals of long-term low population sizes on their genomes. On the same note we identified an expansion of TE on D. coriacea, not present in any other member of the available genomes of Testudines, strongly suggesting that it is a response of deregulation of TE on their genomes as consequences of the low population sizes.
Here we have identified important genomic regions and gene families for phenotypic differentiation and highlighted the impact of environmental changes on the populations of sea turtles. We stated that accurate classification and analysis of TE families are important and require high-quality genome assemblies. Using TE analysis we manage to identify differences in highly syntenic species. These findings have significant implications for conservation and provide a foundation for further research into genome evolution and gene function in turtles and other vertebrates. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of evolutionary change and adaptation mechanisms.
Aquatic ecosystems are frequently overlooked as fungal habitats, although there is increasing evidence that their diversity and ecological importance are greater than previously considered. Aquatic fungi are critical and abundant components of nutrient cycling and food web dynamics, e.g., exerting top-down control on phytoplankton communities and forming symbioses with many marine microorganisms. However, their relevance for microphytobenthic communities is almost unexplored. In the light of global warming, polar regions face extreme changes in abiotic factors with a severe impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Therefore, this study aimed to describe, for the first time, fungal diversity in Antarctic benthic habitats along the salinity gradient and to determine the co-occurrence of fungal parasites with their algal hosts, which were dominated by benthic diatoms. Our results reveal that Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota are the most abundant fungal taxa in these habitats. We show that also in Antarctic waters, salinity has a major impact on shaping not just fungal but rather the whole eukaryotic community composition, with a diversity of aquatic fungi increasing as salinity decreases. Moreover, we determined correlations between putative fungal parasites and potential benthic diatom hosts, highlighting the need for further systematic analysis of fungal diversity along with studies on taxonomy and ecological roles of Chytridiomycota.
Following the extinction of dinosaurs, the great adaptive radiation of mammals occurred, giving rise to an astonishing ecological and phenotypic diversity of mammalian species. Even closely related species often inhabit vastly different habitats, where they encounter diverse environmental challenges and are exposed to different evolutionary pressures. As a response, mammals evolved various adaptive phenotypes over time, such as morphological, physiological and behavioural ones. Mammalian genomes vary in their content and structure and this variation represents the molecular mechanism for the long-term evolution of phenotypic variation. However, understanding this molecular basis of adaptive phenotypic variation is usually not straightforward.
The recent development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools has enabled a better insight into mammalian genomes. Through these advances, it was acknowledged that mammalian genomes differ more, both within and between species, as a consequence of structural variation compared to single-nucleotide differences. Structural variant types investigated in this thesis - such as deletion, duplication, inversion and insertion, represent a change in the structure of the genome, impacting the size, copy number, orientation and content of DNA sequences. Unlike short variants, structural variants can span multiple genes. They can alter gene dosage, and cause notable gene expression differences and subsequently phenotypic differences. Thus, they can lead to a more dramatic effect on the fitness (reproductive success) of individuals, local adaptation of populations and speciation.
In this thesis, I investigated and evaluated the potential functional effect of structural variations on the genomes of mustelid species. To detect the genomic regions associated with phenotypic variation I assembled the first reference genome of the tayra (Eira barbara) relying on linked-read sequencing technology to achieve a high level of genome completeness important for reliable structural variant discovery. I then set up a bioinformatics pipeline to conduct a comparative genomic analysis and explore variation between mustelid species living in different environments. I found numerous genes associated with species-specific phenotypes related to diet, body condition and reproduction among others, to be impacted by structural variants.
Furthermore, I investigated the effects of artificial selection on structural variants in mice selected for high fertility, increased body mass and high endurance. Through selective breeding of each mouse line, the desired phenotypes have spread within these populations, while maintaining structural variants specific to each line. In comparison to the control line, the litter size has doubled in the fertility lines, individuals in the high body mass lines have become considerably larger, and mice selected for treadmill performance covered substantially more distance. Structural variants were found in higher numbers in these trait-selected lines than in the control line when compared to the mouse reference genome. Moreover, we have found twice as many structural variants spanning protein-coding genes (specific to each line) in trait-selected lines. Several of these variants affect genes associated with selected phenotypic traits. These results imply that structural variation does indeed contribute to the evolution of the selected phenotypes and is heritable.
Finally, I suggest a set of critical metrics of genomic data that should be considered for a stringent structural variation analysis as comparative genomic studies strongly rely on the contiguity and completeness of genome assemblies. Because most of the available data used to represent reference genomes of mammalian species is generated using short-read sequencing technologies, we may have incomplete knowledge of genomic features. Therefore, a cautious structural variation analysis is required to minimize the effect of technical constraints.
The impact of structural variants on the adaptive evolution of mammalian genomes is slowly gaining more focus but it is still incorporated in only a small number of population studies. In my thesis, I advocate the inclusion of structural variants in studies of genomic diversity for a more comprehensive insight into genomic variation within and between species, and its effect on adaptive evolution.
Climate change of anthropogenic origin is affecting Earth’s biodiversity and therefore ecosystems and their services. High latitude ecosystems are even more impacted than the rest of Northern Hemisphere because of the amplified polar warming. Still, it is challenging to predict the dynamics of high latitude ecosystems because of complex interaction between abiotic and biotic components. As the past is the key to the future, the interpretation of past ecological changes to better understand ongoing processes is possible. In the Quaternary, the Pleistocene experienced several glacial and interglacial stages that affected past ecosystems. During the last Glacial, the Pleistocene steppe-tundra was covering most of unglaciated northern hemisphere and disappeared in parallel to the megafauna’s extinction at the transition to the Holocene (~11,700 years ago). The origin of the steppe-tundra decline is not well understood and knowledge on the mechanisms, which caused shifts in past communities and ecosystems, is of high priority as they are likely comparable to those affecting modern ecosystems. Lake or permafrost core sediments can be retrieved to investigate past biodiversity at transitions between glacial and interglacial stages. Siberia and Beringia were the origin of dispersal of the steppe-tundra, which make investigation this area of high priority. Until recently, macrofossils and pollen were the most common approaches. They are designed to reconstruct past composition changes but have limit and biases. Since the end of the 20th century, sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) can also be investigated. My main objectives were, by using sedaDNA approaches to provide scientific evidence of compositional and diversity changes in the Northern Hemisphere ecosystems at the transition between Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages.
In this thesis, I provide snapshots of entire ancient ecosystems and describe compositional changes between Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages, and confirm the vegetation composition and the spatial and temporal boundaries of the Pleistocene steppe-tundra. I identify a general loss of plant diversity with extinction events happening in parallel of megafauna’ extinction. I demonstrate how loss of biotic resilience led to the collapse of a previously well-established system and discuss my results in regards to the ongoing climate change. With further work to constrain biases and limits, sedaDNA can be used in parallel or even replace the more established macrofossils and pollen approaches as my results support the robustness and potential of sedaDNA to answer new palaeoecological questions such as plant diversity changes, loss and provide snapshots of entire ancient biota.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), characterised by a chronic inflammation of the gut wall, develop as consequence of an overreacting immune response to commensal bacteria, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental conditions. Large inter-individual differences in the outcome of currently available therapies complicate the decision for the best option for an individual patient. Predicting the prospects of therapeutic success for an individual patient is currently only possible to a limited extent; for this, a better understanding of possible differences between responders and non-responders is needed.
In this thesis, we have developed a mathematical model describing the most important processes of the gut mucosal immune system on the cellular level. The model is based on literature data, which were on the one hand used (qualitatively) to choose which cell types and processes to incorporate and to derive the model structure, and on the other hand (quantitatively) to derive the parameter values. Using ordinary differential equations, it describes the concentration-time course of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and bacteria, each subdivided into different cell types and activation states, in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. We evaluate the model by means of simulations of the healthy immune response to salmonella infection and mucosal injury.
A virtual population includes IBD patients, which we define through their initially asymptomatic, but after a trigger chronically inflamed gut wall. We demonstrate the model's usefulness in different analyses: (i) The comparison of virtual IBD patients with virtual healthy individuals shows that the disease is elicited by many small or fewer large changes, and allows to make hypotheses about dispositions relevant for development of the disease. (ii) We simulate the effects of different therapeutic targets and make predictions about the therapeutic outcome based on the pre-treatment state. (iii) From the analysis of differences between virtual responders and non-responders, we derive hypotheses about reasons for the inter-individual variability in treatment outcome. (iv) For the example of anti-TNF-alpha therapy, we analyse, which alternative therapies are most promising in case of therapeutic failure, and which therapies are most suited for combination therapies: For drugs also directly targeting the cytokine levels or inhibiting the recruitment of innate immune cells, we predict a low probability of success when used as alternative treatment, but a large gain when used in a combination treatment. For drugs with direct effects on T cells, via modulation of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor or inhibition of T cell proliferation, we predict a considerably larger probability of success when used as alternative treatment, but only a small additional gain when used in a combination therapy.
Animal movement is a crucial aspect of life, influencing ecological and evolutionary processes. It plays an important role in shaping biodiversity patterns, connecting habitats and ecosystems. Anthropogenic landscape changes, such as in agricultural environments, can impede the movement of animals by affecting their ability to locate resources during recurring movements within home ranges and, on a larger scale, disrupt migration or dispersal. Inevitably, these changes in movement behavior have far-reaching consequences on the mobile link functions provided by species inhabiting such extensively altered matrix areas. In this thesis, I investigate the movement characteristics and activity patterns of the European hare (Lepus europaeus), aiming to understand their significance as a pivotal species in fragmented agricultural landscapes. I reveal intriguing results that shed light on the importance of hares for seed dispersal, the influence of personality traits on behavior and space use, the sensitivity of hares to extreme weather conditions, and the impacts of GPS collaring on mammals' activity patterns and movement behavior.
In Chapter I, I conducted a controlled feeding experiment to investigate the potential impact of hares on seed dispersal. By additionally utilizing GPS data of hares in two contrasting landscapes, I demonstrated that hares play a vital role, acting as effective mobile linkers for many plant species in small and isolated habitat patches. The analysis of seed intake and germination success revealed that distinct seed traits, such as density, surface area, and shape, profoundly affect hares' ability to disperse seeds through endozoochory. These findings highlight the interplay between hares and plant communities and thus provide valuable insights into seed dispersal mechanisms in fragmented landscapes.
By employing standardized behavioral tests in Chapter II, I revealed consistent behavioral responses among captive hares while simultaneously examining the intricate connection between personality traits and spatial patterns within wild hare populations. This analysis provides insights into the ecological interactions and dynamics within hare populations in agricultural habitats. Examining the concept of animal personality, I established a link between personality traits and hare behavior. I showed that boldness, measured through standardized tests, influences individual exploration styles, with shy and bold hares exhibiting distinct space use patterns. In addition to providing valuable insights into the role of animal personality in heterogeneous environments, my research introduced a novel approach demonstrating the feasibility of remotely assessing personality types using animal-borne sensors without additional disturbance of the focal individual.
While climate conditions severely impact the activity and, consequently, the fitness of wildlife species across the globe, in Chapter III, I uncovered the sensitivity of hares to temperature, humidity, and wind speed during their peak reproduction period. I found a strong response in activity to high temperatures above 25°C, with a particularly pronounced effect during temperature extremes of over 35°C. The non-linear relationship between temperature and activity was characterized by contrasting responses observed for day and night. These findings emphasize the vulnerability of hares to climate change and the potential consequences for their fitness and population dynamics with the ongoing rise of temperature.
Since such insights can only be obtained through capturing and tagging free-ranging animals, I assessed potential impacts and the recovery process post-collar attachment in Chapter IV. For this purpose, I examined the daily distances moved and the temporal-associated activity of 1451 terrestrial mammals out of 42 species during their initial tracking period. The disturbance intensity and the speed of recovery varied across species, with herbivores, females, and individuals captured and collared in relatively secluded study areas experiencing more pronounced disturbances due to limited anthropogenic influences.
Mobile linkers are essential for maintaining biodiversity as they influence the dynamics and resilience of ecosystems. Furthermore, their ability to move through fragmented landscapes makes them a key component for restoring disturbed sites. Individual movement decisions determine the scale of mobile links, and understanding variations in space use among individuals is crucial for interpreting their functions. Climate change poses further challenges, with wildlife species expected to adjust their behavior, especially in response to high-temperature extremes, and comprehending the anthropogenic influence on animal movements will remain paramount to effective land use planning and the development of successful conservation strategies.
This thesis provides a comprehensive ecological understanding of hares in agricultural landscapes. My research findings underscore the importance of hares as mobile linkers, the influence of personality traits on behavior and spatial patterns, the vulnerability of hares to extreme weather conditions, and the immediate consequences of collar attachment on mammalian movements. Thus, I contribute valuable insights to wildlife conservation and management efforts, aiding in developing strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental changes on hare populations. Moreover, these findings enable the development of methodologies aimed at minimizing the impacts of collaring while also identifying potential biases in the data, thereby benefiting both animal welfare and the scientific integrity of localization studies.
Predator-forager interactions are a major factor in evolutionary adaptation of many species, as predators need to gain energy by consuming prey species, and foragers needs to avoid the worst fate of mortality while still consuming resources for energetic gains. In this evolutionary arms race, the foragers have constantly evolved anti-predator behaviours (e.g. foraging activity changes). To describe all these complex changes, researchers developed the framework of the landscape of fear, that is, the spatio-temporal variation of perceived predation risk. This concept simplifies all the involved ecological processes into one framework, by integrating animal biology and distribution with habitat characteristics. Researchers can then evaluate the perception of predation risk in prey species, what are the behavioural responses of the prey and, therefore, understand the cascading effects of landscapes of fear at the resource levels (tri-trophic effects). Although tri-trophic effects are well studied at the predator-prey interaction level, little is known on how the forager-resource interactions are part of the overall cascading effects of landscapes of fear, despite the changes of forager feeding behaviour - that occur with perceived predation risk - affecting directly the level of the resources.
This thesis aimed to evaluate the cascading effects of the landscape of fear on biodiversity of resources, and how the feeding behaviour and movement of foragers shaped the final resource species composition (potential coexistence mechanisms). We studied the changes caused by landscapes of fear on wild and captive rodent communities and evaluated: the cascading effects of different landscapes of fear on a tri-trophic system (I), the effects of fear on a forager’s movement patterns and dietary preferences (II) and cascading effects of different types of predation risk (terrestrial versus avian, III).
In Chapter I, we applied a novel measure to evaluate the cascading effects of fear at the level of resources, by quantifying the diversity of resources left after the foragers gave-up on foraging (diversity at the giving-up density). We tested the measure at different spatial levels (local and regional) and observed that with decreased perceived predation risk, the density and biodiversity of resources also decreased. Foragers left a very dissimilar community of resources based on perceived risk and resources functional traits, and therefore acted as an equalising mechanism.
In Chapter II, we wanted to understand further the decision-making processes of rodents in different landscapes of fear, namely, in which resource species rodents decided to forage on (based on three functional traits: size, nutrients and shape) and how they moved depending on perceived predation risk. In safe landscapes, individuals increased their feeding activity and movements and despite the increased costs, they visited more often patches that were further away from their central-place. Despite a preference for the bigger resources regardless of risk, when perceived predation risk was low, individuals changed their preference to fat-rich resources.
In Chapter III, we evaluated the cascading effects of two different types of predation risk in rodents: terrestrial (raccoon) versus avian predation risk. Raccoon presence or absence did not alter the rodents feeding behaviour in different landscapes of fear. Rodent’s showed risk avoidance behaviours towards avian predators (spatial risk avoidance), but not towards raccoons (lack of temporal risk avoidance).
By analysing the effects of fear in tri-trophic systems, we were able to deepen the knowledge of how non-consumptive effects of predators affect the behaviour of foragers, and quantitatively measure the cascading effects at the level of resources with a novel measure. Foragers are at the core of the ecological processes and responses to the landscape of fear, acting as variable coexistence agents for resource species depending on perceived predation risk. This newly found measures and knowledge can be applied to more trophic chains, and inform researchers on biodiversity patterns originating from landscapes of fear.
Establishment of final leaf size in plants represents a complex mechanism that relies on the precise regulation of two interconnected cellular processes, cell division and cell expansion. In previous work, the barley protein BROAD LEAF1 (BLF1) was identified as a novel negative regulator of cell proliferation, that mainly limits leaf growth in the width direction. Here I identified a novel RING/U-box protein that interacts with BLF1 through a yeast two hybrid screen. Using BiFC, Co-IP and FRET I confirmed the interaction of the two proteins in planta. Enrichment of the BLF1-mEGFP fusion protein and the increase of the FRET signal upon MG132 treatment of tobacco plants, together with an in vivo ubiquitylation assay in bacteria, confirmed that the RING/U-box E3 interacts with BLF1 to mediate its ubiquitylation and degradation by the 26S proteasome system. Consistent with regulation of endogenous BLF1 in barley by proteasomal degradation, inhibition of the proteasome by bortezomib treatment on BLF1-vYFP transgenic barley plants also resulted in an enrichment of the BLF1 protein. I thus demonstrated that RING/U-box E3 is colocalized with BLF1 in nuclei and negatively regulates BLF1 protein levels. Analysis of ring-e3_1 knock-out mutants suggested the involvement of the RING/U-box E3 gene in leaf growth control, although the effect was mainly on leaf length. Together, my results suggest that proteasomal degradation, possibly mediated by RING/U-box E3, contributes to fine-tuning BLF1 protein-level in barley.
Die aktuelle COVID-19-Pandemie zeigt deutlich, wie sich Infektionskrankheiten weltweit verbreiten können. Neben Viruserkrankungen breiten sich auch multiresistente bakterielle Erreger weltweit aus. Dementsprechend besteht ein hoher Bedarf, durch frühzeitige Erkennung Erkrankte zu finden und Infektionswege zu unterbrechen.
Herkömmliche kulturelle Verfahren benötigen minimalinvasive bzw. invasive Proben und dauern für Screeningmaßnahmen zu lange. Deshalb werden schnelle, nichtinvasive Verfahren benötigt.
Im klassischen Griechenland verließen sich die Ärzte unter anderem auf ihren Geruchssinn, um Infektionen und andere Krankheiten zu differenzieren. Diese charakteristischen Gerüche sind flüchtige organische Substanzen (VOC), die im Rahmen des Metabolismus eines Organismus entstehen. Tiere, die einen besseren Geruchssinn haben, werden trainiert, bestimmte Krankheitserreger am Geruch zu unterscheiden. Allerdings ist der Einsatz von Tieren im klinischen Alltag nicht praktikabel. Es bietet sich an, auf technischem Weg diese VOCs zu analysieren.
Ein technisches Verfahren, diese VOCs zu unterscheiden, ist die Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie gekoppelt mit einer multikapillaren Gaschromatographiesäule (MCC-IMS). Hier zeigte sich, dass es sich bei dem Verfahren um eine schnelle, sensitive und verlässliche Methode handelt.
Es ist bekannt, dass verschiedene Bakterien aufgrund des Metabolismus unterschiedliche VOCs und damit eigene spezifische Gerüche produzieren. Im ersten Schritt dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die verschiedenen Bakterien in-vitro nach einer kurzen Inkubationszeitzeit von 90 Minuten anhand der VOCs differenziert werden können. Hier konnte analog zur Diagnose in biochemischen Testreihen eine hierarchische Klassifikation der Bakterien erfolgen.
Im Gegensatz zu Bakterien haben Viren keinen eigenen Stoffwechsel. Ob virusinfizierte Zellen andere VOCs als nicht-infizierte Zellen freisetzen, wurde an Zellkulturen überprüft. Hier konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Fingerprints der VOCs in Zellkulturen infizierter Zellen mit Respiratorischen Synzytial-Viren (RSV) von nicht-infizierten Zellen unterscheiden.
Virusinfektionen im intakten Organismus unterscheiden sich von den Zellkulturen dadurch, dass hier neben Veränderungen im Zellstoffwechsel auch durch Abwehrmechanismen VOCs freigesetzt werden können.
Zur Überprüfung, inwiefern sich Infektionen im intakten Organismus ebenfalls anhand VOCs unterscheiden lassen, wurde bei Patienten mit und ohne Nachweis einer Influenza A Infektion als auch bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf SARS-CoV-2 (Schweres-akutes-Atemwegssyndrom-Coronavirus Typ 2) Infektion die Atemluft untersucht. Sowohl Influenza-infizierte als auch SARS-CoV-2 infizierte Patienten konnten untereinander und von nicht-infizierten Patienten mittels MCC-IMS Analyse der Atemluft unterschieden werden.
Zusammenfassend erbringt die MCC-IMS ermutigende Resultate in der schnellen nichtinvasiven Erkennung von Infektionen sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo.
The increasing introduction of non-native plant species may pose a threat to local biodiversity. However, the basis of successful plant invasion is not conclusively understood, especially since these plant species can adapt to the new range within a short period of time despite impoverished genetic diversity of the starting populations. In this context, DNA methylation is considered promising to explain successful adaptation mechanisms in the new habitat. DNA methylation is a heritable variation in gene expression without changing the underlying genetic information. Thus, DNA methylation is considered a so-called epigenetic mechanism, but has been studied in mainly clonally reproducing plant species or genetic model plants. An understanding of this epigenetic mechanism in the context of non-native, predominantly sexually reproducing plant species might help to expand knowledge in biodiversity research on the interaction between plants and their habitats and, based on this, may enable more precise measures in conservation biology.
For my studies, I combined chemical DNA demethylation of field-collected seed material from predominantly sexually reproducing species and rearing offsping under common climatic conditions to examine DNA methylation in an ecological-evolutionary context. The contrast of chemically treated (demethylated) plants, whose variation in DNA methylation was artificially reduced, and untreated control plants of the same species allowed me to study the impact of this mechanism on adaptive trait differentiation and local adaptation. With this experimental background, I conducted three studies examining the effect of DNA methylation in non-native species along a climatic gradient and also between climatically divergent regions.
The first study focused on adaptive trait differentiation in two invasive perennial goldenrod species, Solidago canadensis sensu latu and S. gigantea AITON, along a climate gradient of more than 1000 km in length in Central Europe. I found population differences in flowering timing, plant height, and biomass in the temporally longer-established S. canadensis, but only in the number of regrowing shoots for S. gigantea. While S. canadensis did not show any population structure, I was able to identify three genetic groups along this climatic gradient in S. gigantea. Surprisingly, demethylated plants of both species showed no change in the majority of traits studied. In the subsequent second study, I focused on the longer-established goldenrod species S. canadensis and used molecular analyses to infer spatial epigenetic and genetic population differences in the same specimens from the previous study. I found weak genetic but no epigenetic spatial variation between populations. Additionally, I was able to identify one genetic marker and one epigenetic marker putatively susceptible to selection. However, the results of this study reconfirmed that the epigenetic mechanism of DNA methylation appears to be hardly involved in adaptive processes within the new range in S. canadensis.
Finally, I conducted a third study in which I reciprocally transplanted short-lived plant species between two climatically divergent regions in Germany to investigate local adaptation at the plant family level. For this purpose, I used four plant families (Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Plantaginaceae, Solanaceae) and here I additionally compared between non-native and native plant species. Seeds were transplanted to regions with a distance of more than 600 kilometers and had either a temperate-oceanic or a temperate-continental climate. In this study, some species were found to be maladapted to their own local conditions, both in non-native and native plant species alike. In demethylated individuals of the plant species studied, DNA methylation had inconsistent but species-specific effects on survival and biomass production. The results of this study highlight that DNA methylation did not make a substantial contribution to local adaptation in the non-native as well as native species studied.
In summary, my work showed that DNA methylation plays a negligible role in both adaptive trait variation along climatic gradients and local adaptation in non-native plant species that either exhibit a high degree of genetic variation or rely mainly on sexual reproduction with low clonal propagation. I was able to show that the adaptive success of these non-native plant species can hardly be explained by DNA methylation, but could be a possible consequence of multiple introductions, dispersal corridors and meta-population dynamics. Similarly, my results illustrate that the use of plant species that do not predominantly reproduce clonally and are not model plants is essential to characterize the effect size of epigenetic mechanisms in an ecological-evolutionary context.
Biofilms are complex living materials that form as bacteria get embedded in a matrix of self-produced protein and polysaccharide fibres. The formation of a network of extracellular biopolymer fibres contributes to the cohesion of the biofilm by promoting cell-cell attachment and by mediating biofilm-substrate interactions. This sessile mode of bacteria growth has been well studied by microbiologists to prevent the detrimental effects of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Indeed, biofilms are associated with increased antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections, and they can also cause clogging of pipelines or promote bio-corrosion. However, biofilms also gained interest from biophysics due to their ability to form complex morphological patterns during growth. Recently, the emerging field of engineered living materials investigates biofilm mechanical properties at multiple length scales and leverages the tools of synthetic biology to tune the functions of their constitutive biopolymers.
This doctoral thesis aims at clarifying how the morphogenesis of Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilms is influenced by their growth dynamics and mechanical properties. To address this question, I used methods from cell mechanics and materials science. I first studied how biological activity in biofilms gives rise to non-uniform growth patterns. In a second study, I investigated how E. coli biofilm morphogenesis and its mechanical properties adapt to an environmental stimulus, namely the water content of their substrate. Finally, I estimated how the mechanical properties of E. coli biofilms are altered when the bacteria express different extracellular biopolymers.
On nutritive hydrogels, micron-sized E. coli cells can build centimetre-large biofilms. During this process, bacterial proliferation and matrix production introduce mechanical stresses in the biofilm, which release through the formation of macroscopic wrinkles and delaminated buckles. To relate these biological and mechanical phenomena, I used time-lapse fluorescence imaging to track cell and matrix surface densities through the early and late stages of E. coli biofilm growth. Colocalization of high cell and matrix densities at the periphery precede the onset of mechanical instabilities at this annular region. Early growth is detected at this outer annulus, which was analysed by adding fluorescent microspheres to the bacterial inoculum. But only when high rates of matrix production are present in the biofilm centre, does overall biofilm spreading initiate along the solid-air interface. By tracking larger fluorescent particles for a long time, I could distinguish several kinematic stages of E. coli biofilm expansion and observed a transition from non-linear to linear velocity profiles, which precedes the emergence of wrinkles at the biofilm periphery. Decomposing particle velocities to their radial and circumferential components revealed a last kinematic stage, where biofilm movement is mostly directed towards the radial delaminated buckles, which verticalize. The resulting compressive strains computed in these regions were observed to substantially deform the underlying agar substrates. The co-localization of higher cell and matrix densities towards an annular region and the succession of several kinematic stages are thus expected to promote the emergence of mechanical instabilities at the biofilm periphery. These experimental findings are predicted to advance future modelling approaches of biofilm morphogenesis.
E. coli biofilm morphogenesis is further anticipated to depend on external stimuli from the environment. To clarify how the water could be used to tune biofilm material properties, we quantified E. coli biofilm growth, wrinkling dynamics and rigidity as a function of the water content of the nutritive substrates. Time-lapse microscopy and computational image analysis revealed that substrates with high water content promote biofilm spreading kinetics, while substrates with low water content promote biofilm wrinkling. The wrinkles observed on biofilm cross-sections appeared more bent on substrates with high water content, while they tended to be more vertical on substrates with low water content. Both wet and dry biomass, accumulated over 4 days of culture, were larger in biofilms cultured on substrates with high water content, despite extra porosity within the matrix layer. Finally, the micro-indentation analysis revealed that substrates with low water content supported the formation of stiffer biofilms. This study shows that E. coli biofilms respond to the water content of their substrate, which might be used for tuning their material properties in view of further applications.
Biofilm material properties further depend on the composition and structure of the matrix of extracellular proteins and polysaccharides. In particular, E. coli biofilms were suggested to present tissue-like elasticity due to a dense fibre network consisting of amyloid curli and phosphoethanolamine-modified cellulose. To understand the contribution of these components to the emergent mechanical properties of E. coli biofilms, we performed micro-indentation on biofilms grown from bacteria of several strains. Besides showing higher dry masses, larger spreading diameters and slightly reduced water contents, biofilms expressing both main matrix components also presented high rigidities in the range of several hundred kPa, similar to biofilms containing only curli fibres. In contrast, a lack of amyloid curli fibres provides much higher adhesive energies and more viscoelastic fluid-like material behaviour. Therefore, the combination of amyloid curli and phosphoethanolamine-modified cellulose fibres implies the formation of a composite material whereby the amyloid curli fibres provide rigidity to E. coli biofilms, whereas the phosphoethanolamine-modified cellulose rather acts as a glue. These findings motivate further studies involving purified versions of these protein and polysaccharide components to better understand how their interactions benefit biofilm functions.
All three studies depict different aspects of biofilm morphogenesis, which are interrelated. The first work reveals the correlation between non-uniform biological activities and the emergence of mechanical instabilities in the biofilm. The second work acknowledges the adaptive nature of E. coli biofilm morphogenesis and its mechanical properties to an environmental stimulus, namely water. Finally, the last study reveals the complementary role of the individual matrix components in the formation of a stable biofilm material, which not only forms complex morphologies but also functions as a protective shield for the bacteria it contains. Our experimental findings on E. coli biofilm morphogenesis and their mechanical properties can have further implications for fundamental and applied biofilm research fields.
Large quantities of the antibiotic florfenicol are used in animal farming and aquaculture, contaminating the ecosystem with antibiotic residues and promoting antimicrobial resistance, ultimately leading to untreatable multidrug-resistant pathogens. Florfenicol-resistant bacteria often activate export mechanisms that result in resistance to various structurally unrelated antibiotics. We devised novel strategies for the enzymatic inactivation of florfenicol in different media, such as saltwater or milk. Using a combinatorial approach and selection, we optimized a hydrolase (EstDL136) for florfenicol cleavage. Reaction kinetics were followed by time-resolved NMR spectroscopy. Importantly, the hydrolase remained active in different media, such as saltwater or cow milk. Various environmentally-friendly application strategies for florfenicol inactivation were developed using the optimized hydrolase. As a potential filter device for cost-effective treatment of waste milk or aquacultural wastewater, the hydrolase was immobilized on Ni-NTA agarose or silica as carrier materials. In two further application examples, the hydrolase was used as cell extract or encapsulated with a semi-permeable membrane. This facilitated, for example, florfenicol inactivation in whole milk, which can help to treat waste milk from medicated cows, to be fed to calves without the risk of inducing antibiotic resistance. Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, in general, enables therapeutic intervention without promoting antibiotic resistance.
Synthetische Transkriptionsfaktoren bestehen wie natürliche Transkriptionsfaktoren aus einer DNA-Bindedomäne, die sich spezifisch an die Bindestellensequenz vor dem Ziel-Gen anlagert, und einer Aktivierungsdomäne, die die Transkriptionsmaschinerie rekrutiert, sodass das Zielgen exprimiert wird. Der Unterschied zu den natürlichen Transkriptionsfaktoren ist, sowohl dass die DNA-Bindedomäne als auch die Aktivierungsdomäne wirtsfremd sein können und dadurch künstliche Stoffwechselwege im Wirt, größtenteils chemisch, induziert werden können. Optogenetische synthetische Transkriptionsfaktoren, die hier entwickelt wurden, gehen einen Schritt weiter. Dabei ist die DNA-Bindedomäne nicht mehr an die Aktivierungsdomäne, sondern mit dem Blaulicht-Photorezeptor CRY2 gekoppelt. Die Aktivierungsdomäne wurde mit dem Interaktionspartner CIB1 fusioniert. Unter Blaulichtbestrahlung dimerisieren CRY2 und CIB1 und damit einhergehend die beiden Domänen, sodass ein funktionsfähiger Transkriptionsfaktor entsteht. Dieses System wurde in die Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomisch integriert. Verifiziert wurde das konstruierte System mit Hilfe des Reporters yEGFP, welcher durchflusszytometrisch detektiert werden konnte. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die yEGFP Expression variabel gestaltet werden kann, indem unterschiedlich lange Blaulichtimpulse ausgesendet wurden, die DNA-Bindedomäne, die Aktivierungsdomäne oder die Anzahl der Bindestellen, an dem sich die DNA-Bindedomäne anlagert, verändert wurden. Um das System für industrielle Anwendungen attraktiv zu gestalten, wurde das System vom Deepwell-Maßstab auf Photobioreaktor-Maßstab hochskaliert. Außerdem erwies sich das Blaulichtsystem sowohl im Laborstamm YPH500 als auch im industriell oft verwendeten Hefestamm CEN.PK als funktional. Des Weiteren konnte ein industrierelevante Protein ebenso mit Hilfe des verifizierten Systems exprimiert werden. Schlussendlich konnte in dieser Arbeit das etablierte Blaulicht-System erfolgreich mit einem Rotlichtsystem kombiniert werden, was zuvor noch nicht beschrieben wurde.
In this thesis, a collection of studies is presented that advance research on complex food webs in several directions. Food webs, as the networks of predator-prey interactions in ecosystems, are responsible for distributing the resources every organism needs to stay alive. They are thus central to our understanding of the mechanisms that support biodiversity, which in the face of increasing severity of anthropogenic global change and accelerated species loss is of highest importance, not least for our own well-being.
The studies in the first part of the thesis are concerned with general mechanisms that determine the structure and stability of food webs. It is shown how the allometric scaling of metabolic rates with the species' body masses supports their persistence in size-structured food webs (where predators are larger than their prey), and how this interacts with the adaptive adjustment of foraging efforts by consumer species to create stable food webs with a large number of coexisting species. The importance of the master trait body mass for structuring communities is further exemplified by demonstrating that the specific way the body masses of species engaging in empirically documented predator-prey interactions affect the predator's feeding rate dampens population oscillations, thereby helping both species to survive. In the first part of the thesis it is also shown that in order to understand certain phenomena of population dynamics, it may be necessary to not only take the interactions of a focal species with other species into account, but to also consider the internal structure of the population. This can refer for example to different abundances of age cohorts or developmental stages, or the way individuals of different age or stage interact with other species.
Building on these general insights, the second part of the thesis is devoted to exploring the consequences of anthropogenic global change on the persistence of species. It is first shown that warming decreases diversity in size-structured food webs. This is due to starvation of large predators on higher trophic levels, which suffer from a mismatch between their respiration and ingestion rates when temperature increases. In host-parasitoid networks, which are not size-structured, warming does not have these negative effects, but eutrophication destabilises the systems by inducing detrimental population oscillations. In further studies, the effect of habitat change is addressed. On the level of individual patches, increasing isolation of habitat patches has a similar effect as warming, as it leads to decreasing diversity due to the extinction of predators on higher trophic levels. In this case it is caused by dispersal mortality of smaller and therefore less mobile species on lower trophic levels, meaning that an increasing fraction of their biomass production is lost to the inhospitable matrix surrounding the habitat patches as they become more isolated. It is further shown that increasing habitat isolation desynchronises population oscillations between the patches, which in itself helps species to persist by dampening fluctuations on the landscape level. However, this is counteracted by an increasing strength of local population oscillations fuelled by an indirect effect of dispersal mortality on the feeding interactions. Last, a study is presented that introduces a novel mechanism for supporting diversity in metacommunities. It builds on the self-organised formation of spatial biomass patterns in the landscape, which leads to the emergence of spatio-temporally varying selection pressures that keep local communities permanently out of equilibrium and force them to continuously adapt. Because this mechanism relies on the spatial extension of the metacommunity, it is also sensitive to habitat change.
In the third part of the thesis, the consequences of biodiversity for the functioning of ecosystems are explored. The studies focus on standing stock biomass, biomass production, and trophic transfer efficiency as ecosystem functions. It is first shown that increasing the diversity of animal communities increases the total rate of intra-guild predation. However, the total biomass stock of the animal communities increases nevertheless, which also increases their exploitative pressure on the underlying plant communities. Despite this, the plant communities can maintain their standing stock biomass due to a shift of the body size spectra of both animal and plant communities towards larger species with a lower specific respiration rate. In another study it is further demonstrated that the generally positive relationship between diversity and the above mentioned ecosystem functions becomes steeper when not only the feeding interactions but also the numerous non-trophic interactions (like predator interference or competition for space) between the species of an ecosystem are taken into account. Finally, two studies are presented that demonstrate the power of functional diversity as explanatory variable. It is interpreted as the range spanned by functional traits of the species that determine their interactions. This approach allows to mechanistically understand how the ecosystem functioning of food webs with multiple trophic levels is affected by all parts of the food web and why a high functional diversity is required for efficient transportation of energy from primary producers to the top predators.
The general discussion draws some synthesising conclusions, e.g. on the predictive power of ecosystem functioning to explain diversity, and provides an outlook on future research directions.
The role of the GMP nucleotides of the bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (bis-MGD) cofactor of the DMSO reductase family has long been a subject of discussion. The recent characterization of the bis-molybdopterin (bis-Mo-MPT) cofactor present in the E. coli YdhV protein, which differs from bis-MGD solely by the absence of the nucleotides, now enables studying the role of the nucleotides of bis-MGD and bis-MPT cofactors in Moco insertion and the activity of molybdoenzymes in direct comparison. Using the well-known E. coli TMAO reductase TorA as a model enzyme for cofactor insertion, we were able to show that the GMP nucleotides of bis-MGD are crucial for the insertion of the bis-MGD cofactor into apo-TorA.
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is altering the behaviour of nocturnal animals in a manifold of ways. Nocturnal invertebrates are particularly affected, due to their fatal attraction to ALAN. This selective pressure has the potential to reduce the strength of the flight-to-light response in insects, as shown recently in a moth species. Here we investigated light attraction of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).We compared among animals (three genera) from a highly light polluted (HLP) grassland in the centre of Berlin and animals collected at a low-polluted area in a Dark Sky Reserve (DSR), captured using odour bait. In an arena setting tested at night time, HLP beetles (n = 75 across all genera) showed a reduced attraction towards ALAN. Tested during daytime, HLP beetles were less active in an open field test (measured as latency to start moving), compared to DSR (n = 143). However, we did not observe a reduced attraction towards ALAN within the species most common at both sides, Calathus fuscipes (HLP = 37, DSR = 118 individuals) indicating that not all species may be equally affected by ALAN. Reduced attraction to ALAN in urban beetles may either be a result of phenotypic selection in each generation removing HLP individuals that are attracted to light, or an indication for ongoing evolutionary differentiation among city and rural populations in their light response. Reduced attraction to light sources may directly enhance survival and reproductive success of urban individuals. However, decrease in mobility may negatively influence dispersal, reproduction and foraging success, highlighting the selective pressure that light pollution may have on fitness, by shaping and modifying the behaviour of insects.
In plant cells, subcellular transport of cargo proteins relies to a large extent on post-Golgi transport pathways, many of which are mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Vesicle formation is facilitated by different factors like accessory proteins and adaptor protein complexes (APs), the latter serving as a bridge between cargo proteins and the coat protein clathrin. One type of accessory proteins is defined by a conserved EPSIN N-TERMINAL HOMOLOGY (ENTH) domain and interacts with APs and clathrin via motifs in the C-terminal part. In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are three closely related ENTH domain proteins (EPSIN1, 2 and 3) and one highly conserved but phylogenetically distant outlier, termed MODIFIED TRANSPORT TO THE VACUOLE1 (MTV1). In case of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) located MTV1, clathrin association and a role in vacuolar transport have been shown previously (Sauer et al. 2013). In contrast, for EPSIN1 and EPSIN2 limited functional and localization data were available; and EPSIN3 remained completely uncharacterized prior to this study (Song et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2007). The molecular details of ENTH domain proteins in plants are still unknown. In order to systematically characterize all four ENTH proteins in planta, we first investigated expression and subcellular localization by analysis of stable reporter lines under their endogenous promotors. Although all four genes are ubiquitously expressed, their subcellular distribution differs markedly. EPSIN1 and MTV1 are located at the TGN, whereas EPSIN2 and EPSIN3 are associated with the plasma membrane (PM) and the cell plate. To examine potential functional redundancy, we isolated knockout T-DNA mutant lines and created all higher order mutant combinations. The clearest evidence for functional redundancy was observed in the epsin1 mtv1 double mutant, which is a dwarf displaying overall growth reduction. These findings are in line with the TGN localization of both MTV1 and EPS1. In contrast, loss of EPSIN2 and EPSIN3 does not result in a growth phenotype compared to wild type, however, a triple knockout of EPSIN1, EPSIN2 and EPSIN3 shows partially sterile plants. We focused mainly on the epsin1 mtv1 double mutant and addressed the functional role of these two genes in clathrin-mediated vesicle transport by comprehensive molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses. Our results demonstrate that EPSIN1 and MTV1 promote vacuolar transport and secretion of a subset of cargo. However, they do not seem to be involved in endocytosis and recycling. Importantly, employing high-resolution imaging, genetic and biochemical experiments probing the relationship of the AP complexes, we found that EPSIN1/AP1 and MTV1/AP4 define two spatially and molecularly distinct subdomains of the TGN. The AP4 complex is essential for MTV1 recruitment to the TGN, whereas EPSIN1 is independent of AP4 but presumably acts in an AP1-dependent framework. Our findings suggest that this ENTH/AP pairing preference is conserved between animals and plants.
Wild bee species are important pollinators in agricultural landscapes. However, population decline was reported over the last decades and is still ongoing. While agricultural intensification is a major driver of the rapid loss of pollinating species, transition zones between arable fields and forest or grassland patches, i.e., agricultural buffer zones, are frequently mentioned as suitable mitigation measures to support wild bee populations and other pollinator species. Despite the reported general positive effect, it remains unclear which amount of buffer zones is needed to ensure a sustainable and permanent impact for enhancing bee diversity and abundance. To address this question at a pollinator community level, we implemented a process-based, spatially explicit simulation model of functional bee diversity dynamics in an agricultural landscape. More specifically, we introduced a variable amount of agricultural buffer zones (ABZs) at the transition of arable to grassland, or arable to forest patches to analyze the impact on bee functional diversity and functional richness. We focused our study on solitary bees in a typical agricultural area in the Northeast of Germany. Our results showed positive effects with at least 25% of virtually implemented agricultural buffer zones. However, higher amounts of ABZs of at least 75% should be considered to ensure a sufficient increase in Shannon diversity and decrease in quasi-extinction risks. These high amounts of ABZs represent effective conservation measures to safeguard the stability of pollination services provided by solitary bee species. As the model structure can be easily adapted to other mobile species in agricultural landscapes, our community approach offers the chance to compare the effectiveness of conservation measures also for other pollinator communities in future.
Phenotypic plasticity can increase individual fitness when environmental conditions change over time. Inducible defences are a striking example, allowing species to react to fluctuating predation pressure by only expressing their costly defended phenotype under high predation risk. Previous theoretical investigations have focused on how this affects predator–prey dynamics, but the impact on competitive outcomes and broader community dynamics has received less attention. Here we use a small food web model, consisting of two competing plastic autotrophic species exploited by a shared consumer, to study how the speed of inducible defences across three trade-off constellations affects autotroph coexistence, biomasses across trophic levels, and temporal variability. Contrary to the intuitive idea that faster adaptation increases autotroph fitness, we found that higher switching rates reduced individual fitness as it consistently provoked more maladaptive switching towards undefended phenotypes under high predation pressure. This had an unexpected positive impact on the consumer, increasing consumer biomass and lowering total autotroph biomass. Additionally, maladaptive switching strongly reduced autotroph coexistence through an emerging source-sink dynamic between defended and undefended phenotypes. The striking impact of maladaptive switching on species and food web dynamics indicates that this mechanism may be of more critical importance than previously recognized.
Extreme habitats often harbor specific communities that differ substantially from non-extreme habitats. In many cases, these communities are characterized by archaea, bacteria and protists, whereas the number of species of metazoa and higher plants is relatively low. In extremely acidic habitats, mostly prokaryotes and protists thrive, and only very few metazoa thrive, for example, rotifers. Since many studies have investigated the physiology and ecology of individual species, there is still a gap in research on direct, trophic interactions among extremophiles. To fill this gap, we experimentally studied the trophic interactions between a predatory protist (Actinophrys sol, Heliozoa) and its prey, the rotifers Elosa woralli and Cephalodella sp., the ciliate Urosomoida sp. and the mixotrophic protist Chlamydomonas acidophila (a green phytoflagellate, Chlorophyta). We found substantial predation pressure on all animal prey. High densities of Chlamydomonas acidophila reduced the predation impact on the rotifers by interfering with the feeding behaviour of A. sol. These trophic relations represent a natural case of intraguild predation, with Chlamydomonas acidophila being the common prey and the rotifers/ciliate and A. sol being the intraguild prey and predator, respectively. We further studied this intraguild predation along a resource gradient using Cephalodella sp. as the intraguild prey. The interactions among the three species led to an increase in relative rotifer abundance with increasing resource (Chlamydomonas) densities. By applying a series of laboratory experiments, we revealed the complexity of trophic interactions within a natural extremophilic community.