Refine
Year of publication
- 2024 (7)
- 2023 (38)
- 2022 (170)
- 2021 (143)
- 2020 (206)
- 2019 (276)
- 2018 (314)
- 2017 (298)
- 2016 (292)
- 2015 (256)
- 2014 (228)
- 2013 (187)
- 2012 (171)
- 2011 (141)
- 2010 (90)
- 2009 (120)
- 2008 (22)
- 2007 (15)
- 2006 (78)
- 2005 (73)
- 2004 (66)
- 2003 (24)
- 2002 (19)
- 2001 (30)
- 2000 (46)
- 1999 (64)
- 1998 (75)
- 1997 (74)
- 1996 (49)
- 1995 (29)
- 1994 (33)
- 1993 (3)
- 1992 (4)
- 1991 (1)
Document Type
- Article (2787)
- Doctoral Thesis (506)
- Postprint (139)
- Other (73)
- Review (52)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (34)
- Preprint (17)
- Conference Proceeding (13)
- Habilitation Thesis (12)
- Master's Thesis (6)
Keywords
- climate change (53)
- Holocene (44)
- erosion (28)
- permafrost (27)
- Himalaya (26)
- remote sensing (26)
- Climate change (23)
- Tibetan Plateau (22)
- Andes (20)
- Earthquake source observations (20)
- Pollen (20)
- Seismologie (20)
- climate (20)
- Erdbeben (19)
- earthquake (19)
- Erosion (17)
- tectonics (17)
- Seismicity and tectonics (16)
- Fernerkundung (15)
- Siberia (15)
- thermochronology (15)
- Arctic (14)
- Chile (14)
- modelling (14)
- stable isotopes (14)
- Central Andes (13)
- Central Asia (13)
- InSAR (13)
- Klimawandel (13)
- Anden (12)
- Climate (12)
- Germany (12)
- Seismology (12)
- cosmogenic nuclides (12)
- geomorphology (12)
- induced seismicity (12)
- landslides (12)
- seismology (12)
- subduction (12)
- Body waves (11)
- Permafrost (11)
- Site effects (11)
- Tektonik (11)
- Time-series analysis (11)
- landscape evolution (11)
- subduction zone (11)
- time series analysis (11)
- Argentina (10)
- Earthquake (10)
- Iran (10)
- Paleoclimate (10)
- Pamir (10)
- exhumation (10)
- floods (10)
- geochronology (10)
- lake sediments (10)
- natural hazards (10)
- paleoclimate (10)
- precipitation (10)
- Argentinien (9)
- Europe (9)
- Geomorphologie (9)
- Lake sediments (9)
- Ostracoda (9)
- PHREEQC (9)
- Paläoklima (9)
- South America (9)
- Subduction (9)
- Wave propagation (9)
- deep biosphere (9)
- landslide (9)
- modeling (9)
- monsoon (9)
- numerical modeling (9)
- numerische Modellierung (9)
- pollen (9)
- soil moisture (9)
- Asia (8)
- China (8)
- Diatoms (8)
- Geochronology (8)
- Geophysik (8)
- Himalayas (8)
- Inversion (8)
- Klima (8)
- Naturgefahren (8)
- Quaternary (8)
- Subduktion (8)
- biomarker (8)
- carbon dioxide (8)
- flood risk (8)
- geophysics (8)
- hydrology (8)
- machine learning (8)
- reactive transport (8)
- site effects (8)
- temperature (8)
- uncertainty (8)
- Biomarker (7)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (7)
- Deformation (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Geologie (7)
- Holozän (7)
- Inverse theory (7)
- Land use change (7)
- Modellierung (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Neotektonik (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Paleolimnology (7)
- Precipitation (7)
- Remote sensing (7)
- Tectonics (7)
- Water quality (7)
- geochemistry (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- isotopes (7)
- lakes (7)
- model (7)
- moment tensor (7)
- numerical simulation (7)
- runoff (7)
- suspended sediment (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- water (7)
- water balance (7)
- Anatolia (6)
- Earthquake hazards (6)
- Ecosystem services (6)
- GPS (6)
- Geochemistry (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- Indian summer monsoon (6)
- Induced seismicity (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Landslide (6)
- Magnetotellurik (6)
- Principal component analysis (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Seismic tomography (6)
- Soil moisture (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- Thermokarst (6)
- Younger Dryas (6)
- carbon cycle (6)
- damage (6)
- extension (6)
- geodynamics (6)
- geology (6)
- governance (6)
- inversion (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- monitoring (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- seismic hazard (6)
- snow (6)
- uplift (6)
- vulnerability (6)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Arktis (5)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
- Bodenfeuchte (5)
- Brazil (5)
- Crustal structure (5)
- East Africa (5)
- Flood risk (5)
- GIS (5)
- Geochemie (5)
- Geodynamik (5)
- Geomorphology (5)
- Hochwasser (5)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (5)
- Land use (5)
- Landsat (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Magnetotellurics (5)
- Menderes Massif (5)
- Momententensor (5)
- Monsun (5)
- NW Argentina (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Paleoclimatology (5)
- Paläoklimatologie (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Raman spectroscopy (5)
- Russia (5)
- Seismic attenuation (5)
- Seismotektonik (5)
- Sentinel-1 (5)
- Spektroskopie (5)
- Statistical seismology (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction zone processes (5)
- TRMM (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Tien Shan (5)
- Time series analysis (5)
- Topography (5)
- Transfer function (5)
- Tsunami (5)
- Turkey (5)
- Uncertainty (5)
- Vegetation (5)
- West Bohemia (5)
- Wind erosion (5)
- Zeitreihenanalyse (5)
- Zentralanden (5)
- agriculture (5)
- arctic (5)
- array seismology (5)
- biodiversity (5)
- body waves (5)
- climate change adaptation (5)
- climate-change (5)
- coastal erosion (5)
- connectivity (5)
- correlation (5)
- digital rock physics (5)
- dynamics (5)
- eclogite (5)
- evapotranspiration (5)
- extreme rainfall (5)
- foreland basin (5)
- grain size (5)
- hyperspectral (5)
- kosmogene Nuklide (5)
- magnetostratigraphy (5)
- methane (5)
- models (5)
- palaeoclimate (5)
- palaeoecology (5)
- paleomagnetism (5)
- plateau (5)
- radiocarbon (5)
- record (5)
- seismic noise (5)
- simulation (5)
- soil organic carbon (5)
- streamflow (5)
- surface processes (5)
- tectonic geomorphology (5)
- thermal modeling (5)
- time series (5)
- treeline (5)
- vegetation (5)
- water quality (5)
- wetland (5)
- Adaptation (4)
- Africa (4)
- Alps (4)
- Asian monsoon (4)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Cenozoic (4)
- Central Europe (4)
- Chinese loess (4)
- Computational seismology (4)
- Connectivity (4)
- Database (4)
- Dead Sea Transform (4)
- Denudation (4)
- Earthquake dynamics (4)
- Earthquake ground motions (4)
- East African Rift (4)
- Eastern Cordillera (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Electrical conductivity (4)
- EnMAP (4)
- Eocene (4)
- Erdmantel (4)
- Flood (4)
- Fluid-rock interaction (4)
- Fourier analysis (4)
- Geochronologie (4)
- Geodynamics (4)
- Geostatistics (4)
- Geothermie (4)
- Graph theory (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- HVSR (4)
- Himalaja (4)
- Hydrologie (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Ionic liquids (4)
- LGM (4)
- Lakes (4)
- LiDAR (4)
- Lonar Lake (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mediterranean (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- Metamorphism (4)
- Methane (4)
- Miocene (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Neotethys (4)
- Northeast German Basin (4)
- Oman (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Patagonia (4)
- Permian (4)
- Recurrence plot (4)
- Rheologie (4)
- Rhizosphere (4)
- SWAT (4)
- SWIM (4)
- Sedimentologie (4)
- Sedimentology (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Simulation (4)
- Soil hydrology (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Subduktionszone (4)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (4)
- Tarim Basin (4)
- Tectonic geomorphology (4)
- Temperature (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Tian Shan (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- UAV (4)
- Uncertainties (4)
- Vogtland (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- XRF (4)
- adaptation (4)
- analysis (4)
- carbon (4)
- catchment (4)
- change detection (4)
- climate extremes (4)
- crust (4)
- diatoms (4)
- diffusion (4)
- early warning (4)
- earthquakes (4)
- equifinality (4)
- evaporites (4)
- events (4)
- exposure (4)
- extreme events (4)
- faults (4)
- floodplain (4)
- fluid inclusions (4)
- forecasting (4)
- geothermal energy (4)
- glacier (4)
- heterogeneity (4)
- human impact (4)
- hydropower (4)
- hyporheic zone (4)
- impact (4)
- land use change (4)
- lidar (4)
- lithosphere (4)
- magnetotellurics (4)
- micro-CT (4)
- microbial activity (4)
- migration (4)
- nitrogen (4)
- numerical model (4)
- ocean color remote sensing (4)
- organic matter (4)
- pH (4)
- paleoaltimetry (4)
- paleolimnology (4)
- partial melting (4)
- permeability (4)
- photogrammetry (4)
- playa (4)
- plume (4)
- preparedness (4)
- radiation belts (4)
- rifting (4)
- salt pan (4)
- sediment (4)
- sedimentology (4)
- seismic tomography (4)
- signal propagation (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- stabile Isotope (4)
- strain localization (4)
- subsidence (4)
- sulfate reduction (4)
- time-series (4)
- trace elements (4)
- trend analysis (4)
- variability (4)
- vertical coupling (4)
- Active tectonics (3)
- Afrika (3)
- Alaska (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algeria (3)
- Alpine Fault (3)
- Antarctica (3)
- Aral Sea (3)
- Arctic Ocean (3)
- Arctic lakes (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- August 2002 flood (3)
- Australia (3)
- Barents Sea (3)
- Bayesian networks (3)
- Benzene (3)
- Beringia (3)
- Biomarkers (3)
- Biosilicification (3)
- Black Sea (3)
- Bolboschoenus maritimus (3)
- Carbonate (3)
- Chironomids (3)
- Climate Change (3)
- Climate reconstruction (3)
- Climate variability (3)
- Colombia (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Congo Air Boundary (3)
- Controlled source seismology (3)
- Cretaceous (3)
- Dead Sea (3)
- Diffusion (3)
- Digital Elevation Model (3)
- Dynamics: seismotectonics (3)
- ENSO (3)
- EXAFS (3)
- Early warning (3)
- Earthquakes (3)
- Earthworms (3)
- Eastern Alps (3)
- Ebro basin (3)
- Edough (3)
- Electromagnetics (3)
- Epistemic uncertainty (3)
- Erdrutsch (3)
- Europa (3)
- Event synchronization (3)
- Extreme rainfall (3)
- Flooding (3)
- Floods Directive (3)
- Fluid (3)
- Fluorescence imaging (3)
- Foraminifera (3)
- GNSS (3)
- Geophysics (3)
- Georadar (3)
- Geothermobarometry (3)
- Glaciation (3)
- Global change (3)
- Global inversion (3)
- Gondwana (3)
- Gravity (3)
- Ground penetrating radar (3)
- Ground-motion prediction equation (3)
- Hangrutschungen (3)
- Human evolution (3)
- Human impact (3)
- Hydrology (3)
- Hyperion (3)
- Iceland (3)
- India (3)
- Indian monsoon (3)
- Indonesia (3)
- Interferometry (3)
- Inundation (3)
- Ionosphere (3)
- Italy (3)
- June 2013 flood (3)
- Kalahari (3)
- Kamchatka (3)
- Kenya Rift (3)
- KiK-net (3)
- Kosmogene Nuklide (3)
- Kyrgyzstan (3)
- Lake sediment (3)
- Landschaftsentwicklung (3)
- Late Quaternary (3)
- Lateglacial (3)
- Lithospheric structure (3)
- MTBE (3)
- Marine terraces (3)
- Metasomatism (3)
- Migration (3)
- Modeling (3)
- Modelling (3)
- Mongolia (3)
- Monitoring (3)
- Multifunctionality (3)
- NAO (3)
- Nachbeben (3)
- Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (3)
- Neogene (3)
- Neotectonics (3)
- Nepal (3)
- Neural networks (3)
- New Zealand (3)
- Nitrogen (3)
- Northern Andes (3)
- Nutrients (3)
- Optische Fernerkundung (3)
- Organic matter (3)
- Ostantarktis (3)
- Overland flow (3)
- Pacific Ocean (3)
- Palaeoecology (3)
- Paleogene (3)
- Paleogeography (3)
- Paleohydrology (3)
- Paleoseismology (3)
- Paläolimnologie (3)
- Phosphorus (3)
- Phytoplankton (3)
- Pleistocene (3)
- Puna (3)
- Puna Plateau (3)
- Random Forest (3)
- Resilience (3)
- Rheology (3)
- River (3)
- Russian Arctic (3)
- S receiver functions (3)
- SAR (3)
- SRTM (3)
- Schadensmodellierung (3)
- Sediment Transport (3)
- Sediment budget (3)
- Sediment connectivity (3)
- Sediment load (3)
- Seismic cycle (3)
- Seismicity (3)
- Sensitivity analysis (3)
- Shallow-water carbonates (3)
- Slope (3)
- Soil (3)
- Soil erosion (3)
- South American Monsoon (3)
- Southeast Asia (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Stable isotopes (3)
- Standorteffekte (3)
- Statistical methods (3)
- Stratigraphy (3)
- Strukturgeologie (3)
- Suguta Valley (3)
- Sumatra (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Svalbard (3)
- Swarm constellation (3)
- Südamerika (3)
- TanDEM-X (3)
- Tephrostratigraphy (3)
- TerraceM (3)
- Tibet (3)
- Triassic (3)
- U-Pb geochronology (3)
- VIIRS DNB (3)
- Validation (3)
- Variscan (3)
- Varves (3)
- Volcano seismology (3)
- Water depth (3)
- Waveform inversion (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Westerlies (3)
- XRD (3)
- Zentralasien (3)
- acoustic emissions (3)
- ambient noise (3)
- bacteria (3)
- biostratigraphy (3)
- calcium phosphate (3)
- carbonate (3)
- classification (3)
- climate change impact (3)
- climate variability (3)
- coherence (3)
- coherency (3)
- convection (3)
- deep convection (3)
- deep learning (3)
- deformation (3)
- denudation (3)
- deposition (3)
- diamond anvil cell (3)
- diversity (3)
- drainage networks (3)
- dust (3)
- earthquake modeling (3)
- earthquake source observations (3)
- earthquake swarms (3)
- eastern south–central Andes (3)
- ecohydrology (3)
- ecosystems (3)
- elastic properties (3)
- electrical resistivity (3)
- equatorial electrojet (3)
- event coincidence analysis (3)
- flood (3)
- flood risk analysis (3)
- flooding (3)
- fluid-rock interaction (3)
- formation damage (3)
- frequency analysis (3)
- geomorphometry (3)
- geothermal (3)
- glacial hazards (3)
- glacial lake outburst floods (3)
- glaciers (3)
- global change (3)
- grain-size distribution (3)
- grazing (3)
- ground-penetrating radar (3)
- high pressure (3)
- high-pressure (3)
- hydraulic fracturing (3)
- hydrological modeling (3)
- hydrological modelling (3)
- hydrologische Modellierung (3)
- imaging (3)
- impacts (3)
- insurance (3)
- lake (3)
- land cover change (3)
- land-use change (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- marine terraces (3)
- mass (3)
- methane hydrate (3)
- mitigation (3)
- multivariate statistics (3)
- natural hazard (3)
- nearshore zone (3)
- northern high latitudes (3)
- numerical (3)
- numerical modelling (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- olivine (3)
- organic carbon (3)
- orogenic peridotite (3)
- orogeny (3)
- oxygen (3)
- paleoclimatology (3)
- patterns (3)
- permafrost degradation (3)
- permafrost thaw (3)
- pluvial floods (3)
- pollution (3)
- radial flow (3)
- radiogenic isotopes (3)
- rainfall (3)
- renewable energy (3)
- rheology (3)
- risk communication (3)
- risk management cycle (3)
- risk reduction (3)
- river incision (3)
- rivers (3)
- salt diffusion (3)
- scale (3)
- seasonality (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sediment routing (3)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (3)
- seismic monitoring (3)
- seismic risk (3)
- seismisches Rauschen (3)
- seismotectonics (3)
- sensitivity (3)
- silicon (3)
- soil (3)
- sorption (3)
- source parameters (3)
- spectral analysis (3)
- spectroscopy (3)
- stress field (3)
- suspended sediments (3)
- sustainable development (3)
- systems (3)
- thermal field (3)
- thermokarst lakes (3)
- tourmaline (3)
- tundra (3)
- uncertainty analysis (3)
- upper mantle (3)
- varved lake sediments (3)
- warvierte Seesedimente (3)
- water management (3)
- water resources (3)
- weathering (3)
- wetlands (3)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (2)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (2)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (2)
- AHP (2)
- ALOS World 3D (2)
- AMOC (2)
- ASTER GDEM (2)
- Abbildende Spektroskopie (2)
- Acadian (2)
- Accuracy Asseessment (2)
- Accuracy Assessment (2)
- Acidification (2)
- Acidithiobacillus (2)
- Acidothermus (2)
- Adana Basin (2)
- Affordability (2)
- AgI (2)
- Agricultural field (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Alborz (2)
- Alborz range (2)
- Algorithm (2)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (2)
- Alpen (2)
- Altiplano (2)
- Andean Plateau (2)
- Anisotropie (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Anpassung (2)
- Antarctic ice (2)
- Antarktis (2)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (2)
- Ar dating (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 dating (2)
- Aragonite (2)
- Arava Fault (2)
- Arava-Störung (2)
- Archaeolithoporella (2)
- Arctic ocean (2)
- Arctic tundra (2)
- Argentine margine (2)
- Argon (2)
- Array Seismology (2)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (2)
- Atlantic Ocean (2)
- Autocorrelation (2)
- Badlands (2)
- Baldeggersee (2)
- Baltic Sea (2)
- Band (2)
- Barasona Reservoir (2)
- Baseline shift (2)
- Batch experiments (2)
- Bayesian inference (2)
- Bayesian logistic regression (2)
- Bayesianism (2)
- Be-10 (2)
- Big Naryn complex (2)
- Biodegradation (2)
- Biogenic silica (2)
- Black shales (2)
- Blueschist (2)
- Boden (2)
- Bodenbewegungsmodelle (2)
- Bodenhydrologie (2)
- Bodenunruhe (2)
- Boosted regression trees (2)
- Boron isotopes (2)
- Bruchausbreitung (2)
- Buntsandstein (2)
- CDOM (2)
- CMIP5 models (2)
- CO2 (2)
- CU (2)
- Canada (2)
- Carbo-Iron (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Carbon colloid (2)
- Carbonates (2)
- Caribbean (2)
- Catchment classification (2)
- Central Chile (2)
- Central Pontides (2)
- Central andes (2)
- Central-Asia (2)
- Cerrado (2)
- Chaiten volcano (2)
- Cladocera (2)
- Clay mineralogy (2)
- Climate change adaptation (2)
- Climate dynamics (2)
- Coastal erosion (2)
- Coastal uplift (2)
- Code_Aster (2)
- Compression (2)
- Computational fluid dynamics (2)
- Conservation management (2)
- Continental margins: convergent (2)
- Continental neotectonics (2)
- Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform (2)
- Copernicus DEM (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Coulomb failure stress (2)
- Crustal density (2)
- DEM (2)
- DEM noise (2)
- DFT (2)
- DNA preservation (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Dead Sea basin (2)
- Deep carbon cycle (2)
- Deformationsmechanismen (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Deposition (2)
- Diagenesis (2)
- Diatomeen (2)
- Dichtemodellierung (2)
- Digital Elevation Models (2)
- Drought (2)
- Drought indices (2)
- ECHSE (2)
- ERA5 (2)
- Earth's magnetic field (2)
- East Antarctica (2)
- East Asian summer monsoon (2)
- East European Craton (2)
- Eastern Mediterranean (2)
- Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eger Rift (2)
- Elbe (2)
- Elbe estuary (2)
- Elburs (2)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (2)
- Electromagnetic theory (2)
- Element mobility (2)
- Environmental impact (2)
- Environmental magnetism (2)
- Environmental sciences (2)
- Equatorial Pacific (2)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (2)
- Erdbebenkatalog (2)
- Erdbebenschwarm 2008/09 (2)
- Erdbebenschwärme (2)
- Erdbebenvorhersage (2)
- Erdmagnetfeld (2)
- Error (2)
- Etna (2)
- European Alps (2)
- European basin system (2)
- Evapotranspiration (2)
- Exhumation (2)
- Export regime (2)
- Expression (2)
- Extension (2)
- Extraction (2)
- Extreme event (2)
- Firmicutes (2)
- Fish (2)
- Fission-track thermochronology (2)
- Floods (2)
- Fluid Flow (2)
- Fluid inclusions (2)
- Forecasting Framework (2)
- Foreland (2)
- Forest (2)
- Forschungsmethodik (2)
- Fracture and flow (2)
- Functional traits (2)
- Fuzzy logic (2)
- GEDI (2)
- GITEWS (2)
- GLDAS (2)
- GMPE (2)
- GNSS Reflectometry (2)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (2)
- GRACE (2)
- Garnet (2)
- Gas diffusion layer (2)
- Gashydrate (2)
- Gemmatimonadetes (2)
- Geology (2)
- Geomechanical Model (2)
- Geomorphic systems (2)
- Geosciences (2)
- Gewässerfernerkundung (2)
- Glacial geomorphology (2)
- Glacial refugia (2)
- Glacier Mass Balances (2)
- Glaciers (2)
- Gletscher (2)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (2)
- Global warming (2)
- Grain size (2)
- Grassland (2)
- Gravel-bed (2)
- Greenland ice cores (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equations (2)
- Gulf of Mexico (2)
- Gyttja (2)
- H/V ratio (2)
- HP/LT metamorphism (2)
- Halobacteria (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Helium (2)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Hochdruck (2)
- Hotspot (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hydrus-2D (2)
- Hyperspektral (2)
- ICESat-2 (2)
- IMPRESSIONS (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- Image processing (2)
- Imaging spectroscopy (2)
- Indian Monsoon (2)
- Indian Ocean (2)
- Indicators (2)
- Indien (2)
- Indischer Ozean (2)
- Indus (2)
- Insurance (2)
- Integrated modelling (2)
- Interaction (2)
- Interception (2)
- Interdisciplinarity (2)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (2)
- Island (2)
- Isotope (2)
- Isotopes (2)
- Jaguaribe Basin (2)
- Jurassic (2)
- Karbonat (2)
- Karbonate (2)
- Kenya (2)
- Kern-Mantel Grenze (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Kinetics (2)
- Klimarekonstruktion (2)
- Klimaänderung (2)
- Kohlenstoff (2)
- Kolumbien (2)
- Kuilyu complex (2)
- Kwajalein (2)
- Küstenerosion (2)
- L-Asterisk (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Lagerstätte (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Lake Mead (2)
- Lake level (2)
- Land-cover change (2)
- Land-use change (2)
- Landnutzung (2)
- Landnutzungswandel (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Landscape Response (2)
- Landslide inventory (2)
- Landslide susceptibility (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix gmelinii (2)
- Larix larch (2)
- Late Cretaceous (2)
- Lena Delta (2)
- Levant (2)
- Liguride Complex (2)
- Limnology (2)
- Lithosphäre (2)
- Loess (2)
- Long-Term (2)
- Loppa High (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- MC-ICP-MS (2)
- MO (2)
- Machine learning (2)
- Makran (2)
- Management (2)
- Maule (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Melt inclusions (2)
- Menderes Massiv (2)
- Methanhydrat (2)
- Methodology (2)
- Mexico (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Middle East (2)
- Middle Eocene deformation (2)
- Middle Strand (2)
- Miozän (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Moment tensor inversion (2)
- Momententensoren (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Mountain building (2)
- NW Himalaya (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- NW Turkey (2)
- Namche Barwa (2)
- Namibia (2)
- Nanoeisen (2)
- Nanogranitoids (2)
- Natural Hazards (2)
- Natural hazards (2)
- Near East (2)
- Near-surface geophysics (2)
- Nearshore zone (2)
- Neon (2)
- Nevado Coropuna (2)
- Non-monetary valuation (2)
- Non-uniqueness (2)
- Nordeste (2)
- North America (2)
- North Anatolian Fault (2)
- North Calabrian Unit (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Northwestern Anatolia (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- OSL (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Ocean color remote sensing (2)
- Ocean sciences (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- Open source (2)
- OpenForecast (2)
- OpenStreetMap (2)
- Orbital forcing (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Orogen (2)
- Ostafrikanisches Grabensystem (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- P-waves (2)
- Palaeoclimatology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleomagnetism (2)
- Paleoseismologie (2)
- Paläogeographie (2)
- Paläoklimadynamik (2)
- Paläomagnetik (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Panama (2)
- Panasqueira (2)
- Paris Agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Particle swarm optimization (2)
- Passive Microwave (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Patterns (2)
- Peat (2)
- Perm (2)
- Petrologie (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Photogrammetrie (2)
- Photogrammetry (2)
- Phragmites australis (2)
- Pinus pinaster (2)
- Pirquitas (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plateau (2)
- Plio-Pleistocene (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Pontides (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Provenance (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
- Quercus pubescens (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- REE (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Random forests (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Remediation (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Review (2)
- Rift (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risikokommunikation (2)
- Risk reduction (2)
- Riss (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SIMS (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SSW (2)
- Salinity (2)
- Salt Range (2)
- Salt pan (2)
- Samara (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Sanierung (2)
- Santa-Barbara system (2)
- Satellite geodesy (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Scaling (2)
- Schwarmbeben (2)
- Schwarzes Meer (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Sea of Marmara (2)
- Sediment Flux (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment yield (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seen (2)
- Seesediment (2)
- Seismic anisotropy (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Semiarid (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Sinkholes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Slip Distribution (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- Solid Earth sciences (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southern Apennines (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (2)
- Soziale Medien (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spannungsfeld (2)
- Spatial scale (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Spitzbergen (2)
- Sri Lanka (2)
- Starkregen (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structure elucidation (2)
- Structure-from-motion (2)
- Sturzflut (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subduction zone (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Surface roughness (2)
- Talik (2)
- Tectonic Evolution (2)
- Tectonic stress (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- Teteriv (2)
- The Netherlands (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (2)
- Tibet Plateau (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tomography (2)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (2)
- Tonminerale (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Totes Meer Störungssystem (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Tropen (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- Turbidite (2)
- Turbidity retrieval (2)
- Twitter (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- Ukraine (2)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (2)
- Uncertainty Processor (2)
- Unsicherheiten (2)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (2)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- VI (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Vertical flux (2)
- Verwerfungen (2)
- Vogtland/West Bohemia (2)
- Vogtland/Westböhmen (2)
- Volatilization (2)
- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Vorhersage (2)
- Vorlandbecken (2)
- Vulkan (2)
- Vulnerability (2)
- Vulnerabilität (2)
- WGHM (2)
- Walvis Ridge (2)
- Warven (2)
- Wasser (2)
- Wasserhaushalt (2)
- Water Availability (2)
- Water management (2)
- Water resources (2)
- Wave scattering and diffraction (2)
- Weather (2)
- Western Bug (2)
- Western Central Africa (2)
- Western Europe (2)
- Western Interior Basin (2)
- Western Qaidam Basin (2)
- Wetlands (2)
- Wetterlagen (2)
- WorldDEM (2)
- WorldView-2 (2)
- Wuchiapingian (2)
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- XANES (2)
- Yamal (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- acidophilic microorganisms (2)
- adaption measure (2)
- airglow (2)
- alpine (2)
- alps (2)
- alteration geochemistry (2)
- anatexis (2)
- anisotropy (2)
- architecture (2)
- arctic water bodies (2)
- argon dating (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- artificial light (2)
- artificial neural networks (2)
- assessment (2)
- assimilation (2)
- asthenosphere (2)
- astronomical calibration (2)
- attenuation tomography (2)
- attributes (2)
- automatic processing (2)
- basal accretion (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- bat fatalities (2)
- bedload transport (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biomass (2)
- black carbon (2)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (2)
- boreal forests (2)
- borehole leakage (2)
- calc-alkaline (2)
- calibration (2)
- canopy height (2)
- carbon export (2)
- carbon isotopes (2)
- carbon-cycle (2)
- carbonates (2)
- catchments (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- cellulose (2)
- cement (2)
- central Mediterranean (2)
- central Poland (2)
- central south island (2)
- change (2)
- characteristics (2)
- charcoal (2)
- chemical weathering (2)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (2)
- chronology (AICC2012) (2)
- circulation (2)
- clay mineral (2)
- climate networks (2)
- clinopyroxenite (2)
- clustering (2)
- coast (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coastal wetland (2)
- coesite (2)
- coherent noise (2)
- collision (2)
- complexes (2)
- composite properties (2)
- composition (2)
- compound flood (2)
- continental breakup (2)
- continental collision (2)
- continental lithosphere (2)
- convective available potential energy (2)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (2)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (2)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (2)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (2)
- critical meteorological condition (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- crystalline (2)
- damage assessment (2)
- damage modeling (2)
- data fusion (2)
- data science (2)
- data-mining (2)
- debris flow (2)
- decision tree (2)
- decomposition (2)
- deep carbon cycle (2)
- deforestation (2)
- deformation monitoring (2)
- degradation (2)
- delta-c-13 (2)
- dendroclimatology (2)
- dendrometer measurements (2)
- denitrification (2)
- density-driven flow (2)
- detrital carbonate (2)
- deuterium (2)
- dew-point temperature (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- digital elevation model (2)
- displacement (2)
- disturbance (2)
- ditch irrigation (2)
- downscaling (2)
- drainage of the catchment area (2)
- drained lake basins (2)
- dust sources (2)
- dynamic topography (2)
- early eocene (2)
- earth system model (2)
- earthquake catalog (2)
- earthquake damage (2)
- earthquake hydrology (2)
- earthquake interaction (2)
- earthquake source (2)
- earthquake swarm (2)
- earthquake swarm 2008/09 (2)
- eco-hydrology (2)
- ecological modelling (2)
- ecological niche modelling (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- edge-driven convection (2)
- elastic rock properties (2)
- electrical conductivity (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- electromagnetic (2)
- electrons (2)
- elektrische Leitfähigkeit (2)
- emergency response (2)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (2)
- environmental reconstruction (2)
- environmental seismology (2)
- eocene thermal maximum (2)
- eolian dust (2)
- equatorial ionosphere (2)
- erosion rates (2)
- evaporite minerals (2)
- event synchronization (2)
- extensional tectonics (2)
- extinction (2)
- extinction event (2)
- extracellular DNA (2)
- facies (2)
- fatigue (2)
- fault bend fold (2)
- fire (2)
- fire history (2)
- flash flood (2)
- flat-slab subduction (2)
- flood events (2)
- flood loss (2)
- flood risk management (2)
- floodplain sedimentation (2)
- floodplains (2)
- fluid flow (2)
- fluid migration (2)
- fluid-induced seismicity (2)
- fluids (2)
- fluorescence imaging (2)
- fluvial geomorphology (2)
- flux tracking (2)
- focal mechanisms (2)
- folds (2)
- food web (2)
- forecast (2)
- forest (2)
- forest structure (2)
- fracture growth (2)
- frictional properties (2)
- fundamental frequency (2)
- fuzzy logic (2)
- gabbros (2)
- garnet (2)
- gas hydrate (2)
- geo-bio interaction (2)
- geodynamic modeling (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geomagnetic observatory data (2)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (2)
- geyser (2)
- glacial erosion (2)
- glass (2)
- glasses (2)
- global (2)
- global environmental change (2)
- global monsoon (2)
- granitoids (2)
- granulite (2)
- green-green dilemma (2)
- ground motion (2)
- ground motion modeling (2)
- ground-motion modelling (2)
- groundwater flow (2)
- groundwater level (2)
- groundwater recharge (2)
- groundwater surface water interaction (2)
- groundwater vulnerability (2)
- growth response (2)
- gulf coastal plain (2)
- hanging wall (2)
- hazard (2)
- heat flow (2)
- heat-stress (2)
- heavy rainfall (2)
- helium-4 (2)
- heuristic analysis (2)
- high-pressure incubation system (2)
- high-resolution record (2)
- hillslopes (2)
- historical floods (2)
- historical geomagnetic storms (2)
- holocene (2)
- huddle test (2)
- human activity (2)
- human evolution (2)
- hybrid modelling (2)
- hydrate formation (2)
- hydro-meterological hazards (2)
- hydroclimatology (2)
- hydrogenase (2)
- hydrogeology (2)
- hydrological drought (2)
- hydrological signatures (2)
- hydrothermal systems (2)
- hyporheische Zone (2)
- hysteresis (2)
- ice (2)
- ice dynamics (2)
- ice sheet (2)
- identifying influential nodes (2)
- incision (2)
- inclination shallowing (2)
- innovation (2)
- insights (2)
- interception (2)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (2)
- internal structure (2)
- inundation (2)
- invasive species (2)
- inverse analysis (2)
- inverse modeling (2)
- inverse theory (2)
- ionic conductivity (2)
- ionic liquids (2)
- isotopic fractionation (2)
- karst (2)
- knickpoint (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- komplexes Netzwerk (2)
- lake Donggi Cona (2)
- lake catchments (2)
- lake drainage (2)
- lake monitoring (2)
- lake-level change (2)
- land use (2)
- landscape transience (2)
- last glacial period (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- length measurements (2)
- local structure (2)
- localized flooding (2)
- lokale Struktur (2)
- low molecular weight organic acids (2)
- lower crustal bodies (2)
- magma-poor (2)
- magmatic arc (2)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (2)
- magmatism (2)
- magnetosphere (2)
- management effects (2)
- mantle plumes (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- mapping (2)
- margins (2)
- marine Terrassen (2)
- marine sediments (2)
- maschinelles Lernen (2)
- mass wasting (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- melilitite (2)
- melts (2)
- metagenomic analysis (2)
- metal recycling plants (2)
- metaophiolite (2)
- metasomatism (2)
- meteoric 10Be (2)
- mica (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbial diversity (2)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (2)
- mineral mapping (2)
- minerals (2)
- mountain geomorphology (2)
- mountains (2)
- multi-slab (2)
- multispectral (2)
- multitemporal (2)
- multivariate Statistik (2)
- multivariate regression (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- n-alkanes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- natural dams (2)
- natural hazard management (2)
- neutrons (2)
- nightlights (2)
- noise cross (2)
- nonstationarity (2)
- normal faults (2)
- north-atlantic (2)
- numerical models (2)
- numerische Simulation (2)
- nutrient retention (2)
- object-based damage modeling (2)
- object-based image analysis (2)
- ocean acidification (2)
- oligocene climate (2)
- open (2)
- open data (2)
- operational service (2)
- ophiolite (2)
- opinion (2)
- optical data (2)
- origination (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- overland flow (2)
- oxygen isotopes (2)
- palaeoclimatology (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- palaeolimnology (2)
- paleo-sediment (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleohydrology (2)
- paleoseismology (2)
- paleosol sequence (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- part 1 (2)
- participation (2)
- passive microwave (2)
- pathogens (2)
- peatlands (2)
- periglacial landscapes (2)
- permafrost disturbances (2)
- permafrost ecosystems (2)
- permafrost regions (2)
- permeability test (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phytoplankton (2)
- plate tectonics (2)
- plume-ridge interaction (2)
- point cloud (2)
- point clouds (2)
- pollution indices (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (2)
- potentially toxic elements (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- pressure solution (2)
- pressures (2)
- prior derivation (2)
- probabilistic approaches (2)
- propagation (2)
- provenance (2)
- radiation-damage (2)
- radiogenic heat-production (2)
- railway transportation (2)
- ramp (2)
- random vibration (2)
- range shifts (2)
- rapid damage mapping (2)
- rare earth elements (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactivation (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- reaktiver Transport (2)
- receiver function (2)
- recovery (2)
- redox processes (2)
- reduction (2)
- reef (2)
- regimes (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- remagnetization (2)
- remote sensing data (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- required minimum runoff (2)
- reservoir (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- residential buildings (2)
- resilience (2)
- response time (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- rhizosphere (2)
- riparian zone (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- river discharge (2)
- river networks (2)
- river sediment (2)
- rock glaciers (2)
- rotation (2)
- rotational seismology (2)
- rutile-type (2)
- saline pan (2)
- saline pan cycle (2)
- salt dissolution (2)
- salt structures (2)
- san andreas fault (2)
- satellite data (2)
- savanna (2)
- scaling (2)
- scenario (2)
- sea (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- sea-level projections (2)
- sediment source fingerprinting (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment thickness (2)
- sediment transit time (2)
- sediment transport (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sedimentary basins (2)
- sedimentation pattern (2)
- seismicity (2)
- seismicity and tectonics (2)
- seismische Gefährdung (2)
- seismisches Risiko (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- shotgun sequencing (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- singleslab (2)
- skill (2)
- slags (2)
- slope failure (2)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (2)
- social (2)
- soil heterogeneity (2)
- soil landscape (2)
- soils (2)
- source direction (2)
- source inversion (2)
- source-to-sink (2)
- spatial autocorrelation (2)
- spatial correlation (2)
- spatial scales (2)
- special sensor microwave imager (2)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (2)
- species distribution model (2)
- spectral adjustment (2)
- speleothems (2)
- spin transition (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- statistical seismology (2)
- stratigraphy (2)
- stress (2)
- strike-slip fault (2)
- structural geology (2)
- structure from motion (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- subsidence analysis (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- summer monsoon (2)
- supervised machine learning (2)
- surface heat flow (2)
- surface reflectance (2)
- surface water flooding (2)
- surface wave (2)
- sustained casing pressure (2)
- switzerland (2)
- synchronization (2)
- synthesis (2)
- system analysis (2)
- tectonic evolution (2)
- tectonic inversion (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- tektonische Geomorphologie (2)
- thaw (2)
- theory (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermal properties (2)
- thermische Modellierung (2)
- thermobarometry (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thermodynamic modelling (2)
- thickness-displacement relationships (2)
- thorium (2)
- tibetan plateau (2)
- tide gauge observations (2)
- time-scale (2)
- time-series mapping (2)
- tin (2)
- tomography (2)
- topography (2)
- torsion (2)
- transferability (2)
- transform fault (2)
- transit-time (2)
- transport processes (2)
- travel time distribution (2)
- travel time distributions (2)
- trend detection (2)
- tritium assay (2)
- tropical biodiversity (2)
- tropical swamp (2)
- tropics (2)
- underground coal gasification (2)
- urban infill development (2)
- validation (2)
- varved sediments (2)
- varves (2)
- vegetation cover (2)
- vegetation history (2)
- vegetation states (2)
- vegetation trajectories (2)
- virulence (2)
- volcanic glass (2)
- volcanism (2)
- voring basin (2)
- wasting (2)
- water age (2)
- water balance model (2)
- water budget (2)
- water fluxes (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- wavelet (2)
- weakening mechanisms (2)
- weather (2)
- weather pattern (2)
- westerlies (2)
- wind energy production (2)
- wind speed (2)
- yedoma (2)
- zinc (2)
- zircon (2)
- %Ro (1)
- (Alters-) Datierungen (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (U-Th) (1)
- (U-Th)/He (1)
- (compliant) cracks (1)
- 0 (1)
- 10-Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- 16S rRNA genes (1)
- 2-D numerical model (1)
- 239+240 Plutonium (1)
- 26Al/10Be cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- 26Al/10Be kosmogene Radionuklide (1)
- 2D Numerical Modelling (1)
- 2D numerical experiments (1)
- 2D tomography (1)
- 3-D Modellierung (1)
- 3-D effects (1)
- 3-D outcrop modeling (1)
- 3D (1)
- 3D CAVE (1)
- 3D Finite Element (1)
- 3D geomechanisch-nummerische Modellierung (1)
- 3D map (1)
- 3D mesh generator (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D numerical models (1)
- 3D numerische Modelle (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D root (1)
- 3D thermal modelling (1)
- 40Ar-39Ar Datierungsmethode (1)
- 40Ar/39Ar (1)
- 7924 (1)
- 7934 (1)
- 7959 (1)
- ABSH-system (1)
- AFT (1)
- ALMaSS (1)
- ALOS/PALSAR (1)
- ALS (1)
- AMSR-E (1)
- AMSR2 (1)
- ANN (1)
- ARCH (1)
- ARIMA (1)
- ASM (1)
- ASPECT (1)
- ASTER Satellitendaten (1)
- ASTER satellite images (1)
- AVHRR (1)
- Abbaufrontkartierung (1)
- Abrupt events (1)
- Abschiebungshorizonte (1)
- Abschätzung der Unsicherheiten (1)
- Absolute age dating (1)
- Absolute shear-wave velocity (1)
- Absorption feature parameters (1)
- Absorptionseigenschaften (1)
- Abundance from Large Sites) model (1)
- Acanthocyclops (1)
- Accelerometer records (1)
- Accretion, underplating and exhumation processes (1)
- Acheulian (1)
- Acidobacteriaceae (1)
- Acidobactetiaceae (1)
- Active fault (1)
- Active seismic (1)
- Active volcanism (1)
- Actual evapotranspiration (1)
- Adana Becken (1)
- Adaptability (1)
- Adaptation process (1)
- Adaptation to climate change (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive value (1)
- Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data (1)
- Advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) (1)
- Advection (1)
- Aegean (1)
- Aegean Sea (1)
- Aeromagnetik (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- African climate (1)
- African humid period (1)
- Afrikanisches Klima (1)
- Aftershocks (1)
- Afyon Zone (1)
- Afyon volcanics (1)
- Afyon zone (1)
- Age-depth modelling (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Agglutinated foraminifera (1)
- Agricultural fields (1)
- Agricultural landscape (1)
- Agricultural management (1)
- Agricultural soils (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agro-meteorological data (1)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- Ahr (1)
- Ahr River (1)
- Air conditioners (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Air-pollution (1)
- Airborne lidar (1)
- Akkumulationsraten (1)
- Alanya (1)
- Alas (1)
- Alaunschiefer (1)
- Alberta (1)
- Albite-amphibolite facies (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Alkaline igneous rocks (1)
- Alkalinity (1)
- Alkalization (1)
- Alkenone (1)
- Allee effect (1)
- Allometry (1)
- AlpArray (1)
- Alpine geology (1)
- Alpine hazards (1)
- Altai (1)
- Altai Mountains (1)
- Alterationsgeochemie (1)
- Altersdatierung mit kosmogenen Nukliden (1)
- Altersmodelierung (1)
- Altlasten (1)
- Alto de Las Lagunas Ignimbrite (1)
- Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
- Alum shale (1)
- Aluminium– silicates (1)
- Amazon (1)
- Amazon region (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Ambient noise (1)
- Ambient noise tomography (1)
- Ambient seismic noise (1)
- Ambient seismic vibrations (1)
- Ambient vibration analysis (1)
- Ambient vibrations (1)
- Amery Oasis (1)
- Amery-Oase (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amino acid (1)
- Amoebal silicon (1)
- Amorphous silica (1)
- Amphibole geothermobarometry (1)
- Amphibolites (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amplifier Lakes (1)
- Amplitude and waveform analysis of PcP (1)
- Amplitude ratio (1)
- Anaerobic digestion (1)
- Analog historical seismograms (1)
- Analog material (1)
- Analogmodell (1)
- Analogue Model (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Analogue seismic records (1)
- Analyse komponentenspezifischer Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Anatexis (1)
- Anatolia westward motion (1)
- Anatolide-Tauride Block (1)
- Anatolien (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Ancient Gneiss Complex (1)
- Ancient forest (1)
- Andean back-arc; (1)
- Andean plateau (1)
- Andean retroarc (1)
- Anden / Störung <Geologie> / Strukturgeologie / Magnetotellurik / Chile <Nord> (1)
- Andenplateau Puna (1)
- Andes Centrales (1)
- Angastaco Formation (1)
- Angewandte Geophysik (1)
- Angkor (1)
- Animal personalities (1)
- Anisotrope Inversion (1)
- Anisotropie der Leitfähigkeit (1)
- Anisotropy of magnetic remanence (1)
- Annual 30-day minimum flow (1)
- Annual laminae (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1)
- Antarctic glaciology (1)
- Antecedent conditions (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Anthropogenic sources (1)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (1)
- Antwortspektren (1)
- Apatit-(U-Th)/He Datierung (1)
- Apatit-Spaltspurendatierung (1)
- Apatite (U-Th)/He, apatite fission track dating (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (ACP) (1)
- Aphanizomenon (1)
- Appalachian Mountains (1)
- Applied Geophysics (1)
- Applied geophysics (1)
- Aptian (1)
- Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- Aquatic macrophytes (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Aquifer systems (1)
- Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) (1)
- Ar (1)
- Ar-39 (1)
- Ar-40 (1)
- Ar-40-Ar-39 geochronology (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 age (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 laser ablation (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Ar-Ar geochronology (1)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (1)
- Arabia-Eurasia collision (1)
- Arabian Plate (1)
- Arabian Sea (1)
- Arabian carbonate platform (1)
- Arabian plate (1)
- Arabische Platte (1)
- Aralsee (1)
- Arauco Bay (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (1)
- Arc accretion (1)
- Arc magmatism (1)
- Archaean SCLM (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archean (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Archetyp (1)
- Archäomagnetismus (1)
- Arctic Russia (1)
- Arctic Siberia (1)
- Arctic climate change (1)
- Arctic limnology (1)
- Arctic nearhore zone (1)
- Arctic tundra ecosystems (1)
- Argentinean broken foreland (1)
- Argon-Argon dating (1)
- Arid Central Asia (1)
- Arid central Asia (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Aridity gradient (1)
- Arkose (1)
- Arktik (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Array Seismologie (1)
- Array measurements (1)
- Array-Entwurf (1)
- Artem Erkomaishvili (1)
- Artifact (1)
- Artificial catchment (1)
- Artificial mixture (1)
- Artificial neuronal network (1)
- Artificial water catchment (1)
- Ashmura (1)
- Asiatischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Asien (1)
- Assapaat landslide (1)
- Asset estimation (1)
- Assimilation-fractional crystallization (1)
- Asteroid (1)
- Asthenospheric flow (1)
- Asthenospheric fluid (1)
- Asthenosphäre (1)
- Asymmetric basin (1)
- Asymmetric rifting (1)
- Ataturk Dam Lake (1)
- Atlas Mountains (1)
- Atmospheric CO2 concentration (1)
- Atmospheric chemistry (1)
- Atmospheric dynamics (1)
- Atmospheric science (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Attribut-Analysen (1)
- Attributanalyse (1)
- Attribute (1)
- Auenbereich (1)
- Aufenthaltsdauer (1)
- Aufschluss-Modellierung (1)
- Auftretensrate (1)
- Auslösemechanismus (1)
- Australien (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- Authigenic mineral formation (1)
- Authigenic mineral transformation (1)
- Automatic detection (1)
- Availability (1)
- Avalanche forecasting (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Aymara (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- BNDVI (1)
- BRDF (1)
- Babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. synonym: Orbignya phalerata Mart.) (1)
- Bachstufen (1)
- Back-arc basin (1)
- Backarc extension (1)
- Backbone model (1)
- Bagging (1)
- Baikalsee (1)
- Baiu (1)
- Bajgan Complex (1)
- Bajgan/Durkan (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Baladeh (1)
- Baladeh earthquake (1)
- Balanced cross section (1)
- Baltic Sea Coast (1)
- Baltic Sea coast (1)
- Baraba forest-steppe (1)
- Baragoi (1)
- Barasona reservoir (1)
- Barberton Greenstone Belt (1)
- Barite concretion (1)
- Barremian-Aptian (1)
- Barrovian metamorphism (1)
- Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- Baryt (1)
- Basal Clastics (1)
- Basalt-Vulkane (1)
- Basaltic ash-fall deposits (1)
- Basanite (1)
- Baseline error (1)
- Basement-cored ranges (1)
- Basement-involved thrusts (1)
- Basilika formation (1)
- Basin analysis (1)
- Basin axial submarine channel (1)
- Basomtso (1)
- Bavaria (1)
- Bay of Bengal (1)
- Bayes (1)
- Bayes'sche Netze (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian classification (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical model (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Bayesian modeling (1)
- Bayesian non-parametrics (1)
- Bayesische Statistik (1)
- Be-10 depth-profiles (1)
- Beacon fire (1)
- Beamforming (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Beckenentwicklung (1)
- Beckenstruktur (1)
- Bedded chert (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Bentheim sandstone (1)
- Beobachtung von Erdbebenquellen (1)
- Bergsturz (1)
- Bergstürze (1)
- Best management practice (1)
- Bet-hedging germination (1)
- Beton (1)
- Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp czerepanovii (1)
- Beweidung (1)
- Bildbearbeitung (1)
- Billefjorden trough (1)
- Binalud Mountains (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity experiments (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity monitoring (1)
- Biodiversity theory (1)
- Biodiversität (1)
- Biogas fermentation residues (1)
- Biogeochemical Si cycle (1)
- Biogeochemie (1)
- Biogeochemistry (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biogeowissenschaften (1)
- Biological indicator (1)
- Biomass water (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomisation (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bioturbation (1)
- Bitlis complex (1)
- Bitterfeld (1)
- Bivalvia (1)
- Bivariate flood quantile (1)
- Blattverschiebung (1)
- Blattwachse (1)
- Blei (1)
- Blockgletscher (1)
- Blueschist metamorphism (1)
- Bocono (1)
- Bodenbewegung (1)
- Bodenbewegungsmodellierung (1)
- Bodenfeuchtigkeit (1)
- Bodenheterogenität (1)
- Bodenkohlenstoff (1)
- Bodenparameter (1)
- Bodenwasser (1)
- Bodenwassergehalt (1)
- Bohemian Massif (1)
- Bohrloch-Rekonstruktion (1)
- Bohrlochmessungen (1)
- Bohrlochrandausbrüche (1)
- Boldness (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Bolivian tin belt (1)
- Boosted regression trees (BRT) (1)
- Boostrap aggregation (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Bor (1)
- Bor-isotopen (1)
- Boreal ecosystems (1)
- Borehole image logs (1)
- Borehole reconstruction (1)
- Borisotope; Zentrale Anden; kontinentaler Arc-Vulkanismus; Across-arc Variation; Borisotopenfraktionierung; krustale Kontamination (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Boron isotopes; Central Andes; continental arc volcanism; across-arc variation; boron isotope fractionation; crustal contamination (1)
- Borrelia afzelii (1)
- Borrelia lusitaniae (1)
- Bosumtwi (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Boundary line analysis (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brahmaputra River (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Brandenburg (1)
- Braunsbach (1)
- Braunsbach Sturzflut (1)
- Braunsbach flash flood (1)
- Bray-Curtis (1)
- Brazilian Earth System Model (1)
- Brilliant blue (1)
- Britholite (1)
- British Columbia (1)
- Brittle deformation (1)
- Brittle fault analysis (1)
- Brittle precursors (1)
- Broad-band seismometers (1)
- Bruchflaechenstruktur (1)
- Bruchmechanik (1)
- Bruchmodel (1)
- Bruchverfolgung (1)
- Bruchzähigkeit (1)
- Brunovistulicum (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Bucht von Bengalen (1)
- Buckingham-Darcy law (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- Bulfat (1)
- Bulk compressibility (1)
- Burned areas (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Bykovsky Peninsula (1)
- C and O K-edge spectra (1)
- C isotopes (1)
- C sequestration (1)
- C-13 and O-18 chemostratigraphy (1)
- C-13-glucose (1)
- C-14 (1)
- C-14 analyses (1)
- C-14 bomb peak (1)
- C-14-derived chronology (1)
- C-Q relationship (1)
- C3 and C4 grasses (1)
- CAOB (1)
- CCSEM (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMIP6 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COH fluid (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- CPC-uni (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CRS (1)
- Caatinga (1)
- Caimancito oil field (1)
- Caimancito-Ölfeld (1)
- Calabria (1)
- Calderas (1)
- Caledonian (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (1)
- Campo petrolero Caimancito (1)
- Can Tho (1)
- Canadian Beaufort Sea (1)
- Canary Islands (1)
- Canopy storage capacity (1)
- Canopy structure (1)
- Cantera (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Cappadocia (1)
- Carbo-Iron (R) (1)
- Carbo-Iron® (1)
- Carbon 14 (1)
- Carbon and oxygen isotopes (1)
- Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13(TOC)) (1)
- Carbon isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbon redistribution (1)
- Carbon sequestration (1)
- Carbon stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonate and mudrock facies (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Carbonate platform response (1)
- Carbonate platforms (1)
- Carbonate-Silicate reactions (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Carboniferous (1)
- Carboniferous magmatism (1)
- Carnian Pluvial Event (1)
- Carpholite (1)
- Carrara marble (1)
- Carrara-marmor (1)
- Catabolic genes (1)
- Catastrophic valley infill (1)
- Catchment (1)
- Catchment characteristics (1)
- Catchment geomorphology (1)
- Catchment order (1)
- Catchment scale (1)
- Catchment wetness (1)
- Cation-exchange capacity (1)
- Causal structure (1)
- Causality (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cell counts (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cenozoic aridification (1)
- Cenozoic basins (1)
- Cenozoic climate transitions (1)
- Cenozoic flat-slab (1)
- Cenral Andes (1)
- Central Alps (1)
- Central Anatolia (1)
- Central Anatolian Plateau (1)
- Central Anatolian plateau (1)
- Central India (1)
- Central Iranian micro-continent (CIM) (1)
- Central Mediterranean (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Central Tertiary Basin (1)
- Central Yakutia (1)
- Central-western Mongolia (1)
- Cerro Machin Volcano (1)
- Chaco-Paraná Becken (1)
- Chaco-Paraná basin (1)
- Chain structure (1)
- Changbai mountains (1)
- Change detection (1)
- Change point analysis (1)
- Change points (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Changes in fluvial systems (1)
- Changing World (1)
- Channel Transmission Losses (1)
- Channel island (1)
- Chao (1)
- Chara/Characeae (1)
- Characteristic pollen source area (1)
- Charnockit (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chemical fractionation (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chile Rücken (1)
- Chile convergent margin (1)
- Chile ridge (1)
- Chile subduction zone (1)
- Chilean Andes (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chilean subduction zone (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chirete (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chloritoid (1)
- Chota formation (1)
- Cignana (1)
- Cimmerian orogeny (1)
- Cinética de fases (1)
- Cinética del querógeno (1)
- Circular statistics (1)
- City boundaries (1)
- City population (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Cladocoropsis (1)
- Classification trees (1)
- Clay Minerals (1)
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (1)
- Climate Adaptation (1)
- Climate Mitigation (1)
- Climate adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation Saxony (1)
- Climate feedback (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Climate modelling (1)
- Climate prediction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Climatic variations (1)
- Clockwise P-T path (1)
- Clogging (1)
- Clonal plants (1)
- Closed chamber measurements (1)
- Closure temperature (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster analysis moment (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Coastal Cordillera (Chile) (1)
- Coastal hazards (1)
- Coastal regions (1)
- Coastal sedimentation (1)
- Coastal sequence of shorelines (1)
- Coastal zone (1)
- Coda waves (1)
- Coesite-bearing eclogite (1)
- Cold air surges (1)
- Collision (1)
- Collision zone (1)
- Colloid transport (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colorado (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Combin (1)
- Combine (1)
- Comets (1)
- Common garden experiments (1)
- Common vole (1)
- Common-Reflection-Surface (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comparative hydrology (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Competition (1)
- Complex network (1)
- Complex terrain (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Composition and structure of the continental crust (1)
- Composition of the mantle (1)
- Compositional data analysis (1)
- Compound dislocation models (CDMs) (1)
- Compound flood event (1)
- Compound-specific carbon isotope (1)
- Compound-specific isotope (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotopic (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Computational neuroscience (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationship (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationships (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concept of differentiated land use (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductive channel (1)
- Conductive thermal field (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductivity depth model (1)
- Confidence interval (1)
- Coniacian (1)
- Coniacian-Santonian boundary (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Conservation genetics (1)
- Conservation planning (1)
- Consumption (1)
- Contact model (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Contamination Control (1)
- Continental Rifts (1)
- Continental biomarkers (1)
- Continental margins: transform (1)
- Continental tectonics: compressional (1)
- Continuity (1)
- Continuous temperature logging (1)
- Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) (1)
- Controlling factors (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convective storms (1)
- Convergent margins (1)
- Cooling and unroofing history (1)
- Cooling rates (1)
- Coordination failure (1)
- Coordination number (1)
- Copernicus (1)
- Coping appraisal (1)
- Copulas (1)
- Coral reef terraces (1)
- Corbicula (1)
- Core complex (1)
- Core-mantle baundary (1)
- Core-mantle boundary (1)
- Corestone (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Coseismic coastal uplift (1)
- Coseismic rupture (1)
- Coseismic slip distribution (1)
- Cosmic-ray (1)
- Cosmic-ray neutrons (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 erosion rates (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 exposure dating (1)
- Cosmogenic Nuclides (1)
- Cosmogenic-nuclide geochronology (1)
- Cost-benefit (1)
- Costs (1)
- Cotentin and Western Europe (1)
- Coulomb stress (1)
- Coulombspannung (1)
- Coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- Coupled heat and mass transport (1)
- Crack opening and closure (1)
- Cratons (1)
- Creep (1)
- Creep and deformation (1)
- Cretaceous basin (1)
- Cristobalite (1)
- Critical taper wedge (1)
- Critical zone (1)
- Crop rotation (1)
- Crop type mapping (1)
- Cross-dating (1)
- Cross-scale interaction (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Crosshole tomography (1)
- Crustal earthquakes (1)
- Crustal melting (1)
- Crustal stretching style (1)
- CryoGRID (1)
- Cryogenian (1)
- Cryolithology (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Cryostratigraphy (1)
- Crystal nucleation (1)
- Cs-137 (1)
- Cuenca Cretácica (1)
- Cuenca intramontana (1)
- Cuesta de la chilca (1)
- Cultural ecosystem services (1)
- Culture growth dynamics (1)
- Cumbres Calchaquies (1)
- Cuora (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobium (1)
- Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) (1)
- Cyclostratigraphy (1)
- Cyprus (1)
- Cyprus arc (1)
- D” Schicht (1)
- D” layer (1)
- D-enrichment (1)
- DANSER (1)
- DAS (1)
- DBH (1)
- DCB (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DEM generation (1)
- DIN EN 1998-1/NA (1)
- DOC (1)
- DOC vs. DIC (1)
- Dabie Shan (1)
- Dairy cow (1)
- Dam engineering (1)
- Damage modeling (1)
- Damage reduction (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations (1)
- Danube (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Data-Mining (1)
- Database model (1)
- Databases (1)
- Datenanalyse (1)
- Datenbearbeitung (1)
- Datenfilter (1)
- Dauer der Bodenbewegung (1)
- Dauerfrostboden (1)
- Dead Sea Basin (1)
- Dead Sea deep drilling project (1)
- Death Valley (1)
- Debris avalanche deposit (1)
- Debris flow (1)
- Debris flows (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Deep Learning (1)
- Deep biosphere (1)
- Deep fluids (1)
- Deep ocean redox condition (1)
- Deep percolation flux (1)
- Deep-marine sedimentology (1)
- Deep-sea records (1)
- Deforestation (1)
- Deformación cuaternaria (1)
- Deformationsquellenmodellierung (1)
- Deglaciation (1)
- Dehnungsdeformation (1)
- Dehydration (1)
- Denali (1)
- Dendrobaena veneta (1)
- Dendroklimatologie (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Denitrifikation (1)
- Densification (1)
- Density (1)
- Density dependence (1)
- Density modelling (1)
- Denudationsraten (1)
- Depositional origin (1)
- Depositional setting (1)
- Depth perception (1)
- Desert wetland ecosystems (1)
- Desertification (1)
- Detrital layers (1)
- Deuterium Exzesses (1)
- Deuterium excess (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diagenese (1)
- Diagenetic barium cycling (1)
- Diaguita (1)
- Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- Diamantstempelzellen (1)
- Diamond anvil cell (1)
- Diatexites (1)
- Diatom frustule (1)
- Dichteheterogenitäten im oberen Mantel (1)
- Diffuse pollution (1)
- Digital elevation model (1)
- Digital geology (1)
- Digital terrain analysis (1)
- Digitale Gesteinsphysik (1)
- Dike (1)
- Dinoflagellatenzyste (1)
- Dinosterol (1)
- Diol (1)
- Direct economic loss (1)
- Direct push (1)
- Directivity (1)
- Disaster impact analysis (1)
- Disaster loss databases (1)
- Discontinuity surfaces (1)
- Discrete Element Method (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Dispersal (1)
- Dispersion curve (1)
- Dispersion curves (1)
- Dispersionskurven (1)
- Dissolution collapse breccia (1)
- Dissolution precipitation replacement (1)
- Dissolved organic matter (DOM) (1)
- Distachyapites (1)
- Distally steepened ramps (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- Distribution functions with upper bound (1)
- Distribution patterns (1)
- Disturbance index (1)
- Diurnal fluctuations (1)
- Divergent mantle flow (1)
- Dolomites (1)
- Dominant link directions (1)
- Dora-Maira (1)
- Dormancy (1)
- Downholemethods (1)
- Downscaling socio-economic scenarios (1)
- Drainage capture (1)
- Drainage morphometry (1)
- Drainage network (1)
- Drainage networks (1)
- Drill-core reorientation (1)
- Drinking water quality (1)
- Driving forces (1)
- Drohnen-Fernerkundung (1)
- Droughts (1)
- Druck-Temperatur Bedingungen (1)
- Drucklösungsprozesse (1)
- Dry land degradation (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Dryland Rivers (1)
- Drylands (1)
- Duplex (1)
- Duricrusts (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust deposition (1)
- Dyke (1)
- Dynamic behavior (1)
- Dynamic bulk modulus (1)
- Dynamic input-output model (1)
- Dynamic landscapes (1)
- Dynamic vegetation models (1)
- Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (1)
- Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle (1)
- Dämpfungstomographie (1)
- Décollement (1)
- E Anatolia (1)
- EDX (1)
- ELA (1)
- EMI sensors (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EMIC waves (1)
- EMMA (1)
- ENSO/IOD (1)
- EPS (1)
- EROEI (1)
- ERV model (1)
- ETAS (1)
- ETAS Modell (1)
- ETAS model (1)
- EU Floods Directive (1)
- Earliest Cambrian (1)
- Early Earth (1)
- Early Eocene (1)
- Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (1)
- Early Paleogene (1)
- Early Pleistocene (1)
- Early cretaceous (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Early warning system (1)
- Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective (1)
- Earth materials (1)
- Earth tides (1)
- Earth's mantle (1)
- Earthquake forecasting (1)
- Earthquake loss modelling (1)
- Earthquake magnitude (1)
- Earthquake rates (1)
- Earthquake scenario (1)
- Earthquake swarm (1)
- East African Plateau (1)
- East African rift system (1)
- East Siberia (1)
- Eastern Africa (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Eastern Himalaya (1)
- Eastern Karoo Basin (1)
- Eastern Tibet (1)
- Eastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Eastern hemisphere (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Echtzeitanwendung (1)
- Eclogites (1)
- Ecogeomorphology (1)
- Ecohydrology (1)
- Ecological boundaries (1)
- Ecological competition (1)
- Ecological health (1)
- Ecological vulnerability (1)
- Economic network (1)
- Ecosystem dissimilarity (1)
- Ecosystem dynamics (1)
- Ecosystem engineer (1)
- Ecosystem function (1)
- Ecosystem functions and services (1)
- Ecosystem research (1)
- Ecosystem response (1)
- Ecotone hierarchy (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Edelgase (1)
- Edelgasisotope (1)
- Edge effects (1)
- Ediacaran (1)
- Education (1)
- Eemian (1)
- Effective dimensionality (1)
- Effective number of species (1)
- Effectiveness (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Eifel (1)
- Eifel Depression (1)
- Eifel maar (1)
- Eifeler Nord-Süd-Zone (1)
- Einengungsraten (1)
- Einsatzzeiten (1)
- Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Einzugsgebietshydrologie (1)
- Einzugsgebietsklassifizierung (1)
- Eisdamm (1)
- Eisdynamik (1)
- Eisenbahninfrastruktur (1)
- Eisenbuhl (1)
- Eisenia fetida (1)
- Eismodell (1)
- Ejina Basin (1)
- Ejina Becken (1)
- Eklogite (1)
- El Hierro (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- Elastic response (1)
- Elastische Gesteinseigenschaften (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Elbe Ästuar (1)
- Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electrical resistivity imaging (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electricity generation by source (1)
- Elektrische Widerstandstomographie (ERT) (1)
- Element partitioning (1)
- Ellenberg indicator values (1)
- Elymus trachycaulus (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergence time (1)
- Emergent macrophytes (1)
- Emission scenarios (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Empirical Mode Decomposition (1)
- Empirical ground-motion models (1)
- Empirical site amplification functions (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2 (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2.0 (1)
- EnMAP Satellit (1)
- EnMAP satellite (1)
- End-member modeling (1)
- Endemism (1)
- Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle (1)
- Endosulfan (1)
- Energy and society (1)
- Energy crops (1)
- Energy security (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems (1)
- Enrichment factor (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Ensemble analysis (1)
- Ensemble-Analyse (1)
- Ensembles (1)
- Enstatite (1)
- Entwicklungsländer (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Environmental change (1)
- Environmental drivers (1)
- Environmental isotopes (1)
- Environmental vulnerability (1)
- Eocene deformation (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene transition (1)
- Eozän (1)
- Ephedripites (1)
- Epiphytic foraminifera (1)
- Epithermal Ag-Sn deposits (1)
- Equant (stiff) pores (1)
- Equilibrium phase modeling (1)
- Erbeben (1)
- Erdbeben Modellierung (1)
- Erdbeben-Magnitude (1)
- Erdbebengefährdung (1)
- Erdbebengefährdungsabschätzungen (1)
- Erdbebeninteraktion (1)
- Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Erdbebenmodelierung (1)
- Erdbebenquellen-Array (1)
- Erdbebenquellinversion (1)
- Erdbebenschwarm 2008 (1)
- Erdbebenschäden (1)
- Erdbebenwechselwirkung (1)
- Erdbeeben (1)
- Erdbeobachtung (1)
- Erdfälle (1)
- Erdrutsche (1)
- Ereignissynchronisation (1)
- Eroded soil types (1)
- Erodium cicutarium (1)
- Erosion processes (1)
- Erosion rate reconstructions (1)
- Error propagation (1)
- Eruptive recurrence (1)
- Erz (1)
- Erzgebirge (1)
- Etendeka (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Euglyphida (1)
- Euler-Liouville (1)
- Eulerian grid (1)
- Eulerische Gitter (1)
- Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) (1)
- Eurasian active margin (1)
- Eurasischer aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (1)
- European Vegetation Archive (EVA) (1)
- European air quality (1)
- European beech forest (1)
- European strong motion data (1)
- Europäische Alpen (1)
- Eutrophication (1)
- Evaporites (1)
- Evaporitic varves (1)
- Event Koinzidenz Analyse (1)
- Event-based modeling (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Ex ante assessment (1)
- Ex situ/in situ population genetic comparison (1)
- Excavation plan (1)
- Exchangeable Ca (1)
- Exhumationsprozesse (1)
- Exhumationsraten (1)
- Exhumierung (1)
- Expectation maximisation (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental (1)
- Experimental petrology (1)
- Expert judgment (1)
- Expert study (1)
- Expositionsaltersdatierung (1)
- Expositionsmodellen (1)
- Extended R-Value model (1)
- Extensional duplex (1)
- Extent (1)
- Extracellular DNA (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extreme discharge data (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme habitats (1)
- Extreme value statistics (1)
- Extremereignisse (1)
- Extremniederschlag (1)
- Extremniederschläge (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremwertstatistik (1)
- Exudates (1)
- F-test (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FEM (1)
- FEM models (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FISH (1)
- FT-ICR-MS (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Faceted taxonomy (1)
- Facies (1)
- Facies modeling (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- Falten (1)
- Famatina belt (1)
- Famatinian (1)
- FastScape (1)
- Fault Healing (1)
- Fault architecture (1)
- Fault core and damage zone (1)
- Fault healing (1)
- Fault interaction (1)
- Fault linkage and interaction (1)
- Fault-rock microstructures (1)
- Faults (1)
- Fauna (1)
- Fe-C composite (1)
- Fe-Mg-carpholite (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Federal Water Act (1)
- Feedback biotic-abiotic (1)
- Fehlerquellen der Modellierung (1)
- Feinsedimente (1)
- Feld (1)
- Feldarbeit (1)
- Feldspar zoning (1)
- Feldspat (1)
- Felsic volcanism (1)
- Felsmechanik (1)
- Fen complex (1)
- Fen stratigraphy (1)
- Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (1)
- Fernerkundung an Vulkanen (1)
- Ferric iron (1)
- Ferroperiklas (1)
- Ferrous iron (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Festigkeit des Schiefer (1)
- Fiber analysis (1)
- Field analogue (1)
- Field aquifer (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Final run (1)
- Finnmark Platform (1)
- First ovulation (1)
- Fiscal costs (1)
- Fission track (zircon) (1)
- Flache Subduktion (1)
- Flachwassercarbonate (1)
- Flash flood (1)
- Flash flood analysis (1)
- Flash floods (1)
- Flat subduction (1)
- Flood Forecasting (1)
- Flood damage potential (1)
- Flood duration (1)
- Flood forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency (1)
- Flood frequency analysis (1)
- Flood generating processes (1)
- Flood impacts (1)
- Flood loss (1)
- Flood losses (1)
- Flood magnitude (1)
- Flood regimes (1)
- Flood regionalisation (1)
- Flood risk management (1)
- Flood timing (1)
- Flora (1)
- Flow regime (1)
- Flow velocity (1)
- Flowback (1)
- Flower structure (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid processes (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-Gesteinswechselwirkungen (1)
- Fluid-Schmelze Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid-strömungen (1)
- Fluid/magma reservoir (1)
- Fluide (1)
- Fluideinschluss (1)
- Fluidströmung (1)
- Flume channel (1)
- Fluoreszenzbildgebung (1)
- Flussbettmorphologie (1)
- Flussprozesse (1)
- Flussterrassen (1)
- Flutbasalt (1)
- Fluvial Incision (1)
- Fluvial longitudinal profile (1)
- Fluvial terrace (1)
- Flüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse (1)
- Flüssigkeitsinklusionen (1)
- Focal mechanism (1)
- Focused ion beam (1)
- Fold and thrust belt (1)
- Folgenabschätzung (1)
- Food security (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Fore-Arc (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Forearc dewatering (1)
- Forecasting (1)
- Foreland basin (1)
- Foreland basin fragmentation (1)
- Foreland basins (1)
- Forensic disaster analysis (1)
- Forest change (1)
- Forest disturbance (1)
- Forest ecosystem (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Forest mineral topsoil (1)
- Forest regeneration (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Formación Yacoraite (1)
- Formalised scenario analysis (1)
- Formationsschaden (1)
- Forstwirtschaft (1)
- Fortet member (1)
- Fossil DNA (1)
- Fotogrammetrie (1)
- Fourier spectra (1)
- Fourier transformation (1)
- Fourier-Spektren (1)
- Fractional cover (1)
- Fractionation (1)
- Fracture mechanics (1)
- Fracture sealing (1)
- Fracture wall offset (1)
- Fractured carbonate geothermal reservoirs (1)
- Framework quantitative ecology (1)
- France (1)
- Freeze-Thaw-Cycles (1)
- Frequency-magnitude distribution (1)
- Freshwater ecosystem (1)
- Frost-Tau-Wechsel (1)
- Frost-cracking (1)
- Frühdiagenese (1)
- Frühe Erdgeschichte (1)
- Fukushima Prefecture (1)
- Full-waveform (1)
- Functional averaging (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- Functional diversity (1)
- Functional effect (1)
- Functional types (1)
- Functions (1)
- Fundament (1)
- Futaba fault (1)
- Fuzzy (1)
- Fuzzy classification (1)
- GAIA (1)
- GDGT (1)
- GEO BON (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GEOTRACES compliant (1)
- GMPE adjustment (1)
- GNSS forward scatterometry (1)
- GNSS reflectometry (1)
- GPM (1)
- GPR (1)
- GPS and GLONASS (1)
- GST (1)
- Gabbro (1)
- Gabbro-Eklogit (1)
- Gabbroic rocks (1)
- Gadot Formation (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Gangschwarm (1)
- Ganymede (1)
- Garnet schist (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gas sparging (1)
- Gasgeochemie (1)
- Gastropods (1)
- Gaussian Process regression (1)
- Gaxun Nur (1)
- Gaylussite (1)
- Gebietszustand (1)
- Gebirgsbildung (1)
- Gebirgsbäche (1)
- Gebirgshydrologie (1)
- Gebäudenergiebedarf (1)
- Gefahren (1)
- Gefahrenanalyse (1)
- Gefahrenkarten (1)
- Gehyra variegata (1)
- Gekoppelter Wärme- und Massetransport (1)
- Generalization error (1)
- Generalized Extreme Value distribution (1)
- Generalized additive models (1)
- Generalized linear models (1)
- Generalized linear models (GLMs) (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Genetic model (1)
- Geo-Visualisation (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geochemical indices (1)
- Geochemical modelling (1)
- Geochemical records (1)
- Geodynamic (1)
- Geodynamic Modeling (1)
- Geodynamic Modelling (1)
- Geodynamic modelling (1)
- Geodynamiche Modellierung (1)
- Geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Geodäsie (1)
- Geographic information systems (1)
- Geoinformation Science (1)
- Geologic mapping (1)
- Geomagnetic activity (1)
- Geomagnetic index (1)
- Geomagnetic observatory (1)
- Geomagnetische Aktivität (1)
- Geomagnetischer Index (1)
- Geomagnetisches Observatorium (1)
- Geomagnetism (1)
- Geomechanical Modelling (1)
- Geomechanical modelling (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomechanik (1)
- Geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- Geomicrobiology (1)
- Geomikrobiologie (1)
- Geomorphic coupling (1)
- Geomorphic indices (1)
- Geomorphological mapping (1)
- Geophysical methods (1)
- Geophysical prospecting (1)
- Geopotential theory (1)
- Georgia (1)
- Georgian chant (1)
- Georgien (1)
- Georgische liturgische Gesänge (1)
- Geotechnical parameters (1)
- Geothermal (1)
- Geothermal applications in Oman (1)
- Geothermal monitoring (1)
- Geothermal water (1)
- Geothermisches Monitoring (1)
- Geowissenschaften (1)
- Geoökologie (1)
- Gerinne-Hang-Kopplung (1)
- Gerinnemorphologie (1)
- Germanic Basin (1)
- Gerris (1)
- Geschiebetransport (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsmodell (1)
- Gestein-Wasser-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Gesteinsbildung (1)
- Gesteinsmagnetik (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Glacial (1)
- Glacial buzzsaw (1)
- Glacial lake (1)
- Glacial lake outbursts (1)
- Glacial landscape history (1)
- Glacier foreland (1)
- Glacierized basins (1)
- Glasstruktur (1)
- Glaucophane (1)
- Glaucophane schist (1)
- Glazialisostasie (1)
- Gletschervorfeld (1)
- Global climate change (1)
- Global earthquake data (1)
- Global monsoon (1)
- Global precipitation measurement (1)
- Global sensitivity analysis (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Globale Erdbebenkatalogdaten (1)
- Globale Inversion (1)
- Glueckstadtgraben (1)
- Gläser (1)
- Gnetaceaepollenites (1)
- Gokceada Island (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Gondwanaoberh (1)
- Gongjue basin (1)
- Gorkha earthquake (1)
- Grabenbruch (1)
- Grabenbrüche (1)
- Grain for Green Project (1)
- Grain-size (1)
- Grain-size end-member modelling (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granites (1)
- Granitoid magmas (1)
- Granular materials (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Granulites (1)
- Graphitization (1)
- GrassPlot (1)
- Gravimetrie (1)
- Gravitational potential energy (1)
- Gravity inversion (1)
- Gravity modelling (1)
- Great Himalayan earthquakes (1)
- Greek Islands (1)
- Green investment (1)
- Green surge (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Greenhouse gas source (1)
- Gridded rainfall (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) (1)
- Ground motion (1)
- Ground motion and GPS (1)
- Ground motion prediction equation (1)
- Ground squirrel nest (1)
- Ground vegetation (1)
- Ground-based estimates (1)
- Ground-motion model (1)
- Ground-motion models (1)
- Ground-motion-model (1)
- Groundwater quality (1)
- Groundwater recharge (1)
- Groundwater remediation (1)
- Groundwater-stream water interactions (1)
- Growth zoning (1)
- Groß beta Schönebeck (1)
- Grt-Pyx exsolution (1)
- Grundgestein (1)
- Grundgesteinshöhe (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Grundwasser-Oberflächenwasser-Interaktion (1)
- Grundwasserentwicklung (1)
- Grundwasserneubildung (1)
- Grundwassersanierung (1)
- Guajira Peninsula (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- Gutenberg-Richter relationship (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum quantification (1)
- H/V (1)
- H/V Verhältnis (1)
- H/V method (1)
- H/V ratio technique (1)
- H/V spectral ratio (1)
- HBV-light model (1)
- HDAC (1)
- HP and UHP metamorphism (1)
- HP metamorphism (1)
- HP-HT Experimente (1)
- HP-HT experiments (1)
- HP-LT metamorphic rocks (1)
- HP-LT rocks (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- HP-granulite (1)
- HP-metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT-Metamorphose (1)
- HT/LP metamorphism (1)
- HTC biochar (1)
- HYPE model (1)
- Habitat fragmentation (1)
- Habitat management (1)
- Habitat suitability (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Haida Gwaii (1)
- Hail (1)
- Haimantas (1)
- Halophile (1)
- Hangerosion (1)
- Hanghydrologie (1)
- Hangrutsch (1)
- Harran Plain (1)
- Hauptspannungsachse (1)
- Haushalte (1)
- Hawaii (1)
- He (1)
- He thermochronology (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Heat flux (1)
- Heating and cooling electricity consumption (1)
- Heating energy demand (1)
- Heavy Minerals (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Hebung (1)
- Hebung des Plateaus (1)
- Hebungsgeschichte (1)
- Hebungsraten (1)
- Heihe (1)
- Heinrich event (1)
- Heinrich events (1)
- Hemispherical photography (1)
- Hepatic enzyme (1)
- Hercynian orogeny (1)
- Herdmechanismen (1)
- Herdzeit Parameter Abschätzung (1)
- Herkunftsanalyse (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Heteroscedastic (1)
- Heteroscedasticity (1)
- Heterozoan (1)
- Heterozoikum (1)
- Hf isotopes (1)
- Hiatus (1)
- Hidden Markov Model (HMM) (1)
- Hidden Markov model (1)
- Hierarchical clustering (1)
- Hierarchical model (1)
- Hierarchical partitioning (1)
- High Arctic Large Igneous Province (1)
- High Asia (1)
- High Mountain Asia (1)
- High frequency back-projection (1)
- High mountain ecology (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High pressure and high temperature; (1)
- High rate GPS (1)
- High-Grade Metamorphism (1)
- High-pressure (1)
- High-pressure/low-temperature rocks (1)
- High-rate GPS (1)
- High-rateGPS (1)
- High-temperature experiments (1)
- High-temperature shear zones (1)
- Higher-order effects (1)
- Hillslope pedosequence (1)
- Hillslope thermokarst (1)
- Himalaja (Kaghan) (1)
- Himalaya (Kaghan Valley) (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet Orogen (1)
- Himalaya-Tibet orogen (1)
- Himalayan hydroclimate (1)
- Himalayan rivers (1)
- Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) (1)
- Hindu Kush-Karakoram (1)
- Historic natural hazards (1)
- Historical events (1)
- Historical seismogram reproductions (1)
- Hitze (1)
- Hochdruck/Niedrigtemperatur Gesteine (1)
- Hochdruckrelikte (1)
- Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung (1)
- Hochland von Tibet (1)
- Hochplateau (1)
- Hochtemperatur Gesteinsdeformtion (1)
- Hochwassergefährdung (1)
- Hochwasserregionalisierung (1)
- Hochwasserrekonstruktion (1)
- Hochwasserrisiko (1)
- Hochwasserrisikoanalysen (1)
- Hochwasserrisikokette (1)
- Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie (1)
- Hochwasserstatistik (1)
- Hochwassertypen (1)
- Hochwasservorhersage (1)
- Hohlzylinderversuche (1)
- Holocene Climate (1)
- Holocene Thermal Maximum (1)
- Holocene thermal maximum (1)
- Holzkompost (1)
- Home (1)
- Hominin (1)
- Hominin evolution (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Homo sapiens (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Horizontal flux (1)
- Huisman-Olff-Fresco models (1)
- Hula Basin (1)
- Humahuaca Basin (1)
- Humic layer (1)
- Humidity (1)
- Humification (1)
- Humus forms (1)
- Hunter-gatherers (1)
- Hutchinson niche (1)
- HySpex (1)
- Hydratbildung (1)
- Hydrathabitus (1)
- Hydraulic aperture (1)
- Hydraulic connectivity (1)
- Hydraulic fracture (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing (1)
- Hydraulic loading rate (1)
- Hydraulics (1)
- Hydro-mechanical coupling (1)
- Hydro-meteorological indices (1)
- HydroGeoSphere (1)
- Hydroclimate (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (1)
- Hydrogenase (1)
- Hydrogeomorphic type (1)
- Hydrogeophysics (1)
- Hydrogeopyhsik (1)
- Hydrogravimetrie (1)
- Hydrological Modelling (1)
- Hydrological balance (1)
- Hydrological extremes (1)
- Hydrological flowpaths (1)
- Hydrological model (1)
- Hydrological modelling (1)
- Hydrological monitoring (1)
- Hydrological time series analysis (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hydrometric networks (1)
- Hydromorphologic alteration (1)
- Hydropedology (1)
- Hydrophobic treatment (1)
- Hydrostratigraphic model (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Hydrus-1D (1)
- Hyetograph classification (1)
- Hypersaline lake (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- Hypolimnetic oxygen (1)
- Hyporheic zone (1)
- Hypothesis generation (1)
- Hypsometry analysis (1)
- Hysteresis index (1)
- Hämmerlein (1)
- Hämolyse (1)
- IAPETUS suture (1)
- IBM (1)
- ICDP (1)
- ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (1)
- IGP (1)
- IHPV (1)
- IODP (1)
- IPCC (1)
- IPCC AR5 scenarios (1)
- IRD (1)
- ISSR (1)
- Iberian Basin (1)
- Iberian Peninsula (1)
- Ice model (1)
- Ice sheet dynamics (1)
- Ice wedges (1)
- Ice-wedge polygon (1)
- Identifiability (1)
- Idiosomic Si pool (1)
- Illitization (1)
- Image classification (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Immigration by air (1)
- Impact assessment (1)
- Impacts (1)
- Impakt (1)
- Imputation (1)
- In situ C-14 (1)
- In situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- In situ stress field (1)
- In-Situ-Analyse (1)
- In-situ Laser Ablation Split Stream ICPMS (1)
- In-situ cosmogenic Be-10 (1)
- In-situ degradation rates (1)
- In-situ remediation (1)
- In-stream geomorphological structures (1)
- In-stream processes (1)
- InSAR Datenanalyse (1)
- InSAR- Techniken (1)
- Incentives (1)
- Incomplete inventories (1)
- Index of connectivity (1)
- Index of dispersion (1)
- Indian Monsoon Circulation (1)
- Indian ocean dipole (1)
- Indicator species (1)
- Indische Monsunzirkulation (1)
- Indische Sommer Monsun (1)
- Indischer Sommermonsun (1)
- Indonesian throughflow (1)
- Indonesien (1)
- Induzierte Seismizität (1)
- Inference model (1)
- Infiltrability (1)
- Inflow and outflow (1)
- Informative prior (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Infrared observations (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial ecosystem (1)
- Injektion (1)
- Injektionsschema (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Intangible losses (1)
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1)
- Integrated environmental modelling (1)
- Integration (1)
- Inter-Andean valley (1)
- Inter-annual glacier elevation change (1)
- Inter-phase mass transfer (1)
- Interaktion zwischen sich ausbreitenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- Interdisciplinary links (1)
- Interferometrie (1)
- Interior (1)
- Interior Alaska (1)
- Intermediate-deep earthquakes (1)
- International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (1)
- International policy (1)
- International unions (1)
- Interseismic strain rates (1)
- Interseismiche Dehnungsraten (1)
- Intertidal organisms (1)
- Interzeptionsverdunstung (1)
- Intra-oceanic subduction (1)
- Intracellular DNA (1)
- Intramontane basin (1)
- Intramontanes Becken (1)
- Intraplate earthquakes (1)
- Intraplate processes (1)
- Intraplate seismicity (1)
- Inverse Theory (1)
- Inverse filtering (1)
- Inverse methods (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Inversion for moment tensors (1)
- Inversions-Theorie (1)
- Inversionstheorie (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Inylchek Glacier (1)
- Ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- Ionosphäre (1)
- Iraq (1)
- Irrawaddy River (1)
- Irrigation (1)
- Irrigation experiment (1)
- Isabena river (1)
- Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin (1)
- Island arc (1)
- Isochrones (1)
- Isomap (1)
- Isometric feature mapping (1)
- Isotope proxy (1)
- Isotope-hydrological integrated modeling (1)
- Isotopen (1)
- Isotopenfraktionierung (1)
- Israel (1)
- Issyk Kul (1)
- Issyk-Kul (1)
- Isábena Einzugsgebiet (1)
- Isábena catchment (1)
- Isótopos de Boro (1)
- Ivrea Zone (1)
- JULIA (1)
- Jaccard (1)
- Jafnayn formation (1)
- James Ross archipelago (1)
- Japan (1)
- Japan subduction zone (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- Joint inversion (1)
- Jurassic arc (1)
- Jwalamukhi Thrust (1)
- K-Ar system (1)
- K-means technique (1)
- Kaghan (1)
- Kaghan Valley (1)
- Kalakuli Lake (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kameng River section (1)
- Kanada (1)
- Kanas Lake (1)
- Kappa (1)
- Karaburun (1)
- Karakoram (1)
- Karakorum (1)
- Karbonat-Silikat-Reaktionen (1)
- Karbonat-Stabilität (1)
- Karbonatplattformen (1)
- Karbonatrampen (1)
- Karbonatschmelze (1)
- Kardia mine (1)
- Karelian Isthmus (1)
- Karpholithe (1)
- Karst (1)
- Kashmir earthquake (1)
- Kausalstruktur (1)
- Kaya Identity (1)
- Kazakhstan (1)
- Kenia (1)
- Kerguelen (1)
- Kernel occurrence rate (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- Kerogenkinetik (1)
- Kettle hole (1)
- Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (1)
- Khatanga (1)
- Khatanga river (1)
- Kinematics of crustal (1)
- Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation (1)
- Klimaanpassung (1)
- Klimaschutz (1)
- Klimatologie (1)
- Klimavariabilität (1)
- Klimaveränderung (1)
- Klimaänderungen (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knickpoint (1)
- Knickpoint retreat (1)
- Knickpunkt (1)
- Knickpunkt-Rückzug (1)
- Knickzones (1)
- Kobresia meadow (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlengrubenabraum (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Budget (1)
- Kohlenstoffdioxid (1)
- Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Kohlenstoffkreislauf (1)
- Kohlenstoffspeicher (1)
- Kokchetavite (1)
- Kolloidtransport (1)
- Kongo Luftmassengrenze (1)
- Konin region (1)
- Kontaminationskontrolle (1)
- Kontinentale Kollision (1)
- Kontinentalrand (1)
- Koppelung (1)
- Korallen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Kreide (1)
- Kreidebecken (1)
- Kriecheigenschaften (1)
- Kruste (1)
- Krustenstruktur der Süd-Türkei (1)
- Krustenstruktur des Eratosthenes Seeberges (1)
- Krustenverformungen (1)
- Ksat (1)
- Kugelflächenfunktionen (1)
- Kuilyu Complex (1)
- Kultivierung (1)
- Kumamoto Erdbeben (1)
- Kumamoto earthquake (1)
- Kumdykolite (1)
- Kupfer (1)
- Kurils (1)
- Kurpsai dam (1)
- Känozoische Aridifizierung (1)
- Küste (1)
- Küstenlinien (1)
- L-moments estimation (1)
- LA-ICP-MS (1)
- LAI (1)
- LANDSAT (1)
- LIA (1)
- LLSVPs (1)
- LM (1)
- LP (1)
- LPJ-GUESS (1)
- La Pampa (1)
- Lacustrine carbonate (1)
- Lacustrine carbonates (1)
- Lacustrine record (1)
- Lacustrine sediments (1)
- Lacustrine surface samples (1)
- Lake Baikal (1)
- Lake Bayan Nuur (1)
- Lake Challa (1)
- Lake Chiuta (1)
- Lake Issyk‐ Kul (1)
- Lake Kinneret (1)
- Lake Lisan (1)
- Lake Magadi (1)
- Lake Malawi basin (1)
- Lake Medvedevskoe (1)
- Lake Naivasha (1)
- Lake Stechlin (1)
- Lake Towuti (1)
- Lake Turkana (1)
- Lake deposits (1)
- Lake model (1)
- Lake-area (1)
- Lake-ice cover (1)
- Lake-surfaces variability (1)
- Lamina thickness (1)
- Laminated lake sediments (1)
- Land and water (1)
- Land cover change (1)
- Land cover maps (1)
- Land reform (1)
- Land use conception (1)
- Land-use planning (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landform assemblages (1)
- Landformen (1)
- Landnutzungsänderung (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landsat time-series (1)
- Landsat. (1)
- Landscape (1)
- Landscape Evolution (1)
- Landscape aesthetics (1)
- Landscape change (1)
- Landscape dynamics (1)
- Landscape planning (1)
- Landscape preferences (1)
- Landscape structure (1)
- Landscape values (1)
- Landscape visualisation (1)
- Landscapes (1)
- Landschaftseffekte (1)
- Landschaftspräferenzen (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslide dam (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Laptev Sea region (1)
- Large basins (1)
- Larger benthic foraminifera (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Laser ICP-MS (1)
- Laser ablation (1)
- Laser fluorination (1)
- Laserheizsystem (1)
- Last Glacial (1)
- Last Interglacial (1)
- Last cold stage (1)
- Last interglacial-glacial transition (1)
- Late Cenozoic (1)
- Late Devonian (1)
- Late Triassic (1)
- Late cretaceous (1)
- Late pleistocene (1)
- Late-Holocene (1)
- Lateinamerika (1)
- Latemar (1)
- Latin America (1)
- Laufzeitresiduen (1)
- Laurentide Ice Sheet (1)
- Lava dome (1)
- Lavadom (1)
- Lavafontänen (1)
- Lawinen (1)
- Lawsonite (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf wax (1)
- Lech catchment (1)
- Leeuwin Current (1)
- Legitimacy (1)
- Lehmann discontinuity (1)
- Lena delta (1)
- Leones Glacier (1)
- Lesser Himalayan Duplex (1)
- Letztes Glazial (1)
- Leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses (1)
- Levant climate (1)
- Levee (1)
- Level of confidence (1)
- Leveling data (1)
- Li-F granite (1)
- Lichenometrie (1)
- Lichenometry (1)
- Life history (1)
- Limestone assimilation in basanite (1)
- Limnologie (1)
- Linking (1)
- Lipid (1)
- Lipid biomarker (1)
- Lipid biomarkers (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquid water distribution (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui Störungszone (1)
- Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (1)
- Literature review (1)
- Lithium (1)
- Lithosphere (1)
- Lithosphereasthenosphere boundary (1)
- Lithospheric Deformation (1)
- Lithospheric strength (1)
- Lithosphärenfestigkeit (1)
- Lithosphärische Deformation (1)
- Little Ice Age (1)
- Liver function (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Llaima Vulkan (1)
- Llaima volcano (1)
- Local knowledge (1)
- Local magnitude scale (1)
- Local structure Yttrium, Strontium, Lanthanum (1)
- Local-to-regional scale (1)
- Logic tree (1)
- Logic trees (1)
- Logistic regression (1)
- Lokalisierte Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Deformation (1)
- Lokalisierung von Verformung (1)
- Lombok (1)
- Lonar Crater Lake (1)
- Lonar lake (1)
- Lonarsee (1)
- Long-range transport (1)
- Loop-loop systems (1)
- Loss modeling (1)
- Loss modelling (1)
- Lotus corniculatus (1)
- Low flow indicator (1)
- Low impact development (1)
- Low-centred polygon (1)
- Lower Cretaceous (1)
- Lower Devonian (1)
- Lower Palaeolithic (1)
- Lower Paleolithic (1)
- Lower crustal flow (1)
- Lowland catchment (1)
- Lu-Hf in garnet (1)
- Lu-Hf system (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Luminescence dating (1)
- Lumineszenz (1)
- Lupinus albus (1)
- Lusatia (1)
- Lut Blocks (1)
- Luxembourg (1)
- Luxemburg (1)
- Luxury tourism (1)
- Lycian Nappes (1)
- Lykischen Decken (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- Lysimeter (1)
- Lysimeter control systems (1)
- M(w)8.8 Maule earthquake (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MARS (1)
- MAT(mr) paleothermometer (1)
- MCA (1)
- MCDM (1)
- MHT (1)
- MIT (1)
- MNDWI (1)
- MODFLOW (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MODIS ET (1)
- MRD (1)
- MSPAC (1)
- MUSLE (1)
- MWAC (1)
- Macerals (1)
- Mackenzie Delta (1)
- Mackenzie-Delta (1)
- Macrolepidoptera (1)
- Macrophytes (1)
- Madeira island (1)
- Mafic Rocks (1)
- Magma migration and fragmentation (1)
- Magma mixing (1)
- Magma-Entgasung (1)
- Magmagänge (1)
- Magmatismus (1)
- Magnesit (1)
- Magnetic field variations through time (1)
- Magnetic hydrochar (1)
- Magnetic properties (1)
- Magnetic susceptibility (1)
- Magnetic+Susceptibility (1)
- Magnetostratigraphie (1)
- Magnetotelluric (1)
- Magnitude and frequency (1)
- Magnitude scalin (1)
- Mahalanobis distance (1)
- Mahalanobis-Distanz (1)
- Mahneshan Metamorphic Complex (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Major and trace elements (1)
- Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Malta (1)
- Manifold (1)
- Mann-Kendall test (1)
- Mantel (1)
- Mantel Plume (1)
- Mantelplumes (1)
- Mantle (1)
- Mantle Plume (1)
- Mantle processes (1)
- Mantle rheology (1)
- Mantle source (1)
- Mantleplumes (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 13 (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 3 (1)
- Marine terrace (1)
- Markov Blanket (1)
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion (1)
- Marmara Sea (1)
- Marmarameer (1)
- Mars (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Martinez del Tineo (1)
- Mass balance approach (1)
- Mass extinction (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Massenaussterben (1)
- Massenversatzprozesse (1)
- Mathematical formulation (1)
- Mato Grosso (1)
- Matrix diffusion (1)
- Matter cycling (1)
- Matter dynamics (1)
- Maturity (1)
- Maule megathrust (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum magnitude of earthquake (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Mechanical aperture (1)
- Mechanical properties (1)
- Medieval Climate Anomaly (1)
- Mediterranean Basin (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Mediterranean fluvial systems (1)
- Mediterranean rivers (1)
- Mediterranean shallow lake (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mediterranean-mountainous (1)
- Mediterranes Tiefdrucksystem (1)
- Meditteranean sea (1)
- Meeressedimente (1)
- Mekong delta (1)
- Melainabacteria (1)
- Melilitit (1)
- Melt (1)
- Merapi (1)
- Merensky Reef (1)
- Merida Andes (1)
- Mermia ichnofacies (1)
- Mesh convergence (1)
- Mesorbitolina (1)
- Mesoscale (1)
- Mesoscale systems (1)
- Mesozoic (1)
- Mesozoikum (1)
- Messinian Erosional Surface (1)
- Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
- Meta-plagiogranite (1)
- Meta-trachyandesite (1)
- Metabarcoding (1)
- Metamorphic core complex (1)
- Metamorphic evolution (1)
- Metamorphic sole (1)
- Metamorphose (1)
- Metapelites (1)
- Metapelitic rock (1)
- Metasedimentary succession (1)
- Metasediments (1)
- Metasomatose (1)
- Metastability (1)
- Meteorites (1)
- Metering (1)
- Methan (1)
- Methane leakage (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Methylheptadecanes (1)
- Mexiko (1)
- Mg/Ca (1)
- Micro-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Micro-aggregates (1)
- Micro-fades (1)
- Micro-structure (1)
- Microalgae assemblages (1)
- Microbial community analysis (1)
- Microbial mounds (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Microcontinent (1)
- Microcrack (1)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (1)
- Microfacies (1)
- Microfossils (1)
- Microhabitats (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microseismic monitoring (1)
- Microseismicity (1)
- Microtremors (1)
- Mid-late Holocene (1)
- Middle Holocene (1)
- Middle Palaeolithic (1)
- Middle Tianshan (1)
- Middle-Upper Permian (1)
- Migmatites (1)
- Mikro-CT (1)
- Mikroanalyse (1)
- Mikrobieller Abbau von organischen Material (1)
- Mikroplatte (1)
- Mikrostruktur (1)
- Mikrostrukturelle (1)
- Mikrostrukturen (1)
- Mikrozonierung (1)
- Milankovitch (1)
- Military conversion (1)
- Millennial-scale variability (1)
- Mineral composition (1)
- Mineral soil (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mineralogie (1)
- Mineralogy (1)
- Mineralreaktion (1)
- Mineralverwitterungsreaktionen (1)
- Mineralzusammensetzung (1)
- Minimum mortality temperature (1)
- Minor (1)
- Miocene deformation (1)
- Miocene volcanism (1)
- Misho complex (1)
- Missing data (1)
- Mitigation (1)
- Mitigation measures (1)
- Mittelmeer (1)
- Mittelmeerraum (1)
- Mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland (1)
- Mixed-effects regression (1)
- Mixing model (1)
- Mixing models (1)
- Mixmodelle (1)
- Mixture model (1)
- Miyakejima intrusion (1)
- Mobile Belts (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model (1)
- Model availability (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model complexity (1)
- Model coupling (1)
- Model development (1)
- Model landscape (1)
- Model selection (1)
- Modeling framework (1)
- Modeling tools for decision-making (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modellanpassung (1)
- Modellierung der Wassertrübung (1)
- Modellierung des seismischen Zyklus (1)
- Modern analogues (1)
- Modern pollen/vegetation relationships (1)
- Moho depths (1)
- Moisture availability (1)
- Moisture evolution (1)
- Moisture reconstructions (1)
- Moisture-advection feedback (1)
- Molasse Basin (1)
- Molecular design (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Molybdän (1)
- Momententensorinversion (1)
- Monazit (1)
- Mondsee (1)
- Monetary valuation (1)
- Mongolei (1)
- Monitoring programmes (1)
- Monsoonal variability (1)
- Moodies Group (1)
- Moon (1)
- Moraine landscape (1)
- Morisita (1)
- Morisita-Horn (1)
- Morphometrie (1)
- Morphometry (1)
- Morphotectonics (1)
- Mosha Fault (1)
- Moss samples (1)
- Mossbauer spectroscopy (1)
- Moulouya river basin (1)
- Mountain hydrology (1)
- Mountain lake (1)
- Mountain meteorology (1)
- Mozambique Ocean (1)
- Mt. Quincan (1)
- Mudrock analyses (1)
- Multi-Hazard (1)
- Multi-angular model-based decomposition (1)
- Multi-attribute decision-making (1)
- Multi-proxy record (1)
- Multi-site study (1)
- Multi-temporal (1)
- Multi-variables (1)
- Multicomponent ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data (1)
- Multidimensionality (1)
- Multilevel model (1)
- Multiple regression (1)
- Multiproxy-Untersuchung (1)
- Multiskalen Netzwerk (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- Multivariate Analyse (1)
- Multivariate adaptive regression splines (1)
- Multivariate regression trees (1)
- Multivariate statistic (1)
- Multivariate statistical analysis (1)
- Muscovit (1)
- Muster der Bodenfeuchte (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- N (1)
- N isotopes (1)
- N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NAC transcription factor ATAF1 (1)
- NDVI temporal profiles (1)
- NE Pamir (1)
- NE Spain (1)
- NEG (1)
- NESS (1)
- NFSA (1)
- NMDS (1)
- NO2 (1)
- NOR (1)
- NSGA-II (1)
- NW Himalaja (1)
- NW Morocco (1)
- NW-Argentine Andes (1)
- Na-pyrophosphate soluble organic matter (1)
- Naher Osten (1)
- Naivasha See (1)
- Najd aquifer (1)
- Namche Barwa syntaxis (1)
- Namibian passive margin (1)
- Nano-XRF (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- Nanogranites (1)
- Nanolayers (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanorocks (1)
- Narrow (1)
- NatRiskChange (1)
- Natura 2000 monitoring (1)
- Natural dam (1)
- Natural hazard (1)
- Nature protection (1)
- Naturrisiken (1)
- Natürliche Staudämme (1)
- Nd isotopic composition (1)
- Near surface geophysics (1)
- Near+Surface (1)
- Near-source saturation (1)
- Neoacadian orogenic cycles (1)
- Neodymium isotopes (1)
- Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift (1)
- Neotethys Ocean (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Nested scenarios (1)
- Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) (1)
- Net precipitation (1)
- Nettorotation der Lithosphäre (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Networks (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural networks, fuzzy logic (1)
- Neutron radiography (1)
- Neutronen (1)
- Nianbaoyeze Mountains (1)
- Niche stability (1)
- Nicht-Einmaligkeit (1)
- Niederschlag (1)
- Niedrigwasser (1)
- Niger (1)
- Niger River (1)
- Niger River Basin (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrate retention (1)
- Nitrate-N (1)
- NlpR (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-ergodic PSHA (1)
- Non-marine (1)
- Non-parametric regression (1)
- Non-scalar input factors (1)
- Nonlinear site response (1)
- Nonparametric statistics (1)
- Nordanatolische Störungszone (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Becken (1)
- Nordostdeutsches Tiefland (1)
- Norfolk Island (1)
- Normal (1)
- Normal fault evolution (1)
- North (1)
- North Africa (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (1)
- North Atlantic Oscillation (1)
- North Atlantic climate change (1)
- North Atlantic forcing (1)
- North Iran (1)
- North Pacific (1)
- North Pacific Ocean (1)
- North Tehran Fault (1)
- North-East German Plain (1)
- North-Western Pacific (1)
- North-eastern Germany (1)
- North-eastern Morocco (1)
- North-eastern Spain (1)
- Northeast China (1)
- Northeast Iran (1)
- Northeast Spain (1)
- Northeast of Brazil (1)
- Northeastern China (1)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (1)
- Northern Europe (1)
- Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (1)
- Northern Makran (1)
- Northern Patagonian Icefield (1)
- Northern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Northern Zagros Suture Zone (NZSZ) (1)
- Northwestern Turkey (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norway rat (1)
- Nothofagus (1)
- Nuclear explosions (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Nuklide (1)
- Numerical model (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Numerical study (1)
- Numerische 2D Modellierung (1)
- Numerische Modellierung (1)
- Nutrient export (1)
- Nährstoffe (1)
- Nährstoffeinträge (1)
- Nährstoffretention (1)
- O horizon (1)
- O ligands (1)
- O-2 (1)
- OAE-2 (1)
- OBIA (1)
- ODD model description (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- ODP Leg 194 (1)
- OLCI (1)
- OLI (1)
- OSL and C-14 geochronology (1)
- OSL dating (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächenexpositionsdatierung (1)
- Oberflächennahe Geophysik (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluss (1)
- Oberflächenwärmefluß (1)
- Ocean Circulation (1)
- Ocean Colour satellite data (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Ocean tidal model (1)
- Oceanic anoxic event 1a (1)
- Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- Ohalo Site (1)
- Ohre Rift (1)
- Oil sands (1)
- Old Red Sandstone (1)
- Olduvai Subchron (1)
- Oligo-Miocene (1)
- Oligochaeta (1)
- Oligozän-Miozän-Grenze (1)
- Omphacite (1)
- Ooid shoals (1)
- Opal-A (1)
- Opal-CT (1)
- Open tropical rain forest (1)
- OpenFOAM (1)
- OpenGeosys (1)
- OpenLayers 3 (1)
- Operational and environmental effects (1)
- Operational use (1)
- Ophiolite (1)
- Ophiolite obduction (1)
- Optical absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Optical methods (1)
- Optical remote sensing (1)
- Optical sensor (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- Optimal city size distribution (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Optische Sensoren (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Orbitoides (1)
- Ordination (1)
- Ordovician (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organic chemistry (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Organic matter mineralization (1)
- Organic matter stabilization (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Organofazies (1)
- Orinoco River system (1)
- Orogen-parallel lateral extrusion (1)
- Orogenic Plateaus (1)
- Orogenic wedge (1)
- Orogenic wedges (1)
- Orographic barrier (1)
- Orographicprecipitation (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Orthotropy (1)
- Ortscharakterisierung (1)
- Ortseffekte (1)
- Ostafrika (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Rift (1)
- Ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- Ostafrikansches Rift (1)
- Ostkordillere (1)
- Ostseeküste (1)
- Out-of-sequence thrust (1)
- Output uncertainty (1)
- Overland Bow (1)
- Overland flow generation (1)
- Oxygen and carbon isotopes (1)
- Oxygen isotope compositions (1)
- Oxygen mapping (1)
- Oyster (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P-T path (1)
- P-T-d-tpaths (1)
- P-n tomography (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PAN (1)
- PCA (1)
- PDO (1)
- PETM (1)
- PGE (1)
- PGM (1)
- PLA (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2, PM1 (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- POL (1)
- PPGIS (1)
- PSD (1)
- PT estimates (1)
- PT path (1)
- PT pseudosection (1)
- PTMEs (1)
- Pace-of-life (1)
- Pacific-Asia convergence (1)
- Palaeo-Tethys (1)
- Palaeo-lake sediments (1)
- Palaeo-landslides (1)
- Palaeo-seismicity (1)
- Palaeo-shorelines (1)
- Palaeo-vegetation (1)
- Palaeoceanography (1)
- Palaeoclimate proxy (1)
- Palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- Palaeodrainage (1)
- Palaeoenvironments (1)
- Palaeofloods (1)
- Palaeogene (1)
- Palaeogeography (1)
- Palaeoklima (1)
- Palaeoliminology (1)
- Palaeomagnetism (1)
- Palaeotemperature (1)
- Palaeotethys (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Palaeovegetation (1)
- Paleo (1)
- Paleo-ecology (1)
- Paleo-productivity (1)
- Paleo-tethys (1)
- Paleoarchean (1)
- Paleobiogeography (1)
- Paleoclimatic dynamics (1)
- Paleocurrent (1)
- Paleoecology (1)
- Paleoenvironmental (1)
- Paleoenvironmental change (1)
- Paleofloods (1)
- Paleolake Lorenyang (1)
- Paleomagnetismus (1)
- Paleosol (1)
- Paleotethys (1)
- Palygorskite (1)
- Palynostratigraphy (1)
- Paläo-See Mweru (1)
- Paläo-Strain-Berechnung (1)
- Paläoaltimetrie (1)
- Paläohochwasser (1)
- Paläohydrologie (1)
- Paläointensität (1)
- Paläomagnetismus (1)
- Paläosekularvariation (1)
- Paläotektonik (1)
- Paläotopographie (1)
- Pamir Mountains (1)
- Pamir mountains (1)
- Pamir-Tien Shan (1)
- Pan-African (1)
- Pan-African magmatism (1)
- Panama Canal watershed (1)
- Panjal Traps (1)
- Parallel Seismik (1)
- Parana-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Pargasite (1)
- Paris Basin (1)
- Pariser Becken (1)
- Parlung River (1)
- Partial melt (1)
- Participation (1)
- Particle flow code (1)
- Particle mobility (1)
- Particle-size fractions (1)
- Partikel Swarm Optimierung (1)
- Partikelschwarm-Optimierung (1)
- Passiv-seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Passive Kontinentalränder (1)
- Passive margins (1)
- Passive seismic (1)
- Passive seismic interferometry (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Patagonian Ice Sheet (1)
- Patagonien (1)
- Patagonien ; Neogen ; Hebung ; Subduktion ; Anden (1)
- Pattern Recognition (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Pb ages (1)
- Peak flow trends (1)
- Peak-over-threshold (1)
- Peat properties (1)
- Pebas/Acre system (1)
- Peclet number (1)
- Pedestal moraine (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Pedogenic carbonate nodules (1)
- Pedotransfer function (1)
- Pegmatoid (1)
- Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (1)
- Per capita growth rate (1)
- Perchlorate (1)
- Perennial frozen ground (1)
- Performance (1)
- Peri-urban agriculture (1)
- Peridotites (1)
- Peridotitic melts (1)
- Periglazial (1)
- Periglazialgeomorphologie (1)
- Permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- Permafrost coasts (1)
- Permafrost degradation (1)
- Permafrost ecosystem (1)
- Permafrost peatlands (1)
- Permafrost-Taustörungen (1)
- Permafrostdegradation (1)
- Permafrostlandschaften (1)
- Permafrostsedimente (1)
- Permanent uplift (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Permeabilitätsentwicklung (1)
- Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perumytilus mussels (1)
- Peruvian fore arc (1)
- Pesticide transport (1)
- Petrogenesis (1)
- Petrography (1)
- Petrology (1)
- Pfadanalysen (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pflanzen-Habitat Interaktionen (1)
- Pflanzenwachs (1)
- Pflanzenwachstum (1)
- Pflanzenwasserzustand (1)
- Pflaume (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phase angle (1)
- PhaseKinetics (1)
- PhasePaPy (1)
- Phasenkinetik (1)
- Phasenpicker (1)
- Phenological correction (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphogenesis (1)
- Photozoan (1)
- Photozoikum (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical environment (1)
- Physical rock properties (1)
- Phytolith dissolution (1)
- Phytolith morphotypes (1)
- Phytoliths (1)
- Piano delle Concazze (1)
- Picker (1)
- Piedmont Zone (1)
- Pierson-Moskowitz spectra (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot-scale constructed wetland (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pine (1)
- Pitzer (1)
- Plan oblique relief (1)
- Planetary cartography (1)
- Planktothrix (1)
- Plant growth (1)
- Plant macro-remains (1)
- Plant n-alkanes (1)
- Plant phenology (1)
- Plasma convection (1)
- Plateau margins (1)
- Plattenbewegungen (1)
- Plattentektonik (1)
- Playa (1)
- Pleistocene and Holocene climate (1)
- Pleistocene/Holocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene timeframe (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistozän Zeitfenster (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Plume-Rücken Interaktion (1)
- Poaceae (1)
- Pohang (Korea) (1)
- Point cloud (1)
- Poland (1)
- Polarimetrie (1)
- Polarimetry (1)
- Polarisation analysis (1)
- Polen (1)
- Policy (1)
- Pollen size (1)
- Pollen source area (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Pollen-climate calibration (1)
- Pollen-climate relationship (1)
- Pollen-climate transfer function (1)
- Pollenanalyse (1)
- Pollenproduktivitätsschätzungen (1)
- Pollinator conservation (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Polynia (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Pontiden (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Pore analysis (1)
- Pore network modeling (1)
- Porentypen in Karbonate (1)
- Porous sandstone (1)
- Porphyrische Kupferlagerstätte (1)
- Portugal (1)
- Poshtuk (1)
- Poshtuk metapelites (1)
- Posidonia shale (1)
- Posidonienschiefer (1)
- Post-glacial landscape (1)
- Posterior estimation (1)
- Potamogeton/Stuckenia (1)
- Potassic white mica (1)
- Potassium (1)
- Potsdam (1)
- Power-to-Gas (1)
- Precambrain (1)
- Precaution (1)
- Precession (1)
- Precipitation events (1)
- Precipitation pattern (1)
- Precipitation reconstruction (1)
- Precipitation variability (1)
- Precise point positioning (1)
- Predation (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preparedness (1)
- Primitive island-arc (1)
- Probabilistic exposure modelling (1)
- Probabilistic forecasting (1)
- Probabilistic regional envelope curves (1)
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and Bayesian inference (1)
- Probabilistische Regionale Hüllkurven (1)
- Probenahmestrategie (1)
- Process domains (1)
- Process models (1)
- Procrustes analysis (1)
- Procrustes rotation analysis (1)
- Project monitoring (1)
- Prokrustes Analyse (1)
- Proportional population growth rate (1)
- Proto-North Atlantic (1)
- Protolith (1)
- Provenance Analysis (1)
- Provenance analysis (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Prozessidentifikation (1)
- Präzision Gartenbau (1)
- Prüfköpfe (1)
- Pseudo-binary phase diagrams (1)
- Pseudoleucite (1)
- Pseudotachylyte (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Pu239+240 (1)
- Public good game (1)
- Public policy (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Pull-Apart Basin (1)
- Pull-apart basin (1)
- Pulsed climate variability hypothesis (1)
- Puna plateau (1)
- Punishment (1)
- Push factor (1)
- Q(10) (1)
- QBO (1)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) (1)
- Quantification of runoff components (1)
- Quantile Regression Forest model (1)
- Quantile regression (1)
- Quantile regression forests (1)
- Quantitative Daten (1)
- Quantitative reconstruction (1)
- Quantitative regional plant abundance (1)
- Quarter-wavelength principle (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quartäre Deformation (1)
- Quaternary climate (1)
- Quaternary climate change (1)
- Quaternary deformation (1)
- Quaternary geochronology (1)
- Quaternary maar volcanism (1)
- Quaternary terraces (1)
- Quell-Array optimales Design (1)
- Quellarray (1)
- Quelle Inversion (1)
- Quellenparameter (1)
- Quellenumkehr (1)
- Quercus brantii (1)
- RCP4,5 and 8,5 (1)
- RCP4.5 (1)
- RCP8.5 (1)
- RETC (1)
- REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation (1)
- REVEALS model (1)
- RHA1 (1)
- RSCM thermometry (1)
- Rac-metalaxyl (1)
- Radar rainfall data (1)
- Radar-Satelliteninterferometrie (1)
- Radioactivity (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiocarbon age dating (1)
- Radiocarbon and OSL dating (1)
- Radioisotope disequilibria dating (1)
- Radiokarbondatierung (1)
- Radiolaria (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rain gauges (1)
- Rainfall (1)
- Rainfall event (1)
- Rainfall floods (1)
- Rainfall interception (1)
- Rainfall network (1)
- Rainfall simulation (1)
- Rainfall-triggered landslide (1)
- Rainforest (1)
- Raman (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Ramos X-11 (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Rangeland (1)
- Rangeland management (1)
- Rangifer tarandus (1)
- Raoult's law (1)
- Rapid exhumation/cooling (1)
- RapidEye (1)
- Rare common comparison (1)
- Rare earth element (REE) distribution (1)
- Rate of compositional change (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Rauheit (1)
- Raumwellen (1)
- Raw observation (1)
- Rayleigh test (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochron (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reactive transport (1)
- Reactive transport modelling (1)
- Reaktionspfadmodellierung (1)
- Reaktivierung von Störungszonen (1)
- Real Estate Portal (1)
- Real time (1)
- Receiver Function (1)
- Receiver Functions (1)
- Receiver Funktionen (1)
- Recent forest (1)
- Recharge (1)
- Recharge controls (1)
- Reclamation (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Recurrence analysis (1)
- Recurrence network (1)
- Red River (1)
- Red Sea (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Redox reaction (1)
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD plus ) (1)
- Reduction targets (1)
- Redundancy analysis (1)
- Reefs (1)
- Reference site (1)
- Reference station (1)
- Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Regensturm (1)
- Regime shifts (1)
- Region Konin (1)
- Regional Climate Model (1)
- Regional climate models (1)
- Regional cooperation (1)
- Regional ecosystem service management (1)
- Regional forcings (1)
- Regional objectives (1)
- Regional scale (1)
- Regional-dependence (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Regoliths (1)
- Regressionsanalyse (1)
- Regularisierung (1)
- Reibung an Plattengrenzen (1)
- Reifegradbezogene Biomarker (1)
- Relative dating (1)
- Remote Sensing (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Renovation (1)
- Rental Prize (1)
- Reproductive performance (1)
- Reptile (1)
- Research needs (1)
- Reservoir (1)
- Reservoir network (1)
- Reservoir temperature (1)
- Reservoirs (1)
- Residential building stock (1)
- Residual analysis (1)
- Residual maximum likelihood (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiration rate (1)
- Response function (1)
- Retention (1)
- Rewetting (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Rhenohercynian Zone (1)
- Rhenohercynische Zone (1)
- Rheological modeling (1)
- Rheologische Modellierung (1)
- Rheology: crust and (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Riff (1)
- Rifted continental margin (1)
- Ring complex (1)
- Ringstörungen (1)
- Riparian vegetation (1)
- Riparian zone (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risikobewertung von Vulkanausbrüchen (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk dominance (1)
- Risk perception (1)
- Risk zoning (1)
- Riskspreading (1)
- Rissmechanik (1)
- Risstransmissivität (1)
- River Esera (1)
- River Isabena (1)
- River basin (1)
- River bed sediment (1)
- River discharge (1)
- River flow (1)
- River incision (1)
- River profiles (1)
- River-groundwater exchange (1)
- River-groundwater-interaction (1)
- Riverine floods (1)
- Roach (1)
- Rock glacier (1)
- Rock-Eval pyrolysis (1)
- Rocky deserts (1)
- Rodinia (1)
- Role-play (1)
- Romania (1)
- Root morphology (1)
- Root respiration (1)
- Root water uptake (1)
- Rooting depth (1)
- Roots (1)
- Rossby waves (1)
- Rotifers (1)
- Roughness (1)
- Rover station (1)
- Runoff modeling (1)
- Rupture Propagation (1)
- Russian Arctic region (1)
- Rutile mineral chemistry (1)
- Ryukyu Group (1)
- Ryukyu Islands (1)
- Réunion (1)
- Río Pescado (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionspektroskopie (1)
- Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Rückenkollision (1)
- Rückensubduktion (1)
- S Phase (1)
- S-Phase (1)
- S-receiver functions (1)
- S-type granite (1)
- S-wave velocity (1)
- S-waves (1)
- SAFIRA II (1)
- SDM (1)
- SEBAL (1)
- SEC (1)
- SEM (1)
- SH waves (1)
- SMI (1)
- SN(A)15 (1)
- SPAC (1)
- SPEI (1)
- SPI (1)
- SPM (1)
- SRTM improvements (1)
- SSMI/S (1)
- SW Africa (1)
- Sabzevar (1)
- Sachsengängerei (1)
- Sahel (1)
- Salento (1)
- Salinic (1)
- Salt diapir (1)
- Salt transport (1)
- Salta Rift (1)
- Salta basin (1)
- Salta-Becken (1)
- Salzgestein (1)
- Salzpfanne (1)
- Salztransport (1)
- Sambagawa (1)
- Sampling strategy (1)
- San Andreas Fault (1)
- San Andreas Verwerfung (1)
- Sanabria Lake (1)
- Sand dune steppe and grassland vegetation (1)
- Sandstein (1)
- Sandstone detrital modes (1)
- Santa Cruz Island (1)
- Santa Cruz formation (1)
- Saprolit (1)
- Sardinia (1)
- Sardinien (1)
- Sarmentofascis (1)
- Satellite gravity data (1)
- Satellite magnetics (1)
- Satelliten-Fernerkundung (1)
- Satellitenbilder (1)
- Satellitenmission Swarm (1)
- Saturated zone (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoffisotope (1)
- Sava River (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Savannen-Ökologie (1)
- Saxo-Thuringia (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Scenario study (1)
- Scenarios (1)
- Schaden (1)
- Schadensabschätzung (1)
- Schadensprozesse (1)
- Schallemissionen (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Scherzonen (1)
- Schleswig-Holstein (1)
- Schmelzeinschlüsse (1)
- Schmelzstruktur (1)
- Schnee (1)
- Schwemmfächer (1)
- Schwerkraft (1)
- Schwerminerale (1)
- Scotland (1)
- Sea level (1)
- Sea of Galilee (1)
- Sea-level change (1)
- Sea-level changes (1)
- SeaWiFS Ocean-Colour Satellitendaten (1)
- Seagrasses (1)
- Seasonal forecasting (1)
- Seawater intrusion (1)
- Secondary forest (1)
- Sectoral emissions (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment Fingerprinting (1)
- Sediment cascade (1)
- Sediment cascades (1)
- Sediment characterization (1)
- Sediment distribution (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Sediment monitoring (1)
- Sediment production (1)
- Sediment recycling (1)
- Sediment redistribution (1)
- Sediment retention (1)
- Sediment reuse (1)
- Sediment storage (1)
- Sediment supply (1)
- Sediment tails (1)
- Sediment transfer (1)
- Sediment transport (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Sedimentary facies (1)
- Sedimentary rocks (1)
- Sedimentation rate (1)
- Sedimentationsdynamik (1)
- Sedimentbecken (1)
- Sedimente (1)
- Sedimentenabfolge (1)
- Sedimentfalle (1)
- Sedimentfazies (1)
- Sedimentfracht (1)
- Sedimentmächtigkeit (1)
- Sedimentquellenidentifizierung (1)
- Sedimenttransportsystem (1)
- Sedimentvolumen (1)
- Seeausbrüche (1)
- Seed competition (1)
- Seedurchmischung (1)
- Seespiegelschwankungen (1)
- Seestandsänderung (1)
- Seesystemreaktionen (1)
- Seewasserhaushalt (1)
- SeisComP3 (1)
- Seismic Array Methods (1)
- Seismic arrays (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic gap (1)
- Seismic hazard (1)
- Seismic hazard assessment (1)
- Seismic imaging (1)
- Seismic investigations (1)
- Seismic load parameters (1)
- Seismic nest (1)
- Seismic network (1)
- Seismic refraction (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismic slip distribution (1)
- Seismic source parameters (1)
- Seismicity and tectonic (1)
- Seismik (1)
- Seismische Arrays (1)
- Seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- Seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Seismische Tomographie (1)
- Seismizität und Tektonik (1)
- Seismizitätsmodellierung (1)
- Seismo-tectonics (1)
- Seismo-volcanic activity (1)
- Seismogenic sources (1)
- Seismoturbidites (1)
- Self-organizing map (1)
- Self-propping fracture (1)
- Seltenerdelemente (1)
- Semi-arid savanna (1)
- Semiarid catchment (1)
- Sensitive areas (1)
- Sentinel 3 (1)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (1)
- Sentinel-2 MSI (1)
- Sequence stratigraphy (1)
- Sequences (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Sericytochromatia (1)
- Shale gas (1)
- Shallow borehole sensors (1)
- Shallow lakes (1)
- Shallow marine deposits (1)
- Shallow subsurface (1)
- Shan (1)
- Shanderman (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape detection (1)
- Shear wave splitting (1)
- Shear wave velocity (1)
- Shear zones (1)
- Shell Bar (1)
- Shire River basin (1)
- Shore vegetationa (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Shortening (1)
- Shortening rates (1)
- Shrubland regeneration (1)
- Shyok Fluss (1)
- Shyok River (1)
- Si cycling (1)
- Si extraction (1)
- SiO(2)Molecular dynamics (1)
- SiO2-H2O (1)
- Siberian arctic (1)
- Siberian larch (1)
- Sibirien (1)
- Sibirien <Nord> (1)
- Sibirienhoch (1)
- Sichuan (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Sierra de Aconquija (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas Orientales (1)
- Sigmoid model (1)
- Signal enhancement (1)
- Signal propagation (1)
- Signalbildung (1)
- Signalweiterleitung (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate melts (1)
- Silicate weathering (1)
- Silicate- carbonate melts/glasses (1)
- Silikatschmelze (1)
- Silikatverwitterung (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Sillimanit (1)
- Simulated Mars-like conditions (1)
- Simulation model (1)
- Single station sigma (1)
- Single-station sigma (1)
- Singular value decomposition (1)
- Site amplification (1)
- Site characterisation (1)
- Site classification (1)
- Site proxy (1)
- Site response (1)
- Site-adequate land use (1)
- Site-condition proxies (1)
- Site-specific agricultural land-use (1)
- Siurana Reservoir (1)
- Siwalik (1)
- Siwalik Group (1)
- Siwaliks (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Skala (1)
- Skalierung (1)
- Skarn (1)
- Slab break-off (1)
- Slab retreat (1)
- Slab roll-back (1)
- Slip deficit (1)
- Slip distribution (1)
- Slip rate (1)
- Slip-rate (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Slope temperature (1)
- Slope-area plot (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Smallholder (1)
- Sn (1)
- Snow (1)
- Snow avalanche recognition (1)
- Snow-Water Equivalent (1)
- Snow-cover (1)
- Snowella (1)
- Snowmelt floods (1)
- Social valuation (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Socio-economics (1)
- Socio-economy (1)
- Sociocultural valuation (1)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- Software (1)
- Soil C leaching (1)
- Soil C- and N stocks (1)
- Soil carbon (1)
- Soil catena (1)
- Soil contamination (1)
- Soil deposition (1)
- Soil development (1)
- Soil microorganisms (1)
- Soil moisture measurement comparison (1)
- Soil moisture patterns (1)
- Soil moisture regimes (1)
- Soil moisture time series (1)
- Soil monitoring (1)
- Soil organic carbon stocks (1)
- Soil organic carbon storage (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil process modelling (1)
- Soil reaction (1)
- Soil redoximorphic feature (1)
- Soil respiration (1)
- Soil stratification (1)
- Soil texture (1)
- Soil thin-section (1)
- Soil tillage (1)
- Soil water balance (1)
- Soil water balance simulation (1)
- Soil water variability (1)
- Soil-environmental relationships (1)
- Soil-water salinity (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solar irradiation (1)
- Solare Austrahlung (1)
- Solute evolution (1)
- Sommer et al. 2006 (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Source (1)
- Source longevity (1)
- Source mechanism (1)
- South Africa (1)
- South Asia (1)
- South Atlantic (1)
- South Central Andes (1)
- South Chile (1)
- South China Sea (1)
- South Eifel (1)
- South Korea (1)
- South Pacific Gyre (1)
- South-America (1)
- Southatlantic (1)
- Southern Caspian Basin (1)
- Southern Central Volcanic Zone (1)
- Southern Ethiopian Rift (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern Norway (1)
- Southern Oscillation (1)
- Southern Pamir (1)
- Soybean (1)
- Space climate (1)
- Space weather (1)
- Spalt Spuren (1)
- Spalteneruption (1)
- Spannung (1)
- Spannungsfeld des späten Känozoikums (1)
- Spannungsmessung (1)
- Spannungsmuster (1)
- Spannungsänderungen (1)
- Spatial Modeling (1)
- Spatial analysis (1)
- Spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT) (1)
- Spatial and nonspatial graphs (1)
- Spatial and temporal denudation rate (1)
- Spatial autocorrelation (1)
- Spatial coherence (1)
- Spatial distribution (1)
- Spatial patterns (1)
- Spatial policy (1)
- Spatial structure (1)
- Spatially cross-correlated ground motion (1)
- Spatially explicit modelling (1)
- Spatially explicit models (1)
- Spatially explicit prediction (1)
- Spatio-temporal variability (1)
- Species conservation (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species range shift (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral accelerations (1)
- Spectral analysis (1)
- Spectral clustering analysis (1)
- Spectral decomposition (1)
- Spectral intensity (1)
- Spectral unmixing (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectrophotometry (1)
- Spektralanalyse (1)
- Speleoseismology (1)
- Speleothems (1)
- Spin transition (1)
- Spiti valley (1)
- Spitsbergen (1)
- Spity Valley (1)
- Sponge spicule (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Sporopollenin (1)
- Spread F (1)
- Spreewald wetland (1)
- Spröde Vorläufer (1)
- Spurenelement-Partitionierung (1)
- Spurenelementverteilung (1)
- Spätglazial (1)
- Spätquartär (1)
- Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
- Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes (1)
- Sr-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Stabile Isotope (1)
- Stabile Isotopen (1)
- Stabile Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotope (1)
- Stability properties (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable isotope fractionation analysis (1)
- Stable oxygen isotopes (1)
- Stable water isotopes (1)
- Stadtentwicklung (1)
- Stag hunt (1)
- Stage-discharge (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stakeholder participation (1)
- Stalagmite (1)
- Stalagmiten (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standardized precipitation index (1)
- Standort des Streuers (1)
- State space reconstruction (1)
- Static bulk modulus (1)
- Statistical Methods (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- Statistical downscaling (1)
- Statistical modeling (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Statistische Seismologie (1)
- Steilwinkel-Analyse von PcP (1)
- Steppe (1)
- Steppe-desert (1)
- Stimulation fluids (1)
- Stochastic gradient boosting (1)
- Stochastic model (1)
- Stochastischer Algorithmus (1)
- Stockholm-convention (1)
- StorAge Selection function (1)
- Storm (1)
- Storm water management model (1)
- Strahlung und chemische Eigenschaften (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strain Localisation (1)
- Strain Localization (1)
- Strain localisation (1)
- Strain localization Carrara marble (1)
- Strandlines (1)
- Stratal cyclicity (1)
- Strategic uncertainty (1)
- Stratigrafie (1)
- Stratigraphie (1)
- Stream Power Law (1)
- Stream length gradient (1)
- Stream network (1)
- Streamfiow (1)
- Streamflow (1)
- Stress field (1)
- Stress measurement (1)
- Stress parameter (1)
- Stress tensor (1)
- Stressmodellierung (1)
- Strike-Slip Störungen (1)
- Strike-slip fault (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Stromsektor (1)
- Strong motion (1)
- Strong-motion data (1)
- Strong-motion records (1)
- Strontium-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structural inheritance (1)
- Structural models (1)
- Structure effect (1)
- Strukturmodellierung (1)
- Sturmhochwasser (1)
- Sturzfluten (1)
- Style of faulting (1)
- Städe (1)
- Städte Effizienz (1)
- Störungen (1)
- Störungsbau (1)
- Störungsinteraktion (1)
- Störungszone (1)
- Störungszonen (1)
- Störungszonenarchitektur (1)
- Subaerial exposure (1)
- Subantarctic Front (1)
- Subduction Zone (1)
- Subduction earthquakes (1)
- Subduction fluids (1)
- Subduction input (1)
- Subduction interface (1)
- Subduction zone structure (1)
- Subduktionsbeben (1)
- Subfreezing temperatures (1)
- Submarine channel (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submarine sediments (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Submerged macrophytes (1)
- Submerged vegetation composition (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Subsidenzgeschichte (1)
- Substrate (1)
- Subsurface Biosphere (1)
- Subsurface energy storage (1)
- Subterranean environment (1)
- Subtropical cyclones (1)
- Suguta Tal (1)
- Suigetsu (1)
- Sulfate (1)
- Sulfatreduktion (1)
- Sumatra Störung (1)
- Sumatra fault (1)
- Sumatran fault (1)
- Sumba Island (1)
- Summer and winter temperature (1)
- Superconducting gravimetry (1)
- Supercontinent breakup (1)
- Supercontinent cycle (1)
- Support vector machine regression (1)
- Supra-subduction zone (1)
- Supraleit-Gravimetrie (1)
- Supraleitender Gravimeter (SG) (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface Exposure Age (1)
- Surface composition (1)
- Surface floods (1)
- Surface roughness parameters (1)
- Surface waves (1)
- Surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (1)
- Surface-wave methods (1)
- Susceptibility (1)
- Suspended sediment transport (1)
- Suspended-sediment yield (1)
- Suspendsionsfracht (1)
- Sustainable cities (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable land use (1)
- Sustainable natural hazard management (1)
- Sutlej River (1)
- Swarm earthquakes (1)
- Sweet (1)
- Symbology (1)
- Syn-eruptive Hyaloclastic deposits (1)
- Syn-rift breccia (1)
- Synchronisation von Ereignissen (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray (1)
- Synchrotron tomography (1)
- Syntaxe (1)
- Syntectonic sedimentation (1)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (1)
- Synthetic pyroxene (1)
- Synthetische Sandsteine (1)
- Syria (1)
- System (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Süd Chile (1)
- Süd-Türkei (1)
- Südatlantik (1)
- Südeifel (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- TDR (1)
- TDS-1 (1)
- TIME-GCM (1)
- TIN (1)
- TL of feldspar (1)
- TL-thermochronology (1)
- TLS (1)
- TOC (1)
- TRMM satellite data (1)
- Taifune (1)
- Tailings ponds (1)
- Tajik Basin (1)
- Takab (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tananao Complex (1)
- Tangible losses (1)
- Taphonomy (1)
- Taranaki Basin (1)
- Tarim Basin, NW China (1)
- Tarim basin (1)
- Tarutung (1)
- Tasas de acortamiento (1)
- Tasseled Cap transformation (1)
- Tauern Window; (1)
- Tauride (1)
- Taurus petroleum system (1)
- Taylor’s law (1)
- Team (1)
- TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) (1)
- Tectona grandis (1)
- Tectonic Geomorphology (1)
- Tectonic deformation (1)
- Tectonic reconstruction (1)
- Tectonic uplift (1)
- Tectonic-climate coupling (1)
- Tectonics and climatic interactions (1)
- Tektonische Geomorphologie (1)
- Temperate deciduous forest (1)
- Temperatur (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperature time series (1)
- Temperaturerekonstruktion (1)
- Temperaturfeld (1)
- Temporal clustering (1)
- Temporal dynamics (1)
- Temporal sensitivity (1)
- Temporal spread (1)
- Temporal stability of soil water fluxes (1)
- Temporal variability (1)
- Temporary pond (1)
- Tendürek Vulkan (1)
- Tendürek volcano (1)
- TerraSAR-X (1)
- Terrace reoccupation (1)
- Terraces (1)
- Terrain maps (1)
- Terrestrial C sink (1)
- Terrestrial ecosystem development (1)
- Testate amoeba shell (1)
- Testate amoebae (1)
- Testudines (1)
- Tetrahymanol (1)
- Th-232 (1)
- Th-U-Pb monazite age (1)
- Thaw lakes (1)
- The Geysers (1)
- The northern margin of the South China Sea (1)
- Theriak/Domino (1)
- Thermal (1)
- Thermal electricity production (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Thermal modeling (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermal-conductivity (1)
- Thermisch (1)
- Thermische Modellierung (1)
- Thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- Thermo-sensitive tracers (1)
- Thermobarometry (1)
- Thermodynamic modeling (1)
- Thermodynamic-geochemical modeling (1)
- Thermokarstprozesse (1)
- Thermotoleranz (1)
- Thick-skinned tectonics (1)
- Tholeiite (1)
- Tholeiitic basalts (1)
- Thorichnus-Vatnaspor ichnoassemblage (1)
- Three-dimensional (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thrombolites (1)
- Tian (1)
- Tian Shan piedmont (1)
- Tian shan (1)
- Tian-Shan (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tidal marsh vegetation (1)
- Tiefbeben und Kernexplosionen (1)
- Tiefendeformation (1)
- Tiefenversickerung (1)
- Tiefer See (1)
- Tien Shan (western Central Asia) (1)
- Tien Shan Mountains (1)
- Tien-Shan (1)
- Tile drain (1)
- Tillage (1)
- Tillage erosion (1)
- Tiltmeter (1)
- Time-lag effects (1)
- Time-lapse imaging (1)
- Tomographie (1)
- Tomographie des elektrischen Widerstands (1)
- Tonmineralien (1)
- Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) (1)
- Topographie (1)
- Topography reconstruction (1)
- Torsion Experiments (1)
- Torsionsexperimente (1)
- Tote Meer (1)
- Totes Meer (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Trace metals (1)
- Tracer (1)
- Tracers (1)
- Transbaikalia (1)
- Transfer functions (1)
- Transferverluste in Flüssen (1)
- Transform fault (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transformation hydrologischer Signale (1)
- Transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- Transformstörung (1)
- Transnationalismus (1)
- Transpression (1)
- Tree age distribution (1)
- Tree line (1)
- Tree species effect (1)
- Tree-based pursuit (1)
- Tree-ring (1)
- Tree-ring software (1)
- Treibhausgase (1)
- Tremp basin (1)
- Trendanalysen (1)
- Triangular dislocations (TDs) (1)
- Triassic rifting (1)
- Triaxial deformation (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Basin (1)
- Trier-Luxembourg Embayment (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Becken (1)
- Trier-Luxemburger Bucht (1)
- Triggered seismicity (1)
- Triphylite (1)
- Tristan mantle plume (1)
- Triticum aestivum L (1)
- Tritium Assay (1)
- Tritium Versuchsanordnung (1)
- Trockenflüsse (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Tropical dry deciduous forests (1)
- Tropical high mountains (1)
- Tropical montane forests (1)
- Tropical rainforest (1)
- Tropical storms (1)
- Tropics (1)
- Tropospheric nitrogen-dioxide (1)
- Trout Lake (1)
- Trujillo Block (1)
- Tso Morari (1)
- Tsunami effect (1)
- Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem (1)
- Tsunami-Risiko (1)
- Tsunamis (1)
- Tundra (1)
- Tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- Tungsten–tin deposits (1)
- Tuning (1)
- Turbidite paleoseismology (1)
- Turbidites (1)
- Turkana depression (1)
- Turmalin (1)
- Tuscany (1)
- Tuz Golu Basin (1)
- Type-I error (1)
- U (1)
- U -Pb dating (1)
- U-Pb Geochronologie (1)
- U/Pb dating of titanite (1)
- UAS (1)
- UAVs (1)
- UHI (1)
- UHP (1)
- UHP eclogites (1)
- UHP edogites and felsic gneisses (1)
- UHP exhumation (1)
- UHP metamorphism (1)
- UNESCO (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- USLE (1)
- UV fs laser ablation (1)
- UV-Lasermikrodissektion (1)
- UV-laser microdissection (1)
- Uk'37 (1)
- Uk’37 (1)
- Ultra-Niedriggeschwindigkeitszonen (1)
- Ultra-high pressure (UHP) (1)
- Ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Umweltmonitoring (1)
- Umweltrekonstruktion (1)
- Uncertainty Analysis (1)
- Uncertainty analysis (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Unconventional gas (1)
- Unconventional gas production (1)
- Unconventional reservoir potential (1)
- Underground gas storage (1)
- Ungauged catchments (1)
- Uniformitarianism (1)
- Unloading (1)
- Unsaturated zone (1)
- Unsupervised Learning (1)
- Unterdevon (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untergrunduntersuchung der Biosphäre (1)
- Untertage-Kohlevergasung (1)
- Unüberwachtes Lernen (1)
- Uplift (1)
- Uplift Rate (1)
- Uplift Rates (1)
- Uplift rate (1)
- Upper Cambrian (1)
- Upper Indus Basin (1)
- Upper Paleozoic (1)
- Upper Permian Zechstein Group Northern Germany (1)
- Uran (1)
- Uran-Blei-Datierung (1)
- Urban CO2 emissions (1)
- Urban Kaya relation (1)
- Urban ecosystem analysis (1)
- Urban energy (1)
- Urban learning lab (1)
- Urban scaling (1)
- Urban sprawl (1)
- Urban water cycle (1)
- V-S,V-30 (1)
- V-p (1)
- V-s profiles (1)
- V-s ratios (1)
- V-s,V-30 (1)
- VERB (1)
- VLBI analysis (1)
- VLP (1)
- VOCs (1)
- VT events and tremor (1)
- Vadose zone (1)
- Valais ocean (1)
- Valley fill (1)
- Valley fills (1)
- Values (1)
- Van Krevelen diagram (1)
- Vansee (1)
- Variability (1)
- Variabilität (1)
- Variabilität von Bodenbewegung (1)
- Variscan orogeny (1)
- Varve (1)
- Varve chronologies (1)
- Varve chronology (1)
- Varve counting (1)
- Varved lake sediments (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- Vegetation composition (1)
- Vegetation diversity indices (1)
- Vegetation driver (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Vegetation-climate disequilibrium (1)
- Vegetationsbedeckung (1)
- Vegetative reproduction (1)
- Velocity models (1)
- Verarbeitung seismischer Daten (1)
- Verdichtung (1)
- Verformungslokalisierung (1)
- Verkürzung (1)
- Vermicompost (1)
- Versalzung (1)
- Verschüttungsaltersdatierung (1)
- Verteilungsfunktionen mit einer oberen Grenze (1)
- Vertical flow filters (1)
- Vertical pollen dispersal and deposition (1)
- Vertical resolution (1)
- Vertical-flow soil filter (1)
- Vertisol genesis (1)
- Vertreibung (1)
- Verwitterungsfeedback (1)
- Videoanalyse (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vinoren (1)
- Virtual active seismic (1)
- Virulenz (1)
- Viscous blocking (1)
- Visitors (1)
- Viskositätsstruktur im oberen Mantel (1)
- Visual system (1)
- Visualisation tool (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Volatiles (1)
- Volcan de Colima (1)
- Volcanic activity (1)
- Volcanic arc processes (1)
- Volcanic collapse (1)
- Volcanic disturbances (1)
- Volcanic rift zone (1)
- Volcanic rocks (1)
- Volcaniclastics (1)
- Volcano (1)
- Volcano deformation modelling (1)
- Volcanology (1)
- Volta Basin (1)
- Volume reconstruction (1)
- Vorelandbecken (1)
- Vorland (1)
- Vorlandbeckenentwicklung (1)
- Vorlanddeformation (1)
- Vrica Subchron (1)
- Vs Profile (1)
- Vs profiles (1)
- Vulcano (1)
- Vulkan Verformung (1)
- Vulkaniklastika (1)
- Vulkanismus (1)
- Vulkanologie (1)
- Vulkanverformungsmodellierung (1)
- Vulkanüberwachung (1)
- Vulnerability mapping (1)
- W Cantabrian coast (1)
- WAPLS (1)
- WASA-SED (1)
- WRF (1)
- WRF-Chem (1)
- WaSiM-ETH (1)
- Waldbewirtschaftung (1)
- Waldumbau (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Warve (1)
- Warves (1)
- Wasser-Gesteins-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Wasser-Monitoring (1)
- Wasserdampf (1)
- Wassergütemodellierung (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (1)
- Wasserpflanzen (1)
- Wasserqualität (1)
- Wasserspeicheränderungen (1)
- Water (1)
- Water balance (1)
- Water balance model (1)
- Water budget / balance (1)
- Water chemistry (1)
- Water demand (1)
- Water distribution (1)
- Water quality modelling (1)
- Water stable isotope (1)
- Water storage (1)
- Water storage dynamic (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Water yield (1)
- Watershed (1)
- Wave (1)
- Wave-built terraces (1)
- Wavelet (1)
- Wavelet power spectrum (1)
- Wavelet transform (1)
- Wavelet transformation (1)
- Weather patterns (1)
- Weather radar (1)
- Weathering indices (1)
- Web maps (1)
- WebGL (1)
- Weighted model ensembles (1)
- Weighted-average partial least squares (1)
- Weights-of-Evidence (1)
- Weilerbach-Mulde (1)
- Well productivity (1)
- Well-log analysis (1)
- Wellenausbreitung (1)
- Wellenbrechung und Diffraktion (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeit (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeiten (1)
- Wellenleiter (1)
- Weltraumklima (1)
- Weltraumwetter (1)
- Wenchuan (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West Fault Zone (1)
- West Turkey (1)
- West Türkei (1)
- Westböhmen (1)
- Western Africa (1)
- Western Alps (1)
- Wheat (1)
- White mica Ar-40/ Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Wide-angle seismic (1)
- Wiederkehr (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Willingness to pay (1)
- Willow tree (1)
- Wind model (1)
- Wind modelling (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Windböen (1)
- Winddynamik (1)
- Winderosion (1)
- Wirtsgesteinsskala (1)
- Within-field variation (1)
- Within-model uncertainty (1)
- Wittlicher Senke (1)
- Wofram-Zinn Lagerstätte (1)
- Woodchips (1)
- Woody coverage (1)
- Wuchiapingium (1)
- Würzburg (1)
- X-radiography (1)
- X-ray Raman scattering (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray mapping (1)
- XAS (1)
- XRD in the clay fraction (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- XRF data (1)
- Xigaze ophiolite (1)
- Xining Basin (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Yacoraite Formation (1)
- Yakutia (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yarlung Tsangpo (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Gorge (1)
- Yarlung-Tsangpo Schlucht (1)
- Yatta (1)
- Yedoma (1)
- Yedoma Ice Complex (1)
- Young's modulus (1)
- Yucatan Peninsula (1)
- Yukon (1)
- Yuli belt (1)
- Yurtus Formation (1)
- Z-P approach (1)
- ZHe tracer thermochronology (1)
- Zagros forests (1)
- Zanskar (1)
- Zechstein salt (1)
- Zechstein-Buntsandstein interval (1)
- Zeitanhängig (1)
- Zeitserie (1)
- Zeitskala (1)
- Zelezna hurka (1)
- Zentral Asien (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zermatt-Saas (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinn (1)
- Zipf’s law (1)
- Ziphiidae (1)
- Zircon U-Pb age (1)
- Zircon U-Pb dating (1)
- Zircon U/Pb and Pb-Pb ages (1)
- Zircon age (1)
- Zircon dating (1)
- Zooxanthellate corals (1)
- Zusammengesetztes Dislokationsmodel (CDM) (1)
- Zustands-Übergangs-Modelle (1)
- Zyklostratigraphie (1)
- Zypernbogen (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessory minerals (1)
- accommodation-space (1)
- accountability (1)
- accretionary complex (1)
- accretionary prism (1)
- accumulation (1)
- accumulation in soils (1)
- accumulation rates (1)
- acoustic emission (1)
- action plan (1)
- activ continental margin (1)
- active continental margin (1)
- active faulting (1)
- active layer (1)
- active seismic (1)
- active source data (1)
- actively growing bacteria (AGB) (1)
- adapation (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- administrative units (1)
- adsorption (1)
- advection (1)
- aegean (1)
- aeolian (1)
- aeolian input (1)
- aero (1)
- aerobic respiration (1)
- aerosols (1)
- afforestation (1)
- aftershock (1)
- aftershock sequence (1)
- aftershocks (1)
- afterslip inversion (1)
- age class forest (1)
- age modeling (1)
- age resetting (1)
- age-depth model (1)
- age-elevation relationships (1)
- age-heterogeneity (1)
- age-related biomarkers (1)
- agemodeling (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agglomeration (1)
- aggradation-incision cycles (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agroecosystem (1)
- aillikite (1)
- air pollution (1)
- airborne (1)
- airborne geophysics (1)
- aktive Quelldaten (1)
- aktive Seismik (1)
- aktive Verwerfungen (1)
- aktive Weitewinkel-Seismik (1)
- aktiver Kontinentalrand (1)
- alaskan tundra (1)
- albedo (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alkaline granites (1)
- alkaline lake (1)
- alkenones (1)
- allochthon (1)
- alluvial (1)
- alluvial channel morphology (1)
- alluvial fans (1)
- alluvial-fan sedimentation (1)
- alpine catchments (1)
- alpine environment (1)
- alpine grassland degradation (1)
- altitudinal zonation (1)
- alveolinaceans (1)
- ambient vibration (1)
- ambition (1)
- ammonia (1)
- ammonia volatilization (1)
- amphibole (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- anaerobe Inkubationensexperimente (1)
- anaerobic incubation experiments (1)
- analog experiment (1)
- analog modeling (1)
- analog models (1)
- analysis of pathways (1)
- ancient DNA (1)
- and Granite Magmatism (1)
- andean geology (1)
- angewandte Geophysik (1)
- anhydrite inclusions (1)
- animal calories (1)
- anisotropic inversion (1)
- annually laminated sediments (1)
- anorthite (1)
- anoxia (1)
- ant mounds (1)
- antecedent conditions (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- apatite (1)
- apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (1)
- apatite fission track (1)
- apatite fission-track (1)
- apatite fission-track thermochronology (1)
- apatite geochemistry and U-Pb dating (1)
- apatite helium thermochronology (1)
- applied geophysics (1)
- aquatic carbon cycle (1)
- aquatic ecosystems (1)
- aquatischen Ökosystemen (1)
- aquifer-river interface (1)
- archaeology (1)
- archeomagnetism (1)
- archetype (1)
- archetypical gauging station (1)
- arctic tundra (1)
- arctic-alpine environments (1)
- area (1)
- area-average snow monitoring (1)
- argentina (1)
- argon (1)
- aridification (1)
- arktische Gewässer (1)
- arktische Klimaänderung (1)
- arktischer Nahküstenbereich (1)
- array design (1)
- artefact avoidance (1)
- artificial light at night (1)
- artificial mixtures (1)
- artificially drained lowland (1)
- asthenospheric slab-window (1)
- asthenospherisches "slab-window" (1)
- asymmetric pair distribution function (1)
- asymmetric rifting (1)
- atlantic (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atmosphere-only climate model simulations (1)
- atmospheric aerosols (1)
- atmospheric circulation (1)
- atmospheric deposition (1)
- attenuation (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attitudinal transects (1)
- attraction (1)
- attribute analysis (1)
- attribution (1)
- authigene Mineralbildung (1)
- authigenic mineral formation (1)
- autochthon (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- automated monitoring (1)
- automatic chambers (1)
- automatic classification (1)
- automatic lineament extraction (1)
- automatische Klassifizierung (1)
- autotrophic respiration (1)
- b-Wert Kartierung (1)
- b-value map (1)
- back arc basin (1)
- bacterial community composition (1)
- bacterial diversity (1)
- bacterial-community structure (1)
- bandgap (1)
- bank infiltration (1)
- barite (1)
- barrow (1)
- basaltic volcanoes (1)
- base-level fall (1)
- baseflow (1)
- basement rock (1)
- basin evolution (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- basin structure (1)
- beam forming (1)
- beaver (1)
- bed disturbance (1)
- bedrock elevation (1)
- bedrock-alluvial channels (1)
- beginnende Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision (1)
- behavioral adaptation (1)
- belowground biomass (1)
- bentonite (1)
- beobachtende Seismologie (1)
- berylium-10 (1)
- beryllium (1)
- best practices (1)
- biodegradación (1)
- biodegradation (1)
- bioenergy (1)
- biofilm (1)
- biofuel (1)
- biogas (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biogeographic provinces (1)
- biogeography (1)
- biogeoscience (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biological invasion (1)
- biologischer Abbau (1)
- biomanipulation (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de edad (1)
- biomarcadores diagnósticos de madurez (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomaterials (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biosynthetic fractionation (1)
- bioturbation (1)
- body condition (1)
- body growth rate (1)
- bolivianischen Zinngürtels (1)
- bond strength (1)
- bonding transition (1)
- boosting (1)
- boreal (1)
- boreal forest (1)
- borehole breakouts (1)
- boron (1)
- bottom sediments (1)
- bottom water (1)
- bottom waters (1)
- boundary element method (1)
- boundary element modeling (1)
- boundary exchange (1)
- boundary scavenging (1)
- box turtles (1)
- brackish marsh (1)
- braided alluvial rivers (1)
- branched GDGTs (1)
- breaches (1)
- breccia (1)
- brittle deformation (1)
- brittle precursors (1)
- broadband seismometer (1)
- bromeliad (1)
- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry (1)
- brown (1)
- brushite (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- bubble trap (1)
- buildings (1)
- bulk chemistry (1)
- burial (1)
- burial dating (1)
- burning (1)
- calcium (1)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (1)
- caldera collapse (1)
- calderas (1)
- campo de esfuerzo del Cenozoico tardío (1)
- capacitive sensors (1)
- captive breeding (1)
- carbon budget (1)
- carbon burial (1)
- carbon capture and storage (CCS) (1)
- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) (1)
- carbon cycling (1)
- carbon density (1)
- carbon dioxide exchange (1)
- carbon flows (1)
- carbon fluxes (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbon stabilization (1)
- carbonate assimilation (1)
- carbonate melt (1)
- carbonate platforms (1)
- carbonate pore types (1)
- carbonate precipitation (1)
- carbonate ramp (1)
- carbonate ramps (1)
- carbonate stability (1)
- carbonate systems (1)
- carbonatites (1)
- carnallite (1)
- carnivora (1)
- carpholite (1)
- cartography (1)
- case history (1)
- case study (1)
- cash crops (1)
- cataclasite (1)
- catchment classification (1)
- catchment connectivity (1)
- catchment hydrology (1)
- catchment nitrate export (1)
- catchment response (1)
- catchment scale (1)
- catchment state (1)
- cell counts (1)
- cell separation (1)
- cementation (1)
- central Andean foreland (1)
- central Andes (1)
- central Mongolia (1)
- central-eastern Beringia (1)
- channel geometry (1)
- channel migration (1)
- channel projection (1)
- channel steepness (1)
- channel steps (1)
- channel transmission losses (1)
- channel width (1)
- channel-hillslope coupling (1)
- charnockite (1)
- chemical dating (1)
- chemische Datierung (1)
- chemische Verwitterung (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemocline (1)
- chilenische Anden (1)
- chitosan (1)
- chlorite (1)
- chlorite-phengite thermobarometry (1)
- chloritoid micaschist (1)
- chloritoid stability (1)
- cholecalciferol (1)
- choppering (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chronological construction (1)
- chronostratigraphy (1)
- chronostratigrapy (1)
- circular statistics (1)
- cirrus detection (1)
- cities (1)
- city clusters (1)
- city district (1)
- city of Potsdam (1)
- city of Wuerzburg (1)
- clay (1)
- clay organic coating (1)
- clay sediments (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- clima (1)
- climat change (1)
- climate action (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change co-operation (1)
- climate change cooperation (1)
- climate clubs (1)
- climate dynamics (1)
- climate extreme events (1)
- climate global and local patterns (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climate impacts (1)
- climate instability (1)
- climate modeling (1)
- climate reconstruction (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate time series analysis (1)
- climate transition (1)
- climate warming (1)
- climate-carbon cycle feedbacks (1)
- climate-change mitigation (1)
- climate-change policy (1)
- climate-tectonic feedback processes (1)
- climate-tectonic feedbacks (1)
- climatic and tectonic forcing (1)
- climatic change (1)
- climatolgoy (1)
- climatology (1)
- clockwise P-T path (1)
- clonal growth (1)
- closed chamber method (1)
- closed forest (1)
- cloud detection (1)
- club goods (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-benefits (1)
- coal mine waste (1)
- coastal flooding (1)
- coastal floods (1)
- coastal sand dunes (1)
- coefficient of determination (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- cold surges (1)
- collapse (1)
- colloid transport (1)
- combinatorial inverse modelling (1)
- companies (1)
- competition (1)
- competition-defense trade-off (1)
- complex network (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- compliance (1)
- components (1)
- compositional gap (1)
- compositional map (1)
- compositional species turnover (1)
- compound-specific stable carbon isotope analyses (1)
- compression (1)
- computational ethnomusicology (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- computational geosciences (1)
- computational seismology (1)
- computergestützte Musikethnologie (1)
- computergestützte Seismologie (1)
- concentration (1)
- concrete (1)
- conditional commitments (1)
- conductivity anisotropy (1)
- conductivity map (1)
- conflict (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- conservation units (1)
- conservative (1)
- contamination processes (1)
- continental break-up (1)
- continental collision zones (1)
- continental margins (1)
- continental neotectonics (1)
- continental rifting (1)
- continental rifts (1)
- continental shelf (1)
- continuous modelling (1)
- continuous snowpack monitoring (1)
- controlled drainage (1)
- controlled source wide angle seismic (1)
- controlo estrutural (1)
- convective rainfall (1)
- convolutional neural network (1)
- coordination transformation (1)
- copper (1)
- coral (1)
- corals (1)
- core flow (1)
- core-mantle boundary (1)
- core-shell (1)
- coregistration (1)
- correlation skill (1)
- correlations (1)
- corridors (1)
- cosmic rays (1)
- cosmic-ray (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmogenic (1)
- cosmogenic AL-26 (1)
- cosmogenic burial dating (1)
- cosmogenic erosion rates (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide dating (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide-dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclide-based dating (1)
- cost of electricity (COE) (1)
- cost-benefit analysis (1)
- costs of infrastructure (1)
- coumatetralyl (1)
- counterclockwise block rotation between overlapping rift segments (1)
- coupling (1)
- covalency (1)
- crack (1)
- creep and unmapped faults; (1)
- creep properties (1)
- critical infrastructure resilience (1)
- critical zone (1)
- crop modeling (1)
- crop products (1)
- cross-calibration (1)
- crown roots (1)
- crustal anatexis (1)
- crustal deformations (1)
- crustal density structure (1)
- crustal fault (1)
- crustal magma chamber (1)
- crustal stress (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- crustal structure of south central Turkey (1)
- crustal structure of the Eratosthenes Seamount (1)
- cryosphere (1)
- cryostratigraphy (1)
- crystal growth rate (1)
- crystal nucleation (1)
- cuenca intermontana (1)
- cultivation (1)
- cuticle (1)
- cyanobacteria sedimentation (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclic stratigraphy (1)
- d-excess (1)
- daily-discharge time (1)
- damage estimation (1)
- damage model (1)
- damage modelling (1)
- damage surveys (1)
- damaging processes (1)
- dams (1)
- data (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data archeology (1)
- data based model (1)
- data filtering (1)
- data processing (1)
- data scarcity (1)
- data-based (1)
- databases (1)
- debris avalanche (1)
- debris flows (1)
- debris-flow topography (1)
- decision making (1)
- decision trees (1)
- decompression (1)
- deep carbon (1)
- deep crust (1)
- deep earthquakes and nuclear explosions (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deep low-frequency earthquakes (1)
- deep permafrost carbon (1)
- deep seated landslide (1)
- deep seepage (1)
- deep-level mining (1)
- deep-marine sedimentary processes (1)
- defense against predation (1)
- deformation mechanisms (1)
- deformation source modeling (1)
- deglaciation (1)
- dehydration (1)
- delayed fluorescence (1)
- delta O-18 (1)
- delta drift (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- density dependence (1)
- density modeling (1)
- density-driven (1)
- density-functional theory (1)
- denudation processes (1)
- denudation rates (1)
- dependence (1)
- depletion amplitude (1)
- depositional environment (1)
- deposits (1)
- depósitos de volfrâmio-estanho (1)
- der Städtische Wärmeinseleffekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt (1)
- der Urbane Hitzeinsel Effekt basierend auf Landoberflächentemperatur (1)
- derived flood frequency (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deshadowing (1)
- design (1)
- detachment folds (1)
- deterministic (1)
- detrital geochronology and thermochronology (1)
- detrital zircons (1)
- developing countries (1)
- diagenesis (1)
- diagenetische Prozesse (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diamond (1)
- diamond anvil cells (1)
- diatom indicator species (1)
- diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes (1)
- dichtegetriebene Strömung (1)
- die Stadtform (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- digital core reconstruction (1)
- digital elevation models (1)
- digital grain sizing (1)
- digital image analysis (1)
- digital terrain analysis (1)
- digitale Bildanalyse (1)
- dike (1)
- dike intrusion (1)
- dike pathways (1)
- dike propagation (1)
- dike-induced seismicity (1)
- dike-induced stresses (1)
- diorite (1)
- dip-coating (1)
- direct georeferencing (1)
- directivity (1)
- directivity analysis (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discharge (1)
- discharge pattern (1)
- discharge time series (1)
- discharge variability (1)
- discontinuity surfaces (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dislocation creep (1)
- dispersion curves (1)
- dispersion maxima (1)
- dissolution (1)
- dissolution properties (1)
- dissolved (1)
- dissolved silica concentration (1)
- distal steil ansteigende Rampen (1)
- distal turbidites (1)
- distributed volcanic fields (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance tracking (1)
- ditch system (1)
- diurnal signal (1)
- dolerite (1)
- doming (1)
- double diffusive convection (1)
- downstream fining (1)
- drainage (1)
- drainage network expansion (1)
- drainage-divide migration (1)
- dreieckige Dislokationen (TDs) (1)
- drought (1)
- drought stress (1)
- dryland (1)
- dryland rivers (1)
- drylands (1)
- dumortierite (1)
- duplex (1)
- duration (1)
- dust emission and deposition (1)
- dynamical seasonal prediction (1)
- dynamische Topographie (1)
- décollement (1)
- eDNA (1)
- early Holocene (1)
- early diagenesis (1)
- early earth tectonics (1)
- earth mantle (1)
- earth surface processes (1)
- earth system models (1)
- earth system sciences (1)
- earth's mantle (1)
- earthflow (1)
- earthquake bulletin data (1)
- earthquake cycle (1)
- earthquake deformation (1)
- earthquake forecasting (1)
- earthquake ground motions (1)
- earthquake hazard analysis (1)
- earthquake hazards (1)
- earthquake location (1)
- earthquake nucleation (1)
- earthquake sequences (1)
- earthquake source array (1)
- earthworm ecological types (1)
- east Africa (1)
- east African rift (1)
- eastern Mediterranean (1)
- eastern Qiangtang terrane (1)
- eastern asia (1)
- eclogite (UHP) (1)
- eclogites (1)
- eco-hydrological modelling (1)
- ecohydrological modelling (1)
- ecological forecasts (1)
- ecological genetics (1)
- ecological indication (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- ecological theory (1)
- ecology (1)
- economic impacts (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem change (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- ecosystem-based adaptation (1)
- effective elastic properties (1)
- effective porosity (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- effektive Porosität (1)
- efficient method (1)
- elastic geobarometry (1)
- elastic waves (1)
- elastin-like recombinamers (1)
- electric and magnetic fields (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electricity generation (1)
- electromagnetic imaging (1)
- electromagnetic scattering (1)
- electromagnetics (1)
- electron lifetime (1)
- electron microprobe (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electronic structure (1)
- elektrische und magnetische Felder (1)
- elevated CO2 (1)
- elevated CO2 concentration (1)
- emergency (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emergency preparedness (1)
- empirical (1)
- end-member mixing (1)
- energy demand (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- energy security (1)
- energy transfer (1)
- enhanced geothermal system (1)
- ensemble modeling (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmental change (1)
- environmental monitoring (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- environmentalism (1)
- epistemic (1)
- epithermale Zinn-Silber-lagerstätte (1)
- epsilon Nd (1)
- equations (1)
- equatorial electrojet (EEJ) (1)
- equatorial plasma depletion (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- equilibrium assemblage (1)
- ererbte Strukturen (1)
- erosion rate (1)
- erosion-climate link (1)
- eruption (1)
- eruptions (1)
- eruptive cycle (1)
- estimation (1)
- estuary (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- event characteristics (1)
- evolution (1)
- ex-ante impact assessment (1)
- exhumation and uplift (1)
- exhumation processes (1)
- exhumation rates (1)
- expedition (1)
- experimental catchments (1)
- experimental design (1)
- experimental petrology (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploration (1)
- exposure age dating (1)
- exsolution microstructures (1)
- exsolution textures (1)
- extent of rhizosphere (1)
- extreme Ereignisse (1)
- extreme Klimaereignisse (1)
- extreme discharge (1)
- extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse (1)
- extreme hydrometeorological events (1)
- extreme precipitation (1)
- extreme seasons (1)
- extremes (1)
- facilitation (1)
- failed rift (1)
- fallamiento activo (1)
- falling sphere viscosimetry (1)
- fallout radionuclides (1)
- faltendes neuronales Netzwerk (1)
- fan (1)
- farmland biodiversity (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fault (1)
- fault bend (1)
- fault creep (1)
- fault healing (1)
- fault interaction (1)
- fault linkage (1)
- fault network (1)
- fault plane structure (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- fault zone (1)
- fault zone architecture (1)
- faulting behavior (1)
- feedback (1)
- feeding trait (1)
- feldspar (1)
- fenite (1)
- fens (1)
- ferropericlase (1)
- ferropicrite magmas (1)
- fields (1)
- fieldwork (1)
- fine fraction (1)
- finite Differenzen (1)
- finite Elemente (1)
- finite difference simulation (1)
- finite differences (1)
- finite element (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- finite elements (1)
- fire emissions (1)
- fission track (1)
- fission track thermochronology (1)
- fission-track (1)
- fissure eruption (1)
- flash floods (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flexible model (1)
- flood adaptation (1)
- flood damage (1)
- flood frequency (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood genesis (1)
- flood hazard (1)
- flood hazard mapping; (1)
- flood loss estimation (1)
- flood loss model transfer (1)
- flood mechanisms (1)
- flood mitigation (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood reconstruction (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- flood types (1)
- flood typology (1)
- flood volcanism (1)
- floodplain inundation (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- flow accumulation (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow regime (1)
- flow velocity (1)
- flow-through experiment (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluctuation (1)
- fluctuations (1)
- fluid (1)
- fluid flow and thermal modelling (1)
- fluid injection (1)
- fluid regime (1)
- fluid rock interaction (1)
- fluid-melt interaction (1)
- fluid-rock interactions (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1)
- fluvial (1)
- fluvial erosion (1)
- fluvial fill terraces (1)
- fluvial floods (1)
- fluvial incision (1)
- fluvial response (1)
- fluvial strath terraces (1)
- fluvial terrace (1)
- fluvial terraces (1)
- fluviale Einschneidung (1)
- flux (1)
- fluxo de fluidos (1)
- food grain policies (1)
- food quality (1)
- food security (1)
- food systems (1)
- foraminifera (1)
- fore arc (1)
- fore-arc (1)
- forearc (1)
- forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964) (1)
- foreland deformation (1)
- foreland-basin stratigraphy (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest conversion (1)
- forest management (1)
- forestry (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- foundation (1)
- fracking (1)
- fractional snow cover (1)
- fracture aperture (1)
- fracture mechanics (1)
- fracture toughness (1)
- fracture transmissivity (1)
- fracture-controlled (1)
- fracturing (1)
- freeze-thaw cycling (1)
- frequency (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- freshwater biodiversity (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater ostracods (1)
- frictional melt (1)
- frontal accretion (1)
- frost‐ cracking (1)
- frozen soil (1)
- full (1)
- functional response (1)
- functional trait correlations (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fungi (1)
- gap analysis (1)
- gas flux (1)
- gas geochemistry (1)
- gas hydrates (1)
- gas partial pressure (1)
- gas production (1)
- gas storage (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-solid (1)
- gaylussite (1)
- geführte Wellen (1)
- gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gerichtete Rotation von Krustenblöcken zwischen zwei überlappenden Riftsegmenten (1)
- gekoppelter Fluid-und Wärmetransport (1)
- gelatin (1)
- gemeinsame Inversion (1)
- gender (1)
- gene sequencing (1)
- generative model (1)
- generic sampling (1)
- geochemical cycling (1)
- geodesy (1)
- geodynamic evolution of SE Anatolia (1)
- geodynamic models (1)
- geodynamische Modelle (1)
- geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geogenic degassing (1)
- geographical range shifts (1)
- geohazards (1)
- geoinformatics (1)
- geologic fault (1)
- geologic hazards (1)
- geologic versus geodetic rates (1)
- geological hyperspectral image classification (1)
- geologische Störungen (1)
- geologische Verwerfung (1)
- geologische hyperspektrale Bildklassifikation (1)
- geomagnetic (1)
- geomagnetic excursions (1)
- geomagnetic indices (1)
- geomagnetische Exkursionen (1)
- geomagnetism (1)
- geomechanical modelling (1)
- geomechanics (1)
- geomechanische Modellierung (1)
- geomodeling (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geomorphic markers (1)
- geophyics (1)
- geophysical methods (1)
- geophysikalische Methoden (1)
- geoquímica da alteração hidrotermal (1)
- geostatistics (1)
- geothermal exploration (1)
- geothermal monitoring (1)
- geothermal reservoir (1)
- geothermics (1)
- geothermische Exploration (1)
- geothermische Überwachung (1)
- geothermischer Reservoire (1)
- geo–bio interaction (1)
- geschlossene Haubenmessmethode (1)
- gestreute Phasen (1)
- giant earthquakes (1)
- glacial (1)
- glacial and interglacial permafrost (1)
- glacial buzzsaw (1)
- glacial equilibrium (1)
- glacial geomorphology (1)
- glacial incision (1)
- glacial isostatic adjustment (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glacial-interglacial cycles (1)
- glacier chemistry (1)
- glacier flow (1)
- glacier forefield (1)
- glacier melt (1)
- glacier variation (1)
- glacierized basins (1)
- glaciolacustrine sediment (1)
- glaciological instruments and methods (1)
- glass structure (1)
- glaziale Einschneidung (1)
- global Si cycle (1)
- global climate (1)
- global flood model (1)
- global inversion (1)
- global microbial biomass (1)
- global navigation satellite systems (1)
- global sensitivity analysis (1)
- global vegetation model (1)
- globale Inversion (1)
- globale und lokale Muster des Klimas (1)
- globales Navigationssatellitensystem (1)
- globales Positionsbestimmungssystem (1)
- globales Überschwemmungsmodell (1)
- gneiss domes (1)
- gold (1)
- grain (1)
- grain boundary sliding (1)
- grain storage (1)
- grandes movimientos en masa (1)
- granite (1)
- granite melts (1)
- graphite (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grassland vegetation (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravimetry (1)
- gravitational collapse (1)
- gravity modeling (1)
- gravity observations (1)
- gravity-driven slope deformation (1)
- grazing defence (1)
- green algae (1)
- green infrastructure (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- greenhouse gases (1)
- gridded data (1)
- gross primary production (1)
- ground ice (1)
- ground motion fields (1)
- ground motion models (1)
- ground motion prediction equations (1)
- ground motion variability (1)
- ground motions (1)
- ground penetrating radar (1)
- ground response analysis (1)
- ground-motion models (1)
- ground-penetration radar (1)
- groundwater (1)
- groundwater age (1)
- groundwater dynamics (1)
- groundwater evolution (1)
- groundwater flow modeling (1)
- groundwater lysimeter (1)
- groundwater table (1)
- groundwater-surface water (1)
- groundwater-surface water exchange (1)
- groundwater-surface water interaction (1)
- growing season (1)
- growth rate (1)
- growth strata (1)
- growth structures (1)
- große Massenbewegungen (1)
- guano (1)
- guided waves (1)
- habitat (1)
- habitat modeling (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- hafnium analysis (1)
- hafnon (1)
- half-life (1)
- hallow offshore (1)
- halophiles (1)
- hardgrounds (1)
- hazard assessments (1)
- hazards (1)
- heat (1)
- heat tracing (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heavy tail behavior (1)
- heavy-tailed distributions (1)
- helium (1)
- hellenic volcanic arc (1)
- hemolysins (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- herd composition (1)
- herzynische Orogenese (1)
- heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties (1)
- heterotrophic respiration (1)
- heterozoan carbonates (1)
- heterozoisch (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high latitudes (1)
- high mountain environments (1)
- high pressure and temperature (1)
- high pressure relicts (1)
- high pressure research (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high temperature rock deformation (1)
- high temporal resolution (1)
- high-P metamorphism (1)
- high-Pmetamorphism (1)
- high-density reservoir network (1)
- high-frequency data (1)
- high-intensity industrialized agricultural production systems (1)
- high-precision gravimeter (1)
- high-pressure and Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure metasedimentary rocks (1)
- high-pressure metasediments (1)
- high-resolution biomarkers (1)
- higher education (1)
- hillslope (1)
- hillslope diffusion (1)
- hillslope hydrology (1)
- hiss waves (1)
- historical earthquakes (1)
- historical geography (1)
- historische Erdbeben (1)
- historische Hochwasser (1)
- hochdruckmetamorphe Sedimente (1)
- hollow cylinder experiments (1)
- hominid (1)
- hominin (1)
- hominins (1)
- horizontal-vertikales Spektralverhältnis (1)
- horizontaler Fluss (1)
- host rock scale (1)
- hotspot (1)
- human settlement (1)
- human-environment system (1)
- hummocky (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid pumped hydro power storage (1)
- hydrate (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydrate habitus (1)
- hydrated silicate (1)
- hydraulic (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic simulation (1)
- hydraulische Risserzeugung (1)
- hydraulisches Aufbrechen (1)
- hydro power (1)
- hydro storage (1)
- hydro-geological system (1)
- hydro-meteorological risk (1)
- hydro-meteorologische Risiken (1)
- hydrocarbon field (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydroclimatology of floods (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrodynamic level (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogen (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrogen stable isotopes (1)
- hydrograph partitioning curves (1)
- hydrogravimetry (1)
- hydrologic modeling (1)
- hydrological behaviour (1)
- hydrological conditioning (1)
- hydrological flow paths (1)
- hydrological monitoring and modelling (1)
- hydrological uplift and subsidence (1)
- hydrologische Fließpfade (1)
- hydrologische Vorbedingungen (1)
- hydrometric network design (1)
- hydrothermal (1)
- hydrothermal alteration (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- hydrothermale Alteration (1)
- hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- hydrous melt (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hyperaridity (1)
- hypersaline lake (1)
- hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- hyperspektral (1)
- hyperspektral Fernerkundung (1)
- hypothetical trend (1)
- hysteresis pattern (1)
- ice complex (1)
- ice dam (1)
- ice-grain mixture (1)
- ice-rafted debris (1)
- ice-sheet modelling (1)
- ice-shelf tributary glaciers (1)
- identifiability analysis (1)
- igneous texture (1)
- ilmenite (1)
- image enhancement (1)
- image processing (1)
- immersive 3D geovisualization (1)
- immobilization (1)
- impact assessment (1)
- impact forecasting (1)
- impoundment rate (1)
- in (1)
- in situ stress (1)
- in-flight (1)
- in-situ analysis (1)
- in-situ remediation (1)
- in-stream gravel bar (1)
- in-stream processes (1)
- incipient continent-continent collision (1)
- inclusions (1)
- incommensurate modulation (1)
- indigenous people (1)
- indirect facilitation (1)
- indischer Monsun (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (1)
- industrial ecology (1)
- induzierte Seismizität (1)
- induzierten Seismizität (1)
- inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- inelastic properties (1)
- inference (1)
- infiltration (1)
- infiltration patterns (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- inheritance (1)
- inherited structures (1)
- injection (1)
- injection scheme (1)
- injections (1)
- injectivity (1)
- inner magnetosphere (1)
- input-output (I-O) analysis (1)
- insects (1)
- instrumental seismology (1)
- instrumentelle Seismologie (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integrated modelling (1)
- integrated river basin management (1)
- integrated river basin modelling (1)
- integrative modelling framework (1)
- intensification (1)
- inter- and intra-station variability (1)
- interaction (1)
- interannual variability (1)
- intercultural understanding (1)
- interdisciplinarity (1)
- interdisciplinary research (1)
- interferometry (1)
- intermontane Becken (1)
- intermontane Talverfüllungen (1)
- intermontane basin (1)
- intermontane basins (1)
- intermontane valley fill (1)
- intermontane valleys (1)
- internal validation (1)
- interpretation (1)
- interseismic strain rate (1)
- intrabasinal faulting (1)
- intracellular DNA (1)
- intracontinental deformation (1)
- intraplate deformation (1)
- introgression (1)
- inundation simulation (1)
- inverse Modellierung (1)
- inverse Modellirung (1)
- inverse modelling (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inversion tectonics (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- ionospheric irregularities (1)
- ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- iron (1)
- iron feature depth (IFD) (1)
- iron reduction (1)
- iron-rich sediment (1)
- irrigation (1)
- irrigation runoff (1)
- isostatic uplift (1)
- isostatische Hebung (1)
- isotopic analysis (1)
- isotopic composition (1)
- isotopic methods (1)
- isturbance tracking (1)
- joint inversion (1)
- kerogen kinetics (1)
- kettle hole (1)
- kimmerische Orogenese (1)
- kinematic analysis (1)
- knickzone (1)
- kokchetavite (1)
- kombinatorische inverse Modellierung (1)
- komplexe Systeme (1)
- kontinuierlicher Simulationsansatz (1)
- kosmische Neutronenstrahlung (1)
- kosmische Strahlung (1)
- kosmogen (1)
- kosmogene Radionuklid-basierte Datierung (1)
- kritische Zone (1)
- krustale Spannungen (1)
- kumdykolite (1)
- künstliche neurale Netzwerke (1)
- lacustrine primary productivity (LPP) (1)
- lacustrine record (1)
- lacustrine sediment (1)
- lagoon (1)
- lagoons (1)
- lake Meerfelder Maar (1)
- lake basins (1)
- lake change (1)
- lake dynamics (1)
- lake eutrophication (1)
- lake mixing (1)
- lake sediment (1)
- lake shoreline (1)
- lake stratification (1)
- lake system responses (1)
- lake-level changes (1)
- lakes water balance (1)
- lakustrine Abfolge (1)
- laminography (1)
- lamprophyre (1)
- land conversion (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land restoration; NDVI (1)
- land use and land cover change (1)
- land use functions (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landforms (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape preferences (1)
- landscape connectivity (1)
- landscape effect (1)
- landscape effects (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landscape hydrology (1)
- landscape response to climate change (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- larch (1)
- larch forest (1)
- larch species (1)
- large mass movements (1)
- larger foraminifera (1)
- laser heating (1)
- laser-geheizte Diamantstempelzelle (1)
- laser-heated Diamond Anvil Cell (1)
- last glacial (1)
- late Palaeozoic (1)
- late cenozoic stress field (1)
- late holocene (1)
- lateglacial (1)
- lateral erosion (1)
- lateral fluxes (1)
- lateral spread (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- latitude (1)
- latitude ionosphere (1)
- lattice preferred orientations (1)
- lava dome (1)
- lava fountains (1)
- layered mafic intrusion (1)
- lead (1)
- leading edge (1)
- leaf water evaporative H-2-enrichment (1)
- leaf wax (1)
- leaf wax delta D (1)
- leaf wax n-alkanes (1)
- leaf-wax n-alkane delta D (1)
- learning success (1)
- legume-grass mixture (1)
- length of day (1)
- lethal violence (1)
- level (1)
- lichenometry (1)
- lichens (1)
- life-history strategy (1)
- light (1)
- light pollution (1)
- limestone (1)
- lineare spektrale Entmischung (1)
- lipid biomarkers (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- liquid structure (1)
- liquids (1)
- lithic technology development (1)
- lithium (1)
- lithium pegmatites (1)
- lithium-ion battery electrolyte (1)
- lithobiont (1)
- lithofacies proportion modeling (1)
- lithology (1)
- lithosphere dynamics (1)
- lithosphere net rotation (1)
- lithosphere stress field (1)
- lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (1)
- lithosphere-mantle wind interactions (1)
- lithospheric layering (1)
- lithosphärisches Spannungsfeld (1)
- littoral zone (1)
- livestock (1)
- livestock feed (1)
- lizard (1)
- load stress (1)
- loading conditions (1)
- local Seismicity (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local food (1)
- localization (1)
- localized deformation (1)
- location (1)
- location of scatterers (1)
- locking degree (1)
- logistic regression (1)
- lokale Seismitität (1)
- lonar lake (1)
- loss and damage (1)
- low flow (1)
- low temperature chronology (1)
- low velocity zone (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- low-grade metamorphism (1)
- low-intensity eco-agricultural production systems (1)
- low-relief (1)
- lower mantle (1)
- lower thermosphere (1)
- luminescence dating (1)
- lumped parameter model (1)
- lunar tide (1)
- lunar tide of EEJ (1)
- lunar tides (1)
- lunare Gezeiten (1)
- lupin (1)
- lysimeter (1)
- ländliche Entwicklung (1)
- machine learning (0555) (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macrophytes (1)
- macropore flow (1)
- macropores (1)
- mafic migmatite (1)
- magma assisted continental rifting (1)
- magma degassing (1)
- magma evolution (1)
- magma ocean (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- magma reservoirs (1)
- magmagestütztes kontinentales Rifting (1)
- magmatic (1)
- magmatic processes (1)
- magmatic underplating (1)
- magmatisch (1)
- magmatisch-hydrothermale Systeme (1)
- magnesiodumortierite (1)
- magnesite (1)
- magnesium silicate skarn (1)
- magnetic fabric (1)
- magnetic field (1)
- magnetic parameters (1)
- magnetic polarisation direction (1)
- magnetic surveying (1)
- magnetics (1)
- magnetische Polarisationsrichtung (1)
- magnetospheric convection (1)
- magnetotelluric (1)
- magnitude & frequency (1)
- maize (1)
- majorite (1)
- manaderos de petróleo (1)
- mantle (1)
- mantle convection (1)
- mantle deformation (1)
- mantle discontinuities (1)
- mantle evolution (1)
- mantle flow modeling (1)
- mantle formation (1)
- mantle plume (1)
- marble (1)
- marine terrace (1)
- marine-controlled source electromagnetic method (1)
- mass exchange (1)
- mass extinction (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mathematical geology (1)
- matríz mineral (1)
- maturity-related biomarkers (1)
- maximum (1)
- maximum entropy (MaxEnt) (1)
- meadow (1)
- mean transit time (1)
- measurement frequency (1)
- mecanismos de disparo (1)
- mechanical pressure (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistic models (1)
- mega-monsoon (1)
- megathrust (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- mehrfache Stressfaktoren (1)
- melt inclusions; nanocarbonatites (1)
- melt structure (1)
- melt-melt immiscibility (1)
- melting (1)
- memory (1)
- menschliche Einflüsse (1)
- meridional overturning circulation (1)
- meso-scale ecosystems (1)
- mesoscale convective systems (1)
- mesoscale heterogeneous catchment (1)
- meta-ophiolites (1)
- meta-pelites (1)
- metabarcoding (1)
- metal- organic frameworks (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metapelitic rock (1)
- meteoric diagenesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methanogenic archaea (1)
- methanol (1)
- methods (1)
- micro-CT scan (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial lipid (1)
- microbial mats (1)
- microbial methane oxidation (1)
- microbialite (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdiamond (1)
- microfossil (1)
- microplate (1)
- microporous materials (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microseismicity (1)
- microseisms (1)
- microsructure (1)
- microstructural deformation mechanisms (1)
- microstructures (1)
- microtopography (1)
- microzonation (1)
- mid-latitudes flow (1)
- mid-lithospheric discontinuity (1)
- middle Miocene (1)
- middle atmosphere (1)
- midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation (1)
- mikrobielle Gemeinschaften (1)
- mikrobielle aerobe Methanoxidation (1)
- mine face mapping (1)
- mine waste (1)
- mineral composition (1)
- mineral deposits (1)
- mineral matrix (1)
- mineral reaction (1)
- mineral weathering reactions (1)
- mineralische Matrix (1)
- mineralization (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- mining sciences (1)
- minirhizotron (1)
- mire (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitochondrial haplotypes (1)
- mittleres Miozän (1)
- mixed cropping (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mixture models (1)
- mobile Raman-microprobe (1)
- model calibration (1)
- model enhancement (1)
- model selection (1)
- model structure (1)
- model validation (1)
- modeling; (1)
- modelling error sources (1)
- modelling systems (1)
- modern pollen (1)
- modern pollen assemblages (1)
- modern surface pollen (1)
- modern surface sediments (1)
- modifizierte räumliche Autkorrelationsmethode (1)
- mofette systems (1)
- moisture variations in India (1)
- molecular biomarkers (1)
- molekulare Biomarker (1)
- molybdenum (1)
- moment tensors (1)
- monazite (1)
- monitoring network (1)
- monsoon onset (1)
- monsoon river hydrology (1)
- monsunale Variabilität (1)
- moraine (1)
- moraine landscape (1)
- morphological adaptation (1)
- morphological traits (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- morphometry (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- mosaicking (1)
- motivation theory (1)
- mountain birch (1)
- mountain growth (1)
- mountain hydrology (1)
- mountain rivers (1)
- mountainous rivers (1)
- mountains near cities (1)
- movement (1)
- mu RF (1)
- multi-attribute (1)
- multi-equilibrium thermobarometry (1)
- multi-frequency (1)
- multi-hazard (1)
- multi-proxy approach (1)
- multi-proxy reconstructions (1)
- multi-scale (MA-MS) proportion calibration (1)
- multi-spectral analysis (1)
- multi-stage diagenesis (1)
- multi-stage exhumation (1)
- multi-taxon (1)
- multi-temporal RapidEye satellite data (1)
- multi-thermochronometer (1)
- multi-year insurance (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multilevel probabilistic flood loss model (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multiperspective reception of AvH (1)
- multiple stress factors (1)
- multiscale network (1)
- multisensor (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multivariable (1)
- multiyear drought (1)
- multi‐ temporal analyses (1)
- municipality (1)
- muons (1)
- muscovite (1)
- music information retrieval (1)
- musical scales (1)
- musikalische Tonleitern (1)
- mylonite (1)
- n-Alkane (1)
- n-alkane (1)
- nZVI (1)
- nachaltige Städteentwicklung (1)
- nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- nano zero-valent iron (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanogranite (1)
- nanogranitoids (1)
- nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (1)
- natural risks (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- nature-based solutions (NBS) (1)
- natürlichen Ölaustritten (1)
- near surface (1)
- near-surface geophysics (1)
- near-surface monitoring (1)
- near-vertical seismic reflection (1)
- neodymium (1)
- neogene (1)
- neon (1)
- nested catchments (1)
- nested plot (1)
- net ecosystem exchange (1)
- network (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neutron field (1)
- neutron imaging (1)
- neutron radiography (1)
- neutron simulations (1)
- neutron tomography (1)
- next generation sequencing (1)
- nicht-monetäre Bewertung (1)
- nichtisothermer Mehrphasenfluss (1)
- night lights (1)
- nighttime MSTID (1)
- nitrate export dynamic (1)
- nitrogen biogeochemistry (1)
- nitrogen legacies (1)
- noble gas (1)
- noble gas isotopes (1)
- noble gases (1)
- noise reduction (1)
- non-destructive testing (1)
- non-double-couple components (1)
- non-isothermal multiphase flow (1)
- non-monetary valuation (1)
- non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- non-state actors (1)
- non-vascular epiphyte (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nontidal ocean loading (1)
- nordatlantische Klimaänderung (1)
- normal faulting (1)
- normal-fault evolution (1)
- north-eastern Brazil (1)
- north-western Argentina (1)
- northern Andes (1)
- northern Eurasia (1)
- northern Kenya Rift (1)
- northern Puna (1)
- northern seward peninsula (1)
- northwestern Europe (1)
- northwestern Iran (1)
- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- nuclides (1)
- numerical solution (1)
- numerics (1)
- numerisch (1)
- numerische Modelle (1)
- numerische Strömungsmechanik (1)
- nutrient emissions (1)
- nutrient status (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nördliche Anden (1)
- nördliche hohe Breitengrade (1)
- oberflächennahe Geophysik (1)
- oberflächennahe Geophysík (1)
- object based image analysis (1)
- objektbasierte Bildanalyse (1)
- observational seismology (1)
- occurrence rate (1)
- ocean bottom seismology (1)
- ocean circulation (1)
- ocean surface (1)
- ocean-crust formation (1)
- oceanic crust (1)
- oceanic lithosphere (1)
- oceanic lithosphere and mantle (1)
- oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- oceans (1)
- offene Daten (1)
- offener Tagebau (1)
- offscraping (1)
- oil seeps (1)
- ongonite (1)
- online (1)
- onset times (1)
- open pit mining (1)
- optical cell (1)
- optical properties (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- optimal array configuration (1)
- optimale Array-Konfiguration (1)
- optimization (1)
- optimum temperature (1)
- optische Eigenschaften (1)
- orbital forcing (1)
- ordination (1)
- ore (1)
- ore deposit (1)
- organic carbon cycle (1)
- organic carbon stabilization (1)
- organic geochemistry (1)
- organic layer (1)
- organischer Kohlenstoff (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- organofacies (1)
- orogen-parallel extension (1)
- orogenic evolution (1)
- orogenic plateau evolution (1)
- orogenic wedge (1)
- orographic barrier (1)
- orographic barrier uplift (1)
- orographic rainfall (1)
- ortsverteile faseroptische Dehnungsmessung (1)
- ostafrikanisches Riftsystem (1)
- ostracod shells (1)
- out-of-sequence deformation (1)
- outburst flood (1)
- outburst floods (1)
- overwintering (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxidizer (1)
- oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (1)
- oxygen dynamics (1)
- oxygen fractionation model (1)
- oxygen isotope (1)
- ozeanische Kruste (1)
- pH dynamics (1)
- pH mapping (1)
- palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- palaeoclimate records (1)
- palaeointensity (1)
- palaeomagnetism (1)
- paleo-delta (1)
- paleo-erosion rate (1)
- paleo-erosion rates (1)
- paleo-lake Mweru (1)
- paleo-strain calculation (1)
- paleo-topography (1)
- paleoaltimetry proxies (1)
- paleoclimate proxy (1)
- paleoclimatic reconstructions (1)
- paleoelevation (1)
- paleoenvironment (1)
- paleofloods (1)
- paleogeography (1)
- paleomagnetism and rock magnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (1)
- paleoreservoir age (1)
- paleosecular variations (1)
- paleosol (1)
- panafrican orogeny (1)
- panafrikanische Orogenese (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- parallel seismic (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter emulation (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parameterization (1)
- parametric and nonparametric comparison (1)
- parametric georeferencing (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parathyroid hormone (1)
- pargasite (1)
- part I (1)
- participatory mapping (1)
- particle size (1)
- particle swarm optimisation (1)
- particulate organic carbon (1)
- passive Seismik (1)
- passive continental margin (1)
- passive seismic (1)
- passive seismic monitoring (1)
- past circulation (1)
- pastoral abandonment (1)
- pasture (1)
- patched vegetation cover (1)
- pattern recognition (1)
- patterned ground (1)
- peak discharge (1)
- peak-temperature pattern (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- peatland carbon storage (1)
- peatland geomorphology (1)
- peatland hydrology (1)
- pebblecounts (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- pelagic zone (1)
- pelitic migmatite (1)
- peperite (1)
- peralkalinity (1)
- peraluminosity (1)
- perception (1)
- percolation (1)
- perennial crop (1)
- peri-urban agriculture (1)
- periglacial landscape evolution (1)
- periglacial process (1)
- periglaziale Landschaften (1)
- periglaziale Landschaftsentwicklung (1)
- peritectic phase (1)
- permafost (1)
- permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- permafrost landscapes (1)
- permafrost lowlands (1)
- permafrost region (1)
- permafrost sediments (1)
- permafrost thaw disturbances (1)
- permanent deformation (1)
- permanente Verformung (1)
- permeability evolution (1)
- permeability-porosity relationship (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- pesticides (1)
- petrography (1)
- petrology (1)
- petrostructural analysis (1)
- petrothermal systems (1)
- petrothermale Systeme (1)
- petrothermales System (EGS) (1)
- phagotrophy (1)
- phase space time delay embedding reconstruction (1)
- phase symmetry (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phasepicker (1)
- phlogopite (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phreatophytes (1)
- phycocyanin (1)
- phylogenetic and taxonomic plant diversity (1)
- phylotypes (1)
- physical experiments (1)
- physical stratigraphy (1)
- phytogenic silica (1)
- phytolith (1)
- phytoplankton distribution (1)
- picker (1)
- picocyanobacteria diversity (1)
- picoseismicity (1)
- piggyback basin (1)
- pile (1)
- pioneer zone (1)
- pipe detection (1)
- pitch angle diffusion coefficient (1)
- pitfalls (1)
- pixel-level fusion (1)
- plan oblique relief (1)
- planetary waves (1)
- plankton (1)
- planktonic foraminifera (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plant ecology (1)
- plant transformation (1)
- plant water relations (1)
- plant wax biomarker (1)
- plant waxes (1)
- plant-animal-soil-system (1)
- plant-habitat interactions (1)
- plant-plant interactions (1)
- plasma density (1)
- plasma drifts (1)
- plasmidome (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- plate boundary fault (1)
- plate boundary friction (1)
- plate coupling force (1)
- plate motions (1)
- plate reconstructions (1)
- plateau uplift (1)
- platinum (1)
- playa-lake (1)
- plum (1)
- plume-induced (1)
- pluvial flooding (1)
- plötzliche stratosphärische Erwärmungsereignisse (1)
- pockmark (1)
- polar ice (1)
- polares Eis (1)
- polarimetric SAR (1)
- polarimetric decompositions (1)
- polarimetrische Dekompositionen (1)
- polarization analysis (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen accumulation rates (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollen morphology (1)
- pollen productivity (1)
- pollen taxa (1)
- pollen-vegetation-climate relationships (1)
- pollination (1)
- poly(lactic acid) (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polymictic lakes (1)
- polymiktische Seen (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polymorphs (1)
- polynya (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population growth (1)
- population pressure (1)
- population recovery (1)
- population size (1)
- pore-scale (1)
- poroelasticity (1)
- porous media (1)
- porphyry Cu-Au deposit (1)
- porphyry copper deposit (1)
- post-collision (1)
- post-collisional setting (1)
- postmidnight (1)
- postseismic deformation (1)
- power-law rheology (1)
- pre-Maya settlement (1)
- pre-Siwalik (1)
- pre-monsoon (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation anomaly (1)
- precipitation reconstruction (1)
- precision horticulture (1)
- precursor (1)
- predator-prey cycles (1)
- predator-prey model (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction uncertainty (1)
- preferences (1)
- preferences in land management (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- principal components (1)
- private governance (1)
- probabilistic (1)
- probabilistic approach (1)
- probabilistic discrimination (1)
- probabilistic modeling (1)
- probabilistischer Ansatz (1)
- process based (1)
- process identification (1)
- process life cycle assessment (1)
- process simulation (1)
- process-based model (1)
- process-based statistics (1)
- processes and landforms of glacial erosion (1)
- production rate (1)
- production rates (1)
- productivity (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- project database (1)
- prolonged droughts (1)
- propagating uplift (1)
- protactinium (1)
- protection (1)
- protection motivation theory (PMT) (1)
- protists (1)
- proto-Paratethys (1)
- protozoa (1)
- proxy calibration (1)
- pseudomorphism (1)
- pseudosection (1)
- pseudotachylyte (1)
- psychology (1)
- psychrotolerant (1)
- pull-apart basin (1)
- pulsed climate variability framework (1)
- quality (1)
- quantitative data (1)
- quantitative precipitation estimation (1)
- quantitative research (1)
- quantitative vegetation reconstruction (1)
- quarternary channels (1)
- quartz (1)
- quartz sandstone (1)
- quartäre Geochronologie (1)
- quaternary (1)
- radar imaging (1)
- radar interferometry (1)
- radar satellite interferometry (1)
- radiación y propiedades químicas (1)
- radiale Strömung (1)
- radiation and chemical properties (1)
- radio science (1)
- radio wave propagation (1)
- radio-echo sounding (1)
- radiocarbon age dating (1)
- radiocarbon dating (1)
- radiogene Wärmeproduktion (1)
- radiogenic heat production (1)
- radiolyse (1)
- radiolysis (1)
- radiometric alignment (1)
- radiólisis (1)
- railway infrastructure (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain detection (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rain splash (1)
- rainfall events (1)
- rainfall partitioning (1)
- rainfall simulation (1)
- rainfall-runoff (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rainforest crisis (1)
- rainstorm (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- rangeland management (1)
- rapid earthquake impact assessment (1)
- rate-state friction (1)
- reaction (1)
- reaction path modelling (1)
- reactive transport groundwater model (1)
- reactive transport model (1)
- reactive transport simulation (1)
- reaktive Transportsimulation (1)
- reaktives Grundwassermodell (1)
- real-time application (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- receiver functions (1)
- reconstruction (1)
- recruitment (1)
- recurrence (1)
- recurrence network (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- recycling (1)
- redox reactions (1)
- reflection (1)
- reflection seismic (1)
- reflection seismics (1)
- reflection seismology (1)
- reforms (1)
- refuge (1)
- regional deformation (1)
- regional development (1)
- regional flood frequency analysis (1)
- regional mapping (1)
- regionale Hydrologie (1)
- regionales Klimamodell (1)
- regionalisation (1)
- regression (1)
- regression analysis (1)
- regression tree (1)
- regularization (1)
- regulation (1)
- reindeer (1)
- relative sea-level (1)
- relaxation (1)
- release (1)
- relevant pollen source area (1)
- relict landscape (1)
- relief (1)
- relief development (1)
- relief map (1)
- remediation (1)
- remote (1)
- remotely sensed evapotranspiration (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- repulsion (1)
- resampling (1)
- reservoir volume (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- residuals (1)
- resistance (1)
- resources (1)
- response (1)
- response spectra (1)
- restoration (1)
- retrogressive thaw slump (1)
- retrogressiven Auftaurutschungen (1)
- return flow (1)
- reversible scavenging (1)
- rheological weakening (1)
- rhizosphere biogeochemistry (1)
- rhizosphere hydraulic properties (1)
- rhyolites (1)
- ridge subduction (1)
- ridge-collision (1)
- rift (1)
- rift segments interaction (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rift variability (1)
- rifts (1)
- rigorous geocoding (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring faulting (1)
- ring-fault (1)
- riparian zones (1)
- risk (1)
- risk analysis (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk mitigation (1)
- risk model chain (1)
- risk modeling (1)
- risk perception (1)
- river (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river erosion (1)
- river floods (1)
- river plume (1)
- river restoration (1)
- river terraces (1)
- river transport (1)
- riveraquifer interaction (1)
- rock (1)
- rock and mineral magnetism (1)
- rock exhumation (1)
- rock fracture (1)
- rock glacier (1)
- rock magnetism (1)
- rock mass (1)
- rock mechanics (1)
- rock strength (1)
- rock uplift (1)
- rock uplift-relief scaling (1)
- rock-water interaction (1)
- rockfalls (1)
- rockmagnetism (1)
- rockslide (1)
- rodent control (1)
- root activity (1)
- root biomass (1)
- root density (1)
- root depth distribution (1)
- root distribution (1)
- root exudation (1)
- root lengths density (1)
- root penetration (1)
- root respiration (1)
- root system (1)
- root water uptake (1)
- root-soil interaction (1)
- rotational sensor (1)
- roughness (1)
- run-on (1)
- rupture (1)
- rural development (1)
- russische Arktis (1)
- räumlich explizit (1)
- räumliche Aggregation (1)
- räumliche Analyse (1)
- räumliche Autkorrelationsmethode (1)
- räumliche Autokorrelation (1)
- räumliche Kalibrierung (1)
- räumliche Variabilität (1)
- räumliche Wiederkehr (1)
- sPlot (1)
- saisonale Arbeitsmigration (1)
- saline Seen (1)
- saline aquifer (1)
- saline groundwater (1)
- saline lake (1)
- saline lakes (1)
- saline permafrost (1)
- salinization (1)
- salmon (1)
- salt rock (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sampling locations (1)
- sandstones (1)
- santorini (1)
- saprolite (1)
- satellite images (1)
- savanna ecology (1)
- savannah (1)
- savannas (1)
- scale-dependence (1)
- scaling relation (1)
- scattered phases (1)
- scatterer location (1)
- scenario analysis (1)
- schnelle Einschätzung von Erdbebenauswirkungen (1)
- scientific drilling (1)
- sea floor morphology (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea level change (1)
- sea level trends (1)
- sea surface height (1)
- sea surface temperature reconstructions (1)
- sea turtle (1)
- seafloor sediment failure (1)
- sealevel (1)
- seasonal forecast (1)
- seasonal labor migration (1)
- seasonal patterns (1)
- seasonal precipitation (1)
- seasonality effect (1)
- security and economy (1)
- sedaDNA (1)
- sediment budget (1)
- sediment delivery processes (1)
- sediment fingerprinting (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sediment flux hysteresis (1)
- sediment input (1)
- sediment mobility (1)
- sediment output (1)
- sediment production (1)
- sediment routing system (1)
- sediment transport modelling (1)
- sediment trap (1)
- sediment traps (1)
- sediment volume (1)
- sediment-routing system (1)
- sediment-routing system connectivity (1)
- sediment-supply ratio (A /S) (1)
- sediment-transport model (1)
- sedimentary DNA (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) (1)
- sedimentary aquifer (1)
- sedimentary basin (1)
- sedimentary contact (1)
- sedimentary cycles (1)
- sedimentary dynamics (1)
- sedimentary environments (1)
- sedimentary facies (1)
- sedimentary loading and unloading cycles (1)
- sedimentary microbes (1)
- sedimentary organic matter (1)
- sedimentary record (1)
- sediments (1)
- sedimentäre Systeme (1)
- sedimentäre alte DNA (1)
- segregating oceanic crust (1)
- seismic (1)
- seismic anisotropy (1)
- seismic array (1)
- seismic attenuation (1)
- seismic attributes (1)
- seismic cycle modeling (1)
- seismic event localization (1)
- seismic imaging (1)
- seismic interferometry (1)
- seismic interpretation (1)
- seismic measurements (1)
- seismic moment release (1)
- seismic sequence stratigraphy (1)
- seismic signal processing (1)
- seismic source inversion (1)
- seismic source-time function estimation (1)
- seismic velocities (1)
- seismic velocity (1)
- seismic waves (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- seismicity modelling (1)
- seismics (1)
- seismische Attribute (1)
- seismische Dämpfung (1)
- seismische Ereignislokalisierung (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeit (1)
- seismische Geschwindigkeiten (1)
- seismische Interpretation (1)
- seismische Messungen (1)
- seismische Rauschen (1)
- seismische Sequenzstratigraphie (1)
- seismische Stapelungs-Methode (1)
- seismische Tomographie (1)
- seismisches Array (1)
- seismisches Hintergrundrauschen (1)
- seismo-electromagnetic (1)
- seismogene Kopplungszone (1)
- seismogenic coupling zone (1)
- seismology ; PKP caustic point B ; diffraction of PKP core phases ; decay spectra of waveform data ; transition zone to the earth's inner core ; Germa (1)
- seismomechanics (1)
- seismotectonic (1)
- seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- seltene Erden (1)
- semi-arid area (1)
- semiarid grassland (1)
- sensing (1)
- sensitivity analyses (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- sensors (1)
- sentinel-1 (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sequestration (1)
- series ERA-interim (1)
- serpentinite carbonation (1)
- service sectors (1)
- shadow detection (1)
- shaking (1)
- shale strength (1)
- shallow earthquakes (1)
- shallow geophysics (1)
- shallow groundwater (1)
- shallow groundwater tables (1)
- shallow translational landslides (1)
- shallow-water carbonates (1)
- shallow-water chemostratigraphy (1)
- shear localization (1)
- shear zones (1)
- shell-architecture (1)
- shoreline (1)
- shoreline movement direction (1)
- shoreline movement rate (1)
- shorelines (1)
- shortening (1)
- shrub expansion (1)
- shrub thinning (1)
- shrubline (1)
- siderite (1)
- signal formation (1)
- signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- silica concentration (1)
- silica gel (1)
- silicate melt (1)
- silicate melts (1)
- silicate weathering (1)
- silikatische Schmelzen (1)
- sill (1)
- silvopastoral systems (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulation on a day-to-day-basis (1)
- simulation-based (1)
- simulation-based attribution (1)
- simulações numéricas (1)
- sistemas magmático-hidrotermais (1)
- site amplification (1)
- site characterization (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- size fractions (1)
- skarn (1)
- slab-mantle decoupling (1)
- slab-mantle interface (1)
- slip model (1)
- slip partitioning (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- slow slip (1)
- snow avalanches (1)
- snow characteristics (1)
- snow detection (1)
- snow grain size (1)
- snow hydrology (1)
- snow melt (1)
- social justice (1)
- social valuation (1)
- social vulnerability (1)
- socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- soft law (1)
- software (1)
- soil CO2 sampling tubes (1)
- soil Si pools (1)
- soil aggregates (1)
- soil constituents mapping (1)
- soil formation (1)
- soil horizonation (1)
- soil hydrology (1)
- soil moisture dynamics (1)
- soil moisture patterns (1)
- soil moisture profile (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil parameters (1)
- soil texture (1)
- soil water content (1)
- soil water distribution (1)
- soil-adjusted vegetation index (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- soil-root interaction (1)
- solar radiation (1)
- solid Earth degassing (1)
- solid solution (1)
- source (1)
- source array (1)
- source array design (1)
- source array optimal design (1)
- source duration (1)
- source model (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- source time function (1)
- southern Central Andes (1)
- southern Turkey (1)
- southern hemisphere oceans (1)
- soya beans (1)
- soybean cultivation (1)
- spatial aggregation (1)
- spatial analyses (1)
- spatial calibration (1)
- spatial extent (1)
- spatial heterogeneity (1)
- spatial parameterization (1)
- spatial planning (1)
- spatial recurrence (1)
- spatial sampling (1)
- spatial variability (1)
- spatial-distribution (1)
- spatially and temporally explicit modelling macroecology (1)
- spatially explicit (1)
- spatially explicit agent-based modeling (1)
- spatially explicit model (1)
- speciation (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species richness (1)
- species-area relationship (SAR) (1)
- specific stream power (1)
- specific surface area (1)
- specific yield (1)
- spectral unmixing (1)
- spectro-directional (1)
- spectrogram (1)
- spektro-direktional (1)
- speleothem (1)
- spherical harmonics (1)
- spin (1)
- spinel (1)
- splay fault (1)
- splay faults (1)
- splitting parameters (1)
- spread F (1)
- spröde Deformation (1)
- spätes Holozän (1)
- stabilen Isotopen (1)
- stable (1)
- stable craton (1)
- stable isotope (1)
- stakeholder participation (1)
- stalagmite (1)
- stalagmites (1)
- stand structure (1)
- standards (1)
- starker Konvektion (1)
- state-transition models (1)
- static stress change (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistics (1)
- statistische Seismologie (1)
- steady state topography (1)
- steep-angle analysis of PcP (1)
- steepness index (1)
- stemflow (1)
- steppe soils (1)
- steric factors (1)
- stick slip (1)
- stochastic algorithms (1)
- stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- stochastic filtering (1)
- storage capacity (1)
- storage-discharge relationship (1)
- storm flood (1)
- storm surge (1)
- stormflow (1)
- stormflow generation (1)
- strain transient (1)
- strainmeter data (1)
- strath terraces (1)
- stratification (1)
- stratigraphic forward modelling (1)
- stratigraphische Vorwärtsmodellierung (1)
- stream (1)
- stream power (1)
- stream profile (1)
- stream water (1)
- streambed morphology (1)
- streamflow probabilistic forecasting (1)
- streamflow response (1)
- streamflow variability (1)
- streamwater chemistry (1)
- strength (1)
- stress changes (1)
- stress measurement (1)
- stress modeling (1)
- stress partitioning (1)
- stress pattern (1)
- stress state (1)
- stress-tolerance genes (1)
- strike-slip (1)
- strike-slip faults (1)
- structural (1)
- structural inheritance (1)
- structural mapping (1)
- structural modelling (1)
- structured additive model (1)
- strukturelle Kontrolle (1)
- student survey (1)
- sub-sampling (1)
- subaerial exposure (1)
- subalkaline to alkaline magmatism (1)
- subarctic (1)
- subarctic Pacific stratification (1)
- subcatchment response (1)
- subduction accretion (1)
- subduction and exhumation (1)
- subduction earthquake (1)
- subduction erosion (1)
- subduction history (1)
- subduction initiation (1)
- subduction initiation (PISI) (1)
- subduction interface (1)
- subduction zone earthquakes (1)
- subduction-accretionary complexes (1)
- subduction-collision (1)
- subduktions-akkretions Komplexe (1)
- subfossil Cladocera (1)
- submarine (1)
- submarine gas vents (1)
- submarine permafrost (1)
- submarine volcanism (1)
- submerged cave (1)
- subrosion (1)
- subsea (1)
- subsidence history (1)
- subsurface (1)
- subsurface biosphere (1)
- subsurface heterogeneities (1)
- subsurface microbiology (1)
- sudden stratospheric warming (1)
- sulfur solubility (1)
- sulfur speciation (1)
- sulphate metasomatism (1)
- sulphate reduction (1)
- summer (1)
- superconducting gravimeter (SG) (1)
- supercontinent Nuna (1)
- supergene ores (1)
- superplasticity (1)
- surface (1)
- surface evolution (1)
- surface exposure dating (1)
- surface inflation (1)
- surface runoff (1)
- surface sealing (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface uplift (1)
- surface urban heat island effect (1)
- surface velocity (1)
- surface water groundwater interaction (1)
- surface water levels (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- surprise (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- susceptibility of the European electricity sector (1)
- suspended particulate matter (1)
- suspended sediment transport (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable urban development (1)
- suture zones (1)
- swarm LP (1)
- swarm mission (1)
- swarms (1)
- symplectite (1)
- syntaxis (1)
- synthesis gas (1)
- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (1)
- synthetic array beam power (1)
- synthetic flood events (1)
- synthetic hydrate samples (1)
- synthetic sandstone (1)
- synthetic seismograms (1)
- synthetische Array-Strahlleistung (1)
- synthetische Hydratproben (1)
- synthetische Seismogramme (1)
- system architecture (1)
- system boundary (1)
- table-top experiment (1)
- tabular mining (1)
- tagesaktuelle Simulation (1)
- taiga (1)
- taiga forest (1)
- talik (1)
- tantalum (1)
- target (1)
- techno-economic model (1)
- tectonic (1)
- tectonic geodesy (1)
- tectonic inheritance (1)
- tectonic reconstruction (1)
- tectonic shortening (1)
- tectonic stress (1)
- tectonic uplift (1)
- tectonism (1)
- tektonische Hebung (1)
- tektonische Spannungen (1)
- teleseismic rupture tracking (1)
- teleseismic tomography (1)
- teleseismische Bruchverfolgung (1)
- temperature changes (1)
- temperature coefficient (1)
- temperature extremes (1)
- temperature field analysis (1)
- temperature response (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature time series (1)
- temporal disaggregation (1)
- temporal evolution (1)
- temporal gravity variations (1)
- tensile Anteile (1)
- tensile earthquake (1)
- tensile earthquakes (1)
- tensile opening (1)
- tensile strength (1)
- tensor inversion (1)
- tephra (1)
- terrain map (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- terrestrial higher plant waxes (1)
- terrigenous input (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- tetrahedral boron (1)
- the Ogooue Delta (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal effect (1)
- thermal model (1)
- thermal modelling (1)
- thermal overprint (1)
- thermisches Feld (1)
- thermisches Modell (1)
- thermo-erosion (1)
- thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- thermo-mechanics (1)
- thermo-mechanische Modellierung (1)
- thermochemical mantle convection (1)
- thermochemical modeling (1)
- thermochemischer Mantelkonvektion (1)
- thermochronological modelling (AFT, AHe and ZHe) (1)
- thermodynamic and kinetic properties (1)
- thermodynamic equilibrium (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermodynamische Modellierungen (1)
- thermodynamische und kinetische Eigenschaften (1)
- thermoerosion (1)
- thermohaline processes (1)
- thermokarst lake (1)
- thermokarst lake dynamics (1)
- thermokarst processes (1)
- thermomechanical modeling (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- thermotolerance (1)
- thick-skinned deformation (1)
- thickness of the lithosphere (1)
- thrust belts (1)
- thrust tectonics (1)
- tide gauge (1)
- tiefer Kohlenstoff (1)
- tiefes Lernen (1)
- tillage (1)
- tilt (1)
- time dependent (1)
- time scale (1)
- time-series analysis (1)
- titanite (1)
- tomato (1)
- topographic analysis (1)
- topographic asymmetry (1)
- trace element partitioning (1)
- trace element transport (1)
- traditional Georgian music (1)
- traditionelle Georgische Musik (1)
- trait-based approaches (1)
- trait-based neighbourhood model (1)
- trajectories (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transfer (1)
- transfer functions (1)
- transform faults (1)
- transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- transient (1)
- transient earthquake patterns (1)
- transient erosion (1)
- transient response (1)
- transiente Erdbebenmuster (1)
- transition (1)
- transitions (1)
- transnational migration (1)
- transnationale Migration (1)
- transnationalism (1)
- traveltime (1)
- tree line alteration (1)
- tree water status (1)
- tremor (1)
- trench advance (1)
- trench-parallel extension (1)
- trend analyses (1)
- trend attribution (1)
- trend drivers (1)
- trend significance (1)
- triangle method (1)
- triaxial deformation experiments (1)
- triaxiale Deformationsexperimente (1)
- trigger mechanism (1)
- triggered earthquake (1)
- tropic state index (1)
- tropical climate (1)
- tropical inland water bodies (1)
- tropical lowland rainforest (1)
- tropical montane forest (1)
- tropical peatlands (1)
- tropical speleothems (1)
- truncation error estimate (1)
- tsunami (1)
- tsunami early warning (1)
- tsunami hazards (1)
- tsunami risk (1)
- tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- tundra–taiga ecotone (1)
- tungsten-tin deposits (1)
- turbidites (1)
- turbidity (1)
- turbidity currents (1)
- turbidity modelling (1)
- turmalina (1)
- twin domains (1)
- two phase aggregates (1)
- typhoons (1)
- typical steppe (1)
- ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- ultra-relativistic electrons (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) (1)
- ultramafic granulites (1)
- ultrasonication (1)
- ultrasound (1)
- uncertainties (1)
- uncertainty estimation (1)
- uncertainty quantification (1)
- unconventional shale (1)
- underground coal gasification (UCG) (1)
- underplating (1)
- ungauged basins (1)
- united states (1)
- unkonventionelle Schiefer (1)
- unmanaged forest (1)
- unterer Mantel (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- uplift and erosion (1)
- uplift rate changes (1)
- upper mantle density heterogeneities (1)
- upper mantle viscosity structure (1)
- upper tail (1)
- upper tail behaviour (1)
- uranium (1)
- uranium speciation (1)
- uranium-lead-dating (1)
- urban development (1)
- urban efficiency (1)
- urban form (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban green spaces (1)
- urban heat island effect (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- valley distribution (1)
- van Genuchten-Mualem (1)
- variable selection (1)
- variance (1)
- variogram (1)
- varve (1)
- vascular epiphyte (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation degradation (1)
- vegetation dynamics (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- vegetation model (1)
- vegetation reconstruction (1)
- vegetation-climate feedbacks (1)
- vegetation-climate-fire-soil feedbacks (1)
- vegetation-plot database (1)
- vegetation‐climate‐fire‐soil feedbacks (1)
- velocity model (1)
- velocity structure (1)
- verbesserte geothermische Systeme (1)
- verstärkende Seen (1)
- vertical water flux (1)
- vertikale Kuppelung (1)
- vertikaler Fluss (1)
- very high resolution imagery (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- very slow moving landslide (1)
- video analysis (1)
- virtual active seismic (1)
- virtuelle aktive Seismik (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visualisation (1)
- viverridae (1)
- volcanic deformation (1)
- volcanic earthquakes (1)
- volcanic eruption (1)
- volcanic hazard assessment (1)
- volcanic hydrothermal systems (1)
- volcanic island (1)
- volcanic seismology (1)
- volcanic tremor (1)
- volcaniclastics (1)
- volcano deformation (1)
- volcano remote sensing (1)
- volcano seismology (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- volcanology (1)
- volcanoseismology (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungs-und Hydrothermalsysteme (1)
- vulkanische Entgasungssysteme (1)
- vulkanischer Gläser (1)
- vulkanischer Tremor (1)
- warfare (1)
- water availability (1)
- water demand (1)
- water distribution (1)
- water height-area-volume curve (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water monitoring (1)
- water quality modeling (1)
- water quality modelling (1)
- water resources management (1)
- water rock interaction (1)
- water rock interactions (1)
- water scarcity (1)
- water security (1)
- water storage (1)
- water storage capacity (1)
- water storage changes (1)
- water table (1)
- water vapour (1)
- water yield (1)
- water-energy-food nexus (1)
- water-extractable elements (1)
- water-limited environment (1)
- watersheds (1)
- wave number (1)
- wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- wave velocities (1)
- waveform (1)
- waveform inversion (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- weather patterns (1)
- weathering feedback (1)
- weathering indices (1)
- weathering inputs (1)
- welfare (1)
- westernmost Tibetan Plateau (1)
- wet meadow (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- white mica (1)
- whole Earth images (1)
- wildfire (1)
- wildflower mixture (1)
- wind (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind erosion (1)
- wind gusts (1)
- winderosion (1)
- winds (1)
- winter (1)
- wireline logs (1)
- wood compost (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- x-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- yedoma ice complex (1)
- ytterbian xenotime-(Y) (1)
- zeitabhängige Gravitationsvariation (1)
- zentral-östliches Beringia (1)
- zentrale Anden (1)
- zentralen Anden (1)
- zircon U-Pb geochronology (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
- zircon fission-track dating (1)
- zircon provenance (1)
- zircon uranium-thorium-helium (1)
- zirkulare Statistik (1)
- zoning (1)
- zoogeomorphology (1)
- zooprophylaxis (1)
- Ästuar (1)
- Ätna (1)
- Ökohydrologie (1)
- Östliches Karoo-Becken (1)
- Überflutung (1)
- Überflutungssimulation (1)
- Überschwemmungen (1)
- Überschwemmungsflächen (1)
- Überwachung (1)
- Þeistareykir Iceland (1)
- Þeistareykir Island (1)
- äquatorialen Plasma-Verarmungen (1)
- äquatorialer Elektrojet (1)
- ökohydrologische Modellierung (1)
- ökologische Modellierung (1)
- ökonomische Auswirkungen (1)
- östlich-südzentrale Anden (1)
- östliche Kordillere (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stabile Isotope (1)
- δ18O and δ13C stable isotopes (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3647) (remove)
The Devonian Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith comprises six nested monzonitic to granitic intrusions with metaluminous to weakly peraluminous composition and a Sr-Nd isotopic signature indicating a dominantly juvenile mantle-derived source. The chemically most evolved units in the southern batholith contain a large number of intra-granitic, pod-shaped tourmaline-bearing pegmatites. This study uses in situ chemical and boron isotopic analyses of tourmaline from nine of these pegmatites to discuss their relationship to the respective host intrusions and the implications of their B-isotope composition for the source and evolution of the magmas. The tourmalines reveal a diversity in element composition (e.g., FeO, MgO, TiO2, CaO, MnO, F) which distinguishes individual pegmatites from one another. However, all have a narrow 5 11 B range of -13.7 to -10.5%0 (n = 100) which indicates a relatively uniform magmatic system and similar temperature conditions during tourmaline crystallization. The average delta(11) B value of -11.7%0 is typical for S-type granites and is within the range reported for peraluminous granites. pegmatites, and metamorphic units of the Ordovician basement into which the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith intruded. The B-isotope evidence argues for a crustal boron source like that of the Ordovician basement, in contrast to the metaluminous to weakly peraluminous composition and juvenile initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios of the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith magmas. We propose that the boron was not derived from the magma source region but was incorporated from dehydration melting of elastic metasedimentary rocks higher up in the crustal column.
The Altiplano-Puna Plateau holds several shallow lakes, which are very sensitive to climate changes. This work is focused on a high-altitude lake system called Lagunas de Vilama (LVS), located in a complex climatic transition area with scarcity of continuous and homogeneous instrumental records. The objective of this study is to determine the regional spatial-temporal variability of precipitation and evaluate the seasonal and interannual lake responses. We use a lake-surfaces record derived from Landsat images to investigate links with regional precipitations and different climatic forcings. The results reveal that austral summer and autumn precipitations control the variability of the annual lake-surfaces. Also, we found intra-annual and interannual lags in the lake responses to precipitations, and identified several wet and dry stages. Our results show negative trends in precipitations and lake-surfaces, whose were strengthened by a shift to a warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in the 1990s. The El Nino Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Southern Annular Mode also exert a strong influence in the region. This study demonstrates that the variability of LVS lakes is strongly related to the South American Monsoon System dynamics and large-scale climate fordngs from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This work provides novel indices which demonstrated to be good indicators of regional hydroclimatological variability for this region of South America.
Long- and short-term monitoring of a dam in response to seasonal changes and ground motion loading
(2021)
An experimental multi-parameter structural monitoring system has been installed on the Kurpsai dam, western Kyrgyz Republic. This system consists of equipment for seismic and strain measurements for making longer- (days, weeks, months) and shorter- (minutes, hours) term observations, dealing with, for example seasonal (longer) effects or the response of the dam to ground motion from noise or seismic events. Fibre-optic strain sensors allow the seasonal and daily opening and closing of the spaces between the dam's segments to be tracked. For the seismic data, both amplitude (in terms of using differences in amplitudes in the Fourier spectra for mapping the modes of vibration of the dam) and their time-frequency distribution for a set of small to moderate seismic events are investigated and the corresponding phase variabilities (in terms of lagged coherency) are evaluated. Even for moderate levels of seismic-induced ground motion, some influence on the structural response can be detected, which then sees the dam quickly return to its original state. A seasonal component was identified in the strain measurements, while levels of noise arising from the operation of the dam's generators and associated water flow have been provisionally identified.
Centroid moment tensor (CMT) parameters can be estimated from seismic waveforms. Since these data indirectly observe the deformation process, CMTs are inferred as solutions to inverse problems which are generally underdetermined and require significant assumptions, including assumptions about data noise. Broadly speaking, we consider noise to include both theory and measurement errors, where theory errors are due to assumptions in the inverse problem and measurement errors are caused by the measurement process. While data errors are routinely included in parameter estimation for full CMTs, less attention has been paid to theory errors related to velocity-model uncertainties and how these affect the resulting moment-tensor (MT) uncertainties. Therefore, rigorous uncertainty quantification for CMTs may require theory-error estimation which becomes a problem of specifying noise models. Various noise models have been proposed, and these rely on several assumptions. All approaches quantify theory errors by estimating the covariance matrix of data residuals. However, this estimation can be based on explicit modelling, empirical estimation and/or ignore or include covariances. We quantitatively compare several approaches by presenting parameter and uncertainty estimates in nonlinear full CMT estimation for several simulated data sets and regional field data of the M-1 4.4, 2015 June 13 Fox Creek, Canada, event. While our main focus is at regional distances, the tested approaches are general and implemented for arbitrary source model choice. These include known or unknown centroid locations, full MTs, deviatoric MTs and double-couple MTs. We demonstrate that velocity-model uncertainties can profoundly affect parameter estimation and that their inclusion leads to more realistic parameter uncertainty quantification. However, not all approaches perform equally well. Including theory errors by estimating non-stationary (non-Toeplitz) error covariance matrices via iterative schemes during Monte Carlo sampling performs best and is computationally most efficient. In general, including velocity-model uncertainties is most important in cases where velocity structure is poorly known.
Ice-rich permafrost has been subject to abrupt thaw and thermokarst formation in the past and is vulnerable to current global warming. The ice-rich permafrost domain includes Yedoma sediments that have never thawed since deposition during the late Pleistocene and Alas sediments that were formed by previous thermokarst processes during the Lateglacial and Holocene warming. Permafrost thaw unlocks organic carbon (OC) and minerals from these deposits and exposes OC to mineralization. A portion of the OC can be associated with iron (Fe), a redox-sensitive element acting as a trap for OC. Post-depositional thaw processes may have induced changes in redox conditions in these deposits and thereby affected Fe distribution and interactions between OC and Fe, with knock-on effects on the role that Fe plays in mediating present day OC mineralization. To test this hypothesis, we measured Fe concentrations and proportion of Fe oxides and Fe complexed with OC in unthawed Yedoma and previously thawed Alas deposits. Total Fe concentrations were determined on 1,292 sediment samples from the Yedoma domain using portable X-ray fluorescence; these concentrations were corrected for trueness using a calibration based on a subset of 144 samples measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after alkaline fusion (R (2) = 0.95). The total Fe concentration is stable with depth in Yedoma deposits, but we observe a depletion or accumulation of total Fe in Alas deposits, which experienced previous thaw and/or flooding events. Selective Fe extractions targeting reactive forms of Fe on unthawed and previously thawed deposits highlight that about 25% of the total Fe is present as reactive species, either as crystalline or amorphous oxides, or complexed with OC, with no significant difference in proportions of reactive Fe between Yedoma and Alas deposits. These results suggest that redox driven processes during past thermokarst formation impact the present-day distribution of total Fe, and thereby the total amount of reactive Fe in Alas versus Yedoma deposits. This study highlights that ongoing thermokarst lake formation and drainage dynamics in the Arctic influences reactive Fe distribution and thereby interactions between Fe and OC, OC mineralization rates, and greenhouse gas emissions.
How biased are our models?
(2021)
Geophysical process simulations play a crucial role in the understanding of the subsurface. This understanding is required to provide, for instance, clean energy sources such as geothermal energy. However, the calibration and validation of the physical models heavily rely on state measurements such as temperature. In this work, we demonstrate that focusing analyses purely on measurements introduces a high bias. This is illustrated through global sensitivity studies. The extensive exploration of the parameter space becomes feasible through the construction of suitable surrogate models via the reduced basis method, where the bias is found to result from very unequal data distribution. We propose schemes to compensate for parts of this bias. However, the bias cannot be entirely compensated. Therefore, we demonstrate the consequences of this bias with the example of a model calibration.
This study is trying to understand the pre-eruptive magma storage and crystallization conditions of the Middle Miocene aged, silica-saturated trachytic rocks of the Afyon Volcanic Complex (AVC) in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Those rocks can be divided by their high K2O, K2O/Na2O ratio and Mg# into two groups, namely the intermediate-potassic (IPG) and the ultrapotassic (UPG). Here we are comparing calculated pressure (P) - temperature (T) conditions derived from geothermobarometric calculations of natural samples with results of high-pressure, high-temperature phase equilibria experiments. IPG samples are richer in silica (57-64 wt% SiO2), whereas UPG samples show intermediate SiO2 contents of 56-58 wt%. UPG are having high K2O contents ((>)9 wt %), K2O/Na2O ratios ((>)10 wt%) and Mg# values (75-77). IPG phenocrysts comprise plagioclase + biotite + amphibole + clinopyroxene +/- orthopyroxene +/- sanidine +/- phlogopite and oxides, while UPG mineralogical assemblage consists of amphibole + phlogopite + clinopyroxene + olivine + sanidine and oxides. IPG and UPG are enriched in Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE), and both have negative anomalies in Nb, Sr, Zr and Ti elements. Additionally, IPG shows positive anomalies in Pb. Both IPG and UPG display enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE), while IPG shows a more significant negative anomaly in Eu when compared to UPG. Plagioclase fractionation may play a role in magma generation. In IPG samples Ni and Cr values range between (3.3-18.8 ppm) and (2.6-27.8 ppm), respectively; whereas UPG samples have (119.1-120.7 ppm) Ni and (212.1-219.9 ppm) Cr. Dy/Yb ratios of IPG and UPG are higher than 2 and may indicate that garnet was present in the source. Geothermobarometric calculations for natural IPG clinopyroxene-melt pairs imply higher PT conditions (Dogan-Kulahci et al., 2015), while in this study high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) phase equilibria experiments recreated the natural mineral assemblage at 2-4 kbar, 6-9 km and c. 900 degrees C. New plagioclase-melt calculations have confirmed lower mean magma storage temperatures, which are closer to the experimental results but still slightly elevated. Thus, trace element results of the natural rocks and experimental data may imply that a deep garnet-bearing magma source mixed with shallower magmas (IPG) was feeding the volcanic eruption.
Cyanobacteria are important primary producers in temperate freshwater ecosystems. However, studies on the seasonal and spatial distribution of cyanobacteria in deep lakes based on high-throughput DNA sequencing are still rare. In this study, we combined monthly water sampling and monitoring in 2019, amplicon sequence variants analysis (ASVs; a proxy for different species) and quantitative PCR targeting overall cyanobacteria abundance to describe the seasonal and spatial dynamics of cyanobacteria in the deep hard-water oligo-mesotrophic Lake Tiefer See, NE Germany. We observed significant seasonal variation in the cyanobacterial community composition (p < 0.05) in the epi- and metalimnion layers, but not in the hypolimnion. In winter-when the water column is mixed-picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Cyanobium) were dominant. With the onset of stratification in late spring, we observed potential niche specialization and coexistence among the cyanobacteria taxa driven mainly by light and nutrient dynamics. Specifically, ASVs assigned to picocyanobacteria and the genus Planktothrix were the main contributors to the formation of deep chlorophyll maxima along a light gradient. While Synechococcus and different Cyanobium ASVs were abundant in the epilimnion up to the base of the euphotic zone from spring to fall, Planktothrix mainly occurred in the metalimnetic layer below the euphotic zone where also overall cyanobacteria abundance was highest in summer. Our data revealed two potentially psychrotolerant (cold-adapted) Cyanobium species that appear to cope well under conditions of lower hypolimnetic water temperature and light as well as increasing sediment-released phosphate in the deeper waters in summer. The potential cold-adapted Cyanobium species were also dominant throughout the water column in fall and winter. Furthermore, Snowella and Microcystis-related ASVs were abundant in the water column during the onset of fall turnover. Altogether, these findings suggest previously unascertained and considerable spatiotemporal changes in the community of cyanobacteria on the species level especially within the genus Cyanobium in deep hard-water temperate lakes.
The Kohat fold and thrust belt in Pakistan shows a significantly different structural style due to the structural evolution on the double décollement compared to the rest of the Subhimalaya. In order to better understand the spatio-temporal structural evolution of the Kohat fold and thrust belt, we combine balanced cross sections with apatite (U?Th-Sm)/He (AHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) dating. The AHe and AFT ages appear to be totally reset, allowing us to date exhumation above structural ramps. The results suggest that deformation began on the frontal Surghar thrust at-15 Ma, predating or coeval with the development of the Main Boundary thrust at-12 Ma. Deformation propagated southward from the Main Boundary thrust on double de?collements between 10 Ma and 2 Ma, resulting in a disharmonic structural style inside the Kohat fold and thrust belt. Thermal modeling of the thermochronologic data suggest that samples inside Kohat fold and thrust belt experienced cooling due to formation of the duplexes; this deformation facilitated tectonic thickening of the wedge and erosion of the Miocene to Pliocene foreland strata. The spatial distribution of AHe and AFT ages in combination with the structural forward model suggest that, in the Kohat fold and thrust belt, the wedge deformed in-sequence as a supercritical wedge (-15-12 Ma), then readjusted by out-sequence deformation (-12-0 Ma) within the Kohat fold and thrust belt into a sub-critical wedge.
Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe
(2020)
Subsurface contamination due to excessive nutrient surpluses is a persistent and widespread problem in agricultural areas across Europe. The vulnerability of a particular location to pollution from reactive solutes, such as nitrate, is determined by the interplay between hydrologic transport and biogeochemical transformations. Current studies on the controls of subsurface vulnerability do not consider the transient behaviour of transport dynamics in the root zone. Here, using state-of-the-art hydrologic simulations driven by observed hydroclimatic forcing, we demonstrate the strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hydrologic transport dynamics and reveal that these dynamics are primarily controlled by the hydroclimatic gradient of the aridity index across Europe. Contrasting the space-time dynamics of transport times with reactive timescales of denitrification in soil indicate that similar to 75% of the cultivated areas across Europe are potentially vulnerable to nitrate leaching for at least onethird of the year. We find that neglecting the transient nature of transport and reaction timescale results in a great underestimation of the extent of vulnerable regions by almost 50%. Therefore, future vulnerability and risk assessment studies must account for the transient behaviour of transport and biogeochemical transformation processes.
Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe
(2020)
Subsurface contamination due to excessive nutrient surpluses is a persistent and widespread problem in agricultural areas across Europe. The vulnerability of a particular location to pollution from reactive solutes, such as nitrate, is determined by the interplay between hydrologic transport and biogeochemical transformations. Current studies on the controls of subsurface vulnerability do not consider the transient behaviour of transport dynamics in the root zone. Here, using state-of-the-art hydrologic simulations driven by observed hydroclimatic forcing, we demonstrate the strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hydrologic transport dynamics and reveal that these dynamics are primarily controlled by the hydroclimatic gradient of the aridity index across Europe. Contrasting the space-time dynamics of transport times with reactive timescales of denitrification in soil indicate that similar to 75% of the cultivated areas across Europe are potentially vulnerable to nitrate leaching for at least onethird of the year. We find that neglecting the transient nature of transport and reaction timescale results in a great underestimation of the extent of vulnerable regions by almost 50%. Therefore, future vulnerability and risk assessment studies must account for the transient behaviour of transport and biogeochemical transformation processes.
Rapidly growing seismic and macroseismic databases and simplified access to advanced machine learning methods have in recent years opened up vast opportunities to address challenges in engineering and strong motion seismology from novel, datacentric perspectives. In this thesis, I explore the opportunities of such perspectives for the tasks of ground motion modeling and rapid earthquake impact assessment, tasks with major implications for long-term earthquake disaster mitigation.
In my first study, I utilize the rich strong motion database from the Kanto basin, Japan, and apply the U-Net artificial neural network architecture to develop a deep learning based ground motion model. The operational prototype provides statistical estimates of expected ground shaking, given descriptions of a specific earthquake source, wave propagation paths, and geophysical site conditions. The U-Net interprets ground motion data in its spatial context, potentially taking into account, for example, the geological properties in the vicinity of observation sites. Predictions of ground motion intensity are thereby calibrated to individual observation sites and earthquake locations.
The second study addresses the explicit incorporation of rupture forward directivity into ground motion modeling. Incorporation of this phenomenon, causing strong, pulse like ground shaking in the vicinity of earthquake sources, is usually associated with an intolerable increase in computational demand during probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) calculations. I suggest an approach in which I utilize an artificial neural network to efficiently approximate the average, directivity-related adjustment to ground motion predictions for earthquake ruptures from the 2022 New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. The practical implementation in an actual PSHA calculation demonstrates the efficiency and operational readiness of my model. In a follow-up study, I present a proof of concept for an alternative strategy in which I target the generalizing applicability to ruptures other than those from the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model.
In the third study, I address the usability of pseudo-intensity reports obtained from macroseismic observations by non-expert citizens for rapid impact assessment. I demonstrate that the statistical properties of pseudo-intensity collections describing the intensity of shaking are correlated with the societal impact of earthquakes. In a second step, I develop a probabilistic model that, within minutes of an event, quantifies the probability of an earthquake to cause considerable societal impact. Under certain conditions, such a quick and preliminary method might be useful to support decision makers in their efforts to organize auxiliary measures for earthquake disaster response while results from more elaborate impact assessment frameworks are not yet available.
The application of machine learning methods to datasets that only partially reveal characteristics of Big Data, qualify the majority of results obtained in this thesis as explorative insights rather than ready-to-use solutions to real world problems. The practical usefulness of this work will be better assessed in the future by applying the approaches developed to growing and increasingly complex data sets.
The correct orientation of seismic sensors is critical for studies such as full moment tensor inversion, receiver function analysis, and shear-wave splitting. Therefore, the orientation of horizontal components needs to be checked and verified systematically. This study relies on two different waveform-based approaches, to assess the sensor orientations of the broadband network of the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI). The network is an important backbone for seismological research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and provides a comprehensive seismic data set for the North Anatolian fault. In recent years, this region became a worldwide field laboratory for continental transform faults. A systematic survey of the sensor orientations of the entire network, as presented here, facilitates related seismic studies. We apply two independent orientation tests, based on the polarization of P waves and Rayleigh waves to 123 broadband seismic stations, covering a period of 15 yr (2004-2018). For 114 stations, we obtain stable results with both methods. Approximately, 80% of the results agree with each other within 10 degrees. Both methods indicate that about 40% of the stations are misoriented by more than 10 degrees. Among these, 20 stations are misoriented by more than 20 degrees. We observe temporal changes of sensor orientation that coincide with maintenance work or instrument replacement. We provide time-dependent sensor misorientation correction values for the KOERI network in the supplemental material.
Water bodies are a highly abundant feature of Arctic permafrost ecosystems and strongly influence their hydrology, ecology and biogeochemical cycling. While very high resolution satellite images enable detailed mapping of these water bodies, the increasing availability and abundance of this imagery calls for fast, reliable and automatized monitoring. This technical work presents a largely automated and scalable workflow that removes image noise, detects water bodies, removes potential misclassifications from infrastructural features, derives lake shoreline geometries and retrieves their movement rate and direction on the basis of ortho-ready very high resolution satellite imagery from Arctic permafrost lowlands. We applied this workflow to typical Arctic lake areas on the Alaska North Slope and achieved a successful and fast detection of water bodies. We derived representative values for shoreline movement rates ranging from 0.40-0.56 m yr(-1) for lake sizes of 0.10 ha-23.04 ha. The approach also gives an insight into seasonal water level changes. Based on an extensive quantification of error sources, we discuss how the results of the automated workflow can be further enhanced by incorporating additional information on weather conditions and image metadata and by improving the input database. The workflow is suitable for the seasonal to annual monitoring of lake changes on a sub-meter scale in the study areas in northern Alaska and can readily be scaled for application across larger regions within certain accuracy limitations.
This study deals with the East Beni Suef Basin (Eastern Desert, Egypt) and aims to evaluate the source-generative potential, reconstruct the burial and thermal history, examine the most influential parameters on thermal maturity modeling, and improve on the models already published for the West Beni Suef to ultimately formulate a complete picture of the whole basin evolution.
Source rock evaluation was carried out based on TOC, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and visual kerogen petrography analyses. Three kerogen types (II, II/III, and III) are distinguished in the East Beni Suef Basin, where the Abu Roash "F" Member acts as the main source rock with good to excellent source potential, oil-prone mainly type II kerogen, and immature to marginal maturity levels.
The burial history shows four depositional and erosional phases linked with the tectonic evolution of the basin. A hiatus (due to erosion or non-deposition) has occurred during the Late Eocene-Oligocene in the East Beni Suef Basin, while the West Beni Suef Basin has continued subsiding.
Sedimentation began later (Middle to Late Albian) with lower rates in the East Beni Suef Basin compared with the West Beni Suef Basin (Early Albian). The Abu Roash "F" source rock exists in the early oil window with a present-day transformation ratio of about 19% and 21% in the East and West Beni Suef Basin, respectively, while the Lower Kharita source rock, which is only recorded in the West Beni Suef Basin, has reached the late oil window with a present-day transformation ratio of about 70%.
The magnitude of erosion and heat flow have proportional and mutual effects on thermal maturity.
We present three possible scenarios of basin modeling in the East Beni Suef Basin concerning the erosion from the Apollonia and Dabaa formations.
Results of this work can serve as a basis for subsequent 2D and/or 3D basin modeling, which are highly recommended to further investigate the petroleum system evolution of the Beni Suef Basin.
The subsurface is a temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous compartment of the Earth's critical zone, and biogeochemical transformations taking place in this compartment are crucial for the cycling of nutrients.
The impact of spatial heterogeneity on such microbially mediated nutrient cycling is not well known, which imposes a severe challenge in the prediction of in situ biogeochemical transformation rates and further of nutrient loading contributed by the groundwater to the surface water bodies.
Therefore, we used a numerical modelling approach to evaluate the sensitivity of groundwater microbial biomass distribution and nutrient cycling to spatial heterogeneity in different scenarios accounting for various residence times.
The model results gave us an insight into domain characteristics with respect to the presence of oxic niches in predominantly anoxic zones and vice versa depending on the extent of spatial heterogeneity and the flow regime.
The obtained results show that microbial abundance, distribution, and activity are sensitive to the applied flow regime and that the mobile (i.e. observable by groundwater sampling) fraction of microbial biomass is a varying, yet only a small, fraction of the total biomass in a domain. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity resulted in anaerobic niches in the domain and shifts in microbial biomass between active and inactive states. The lack of consideration of spatial heterogeneity, thus, can result in inaccurate estimation of microbial activity. In most cases this leads to an overestimation of nutrient removal (up to twice the actual amount) along a flow path.
We conclude that the governing factors for evaluating this are the residence time of solutes and the Damkohler number (Da) of the biogeochemical reactions in the domain. We propose a relationship to scale the impact of spatial heterogeneity on nutrient removal governed by the logioDa.
This relationship may be applied in upscaled descriptions of microbially mediated nutrient cycling dynamics in the subsurface thereby resulting in more accurate predictions of, for example, carbon and nitrogen cycling in groundwater over long periods at the catchment scale.
ABSTRACT: Structural evolution of cesium triiodide at high pressures has been revealed by synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Cesium triiodide undergoes a first-order phase transition above 1.24(3) GPa from an orthorhombic to a trigonal system. This transition is coupled with severe reorganization of the polyiodide network from a layered to three-dimensional architecture. Quantum chemical calculations show that even though the two polymorphic phases are nearly isoenergetic under ambient conditions, the PV term is decisive in stabilizing the trigonal polymorph above the transition point. Phonon calculations using a non-local correlation functional that accounts for dispersion interactions confirm that this polymorph is dynamically unstable under ambient conditions. The high-pressure behavior of crystalline CsI3 can be correlated with other alkali metal trihalides, which undergo a similar sequence of structural changes upon load.
Alpine glacial erosion exerts a first-order control on mountain topography and sediment production, but its mechanisms are poorly understood. Observational data capable of testing glacial erosion and transport laws in glacial models are mostly lacking. New insights, however, can be gained from detrital tracer thermochronology. Detrital tracer thermochronology works on the premise that thermochronometer bedrock ages vary systematically with elevation, and that detrital downstream samples can be used to infer the source elevation sectors of sediments. We analyze six new detrital samples of different grain sizes (sand and pebbles) from glacial deposits and the modern river channel integrated with data from 18 previously analyzed bedrock samples from an elevation transect in the Leones Valley, Northern Patagonian Icefield, Chile (46.7 degrees S). We present 622 new detrital zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) single-grain analyses and 22 new bedrock ZHe analyses for two of the bedrock samples to determine age reproducibility. Results suggest that glacial erosion was focused at and below the Last Glacial Maximum and neoglacial equilibrium line altitudes, supporting previous modeling studies. Furthermore, grain age distributions from different grain sizes (sand, pebbles) might indicate differences in erosion mechanisms, including mass movements at steep glacial valley walls. Finally, our results highlight complications and opportunities in assessing glacigenic environments, such as dynamics of sediment production, transport, transient storage, and final deposition, that arise from settings with large glacio-fluvial catchments.
Frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) data are commonly inverted to characterize subsurface geoelectrical properties using smoothness constraints in 1D inversion schemes assuming a layered medium.
Smoothness constraints are suitable for imaging gradual transitions of subsurface geoelectrical properties caused, for example, by varying sand, clay, or fluid content. However, such inversion approaches are limited in characterizing sharp interfaces. Alternative regularizations based on the minimum gradient support (MGS) stabilizers can, instead, be used to promote results with different levels of smoothness/sharpness selected by simply acting on the so-called focusing parameter.
The MGS regularization has been implemented for different kinds of geophysical data inversion strategies. However, concerning FDEM data, the MGS regularization has only been implemented for vertically constrained inversion (VCI) approaches but not for laterally constrained inversion (LCI) approaches.
We present a novel LCI approach for FDEM data using the MGS regularization for the vertical and lateral direction. Using synthetic and field data examples, we demonstrate that our approach can efficiently and automatically provide a set of model solutions characterized by different levels of sharpness and variable lateral consistencies.
In terms of data misfit, the obtained set of solutions contains equivalent models allowing us also to investigate the non-uniqueness of FDEM data inversion.
Nocardioides alcanivorans sp. nov., a novel hexadecane-degrading species isolated from plastic waste
(2022)
Strain NGK65(T), a novel hexadecane degrading, non-motile, Gram-positive, rod-to-coccus shaped, aerobic bacterium, was isolated from plastic polluted soil sampled at a landfill.
Strain NGK65(T) hydrolysed casein, gelatin, urea and was catalase-positive. It optimally grew at 28 degrees C. in 0-1% NaCl and at pH 7.5-8.0. Glycerol, D-glucose, arbutin, aesculin, salicin, potassium 5-ketogluconate. sucrose, acetate, pyruvate and hexadecane were used as sole carbon sources.
The predominant membrane fatty acids were iso-C-16:0 followed by iso-C(17:)0 and C-18:1 omega 9c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and hydroxyphosphatidylinositol.
The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A3 gamma, with LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine as the diagnostic amino acids. MK 8 (H-4) was the predominant menaquinone. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NGK65(T) belongs to the genus Nocardioides (phylum Actinobacteria). appearing most closely related to Nocardioides daejeonensis MJ31(T) (98.6%) and Nocardioides dubius KSL-104(T) (98.3%).
The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NGK65(T) was 68.2%.
Strain NGK65(T) and the type strains of species involved in the analysis had average nucleotide identity values of 78.3-71.9% as well as digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between 22.5 and 19.7%, which clearly indicated that the isolate represents a novel species within the genus Nocardioides.
Based on phenotypic and molecular characterization, strain NGK65(T) can clearly be differentiated from its phylogenetic neighbours to establish a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides alcanivorans sp. nov. is proposed.
The type strain is NGK65(T) (=DSM 113112(T)=NCCB 100846(T)).
Understanding the key factors influencing the water quality of large river systems forms an important basis for the assessment and protection of cross-regional ecosystems and the implementation of adapted water management concepts. However, identifying these factors requires in-depth comprehension of the unique environmental systems, which can only be achieved by detailed water quality monitoring.
Within the scope of the joint science and sports event "Elbschwimmstaffel" (swimming relay on the river Elbe) in June/July 2017 organized by the German Ministry of Education and Research, water quality data were acquired along a 550 km long stretch of the Elbe River in Germany. During the survey, eight physiochemical water quality parameters were recorded in high spatial and temporal resolution with the BIOFISH multisensor system. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to identify and delineate processes influencing the water quality.
The BIOFISH dataset revealed that phytoplankton activity has a major impact on the water quality of the Elbe River in the summer months. The results suggest that phytoplankton biomass constitutes a substantial proportion of the suspended particles and that photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton is closely related to significant temporal changes in pH and oxygen saturation.
An evaluation of the BIOFISH data based on the combination of statistical analysis with weather and discharge data shows that the hydrological and meteorological history of the sampled water body was the main driver of phytoplankton dynamics. This study demonstrates the capacity of longitudinal river surveys with the BIOFISH or similar systems for water quality assessment, the identification of pollution sources and their utilization for online in situ monitoring of rivers.
The authors demonstrate that a vegetation system's ability to recover from disturbances-its resilience-can be estimated from its natural variability. Global patterns of resilience loss and gains since the early 1990s reveal shifts towards widespread resilience loss since the early 2000s.
The character and health of ecosystems worldwide is tightly coupled to changes in Earth's climate. Theory suggests that ecosystem resilience-the ability of ecosystems to resist and recover from external shocks such as droughts and fires-can be inferred from their natural variability. Here, we quantify vegetation resilience globally with complementary metrics based on two independent long-term satellite records. We first empirically confirm that the recovery rates from large perturbations can be closely approximated from internal vegetation variability across vegetation types and climate zones. On the basis of this empirical relationship, we quantify vegetation resilience continuously and globally from 1992 to 2017. Long-term vegetation resilience trends are spatially heterogeneous, with overall increasing resilience in the tropics and decreasing resilience at higher latitudes. Shorter-term trends, however, reveal a marked shift towards a global decline in vegetation resilience since the early 2000s, particularly in the equatorial rainforest belt.
We present a new set of global and local sea‐level projections at example tide gauge locations under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios. Compared to the CMIP5‐based sea‐level projections presented in IPCC AR5, we introduce a number of methodological innovations, including (i) more comprehensive treatment of uncertainties, (ii) direct traceability between global and local projections, and (iii) exploratory extended projections to 2300 based on emulation of individual CMIP5 models. Combining the projections with observed tide gauge records, we explore the contribution to total variance that arises from sea‐level variability, different emissions scenarios, and model uncertainty. For the period out to 2300 we further breakdown the model uncertainty by sea‐level component and consider the dependence on geographic location, time horizon, and emissions scenario. Our analysis highlights the importance of local variability for sea‐level change in the coming decades and the potential value of annual‐to‐decadal predictions of local sea‐level change. Projections to 2300 show a substantial degree of committed sea‐level rise under all emissions scenarios considered and highlight the reduced future risk associated with RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 compared to RCP8.5. Tide gauge locations can show large ( > 50%) departures from the global average, in some cases even reversing the sign of the change. While uncertainty in projections of the future Antarctic ice dynamic response tends to dominate post‐2100, we see substantial differences in the breakdown of model variance as a function of location, time scale, and emissions scenario.
We present a new set of global and local sea‐level projections at example tide gauge locations under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios. Compared to the CMIP5‐based sea‐level projections presented in IPCC AR5, we introduce a number of methodological innovations, including (i) more comprehensive treatment of uncertainties, (ii) direct traceability between global and local projections, and (iii) exploratory extended projections to 2300 based on emulation of individual CMIP5 models. Combining the projections with observed tide gauge records, we explore the contribution to total variance that arises from sea‐level variability, different emissions scenarios, and model uncertainty. For the period out to 2300 we further breakdown the model uncertainty by sea‐level component and consider the dependence on geographic location, time horizon, and emissions scenario. Our analysis highlights the importance of local variability for sea‐level change in the coming decades and the potential value of annual‐to‐decadal predictions of local sea‐level change. Projections to 2300 show a substantial degree of committed sea‐level rise under all emissions scenarios considered and highlight the reduced future risk associated with RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 compared to RCP8.5. Tide gauge locations can show large ( > 50%) departures from the global average, in some cases even reversing the sign of the change. While uncertainty in projections of the future Antarctic ice dynamic response tends to dominate post‐2100, we see substantial differences in the breakdown of model variance as a function of location, time scale, and emissions scenario.
Lake sediments are increasingly explored as reliable paleoflood archives. In addition to established flood proxies including detrital layer thickness, chemical composition, and grain size, we explore stable oxygen and carbon isotope data as paleoflood proxies for lakes in catchments with carbonate bedrock geology. In a case study from Lake Mondsee (Austria), we integrate high-resolution sediment trapping at a proximal and a distal location and stable isotope analyses of varved lake sediments to investigate flood-triggered detrital sediment flux. First, we demonstrate a relation between runoff, detrital sediment flux, and isotope values in the sediment trap record covering the period 2011-2013 CE including 22 events with daily (hourly) peak runoff ranging from 10 (24) m(3) s(-1) to 79 (110) m(3) s(-1). The three- to ten-fold lower flood-triggered detrital sediment deposition in the distal trap is well reflected by attenuated peaks in the stable isotope values of trapped sediments. Next, we show that all nine flood-triggered detrital layers deposited in a sediment record from 1988 to 2013 have elevated isotope values compared with endogenic calcite. In addition, even two runoff events that did not cause the deposition of visible detrital layers are distinguished by higher isotope values. Empirical thresholds in the isotope data allow estimation of magnitudes of the majority of floods, although in some cases flood magnitudes are overestimated because local effects can result in too-high isotope values. Hence we present a proof of concept for stable isotopes as reliable tool for reconstructing flood frequency and, although with some limitations, even for flood magnitudes.
Lake sediments are increasingly explored as reliable paleoflood archives. In addition to established flood proxies including detrital layer thickness, chemical composition, and grain size, we explore stable oxygen and carbon isotope data as paleoflood proxies for lakes in catchments with carbonate bedrock geology. In a case study from Lake Mondsee (Austria), we integrate high-resolution sediment trapping at a proximal and a distal location and stable isotope analyses of varved lake sediments to investigate flood-triggered detrital sediment flux. First, we demonstrate a relation between runoff, detrital sediment flux, and isotope values in the sediment trap record covering the period 2011-2013 CE including 22 events with daily (hourly) peak runoff ranging from 10 (24) m(3) s(-1) to 79 (110) m(3) s(-1). The three- to ten-fold lower flood-triggered detrital sediment deposition in the distal trap is well reflected by attenuated peaks in the stable isotope values of trapped sediments. Next, we show that all nine flood-triggered detrital layers deposited in a sediment record from 1988 to 2013 have elevated isotope values compared with endogenic calcite. In addition, even two runoff events that did not cause the deposition of visible detrital layers are distinguished by higher isotope values. Empirical thresholds in the isotope data allow estimation of magnitudes of the majority of floods, although in some cases flood magnitudes are overestimated because local effects can result in too-high isotope values. Hence we present a proof of concept for stable isotopes as reliable tool for reconstructing flood frequency and, although with some limitations, even for flood magnitudes.
Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions
(2022)
Agricultural practice has led to landscape simplification and biodiversity decline, yet recently, energy-producing infrastructures, such as wind turbines, have been added to these simplified agroecosystems, turning them into multi-functional energy-agroecosystems. Here, we studied the trophic interactions of bats killed at wind turbines using a DNA metabarcoding approach to shed light on how turbine-related bat fatalities may possibly affect local habitats. Specifically, we identified insect DNA in the stomachs of common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) killed by wind turbines in Germany to infer in which habitats these bats hunted. Common noctule bats consumed a wide variety of insects from different habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, farmland, forests, and grasslands). Agricultural and silvicultural pest insects made up about 20% of insect species consumed by the studied bats. Our study suggests that the potential damage of wind energy production goes beyond the loss of bats and the decline of bat populations. Bat fatalities at wind turbines may lead to the loss of trophic interactions and ecosystem services provided by bats, which may add to the functional simplification and impaired crop production, respectively, in multi-functional ecosystems.
The sediment profile from Lake Goscia(z) over dot in central Poland comprises a continuous, seasonally resolved and exceptionally well-preserved archive of the Younger Dryas (YD) climate variation. This provides a unique opportunity for detailed investigation of lake system responses during periods of rapid climate cooling (YD onset) and warming (YD termination). The new varve record of Lake Goscia(z) over dot presented here spans 1662 years from the late Allerod (AL) to the early Preboreal (PB). Microscopic varve counting provides an independent chronology with a YD duration of 1149+14/-22 years, which confirms previous results of 1140 +/- 40 years. We link stable oxygen isotopes and chironomid-based air temperature reconstructions with the response of various geochemical and varve microfacies proxies especially focusing on the onset and termination of the YD. Cooling at the YD onset lasted similar to 180 years, which is about a century longer than the terminal warming that was completed in similar to 70 years. During the AL/YD transition, environmental proxy data lagged the onset of cooling by similar to 90 years and revealed an increase of lake productivity and internal lake re-suspension as well as slightly higher detrital sediment input. In contrast, rapid warming and environmental changes during the YD/PB transition occurred simultaneously. However, initial changes such as declining diatom deposition and detrital input occurred already a few centuries before the rapid warming at the YD/PB transition. These environmental changes likely reflect a gradual increase in summer air temperatures already during the YD. Our data indicate complex and differing environmental responses to the major climate changes related to the YD, which involve different proxy sensitivities and threshold processes.
Large rock slope failures play a pivotal role in long-term landscape evolution and are a major concern in land use planning and hazard aspects. While the failure phase and the time immediately prior to failure are increasingly well studied, the nature of the preparation phase remains enigmatic. This knowledge gap is due, to a large degree, to difficulties associated with instrumenting high mountain terrain and the local nature of classic monitoring methods, which does not allow integral observation of large rock volumes. Here, we analyse data from a small network of up to seven seismic sensors installed during July-October 2018 (with 43 days of data loss) at the summit of the Hochvogel, a 2592 m high Alpine peak. We develop proxy time series indicative of cyclic and progressive changes of the summit. Modal analysis, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio data and end-member modelling analysis reveal diurnal cycles of increasing and decreasing coupling stiffness of a 260,000 m(3) large, instable rock volume, due to thermal forcing. Relative seismic wave velocity changes also indicate diurnal accumulation and release of stress within the rock mass. At longer time scales, there is a systematic superimposed pattern of stress increased over multiple days and episodic stress release within a few days, expressed in an increased emission of short seismic pulses indicative of rock cracking. Our data provide essential first order information on the development of large-scale slope instabilities towards catastrophic failure. (c) 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The Big Naryn Complex (BNC) in the East Djetim-Too Range of the Kyrgyz Middle Tianshan block is a tectonized, at least 2 km thick sequence of predominantly felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks intruded by porphyric rhyolite sills. It overlies a basement of metamorphic rocks and is overlain by late Neoproterozoic Djetim-Too Formation sediments; these also occur as tectonic intercalations in the BNC. The up to ca. 1100 m thick Lower Member is composed of predominantly rhyolites-to-dacites and minor basalts, while the at least 900 m thick pyroclastic Upper Member is dominated by rhyolitic-to-dacitic ignimbrites. Porphyric rhyolite sills are concentrated at the top of the Lower Member. A Lower Member rhyolite and a sill sample have LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon crystallization ages of 726.1 +/- 2.2 Ma and 720.3 +/- 6.5 Ma, respectively, showing that most of the magmatism occurred within a short time span in the late Tonian-early Cryogenian. Inherited zircons in the sill sample have Neoarchean (2.63, 2.64 Ga), Paleo- (2.33-1.81 Ga), Meso- (1.55 Ga), and Neoproterozoic (ca. 815 Ma) ages, and were derived from a heterogeneous Kuilyu Complex basement. A 1751 +/- 7 Ma Ar-40/Ar-39 age for amphibole from metagabbro is the age of cooling subsequent to Paleoproterozoic metamorphism of the Kuilyu Complex. The large amount of pyroclastic rocks, and their major and trace element compositions, the presence of Neoarchean to Neoproterozoic inherited zircons and a depositional basement of metamorphic rocks point to formation of the BNC in a continental magmatic arc setting.
The Walker Circulation (WC) is an east-west trending band of atmospheric circulation cells along the equator and the predominant controller of heat and moisture transport in the tropics. Its variability is closely linked to the sea-surface temperature (SST) changes across the Pacific, the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans and can have pronounced effects on the humidity regimes of the adjacent continents. In recent years, the evolution of the WC during the Plioand Pleistocene epochs has been intensely studied in the context of the effectiveness of the tropics in modulating global climate change (e.g., the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation). However, the onset of the modern WC pattern as well as its global impact during the Plioand Pleistocene is controversially assessed in the literature. For its onset, previous studies have suggested dates ranging between 2.4 and 0.8 million years ago (Myr), while its argued impact ranges from crucially influencing the increase of Northern Hemisphere ice sheet growth by channelling heat and moisture from the tropics into the high latitudes to having no effect on global ice volume changes. In order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of the WC during this time frame, we statistically analysed 30 globally distributed SST records covering the low and high latitudes between 3.5 and 1.5 Myr, encompassing the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. We utilized a statistical change-point regression model to determine significant change points in the SST evolution of the (sub)-tropics and high latitudes that potentially relate to changes in the WC. We find that the WC experienced a multifaceted evolution between the Late Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene with significant transitional steps at-2.7 and-2.1 Ma. Our results suggest after the Late Pliocene, a pre-modern WC set in, which was characterized by a progressively strengthened Pacific Walker Cell alongside a weakened Indian Ocean Walker Cell. This change was potentially triggered by the constriction of the Indonesian seaway, an important transmitter between the Pacific and Indian Ocean. The ensuing mode of the WC intensified until-2.1 Myr, when SST values around the global scale signalled a progressive strengthening of the Indian Walker Cell in phase with the progressive strengthening of the Pacific and Atlantic Cells. Our findings indicate that a shift from a pre-modern to a modern-like WC potentially only occurred during the mid-Pleistocene.
The Salt Range in Pakistan exposes Precambrian to Pleistocene strata outcropping along the Salt Range Thrust (SRT). To better understand the in-situ Cambrian and Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Pakistan Subhimalaya, we have conducted low-temperature thermochronological analysis using apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and fission track dating. We combine cooling ages from different samples located along the thrust front of the SRT into a thermal model that shows two major cooling events associated with rifting and regional erosion in the Late Palaeozoic and SRT activity since the Pliocene. Our results suggest that the SRT maintained a long-term average shortening rate of similar to 5-6 mm/yr and a high exhumation rate above the SRT ramp since similar to 4 Ma.
The simulation of broad-band (0.1 to 10 + Hz) ground-shaking over deep and spatially extended sedimentary basins at regional scales is challenging. We evaluate the ground-shaking of a potential M 6.5 earthquake in the southern Lower Rhine Embayment, one of the most important areas of earthquake recurrence north of the Alps, close to the city of Cologne in Germany. In a first step, information from geological investigations, seismic experiments and boreholes is combined for deriving a harmonized 3D velocity and attenuation model of the sedimentary layers. Three alternative approaches are then applied and compared to evaluate the impact of the sedimentary cover on ground-motion amplification. The first approach builds on existing response spectra ground-motion models whose amplification factors empirically take into account the influence of the sedimentary layers through a standard parameterization. In the second approach, site-specific 1D amplification functions are computed from the 3D basin model. Using a random vibration theory approach, we adjust the empirical response spectra predicted for soft rock conditions by local site amplification factors: amplifications and associated ground-motions are predicted both in the Fourier and in the response spectra domain. In the third approach, hybrid physics-based ground-motion simulations are used to predict time histories for soft rock conditions which are subsequently modified using the 1D site-specific amplification functions computed in method 2. For large distances and at short periods, the differences between the three approaches become less notable due to the significant attenuation of the sedimentary layers. At intermediate and long periods, generic empirical ground-motion models provide lower levels of amplification from sedimentary soils compared to methods taking into account site-specific 1D amplification functions. In the near-source region, hybrid physics-based ground-motions models illustrate the potentially large variability of ground-motion due to finite source effects.
Borehole leakage is a common and complex issue. Understanding the fluid flow characteristics of a cemented area inside a borehole is crucial to monitor and quantify the wellbore integrity as well as to find solutions to minimise existing leakages. In order to improve our understanding of the flow behaviour of cemented boreholes, we investigated experimental data of a large-scale borehole leakage tests by means of numerical modelling using three different conceptual models. The experiment was performed with an autoclave system consisting of two vessels bridged by a cement-filled casing. After a partial bleed-off at the well-head, a sustained casing pressure was observed due to fluid flow through the cementsteel composite. The aim of our simulations is to investigate and quantify the permeability of the cement-steel composite. From our model results, we conclude that the flow occurred along a preferential flow path at the cement-steel interface. Thus, the inner part of the cement core was impermeable during the duration of the experiment. The preferential flow path can be described as a highly permeable and highly porous area with an aperture of about 5 mu m and a permeability of 3 . 10(-12) m(2) (3 Darcy). It follows that the fluid flow characteristics of a cemented area inside a borehole cannot be described using one permeability value for the entire cement-steel composite. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the quality of the cement and the filling process regarding the cement-steel interface is crucial to minimize possible well leakages.
The quantification of spatial propagation of extreme precipitation events is vital in water resources planning and disaster mitigation. However, quantifying these extreme events has always been challenging as many traditional methods are insufficient to capture the nonlinear interrelationships between extreme event time series. Therefore, it is crucial to develop suitable methods for analyzing the dynamics of extreme events over a river basin with a diverse climate and complicated topography. Over the last decade, complex network analysis emerged as a powerful tool to study the intricate spatiotemporal relationship between many variables in a compact way. In this study, we employ two nonlinear concepts of event synchronization and edit distance to investigate the extreme precipitation pattern in the Ganga river basin. We use the network degree to understand the spatial synchronization pattern of extreme rainfall and identify essential sites in the river basin with respect to potential prediction skills. The study also attempts to quantify the influence of precipitation seasonality and topography on extreme events. The findings of the study reveal that (1) the network degree is decreased in the southwest to northwest direction, (2) the timing of 50th percentile precipitation within a year influences the spatial distribution of degree, (3) the timing is inversely related to elevation, and (4) the lower elevation greatly influences connectivity of the sites. The study highlights that edit distance could be a promising alternative to analyze event-like data by incorporating event time and amplitude and constructing complex networks of climate extremes.
Wetlands are dynamic ecosystems that require continuous monitoring and assessment of degradation status to design strategies for their sustainable management. While hydrology provides the primary functional control for the wetland ecosystem, the loss of landscape connectivity influences wetland degradation in a major way as it leads to fragmentation. This article aims to integrate hydrogeomorphic and ecological concepts for the assessment of degradation status and its causal factors for a large wetland in the western Ganga plains, India, the Haiderpur, using a wetlandscape approach. We have used a remote-sensing-based approach, which offers a powerful tool for assessing and linking cross-scale structures, functions, and controls in a wetlandscape. The Haiderpur, a Ramsar site since December 2021, is an artificial wetland located on the right bank of the Ganga River wherein the inflows are controlled by a barrage constructed on the Ganga River apart from smaller tributaries flowing in from the north. A novel aspect of this work is the integration of river dynamics and its connectivity to the wetlandscape to understand the spatiotemporal variability in the waterspread area in the wetland. In this work, we have developed an integrated wetlandscape assessment approach by evaluating wetland's geomorphic and hydrological connectivity status for the period 1993-2019 (25 years) across three different spatial scales - regional, catchment, and wetland. We have highlighted the ecological implications of connectivity and patch dynamics for developing sustainable wetland management plans.
Deep hydrothermal Mo, W, and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine (Detroit City portal) formed in response to magmatic activity during the Oligocene. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions trapped in greisen quartz and fluorite suggest that the early-stage mineralization at the Sweet Home mine precipitated from low- to medium-salinity (1.5-11.5 wt% equiv. NaCl), CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures between 360 and 415 degrees C and at depths of at least 3.5 km. Stable isotope and noble gas isotope data indicate that greisen formation and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine was related to fluids of different origins. Early magmatic fluids were the principal source for mantle-derived volatiles (CO2, H2S/SO2, noble gases), which subsequently mixed with significant amounts of heated meteoric water. Mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water is constrained by delta H-2(w)-delta O-18(w) relationships of fluid inclusions. The deep hydrothermal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine shows features similar to deep hydrothermal vein mineralization at Climax-type Mo deposits or on their periphery. This suggests that fluid migration and the deposition of ore and gangue minerals in the Sweet Home mine was triggered by a deep-seated magmatic intrusion. The findings of this study are in good agreement with the results of previous fluid inclusion studies of the mineralization of the Sweet Home mine and from Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits in the Colorado Mineral Belt.
The southern Central Andes (SCA) (between 27 degrees S and 40 degrees S) is bordered to the west by the convergent margin between the continental South American Plate and the oceanic Nazca Plate. The subduction angle along this margin is variable, as is the deformation of the upper plate. Between 33 degrees S and 35 degrees S, the subduction angle of the Nazca plate increases from sub-horizontal (< 5 degrees) in the north to relatively steep (similar to 30 degrees) in the south. The SCA contain inherited lithological and structural heterogeneities within the crust that have been reactivated and overprinted since the onset of subduction and associated Cenozoic deformation within the Andean orogen. The distribution of the deformation within the SCA has often been attributed to the variations in the subduction angle and the reactivation of these inherited heterogeneities. However, the possible influence that the thickness and composition of the continental crust have had on both short-term and long-term deformation of the SCA is yet to be thoroughly investigated. For our investigations, we have derived density distributions and thicknesses for various layers that make up the lithosphere and evaluated their relationships with tectonic events that occurred over the history of the Andean orogeny and, in particular, investigated the short- and long-term nature of the present-day deformation processes. We established a 3D model of lithosphere beneath the orogen and its foreland (29 degrees S-39 degrees S) that is consistent with currently available geological and geophysical data, including the gravity data. The modelled crustal configuration and density distribution reveal spatial relationships with different tectonic domains: the crystalline crust in the orogen (the magmatic arc and the main orogenic wedge) is thicker (similar to 55 km) and less dense (similar to 2900 kg/m(3)) than in the forearc (similar to 35 km, similar to 2975 kg/m(3)) and foreland (similar to 30 km, similar to 3000 kg/m(3)). Crustal thickening in the orogen probably occurred as a result of stacking of low-density domains, while density and thickness variations beneath the forearc and foreland most likely reflect differences in the tectonic evolution of each area following crustal accretion. No clear spatial relationship exists between the density distribution within the lithosphere and previously proposed boundaries of crustal terranes accreted during the early Paleozoic. Areas with ongoing deformation show a spatial correlation with those areas that have the highest topographic gradients and where there are abrupt changes in the average crustal-density contrast. This suggests that the short-term deformation within the interior of the Andean orogen and its foreland is fundamentally influenced by the crustal composition and the relative thickness of different crustal layers. A thicker, denser, and potentially stronger lithosphere beneath the northern part of the SCA foreland is interpreted to have favoured a strong coupling between the Nazca and South American plates, facilitating the development of a sub-horizontal slab.
Dentro de la cuenca intermontana de Quito-Guay llabamba de Ecuador, se han identificado y analizado en este estudio, cinco depósitos coluviales inusualmente grandes de antiguos deslizamientos. El gran deslizamiento rotacional MM-5 Guayllabamba es el más extenso, con un volumen de 1183 millones de m3. Las mega avalanchas de escombros MM-1 Conocoto, MM-3 Oyacoto, y MM-4 San Francisco fueron desencadenadas originalmente por una ruptura inicial que estuvo asociada a un deslizamiento rotacional, los depósitos correspondientes tienen volúmenes entre 399 a 317 millones de m3. Finalmente, el depósito de menor volumen, el deslizamiento rotacional y caída de detritos MM-2 Batán, tiene un volumen de 8,7 millones de m3. En esta tesis, se realizó un estudio detallado de estos grandes movimientos en masa utilizando métodos neotectónicos y lito-tefrostratigráficos para comprender las condiciones geológicas y geomorfológicas de contorno que podrían ser relevantes para desencadenar estos movimientos en masa. La parte neotectónica del estudio se basó en el análisis geomorfológico cualitativo y cuantitativo de estos grandes depósitos de movimientos en masa, a través de la caracterización estructural de anticlinales ubicados al este de la subcuenca de Quito y sus flancos colapsados que constituyen las áreas de ruptura. Esta parte del análisis fue además apoyada por la aplicación de diferentes índices morfométricos para revelar procesos de evolución del paisaje forzados tectónicamente que pueden haber contribuido a la generación de movimientos en masa. La parte lito-tefrostratigráfica del estudio se basó en el análisis de las características petrográficas, geoquímicas y geocronológicas de los horizontes del suelo y de las cenizas volcánicas intercaladas, con el objetivo de restringir la cronología de los eventos individuales de movimientos en masa y su posible de correlación. Los resultados se integraron en esquemas cronoestratigráficos utilizando superficies de ruptura, relaciones transversales y de superposición de depósitos de deslizamiento y estratos posteriores para comprender los movimientos en masa en el contexto tectónico y temporal del entorno de la cuenca intermontana, así como para identificar los mecanismos desencadenantes de cada evento. El movimiento en masa MM-5 Guayllabamba es el resultado del colapso de la ladera suroeste del volcán Mojanda y fue desencadenado por la interacción de condiciones geológicas y morfológicas hace aproximadamente 0,81 Ma. El primer episodio de avalancha de escombros de los movimientos en masa MM-3 Oyacoto y MM-4 San Francisco podría estar relacionado con condiciones tanto geológicas como morfológicas, dadas las rocas altamente fracturadas y el levantamiento del anticlinal Bellavista-Catequilla que posteriormente fue inciso al pie de la ladera por la erosión fluvial. Este primer episodio de colapso probablemente ocurrió alrededor de los 0,8 Ma. El movimiento en masa MM-2 Batán posiblemente también fue desencadenado por una combinación de condiciones geológicas y morfológicas, asociadas a una reducción de los esfuerzos litostáticos que afectaron a las formaciones Chiche y Machángara y a un aumento de los esfuerzos de cizalla durante procesos de socavación fluvial lateral en los flancos de las áreas de origen. Esto apunta a un proceso vinculado entre la erosión fluvial y los procesos de levantamiento asociados a la evolución del anticlinal El Batán-La Bota que podría haber ocurrido entre 0,5 y 0,25 Ma. La voluminosa avalancha de escombros MM-1 Conocoto, así como el segundo episodio de avalancha de escombros que generó los movimientos en masa MM-3 Oyacoto y MM-4 San Francisco, fueron provocados por el colapso gravitacional de las formaciones Mojanda y Cangahua que se caracterizan por la intercalación de cenizas volcánicas. La falla del flanco oriental de los anticlinales probablemente estuvo asociada al incremento de la humedad disponible relacionada con las variaciones climáticas regionales del Holoceno. Los resultados de la cronología de los paleosuelos combinados con los datos cronoestratigráficos y paleoclimáticos regionales sugieren que estas avalanchas de escombros se desencadenaron entre 5 y 4 ka.
La tectónica activa ha modelado los rasgos morfológicos de la cuenca intermontana Quito-Guayllabamba. El desencadenamiento de movimientos en masa en este ambiente está asociado a rupturas en litologías del Pleistoceno (sedimentos lacustres, depósitos aluviales y volcánicos) sometidas a procesos de deformación, actividad sísmica y episodios superpuestos de variabilidad climática. El Distrito Metropolitano de Quito es parte integral de este complejo entorno y de las condiciones geológicas, climáticas y topográficas que continúan influyendo en el espacio geográfico urbano dentro de esta cuenca intermontana. La ciudad de Quito comprende el área de mayor consolidación urbana incluyendo las subcuencas de Quito y San Antonio, con una población de 2,872 millones de habitantes, lo que refleja la importancia del estudio de las amenazas geológicas y climáticas inherentes a esta región.
Arctic lakes located in permafrost regions are susceptible to catastrophic drainage. In this study, we reconstructed historical lake drainage events on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska between 1955 and 2017 using USGS topographic maps, historical aerial photography (1955), and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). We identified 98 lakes larger than 10 ha that partially (>25% of area) or completely drained during the 62-year period. Decadal-scale lake drainage rates progressively declined from 2.0 lakes/yr (1955-1975), to 1.6 lakes/yr (1975-2000), and to 1.2 lakes/yr (2000-2017) in the ~30,000-km(2) study area. Detailed Landsat trend analysis between 2000 and 2017 identified two years, 2004 and 2006, with a cluster (five or more) of lake drainages probably associated with bank overtopping or headward erosion. To identify future potential lake drainages, we combined the historical lake drainage observations with a geospatial dataset describing lake elevation, hydrologic connectivity, and adjacent lake margin topographic gradients developed with a 5-m-resolution digital surface model. We identified ~1900 lakes likely to be prone to drainage in the future. Of the 20 lakes that drained in the most recent study period, 85% were identified in this future lake drainage potential dataset. Our assessment of historical lake drainage magnitude, mechanisms and pathways, and identification of potential future lake drainages provides insights into how arctic lowland landscapes may change and evolve in the coming decades to centuries.
Arctic lakes located in permafrost regions are susceptible to catastrophic drainage. In this study, we reconstructed historical lake drainage events on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska between 1955 and 2017 using USGS topographic maps, historical aerial photography (1955), and Landsat Imagery (ca. 1975, ca. 2000, and annually since 2000). We identified 98 lakes larger than 10 ha that partially (>25% of area) or completely drained during the 62-year period. Decadal-scale lake drainage rates progressively declined from 2.0 lakes/yr (1955-1975), to 1.6 lakes/yr (1975-2000), and to 1.2 lakes/yr (2000-2017) in the ~30,000-km(2) study area. Detailed Landsat trend analysis between 2000 and 2017 identified two years, 2004 and 2006, with a cluster (five or more) of lake drainages probably associated with bank overtopping or headward erosion. To identify future potential lake drainages, we combined the historical lake drainage observations with a geospatial dataset describing lake elevation, hydrologic connectivity, and adjacent lake margin topographic gradients developed with a 5-m-resolution digital surface model. We identified ~1900 lakes likely to be prone to drainage in the future. Of the 20 lakes that drained in the most recent study period, 85% were identified in this future lake drainage potential dataset. Our assessment of historical lake drainage magnitude, mechanisms and pathways, and identification of potential future lake drainages provides insights into how arctic lowland landscapes may change and evolve in the coming decades to centuries.
Most hydrological studies rely on a model calibrated using discharge alone. However, judging the model reliability based on such calibration is problematic, as it does not guarantee the correct representation of internal hydrological processes. This study aims (a) to develop a comprehensive multi-objective calibration framework using remote sensing vegetation data and hydrological signatures (flow duration curve - FDC, and baseflow index) in addition to discharge, and (b) to apply this framework for calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in a typical Andean catchment. Overall, our calibration approach outperformed traditional discharge-based and FDC signature-based calibration strategies in terms of vegetation, streamflow, and flow partitioning simulation. New hydrological insights for the region are the following: baseflow is the main component of the streamflow sustaining the long dry-season flow, and pasture areas offer higher water yield and baseflow than other land-cover types. The proposed approach could be used in other data-scarce regions with complex topography.
Continental rifting is responsible for the generation of major sedimentary basins, both during rift inception and during the formation of rifted continental margins. Geophysical and field studies revealed that rifts feature complex networks of normal faults but the factors controlling fault network properties and their evolution are still matter of debate. Here, we employ high-resolution 2D geodynamic models (ASPECT) including two-way coupling to a surface processes (SP) code (FastScape) to conduct 12 models of major rift types that are exposed to various degrees of erosion and sedimentation. We further present a novel quantitative fault analysis toolbox (Fatbox), which allows us to isolate fault growth patterns, the number of faults, and their length and displacement throughout rift history. Our analysis reveals that rift fault networks may evolve through five major phases: (a) distributed deformation and coalescence, (b) fault system growth, (c) fault system decline and basinward localization, (d) rift migration, and (e) breakup. These phases can be correlated to distinct rifted margin domains. Models of asymmetric rifting suggest rift migration is facilitated through both ductile and brittle deformation within a weak exhumation channel that rotates subhorizontally and remains active at low angles. In sedimentation-starved settings, this channel satisfies the conditions for serpentinization. We find that SP are not only able to enhance strain localization and to increase fault longevity but that they also reduce the total length of the fault system, prolong rift phases and delay continental breakup.
At the interface between the lithosphere and the atmosphere, the critical zone records the complex interactions between erosion, climate, geologic substrate, and life and can be directly monitored. Long data records (30 consecutive years for sediment yields) collected in the sparsely vegetated, steep, and small marly badland catchments of the Draix-Bleone Critical Zone Observatory (CZO), SE France, allow analyzing potential climatic controls on regolith dynamics and sediment export. Although widely accepted as a first-order control, rainfall variability does not fully explain the observed interannual variability in sediment export. Previous studies in this area have suggested that frost-weathering processes could drive regolith production and potentially modulate the observed pattern of sediment export. Here, we define sediment export anomalies as the residuals from a predictive model with annual rainfall intensity above a threshold as the control. We then use continuous soil temperature data recorded at different locations over multiple years to highlight the role of different frost-weathering processes (i.e., ice segregation versus volumetric expansion) in regolith production. Several proxies for different frost-weathering processes have been calculated from these data and compared to the sediment export anomalies, with careful consideration of field data quality. Our results suggest that frost-cracking intensity (linked to ice segregation) can explain about half (47 %-64 %) of the sediment export anomalies. In contrast, the number of freeze-thaw cycles (linked to volumetric expansion) has only a minor impact on catchment sediment response. The time spent below 0 degrees C also correlates well with the sediment export anomalies and requires fewer field data to be calculated than the frost-cracking intensity. Thus, frost-weathering processes modulate sediment export by controlling regolith production in these catchments and should be taken into account when building predictive models of sediment export from these badlands under a changing climate.
Due to the high concentration of people and infrastructures in European cities, the possible impacts of climate change are particularly high (cities' social, economic and technical vulnerabilities). Adaptation measures to reduce the sensitivity of a city to climate risks are therefore of particular importance. Nevertheless, it is also common to develop compact and dense urban areas to reduce urban sprawl. Urban infill development and sustainable spatial climate policies are thus in apparent conflict with each other. This article examines how German cities deal with the tensions between these two policy fields. Using six case studies, a new heuristic analysis method is applied. This study identifies three key governance aspects that are essential for promoting the joint implementation: instruments, organisation and interaction. Based on our case studies, we conclude that successful implementation can only be achieved through integrative governance including all three domains.
The Central Andean region is characterized by diverse climate zones with sharp transitions between them. In this work, the area of interest is the South-Central Andes in northwestern Argentina that borders with Bolivia and Chile. The focus is the observation of soil moisture and water vapour with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote-sensing methodologies. Because of the rapid temporal and spatial variations of water vapour and moisture circulations, monitoring this part of the hydrological cycle is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that control the local climate. Moreover, GNSS-based techniques have previously shown high potential and are appropriate for further investigation. This study includes both logistic-organization effort and data analysis. As for the prior, three GNSS ground stations were installed in remote locations in northwestern Argentina to acquire observations, where there was no availability of third-party data.
The methodological development for the observation of the climate variables of soil moisture and water vapour is independent and relies on different approaches. The soil-moisture estimation with GNSS reflectometry is an approximation that has demonstrated promising results, but it has yet to be operationally employed. Thus, a more advanced algorithm that exploits more observations from multiple satellite constellations was developed using data from two pilot stations in Germany. Additionally, this algorithm was slightly modified and used in a sea-level measurement campaign. Although the objective of this application is not related to monitoring hydrological parameters, its methodology is based on the same principles and helps to evaluate the core algorithm. On the other hand, water-vapour monitoring with GNSS observations is a well-established technique that is utilized operationally. Hence, the scope of this study is conducting a meteorological analysis by examining the along-the-zenith air-moisture levels and introducing indices related to the azimuthal gradient.
The results of the experiments indicate higher-quality soil moisture observations with the new algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis using the stations in northwestern Argentina illustrates the limits of this technology because of varying soil conditions and shows future research directions. The water-vapour analysis points out the strong influence of the topography on atmospheric moisture circulation and rainfall generation. Moreover, the GNSS time series allows for the identification of seasonal signatures, and the azimuthal-gradient indices permit the detection of main circulation pathways.
Flexural strike-slip basins
(2021)
Strike-slip faults are classically associated with pull-apart basins where continental crust is thinned between two laterally offset fault segments. We propose a subsidence mechanism to explain the formation of a new type of basin where no substantial segment offset or synstrike-slip thinning is observed. Such "flexural strike-slip basins" form due to a sediment load creating accommodation space by bending the lithosphere. We use a two-way coupling between the geodynamic code ASPECT and surface-processes code FastScape to show that flexural strike-slip basins emerge if sediment is deposited on thin lithosphere close to a strike slip fault. These conditions were met at the Andaman Basin Central fault (Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean), where seismic reflection data provide evidence of a laterally extensive flexural basin with a depocenter located parallel to the strike-slip fault trace.
The hyperthermal events of the Cenozoic, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, provide an opportunity to investigate the potential effects of climate warming on marine ecosystems. Here, we examine the shallow benthic marine communities preserved in the late Cretaceous to Eocene strata on the Gulf Coastal Plain (United States). In stark contrast to the ecological shifts following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, our data show that the early Cenozoic hyperthermals did not have a long-term impact on the generic diversity nor composition of the Gulf Coastal Plain molluscan communities. We propose that these communities were resilient to climate change because molluscs are better adapted to high temperatures than other taxa, as demonstrated by their physiology and evolutionary history. In terms of resilience, these communities differ from other shallow-water carbonate ecosystems, such as reef communities, which record significant changes during the early Cenozoic hyperthermals. These data highlight the strikingly different responses of community types, i.e., the almost imperceptible response of molluscs versus the marked turnover of foraminifera and reef faunas. The impact on molluscan communities may have been low because detrimental conditions did not devastate the entire Gulf Coastal Plain, allowing molluscs to rapidly recolonise vacated areas once harsh environmental conditions ameliorated.
The hyperthermal events of the Cenozoic, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, provide an opportunity to investigate the potential effects of climate warming on marine ecosystems. Here, we examine the shallow benthic marine communities preserved in the late Cretaceous to Eocene strata on the Gulf Coastal Plain (United States). In stark contrast to the ecological shifts following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, our data show that the early Cenozoic hyperthermals did not have a long-term impact on the generic diversity nor composition of the Gulf Coastal Plain molluscan communities. We propose that these communities were resilient to climate change because molluscs are better adapted to high temperatures than other taxa, as demonstrated by their physiology and evolutionary history. In terms of resilience, these communities differ from other shallow-water carbonate ecosystems, such as reef communities, which record significant changes during the early Cenozoic hyperthermals. These data highlight the strikingly different responses of community types, i.e., the almost imperceptible response of molluscs versus the marked turnover of foraminifera and reef faunas. The impact on molluscan communities may have been low because detrimental conditions did not devastate the entire Gulf Coastal Plain, allowing molluscs to rapidly recolonise vacated areas once harsh environmental conditions ameliorated.
The origin of Asian monsoons
(2020)
The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to as Indonesian-Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities. We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019) earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan-Tibetan plateau (HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than 10 degrees N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20-25 degrees N over India and southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian-Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records, most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
The origin of Asian monsoons
(2020)
The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to as Indonesian-Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities. We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019) earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan-Tibetan plateau (HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than 10 degrees N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20-25 degrees N over India and southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian-Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records, most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
In an ocean-continent subduction zone, the assessment of the lithospheric thermal state is essential to determine the controls of the deformation within the upper plate and the dip angle of the subducting lithosphere. In this study, we evaluate the degree of influence of both the configuration of the upper plate (i.e., thickness and composition of the rock units) and variations of the subduction angle on the lithospheric thermal field of the southern Central Andes (29 degrees-39 degrees S). Here, the subduction angle increases from subhorizontal (5 degrees) north of 33 degrees S to steep (similar to 30 degrees) in the south. We derived the 3D temperature and heat flow distribution of the lithosphere in the southern Central Andes considering conversion of S wave tomography to temperatures together with steady-state conductive thermal modeling. We found that the orogen is overall warmer than the forearc and the foreland and that the lithosphere of the northern part of the foreland appears colder than its southern counterpart. Sedimentary blanketing and the thickness of the radiogenic crust exert the main control on the shallow thermal field (<50km depth). Specific conditions are present where the oceanic slab is relatively shallow (<85 km depth) and the radiogenic crust is thin. This configuration results in relatively colder temperatures compared to regions where the radiogenic crust is thick and the slab is steep. At depths >50km, the temperatures of the overriding plate are mainly controlled by the mantle heat input and the subduction angle. The thermal field of the upper plate likely preserves the flat subduction angle and influences the spatial distribution of shortening.
Groundwater levels are monitored by environmental agencies to support the sustainable use of groundwater resources. For this purpose continuous and spatially comprehensive monitoring in high spatial and temporal resolution is desired. This leads to large datasets that have to be checked for quality and analysed to distinguish local anthropogenic influences from natural variability of the groundwater level dynamics at each well. Both technical problems with the measurements as well as local anthropogenic influences can lead to local anomalies in the hydrographs. We suggest a fast and efficient screening method for the identification of well-specific peculiarities in hydrographs of groundwater head monitoring networks. The only information required is a set of time series of groundwater heads all measured at the same instants of time. For each well of the monitoring network a reference hydrograph is calculated, describing expected “normal” behaviour at the respective well as is typical for the monitored region. The reference hydrograph is calculated by multiple linear regression of the observed hydrograph with the “stable” principal components (PCs) of a principal component analysis of all groundwater head series of the network as predictor variables. The stable PCs are those PCs which were found in a random subsampling procedure to be rather insensitive to the specific selection of the analysed observation wells, i.e. complete series, and to the specific selection of measurement dates. Hence they can be considered to be representative for the monitored region in the respective period. The residuals of the reference hydrograph describe local deviations from the normal behaviour. Peculiarities in the residuals allow the data to be checked for measurement errors and the wells with a possible anthropogenic influence to be identified. The approach was tested with 141 groundwater head time series from the state authority groundwater monitoring network in northeastern Germany covering the period from 1993 to 2013 at an approximately weekly frequency of measurement.
New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, platebounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (M-w > 8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.
New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, platebounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (M-w > 8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.
The eruption frequency of geysers can be studied easily on the surface. However, details of the internal structure including possible water and gas filled chambers feeding eruptions and the driving mechanisms often remain elusive. We used a multidisciplinary network of seismometers, video cameras, water pressure sensors and one tiltmeter to study the eruptive cycle, internal structure, and mechanisms driving the eruptive cycle of Strokkur geyser in June 2018. An eruptive cycle at Strokkur always consists of four phases: (1) Eruption, (2) post-eruptive conduit refilling, (3) gas filling of the bubble trap, and (4) regular bubble collapse at shallow depth in the conduit. For a typical single eruption 19 +/- 4 bubble collapses occur in Phase 3 and 8 +/- 2 collapses in Phase 4 at a mean spacing of 1.52 +/- 0.29 and 24.5 +/- 5.9 s, respectively. These collapses release latent heat to the fluid in the bubble trap (Phase 3) and later to the fluid in the conduit (Phase 4). The latter eventually reaches thermodynamic conditions for an eruption. Single to sextuple eruptions have similar spacings between bubble collapses and are likely fed from the same bubble trap at 23.7 +/- 4.4 m depth, 13-23 m west of the conduit. However, the duration of the eruption and recharging phase linearly increases likely due to a larger water, gas and heat loss from the system. Our tremor data provides documented evidence for a bubble trap beneath a pool geyser.
We construct and examine the prototype of a deep learning-based ground-motion model (GMM) that is both fully data driven and nonergodic. We formulate ground-motion modeling as an image processing task, in which a specific type of neural network, the U-Net, relates continuous, horizontal maps of earthquake predictive parameters to sparse observations of a ground-motion intensity measure (IM). The processing of map-shaped data allows the natural incorporation of absolute earthquake source and observation site coordinates, and is, therefore, well suited to include site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects in a nonergodic GMM. Data-driven interpolation of the IM between observation points is an inherent feature of the U-Net and requires no a priori assumptions. We evaluate our model using both a synthetic dataset and a subset of observations from the KiK-net strong motion network in the Kanto basin in Japan. We find that the U-Net model is capable of learning the magnitude???distance scaling, as well as site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects from a strong motion dataset. The interpolation scheme is evaluated using a fivefold cross validation and is found to provide on average unbiased predictions. The magnitude???distance scaling as well as the site amplification of response spectral acceleration at a period of 1 s obtained for the Kanto basin are comparable to previous regional studies.
Landslides
(2022)
Erosion by landslides is a common phenomenon in mountain regions around the globe, affecting all climatic zones. Landslides facilitate bedrock weathering, pedogenesis and ecological succession, being key drivers of biodiversity. Landslide chronosequences have long been used for studies of vegetation succession in initial ecosystems, but they further offer ideal model systems for studies of soil development and microbial community succession. In this review we synthesize the state of knowledge on the role of landslides in ecosystems, their influence on element cycles and interactions with biota. Further, we discuss feedback mechanisms between global warming, landslide activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In the view of increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change, soils are becoming a critical resource. Due to their ubiquity, landslide chronosequences have the potential to provide critical insights into soil development under different climates and thereby contribute to future soil restoration efforts.
We have developed a 1D laterally constrained inversion of surface-wave dispersion curves based on the minimum gradient support regularization, which allows solutions with tunable sharpness in the vertical and horizontal directions. The forward modeling consists of a finite-elements approach incorporated in a flexible nonparametric gradient-based inversion scheme, which has already demonstrated good stability and convergence capabilities when tested on other kinds of data. Our deterministic inversion procedure is performed in the shear-wave velocity log space as we noticed that the associated Jacobian indicates a reduced model dependency, and this, in turn, decreases the risks of local nonconvexity. We show several synthetics and one field example to demonstrate the effectiveness and the applicability of the proposed approach.
We present a new autoclave that enables in situ characterization of hydrothermal fluids at high pressures and high temperatures at synchrotron x-ray radiation sources. The autoclave has been specifically designed to enable x-ray absorption spectroscopy in fluids with applications to mineral solubility and element speciation analysis in hydrothermal fluids in complex compositions. However, other applications, such as Raman spectroscopy, in high-pressure fluids are also possible with the autoclave. First experiments were run at pressures between 100 and 600 bars and at temperatures between 25 degrees C and 550 degrees C, and preliminary results on scheelite dissolution in fluids of different compositions show that the autoclave is well suited to study the behavior of ore-forming metals at P-T conditions relevant to the Earth's crust.
The response of rapidly compressed highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) normal to its basal plane was investigated at a pressure of & SIM;80 GPa. Ultrafast x-ray diffraction using & SIM;100 fs pulses at the Materials Under Extreme Conditions sector of the Linac Coherent Light Source was used to probe the changes in crystal structure resulting from picosecond timescale compression at laser drive energies ranging from 2.5 to 250 mJ. A phase transformation from HOPG to a highly textured hexagonal diamond structure is observed at the highest energy, followed by relaxation to a still highly oriented, but distorted graphite structure following release. We observe the formation of a highly oriented lonsdaleite within 20 ps, subsequent to compression. This suggests that a diffusionless martensitic mechanism may play a fundamental role in phase transition, as speculated in an early work on this system, and more recent static studies of diamonds formed in impact events. Published by AIP Publishing.
We produce climate projections through the 21st century using the fractional energy balance equation (FEBE): a generalization of the standard energy balance equation (EBE). The FEBE can be derived from Budyko-Sellers models or phenomenologically through the application of the scaling symmetry to energy storage processes, easily implemented by changing the integer order of the storage (derivative) term in the EBE to a fractional value.
The FEBE is defined by three parameters: a fundamental shape parameter, a timescale and an amplitude, corresponding to, respectively, the scaling exponent h, the relaxation time tau and the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Two additional parameters were needed for the forcing: an aerosol recalibration factor alpha to account for the large aerosol uncertainty and a volcanic intermittency correction exponent upsilon. A Bayesian framework based on historical temperatures and natural and anthropogenic forcing series was used for parameter estimation. Significantly, the error model was not ad hoc but rather predicted by the model itself: the internal variability response to white noise internal forcing.
The 90 % credible interval (CI) of the exponent and relaxation time were h = [0.33, 0.44] (median = 0.38) and tau = [2.4, 7.0] (median = 4.7) years compared to the usual EBE h = 1, and literature values of tau typically in the range 2-8 years. Aerosol forcings were too strong, requiring a decrease by an average factor alpha = [0.2, 1.0] (median = 0.6); the volcanic intermittency correction exponent was upsilon = [0.15, 0.41] (median = 0.28) compared to standard values alpha = upsilon = 1. The overpowered aerosols support a revision of the global modern (2005) aerosol forcing 90 % CI to a narrower range [ -1.0, -0.2] W m(-2). The key parameter ECS in comparison to IPCC AR5 (and to the CMIP6 MME), the 90 % CI range is reduced from [1.5, 4.5] K ([2.0, 5.5] K) to [1.6, 2.4] K ([1.5, 2.2] K), with median value lowered from 3.0 K (3.7 K) to 2.0 K (1.8 K) Similarly we found for the transient climate response (TCR), the 90 % CI range shrinks from [1.0, 2.5] K ([1.2, 2.8] K) to [1.2, 1.8] K ([1.1, 1.6] K) and the median estimate decreases from 1.8 K (2.0 K) to 1.5 K (1.4 K). As often seen in other observational-based studies, the FEBE values for climate sensitivities are therefore somewhat lower but still consistent with those in IPCC AR5 and the CMIP6 MME. <br /> Using these parameters, we made projections to 2100 using both the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, and compared them to the corresponding CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi-model ensembles (MMEs). The FEBE historical reconstructions (1880-2020) closely follow observations, notably during the 1998-2014 slowdown ("hiatus"). We also reproduce the internal variability with the FEBE and statistically validate this against centennial-scale temperature observations. Overall, the FEBE projections were 10 %-15 % lower but due to their smaller uncertainties, their 90 % CIs lie completely within the GCM 90 % CIs. This agreement means that the FEBE validates the MME, and vice versa.
Much of contemporary landslide research is concerned with predicting and mapping susceptibility to slope failure. Many studies rely on generalised linear models with environmental predictors that are trained with data collected from within and outside of the margins of mapped landslides. Whether and how the performance of these models depends on sample size, location, or time remains largely untested. We address this question by exploring the sensitivity of a multivariate logistic regression-one of the most widely used susceptibility models-to data sampled from different portions of landslides in two independent inventories (i.e. a historic and a multi-temporal) covering parts of the eastern rim of the Fergana Basin, Kyrgyzstan. We find that considering only areas on lower parts of landslides, and hence most likely their deposits, can improve the model performance by >10% over the reference case that uses the entire landslide areas, especially for landslides of intermediate size. Hence, using landslide toe areas may suffice for this particular model and come in useful where landslide scars are vague or hidden in this part of Central Asia. The model performance marginally varied after progressively updating and adding more landslides data through time. We conclude that landslide susceptibility estimates for the study area remain largely insensitive to changes in data over about a decade. Spatial or temporal stratified sampling contributes only minor variations to model performance. Our findings call for more extensive testing of the concept of dynamic susceptibility and its interpretation in data-driven models, especially within the broader framework of landslide risk assessment under environmental and land-use change.
Watershed management requires an understanding of key hydrochemical processes. The Pra Basin is one of the five major river basins in Ghana with a population of over 4.2 million people. Currently, water resources management faces challenges due to surface water pollution caused by the unregulated release of untreated household and industrial waste into aquatic ecosystems and illegal mining activities. This has increased the need for groundwater as the most reliable water supply. Our understanding of groundwater recharge mechanisms and chemical evolution in the basin has been inadequate, making effective management difficult. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to gain insight into the processes that determine the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater quality in the Pra Basin. The combined use of stable isotope, hydrochemistry, and water level data provides the basis for conceptualizing the chemical evolution of groundwater in the Pra Basin. For this purpose, the origin and evaporation rates of water infiltrating into the unsaturated zone were evaluated. In addition, Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) and Water Table Fluctuations (WTF) were considered to quantify groundwater recharge for the basin. Indices such as water quality index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Wilcox diagram, and salinity (USSL) were used in this study to determine the quality of the resource for use as drinking water and for irrigation purposes. Due to the heterogeneity of the hydrochemical data, the statistical techniques of hierarchical cluster and factor analysis were applied to subdivide the data according to their spatial correlation. A conceptual hydrogeochemical model was developed and subsequently validated by applying combinatorial inverse and reaction pathway-based geochemical models to determine plausible mineral assemblages that control the chemical composition of the groundwater. The interactions between water and rock determine the groundwater quality in the Pra Basin. The results underline that the groundwater is of good quality and can be used for drinking water and irrigation purposes. It was demonstrated that there is a large groundwater potential to meet the entire Pra Basin’s current and future water demands. The main recharge area was identified as the northern zone, while the southern zone is the discharge area. The predominant influence of weathering of silicate minerals plays a key role in the chemical evolution of the groundwater. The work presented here provides fundamental insights into the hydrochemistry of the Pra Basin and provides data important to water managers for informed decision-making in planning and allocating water resources for various purposes. A novel inverse modelling approach was used in this study to identify different mineral compositions that determine the chemical evolution of groundwater in the Pra Basin. This modelling technique has the potential to simulate the composition of groundwater at the basin scale with large hydrochemical heterogeneity, using average water composition to represent established spatial groupings of water chemistry.
Concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in soils at the Kpone landfill site (Ghana) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Further analyses allowed establishing the degree of heavy metals (HMs) pollution, suitability of the soils for agriculture, sources of the HMs and their ecological and health risks. The site was divided into five zones, A, B, C, D, and E, and in all, seventeen (17) soil samples were collected. Average concentrations of Cu fell within the allowable range for agricultural soils in all the zones while average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Hg, and As exceeded the range in some or all the zones. Concentrations of the HMs generally exceeded their respective background value, with all zones showing very high degree of HMs contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) was 16.48, signifying extreme HMs pollution of the entire site. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that Cu, Zn, and Pb in the soils originated from the deposited waste materials as well as traffic-related activities (e.g. wear and tear of tyres, brakes, and engines) at the site. Hg also originated from the deposited waste materials as well as cement production and oil and coal combustion activities in the study area, while As derived from industrial discharges and metal smelting activities. All the zones exhibited very high ecological risk. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks posed by the HMs were also above acceptable levels, with children being more vulnerable than adults to these health risks.
Volcanic hydrothermal systems are an integral part of most volcanoes and typically involve a heat source, adequate fluid supply, and fracture or pore systems through which the fluids can circulate within the volcanic edifice. Associated with this are subtle but powerful processes that can significantly influence the evolution of volcanic activity or the stability of the near-surface volcanic system through mechanical weakening, permeability reduction, and sealing of the affected volcanic rock. These processes are well constrained for rock samples by laboratory analyses but are still difficult to extrapolate and evaluate at the scale of an entire volcano. Advances in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), sensor technology, and photogrammetric processing routines now allow us to image volcanic surfaces at the centimeter scale and thus study volcanic hydrothermal systems in great detail. This thesis aims to explore the potential of UAS approaches for studying the structures, processes, and dynamics of volcanic hydrothermal systems but also to develop methodological approaches to uncover secondary information hidden in the data, capable of indicating spatiotemporal dynamics or potentially critical developments associated with hydrothermal alteration. To accomplish this, the thesis describes the investigation of two near-surface volcanic hydrothermal systems, the El Tatio geyser field in Chile and the fumarole field of La Fossa di Vulcano (Italy), both of which are among the best-studied sites of their kind. Through image analysis, statistical, and spatial analyses we have been able to provide the most detailed structural images of both study sites to date, with new insights into the driving forces of such systems but also revealing new potential controls, which are summarized in conceptual site-specific models. Furthermore, the thesis explores methodological remote sensing approaches to detect, classify and constrain hydrothermal alteration and surface degassing from UAS-derived data, evaluated them by mineralogical and chemical ground-truthing, and compares the alteration pattern with the present-day degassing activity. A significant contribution of the often neglected diffuse degassing activity to the total amount of degassing is revealed and constrains secondary processes and dynamics associated with hydrothermal alteration that lead to potentially critical developments like surface sealing. The results and methods used provide new approaches for alteration research, for the monitoring of degassing and alteration effects, and for thermal monitoring of fumarole fields, with the potential to be incorporated into volcano monitoring routines.
Vegetation has long been hypothesized to influence the nature and rates of surface processes. We test the possible impact of vegetation and climate on denudation rates at orogen scale by taking advantage of a pronounced along-strike gradient in rainfall and vegetation density in the Himalaya. We combine 12 new 10Be denudation rates from the Sutlej Valley and 123 published denudation rates from fluvially- dominated catchments in the Himalaya with remotely-sensed measures of vegetation density and rainfall metrics, and with tectonic and lithologic constraints. In addition, we perform topographic analyses to assess the contribution of vegetation and climate in modulating denudation rates along strike. We observe variations in denudation rates and the relationship between denudation and topography along strike that are most strongly controlled by local rainfall amount and vegetation density, and cannot be explained by along-strike differences in tectonics or lithology. A W–E along-strike decrease in denudation rate variability positively correlates with the seasonality of vegetation density (R = 0.95, p < 0.05), and negatively correlates with mean vegetation density (R = −0.84, p < 0.05). Vegetation density modulates the topographic response to changing denudation rates, such that the functional relationship between denudation rate and topographic steepness becomes increasingly linear as vegetation density increases. We suggest that while tectonic processes locally control the pattern of denudation rates across strike of the Himalaya (i.e., S–N), along strike of the orogen (i.e., E–W) climate exerts a measurable influence on how denudation rates scatter around long-term, tectonically-controlled erosion, and on the functional relationship between topography and denudation
The effect of lithology on the relationship between denudation rate and chemical weathering pathways
(2022)
The denudation of rocks in mountain belts exposes a range of fresh minerals to the surface of the Earth that are chemically weathered by acidic and oxygenated fluids. The impact of the resulting coupling between denudation and weathering rates fundamentally depends on the types of minerals that are weathering. Whereas silicate weathering sequesters CO2, the combination of sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution emits CO2 to the atmosphere. Here, we combine the concentrations of dissolved major elements in stream waters with Be-10 basin-wide denudation rates from 35 small catchments in eastern Tibet to elucidate the importance of lithology in modulating the relationships between denudation rate, chemical weathering pathways, and CO2 consumption or release. Our catchments span 3 orders of magnitude in denudation rate in low-grade flysch, high-grade metapelites, and granitoid rocks. For each stream, we estimate the concentrations of solutes sourced from silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, and sulfide oxidation using a mixing model. We find that for all lithologies, cation concentrations from silicate weathering are largely independent of denudation rate, but solute concentrations from carbonates and, where present, sulfides increase with increasing denudation rate. With increasing denudation rates, weathering may therefore shift from consuming to releasing CO2 in both (meta)sedimentary and granitoid lithologies. For a given denudation rate, we report dissolved solid concentrations and inferred weathering fluxes in catchments underlain by (meta)sedimentary rock that are 2-10 times higher compared to catchments containing granitoid lithologies, even though climatic and topographic parameters do not vary systematically between these catchments. Thus, varying proportions of exposed (meta)sedimentary and igneous rocks during orogenesis could lead to changes in the sequestration and release of CO2 that are independent of denudation rate.
A review of source models to further the understanding of the seismicity of the Groningen field
(2022)
The occurrence of felt earthquakes due to gas production in Groningen has initiated numerous studies and model attempts to understand and quantify induced seismicity in this region. The whole bandwidth of available models spans the range from fully deterministic models to purely empirical and stochastic models. In this article, we summarise the most important model approaches, describing their main achievements and limitations. In addition, we discuss remaining open questions and potential future directions of development.
Mehrphasige DNAPL-Pools zählen zu den häufigsten Ursachen für Grundwasserkontaminationen und sind bekannt für ihre Langlebigkeit. Obwohl Untersuchungen bereits gezeigt haben, dass die Phasen sich in ihrer Wasserlöslichkeit gegenseitig beeinflussen, werden diese Interaktionen von bisherigen Modellen vernachlässigt. Aus diesem Grund wurde ein semi-analytisches Berechnungsmodell entwickelt, welches die Poolzusammensetzung als zeitlich variabel behandelt. Basierend auf dem Raoult’schen Gesetz werden für jede Komponente Molanteil, effektive Wasserlöslichkeit und schließlich der Schadstoffaustrag infolge Advektion, Dispersion und Diffusion bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse unterscheiden sich deutlich von Studien an einphasigen Pools. So wird gezeigt, dass Schadstofffrachten über die Zeit sowohl zu- als auch abnehmen können und dass ohne Berücksichtigung des Raoult’schen Gesetzes sowohl die Langlebigkeit von DNAPL-Pools als auch die Dauer bis zur Unterschreitung von Grenzwerten teils deutlich unterschätzt wird. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigt zudem, dass schwer lösliche Nebenbestandteile nicht vernachlässigt werden dürfen, leicht lösliche hingegen schon.
Near-surface supergene ores of the Merensky Reef in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, contain economic grades of platinum-group elements, however, these are currently uneconomic due to low recovery rates. This is the first study that investigates the variation in platinum-group elements in pristine and supergene samples of the Merensky Reef from five drill cores from the eastern Bushveld. The samples from the Richmond and Twickenham farms show different degrees of weathering. The whole-rock platinum-group element distribution was studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and the platinum-group minerals were investigated by reflected-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. <br /> In pristine ("fresh") Merensky Reef samples, platinum-group elements occur mainly as discrete platinum-group minerals, such as platinum-group element-sulfides (cooperite-braggite) and laurite as well as subordinate platinum-group elementbismuthotellurides and platinum-group element-arsenides, and also in solid solution in sulfides (especially Pd in pentlandite). During weathering, Pd and S were removed, resulting in a platinum-group mineral mineralogy in the supergene Merensky Reef that mainly consists of relict platinum-group minerals, Pt-Fe alloys, and Pt-oxides/hydroxides. Additional proportions of platinum-group elements are hosted by Fe-hydroxides and secondary hydrosilicates (e.g., serpentine group minerals and chlorite). <br /> In supergene ores, only low recovery rates (ca. 40%) are achieved due to the polymodal and complex platinum-group element distribution. To achieve higher recovery rates for the platinum-group elements, hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processing of the bulk ore would be required, which is not economically viable with existing technology.
With Arctic ground as a huge and temperature-sensitive carbon reservoir, maintaining low ground temperatures and frozen conditions to prevent further carbon emissions that contrib-ute to global climate warming is a key element in humankind’s fight to maintain habitable con-ditions on earth. Former studies showed that during the late Pleistocene, Arctic ground condi-tions were generally colder and more stable as the result of an ecosystem dominated by large herbivorous mammals and vast extents of graminoid vegetation – the mammoth steppe. Characterised by high plant productivity (grassland) and low ground insulation due to animal-caused compression and removal of snow, this ecosystem enabled deep permafrost aggrad-ation. Now, with tundra and shrub vegetation common in the terrestrial Arctic, these effects are not in place anymore. However, it appears to be possible to recreate this ecosystem local-ly by artificially increasing animal numbers, and hence keep Arctic ground cold to reduce or-ganic matter decomposition and carbon release into the atmosphere.
By measuring thaw depth, total organic carbon and total nitrogen content, stable carbon iso-tope ratio, radiocarbon age, n-alkane and alcohol characteristics and assessing dominant vegetation types along grazing intensity transects in two contrasting Arctic areas, it was found that recreating conditions locally, similar to the mammoth steppe, seems to be possible. For permafrost-affected soil, it was shown that intensive grazing in direct comparison to non-grazed areas reduces active layer depth and leads to higher TOC contents in the active layer soil. For soil only frozen on top in winter, an increase of TOC with grazing intensity could not be found, most likely because of confounding factors such as vertical water and carbon movement, which is not possible with an impermeable layer in permafrost. In both areas, high animal activity led to a vegetation transformation towards species-poor graminoid-dominated landscapes with less shrubs. Lipid biomarker analysis revealed that, even though the available organic material is different between the study areas, in both permafrost-affected and sea-sonally frozen soils the organic material in sites affected by high animal activity was less de-composed than under less intensive grazing pressure. In conclusion, high animal activity af-fects decomposition processes in Arctic soils and the ground thermal regime, visible from reduced active layer depth in permafrost areas. Therefore, grazing management might be utilised to locally stabilise permafrost and reduce Arctic carbon emissions in the future, but is likely not scalable to the entire permafrost region.
40Ar/39Ar dating of a hydrothermal pegmatitic buddingtonite–muscovite assemblage from Volyn, Ukraine
(2022)
We determined Ar-40/Ar-39 ages of buddingtonite, occurring together with muscovite, with the laser-ablation method. This is the first attempt to date the NH4-feldspar buddingtonite, which is typical for sedimentary-diagenetic environments of sediments, rich in organic matter, or in hydrothermal environments, associated with volcanic geyser systems. The sample is a hydrothermal breccia, coming from the Paleoproterozoic pegmatite field of the Korosten Plutonic Complex, Volyn, Ukraine. A detailed characterization by optical methods, electron microprobe analyses, backscattered electron imaging, and IR analyses showed that the buddingtonite consists of euhedral-appearing platy crystals of tens of micrometers wide, 100 or more micrometers in length, which consist of fine-grained fibers of <= 1 mu m thickness. The crystals are sector and growth zoned in terms of K-NH4-H3O content. The content of K allows for an age determination with the Ar-40/Ar-39 method, as well as in the accompanying muscovite, intimately intergrown with the buddingtonite. The determinations on muscovite yielded an age of 1491 +/- 9 Ma, interpreted as the hydrothermal event forming the breccia. However, buddingtonite apparent ages yielded a range of 563 +/- 14 Ma down to 383 +/- 12 Ma, which are interpreted as reset ages due to Ar loss of the fibrous buddingtonite crystals during later heating. We conclude that buddingtonite is suited for Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations as a supplementary method, together with other methods and minerals; however, it requires a detailed mineralogical characterization, and the ages will likely represent minimum ages.
Tropical Lake Sentani in the Indonesian Province Papua consists of four separate basins and is surrounded by a catchment with a very diverse geology. We characterized the surface sediment (upper 5 cm) of the lake's four sub-basins based on multivariate statistical analyses (principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering) of major element compositions obtained by X-ray fluorescence scanning. Three types of sediment are identified based on distinct compositional differences between rivers, shallow/proximal and deep/distal lake sediments. The different sediment types are mainly characterized by the correlation of elements associated with redox processes (S, Mn, Fe), carbonates (Ca), and detrital input (Ti, Al, Si, K) derived by river discharge. The relatively coarse-grained river sediments mainly derive form the mafic catchment geology and contribution of the limestone catchment geology is only limited. Correlation of redox sensitive and detrital elements are used to reveal oxidation conditions, and indicate oxic conditions in river samples and reducing conditions for lake sediments. Organic carbon (TOC) generally correlates with redox sensitive elements, although a correlation between TOC and individual elements change strongly between the three sediment types. Pyrite is the quantitatively dominant reduced sulfur mineral, monosulfides only reach appreciable concentrations in samples from rivers draining mafic and ultramafic catchments. Our study shows large spatial heterogeneity within the lake's sub-basins that is mainly caused by catchment geology and topography, river runoff as well as the bathymetry and the depth of the oxycline. We show that knowledge about lateral heterogeneity is crucial for understanding the geochemical and sedimentological variations recorded by these sediments. The highly variable conditions make Lake Sentani a natural laboratory, with its different sub-basins representing different depositional environments under identical tropical climate conditions.
Devolatilization of subducting lithologies liberates COH-fluids. These may become partially sequestered in peridotites in the slab and the overlying forearc mantle, affecting the cycling of volatiles and fluid mobile elements in subduction zones. Here we assess the magnitudes, timescales and mechanism of channelized injection of COH-fluids doped with Ca-aq(2+), Sr-aq(2+) and Ba-aq(2+) into the dry forearc mantle by performing piston cylinder experiments between 1-2.5 GPa and 600-700 degrees C. Cylindrical cores of natural spinel-bearing harzburgites were used as starting materials. Based on mineral assemblage and composition three reaction zones are distinguishable from the rim towards the core of primary olivine and orthopyroxene grains. Zone 1 contains carbonates + quartz +/- kyanite and zone 2 contains carbonates + talc +/- chlorite. Olivine is further replaced in zone 3 by either antigorite+ magnesite or magnesite +talc within or above antigorite stability, respectively. Orthopyroxene is replaced in zone 3 by talc + chlorite. Mineral assemblages and the compositions of secondary minerals depend on fluid composition and the replaced primary silicate. The extent of alteration depends on fluid CO2 content and fluid/rock-ratio, and is further promoted by fluid permeable reaction zones and reaction driven cracking. Our results show that COH-fluid induced metasomatism of the forearc mantle is self-perpetuating and efficient at sequestering Ca-aq(2+), Sr-aq(2+), Ba-aq(2+) and CO2aq into newly formed carbonates. This process is fast with 90% of the available C sequestered and nearly 50% of the initial minerals altered at 650 degrees C, 2 GPa within 55 h. The dissolution of primary silicates under high COH-fluid/rock-ratios, as in channelized fluid flow, enriches SiO2aq in the fluid, while CO2aq is sequestered into carbonates. In an open system, the remaining CO2-depleted, Si-enriched aqueous fluid may cause Si-metasomatism in the forearc further away from the injection of the COH-fluid into peridotite.
Leaching zones within potash seams generally represent a significant risk to subsurface mining operations and the construction of technical caverns in salt rocks, but their temporal and spatial formation has been investigated only rudimentarily to date. To the knowledge of the authors, current reactive transport simulation implementations are not capable to address hydraulic-chemical interactions within potash salt. For this reason, a reactive transport model has been developed and complemented by an innovative approach to calculate the interchange of minerals and solution at the water-rock interface. Using this model, a scenario analysis was carried out based on a carnallite-bearing potash seam. The results show that the evolution of leaching zones depends on the mineral composition and dissolution rate of the original salt rock, and that the formation can be classified by the dimensionless parameters of Peclet (Pe) and Damkohler (Da). For Pe > 2 and Da > 1, a funnel-shaped leaching zone is formed, otherwise the dissolution front is planar. Additionally, Da > 1 results in the formation of a sylvinitic zone and a flow barrier. Most scenarios represent hybrid forms of these cases. The simulated shapes and mineralogies are confirmed by literature data and can be used to assess the hazard potential.
Large parts of the Earth’s interior are inaccessible to direct observation, yet global geodynamic processes are governed by the physical material properties under extreme pressure and temperature conditions. It is therefore essential to investigate the deep Earth’s physical properties through in-situ laboratory experiments. With this goal in mind, the optical properties of mantle minerals at high pressure offer a unique way to determine a variety of physical properties, in a straight-forward, reproducible, and time-effective manner, thus providing valuable insights into the physical processes of the deep Earth. This thesis focusses on the system Mg-Fe-O, specifically on the optical properties of periclase (MgO) and its iron-bearing variant ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O), forming a major planetary building block. The primary objective is to establish links between physical material properties and optical properties. In particular the spin transition in ferropericlase, the second-most abundant phase of the lower mantle, is known to change the physical material properties. Although the spin transition region likely extends down to the core-mantle boundary, the ef-fects of the mixed-spin state, where both high- and low-spin state are present, remains poorly constrained.
In the studies presented herein, we show how optical properties are linked to physical properties such as electrical conductivity, radiative thermal conductivity and viscosity. We also show how the optical properties reveal changes in the chemical bonding. Furthermore, we unveil how the chemical bonding, the optical and other physical properties are affected by the iron spin transition. We find opposing trends in the pres-sure dependence of the refractive index of MgO and (Mg,Fe)O. From 1 atm to ~140 GPa, the refractive index of MgO decreases by ~2.4% from 1.737 to 1.696 (±0.017). In contrast, the refractive index of (Mg0.87Fe0.13)O (Fp13) and (Mg0.76Fe0.24)O (Fp24) ferropericlase increases with pressure, likely because Fe Fe interactions between adjacent iron sites hinder a strong decrease of polarizability, as it is observed with increasing density in the case of pure MgO. An analysis of the index dispersion in MgO (decreasing by ~23% from 1 atm to ~103 GPa) reflects a widening of the band gap from ~7.4 eV at 1 atm to ~8.5 (±0.6) eV at ~103 GPa. The index dispersion (between 550 and 870 nm) of Fp13 reveals a decrease by a factor of ~3 over the spin transition range (~44–100 GPa). We show that the electrical band gap of ferropericlase significantly widens up to ~4.7 eV in the mixed spin region, equivalent to an increase by a factor of ~1.7. We propose that this is due to a lower electron mobility between adjacent Fe2+ sites of opposite spin, explaining the previously observed low electrical conductivity in the mixed spin region. From the study of absorbance spectra in Fp13, we show an increasing covalency of the Fe-O bond with pressure for high-spin ferropericlase, whereas in the low-spin state a trend to a more ionic nature of the Fe-O bond is observed, indicating a bond weakening effect of the spin transition. We found that the spin transition is ultimately caused by both an increase of the ligand field-splitting energy and a decreasing spin-pairing energy of high-spin Fe2+.
Beyond CO2 equivalence
(2022)
In this article we review the physical and chemical properties of methane (CH4) relevant to impacts on climate, ecosystems, and air pollution, and examine the extent to which this is reflected in climate and air pollution governance. Although CH4 is governed under the UNFCCC climate regime, its treatment there is limited to the ways in which it acts as a "CO2 equivalent" climate forcer on a 100-year time frame. The UNFCCC framework neglects the impacts that CH4 has on near-term climate, as well its impacts on human health and ecosystems, which are primarily mediated by methane's role as a precursor to tropospheric ozone. Frameworks for air quality governance generally address tropospheric ozone as a pollutant, but do not regulate CH4 itself. Methane's climate and air quality impacts, together with its alarming rise in atmospheric concentrations in recent years, make it clear that mitigation of CH4 emissions needs to be accelerated globally. We examine challenges and opportunities for further progress on CH4 mitigation within the international governance landscapes for climate change and air pollution.
Hydrodynamic interactions, i.e. the floodplain storage effects caused by inundations upstream on flood wave propagation, inundation areas, and flood damage downstream, are important but often ignored in large-scale flood risk assessments. Although new methods considering these effects sometimes emerge, they are often limited to a small or meso scale. In this study, we investigate the role of hydrodynamic interactions and floodplain storage on flood hazard and risk in the German part of the Rhine basin. To do so, we compare a new continuous 1D routing scheme within a flood risk model chain to the piece-wise routing scheme, which largely neglects floodplain storage. The results show that floodplain storage is significant, lowers water levels and discharges, and reduces risks by over 50%. Therefore, for accurate risk assessments, a system approach must be adopted, and floodplain storage and hydrodynamic interactions must carefully be considered.
A detailed analysis of horizontal and vertical particulate matter (PM) fluxes during wind erosion has been done, based on measurements of PM smaller than 10, 2.5, and 1.0 mu mm, at windward and leeward positions on a measuring field. The three fractions of PM measurement are differently influenced by the increasing wind and shear velocities of the wind. The measured concentrations of the coarser fractions of the fine dust, PM10, and PM2.5, increase with wind and shear velocity, whereas the PM1.0 concentrations show no clear correlation to the shear velocity. The share of PM2.5 on PM10 depends on the measurement height and wind speed and varies between 4 and 12 m/s at the 1 m height ranging from 25% to 7% (average 10%), and at the 4 m height from 39% to 23% (average 30%). Although general relationships between wind speed, PM concentration, and horizontal and vertical fluxes could be found, the contribution of the measuring field was very low, as balances of incoming and outgoing fluxes show. Consequently, the measured PM concentrations are determined from a variety of sources, such as traffic on unpaved roads, cattle drives, tillage operations, and wind erosion, and thus, represent all components of land use and landscape structure in the near and far surroundings of the measuring field. The current results may reflect factors from the landscape scale rather than the influence of field-related variables. The measuring devices used to monitor PM concentrations showed differences of up to 20%, which led to considerable deviations when determining total balances. Differences up to 67% between the calculated fluxes prove the necessity of a previous calibration of the devices used. (c) 2022 International Research and Training Centre on Erosion and Sedimentation/the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research.
Barite scalings are a common cause of permanent formation damage to deep geothermal reservoirs. Well injectivity can be impaired because the ooling of saline fluids reduces the solubility of barite, and the continuous re-injection of supersaturated fluids forces barite to precipitate in the host rock. Stimulated reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben often have multiple relevant flow paths in the porous matrix and fracture zones, sometimes spanning multiple stratigraphical units to achieve the economically necessary injectivity. While the influence of barite scaling on injectivity has been investigated for purely porous media, the role of fractures within reservoirs consisting of both fractured and porous sections is still not well understood. Here, we present hydro-chemical simulations of a dual-layer geothermal reservoir to study the long-term impact of barite scale formation on well injectivity. Our results show that, compared to purely porous reservoirs, fractured porous reservoirs have a significantly reduced scaling risk by up to 50%, depending on the flow rate ratio of fractures. Injectivity loss is doubled, however, if the amount of active fractures is increased by one order of magnitude, while the mean fracture aperture is decreased, provided the fractured aquifer dictates the injection rate. We conclude that fractured, and especially hydraulically stimulated, reservoirs are generally less affected by barite scaling and that large, but few, fractures are favourable. We present a scaling score for fractured-porous reservoirs, which is composed of easily derivable quantities such as the radial equilibrium length and precipitation potential. This score is suggested for use approximating the scaling potential and its impact on injectivity of a fractured-porous reservoir for geothermal exploitation.
The new in situ geodynamic laboratory established in the framework of the ICDP Eger project aims to develop the most modern, comprehensive, multiparameter laboratory at depth for studying earthquake swarms, crustal fluid flow, mantle-derived CO2 and helium degassing, and processes of the deep biosphere. In order to reach a new level of high-frequency, near-source and multiparameter observation of earthquake swarms and related phenomena, such a laboratory comprises a set of shallow boreholes with high-frequency 3-D seismic arrays as well as modern continuous real-time fluid monitoring at depth and the study of the deep biosphere.
This laboratory is located in the western part of the Eger Rift at the border of the Czech Republic and Germany (in the West Bohemia–Vogtland geodynamic region) and comprises a set of five boreholes around the seismoactive zone. To date, all monitoring boreholes have been drilled. This includes the seismic monitoring boreholes S1, S2 and S3 in the crystalline units north and east of the major Nový Kostel seismogenic zone, borehole F3 in the Hartoušov mofette field and borehole S4 in the newly discovered Bažina maar near Libá. Supplementary borehole P1 is being prepared in the Neualbenreuth maar for paleoclimate and biological research. At each of these sites, a borehole broadband seismometer will be installed, and sites S1, S2 and S3 will also host a 3-D seismic array composed of a vertical geophone chain and surface seismic array. Seismic instrumenting has been completed in the S1 borehole and is in preparation in the remaining four monitoring boreholes. The continuous fluid monitoring site of Hartoušov includes three boreholes, F1, F2 and F3, and a pilot monitoring phase is underway. The laboratory also enables one to analyze microbial activity at CO2 mofettes and maar structures in the context of changes in habitats. The drillings into the maar volcanoes contribute to a better understanding of the Quaternary paleoclimate and volcanic activity.
The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation from 40 years of gauge data in the central Himalaya
(2022)
The topography of the Himalaya exerts a substantial control on the spatial distribution of monsoonal rainfall, which is a vital water source for the regional economy and population. But the occurrence of short-lived and high-intensity precipitation results in socio-economic losses. This study relies on 40 years of daily data from 204 ground stations in Nepal to derive extreme precipitation thresholds, amounts, and days at the 95th percentile. We additionally determine the precipitation magnitude-frequency relation. We observe that extreme precipitation amounts follow an almost uniform band parallel to topographic contour lines in the southern Himalaya mountains in central and eastern Nepal but not in western Nepal. The relationship of extreme precipitation indices with topographic relief shows that extreme precipitation thresholds decrease with increasing elevation, but extreme precipitation days increase in higher elevation areas. Furthermore, stations above 1 km elevation exhibit a power-law relation in the rainfall magnitude-frequency framework. Stations at higher elevations generally have lower values of power-law exponents than low elevation areas. This suggests a fundamentally different behaviour of the rainfall distribution and an increased occurrence of extreme rainfall storms in the high elevation areas of Nepal.
A mid-aperture broad-band test array (OBS array DOCTAR) was deployed from June 2011 to April 2012 about 100 km north of the Gloria fault in the Eastern North Atlantic in about 5000 m water depth. In addition arrays were installed on Madeira Island and in western Portugal mainland. For the first time in the Eastern North Atlantic, we recorded a large number of high frequency Po and So waves from local and regional small and moderate earthquakes (M-L < 4). An incoherent beamforming method was adapted to scan continuous data for such Po and So arrivals applying a sliding window waveform migration and frequency-wavenumber technique. We identify about 320 Po and 1550 So arrivals and compare the phase onsets with the ISC catalogue (ISC 2015) for the same time span. Up to a distance of 6 degrees to the DOCTAR stations all events listed in the ISC catalogue could be associated to Po and So phases. Arrivals from events in more than 10 degrees distance could be identified only in some cases. Only few Po and/or So arrivals were detected for earthquakes from the European and African continental area, the continental shelf regions and for earthquakes within or northwest of the Azores plateau. Unexpectedly, earthquake clusters are detected within the oceanic plates north and south of the Gloria fault and far from plate boundaries, indicating active intraplate structures. We also observe and locate numerous small magnitude earthquakes on the segment of the Gloria fault directly south of DOCTAR, which likely coincides with the rupture of the 25 November 1941 event. Local small magnitude earthquakes located beneath DOCTAR show hypocentres up to 30 km depth and strike-slip focal mechanisms. A comparison with detections at temporary mid-aperture arrays on Madeira and in western Portugal shows that the deep ocean array performs much better than the island and the continental array regarding the detection threshold for events in the oceanic plates.
We conclude that sparsely distributed mid-aperture seismic arrays in the deep ocean could decrease the detection and location threshold for seismicity with M-L < 4 in the oceanic plate and might constitute a valuable tool to monitor oceanic plate seismicity.
Permafrost is warming globally which leads to widespread permafrost thaw. Particularly ice-rich permafrost is vulnerable to rapid thaw and erosion, impacting whole landscapes and ecosystems. Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS) are abrupt permafrost disturbances that expand by several meters each year and lead to an increased soil organic carbon release. Local Remote Sensing studies identified increasing RTS activity in the last two decades by increasing number of RTS or heightened RTS growth rates. However, a large-scale assessment across diverse permafrost regions and at high temporal resolution allowing to further determine RTS thaw dynamics and its main drivers is still lacking. In this study we apply the disturbance detection algorithm LandTrendr for automated large-scale RTS mapping and high temporal thaw dynamic assessment to North Siberia (8.1 x 106km2). We adapted and parametrised the temporal segmentation algorithm for abrupt disturbance detection to incorporate Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaics, conducted spectral filtering, spatial masking and filtering, and a binary machine-learning object classification of the disturbance output to separate between RTS and false positives (F1 score: 0.609). Ground truth data for calibration and validation of the workflow was collected from 9 known RTS cluster sites using very highresolution RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery. Our study presents the first automated detection and assessment of RTS and their temporal dynamics at largescale for 2001-2019. We identified 50,895 RTS and a steady increase in RTS-affected area from 2001 to 2019 across North Siberia, with a more abrupt increase from 2016 onward. Overall the RTS-affected area increased by 331% compared to 2000 (2000: 20,158 ha, 2001-2019: 66,699 ha). Contrary to this, 5 focus sites show spatiotemporal variability in their annual RTS dynamics, with alternating periods of increased and decreased RTS development, indicating a close relationship to thaw drivers. The majority of identified RTS was active from 2000 onward and only a small proportion initiated during the assessment period, indicating that the increase in RTS-affected area was mainly caused by enlarging existing RTS and not by new RTS. The detected increase in RTS dynamics suggests advancing permafrost thaw and underlines the importance of assessing abrupt permafrost disturbances with high spatial and temporal resolution at large-scales. Obtaining such consistent disturbance products will help to parametrise regional and global climate change models.
The Gofa Province and the Chew Bahir Basin of southern Ethiopia constitute tectonically active regions, where the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift converges with the Northern Kenya Rift through a wide zone of extensional deformation with several north to northeast-trending, left-stepping en-e & PRIME;chelon basins. This sector of the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift is characterized by a semi-arid climate and a largely uniform lithology, and thus provides ideal conditions for studying the different parameters that define the tectonic and geomorphic features of this complex kinematic transfer zone. In this study, the degree of tectonic activity, spatiotemporal variations in extension, and the nature of kinematic linkage between different fault systems of the transfer zone are constrained by detailed quantitative geomorphic analysis of river catchments and focused field work. We analyzed fluvial and landscape morphometric characteristics in combination with structural, seismicity, and climatic data to better evaluate the tectono-geomorphic history of this transfer zone. Our data reveal significant north-south variations in the degree of extension from the Sawula Basin in the north (mature) to the Chew Bahir Basin in the south (juvenile). First, normalized channel-steepness indices and the spatial arrangement of knickpoints in footwall-draining streams suggest a gradual, southward shift in extensional deformation and recent tectonic activity. Second, based on 1-k(m) radius local relief and mean-hillslope maximum values that are consistent with ksn anomalies, we confirm strain localization within zones of fault interaction. Third, morphometric indices such as hypsometry, basin asymmetry factor, and valley floor width to valley height ratio also indicate a north to south gradient in tectonic activity, highlighting the importance of such a wide transfer zone with diffuse extension linking different rift segments during the break-up of continental crust.
On 7 January 2020, an M-w 6.4 earthquake occurred in the northeastern Caribbean, a few kilometers offshore of the island of Puerto Rico. It was the mainshock of a complex seismic sequence, characterized by a large number of energetic earthquakes illuminating an east-west elongated area along the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico. Deformation fields constrained by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Navigation Satellite System data indicate that the coseismic movements affected only the western part of the island. To assess the mainshock's source fault parameters, we combined the geodetically derived coseismic deformation with teleseismic waveforms using Bayesian inference. The results indicate a roughly east-west oriented fault, dipping northward and accommodating similar to 1.4 m of transtensional motion. Besides, the determined location and orientation parameters suggest an offshore continuation of the recently mapped North Boqueron Bay-Punta Montalva fault in southwest Puerto Rico. This highlights the existence of unmapped faults with moderate-to-large earthquake potential within the Puerto Rico region.
The present work gives a detailed analysis of the metamorphic and structural evolution of the back-arc portion of the Famatinian Orogen exposed in the southern Sierra de Aconquija (Cuesta de La Chilca segment) in the Sierras Pampeanas Orientales (Eastern Pampean Sierras). The Pampeanas Orientales include from north to south the Aconquija, Ambato and Ancasti mountains. They are mainly composed of middle to high grade metasedimentary units and magmatic rocks.
At the south end of the Sierra de Aconquija, along an east to west segment extending over nearly 10 km (Cuesta de La Chilca), large volumes of metasedimentary rocks crop out. The eastern metasediments were defined as members of the El Portezuelo Metamorphic-Igneous Complex (EPMIC) or Eastern block and the western ones relate to the Quebrada del Molle Metamorphic Complex (QMMC) or Western block. The two blocks are divided by the La Chilca Shear Zone, which is reactivated as the Rio Chanarito fault.
The EPMIC, forming the hanging wall, is composed of schists, gneisses and rare amphibolites, calc- silicate schists, marbles and migmatites. The rocks underwent multiple episodes of deformation and a late high strain-rate episode with gradually increasing mylonitization to the west. Metamorphism progrades from a M-1 phase to the peak M-3, characterized by the reactions: Qtz + Pl + Bt +/- Ms -> Grt + Bt(2) + Pl(2) +/- Sil +/- Kfs, Qtz + Bt + Sil -> Crd + Kfs and Qtz + Grt + Sil -> Crd. The M-3 assemblage is coeval with the dominant foliation related to a third deformational phase (D-3).
The QMMC, forming the foot wall, is made up of fine-grained banded quartz - biotite schists with quartz veins and quartz-feldspar-rich pegmatites. To the east, schists are also overprinted by mylonitization. The M-3 peak assemblage is quartz + biotite + plagioclase +/- garnet +/- sillimanite +/- muscovite +/- ilmenite +/- magnetite +/- apatite.
The studied segment suffered multiphase deformation and metamorphism. Some of these phases can be correlated between both blocks. D-1 is locally preserved in scarce outcrops in the EPMIC but is the dominant in the QMMC, where S-1 is nearly parallel to S-0. In the EPMIC, D-2 is represented by the S-2 foliation, related to the F-2 folding that overprints S-1, with dominant strike NNW - SSE and high angles dip to the E. D-3 in the EPMIC have F-3 folds with axis oblique to S-2; the S-3 foliation has striking NW - SE dipping steeply to the E or W and develops interference patterns. In the QMMC, S-2 (D-2) is a discontinuous cleavage oblique to S-1 and transposed by S-3 (D-3), subparallel to S-1. Such structures in the QMMC developed at subsolidus conditions and could be correlated to those of the EPMIC, which formed under higher P-T conditions. The penetrative deformation D-2 in the EPMIC occurred during a prograde path with syntectonic growth of garnet reaching P-T conditions of 640 degrees C and 0.54 GPa in the EPMIC. This stage was followed by a penetrative deformation D-3 with syn-kinematic growth of garnet, cordierite and plagioclase. Peak P-T conditions calculated for M-3 are 710 degrees C and 0.60 GPa, preserved in the western part of the EPMIC, west of the unnamed fault.
The schists from the QMMC suffered the early low grade M-1 metamorphism with minimum PT conditions of ca 400 degrees C and 0.35 GPa, comparable to the fine schists (M-1) outcropping to the east. The D-2 deformation is associated with the prograde M-2 metamorphism. The penetrative D-3 stage is related to a medium grade metamorphism M-3, with peak conditions at ca 590 degrees C and 0.55 GPa.
The superimposed stages of deformation and metamorphism reaching high P-T conditions followed by isothermal decompression, defining a clockwise orogenic P-T path. During the Lower Paleozoic, folds were superimposed and recrystallization as well as partial melting at peak conditions occurred. Similar characteristics were described from the basement from other Famatinian-dominated locations of the Sierra de Aconquija and other ranges of the Sierras Pampeanas Orientales.
The new in situ geodynamic laboratory established in the framework of the ICDP Eger project aims to develop the most modern, comprehensive, multiparameter laboratory at depth for studying earthquake swarms, crustal fluid flow, mantle-derived CO2 and helium degassing, and processes of the deep biosphere. In order to reach a new level of high-frequency, near-source and multiparameter observation of earthquake swarms and related phenomena, such a laboratory comprises a set of shallow boreholes with high-frequency 3-D seismic arrays as well as modern continuous real-time fluid monitoring at depth and the study of the deep biosphere.
This laboratory is located in the western part of the Eger Rift at the border of the Czech Republic and Germany (in the West Bohemia-Vogtland geodynamic region) and comprises a set of five boreholes around the seismoactive zone. To date, all monitoring boreholes have been drilled. This includes the seismic monitoring boreholes S1, S2 and S3 in the crystalline units north and east of the major Novy Kostel seismogenic zone, borehole F3 in the Hartousov mofette field and borehole S4 in the newly discovered Bazina maar near Liba. Supplementary borehole P1 is being prepared in the Neualbenreuth maar for paleoclimate and biological research. At each of these sites, a borehole broadband seismometer will be installed, and sites S1, S2 and S3 will also host a 3-D seismic array composed of a vertical geophone chain and surface seismic array. Seismic instrumenting has been completed in the S1 borehole and is in preparation in the remaining four monitoring boreholes. The continuous fluid monitoring site of Hartousov includes three boreholes, F1, F2 and F3, and a pilot monitoring phase is underway. The laboratory also enables one to analyze microbial activity at CO2 mofettes and maar structures in the context of changes in habitats. The drillings into the maar volcanoes contribute to a better understanding of the Quaternary paleoclimate and volcanic activity.
In this article, we address the question of how observed ground-motion data can most effectively be modeled for engineering seismological purposes. Toward this goal, we use a data-driven method, based on a deep-learning autoencoder with a variable number of nodes in the bottleneck layer, to determine how many parameters are needed to reconstruct synthetic and observed ground-motion data in terms of their median values and scatter. The reconstruction error as a function of the number of nodes in the bottleneck is used as an indicator of the underlying dimensionality of ground-motion data, that is, the minimum number of predictor variables needed in a ground-motion model. Two synthetic and one observed datasets are studied to prove the performance of the proposed method. We find that mapping ground-motion data to a 2D manifold primarily captures magnitude and distance information and is suited for an approximate data reconstruction. The data reconstruction improves with an increasing number of bottleneck nodes of up to three and four, but it saturates if more nodes are added to the bottleneck.
Detailed organic geochemical and carbon isotopic (delta C-13 and Delta C-14) analyses are performed on permafrost deposits affected by coastal erosion (Herschel Island, Canadian Beaufort Sea) and adjacent marine sediments (Herschel Basin) to understand the fate of organic carbon in Arctic nearshore environments. We use an end-member model based on the carbon isotopic composition of bulk organic matter to identify sources of organic carbon. Monte Carlo simulations are applied to quantify the contribution of coastal permafrost erosion to the sedimentary carbon budget. The models suggest that similar to 40% of all carbon released by local coastal permafrost erosion is efficiently trapped and sequestered in the nearshore zone. This highlights the importance of sedimentary traps in environments such as basins, lagoons, troughs, and canyons for the carbon sequestration in previously poorly investigated, nearshore areas.
Plain Language Summary Increasing air and sea surface temperatures at high latitudes leads to accelerated thaw, destabilization, and erosion of perennially frozen soils (i.e., permafrost), which are often rich in organic carbon. Coastal erosion leads to an increased mobilization of organic carbon into the Arctic Ocean, which there can be converted into greenhouse gases and may therefore contribute to further warming. Carbon decomposition can be limited if organic matter is efficiently deposited on the seafloor, buried in marine sediments, and thus removed from the short-term carbon cycle. Basins, canyons, and troughs near the coastline can serve as sediment traps and potentially accommodate large quantities of organic carbon along the Arctic coast. Here we use biomarkers (source-specific molecules), stable carbon isotopes, and radiocarbon to identify the sources of organic carbon in the nearshore zone of the southern Canadian Beaufort Sea near Herschel Island. We quantify the contribution of coastal permafrost erosion to the sedimentary carbon budget of the area and estimate that more than a third of all carbon released by local permafrost erosion is efficiently trapped in marine sediments. This highlights the importance of regional sediment traps for carbon sequestration.
The current awareness of the high importance of urban green leads to a stronger need for tools to comprehensively represent urban green and its benefits. A common scientific approach is the development of urban ecosystem services (UES) based on remote sensing methods at the city or district level. Urban planning, however, requires fine-grained data that match local management practices. Hence, this study linked local biotope and tree mapping methods to the concept of ecosystem services. The methodology was tested in an inner-city district in SW Germany, comparing publicly accessible areas and non-accessible courtyards. The results provide area-specific [m(2)] information on the green inventory at the microscale, whereas derived stock and UES indicators form the basis for comparative analyses regarding climate adaptation and biodiversity. In the case study, there are ten times more micro-scale green spaces in private courtyards than in the public space, as well as twice as many trees. The approach transfers a scientific concept into municipal planning practice, enables the quantitative assessment of urban green at the microscale and illustrates the importance for green stock data in private areas to enhance decision support in urban development. Different aspects concerning data collection and data availability are critically discussed.
Sulfate reduction is the quantitatively most important process to degrade organic matter in anoxic marine sediment and has been studied intensively in a variety of settings. Guaymas Basin, a young marginal ocean basin, offers the unique opportunity to study sulfate reduction in an environment characterized by organic-rich sediment, high sedimentation rates, and high geothermal gradients (100-958 degrees C km(-1)). We measured sulfate reduction rates (SRR) in samples taken during the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 385 using incubation experiments with radiolabeled (SO42-)-S-35 carried out at in situ pressure and temperature. The highest SRR (387 nmol cm(-3) d(-1)) was recorded in near-surface sediments from Site U1548C, which had the steepest geothermal gradient (958 degrees C km(-1)). At this site, SRR were generally over an order of magnitude higher than at similar depths at other sites (e.g., 387-157 nmol cm(-3) d(-1) at 1.9 mbsf from Site U1548C vs. 46-1.0 nmol cm(-3) d(-1) at 2.1 mbsf from Site U1552B). Site U1546D is characterized by a sill intrusion, but it had already reached thermal equilibrium and SRR were in the same range as nearby Site U1545C, which is minimally affected by sills. The wide temperature range observed at each drill site suggests major shifts in microbial community composition with very different temperature optima but awaits confirmation by molecular biological analyses. At the transition between the mesophilic and thermophilic range around 40 degrees C-60 degrees C, sulfate-reducing activity appears to be decreased, particularly in more oligotrophic settings, but shows a slight recovery at higher temperatures.
We study the source properties of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and its aftershocks to unravel the seismotectonics of the NW Himalayan syntaxis. The mainshock and larger aftershocks have been simultaneously relocated using phase data. We use back-projection of high-frequency energy from multiple teleseismic arrays to model the spatio-temporal evolution of the mainshock rupture. Our analysis reveal a bilateral rupture, which initially propagated SE and then NW of the epicenter, with an average rupture velocity of similar to 2 km s(-1). The area of maximum energy release is parallel to and bound by the surface rupture. Incorporating rupture propagation and velocity, we model the mainshock as a line source using P- and SH-waveform inversion. Our result confirms that the mainshock occurred on a NE dipping (similar to 35 degrees) fault plane, with centroid depth of similar to 10 km. Integrated source time function show that majority of the energy was released in the first similar to 20 s, and was confined above the hypocenter. From waveform inverted fault dimension and seismic moment, we argue that the mainshock had an additional similar to 25 km blind rupture beyond the NW Himalayan syntaxis. Combining this with findings from previous studies, we conjecture that the blind rupture propagated NW of the syntaxis underneath a weak detachment overlain by infra-Cambrian salt layer, and terminated in a wedge thrust. All moderate-to-large aftershocks, NW of the mainshock rupture, are concentrated at the edge of the blind rupture termination. Source modeling of these aftershocks reveal thrust mechanism with centroid depths of 2-10 km, and fault planes oriented subparallel to the mainshock rupture. To study the influence of mainshock rupture on aftershock occurrence, we compute Coulomb failure stress on aftershock faults. All these aftershocks lie in the positive Coulomb stress change region. This suggest that the aftershocks have been triggered by either co-seismic or post-seismic slip on the mainshock fault.
Geysers are hot springs whose frequency of water eruptions remain poorly understood. We set up a local broadband seismic network for 1 year at Strokkur geyser, Iceland, and developed an unprecedented catalog of 73,466 eruptions. We detected 50,135 single eruptions but find that the geyser is also characterized by sets of up to six eruptions in quick succession. The number of single to sextuple eruptions exponentially decreased, while the mean waiting time after an eruption linearly increased (3.7 to 16.4 min). While secondary eruptions within double to sextuple eruptions have a smaller mean seismic amplitude, the amplitude of the first eruption is comparable for all eruption types. We statistically model the eruption frequency assuming discharges proportional to the eruption multiplicity and a constant probability for subsequent events within a multituple eruption. The waiting time after an eruption is predictable but not the type or amplitude of the next one. <br /> Plain Language Summary Geysers are springs that often erupt in hot water fountains. They erupt more often than volcanoes but are quite similar. Nevertheless, it is poorly understood how often volcanoes and also geysers erupt. We created a list of 73,466 eruption times of Strokkur geyser, Iceland, from 1 year of seismic data. The geyser erupted one to six times in quick succession. We found 50,135 single eruptions but only 1 sextuple eruption, while the mean waiting time increased from 3.7 min after single eruptions to 16.4 min after sextuple eruptions. Mean amplitudes of each eruption type were higher for single eruptions, but all first eruptions in a succession were similar in height. Assuming a constant heat inflow at depth, we can predict the waiting time after an eruption but not the type or amplitude of the next one.
Multiple P-T-d-t paths reveal the evolution of the final Nuna assembly in northeast Australia
(2020)
The final assembly of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna was marked by the collision of Laurentia and Australia at 1.60 Ga, which is recorded in the Georgetown Inlier of NE Australia. Here, we decipher the metamorphic evolution of this final Nuna collisional event using petrostructural analysis, major and trace element compositions of key minerals, thermodynamic modelling, and multi-method geochronology. The Georgetown Inlier is characterised by deformed and metamorphosed 1.70-1.62 Ga sedimentary and mafic rocks, which were intruded byc. 1.56 Ga old S-type granites. Garnet Lu-Hf and monazite U-Pb isotopic analyses distinguish two major metamorphic events (M1 atc. 1.60 Ga and M2 atc. 1.55 Ga), which allows at least two composite fabrics to be identified at the regional scale-c. 1.60 Ga S1 (consisting in fabrics S1a and S1b) andc. 1.55 Ga S2 (including fabrics S2a and S2b). Also, three tectono-metamorphic domains are distinguished: (a) the western domain, with S1 defined by low-P(LP) greenschist facies assemblages; (b) the central domain, where S1 fabric is preserved as medium-P(MP) amphibolite facies relicts, and locally as inclusion trails in garnet wrapped by the regionally dominant low-Pamphibolite facies S2 fabric; and (c) the eastern domain dominated by upper amphibolite to granulite facies S2 foliation. In the central domain, 1.60 GaMP-medium-T(MT) metamorphism (M1) developed within the staurolite-garnet stability field, with conditions ranging from 530-550 degrees C at 6-7 kbar (garnet cores) to 620-650 degrees C at 8-9 kbar (garnet rims), and it is associated with S1 fabric. The onset of 1.55 GaLP-high-T(HT) metamorphism (M2) is marked by replacement of staurolite by andalusite (M2a/D2a), which was subsequently pseudomorphed by sillimanite (M2b/D2b) where granite and migmatite are abundant.P-Tconditions ranged from 600 to 680 degrees C and 4-6 kbar for the M2b sillimanite stage. 1.60 Ga garnet relicts within the S2 foliation highlight the progressive obliteration of the S1 fabric by regional S2 in the central zone during peak M2 metamorphism. In the eastern migmatitic complex, partial melting of paragneiss and amphibolite occurred syn- to post-S2, at 730-770 degrees C and 6-8 kbar, and at 750-790 degrees C and 6 kbar, respectively. The pressure-temperature-deformation-time paths reconstructed for the Georgetown Inlier suggest ac. 1.60 Ga M1/D1 event recorded under greenschist facies conditions in the western domain and under medium-Pand medium-Tconditions in the central domain. This event was followed by the regional 1.56-1.54 Ga low-Pand high-Tphase (M2/D2), extensively recorded in the central and eastern domains. Decompression between these two metamorphic events is ascribed to an episode of exhumation. The two-stage evolution supports the previous hypothesis that the Georgetown Inlier preserves continental collisional and subsequent thermal perturbation associated with granite emplacement.
The main Marmara fault (MMF) extends for 150 km through the Sea of Marmara and forms the only portion of the North Anatolian fault zone that has not ruptured in a large event (Mw >7) for the last 250 yr. Accordingly, this portion is potentially a major source contributing to the seismic hazard of the Istanbul region. On 26 September 2019, a sequence of moderate-sized events started along the MMF only 20 km south of Istanbul and were widely felt by the population. The largest three events, 26 September Mw 5.8 (10:59 UTC), 26 September 2019 Mw 4.1 (11:26 UTC), and 20 January 2020 Mw 4.7 were recorded by numerous strong-motion seismic stations and the resulting ground motions were compared to the predicted means resulting from a set of the most recent ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The estimated residuals were used to investigate the spatial variation of ground motion across the Marmara region. Our results show a strong azimuthal trend in ground-motion residuals, which might indicate systematically repeating directivity effects toward the eastern Marmara region.
Diffusive transport and sorption processes of uranium in the Swiss Opalinus Clay were investigated as a function of partial pressure of carbon dioxide pCO(2), varying mineralogy in the facies and associated changes in porewater composition. Simulations were conducted in one-dimensional diffusion models on the 100 m-scale for a time of one million years using a bottom-up approach based on mechanistic surface complexation models as well as cation exchange to quantify sorption. Speciation calculations have shown, uranium is mainly present as U(VI) and must therefore be considered as mobile for in-situ conditions. Uranium migrated up to 26 m in both, the sandy and the carbonate-rich facies, whereas in the shaly facies 16 m was the maximum. The main species was the anionic complex CaUO2(CO3)(3)(2-) . Hence, anion exclusion was taken into account and further reduced the migration distances by 30 %. The concentrations of calcium and carbonates reflected by the set pCO(2) determine speciation and activity of uranium and consequently the sorption behaviour. Our simulation results allow for the first time to prioritize on the far-field scale the governing parameters for diffusion and sorption of uranium and hence outline the sensitivity of the system. Sorption processes are controlled in descending priority by the carbonate and calcium concentrations, pH, pe and the clay mineral content. Therefore, the variation in porewater composition resulting from the heterogeneity of the facies in the Opalinus Clay formation needs to be considered in the assessment of uranium migration in the far field of a potential repository.
Barite scales in geothermal installations are a highly unwanted effect of circulating deep saline fluids. They build up in the reservoir if supersaturated fluids are re-injected, leading to irreversible loss of injectivity. A model is presented for calculating the total expected barite precipitation. To determine the related injectivity decline over time, the spatial precipitation distribution in the subsurface near the injection well is assessed by modelling barite growth kinetics in a radially diverging Darcy flow domain. Flow and reservoir properties as well as fluid chemistry are chosen to represent reservoirs subject to geothermal exploration located in the North German Basin (NGB) and the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) in Germany. Fluids encountered at similar depths are hotter in the URG, while they are more saline in the NGB. The associated scaling amount normalised to flow rate is similar for both regions. The predicted injectivity decline after 10 years, on the other hand, is far greater for the NGB (64%) compared to the URG (24%), due to the temperature- and salinity-dependent precipitation rate. The systems in the NGB are at higher risk. Finally, a lightweight score is developed for approximating the injectivity loss using the Damkohler number, flow rate and total barite scaling potential. This formula can be easily applied to geothermal installations without running complex reactive transport simulations.
Despite more than half a century of hominin fossil discoveries in eastern Africa, the regional environmental context of hominin evolution and dispersal is not well established due to the lack of continuous palaeoenvironmental records from one of the proven habitats of early human populations, particularly for the Pleistocene epoch. Here we present a 620,000-year environmental record from Chew Bahir, southern Ethiopia, which is proximal to key fossil sites. Our record documents the potential influence of different episodes of climatic variability on hominin biological and cultural transformation. The appearance of high anatomical diversity in hominin groups coincides with long-lasting and relatively stable humid conditions from similar to 620,000 to 275,000 years bp (episodes 1-6), interrupted by several abrupt and extreme hydroclimate perturbations. A pattern of pronounced climatic cyclicity transformed habitats during episodes 7-9 (similar to 275,000-60,000 years bp), a crucial phase encompassing the gradual transition from Acheulean to Middle Stone Age technologies, the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa and key human social and cultural innovations. Those accumulative innovations plus the alignment of humid pulses between northeastern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean during high-frequency climate oscillations of episodes 10-12 (similar to 60,000-10,000 years bp) could have facilitated the global dispersal of H. sapiens.