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Erziehung in der Bundeswehr
(2017)
Das Militär galt in Deutschland seit dem 19. Jahrhundert als »Schule der Nation«. Auch die 1955 aufgestellte Bundeswehr musste sich mit diesem Anspruch auseinandersetzen. Die Erziehung der erwachsenen Soldaten sollte im Zeichen der Inneren Führung nun jedoch deutlich anders erfolgen als in Kaiserreich, Weimarer Republik und NS-Staat. Ein bedeutender Teil der jungen Bürger der Bundesrepublik sollte einer Erziehung unterzogen werden, deren Ziel der »Staatsbürger in Uniform« war.
Kai-Uwe Bormann, Referent beim Kommando des Heeres der Bundeswehr, Deutschland.
Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Präsentation von Kleidermode in ihr gewidmeten Sonderausstellungen, die in zunehmender Zahl seit den 1990er Jahren in musealen und musemsähnlichen Kontexten veranstaltet werden. Es geht darum, wie Modekörper und vestimentäre Artefakte in diesen Ausstellungen gezeigt werden und welche ästhetischen Erfahrungen sich für die RezipientInnen aus der jeweiligen Konstellation von vestimentärem Objekt und Inszenierungsmittel ergeben können. Das Augenmerk liegt auf der Spannung zwischen dem visuellen Imperativ musealer Zeigepraktiken und den multisensorischen Qualitäten der Kleidermode, v. a. jener hautsinnlichen, die sich aus dem unmittelbaren Kontakt zwischen Körper und Kleid ergeben.
Die zentrale These ist, dass sich das Hautsinnliche der Kleidermode trotz des Berührungsverbots in vielen Ausstellungsinszenierungen zeigen kann. D. h., dass – entgegen häufig wiederholter Behauptungen – ‚der Körper‘, das Tragen und die Bewegung nicht per se oder komplett aus den Kleidern gewichen sind, werden diese musealisiert und ausgestellt. Es findet eine Verschiebung des Körperlichen und Hautsinnlichen, wie das Anfassen, Tragen und Bewegen, in visuelle Darstellungsformen statt. Hautsinnliche Qualitäten der vestimentären Exponate können, auch in Abhängigkeit von den jeweils verwendeten Präsentationsmitteln, von den BesucherInnen in unterschiedlichen Abstufungen sehend oder buchstäblich gespürt werden.
An konkreten Beispielen wird zum einen das Verhältnis von ausgestelltem Kleid und Präsentationsmittel(n) in den Displays untersucht. Dabei stehen folgende Mittel im Fokus, mit deren Hilfe die vestimentären Exponate zur Schau gestellt werden: Vitrinen, Podeste, Ersatzkörper wie Mannequins, optische Hilfsmittel wie Lupen, Bildmedien oder (bewegte) Installationen. Zum anderen wird analysiert, welche Wirkungen die Arrangements jeweils erzielen oder verhindern können, und zwar in Hinblick auf mögliche ästhetische Erfahrungen, die taktilen, haptischen und kinästhetischen Qualitäten der Exponate als BesucherIn sehend oder buchstäblich zu fühlen oder zu spüren. Ob als Identifikation, Projektion, Haptic Vision – es handelt sich um ästhetische Erfahrungen, die sich aus den modischen Kompetenzen der BetrachterInnen speisen und bei denen sich Visuelles und Hautsinnliches oft überlagern.
In der Untersuchung wird eine vernachlässigte, wenn nicht gar unerwünschte Rezeptionsweise diskutiert, die von den AkteurInnen der spezifischen Debatte bspw. als konsumptives Sehen abgewertet wird. Die von mir vorgeschlagene, stärker differenzierende Perspektive ist zugleich eine Kritik an dem bisherigen Diskurs und seinem eng gefassten, teilweise elitären Verständnis von Museum, Bildung und Wissen, mit dem sich AkteurInnen und Institutionen abgrenzen. Der Spezialdiskurs über musealisierte und exponierte Kleidermode steht zudem exemplarisch für die Diskussion, was das Museum, verstanden als Institution, sein kann und soll(te) und ob (und wenn ja, wie) es sich überhaupt noch von anderen Orten und Räumen klar abgrenzen lässt.
Bobrowski hatte nach dem Abitur die Absicht geäußert, Kunstgeschichte zu studieren, doch Krieg und Kriegsgefangenschaft vereitelten seinen Plan: Der Wehrmachtsangehörige wurde einzig im Winter 1941/1942 für ein Studiensemester an der Universität Berlin vom Kriegsdienst freigestellt. Nachhaltig beeindruckt war Bobrowski insbesondere von der Vorlesung „Deutsche Kunst der Goethezeit“ des Lehrstuhlinhabers Wilhelm Pinder. Trotz eines grundlegenden Einflusses ist indessen zu keinem Zeitpunkt Pinders ideologischer Hintergrund in Bobrowskis Gedichten manifest geworden. Nach der Rückkehr aus sowjetischer Gefangenschaft an Weihnachten 1949 war für den mittlerweile Zweiunddreißigjährigen an ein Studium nicht mehr zu denken. Die lebenslange intermediale Auseinandersetzung mit Werken der bildenden Kunst in seinem Œuvre kann indessen als Ausdruck seiner vielfältigen kulturgeschichtlichen Interessen und Neigungen interpretiert werden. Die Lebensphasen des Dichters korrelieren mit einer motivischen Entwicklung seiner Bildgedichte: Insbesondere half ihm die unantastbare Ästhetik bedeutender Kunstwerke, das Grauen der letzten Kriegsjahre und die Entbehrungen in sowjetischer Kriegsgefangenschaft zu überwinden. Didaktisch-moralische Zielsetzungen prägten zunächst die in den Jahren nach seiner Heimkehr entstandenen Gedichte, bevor sich Bobrowski inhaltlich und formal von diesem Gedichttypus zu lösen vermochte und vermehrt Gedichte zu schreiben begann, die kulturgeschichtliche Dimensionen annahmen und historische, mythologische, biblische und religionsphilosophische Themen in epochenübergreifende Zusammenhänge stellten. Die Gedichte über die Künstler Jawlensky und Calder berühren gleichzeitig kulturlandschaftliche Aspekte. Im letzten Lebensjahrzehnt interessierte sich Bobrowski zunehmend für die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts, während die moderne Architektur aus seinem Werk ausgeklammert blieb.
Architektur bildet eine Leitmotivik in Bobrowskis lyrischem Werk. Die übertragene Bedeutungsebene der in den Gedichten benannten sakralen und profanen Einzelbauten, aber auch der städtischen und dörflichen Ensembles sowie einzelner Gebäudeteile, verändert sich mehrfach im Laufe der Jahre. Ausgehend von traditionellen, paargereimten Jugendgedichten in jambischem Versmaß, in denen architektonische Elemente Teil einer Wahrnehmung bilden, die alles Außerästhetische ausblendet, wandelt sich der Sinngehalt der Sakral- und Profanbauten in Bobrowskis lyrischem Werk ein erstes Mal während den Kriegsjahren in Russland, die der Wehrmachtsangehörige am Ilmensee verbracht hat. In den damals entstandenen Oden zeugen die architektonischen Relikte von Leid, Tod und Zerstörung. Noch fehlt indessen der später so zentrale Gedanke der Schuld, der erst im Rückblick auf jene Zeit in den Gedichten, die nach der Rückkehr aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft bis zu Bobrowskis frühem Tod entstanden sind, thematisiert worden ist.
Gegen Ende des Kriegs und in den Jahren der Kriegsgefangenschaft besinnt sich Bobrowski erneut auf Heimatthemen, und die Architektur in seinen Gedichten wird zu einem ästhetisch überhöhten Fluchtpunkt seiner Sehnsucht nach Ostpreußen und dem Memelgebiet. In Kriegsgefangenschaft tritt erstmals der Aspekt des Sublimen in seinen Gedichten auf, und zwar sowohl bezogen auf die Malerei als auch auf die Architektur. Dieser Gedanke wird einerseits nach der Rückkehr nach Berlin in den Gedichten über die Architektur gotischer Kathedralen und das bauliche Erbe des Klassizismus weitergesponnen, doch steht in den damals entstandenen Gedichten das Kulturerbe Europas auch für historisches Unrecht und eine schwere, weit zurückreichende Schuld.
Von dieser auf den ganzen Kontinent bezogenen Kritik wendet sich Bobrowski in den nachfolgenden Jahren ab und konzentriert sich auf die Schuld der Deutschen gegenüber den Völkern Osteuropas. Damit erhält auch die Architektur in seinen Gedichten eine neue Bedeutung. Die Relikte der Ritterburgen des deutschen Ordens zeugen von der Herrschaft der mittelalterlichen Eroberer und verschmelzen dabei mit der Natur: Das Zeichenhafte der Architektur wird Teil der Landschaft. Im letzten Lebensjahrzehnt entstehen vermehrt Gedichte, die sich auf Parkanlagen und städtische Grünräume beziehen.
Der Dichter hat sich nicht nur auf persönliche Erfahrungen, sondern mitunter auch auf Bildquellen abstützt, ohne dass er das Original je gesehen hätte. Nur schwer zugänglich sind die Gedichte über Chagall und Gauguin ohne die Erkenntnis, dass sie sich auf Bildvorlagen in schmalen, populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern beziehen, die Bobrowski jeweils kurz vor der Niederschrift der entsprechenden Gedichte erworben hat. Anders verhält es sich mit jenen russischen Kirchen, die Eingang in sein lyrisches Werk gefunden haben. Bobrowski hat sie alle selbst im Krieg gesehen, und die meisten scheinen noch heute zu bestehen und können mit einiger Sicherheit identifiziert werden, wozu auch die Briefe des Dichters aus jener Zeit beitragen.
Romance and Irony
(2017)
The work done during the PhD studies has been focused on measurements of distribution functions of rotating galaxies using integral field spectroscopy observations.
Throughout the main body of research presented here we have been using CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) survey stellar velocity fields to obtain robust measurements of circular velocities for rotating galaxies of all morphological types. A crucial part of the work was enabled by well-defined CALIFA sample selection criteria: it enabled reconstructing sample-independent distributions of galaxy properties.
In Chapter 2, we measure the distribution in absolute magnitude - circular velocity space for a well-defined sample of 199 rotating CALIFA galaxies using their stellar kinematics. Our aim in this analysis is to avoid subjective selection criteria and to take volume and large-scale structure factors into account. Using stellar velocity fields instead of gas emission line kinematics allows including rapidly rotating early type galaxies. Our initial sample contains 277 galaxies with available stellar velocity fields and growth curve r-band photometry. After rejecting 51 velocity fields that could not be modelled due to the low number of bins, foreground contamination or significant interaction we perform Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modelling of the velocity fields, obtaining the rotation curve and kinematic parameters and their realistic uncertainties. We perform an extinction correction and calculate the circular velocity v_circ accounting for pressure support a given galaxy has. The resulting galaxy distribution on the M_r - v_circ plane is then modelled as a mixture of two distinct populations, allowing robust and reproducible rejection of outliers, a significant fraction of which are slow rotators. The selection effects are understood well enough that the incompleteness of the sample can be corrected and the 199 galaxies can be weighted by volume and large-scale structure factors enabling us to fit a volume-corrected Tully-Fisher relation (TFR). More importantly, we also provide the volume-corrected distribution of galaxies in the M_r - v_circ plane, which can be compared with cosmological simulations. The joint distribution of the luminosity and circular velocity space densities, representative over the range of -20 > M_r > -22 mag, can place more stringent constraints on the galaxy formation and evolution scenarios than linear TFR fit parameters or the luminosity function alone.
In Chapter 3, we measure one of the marginal distributions of the M_r - v_circ distribution: the circular velocity function of rotating galaxies. The velocity function is a fundamental observable statistic of the galaxy population, being of a similar importance as the luminosity function, but much more difficult to measure. We present the first directly measured circular velocity function that is representative between 60 < v_circ < 320 km s^-1 for galaxies of all morphological types at a given rotation velocity. For the low mass galaxy population 60 < v_circ < 170 km s^-1, we use the HIPASS velocity function. For the massive galaxy population 170 < v_circ < 320 km s^-1, we use stellar circular velocities from CALIFA. The CALIFA velocity function includes homogeneous velocity measurements of both late and early-type rotation-supported galaxies. It has the crucial advantage of not missing gas-poor massive ellipticals that HI surveys are blind to. We show that both velocity functions can be combined in a seamless manner, as their ranges of validity overlap. The resulting observed velocity function is compared to velocity functions derived from cosmological simulations of the z = 0 galaxy population. We find that dark matter-only simulations show a strong mismatch with the observed VF. Hydrodynamic Illustris simulations fare better, but still do not fully reproduce observations.
In Chapter 4, we present some other work done during the PhD studies, namely, a method that improves the precision of specific angular measurements by combining simultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo modelling of ionised gas 2D velocity fields and HI linewidths. To test the method we use a sample of 25 galaxies from the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field (SAMI) survey that had matching ALFALFA HI linewidths. Such a method allows constraining the rotation curve both in the inner regions of a galaxy and in its outskirts, leading to increased precision of specific angular momentum measurements. It could be used to further constrain the observed relation between galaxy mass, specific angular momentum and morphology (Obreschkow & Glazebrook 2014).
Mathematical and computational methods are presented in the appendices.
Die körperschaftsteuerliche Organschaft setzt den Abschluss eines Gewinnabführungsvertrages i.S.v. § 291 AktG zwischen Organgesellschaft und Organträger voraus und bedingt so Verflechtungen von Steuer- und Gesellschaftsrecht, die Anlass für Kritik an der Organschaft und für Bestrebungen zu deren grundlegender Modernisierung unter Verzicht auf den Gewinnabführungsvertrag geben.
Die Arbeit untersucht, welche kapital- und konzerngesellschaftsrechtlichen Problemstellungen zu Tage träten, sollte ein Gruppenbesteuerungssystem implementiert werden, das keinen Gewinnabführungsvertrag verlangt. Die Untersuchung erfolgt für verschiedene Reformmodelle, die – wie die Organschaft – nach der Zurechnungsmethode arbeiten oder eine Steuerkonsolidierung durch Leistung so genannter Gruppenbeiträge zulassen. Die auftretenden gesellschaftsrechtlichen Konfliktlagen und Lösungswege werden für Gruppenmitglieder in der Rechtsform der GmbH und der AG getrennt systematisch dargestellt.
Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) and fat are the main substrates to fuel prolonged endurance exercise, each having its oxidation patterns regulated by several factors such as intensity, duration and mode of the activity, dietary intake pattern, muscle glycogen concentrations, gender and training status. Exercising at intensities where fat oxidation rates are high has been shown to induce metabolic benefits in recreational and health-oriented sportsmen. The exercise intensity (Fatpeak) eliciting peak fat oxidation rates is therefore of particular interest when aiming to prescribe exercise for the purpose of fat oxidation and related metabolic effects. Although running and walking are feasible and popular among the target population, no reliable protocols are available to assess Fatpeak as well as its actual velocity (VPFO) during treadmill ergometry. Moreover, to date, it remains unclear how pre-exercise CHO availability modulates the oxidative regulation of substrates when exercise is conducted at the intensity where the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) is located (VIAT). That is, a metabolic marker representing the upper border where constant load endurance exercise can be sustained, being commonly used to guide athletic training or in performance diagnostics. The research objectives of the current thesis were therefore, 1) to assess the reliability and day-to-day variability of VPFO and Fatpeak during treadmill ergometry running; 2) to assess the impact of high CHO (HC) vs. low CHO (LC) diets (where on the LC day a combination of low CHO diet and a glycogen depleting exercise was implemented) on the oxidative regulation of CHOs and fat while exercise is conducted at VIAT. Methods: Research objective 1: Sixteen recreational athletes (f=7, m=9; 25 ± 3 y; 1.76 ± 0.09 m; 68.3 ± 13.7 kg; 23.1 ± 2.9 kg/m²) performed 2 different running protocols on 3 different days with standardized nutrition the day before testing. At day 1, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the velocities at the aerobic threshold (VLT) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of 1.00 (VRER) were assessed. At days 2 and 3, subjects ran an identical submaximal incremental test (Fat-peak test) composed of a 10 min warm-up (70% VLT) followed by 5 stages of 6 min with equal increments (stage 1 = VLT, stage 5 = VRER). Breath-by-breath gas exchange data was measured continuously and used to determine fat oxidation rates. A third order polynomial function was used to identify VPFO and subsequently Fatpeak. The reproducibility and variability of variables was verified with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV) and the mean differences (bias) ± 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Research objective 2: Sixteen recreational runners (m=8, f=8; 28 ± 3 y; 1.76 ± 0.09 m; 72 ± 13 kg; 23 ± 2 kg/m²) performed 3 different running protocols, each allocated on a different day. At day 1, a maximal stepwise incremental test was implemented to assess the IAT and VIAT. During days 2 and 3, participants ran a constant-pace bout (30 min) at VIAT that was combined with randomly assigned HC (7g/kg/d) or LC (3g/kg/d) diets for the 24 h before testing. Breath-by-breath gas exchange data was measured continuously and used to determine substrate oxidation. Dietary data and differences in substrate oxidation were analyzed with a paired t-test. A two-way ANOVA tested the diet X gender interaction (α = 0.05). Results: Research objective 1: ICC, Pearson’s correlation and CV for VPFO and Fatpeak were 0.98, 0.97, 5.0%; and 0.90, 0.81, 7.0%, respectively. Bias ± 95% LoA was -0.3 ± 0.9 km/h for VPFO and -2 ± 8% of VO2peak for Fatpeak. Research objective 2: Overall, the IAT and VIAT were 2.74 ± 0.39 mmol/l and 11.1 ± 1.4 km/h, respectively. CHO oxidation was 3.45 ± 0.08 and 2.90 ± 0.07 g/min during HC and LC bouts respectively (P < 0.05). Likewise, fat oxidation was 0.13 ± 0.03 and 0.36 ± 0.03 g/min (P < 0.05). Females had 14% (P < 0.05) and 12% (P > 0.05) greater fat oxidation compared to males during HC and LC bouts, respectively. Conclusions: Research objective 1: In summary, relative and absolute reliability indicators for VPFO and Fatpeak were found to be excellent. The observed LoA may now serve as a basis for future training prescriptions, although fat oxidation rates at prolonged exercise bouts at this intensity still need to be investigated. Research objective 2: Twenty-four hours of high CHO consumption results in concurrent higher CHO oxidation rates and overall utilization, whereas maintaining a low systemic CHO availability significantly increases the contribution of fat to the overall energy metabolism. The observed gender differences underline the necessity of individualized dietary planning before exerting at intensities associated with performance exercise. Ultimately, future research should establish how these findings can be extrapolated to training and competitive situations and with that provide trainers and nutritionists with improved data to derive training prescriptions.
The aim of this thesis is to develop approaches to automatically recognise the structure of argumentation in short monological texts. This amounts to identifying the central claim of the text, supporting premises, possible objections, and counter-objections to these objections, and connecting them correspondingly to a structure that adequately describes the argumentation presented in the text.
The first step towards such an automatic analysis of the structure of argumentation is to know how to represent it. We systematically review the literature on theories of discourse, as well as on theories of the structure of argumentation against a set of requirements and desiderata, and identify the theory of J. B. Freeman (1991, 2011) as a suitable candidate to represent argumentation structure. Based on this, a scheme is derived that is able to represent complex argumentative structures and can cope with various segmentation issues typically occurring in authentic text.
In order to empirically test our scheme for reliability of annotation, we conduct several annotation experiments, the most important of which assesses the agreement in reconstructing argumentation structure. The results show that expert annotators produce very reliable annotations, while the results of non-expert annotators highly depend on their training in and commitment to the task.
We then introduce the 'microtext' corpus, a collection of short argumentative texts. We report on the creation, translation, and annotation of it and provide a variety of statistics. It is the first parallel corpus (with a German and English version) annotated with argumentation structure, and -- thanks to the work of our colleagues -- also the first annotated according to multiple theories of (global) discourse structure.
The corpus is then used to develop and evaluate approaches to automatically predict argumentation structures in a series of six studies: The first two of them focus on learning local models for different aspects of argumentation structure. In the third study, we develop the main approach proposed in this thesis for predicting globally optimal argumentation structures: the 'evidence graph' model. This model is then systematically compared to other approaches in the fourth study, and achieves state-of-the-art results on the microtext corpus. The remaining two studies aim to demonstrate the versatility and elegance of the proposed approach by predicting argumentation structures of different granularity from text, and finally by using it to translate rhetorical structure representations into argumentation structures.
Virtuelle Welten wie World of Warcraft oder Second Life werden weltweit von vielen Millionen Menschen genutzt. Aufgrund der vielfältigen Interaktionsmöglichkeiten der Nutzer untereinander kommt es dabei immer wieder auch zu Verhaltensweisen, die die Frage nach strafrechtlicher Relevanz aufwerfen. Sebastian Bosch greift in seiner Arbeit einzelne Tatbestände des deutschen StGB heraus und untersucht diese auf ihre Begehbarkeit innerhalb virtueller Welten. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei dem Betrug gem. § 263 StGB gewidmet, da dieser im Hinblick auf den speziellen »Tatort« der virtuellen Welten besonders interessante Fragen aufwirft. Im Anschluss daran wird untersucht, ob der Täter einer solchen Straftat auch entsprechend bestraft werden sollte, oder ob sich aufgrund des Spielcharakters virtueller Welten nicht eine Privilegierung aufdrängt, wie sie aus dem Sportstrafrecht bekannt ist. Der Autor gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass eine Privilegierung vorgenommen werden sollte, soweit es sich bei der verletzenden Handlung um eine spiel- bzw. weltenkonforme Handlung handelt.
"Wortabruf im Handumdrehen"?
(2017)
Direct anthropogenic influences on the Earth’s subsurface during drilling, extraction or injection activities, can affect land stability by causing subsidence, uplifts or lateral displacements. They can occur in localized as well as in uninhabited and inhabited regions. Thus the associated risks for humans, infrastructure, and environment must be minimized. To achieve this, appropriate surveillance methods must be found that can be used for simultaneous monitoring during such activities. Multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry (MT-InSAR) methods like the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and the Small BAseline Subsets (SBAS) have been developed as standard approaches for satellite-based surface displacement monitoring. With increasing spatial resolution and availability of SAR sensors in recent years, MT-InSAR can be valuable for the detection and mapping of even the smallest man-made displacements.
This doctoral thesis aims at investigating the capacities of the mentioned standard methods for this purpose, and comprises three main objectives against the backdrop of a user-friendly surveillance service:
(1) the spatial and temporal significance assessment against leveling, (2) the suitability evaluation of PSI and SBAS under different conditions, and (3) the analysis of the link between surface motion and subsurface processes.
Two prominent case studies on anthropogenic induced subsurface processes in Germany serve as the basis for this goal. The first is the distinct urban uplift with severe damages at Staufen im Breisgau that has been associated since 2007 with a failure to implement a shallow geothermal energy supply for an individual building. The second case study considers the pilot project of geological carbon dioxide (CO2) storage at Ketzin, and comprises borehole drilling and fluid injection of more than 67 kt CO2 between 2008 and 2013. Leveling surveys at Staufen and comprehensive background knowledge of the underground processes gained from different kinds of in-situ measurements at both locations deliver a suitable basis for this comparative study and the above stated objectives. The differences in location setting, i.e. urban versus rural site character, were intended to investigate the limitations in the applicability of PSI and SBAS.
For the MT-InSAR analysis, X-band images from the German TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites were acquired in the standard Stripmap mode with about 3 m spatial resolution in azimuth and range direction. Data acquisition lasted over a period of five years for Staufen (2008-2013), and four years for Ketzin (2009-2013). For the first approximation of the subsurface source, an inversion of the InSAR outcome in Staufen was applied. The modeled uplift based on complex hydromechanical simulations and a correlation analysis with bottomhole pressure data were used for comparison with MT-InSAR measurements at Ketzin.
In response to the defined objectives of this thesis, a higher level of detail can be achieved in mapping surface displacements without in-situ effort by using MT-InSAR in comparison to leveling (1). A clear delineation of the elliptical shaped uplift border and its magnitudes at different parts was possible at Staufen, with the exception of a vegetated area in the northwest. Vegetation coverage and the associated temporal signal decorrelation are the main limitations of MT-InSAR as clearly demonstrated at the Ketzin test site. They result in insufficient measurement point density and unwrapping issues. Therefore, spatial resolutions of one meter or better are recommended to achieve an adequate point density for local displacement analysis and to apply signal noise reduction. Leveling measurements can provide a complementary data source here, but require much effort pertaining to personnel even at the local scale. Horizontal motions could be identified at Staufen by only comparing the temporal evolution of the 1D line of sight (LOS) InSAR measurements with the available leveling data. An exception was the independent LOS decomposition using ascending and descending data sets for the period 2012-2013. The full 3D displacement field representation failed due to insufficient orbit-related, north-south sensitivity of the satellite-based measurements. By using the dense temporal mapping capabilities of the TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X satellites after every 11 days, the temporal displacement evolution could be captured as good as that with leveling.
With respect to the tested methods and in the view of generality, SBAS should be preferred over PSI (2). SBAS delivered a higher point density, and was therefore less affected by phase unwrapping issues in both case studies. Linking surface motions with subsurface processes is possible when considering simplified geophysical models (3), but it still requires intensive research to gain a deep understanding.
3D geovisualization systems (3DGeoVSs) that use 3D geovirtual environments as a conceptual and technical framework are increasingly used for various applications. They facilitate obtaining insights from ubiquitous geodata by exploiting human abilities that other methods cannot provide. 3DGeoVSs are often complex and evolving systems required to be adaptable and to leverage distributed resources. Designing a 3DGeoVS based on service-oriented architectures, standards, and image-based representations (SSI) facilitates resource sharing and the agile and efficient construction and change of interoperable systems. In particular, exploiting image-based representations (IReps) of 3D views on geodata supports taking full advantage of the potential of such system designs by providing an efficient, decoupled, interoperable, and increasingly applied representation.
However, there is insufficient knowledge on how to build service-oriented, standards-based 3DGeoVSs that exploit IReps. This insufficiency is substantially due to technology and interoperability gaps between the geovisualization domain and further domains that such systems rely on.
This work presents a coherent framework of contributions that support designing the software architectures of targeted systems and exploiting IReps for providing, styling, and interacting with geodata. The contributions uniquely integrate existing concepts from multiple domains and novel contributions for identified limitations. The proposed software reference architecture (SRA) for 3DGeoVSs based on SSI facilitates designing concrete software architectures of such systems. The SRA describes the decomposition of 3DGeoVSs into a network of services and integrates the following contributions to facilitate exploiting IReps effectively and efficiently. The proposed generalized visualization pipeline model generalizes the prevalent visualization pipeline model and overcomes its expressiveness limitations with respect to transforming IReps. The proposed approach for image-based provisioning enables generating and supplying service consumers with image-based views (IViews). IViews act as first-class data entities in the communication between services and provide a suitable IRep and encoding of geodata. The proposed approach for image-based styling separates concerns of styling from image generation and enables styling geodata uniformly represented as IViews specified as algebraic compositions of high-level styling operators. The proposed approach for interactive image-based novel view generation enables generating new IViews from existing IViews in response to interactive manipulations of the viewing camera and includes an architectural pattern that generalizes common novel view generation. The proposed interactive assisting, constrained 3D navigation technique demonstrates how a navigation technique can be built that supports users in navigating multiscale virtual 3D city models, operates in 3DGeoVSs based on SSI as an application of the SRA, can exploit IReps, and can support collaborating services in exploiting IReps.
The validity of the contributions is supported by proof-of-concept prototype implementations and applications and effectiveness and efficiency studies including a user study. Results suggest that this work promises to support designing 3DGeoVSs based on SSI that are more effective and efficient and that can exploit IReps effectively and efficiently. This work presents a template software architecture and key building blocks for building novel IT solutions and applications for geodata, e.g., as components of spatial data infrastructures.
Extreme weather events like heatwaves and floods severely affect societies with impacts ranging from economic damages to losses in human lifes. Global warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is expected to increase their frequency and intensity, particularly in the warm season. Next to these thermodynamic changes, climate change might also impact the large scale atmospheric circulation.Such dynamic changes might additionally act on the occurence of extreme weather events, but involved mechanisms are often highly non-linear. Therefore, large uncertainty exists on the exact nature of these changes and the related risks to society. Particularly in the densely populated mid-latitudes weather patterns are governed by the large scale circulation like the jet-streams and storm tracks. Extreme weather in this region is often related to persistent weather systems associated with a strongly meandering jet-stream. Such meanders are called Rossby waves. Under specific conditions they can become slow moving, stretched around the entire hemisphere and generate simultaneaous heat- and rainfall extremes in far-away regions.
This thesis aims at enhancing the understanding of synoptic-scale, circumglobal Rossby waves and the associated risks of dynamical changes to society. More specific, the analyses investigate their relation to extreme weather, regions at risk, under which conditions they are generated, and the influence of anthropogenic climate change on those conditions now, in the past and in the future.
I find that circumglobal Rossby waves promoted simultaneous occuring weather extremes across the northern hemisphere in several recent summers. Further, I present evidence that they are often linked to quasiresonant-amplification of planetary waves. These events include the 2003 European heatwave and the Moscow heatwave of 2010. This non-linear mechanism acts on the upper level flow through trapping and amplification of stationary synoptic scale waves. I show that this resonance mechanism acts in both hemispheres and is related to extreme weather. A main finding is that circumglobal Rossby waves primarily occur as two specific teleconnection patterns associated with a wave 5 and wave 7 pattern in the northern hemisphere, likely due to the favourable longitudinal distance of prominent mountain ridges here. Furthermore, I identify those regions which are particularly at risk: The central United States, western Europe and the Ukraine/Russian region. Moreover, I present evidence that the wave 7 pattern has and extreme weather in these regions. My results suggest that the increase in frequency can be linked to favourable changes in large scale temperature gradients, which I show to be largely underestimated by model simulations. Using surface temperature fingerprint as proxy for investigating historic and future model ensembles, evidence is presented that anthropogenic warming has likely increased the probability for the occurence of circumglobal Rossby waves. Further it is shown that this might lead to a doubling of such events until the end of the century under a high-emission scenario.
Overall, this thesis establishes several atmosphere-dynamical pathways by which changes in large scale temperature gradients might link to persistent boreal summer weather. It highlights the societal risks associated with the increasing occurence of a newly discovered Rossby wave teleconnection pattern, which has the potential to cause simultaneaous heat-extremes in the mid-latitudinal bread-basket regions. In addition, it provides further evidence that the traditional picture by which quasi-stationary Rossby waves occur only in the low wavenumber regime, should be reconsidered.
Heutzutage ist es üblich, die Ehre als einen obsoleten Begriff zu betrachten, der nur einem archaischen Denkmodell zuzuordnen ist und keine handlungsprägende Größe in der Gegenwartsgesellschaft darstellt. Die Ehrenmorde, die heute noch in unterschiedlichen Teilen der Welt verübt werden, scheinen diese Behauptung zu bestätigen. In diesem Buch wird jedoch die These vertreten, dass nicht der Ehrbegriff, sondern seine Deutungen archaischer Natur und daher in Frage zu stellen sind. Die Ehre ist die Bezeichnung des sozialen Werts eines Menschen, den er infolge seiner achtenswerten Handlungen erlangt. Also kann sie kein Motiv für moralisch fragwürdige Praktiken bilden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Formen und die Voraussetzungen der Ehre dargestellt, die sowohl in Bezug auf unsere Zeit anpassungsfähig als auch ethisch tragbar sind.