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Institut
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (14)
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- Strafrecht (5)
To meet the demands of a growing world population while reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, it is necessary to capture CO2 and convert it into value-added compounds. In recent years, metabolic engineering of microbes has gained strong momentum as a strategy for the production of valuable chemicals. As common microbial feedstocks like glucose directly compete with human consumption, the one carbon (C1) compound formate was suggested as an alternative feedstock. Formate can be easily produced by various means including electrochemical reduction of CO2 and could serve as a feedstock for microbial production, hence presenting a novel entry point for CO2 to the biosphere and a storage option for excess electricity. Compared to the gaseous molecule CO2, formate is a highly soluble compound that can be easily handled and stored. It can serve as a carbon and energy source for natural formatotrophs, but these microbes are difficult to cultivate and engineer. In this work, I present the results of several projects that aim to establish efficient formatotrophic growth of E. coli – which cannot naturally grow on formate – via synthetic formate assimilation pathways. In the first study, I establish a workflow for growth-coupled metabolic engineering of E. coli. I demonstrate this approach by presenting an engineering scheme for the PFL-threonine cycle, a synthetic pathway for anaerobic formate assimilation in E. coli. The described methods are intended to create a standardized toolbox for engineers that aim to establish novel metabolic routes in E. coli and related organisms. The second chapter presents a study on the catalytic efficiency of C1-oxidizing enzymes in vivo. As formatotrophic growth requires generation of both energy and biomass from formate, the engineered E. coli strains need to be equipped with a highly efficient formate dehydrogenase, which provides reduction equivalents and ATP for formate assimilation. I engineered a strain that cannot generate reducing power and energy for cellular growth, when fed on acetate. Under this condition, the strain depends on the introduction of an enzymatic system for NADH regeneration, which could further produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. I show that the strain presents a valuable testing platform for C1-oxidizing enzymes by testing different NAD-dependent formate and methanol dehydrogenases in the energy auxotroph strain. Using this platform, several candidate enzymes with high in vivo activity, were identified and characterized as potential energy-generating systems for synthetic formatotrophic or methylotrophic growth in E. coli. In the third chapter, I present the establishment of the serine threonine cycle (STC) – a synthetic formate assimilation pathway – in E. coli. In this pathway, formate is assimilated via formate tetrahydrofolate ligase (FtfL) from Methylobacterium extorquens (M. extorquens). The carbon from formate is attached to glycine to produce serine, which is converted into pyruvate entering central metabolism. Via the natural threonine synthesis and cleavage route, glycine is regenerated and acetyl-CoA is produced as the pathway product. I engineered several selection strains that depend on different STC modules for growth and determined key enzymes that enable high flux through threonine synthesis and cleavage. I could show that expression of an auxiliary formate dehydrogenase was required to achieve growth via threonine synthesis and cleavage on pyruvate. By overexpressing most of the pathway enzymes from the genome, and applying adaptive laboratory evolution, growth on glycine and formate was achieved, indicating the activity of the complete cycle. The fourth chapter shows the establishment of the reductive glycine pathway (rGP) – a short, linear formate assimilation route – in E. coli. As in the STC, formate is assimilated via M. extorquens FtfL. The C1 from formate is condensed with CO2 via the reverse reaction of the glycine cleavage system to produce glycine. Another carbon from formate is attached to glycine to form serine, which is assimilated into central metabolism via pyruvate. The engineered E. coli strain, expressing most of the pathway genes from the genome, can grow via the rGP with formate or methanol as a sole carbon and energy source.
Unter Verschluss
(2020)
Sie senden den Wandel
(2020)
Altbekannt ist, welch wichtige Rolle Medien bei der Konsolidierung oder aber auch bei der Transformation einer Gesellschaft spielen. Was aber geschieht, wenn Medien von unten aus agieren und dies in großer Zahl geschieht, unter Einbindung vieler gesellschaftlicher Akteure sowie gegenüber einem umfassenden Publikum? In Argentinien hat sich eine faszinierende Radiolandschaft gebildet, die kollektiv, partizipativ und progressiv arbeitet: Die Community-Radios. Viviana Uriona nimmt uns mit auf eine ethnografische Reise durch die Geschichte dieser Radios, analysiert ihre Arbeitsweise und sucht nach den Gründen ihres Erfolges. Am Ende der Lektüre bleibt eine Frage nicht mehr offen: Könnte hierzulande in gleicher Weise gelingen, was dort geschah?
This thesis offers new insights on the effects of Start-Up Subsidies (SUS) for unemployed individuals as a special kind of active labor market program (ALMP) that aims to re-integrate individuals into the labor market via the route of self-employment. Moreover, this thesis contributes to the literature on methods for causal inference when the treatment variable is continuous rather than binary. For example, this is the case when individuals differ in their degree of exposure to a common treatment.
The analysis of the effects of SUS focuses on the main current German program called “Gründungszuschuss” (New Start-Up Subsidy, NSUS) after its reform in 2011. Average Effects on participants' labor market outcomes - as measured by employment and earnings - as well as subjective well-being are estimated mainly based on propensity score matching (PSM) techniques. PSM aims to achieve balance in terms of observed characteristics by matching participants with at least one comparable non-participant in terms of their probability to receive the treatment. This estimation strategy is valid as long as all relevant characteristics that explain selection patterns into treatment are observed and included in the estimation of the propensity score. To make our analysis as credible as possible, we control for a large vector of characteristics as observed through the combination of rich administrative data from the Federal Employment Agency as well as through survey data.
Chapters two to four of this thesis puts special emphasis on aspects regarding (the evaluation of) SUS programs that have received no or only limited attention thus far. The first aspect relates to the interplay of institutional details of the program and its effectiveness. So far, relatively little is known about the importance of SUS program features such as the duration of support. Second, there is no experimental benchmark evaluation of SUS available and thus, the reliability of non-experimental estimation techniques such as PSM is of crucial importance as estimates are biased when relevant confounders are omitted from the analysis. Third, there may be potentially detrimental effects of transitioning into (relatively risky) self-employment on subjective well-being among subsidized founders out of unemployment. These were to remain undetected if the analysis would focus exclusively on labor market outcomes of participants. The results indicate positive long-term effects of SUS participation on employment and earnings among participants. These effects are substantially larger than what estimated before the reform, indicating room for improvement in program design via changes in institutional details. Moreover, non-experimental estimates of treatment effects are remarkably robust to hidden confounding. Regarding subjective well-being, this thesis finds a positive long-run impact on job satisfaction and a detrimental effect on satisfaction with social security. The latter appears to be driven by adverse effects on social insurance contributions.
In chapter five, a novel automated covariate balancing technique for the estimation of causal effects in the context of continuous treatments is derived and assessed regarding its performance compared to other (automated) balancing techniques. Although binary research designs that only differentiate between participants and non-participants of some treatment remain the most-common case in empirical practice, many applications can be adapted to include continuous treatments as well. Often, this will allow for more meaningful estimates of causal effects in order to further improve the design of programs. In the context of SUS, one may further investigate the effects of the size of monetary support or its duration on participants' labor market outcomes. Both Monte-Carlo investigations and analysis of two well-known datasets suggests superior performance of the proposed Entropy Balancing for continuous treatments (EBCT) compared to other existing estimation strategies.
Philosophische Tugenden
(2020)
Worin besteht gutes Philosophieren? Und weshalb ist gerade John Stuart Mill ein außergewöhnlich guter Philosoph? Joachim Toenges-Hinn verbindet in diesem Band die metaphilosophische Suche danach, was gute Philosophie ausmacht, mit einer historischen Betrachtung des Philosophen John Stuart Mill. Dabei fungiert Mill zugleich als Urheber von und Verkörperung des Strebens nach zwei philosophischen Tugenden, die Toenges-Hinn aus Mills philosophischem Werk ableitet und anschließend systematisch verteidigt. Diese als „Bentham-Ideal“ und „Coleridge-Ideal“ bezeichneten Tugenden stehen dabei ebenso im Fokus seiner Untersuchung wie die Bedeutung von Lebensexperimenten für philosophische Biografien.
The development of methods such as super-resolution microscopy (Nobel prize in Chemistry, 2014) and multi-scale computer modelling (Nobel prize in Chemistry, 2013) have provided scientists with powerful tools to study microscopic systems. Sub-micron particles or even fluorescently labelled single molecules can now be tracked for long times in a variety of systems such as living cells, biological membranes, colloidal solutions etc. at spatial and temporal resolutions previously inaccessible. Parallel to such single-particle tracking experiments, super-computing techniques enable simulations of large atomistic or coarse-grained systems such as biologically relevant membranes or proteins from picoseconds to seconds, generating large volume of data. These have led to an unprecedented rise in the number of reported cases of anomalous diffusion wherein the characteristic features of Brownian motion—namely linear growth of the mean squared displacement with time and the Gaussian form of the probability density function (PDF) to find a particle at a given position at some fixed time—are routinely violated. This presents a big challenge in identifying the underlying stochastic process and also estimating the corresponding parameters of the process to completely describe the observed behaviour. Finding the correct physical mechanism which leads to the observed dynamics is of paramount importance, for example, to understand the first-arrival time of transcription factors which govern gene regulation, or the survival probability of a pathogen in a biological cell post drug administration. Statistical Physics provides useful methods that can be applied to extract such vital information. This cumulative dissertation, based on five publications, focuses on the development, implementation and application of such tools with special emphasis on Bayesian inference and large deviation theory. Together with the implementation of Bayesian model comparison and parameter estimation methods for models of diffusion, complementary tools are developed based on different observables and large deviation theory to classify stochastic processes and gather pivotal information. Bayesian analysis of the data of micron-sized particles traced in mucin hydrogels at different pH conditions unveiled several interesting features and we gained insights into, for example, how in going from basic to acidic pH, the hydrogel becomes more heterogeneous and phase separation can set in, leading to observed non-ergodicity (non-equivalence of time and ensemble averages) and non-Gaussian PDF. With large deviation theory based analysis we could detect, for instance, non-Gaussianity in seeming Brownian diffusion of beads in aqueous solution, anisotropic motion of the beads in mucin at neutral pH conditions, and short-time correlations in climate data. Thus through the application of the developed methods to biological and meteorological datasets crucial information is garnered about the underlying stochastic processes and significant insights are obtained in understanding the physical nature of these systems.
Die §§ 299a, 299b StGB sind das Ergebnis eines legitimen gesetzgeberischen Anliegens, die Umsetzung erfolgte indes defizitär.
Der Rechtsgüterschutz ist nicht konsistent, was zu dessen Weiterentwicklung zwingt.
Die unkritische Übernahme der Auslegungsergebnisse zu § 299 StGB – obwohl vom Gesetzgeber intendiert – ist darüber hinaus oftmals verfehlt. Die Arbeit hinterfragt diesen Ansatz und zeigt Lösungen auf.
Um existente Strafbarkeitslücken zu schließen ist es ferner unerlässlich eine verfassungskonforme „Pflichtverletzungsvariante“ einzuführen. Ferner böte eine Clearingstelle Rechtssicherheit, insbesondere mit der Möglichkeit zur Genehmigung von Austauschverhältnissen im Gesundheitswesen. Hierzu werden Vorschläge gemacht.
‘The Territorialities of U.S. Imperialisms’ sets into relation U.S. imperial and Indigenous conceptions of territoriality as articulated in U.S. legal texts and Indigenous life writing in the 19th century. It analyzes the ways in which U.S. legal texts as “legal fictions” narratively press to affirm the United States’ territorial sovereignty and coherence in spite of its reliance on a variety of imperial practices that flexibly disconnect and (re)connect U.S. sovereignty, jurisdiction and territory.
At the same time, the book acknowledges Indigenous life writing as legal texts in their own right and with full juridical force, which aim to highlight the heterogeneity of U.S. national territory both from their individual perspectives and in conversation with these legal fictions. Through this, the book’s analysis contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the coloniality of U.S. legal fictions, while highlighting territoriality as a key concept in the fashioning of the narrative of U.S. imperialism.
Obwohl die Herrschaft Lindow-Ruppin im Spätmittelalter eine zentrale Lage zwischen den großen Landesherrschaften im Osten des Reiches einnahm und sich ihre beiden Landesteile über eine weite Entfernung erstreckten, ist sie weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten. Lediglich die Frage nach der Herrschaftsgründung der aus dem nordöstlichen Harzraum stammenden Arnsteiner im Land Ruppin gab Historikern Anlass zur Beschäftigung mit dem Thema. Eine differenzierte Erforschung blieb bisher hingegen aus.
Anhand teils neu entdeckter Quellen untersucht André Stellmacher verschiedene Schwerpunkte, wie die Heirats- und Erwerbspolitik, die Besitzverteilung innerhalb der Herrschaft und das Verhältnis der Grafen zu ihren Vasallen. Eine beinahe 1.000 Einträge umfassende Regestensammlung bildet dafür die Grundlage. Neu geschaffene Karten und der reich bebilderte anhängende Siegelkatalog belegen die Ergebnisse auf anschauliche Weise.
One of the tremendous discoveries by the Cassini spacecraft has been the detection of propeller structures in Saturn's A ring. Although the generating moonlet is too small to be resolved by the cameras aboard Cassini, its produced density structure within the rings, caused by its gravity can be well observed. The largest observed propeller is called Blériot and has an azimuthal extent over several thousand kilometers. Thanks to its large size, Blériot could be identified in different images over a time span of over 10 years, allowing the reconstruction of its orbital evolution. It turns out that Blériot deviates considerably from its expected Keplerian orbit in azimuthal direction by several thousand kilometers. This excess motion can be well reconstructed by a superposition of three harmonics, and therefore resembles the typical fingerprint of a resonantly perturbed body. This PhD thesis is directed to the excess motion of Blériot. Resonant perturbations are a known for some of the outer satellites of Saturn. Thus, in the first part of this thesis, we seek for suiting resonance candidates nearby the propeller, which might explain the observed periods and amplitudes. In numeric simulations, we show that indeed resonances by Prometheus, Pandora and Mimas can explain the libration periods in good agreement, but not the amplitudes. The amplitude problem is solved by the introduction of a propeller-moonlet interaction model, where we assume a broken symmetry of the propeller by a small displacement of the moonlet. This results in a librating motion the moonlet around the propeller's symmetry center due to the non-vanishing accelerations. The retardation of the reaction of the propeller structure to the motion of the moonlet causes the propeller to become asymmetric. Hydrodynamic simulations to test our analytical model confirm our predictions. In the second part of this thesis, we consider a stochastic migration of the moonlet, which is an alternative hypothesis to explain the observed excess motion of Blériot. The mean-longitude is a time-integrated quantity and thus introduces a correlation between the independent kicks of a random walk, smoothing the noise and thus makes the residual look similar to the observed one for Blériot. We apply a diagonalization test to decorrelated the observed residuals for the propellers Blériot and Earhart and the ring-moon Daphnis. It turns out that the decorrelated distributions do not strictly follow the expected Gaussian distribution. The decorrelation method fails to distinguish a correlated random walk from a noisy libration and thus we provide an alternative study. Assuming the three-harmonic fit to be a valid representation of the excess motion for Blériot, independently from its origin, we test the likelihood that this excess motion can be created by a random walk. It turns out that a non-correlated and correlated random walk is unlikely to explain the observed excess motion.
The earth’s ecosystems undergo considerable changes characterized by human-induced alterations of environmental factors. In order to develop conservation goals for vulnerable ecosystems, research on ecosystem functioning is required.. Therefore, it is crucial to explore organismal interactions, such as trophic interaction or competition, which are decisive for key processes in ecosystems. These interactions are determined by the performance responses of organisms to environmental changes, which in turn, are shaped by the organism’s functional traits. Exploring traits, their variation, and the environmental factors that act on them may provide insights on how ecological interactions affect
populations, community structures and dynamics, and thus ecosystem
functioning. In aquatic ecosystems, global warming intensifies
phytoplankton blooms, which are more frequently dominated by
cyanobacteria. As cyanobacteria are poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) and sterols, this compositional change alters the biochemical
food quality of phytoplankton for consumer species with potential
effects on ecological interactions. Within this thesis, I studied the
effects of biochemical food quality on consumer traits and performance responses at the phytoplankton-zooplankton interface using different strains of two closely related generalist rotifer species Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus fernandoi and three phytoplankton species that differ in their biochemical food quality, i.e. in their content and composition of PUFA and sterols. In a series of laboratory feeding experiments I found that biochemical food quality affected rotifer’s performance, i.e. fecundity, survival, and population growth, across a broad range of food quantities. Biochemical food quality constraints,
which are often underestimated as influencing environmental factors, had strong impacts on performance responses. I further explored the potential of biochemical food quality in mediating consumer response variation between species and among strains of one species. Co-limitation by food quantity and biochemical food quality resulted in differences in performance responses, which were more pronounced within than between rotifer species. Furthermore, I demonstrated that the body PUFA compositions of rotifer species and strains were differently affected by the dietary PUFA supply, which indicates inter- and intraspecific differences in physiological traits, such as PUFA retention, allocation, and/or bioconversion capacity, within the genus Brachionus. This indicates that dietary PUFA are involved in shaping traits and performance responses of rotifers. This thesis reveals that biochemical food quality is an environmental factor with strong effects on individual traits and performance responses of consumers. Biochemical food quality constraints can further mediate trait and response variation among species or strains. Consequently, they carry the potential to shape ecological interactions and evolutionary processes with effects on community structures and dynamics. Trait-based approaches, which include food quality research, thus may provide further insights into the linkage between functional diversity and the maintenance of crucial ecosystem functions.
Um auch die unbeabsichtigten Folgen ihrer Politik zu ermitteln, unternehmen Regierungen umfassende Gesetzesfolgenabschätzungen. Immer häufiger lassen sie sich dabei von unabhängigen Expertengremien kontrollieren. Doch: Wie erzielen diese Gremien Einfluss? Und welche Rolle spielen sie als Politikberater für Bürokratieabbau und bessere Rechtsetzung? Das Buch eröffnet neue Einblicke in die Entwicklungshistorie und Handlungsrealität der drei erfahrensten Normenkontrollräte in Europa. Vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher Verwaltungskulturen werden die Ratstypen „Wachhund“, „Torwächter“ und „Kritischer Freund“ herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse schärfen die politische und wissenschaftliche Debatte um die Leistungsfähigkeit von Normenkontrollräten.
Crowdinvesting
(2020)
Finanzierung durch den Schwarm Crowdinvesting - auch bekannt als Schwarmfinanzierung - hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich an Relevanz gewonnen. Crowdinvesting bietet Startup- und Wachstumsunternehmen aber auch Entwicklern von Immobilienprojekten eine echte Alternative zum klassischen Bankdarlehen. Hierbei rufen die Unternehmen über das Internet zur Finanzierung auf und eine Vielzahl von Kleinanlegern und Business Angels können sich mit kleinen oder großen Beträgen an der Finanzierung beteiligen.
Das Werk beleuchtet dabei grundlegende Fragen wie:
- Ist Crowdinvesting dasselbe wie Crowdfunding? Gibt es noch weitere Formen der Schwarmfinanzierung?
- Welche Vorteile und Rechte erhalten die Anleger beim Crowdinvesting?
- Welche gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen gelten für Crowdinvesting-Finanzierungen?
- Gibt es Bestrebungen für einen EU-weit einheitlichen Rechtsrahmen?
- Wie sind Einkünfte aus einer Crowdinvesting-Finanzierung zu versteuern? Muss Umsatzsteuer abgeführt werden?
Klar strukturiert und verständlich formuliert
Das Werk bietet dem Leser eine umfassende Darstellung zum Begriff des Crowdinvesting und Abgrenzung von ähnlichen Schwarmfinanzierungen. Darüber hinaus werden die rechtlichen Beziehungen der verschiedenen Beteiligten beim Crowdinvesting zivilrechtlich eingeordnet. Anschließend wird der aktuelle aufsichtsrechtliche Rahmen des Crowdinvesting dargestellt und kritisch anhand ökonomischer Theorien (insb. Erkenntnisse der behavioral finance) hinterfragt sowie auf seine verfassungsrechtliche Zulässigkeit untersucht. Auch die aktuellen Entwicklungen eines europäischen Rechtsrahmens für Crowdinvesting werden diskutiert. Abschließend gibt das Werk Antworten auf ertrags- und umsatzsteuerliche Fragen.
Vorteile auf einen Blick
- umfassende Darstellung eines aktuellen und (volks-)wirtschaftlich relevanten Themas
- Nachschlagewerk für zivilrechtliche, aufsichtsrechtliche und steuerliche Fragestellungen beim Crowdinvesting
- auch ohne Vorkenntnisse gut verständlich
Zielgruppe
Für Rechtsanwälte, Unternehmen, Wissenschaftler, Betriebs- und Volkswirte sowie alle am Thema Schwarmfinanzierung Interessierte.
Die Aufgabe der Selbstregulierung der Presse wird in Deutschland vom Deutschen Presserat wahrgenommen. Dieser sieht sich seit seiner Gründung fortwährender Kritik ausgesetzt. Die Arbeit geht der Frage nach, ob der Deutsche Presserat mit seiner bisherigen Tätigkeit den Ansprüchen an eine erfolgreiche Selbstregulierung gerecht wird. Sodann werden elf Lösungsvorschläge auf ihre rechtliche Umsetzbarkeit und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Pressekontrolle in Deutschland untersucht. Zudem wird das britische Modell der Presseselbstkontrolle mit dem deutschen verglichen, um Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten aufzuzeigen, sowie Anregungen und Verbesserungsvorschläge für die Zukunft zu erforschen. Durch ähnliche Strukturen am Anfang ihres Entstehens und das größtenteils parallele Bestehen von Presseräten in beiden Ländern eignet sich explizit das britische Modell für einen Vergleich mit dem Deutschen Presserat.