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Being perceived as a foreigner regardless of one's generational status, citizenship, or self-identification is called foreigner objectification. This is a form of identity denial and is linked to psychological distress. To test how foreigner objectification could be measured in Europe, we assessed whether the Foreigner Objectification Scale demonstrated reliability and validity with German adolescents. The sample included 806 9th graders from 17 high schools. The results showed that the scale demonstrates good reliability, scalar measurement invariance across gender and citizenship status, and partial scalar measurement invariance across family heritage, generational status, and cultural self-identification. Adolescents who scored higher on the scale also reported greater school behavioral disengagement, lower life satisfaction, and stronger ethnic identity. Our findings suggest that the scale is psychometrically sound and is linked in theoretically consistent ways to adjustment and ethnic identity. We conclude that this scale offers another way to capture subtle discrimination experiences that add to a more comprehensive understanding of discrimination and the related implications in Europe.
Classroom noise impairs students' cognition and learning. At a first glance, it seems useful to prevent the negative effects of noise on academic learning by wearing noise-cancelling (NC) headphones during class. The literature and guidelines emphasize the academic benefits of wearing NC headphones (decreased auditory distraction, increased concentration, learning improvement, and decreased distress). These benefits are particularly expected for students with special needs. None of the recommendations to wear NC headphones during class refer to any empirical studies, indicating a potential research gap and lack of evidence. Therefore, the question arises: Is there any empirical evidence supporting academic benefits of wearing NC headphones during class for typically developing students or students with special needs? A total of 13 empirical studies (quantitative and qualitative) were identified through a systematic scoping review of the existing literature. A wide range of outcomes (cognition, learning, academic performance, behaviour, and emotions) were reported related to the use of NC headphones. Most of the studies refer to specific groups of students with special needs (learning disabilities, autism, ADHD, etc.). In view of the limited number of studies, small sample sizes, and lack of replication studies, all studies give the impression of being pilot studies on the academic benefits of wearing NC headphones. The practice of wearing NC headphones during class is an understudied topic. The current body of evidence does not meet the standards for evidence-based practices in both general and special education. Implications for educational practice and future research are discussed.
Despite evidence that acculturation hassles (such as discrimination and language hassles) relate to poorer adjustment for adolescents of immigrant descent, we know less about the psychological processes underlying these associations. In this study, we test whether reduced psychological needs satisfaction in terms of a lower sense of belonging, autonomy, and competence, mediates the associations of acculturation hassles with psychological distress and academic adjustment. Our sample included 439 seventh graders from 15 schools in Germany (51% female, M-age = 12.4 years, SD = .73). Results revealed that adolescents who experienced greater discrimination and language hassles showed a lower sense of belonging with classmates and subsequently, greater psychological distress. Those who experienced greater language hassles also exhibited a lower sense of perceived competence, and ultimately poorer academic adjustment. We conclude that self-determination theory (SDT) provides an important framework to explain key processes underlying the links between acculturation hassles with psychological distress and academic (mal-)adjustment. Strengthening belonging and competence among adolescents of immigrant descent may enhance their well-being in the face of acculturation hassles.
ADHS bei Jugendlichen
(2024)
ADHS galt lange als eine Störung des Kindesalters. Aber bis zu 80 % der Patient:innen sind auch noch als Jugendliche betroffen. Gerade sie brauchen Hilfe bei ihren Problemen!
In der Schule müssen sie öfter die Klasse wiederholen, im sozialen und emotionalen Bereich gibt es Konflikte mit Gleichaltrigen und Eltern. Unbehandelt drohen psychische Störungen, Drogenmissbrauch oder delinquentes Verhalten.
Das vorliegende Lerntraining ist das erste multimodale Behandlungskonzept für Jugendliche im Alter von 12 bis 17 Jahren. Es werden konkrete Probleme und Aufgaben aus Schule und Umwelt behandelt, um daran allgemeine Strategien herzuleiten. Eltern und Lehrer werden intensiv in die Behandlung mit einbezogen.
ADHS und Schule
(2016)
Aufmerksamkeits- und Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS) zählen zu den häufigsten Verhaltensstörungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters (ca. 5-7 %). Neben Lern- und Leistungsschwierigkeiten kann dadurch vor allem die Interaktion mit Gleichaltrigen und Erwachsenen problematisch sein. Lehrkräfte und Eltern sind somit beim Vorliegen einer ADHS besonders herausgefordert. Das Buch liefert auf der Grundlage klinisch-entwicklungspsychologischer und (sonder-)pädagogischer Theorien sowie empirischer Befunde grundlegendes Wissen zur Symptomatik, Entstehung und Diagnostik von ADHS. Darauf aufbauend werden praktische Handlungsempfehlungen und evaluierte Maßnahmen im Umgang mit Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS sowie Beratungsaufgaben im Kontext Schule vorgestellt. Das Ganze wird angereichert durch Fallbeispiele und Materialien (Checklisten, Beobachtungsbögen usw.).
In einer empirischen Querschnittsstudie mit exemplarischem Charakter werden Rückschüler (Förderschüler) der Schule für Lernbehinderte (N = 26) und vier jahrgangsentsprechende Hauptschulgruppen (N = 98) in den Faktoren Erfolgs- und Mrßerfolgsattribuierung, Angst, Schulleistung und Intelligenz vergleichend untersucht. Während im affektiven Bereich ein negatives Begabungsselbstkonzept und eine erhöhte Neigung zu ängstlichem Verhalten bei den Rückschülern nachgewiesen wird, zeigen sich im Schulleistungsbereich günstigere Ergebnisse für die Förderschüler der SfL. Die Intelligenzwerte der Rückschüler liegen deutlich unter denen der Hauptschüler. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich ihrer möglichen Hintergründe und der Konsequenzen für die Schule für Lernbehinderte diskutiert.
Introduction: Positive schizotypy and creativity seem to be linked. However, the question still remains why they are related, and what may make the difference? As creative ideation is hypothesised as a dual process (association and inhibition), the propensity for remote associations might be a shared mechanism. However, positive schizotypy and creative thinking might be differentially linked to inhibition. Therefore, this study investigated a potentially overlapping feature of positive schizotypy and creativity (remote associations) as well as a potential dissociative factor (auditory inhibition).
Methods: From a large screening sample, 46 participants covering a broad range of positive schizotypy were selected. Association proneness was assessed via two association tasks, auditory inhibition skill with the forced-left condition of the Dichotic Listening Test, and creative thinking by means of two creative ideation tests.
Results: Positive schizotypy and creative thinking were positively associated. Both traits were linked to lower rates of common associations. However, creative thinking was associated with higher and positive schizotypy with lower inhibitory control in the auditory domain.
Conclusions: While creativity and positive schizotypy shared some variance (related to remote associations), profound inhibition skills may be vital for creative performance and may coincide with lower levels of positive schizotypy.
Im Rahmen einer Fallstudie wird versucht, das Mikrointeraktionsgeschehen zwischen Therapeut und Klient in der Kinderspieltherapie näher zu beschreiben. Auf der Basis von 900 Interaktionseinheiten wird mit Hilfe einer Informationsanalyse die Kontingenz zwischen dem Therapeuten- und Klientenverhalten ermittelt. Sie gibt an, welche Verhaltensweisen in überzufälliger Weise miteinander verknüpft sind. Mit dieser Information ist es möglich, den Einfluß des Therapeutenverhaltens auf das Klientenverhalten nachzuweisen.
Aphasie, Dysarthrie
(1997)
Are we good friends?
(2020)
Empirical studies already examined various facets of the friendship construct. Building on this, the present study examines the questions of how the number of friendships and their quality differ between students with and without SEN and whether a homophily-effect can be identified. The sample consists of 455 fourth-graders from 28 inclusive classes in Austria. The results indicate that students with SEN have fewer friends than students without SEN. Furthermore, students without SEN preferred peers without SEN as a friend. This homophily-effect was shown for students with SEN, too. However, students with and without SEN rated the quality of their friendships similarly and no interactions between the SEN status of oneself or of the friend was found for the quality of the friendship. The results show that, in the context of inclusion, the issue of friendship needs to be increasingly addressed to improve the situation of students with SEN.
Are we good friends?
(2021)
Empirical studies already examined various facets of the friendship construct. Building on this, the present study examines the questions of how the number of friendships and their quality differ between students with and without SEN and whether a homophily-effect can be identified. The sample consists of 455 fourth-graders from 28 inclusive classes in Austria. The results indicate that students with SEN have fewer friends than students without SEN. Furthermore, students without SEN preferred peers without SEN as a friend. This homophily-effect was shown for students with SEN, too. However, students with and without SEN rated the quality of their friendships similarly and no interactions between the SEN status of oneself or of the friend was found for the quality of the friendship. The results show that, in the context of inclusion, the issue of friendship needs to be increasingly addressed to improve the situation of students with SEN.
Ausgewählte Methoden zur Förderung verhaltensgestörter Schüler mit Lese-Rechtschreib- Problemen
(1999)
In der Literaturübersicht werden vier verhaltenstherapeutische Programme zur Behandlung schwerer Verhaltensstörungen wie Aggressionen, Selbstverletzung und exzessiven Stereotypien besprochen: Löschung, Ausschluß, Korrekturverfahren und Wutreduktion. Jedes Verfahren wird zunächst in seinen Grundkomponenten beschrieben. Dann wird die aus der Literatur erkennbare Effektivität besprochen und zwar für drei Bereiche: 1. die Beeinflussung des Problems in der therapeutischen Situation; 2. die Bedeutung der Behandlung für die Alltagssituation; 3. das Auftreten positiver oder negativer Veränderungen in anderen Verhaltensbereichen während der Therapie. Ein Vergleich der vier Therapien zeigt, daß noch wenig darüber bekannt ist, welche Therapiekomponenten in einzelnen Programmen wirksam sind und welche Therapieform am ehesten für spezifische Patienten geeignet ist. Abschließend wird diskutiert, wie eine gründlichere Dokumentation zur Klärung dieser Fragen beitragen könnte.
In two cross-sectional questionnaire studies with N = 2,931 German students, aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 14.1, SD = 0.5), we investigated the relation between students’ bullying behavior and their personal belief in a just world (BJW). We considered students’ personal experience of teacher justice as a possible mediator in this relation and investigated whether the students’ experiences of their teachers’ classroom management explained bullying behavior in addition to personal BJW and teacher justice, while statistically controlling for sex and school type. In both studies, multilevel modeling results showed that the more students endorsed personal BJW and the more they evaluated their teachers’ behavior toward them personally as being just, the less likely they were to report that they bullied others. The students’ personal experience of teacher justice mediated the association of personal BJW with bullying. Furthermore, the students’ personal experience of classroom management significantly predicted bullying in addition to personal BJW and teacher justice. The observed relations were mainly significant at the individual level. The pattern of results persisted when we controlled for school type and when we considered student sex as a moderator. We discussed the adaptive functions of BJW and implications for future school research and practice.
In diesem Beitrag wird exemplarisch dargestellt, dass der derzeit in der Pädagogik und Sonderpädagogik praktizierte diagnostische Ansatz zunehmend mehr an Grenzen stößt, weil der Zeitfaktor im Sinne von chronobiologischen Rhythmen in der Datenerhebung weitestgehend außer acht gelassen wird. Mittels psychologischer und physiologischer Parameter werden in diesem Beitrag Aussagen zur Qualität der Selbstregulation und zum individuellen Belastungserleben bei behinderten und nichtbehinderten Kindern getroffen. Damit soll ein Beitrag zur Erhöhung der Objektivität in der Datensammlung und -interpretation geleistet werden.
Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts zur Belastung und Beanspruchung von Kindern und Jugendlichen führten die Autorinnen Untersuchungen zur Entspannungsfähigkeit von nicht behinderten und behinderten Schülerinnen und Schülern durch. Die Fähigkeit zur Entspannung wird als wichtige Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von Leiszungsfähigkeit, Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit angesehen. Zugleich wird davon ausgegangen, dass es einen unmittelbaren Zusammenhang zwischen psychosomatischen Auffälligkeiten und dem biologisch verankerten Reaktionsmuster Entspannung gibt. In drei unterschiedlichen Versuchsgruppen werden dazu physiologische Parameter mittels Blutdruck- und Hautwiderstandsmessungen erhoben. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse lassen Schlussfolgerungen für eine veränderte Unterrichts- und Lernprozessgestaltung zu.
In vergleichenden Untersuchungen zum Belastungserleben von Schulkindern wird dargestellt, welche Einschätzungen nicht behinderte und lernbehinderte Schülerinnen und Schüler bezüglich ihrer Belastung in schulischen und außer- schulischen Situationen vornehmen. In einem Gruppenvergleich wird herausgearbeitet, inwieweit gemeinsamer Unterricht in einer Allgemeinen Schule vs. dem Unterricht in einer Sonderschule zu Angst- und Stresserleben führt. Diese subjektiv bewussten Einschätzungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler werden mit Ergebnissen aus physiologischen Messungen verglichen, die im Heft 12/ 2002 dieser Zeitschrift dargestellt wurden.
Across continental Europe, educational research samples are often divided by 'migrant background', a binary variable criticized for masking participant heterogeneity and reinforcing exclusionary norms of belonging.
This study endorses more meaningful, representative, and precise research by offering four guiding questions for selecting relevant, social justice oriented, and feasible social categories for collecting and analysing data in psychological and educational research. Using a preregistered empirical example, we first compare selected social categories ('migrant background', family heritage, religion, citizenship, cultural identification, and generation status) in their potential to reveal participant heterogeneity.
Second, we investigate differences in means and relations between variables (discrimination experiences, perceived societal Islamophobia, and national identity) and academic motivation among 1335 adolescents in Germany (48% female, M-age = 14.69). Regression analyses and multigroup SEM revealed differential experiences with and implications of discrimination for academic motivation.
Results highlight the need for a deliberate, transparent use of social categories to make discrimination visible and centre participants' subjective experiences.
As cultural diversity is increasing around the globe, a more nuanced understanding of the cultural diversity climate in classroom settings is needed, including how its different aspects relate to student outcomes. We developed the Classroom Cultural Diversity Climate Scale (CCDCS), integrating theory and research from social psychology and multicultural education and including novel facets like polyculturalism, which has not been studied in the school context before. We then studied associations with intergroup relations, socio-emotional adjustment, and school achievement among students of immigrant and non-immigrant background at the individual and classroom levels. The scale includes six subscales in the two broad dimensions of equality and inclusion: contact and cooperation, (un)equal treatment, and color-evasion, and cultural pluralism: heritage and intercultural learning, critical consciousness, and polyculturalism. Using data from 1,335 secondary school students in Germany (Mage = 14.7; 51% male; 51% immigrant background), the scale demonstrated measurement invariance by immigrant background, gender, and school track, and reliability at individual and classroom levels. A more positive diversity climate, with better intercultural relations (equality and inclusion) and more opportunities to learn about cultural diversity (cultural pluralism), was associated with more positive student outcomes. Interestingly, polyculturalism was not associated with negative effects observed for other facets of cultural pluralism. Relations for different climate aspects also varied by outcome and students' immigrant background. This underscores the importance of a nuanced perspective when evaluating different approaches to cultural diversity in context.
Teaching culturally diverse classrooms starts from embracing beliefs that recognise the strengths of cultural diversity. Research is needed to understand how teacher training contributes to shaping pre-service teachers’ beliefs about cultural diversity. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to 1) provide a description of main components and contextual characteristics of teacher trainings targeting cultural diversity beliefs, 2) report the training effects, and 3) detail the methodological strengths and weaknesses of these studies. A total of 36 studies published between 2005 and 2015 that used a longitudinal assessment of cultural diversity beliefs were reviewed. The collective results of these studies indicate a large variance amongst trainings, with experiential learning shifting cultural diversity beliefs positively. However, existing studies have significant limitations in the study design and training evaluation that hinder their conclusions regarding internal and external validity and point towards new directions for future research.
Biologische Zeitstrukturen spielen im Tagesrhythmus eines jeden Menschen eine große Rolle und beeinflussen die Leistungsfähigkeit maßgeblich. In diesem Beitrag, der Teilergebnis einer Pilotstudie ist, wird dargestellt, wie mit Hilfe von Messungen des Hautwiderstandes dragestellt werden kann, in welchem Beanspruchungszustand lernbehinderte und nicht behinderte Grundschulkinder während eines Tages sind.
Research provides evidence that gender, immigrant background and socio-economic characteristics present multiple disadvantaging characteristics that change their relative importance and configurations over time. When evaluating inequalities researchers tend to focus on one particular aspect and often use composite measures when evaluating socio-economic characteristics. Neither can fully represent the complexity of students’ various disadvantaging characteristics, which have autonomous associations with attainment and with each other. This paper investigates how the relative importance and configurations of different disadvantaging factors have changed over time to form educational inequalities and how these changes differ across countries. Data from five PISA cycles (2000–2012) for France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom are used and configurations of gender, immigration background, parents’ occupational and educational levels, and the number of books at home evaluated. Results enable us to relate changes (or lack thereof) in configurations of disadvantaging factors to recent reforms targeted at reducing educational inequality after the first PISA results.
Cultural diversity approaches in schools and adolescents’ willingness to support refugee youth
(2022)
Background Culturally diverse schools contribute to adolescents' intergroup relations. Complex and inclusive social identities are mechanisms that can explain the link between structural school cultural diversity (i.e., proportion of students of immigrant descent and the number of different ethnic groups) and positive intergroup relations. We expected that similar mechanisms might be at play linking cultural diversity approaches in schools with adolescents' intergroup relations. Aim We examined the link between two sub-dimensions of cultural diversity approaches (i.e., equal treatment; heritage and intercultural learning) and adolescents' prosocial intentions and behaviour towards refugee youth. Then, we explored the mediating role of identity inclusiveness (i.e., perceived similarity of the self with others). Sample and methods We sampled culturally diverse eighth grade adolescents from 54 classrooms in Berlin (N = 503, M-age = 13.76 years, 50.6% female). Surveys measured perceived cultural diversity norms, adolescents' perceived identity inclusiveness with refugee youth, prosocial intentions to support refugee youth, and willingness to donate to a project for refugee youth. Results Multilevel models revealed that adolescents' perception of heritage and intercultural learning predicted adolescents' prosocial intentions towards refugee youth, but not their willingness to donate. Equal treatment was not a significant predictor of adolescents' prosocial intentions towards refugee youth, or their willingness to donate. Identity inclusiveness did not mediate the relation between cultural diversity approaches and prosocial intentions. However, identity inclusiveness did positively relate adolescents' prosocial intentions and willingness to donate. Conclusions We conclude that culturally diverse schools that engage in heritage and intercultural learning might help to promote positive relations between local and refugee youth in schools and society. Fostering inclusive identities may enhance local adolescent's prosocial intention and behaviour.
Das Inventar zum sozial-emotionalen Lernen : Insel ; Begründungszusammenhänge, Aufbau und Erprobung
(1997)
In einem ersten Kapitel wird versucht, die experimentellen Arbeiten zur Geistigbehinderten-Psychologie, deren Fragestellung kognitiver Art ist, vier Hauptzielrichtungen zuzuordnen. Der Verfasser fühlt sich einer Defekt-Position verpflichtet. In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wird auf das Reversal-Shift-Paradigma von Kendler und Mitarbeitern zurückgegriffen, da vermutet wird, daß das von verschiedenen Autoren erwähnte Produktionsdefizit bei Geistigbehinderten nicht zuletzt eine Funktion der Komplexität des Stimulus-Materials sein könnte. Dieses Paradigma kommt mit zweidimensionalem Stimulus-Material aus und ist auch bei geringem Instruktionsverständnis durchführbar. 30 geistigbehinderte Vpn wurden sowohl mit einem Reversal- Shift (Umlernen auf der gleichen Dimension) als auch mit einem Nonreversal-Shift (Umlernen auf eine andere Dimension) behandelt. Beim Reversal-Shift zeigten sich bessere Leistungen. Die Ergebnisse werden in einem Drei-Phasen-Modell diskutiert.
Für die Entwicklung des geistig behinderten Kindes sind Umwelteinflüsse ebenso bedeutend wie für das unbehinderte. Verschiedene exogene Faktoren, wie die Diskrepanz zwischen den Erwartungen der Eltern und den Leistungen des geistig behinderten Kindes, sind in der Oberschicht stärker ausgeprägt als in der Unterschicht. Daher ergab sich für die Untersuchung die Frage, ob den Kindern der Oberschicht bezüglich ihrer Berufsbewährung eine günstigere Prognose zu stellen ist, vielleicht deshalb, weil ihre Eltern das Problem, ein behindertes Kind zu haben, leichter rationalisieren können.