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Landscape planning is frequently mentioned in discussions on the implementation of the SEA Directive. However, one needs to bear in mind that SEA and landscape planning have different tasks: i.e., in the case of SEA dealing with the effects of a plan or programme on environmental factors and in the case of landscape planning a conceptual approach. This article looks at the substantial and procedural overlap of the two instruments. The main problem is the coincidence as regards space and time. One benefit to landscape planning would be a more frequent updates of the plans. However, a danger would be the overloading of landscape plans and a narrower scope. The author prefers a flexible combination of both instruments.
State, administration and governance in Germany: competing traditions and dominant narratives
(2003)
Naturschutzplanung
(2003)
Verwaltungslexikon
(2003)
Verbales Arbeitgedächtnis und die Verarbeitung lexikalisch ambiger Wörter in Wort- und Satzkontexten
(2003)
Eigennamen referieren - Referieren mit Eigennamen : zur Kontextinvarianz der namentlichen Bezugnahme
(2003)
Zwischen Gemeinschaftsorientierung und Selbstverwirklichung : Motive zu freiwilligem Engagement
(2003)
Konflikte in Sportvereinen
(2003)
Rechtsgrundlagen und Grenzen zulässiger Maßnahmen bei der Durchsuchung von Wohn- und Geschäftsräumen
(2003)
Dringliche Rechte am Wohnungseigentum und Rechtsgeschäfte der Wohnungseigentümer untereinander
(2003)
South Africa's endemic Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900, is a rare example of a marine fish listed as Endangered by the IUCN because of its limited range and habitat vulnerability. It is restricted to four estuaries on the southern coast of South Africa. This study reports on its biology in the Knysna and Swartvlei estuaries, both of which are experiencing heavy coastal development. We found that H. capensis was distributed heterogeneously throughout the Knysna Estuary, with a mean density of 0.0089 m-2 and an estimated total population of 89 000 seahorses (95% confidence interval: 30 000 to 148 000). H. capensis was found most frequently in low density vegetation stands ( 20% cover) and grasping Zostera capensis. Seahorse density was not otherwise correlated with habitat type or depth. The size of the area in which any particular seahorse was resighted did not differ between males and females. Adult sex ratios were skewed in most transects, with more males than females, but were even on a 10 m by 10 m focal study grid. Only three juveniles were sighted during the study. Both sexes were reproductively active but no greeting or courtship behaviours were observed. Males on the focal study grid were longer than females, and had shorter heads and longer tails, but were similar in colouration and skin filamentation. The level of threat to H. capensis and our limited knowledge of its biology mean that further scientific study is urgently needed to assist in developing sound management practices.
Das Weisungsrecht nach Art. 85 Abs. 3 GG : Inhalt, Grenzen und haftungsrechtliche Dimensionen
(2003)
Freizeitbewertung und städtische Bevölkerungsverteilung : theoretische und empirische Ergebnisse
(2003)
Mit der Neufassung der Eingriffsregelung im novellierten Bundesnaturschutzgesetz sind der Eingriffstatbestand erweitert und die Entscheidungsabfolge verändert worden, indem die Abwägung nunmehr erst hinter dem Ersatz angesiedelt ist. Wenngleich in der Theorie weiter ein Vorrang von Vermeidung und Ausgleich besteht, ist zu erwarten, dass diese Aspekte dadurch in der Praxis indirekt geschwächt werden. Hervorzuheben ist hingegen, dass Ersatzmaßnahmen nunmehr bundeseinheitlich definiert sind und dabei einen Bezug zu konkreten Beeinträchtigungen aufweisen müssen und dass der Gesetzgeber mit der neuen Stellung der Abwägung in der Entscheidungsabfolge ausdrücklich den Vorrang von realer Kompensation betont. Mögliche Folgen der Neuregelung werden anhand exemplarischer Handlungsfelder diskutiert: Dem Schutzgut Landschaftsbild, der Verbindung der Landschaftsplanung zur Eingriffsregelung, den Bezügen zur guten fachlichen Praxis in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie Flächenpools und Ökokonten. Angesichts knapper Kassen ist die Gefahr, dass die Eingriffsregelung zum wesentlichen Finanzierungsinstrument für die Umsetzung von Naturschutzmaßnahmen wird, nicht von der Hand zu weisen. Handlungsbedarf besteht daher vor allem in der Ausarbeitung fachlicher Konventionen zur notwendigen "Gleichwertigkeit" von Ersatzmaßnahmen sowie zur Festlegung fachlicher Qualitätsprofile für Flächenpools.
We modeled the two most extreme highstands of Lake Naivasha during the last 175 k.y. to estimate potential precipitation/ evaporation changes in this basin. In a first step, the bathymetry of the paleolakes at f135 and 9 k.y. BP was reconstructed from sediment cores and surface outcrops. Second, we modeled the paleohydrologic budget during the highstands using a simplified coupled energy mass-balance model. Our results show that the hydrologic and hence the climate conditions at f135 and 9 k.y. BP were similar, but significantly different from today. The main difference is a f15% higher value in precipitation compared to the present. An adaptation and migration of vegetation in the cause of climate changes would result in a f30% increase in precipitation. The most likely cause for such a wetter climate at f135 and 9 k.y. BP is a more intense intertropical convergence and increased precipitation in East Africa.
In recent years most studies of the benthic microbial food web have either been descriptive or were restricted to the measurement of within sediment process rates. Little is known about benthic-pelagic coupling processes such as recruitment. We, therefore, developed an ex situ core incubation procedure to quantify the potential for microbial recruitment from the benthos to the pelagic in an acidic mining lake, Mining Lake 111 (ML 111; pH 2.6), in eastern Germany. Our data suggest that considerable zooplankton recruitment from the benthos takes place. Heliozoan and rhizopod recruitment in both summer and winter sediment cores was highest when they were incubated at 20°C. Maximum heliozoan recruitment was 23 (± 9 s.e.) individuals cm-2 d-1 (40% initial standing stock daily) in the winter 20°C incubation. Maximum rhizopod recruitment was 6 (± 2 s.e.) individuals cm-2 d-1 in the summer 20°C incubation. Little or no recruitment was apparent for either taxa when winter cores were incubated at 5°C, implying a temperature cue. Conversely, the rotifer, Cephalodella hoodi, exhibited a maximum recruitment of 6 (± 2 s.e.) individuals cm-2 d-1 during the winter 5°C incubation, representing 30% of initial standing stock daily, but little recruitment when incubated at 20°C. Cephalodella may have responded to an increased winter benthic food supply; in situ winter Chl a concentrations in the benthos were 3.4 times higher than those in the summer. The importance of this was reinforced by the poor pelagic food supply available in ML 111. In situ, Heliozoa, rhizopods and Cephalodella were first observed in the epilimnion of ML 111 in spring or early summer, suggesting active or passive recruitment following lateral transport from littoral sediments. Benthic-pelagic coupling via recruitment is potentially important in understanding the pelagic food web in ML 111 and warrants further investigation in this and other aquatic environments.
The carbon-rich WC5 star WR 114 was not detected during a 15.9 ksec XMM-Newton observation, implying an upper limit to the X-ray luminosity of Lx < 2.5 x 1030 ergs-1 and to the X-ray to bolometric luminosity ratio of Lx/Lbol < 4 x 10-9. This confirms indications from earlier less sensitive measurements that there has been no convincing X-ray detection of any single WC star. This lack of detections is reinforced by XMM-Newton and CHANDRA observations of WC stars. Thus the conclusion has to be drawn that the stars with radiatively-driven stellar winds of this particular class are insignificant X-ray sources. We attribute this to photoelectronic absorption by the stellar wind. The high opacity of the metal-rich and dense winds from WC stars puts the radius of optical depth unity at hundreds or thousands of stellar radii for much of the X-ray band. We believe that the essential absence of hot plasma so far out in the wind exacerbated by the large distances and correspondingly high ISM column densities makes the WC stars too faint to be detectable with current technology. The result also applies to many WC stars in binary systems, of which only about 20 % are identified X-ray sources, presumably due to colliding winds.
Variations in the temporal and spatial distribution of solar radiation caused by orbital changes provide a partial explanation for the observed long-term fluctuations in African lake levels. The understanding of such relationships is essential for designing climate-prediction models for the tropics. Our assessment of the nature and timing of East African climate change is based on lake-level fluctuations of Lake Naivasha in the Central Kenya Rift (0°55'S 36°20'E), inferred from sediment characteristics, diatoms, authigenic mineral assemblages and 17 single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age determinations. Assuming that these fluctuations reflect climate changes, the Lake Naivasha record demonstrates that periods of increased humidity in East Africa mainly followed maximum equatorial solar radiation in March or September. Interestingly, the most dramatic change in the Naivasha Basin occurred as early as 146 kyr BP and the highest lake level was recorded at about 139 to 133 kyr BP. This is consistent with other well-dated low-latitude climate records, but does not correspond to peaks in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation as the trigger for the ice- age cycles. The Naivasha record therefore provides evidence for low-latitude forcing of the ice-age climate cycles.
Die Bedeutung von Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) als Hauptnahrungsmittel in tropischen Ländern
(2003)
Mixotrophy in the Antarctic phytoflagellate, Pyramimonas gelidicola (Chlorophyta: Prasinophyta)
(2003)
Grazing by the planktonic, phytoflagellate, Pyramimonas gelidicola McFadden (Chlorophyta: Prasinophyta), and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNAN) in meromictic, saline Ace Lake in the Vestfold Hills, Eastern Antarctica, was investigated in the austral summers of 1997 and 1999. Up to 47% of the P. gelidicola population ingested fluorescently labelled prey (FLP). Ingestion rates varied with depth. In January 1997 and November 1999, maximum P. gelidicola ingestion rates of 6.95 and 0.79 FLP;cell-1;h-1, respectively, were measured at the chemocline (6-8 m) where a deep chlorophyll maximum composed of phototrophic nanoflagellates (PNAN DCM), predominantly P. gelidicola, persisted all year. During the summers of 1997 and 1999, the grazing P. gelidicola community removed between 0.4 and approximately 16% of in situ bacterial biomass, equivalent to between 4 and >100% of in situ bacterial production. Due to their higher abundance, the community clearance rates of HNAN in Ace Lake generally exceeded those of P. gelidicola but HNAN removed approximately only 3 to 4% of bacterial biomass, equivalent to between 28 and 32% of bacterial production. P. gelidicola growth rates were highest at the PNAN DCM concomitant with the highest ingestion rates. It is estimated that during the summer P. gelidicola can derive up to 30% of their daily carbon requirements from bacterivory at the PNAN DCM. This study confirms mixotrophy as an important strategy by which planktonic organisms can survive in extreme, polar, lacustrine ecosystems.