Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2570) (remove)
Language
- English (2570) (remove)
Keywords
- Holocene (35)
- climate change (31)
- Earthquake source observations (20)
- Climate change (18)
- permafrost (18)
- Himalaya (17)
- Pollen (17)
- Tibetan Plateau (17)
- erosion (17)
- Seismicity and tectonics (15)
- Siberia (12)
- Site effects (11)
- Time-series analysis (11)
- Arctic (10)
- Body waves (10)
- Chile (10)
- Climate (10)
- climate (10)
- Central Asia (9)
- Germany (9)
- Paleoclimate (9)
- Wave propagation (9)
- cosmogenic nuclides (9)
- landscape evolution (9)
- Central Andes (8)
- Europe (8)
- Ostracoda (8)
- Pamir (8)
- earthquake (8)
- induced seismicity (8)
- modelling (8)
- remote sensing (8)
- stable isotopes (8)
- Andes (7)
- Diatoms (7)
- Erosion (7)
- Geochronology (7)
- Himalayas (7)
- Inverse theory (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Quaternary (7)
- Water quality (7)
- exhumation (7)
- landslide (7)
- landslides (7)
- precipitation (7)
- subduction (7)
- Asia (6)
- China (6)
- Earthquake hazards (6)
- Ecosystem services (6)
- Geochemistry (6)
- InSAR (6)
- Iran (6)
- Lake sediments (6)
- PHREEQC (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Permafrost (6)
- Precipitation (6)
- Principal component analysis (6)
- South America (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- deep biosphere (6)
- floods (6)
- modeling (6)
- paleoclimate (6)
- pollen (6)
- reactive transport (6)
- tectonics (6)
- thermochronology (6)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Brazil (5)
- Crustal structure (5)
- Earthquake (5)
- Flood risk (5)
- Indian summer monsoon (5)
- Induced seismicity (5)
- Land use change (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Monsoon (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Remote sensing (5)
- Seismic attenuation (5)
- Seismic tomography (5)
- Soil moisture (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction zone processes (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Topography (5)
- Transfer function (5)
- Turkey (5)
- Uncertainty (5)
- Wind erosion (5)
- Younger Dryas (5)
- connectivity (5)
- flood risk (5)
- geochronology (5)
- grain size (5)
- melt inclusions (5)
- monsoon (5)
- subduction zone (5)
- time series analysis (5)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Computational seismology (4)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (4)
- Earthquake dynamics (4)
- Earthquake ground motions (4)
- East Africa (4)
- East African Rift System (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Electrical conductivity (4)
- Flood (4)
- GPS (4)
- Geomorphology (4)
- Geostatistics (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- Groundwater (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (4)
- Inversion (4)
- Lakes (4)
- Land use (4)
- Landslide (4)
- LiDAR (4)
- Lonar Lake (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Magnetotellurics (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mediterranean (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- NW Argentina (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Oman (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- TRMM (4)
- Tectonics (4)
- Temperature (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermokarst (4)
- Time series analysis (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- analysis (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- body waves (4)
- carbon cycle (4)
- evapotranspiration (4)
- hydrology (4)
- isotopes (4)
- magnetostratigraphy (4)
- model (4)
- natural hazards (4)
- numerical modeling (4)
- palaeoecology (4)
- partial melting (4)
- radiation belts (4)
- runoff (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- suspended sediment (4)
- thermokarst (4)
- treeline (4)
- trend analysis (4)
- uncertainty (4)
- uplift (4)
- vulnerability (4)
- water quality (4)
- wetland (4)
- Adaptation (3)
- Alaska (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algeria (3)
- Anatolia (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- Asian monsoon (3)
- Benzene (3)
- Beringia (3)
- Biomarkers (3)
- Biosilicification (3)
- Bolboschoenus maritimus (3)
- Cenozoic (3)
- Chironomids (3)
- Climate variability (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Connectivity (3)
- Controlled source seismology (3)
- Deformation (3)
- Early warning (3)
- Earthworms (3)
- Eastern Alps (3)
- Ebro basin (3)
- Edough (3)
- Electromagnetics (3)
- Eocene (3)
- Epistemic uncertainty (3)
- Event synchronization (3)
- Extreme rainfall (3)
- Fluid-rock interaction (3)
- Fluorescence imaging (3)
- Fourier analysis (3)
- GIS (3)
- Geothermobarometry (3)
- Glaciation (3)
- Graph theory (3)
- Ground penetrating radar (3)
- Ground-motion prediction equation (3)
- Human impact (3)
- Hydrology (3)
- Indian monsoon (3)
- Interferometry (3)
- Ionic liquids (3)
- Ionosphere (3)
- Italy (3)
- Kamchatka (3)
- Kenya Rift (3)
- KiK-net (3)
- Kyrgyzstan (3)
- Lake Van (3)
- Lake sediment (3)
- Landsat (3)
- MTBE (3)
- Marine terraces (3)
- Menderes Massif (3)
- Metamorphism (3)
- Methane (3)
- Monitoring (3)
- Multifunctionality (3)
- Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (3)
- Neogene (3)
- Neotethys (3)
- Nepal (3)
- Neural networks (3)
- New Zealand (3)
- Northeast German Basin (3)
- Northern Andes (3)
- Nutrients (3)
- Overland flow (3)
- Pacific Ocean (3)
- Paleoclimatology (3)
- Paleogene (3)
- Paleohydrology (3)
- Paleoseismology (3)
- Pleistocene (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- Random Forest (3)
- Rhizosphere (3)
- Russia (3)
- SWAT (3)
- Sediment budget (3)
- Sediment connectivity (3)
- Sediment load (3)
- Seismic cycle (3)
- Seismicity (3)
- Seismologie (3)
- Sensitivity analysis (3)
- Sentinel-1 (3)
- Shallow-water carbonates (3)
- Soil (3)
- Soil hydrology (3)
- South American Monsoon (3)
- Southeast Asia (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Stable isotopes (3)
- Statistical methods (3)
- Statistical seismology (3)
- Subduction (3)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Svalbard (3)
- Tarim Basin (3)
- Tephrostratigraphy (3)
- TerraceM (3)
- Tian Shan (3)
- Triassic (3)
- Variscan (3)
- Varves (3)
- Volcano seismology (3)
- Water depth (3)
- Waveform inversion (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Westerlies (3)
- XRD (3)
- XRF (3)
- adaptation (3)
- agriculture (3)
- ambient noise (3)
- biostratigraphy (3)
- catchment (3)
- change detection (3)
- climate change adaptation (3)
- coastal erosion (3)
- convection (3)
- damage (3)
- deposition (3)
- diatoms (3)
- dust (3)
- early warning (3)
- equifinality (3)
- evaporites (3)
- exposure (3)
- extension (3)
- floodplain (3)
- fluid inclusions (3)
- geochemistry (3)
- geomorphology (3)
- geomorphometry (3)
- glacier (3)
- governance (3)
- heterogeneity (3)
- human impact (3)
- hydropower (3)
- imaging spectroscopy (3)
- impact (3)
- lake sediments (3)
- lakes (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- machine learning (3)
- models (3)
- moment tensor (3)
- monitoring (3)
- nitrogen (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- olivine (3)
- organic matter (3)
- pH (3)
- paleoaltimetry (3)
- paleomagnetism (3)
- permeability (3)
- plume (3)
- radiocarbon (3)
- river incision (3)
- sediment (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sedimentology (3)
- seismology (3)
- sensitivity (3)
- site effects (3)
- snow (3)
- soil moisture (3)
- streamflow (3)
- sulfate reduction (3)
- surface processes (3)
- tectonic geomorphology (3)
- temperature (3)
- thermal modeling (3)
- upper mantle (3)
- vertical coupling (3)
- water (3)
- weathering (3)
- AHP (2)
- Acadian (2)
- Active tectonics (2)
- Affordability (2)
- Agricultural field (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Alborz range (2)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (2)
- Alpine Fault (2)
- Andean Plateau (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Antarctica (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 dating (2)
- Aragonite (2)
- Arctic Ocean (2)
- Arctic lakes (2)
- Argentina (2)
- Atlantic Ocean (2)
- Australia (2)
- Autocorrelation (2)
- Badlands (2)
- Barasona Reservoir (2)
- Barents Sea (2)
- Baseline shift (2)
- Batch experiments (2)
- Bayesian inference (2)
- Bayesian logistic regression (2)
- Bayesian networks (2)
- Be-10 (2)
- Biodegradation (2)
- Biogenic silica (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Black shales (2)
- Blueschist (2)
- Boosted regression trees (2)
- CO2 (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Carbon colloid (2)
- Caribbean (2)
- Catchment classification (2)
- Central Chile (2)
- Central Europe (2)
- Central Pontides (2)
- Chaiten volcano (2)
- Chinese loess (2)
- Cladocera (2)
- Clay mineralogy (2)
- Climate dynamics (2)
- Climate reconstruction (2)
- Coastal erosion (2)
- Coastal uplift (2)
- Compression (2)
- Computational fluid dynamics (2)
- Congo Air Boundary (2)
- Conservation management (2)
- Continental margins: convergent (2)
- Continental neotectonics (2)
- Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Coulomb failure stress (2)
- Cretaceous (2)
- DFT (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Database (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Dead Sea basin (2)
- Deep carbon cycle (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Deposition (2)
- Digital Elevation Model (2)
- Drought indices (2)
- Dynamics: seismotectonics (2)
- ECHSE (2)
- ENSO (2)
- EXAFS (2)
- Earthquakes (2)
- East Asian summer monsoon (2)
- East European Craton (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Eastern Mediterranean (2)
- Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eger Rift (2)
- Electromagnetic theory (2)
- Element mobility (2)
- EnMAP (2)
- Environmental magnetism (2)
- Evapotranspiration (2)
- Exhumation (2)
- Export regime (2)
- Extreme event (2)
- Fish (2)
- Flooding (2)
- Floods (2)
- Foraminifera (2)
- Forest (2)
- Fracture and flow (2)
- Fuzzy logic (2)
- GMPE (2)
- GNSS Reflectometry (2)
- Garnet (2)
- Gas diffusion layer (2)
- Geodynamics (2)
- Geophysics (2)
- Glacial geomorphology (2)
- Global change (2)
- Global inversion (2)
- Global warming (2)
- Gondwana (2)
- Grain size (2)
- Grassland (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equations (2)
- Gyttja (2)
- HVSR (2)
- Hazard (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Human evolution (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hyperion (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Image processing (2)
- India (2)
- Indicators (2)
- Indus (2)
- Insurance (2)
- Integrated modelling (2)
- Interaction (2)
- Interception (2)
- Inundation (2)
- Jurassic (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Kinetics (2)
- LGM (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Land-cover change (2)
- Land-use change (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix gmelinii (2)
- Late Cretaceous (2)
- Late Quaternary (2)
- Lateglacial (2)
- Levant (2)
- Limnology (2)
- Lithospheric structure (2)
- Loess (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- Machine learning (2)
- Makran (2)
- Maule (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Metasomatism (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modeling (2)
- Modelling (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Mongolia (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- Natural hazards (2)
- Near East (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- North America (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Open source (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Organic matter (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- P-waves (2)
- Palaeoecology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogeography (2)
- Panama (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Peat (2)
- Permian (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Phosphorus (2)
- Phragmites australis (2)
- Phytoplankton (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plio-Pleistocene (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Provenance (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Puna Plateau (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- REE (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Random forests (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Recurrence plot (2)
- Remediation (2)
- Resilience (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risk reduction (2)
- River (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- S receiver functions (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SRTM (2)
- SSW (2)
- SWIM (2)
- Salinity (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Satellite geodesy (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment yield (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismology (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Semiarid (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Slope (2)
- Soil erosion (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spatial scale (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structure elucidation (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subduction zone (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Surface roughness (2)
- Swarm constellation (2)
- Talik (2)
- TanDEM-X (2)
- Tectonic geomorphology (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- The Netherlands (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Tibet (2)
- Tien Shan (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tomography (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- U-Pb geochronology (2)
- UAV (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- VIIRS DNB (2)
- Validation (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Volatilization (2)
- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Vulnerability (2)
- Walvis Ridge (2)
- Water management (2)
- Wave scattering and diffraction (2)
- West Bohemia (2)
- Western Central Africa (2)
- Western Europe (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- acoustic emissions (2)
- anatexis (2)
- arctic (2)
- argon dating (2)
- assessment (2)
- bacteria (2)
- basal accretion (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- biomarker (2)
- biomass (2)
- black carbon (2)
- calcium phosphate (2)
- carbon (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- carbonate (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- change (2)
- characteristics (2)
- climate change impact (2)
- climate-change (2)
- clustering (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coherency (2)
- collision (2)
- composition (2)
- compound flood (2)
- correlation (2)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (2)
- crust (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- decomposition (2)
- denudation (2)
- diamond anvil cell (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- diffusion (2)
- digital elevation model (2)
- digital rock physics (2)
- diversity (2)
- downscaling (2)
- drainage networks (2)
- dynamics (2)
- earthquake hydrology (2)
- earthquake source (2)
- earthquake source observations (2)
- earthquakes (2)
- eclogite (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- edge-driven convection (2)
- elastic properties (2)
- electrical resistivity (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- electromagnetic (2)
- eolian dust (2)
- equatorial electrojet (2)
- equatorial ionosphere (2)
- extensional tectonics (2)
- extinction (2)
- extreme events (2)
- extreme rainfall (2)
- facies (2)
- flood loss (2)
- flood risk analysis (2)
- flood risk management (2)
- flooding (2)
- floodplain sedimentation (2)
- fluid migration (2)
- fluid-induced seismicity (2)
- fluid-rock interaction (2)
- fluids (2)
- fluvial geomorphology (2)
- forecasting (2)
- formation damage (2)
- frequency analysis (2)
- fuzzy logic (2)
- garnet (2)
- gas hydrate (2)
- geodynamics (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geophysics (2)
- geothermal (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- geyser (2)
- glacial erosion (2)
- glacial hazards (2)
- glacial lake outburst floods (2)
- glaciers (2)
- global change (2)
- grain-size distribution (2)
- granitoids (2)
- ground motion (2)
- ground-penetrating radar (2)
- heat flow (2)
- heavy rainfall (2)
- helium-4 (2)
- high pressure (2)
- high-pressure (2)
- hillslopes (2)
- human activity (2)
- hydrological drought (2)
- hydrological modeling (2)
- hysteresis (2)
- imaging (2)
- incision (2)
- inclination shallowing (2)
- insurance (2)
- invasive species (2)
- inverse analysis (2)
- inversion (2)
- ionic liquids (2)
- knickpoint (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- lake monitoring (2)
- land cover change (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- lidar (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- mapping (2)
- marine terraces (2)
- mass (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- melts (2)
- methane (2)
- mica (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial diversity (2)
- migration (2)
- minerals (2)
- mountains (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- normal faults (2)
- numerical model (2)
- numerical simulation (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- overland flow (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleolimnology (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- patterns (2)
- peatlands (2)
- permafrost degradation (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- plateau (2)
- playa (2)
- pluvial floods (2)
- pollution (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- preparedness (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- provenance (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- rainfall (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- receiver function (2)
- record (2)
- redox processes (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- remagnetization (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resilience (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- rheology (2)
- rifting (2)
- risk reduction (2)
- salt diffusion (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- satellite data (2)
- scaling (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- seasonality (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (2)
- seismic hazard (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismicity (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- silicon (2)
- soil organic carbon (2)
- sorption (2)
- source parameters (2)
- speleothems (2)
- spin transition (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- strain localization (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- sustainable development (2)
- synthesis (2)
- systems (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- thaw (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thermokarst lakes (2)
- thorium (2)
- time series (2)
- torsion (2)
- tourmaline (2)
- trace elements (2)
- travel time distribution (2)
- tundra (2)
- variability (2)
- vegetation (2)
- water balance (2)
- water management (2)
- water resources (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- westerlies (2)
- wetlands (2)
- wind speed (2)
- yedoma (2)
- zircon (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- %Ro (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (U-Th) (1)
- (U-Th)/He (1)
- (compliant) cracks (1)
- 0 (1)
- 10-Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- 16S rRNA genes (1)
- 2-D numerical model (1)
- 239+240 Plutonium (1)
- 2D numerical experiments (1)
- 3-D effects (1)
- 3D CAVE (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D map (1)
- 3D mesh generator (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D root (1)
- 3D thermal modelling (1)
- ABSH-system (1)
- AFT (1)
- ALMaSS (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- ALS (1)
- AMOC (1)
- AMSR-E (1)
- AMSR2 (1)
- ANN (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- AVHRR (1)
- Abrupt events (1)
- Absolute age dating (1)
- Absolute shear-wave velocity (1)
- Absorption feature parameters (1)
- Abundance from Large Sites) model (1)
- Acanthocyclops (1)
- Accelerometer records (1)
- Accretion, underplating and exhumation processes (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Accuracy Assessment (1)
- Acheulian (1)
- Acidification (1)
- Acidithiobacillus (1)
- Acidobacteriaceae (1)
- Acidothermus (1)
- Active fault (1)
- Active seismic (1)
- Active volcanism (1)
- Actual evapotranspiration (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adaptation process (1)
- Adaptation to climate change (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive value (1)
- Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data (1)
- Advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) (1)
- Advection (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Africa (1)
- African humid period (1)
- Aftershocks (1)
- Afyon Zone (1)
- Afyon volcanics (1)
- Afyon zone (1)
- AgI (1)
- Age-depth modelling (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Agglutinated foraminifera (1)
- Agricultural fields (1)
- Agricultural landscape (1)
- Agricultural management (1)
- Agricultural soils (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agro-meteorological data (1)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- Air conditioners (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Airborne lidar (1)
- Alanya (1)
- Alas (1)
- Alberta (1)
- Albite-amphibolite facies (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Alkaline igneous rocks (1)
- Alkalinity (1)
- Alkalization (1)
- Allee effect (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Alpine geology (1)
- Alpine hazards (1)
- Alps (1)
- Altai (1)
- Altai Mountains (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Alto de Las Lagunas Ignimbrite (1)
- Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
- Aluminium– silicates (1)
- Amazon (1)
- Amazon region (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Ambient noise tomography (1)
- Ambient seismic noise (1)
- Ambient seismic vibrations (1)
- Ambient vibration analysis (1)
- Ambient vibrations (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amino acid (1)
- Amoebal silicon (1)
- Amorphous silica (1)
- Amphibole geothermobarometry (1)
- Amphibolites (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amplitude and waveform analysis of PcP (1)
- Amplitude ratio (1)
- Anaerobic digestion (1)
- Analog historical seismograms (1)
- Analog material (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Analogue seismic records (1)
- Anatexis (1)
- Anatolia westward motion (1)
- Anatolide-Tauride Block (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Ancient Gneiss Complex (1)
- Ancient forest (1)
- Andean back-arc; (1)
- Andean plateau (1)
- Andean retroarc (1)
- Angastaco Formation (1)
- Angkor (1)
- Animal personalities (1)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Anisotropy of magnetic remanence (1)
- Annual 30-day minimum flow (1)
- Annual laminae (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1)
- Antarctic glaciology (1)
- Antarctic ice (1)
- Antecedent conditions (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (ACP) (1)
- Aphanizomenon (1)
- Appalachian Mountains (1)
- Applied geophysics (1)
- Aptian (1)
- Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- Aquatic macrophytes (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Aquifer systems (1)
- Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) (1)
- Ar dating (1)
- Ar-39 (1)
- Ar-40 (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 age (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 laser ablation (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (1)
- Arabia-Eurasia collision (1)
- Arabian Sea (1)
- Arabian carbonate platform (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Arauco Bay (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (1)
- Arc accretion (1)
- Arc magmatism (1)
- Archaean SCLM (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archean (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Arctic Russia (1)
- Arctic limnology (1)
- Arctic ocean (1)
- Argentine margine (1)
- Argentinean broken foreland (1)
- Argon-Argon dating (1)
- Arid Central Asia (1)
- Arid central Asia (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Aridity gradient (1)
- Arkose (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Array measurements (1)
- Artifact (1)
- Artificial catchment (1)
- Artificial mixture (1)
- Artificial neuronal network (1)
- Artificial water catchment (1)
- Ashmura (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Assapaat landslide (1)
- Asset estimation (1)
- Assimilation-fractional crystallization (1)
- Asteroid (1)
- Asthenospheric fluid (1)
- Asymmetric basin (1)
- Asymmetric rifting (1)
- Ataturk Dam Lake (1)
- Atlas Mountains (1)
- Atmospheric CO2 concentration (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- August 2002 flood (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- Authigenic mineral formation (1)
- Authigenic mineral transformation (1)
- Automatic detection (1)
- Availability (1)
- Avalanche forecasting (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Aymara (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- BNDVI (1)
- Babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. synonym: Orbignya phalerata Mart.) (1)
- Back-arc basin (1)
- Backbone model (1)
- Bagging (1)
- Baiu (1)
- Bajgan Complex (1)
- Bajgan/Durkan (1)
- Baladeh earthquake (1)
- Balanced cross section (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Band (1)
- Baraba forest-steppe (1)
- Baragoi (1)
- Barasona reservoir (1)
- Barberton Greenstone Belt (1)
- Barite concretion (1)
- Barremian-Aptian (1)
- Barrovian metamorphism (1)
- Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- Basaltic ash-fall deposits (1)
- Basanite (1)
- Baseline error (1)
- Basement-cored ranges (1)
- Basement-involved thrusts (1)
- Basilika formation (1)
- Basin analysis (1)
- Basin axial submarine channel (1)
- Basomtso (1)
- Bavaria (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical model (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Bayesian modeling (1)
- Bayesian non-parametrics (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Be-10 depth-profiles (1)
- Beacon fire (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Bedded chert (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Bentheim sandstone (1)
- Best management practice (1)
- Bet-hedging germination (1)
- Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp czerepanovii (1)
- Big Naryn complex (1)
- Billefjorden trough (1)
- Binalud Mountains (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity experiments (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity theory (1)
- Biogas fermentation residues (1)
- Biogeochemical Si cycle (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biological indicator (1)
- Biomass water (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomisation (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bioturbation (1)
- Bitlis complex (1)
- Bitterfeld (1)
- Bivalvia (1)
- Bivariate flood quantile (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blueschist metamorphism (1)
- Bocono (1)
- Bohemian Massif (1)
- Boldness (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Boosted regression trees (BRT) (1)
- Boostrap aggregation (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Boreal ecosystems (1)
- Borehole image logs (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Borrelia afzelii (1)
- Borrelia lusitaniae (1)
- Bosumtwi (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Boundary line analysis (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brahmaputra River (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Bray-Curtis (1)
- Brazilian Earth System Model (1)
- Brilliant blue (1)
- Britholite (1)
- British Columbia (1)
- Brittle deformation (1)
- Brittle fault analysis (1)
- Brittle precursors (1)
- Broad-band seismometers (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Buckingham-Darcy law (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- Bulfat (1)
- Bulk compressibility (1)
- Burned areas (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Bykovsky Peninsula (1)
- C and O K-edge spectra (1)
- C isotopes (1)
- C sequestration (1)
- C-13 and O-18 chemostratigraphy (1)
- C-13-glucose (1)
- C-14 (1)
- C-14 analyses (1)
- C-14 bomb peak (1)
- C-14-derived chronology (1)
- C-Q relationship (1)
- C3 and C4 grasses (1)
- CAOB (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMIP5 models (1)
- CMIP6 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COH fluid (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- CPC-uni (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caatinga (1)
- Calabria (1)
- Caledonian (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (1)
- Can Tho (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canadian Beaufort Sea (1)
- Canary Islands (1)
- Canopy storage capacity (1)
- Canopy structure (1)
- Cantera (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Cappadocia (1)
- Carbo-Iron (R) (1)
- Carbon 14 (1)
- Carbon and oxygen isotopes (1)
- Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13(TOC)) (1)
- Carbon isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbon sequestration (1)
- Carbon stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonate and mudrock facies (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Carbonate platform response (1)
- Carbonate platforms (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Carboniferous (1)
- Carboniferous magmatism (1)
- Carnian Pluvial Event (1)
- Carpholite (1)
- Catabolic genes (1)
- Catastrophic valley infill (1)
- Catchment (1)
- Catchment characteristics (1)
- Catchment geomorphology (1)
- Catchment order (1)
- Catchment scale (1)
- Catchment wetness (1)
- Cation-exchange capacity (1)
- Causality (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cell counts (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cenozoic basins (1)
- Cenozoic flat-slab (1)
- Central Alps (1)
- Central Anatolia (1)
- Central Anatolian Plateau (1)
- Central Anatolian plateau (1)
- Central India (1)
- Central Iranian micro-continent (CIM) (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Central Tertiary Basin (1)
- Central Yakutia (1)
- Central andes (1)
- Central-Asia (1)
- Central-western Mongolia (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Cerro Machin Volcano (1)
- Chain structure (1)
- Changbai mountains (1)
- Change detection (1)
- Change point analysis (1)
- Change points (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Changes in fluvial systems (1)
- Channel island (1)
- Chao (1)
- Chara/Characeae (1)
- Characteristic pollen source area (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chemical fractionation (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chile subduction zone (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chilean subduction zone (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chloritoid (1)
- Chota formation (1)
- Cignana (1)
- Circular statistics (1)
- City boundaries (1)
- City population (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Cladocoropsis (1)
- Classification trees (1)
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation Saxony (1)
- Climate feedback (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Climate modelling (1)
- Climate prediction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Climatic variations (1)
- Clockwise P-T path (1)
- Clogging (1)
- Closed chamber measurements (1)
- Closure temperature (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster analysis moment (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Coastal Cordillera (Chile) (1)
- Coastal hazards (1)
- Coastal sedimentation (1)
- Coastal zone (1)
- Coda waves (1)
- Code_Aster (1)
- Coesite-bearing eclogite (1)
- Cold air surges (1)
- Collision (1)
- Collision zone (1)
- Colloid transport (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Combin (1)
- Combine (1)
- Comets (1)
- Common garden experiments (1)
- Common vole (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comparative hydrology (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Competition (1)
- Complex network (1)
- Complex terrain (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Composition of the mantle (1)
- Compositional data analysis (1)
- Compound flood event (1)
- Compound-specific carbon isotope (1)
- Compound-specific isotope (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotopic (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Computational neuroscience (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationship (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationships (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concept of differentiated land use (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductive channel (1)
- Conductive thermal field (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductivity depth model (1)
- Confidence interval (1)
- Coniacian (1)
- Coniacian-Santonian boundary (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Conservation genetics (1)
- Conservation planning (1)
- Consumption (1)
- Contact model (1)
- Continental biomarkers (1)
- Continental margins: transform (1)
- Continental tectonics: compressional (1)
- Continuity (1)
- Continuous temperature logging (1)
- Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) (1)
- Controlling factors (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convective storms (1)
- Convergent margins (1)
- Cooling and unroofing history (1)
- Cooling rates (1)
- Coordination failure (1)
- Coordination number (1)
- Copernicus (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Coping appraisal (1)
- Copulas (1)
- Coral reef terraces (1)
- Corbicula (1)
- Core complex (1)
- Core-mantle boundary (1)
- Corestone (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Coseismic coastal uplift (1)
- Coseismic rupture (1)
- Coseismic slip distribution (1)
- Cosmic-ray (1)
- Cosmic-ray neutrons (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 erosion rates (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 exposure dating (1)
- Cosmogenic-nuclide geochronology (1)
- Cost-benefit (1)
- Costs (1)
- Cotentin and Western Europe (1)
- Coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- Crack opening and closure (1)
- Cratons (1)
- Creep (1)
- Creep and deformation (1)
- Cristobalite (1)
- Critical taper wedge (1)
- Critical zone (1)
- Crop rotation (1)
- Crop type mapping (1)
- Cross-dating (1)
- Cross-scale interaction (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Crosshole tomography (1)
- Crustal density (1)
- Crustal earthquakes (1)
- Crustal stretching style (1)
- CryoGRID (1)
- Cryolithology (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Cryostratigraphy (1)
- Crystal nucleation (1)
- Cs-137 (1)
- Cuesta de la chilca (1)
- Cultural ecosystem services (1)
- Culture growth dynamics (1)
- Cumbres Calchaquies (1)
- Cuora (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobium (1)
- Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) (1)
- Cyprus (1)
- D-enrichment (1)
- DBH (1)
- DCB (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DEM (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DEM generation (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- DIN EN 1998-1/NA (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DOC (1)
- DOC vs. DIC (1)
- Dairy cow (1)
- Dam engineering (1)
- Damage modeling (1)
- Damage reduction (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations (1)
- Danube (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Database model (1)
- Databases (1)
- Dead Sea (1)
- Dead Sea Basin (1)
- Dead Sea deep drilling project (1)
- Death Valley (1)
- Debris avalanche deposit (1)
- Debris flow (1)
- Debris flows (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Deep biosphere (1)
- Deep fluids (1)
- Deep ocean redox condition (1)
- Deep percolation flux (1)
- Deep-marine sedimentology (1)
- Deep-sea records (1)
- Deforestation (1)
- Deglaciation (1)
- Denali (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Densification (1)
- Density (1)
- Density dependence (1)
- Depositional origin (1)
- Depth perception (1)
- Desert wetland ecosystems (1)
- Desertification (1)
- Detrital layers (1)
- Deuterium excess (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diagenetic barium cycling (1)
- Diatexites (1)
- Diatom frustule (1)
- Diffuse pollution (1)
- Digital Elevation Models (1)
- Digital elevation model (1)
- Digital geology (1)
- Digital terrain analysis (1)
- Dinosterol (1)
- Diol (1)
- Direct economic loss (1)
- Direct push (1)
- Directivity (1)
- Disaster impact analysis (1)
- Disaster loss databases (1)
- Discontinuity surfaces (1)
- Dispersion curve (1)
- Dispersion curves (1)
- Dissolution collapse breccia (1)
- Dissolution precipitation replacement (1)
- Dissolved organic matter (DOM) (1)
- Distachyapites (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- Distribution patterns (1)
- Disturbance index (1)
- Diurnal fluctuations (1)
- Divergent mantle flow (1)
- Dolomites (1)
- Dominant link directions (1)
- Dora-Maira (1)
- Dormancy (1)
- Downholemethods (1)
- Downscaling socio-economic scenarios (1)
- Drainage capture (1)
- Drainage morphometry (1)
- Drainage network (1)
- Drainage networks (1)
- Drill-core reorientation (1)
- Drinking water quality (1)
- Driving forces (1)
- Drought (1)
- Droughts (1)
- Dry land degradation (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Drylands (1)
- Duplex (1)
- Duricrusts (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust deposition (1)
- Dynamic behavior (1)
- Dynamic bulk modulus (1)
- Dynamic input-output model (1)
- Dynamic landscapes (1)
- Dynamic vegetation models (1)
- Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (1)
- Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle (1)
- Décollement (1)
- E Anatolia (1)
- EDX (1)
- ELA (1)
- EMI sensors (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EMIC waves (1)
- EMMA (1)
- ENSO/IOD (1)
- EPS (1)
- ERA5 (1)
- ERV model (1)
- EU Floods Directive (1)
- Earliest Cambrian (1)
- Early Eocene (1)
- Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (1)
- Early Paleogene (1)
- Early Pleistocene (1)
- Early cretaceous (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Early warning system (1)
- Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective (1)
- Earth materials (1)
- Earth tides (1)
- Earthquake loss modelling (1)
- Earthquake rates (1)
- Earthquake scenario (1)
- Earthquake swarm (1)
- East African Rift (1)
- East African rift system (1)
- East Siberia (1)
- Eastern Africa (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Eastern Himalaya (1)
- Eastern Tibet (1)
- Eastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Eastern hemisphere (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Eclogites (1)
- Ecogeomorphology (1)
- Ecohydrology (1)
- Ecological competition (1)
- Ecological health (1)
- Economic network (1)
- Ecosystem dissimilarity (1)
- Ecosystem dynamics (1)
- Ecosystem functions and services (1)
- Ecosystem research (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Education (1)
- Eemian (1)
- Effective dimensionality (1)
- Effective number of species (1)
- Effectiveness (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Eifel maar (1)
- Eisenbuhl (1)
- El Hierro (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- Elastic response (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electrical resistivity imaging (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electricity generation by source (1)
- Element partitioning (1)
- Ellenberg indicator values (1)
- Elymus trachycaulus (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergence time (1)
- Emergent macrophytes (1)
- Emission scenarios (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Empirical Mode Decomposition (1)
- Empirical ground-motion models (1)
- Empirical site amplification functions (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2 (1)
- End-member modeling (1)
- Endemism (1)
- Endosulfan (1)
- Energy and society (1)
- Energy crops (1)
- Energy security (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Enrichment factor (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Ensembles (1)
- Enstatite (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Environmental change (1)
- Environmental drivers (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental isotopes (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Eocene deformation (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene transition (1)
- Ephedripites (1)
- Epiphytic foraminifera (1)
- Equant (stiff) pores (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Equilibrium phase modeling (1)
- Erbeben (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Eroded soil types (1)
- Erodium cicutarium (1)
- Erosion processes (1)
- Erosion rate reconstructions (1)
- Error (1)
- Error propagation (1)
- Eruptive recurrence (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Etna (1)
- Euglyphida (1)
- Euler-Liouville (1)
- Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) (1)
- Europa (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (1)
- European Vegetation Archive (EVA) (1)
- European air quality (1)
- European basin system (1)
- European beech forest (1)
- European strong motion data (1)
- Eutrophication (1)
- Evaporites (1)
- Evaporitic varves (1)
- Event-based modeling (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Ex ante assessment (1)
- Ex situ/in situ population genetic comparison (1)
- Excavation plan (1)
- Exchangeable Ca (1)
- Expectation maximisation (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental (1)
- Experimental petrology (1)
- Expert judgment (1)
- Expert study (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extended R-Value model (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extensional duplex (1)
- Extent (1)
- Extracellular DNA (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extreme discharge data (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme habitats (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Exudates (1)
- F-test (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FEM (1)
- FEM models (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FT-ICR-MS (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Faceted taxonomy (1)
- Facies (1)
- Facies modeling (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- Famatina belt (1)
- Famatinian (1)
- Fault core and damage zone (1)
- Fault healing (1)
- Fault linkage and interaction (1)
- Fault-rock microstructures (1)
- Faults (1)
- Fauna (1)
- Fe-C composite (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Federal Water Act (1)
- Feldspar zoning (1)
- Felsic volcanism (1)
- Fen stratigraphy (1)
- Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (1)
- Fiber analysis (1)
- Field analogue (1)
- Field aquifer (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Final run (1)
- Firmicutes (1)
- First ovulation (1)
- Fiscal costs (1)
- Fission track (zircon) (1)
- Fission-track thermochronology (1)
- Flash flood (1)
- Flash flood analysis (1)
- Flash floods (1)
- Flood damage potential (1)
- Flood duration (1)
- Flood forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency (1)
- Flood generating processes (1)
- Flood impacts (1)
- Flood loss (1)
- Flood losses (1)
- Flood magnitude (1)
- Flood regimes (1)
- Flood risk management (1)
- Flood timing (1)
- Floods Directive (1)
- Flora (1)
- Flow regime (1)
- Flow velocity (1)
- Flowback (1)
- Flower structure (1)
- Fluid (1)
- Fluid Flow (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid processes (1)
- Fluid/magma reservoir (1)
- Flume channel (1)
- Fluvial Incision (1)
- Fluvial longitudinal profile (1)
- Fluvial terrace (1)
- Focal mechanism (1)
- Fold and thrust belt (1)
- Food security (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Forearc dewatering (1)
- Forecasting (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin fragmentation (1)
- Forensic disaster analysis (1)
- Forest change (1)
- Forest disturbance (1)
- Forest ecosystem (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Forest mineral topsoil (1)
- Forest regeneration (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Formalised scenario analysis (1)
- Fortet member (1)
- Fossil DNA (1)
- Fourier transformation (1)
- Fractional cover (1)
- Fractionation (1)
- Fracture sealing (1)
- Fracture wall offset (1)
- Fractured carbonate geothermal reservoirs (1)
- France (1)
- Frequency-magnitude distribution (1)
- Freshwater ecosystem (1)
- Frost-cracking (1)
- Fukushima Prefecture (1)
- Full-waveform (1)
- Functional averaging (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Functional types (1)
- Functions (1)
- Futaba fault (1)
- Fuzzy (1)
- Fuzzy classification (1)
- GAIA (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GEO BON (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GEOTRACES compliant (1)
- GITEWS (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GNSS (1)
- GNSS forward scatterometry (1)
- GNSS reflectometry (1)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (1)
- GPM (1)
- GPR (1)
- GPS and GLONASS (1)
- GRACE (1)
- Gabbro (1)
- Gabbroic rocks (1)
- Gadot Formation (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Ganymede (1)
- Garnet schist (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gas sparging (1)
- Gastropods (1)
- Gaussian Process regression (1)
- Gehyra variegata (1)
- Gemmatimonadetes (1)
- Generalization error (1)
- Generalized Extreme Value distribution (1)
- Generalized additive models (1)
- Generalized linear models (1)
- Generalized linear models (GLMs) (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Genetic model (1)
- Geo-Visualisation (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geochemical indices (1)
- Geochemical modelling (1)
- Geochemical records (1)
- Geodynamic modelling (1)
- Geographic information systems (1)
- Geoinformation Science (1)
- Geologic mapping (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetism (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomorphic coupling (1)
- Geomorphic indices (1)
- Geomorphic systems (1)
- Geomorphological mapping (1)
- Geophysical methods (1)
- Geophysical prospecting (1)
- Geopotential theory (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geotechnical parameters (1)
- Geothermal (1)
- Geothermal applications in Oman (1)
- Germanic Basin (1)
- Gerris (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Glacial (1)
- Glacial buzzsaw (1)
- Glacial lake (1)
- Glacial lake outbursts (1)
- Glacial landscape history (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacier Mass Balances (1)
- Glacier foreland (1)
- Glacierized basins (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glaucophane (1)
- Glaucophane schist (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global climate change (1)
- Global monsoon (1)
- Global precipitation measurement (1)
- Global sensitivity analysis (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Glueckstadtgraben (1)
- Gnetaceaepollenites (1)
- Gokceada Island (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Gondwanaoberh (1)
- Gongjue basin (1)
- Gorkha earthquake (1)
- Grain for Green Project (1)
- Grain-size (1)
- Grain-size end-member modelling (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granitoid magmas (1)
- Granular materials (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Graphitization (1)
- GrassPlot (1)
- Gravel-bed (1)
- Gravitational potential energy (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Gravity inversion (1)
- Gravity modelling (1)
- Great Himalayan earthquakes (1)
- Greek Islands (1)
- Green investment (1)
- Green surge (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Greenhouse gas source (1)
- Greenland ice cores (1)
- Gridded rainfall (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (1)
- Ground motion (1)
- Ground motion and GPS (1)
- Ground motion prediction equation (1)
- Ground squirrel nest (1)
- Ground vegetation (1)
- Ground-based estimates (1)
- Ground-motion model (1)
- Ground-motion models (1)
- Ground-motion-model (1)
- Groundwater quality (1)
- Groundwater recharge (1)
- Groundwater remediation (1)
- Groundwater-stream water interactions (1)
- Growth zoning (1)
- Groß beta Schönebeck (1)
- Grt-Pyx exsolution (1)
- Guajira Peninsula (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- Gutenberg-Richter relationship (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum quantification (1)
- H/V method (1)
- H/V ratio (1)
- H/V ratio technique (1)
- H/V spectral ratio (1)
- HBV-light model (1)
- HP and UHP metamorphism (1)
- HP metamorphism (1)
- HP-LT metamorphic rocks (1)
- HP-LT rocks (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- HP-granulite (1)
- HP-metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HT/LP metamorphism (1)
- HTC biochar (1)
- HYPE model (1)
- Habitat fragmentation (1)
- Habitat management (1)
- Habitat suitability (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Haida Gwaii (1)
- Hail (1)
- Haimantas (1)
- Halobacteria (1)
- Harran Plain (1)
- He (1)
- He thermochronology (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Heat flux (1)
- Heating and cooling electricity consumption (1)
- Heating energy demand (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Heinrich event (1)
- Heinrich events (1)
- Hemispherical photography (1)
- Hepatic enzyme (1)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (1)
- Heteroscedastic (1)
- Hf isotopes (1)
- Hiatus (1)
- Hidden Markov model (1)
- Hierarchical clustering (1)
- Hierarchical model (1)
- Hierarchical partitioning (1)
- High Arctic Large Igneous Province (1)
- High Asia (1)
- High frequency back-projection (1)
- High mountain ecology (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High pressure and high temperature; (1)
- High rate GPS (1)
- High-Grade Metamorphism (1)
- High-pressure (1)
- High-rate GPS (1)
- High-rateGPS (1)
- High-temperature experiments (1)
- High-temperature shear zones (1)
- Higher-order effects (1)
- Hillslope pedosequence (1)
- Hillslope thermokarst (1)
- Himalayan hydroclimate (1)
- Himalayan rivers (1)
- Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) (1)
- Hindu Kush-Karakoram (1)
- Historic natural hazards (1)
- Historical events (1)
- Historical seismogram reproductions (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie (1)
- Holocene Climate (1)
- Holocene Thermal Maximum (1)
- Holocene thermal maximum (1)
- Hominin evolution (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- Huisman-Olff-Fresco models (1)
- Hula Basin (1)
- Humahuaca Basin (1)
- Humic layer (1)
- Humidity (1)
- Humification (1)
- Humus forms (1)
- Hunter-gatherers (1)
- Hutchinson niche (1)
- Hydraulic aperture (1)
- Hydraulic connectivity (1)
- Hydraulic fracture (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing (1)
- Hydraulic loading rate (1)
- Hydraulics (1)
- Hydro-mechanical coupling (1)
- Hydro-meteorological indices (1)
- HydroGeoSphere (1)
- Hydroclimate (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (1)
- Hydrogeomorphic type (1)
- Hydrological balance (1)
- Hydrological flowpaths (1)
- Hydrological model (1)
- Hydrological modelling (1)
- Hydrological monitoring (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hydrometric networks (1)
- Hydromorphologic alteration (1)
- Hydropedology (1)
- Hydrophobic treatment (1)
- Hydrostratigraphic model (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Hydrus-1D (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- Hyetograph classification (1)
- Hypersaline lake (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- Hypolimnetic oxygen (1)
- Hyporheic zone (1)
- Hypsometry analysis (1)
- Hysteresis index (1)
- IAPETUS suture (1)
- IBM (1)
- ICDP (1)
- ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (1)
- ICESat-2 (1)
- IGP (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- IODP (1)
- IPCC (1)
- IPCC AR5 scenarios (1)
- IRD (1)
- ISSR (1)
- Iberian Basin (1)
- Iberian Peninsula (1)
- Ice sheet dynamics (1)
- Ice wedges (1)
- Ice-wedge polygon (1)
- Identifiability (1)
- Idiosomic Si pool (1)
- Illitization (1)
- Image classification (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Immigration by air (1)
- Impact assessment (1)
- Impacts (1)
- In situ C-14 (1)
- In situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- In situ stress field (1)
- In-situ Laser Ablation Split Stream ICPMS (1)
- In-situ cosmogenic Be-10 (1)
- In-situ degradation rates (1)
- In-situ remediation (1)
- In-stream geomorphological structures (1)
- In-stream processes (1)
- Incentives (1)
- Incomplete inventories (1)
- Index of connectivity (1)
- Index of dispersion (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Ocean (1)
- Indian ocean dipole (1)
- Indicator species (1)
- Indischer Ozean (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Indonesian throughflow (1)
- Inference model (1)
- Infiltrability (1)
- Inflow and outflow (1)
- Informative prior (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Infrared observations (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial ecosystem (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1)
- Integration (1)
- Inter-Andean valley (1)
- Inter-annual glacier elevation change (1)
- Inter-phase mass transfer (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Interior Alaska (1)
- Intermediate-deep earthquakes (1)
- International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (1)
- International policy (1)
- International unions (1)
- Intertidal organisms (1)
- Intra-oceanic subduction (1)
- Intracellular DNA (1)
- Intraplate earthquakes (1)
- Intraplate processes (1)
- Intraplate seismicity (1)
- Inverse Theory (1)
- Inverse filtering (1)
- Inverse methods (1)
- Inversion for moment tensors (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Inylchek Glacier (1)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (1)
- Ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- Iraq (1)
- Irrawaddy River (1)
- Irrigation (1)
- Irrigation experiment (1)
- Isabena river (1)
- Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin (1)
- Island (1)
- Island arc (1)
- Isochrones (1)
- Isomap (1)
- Isometric feature mapping (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotope proxy (1)
- Isotope-hydrological integrated modeling (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Israel (1)
- Issyk Kul (1)
- Issyk-Kul (1)
- Ivrea Zone (1)
- JULIA (1)
- Jaccard (1)
- Jafnayn formation (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- James Ross archipelago (1)
- Japan (1)
- Japan subduction zone (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- Joint inversion (1)
- June 2013 flood (1)
- Jurassic arc (1)
- Jwalamukhi Thrust (1)
- K-Ar system (1)
- K-means technique (1)
- Kaghan (1)
- Kaghan Valley (1)
- Kalahari (1)
- Kalakuli Lake (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kameng River section (1)
- Kanas Lake (1)
- Kappa (1)
- Karaburun (1)
- Kardia mine (1)
- Karelian Isthmus (1)
- Kashmir earthquake (1)
- Kaya Identity (1)
- Kazakhstan (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kernel occurrence rate (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (1)
- Khatanga (1)
- Khatanga river (1)
- Kinematics of crustal (1)
- Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knickzones (1)
- Kobresia meadow (1)
- Kokchetavite (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Ksat (1)
- Kuilyu Complex (1)
- Kuilyu complex (1)
- Kumdykolite (1)
- Kurils (1)
- Kurpsai dam (1)
- Kwajalein (1)
- L-Asterisk (1)
- L-moments estimation (1)
- LAI (1)
- LANDSAT (1)
- LIA (1)
- LLSVPs (1)
- LM (1)
- LP (1)
- LPJ-GUESS (1)
- La Pampa (1)
- Lacustrine carbonate (1)
- Lacustrine carbonates (1)
- Lacustrine record (1)
- Lacustrine sediments (1)
- Lacustrine surface samples (1)
- Lake Bayan Nuur (1)
- Lake Chiuta (1)
- Lake Issyk‐ Kul (1)
- Lake Kinneret (1)
- Lake Lisan (1)
- Lake Magadi (1)
- Lake Malawi basin (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Medvedevskoe (1)
- Lake Stechlin (1)
- Lake Turkana (1)
- Lake deposits (1)
- Lake level (1)
- Lake model (1)
- Lake-area (1)
- Lake-ice cover (1)
- Lake-surfaces variability (1)
- Lamina thickness (1)
- Laminated lake sediments (1)
- Land and water (1)
- Land cover change (1)
- Land cover maps (1)
- Land reform (1)
- Land use conception (1)
- Land-use planning (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landform assemblages (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landsat time-series (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landscape aesthetics (1)
- Landscape change (1)
- Landscape dynamics (1)
- Landscape planning (1)
- Landscape preferences (1)
- Landscape structure (1)
- Landscape values (1)
- Landscape visualisation (1)
- Landscapes (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslide dam (1)
- Landslide inventory (1)
- Landslide susceptibility (1)
- Large basins (1)
- Larger benthic foraminifera (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Laser ICP-MS (1)
- Laser fluorination (1)
- Last Interglacial (1)
- Last cold stage (1)
- Last interglacial-glacial transition (1)
- Late Cenozoic (1)
- Late Devonian (1)
- Late Triassic (1)
- Late cretaceous (1)
- Late pleistocene (1)
- Late-Holocene (1)
- Latemar (1)
- Laufzeitresiduen (1)
- Laurentide Ice Sheet (1)
- Lawsonite (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf wax (1)
- Lech catchment (1)
- Leeuwin Current (1)
- Legitimacy (1)
- Lehmann discontinuity (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Leones Glacier (1)
- Lesser Himalayan Duplex (1)
- Leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses (1)
- Levant climate (1)
- Levee (1)
- Level of confidence (1)
- Leveling data (1)
- Li-F granite (1)
- Lichenometry (1)
- Life history (1)
- Liguride Complex (1)
- Limestone assimilation in basanite (1)
- Linking (1)
- Lipid (1)
- Lipid biomarker (1)
- Lipid biomarkers (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquid water distribution (1)
- Lithosphere (1)
- Lithosphereasthenosphere boundary (1)
- Little Ice Age (1)
- Liver function (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Local knowledge (1)
- Local magnitude scale (1)
- Local structure Yttrium, Strontium, Lanthanum (1)
- Local-to-regional scale (1)
- Logic tree (1)
- Logic trees (1)
- Logistic regression (1)
- Lonar Crater Lake (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Long-range transport (1)
- Loop-loop systems (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Loss modeling (1)
- Loss modelling (1)
- Lotus corniculatus (1)
- Low flow indicator (1)
- Low impact development (1)
- Low-centred polygon (1)
- Lower Cretaceous (1)
- Lower Palaeolithic (1)
- Lower Paleolithic (1)
- Lower crustal flow (1)
- Lowland catchment (1)
- Lu-Hf in garnet (1)
- Lu-Hf system (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Luminescence dating (1)
- Lupinus albus (1)
- Lut Blocks (1)
- Luxury tourism (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- Lysimeter control systems (1)
- M(w)8.8 Maule earthquake (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MARS (1)
- MAT(mr) paleothermometer (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- MCA (1)
- MCDM (1)
- MHT (1)
- MIT (1)
- MNDWI (1)
- MO (1)
- MODFLOW (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MODIS ET (1)
- MRD (1)
- MWAC (1)
- Macerals (1)
- Macrolepidoptera (1)
- Macrophytes (1)
- Madeira island (1)
- Mafic Rocks (1)
- Magma migration and fragmentation (1)
- Magma mixing (1)
- Magnetic field variations through time (1)
- Magnetic hydrochar (1)
- Magnetic properties (1)
- Magnetic susceptibility (1)
- Magnetic+Susceptibility (1)
- Magnitude and frequency (1)
- Magnitude scalin (1)
- Mahneshan Metamorphic Complex (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Major and trace elements (1)
- Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Manifold (1)
- Mann-Kendall test (1)
- Mantle processes (1)
- Mantle rheology (1)
- Mantle source (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 13 (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 3 (1)
- Marine terrace (1)
- Markov Blanket (1)
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion (1)
- Marmara Sea (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Mass balance approach (1)
- Mass extinction (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Mathematical formulation (1)
- Mato Grosso (1)
- Maturity (1)
- Maule megathrust (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum magnitude of earthquake (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Mechanical aperture (1)
- Mechanical properties (1)
- Medieval Climate Anomaly (1)
- Mediterranean Basin (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Mediterranean fluvial systems (1)
- Mediterranean rivers (1)
- Mediterranean shallow lake (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mediterranean-mountainous (1)
- Mekong delta (1)
- Melainabacteria (1)
- Melt (1)
- Merensky Reef (1)
- Merida Andes (1)
- Mermia ichnofacies (1)
- Mesh convergence (1)
- Mesorbitolina (1)
- Mesoscale (1)
- Mesoscale systems (1)
- Messinian Erosional Surface (1)
- Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
- Meta-plagiogranite (1)
- Meta-trachyandesite (1)
- Metabarcoding (1)
- Metamorphic evolution (1)
- Metamorphic sole (1)
- Metapelites (1)
- Metapelitic rock (1)
- Metasedimentary succession (1)
- Metasediments (1)
- Metastability (1)
- Meteorites (1)
- Metering (1)
- Methane leakage (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Methylheptadecanes (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mg/Ca (1)
- Micro-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Micro-aggregates (1)
- Micro-fades (1)
- Micro-structure (1)
- Microalgae assemblages (1)
- Microbial community analysis (1)
- Microbial mounds (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Microcontinent (1)
- Microcrack (1)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (1)
- Microfacies (1)
- Microhabitats (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microseismic monitoring (1)
- Microseismicity (1)
- Microtremors (1)
- Mid-late Holocene (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Middle Eocene deformation (1)
- Middle Holocene (1)
- Middle Palaeolithic (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Middle Tianshan (1)
- Middle-Upper Permian (1)
- Migration (1)
- Milankovitch (1)
- Military conversion (1)
- Millennial-scale variability (1)
- Mineral composition (1)
- Mineral soil (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mineralogy (1)
- Minimum mortality temperature (1)
- Miocene deformation (1)
- Miocene volcanism (1)
- Misho complex (1)
- Mitigation (1)
- Mitigation measures (1)
- Mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland (1)
- Mixed-effects regression (1)
- Mixing model (1)
- Mixing models (1)
- Mixture model (1)
- Miyakejima intrusion (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model availability (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model complexity (1)
- Model coupling (1)
- Model development (1)
- Model landscape (1)
- Model selection (1)
- Modeling framework (1)
- Modeling tools for decision-making (1)
- Modern analogues (1)
- Modern pollen/vegetation relationships (1)
- Moisture availability (1)
- Moisture evolution (1)
- Moisture reconstructions (1)
- Moisture-advection feedback (1)
- Molasse Basin (1)
- Molecular design (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Momententensor (1)
- Monitoring programmes (1)
- Moodies Group (1)
- Moon (1)
- Moraine landscape (1)
- Morisita (1)
- Morisita-Horn (1)
- Morphotectonics (1)
- Mosha Fault (1)
- Moss samples (1)
- Mossbauer spectroscopy (1)
- Moulouya river basin (1)
- Mountain building (1)
- Mountain hydrology (1)
- Mountain lake (1)
- Mountain meteorology (1)
- Mozambique Ocean (1)
- Mt. Quincan (1)
- Mudrock analyses (1)
- Multi-angular model-based decomposition (1)
- Multi-attribute decision-making (1)
- Multi-proxy record (1)
- Multi-site study (1)
- Multi-temporal (1)
- Multi-variables (1)
- Multicomponent ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data (1)
- Multidimensionality (1)
- Multilevel model (1)
- Multiple regression (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- Multivariate adaptive regression splines (1)
- Multivariate regression trees (1)
- Multivariate statistical analysis (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- N (1)
- N isotopes (1)
- N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NAC transcription factor ATAF1 (1)
- NAO (1)
- NDVI temporal profiles (1)
- NE Spain (1)
- NESS (1)
- NFSA (1)
- NMDS (1)
- NOR (1)
- NSGA-II (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- NW Morocco (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- NW-Argentine Andes (1)
- Na-pyrophosphate soluble organic matter (1)
- Najd aquifer (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namche Barwa syntaxis (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Namibian passive margin (1)
- Nanogranites (1)
- Nanogranitoids (1)
- Nanolayers (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanorocks (1)
- Narrow (1)
- Natura 2000 monitoring (1)
- Natural dam (1)
- Natural hazard (1)
- Nature protection (1)
- Nd isotopic composition (1)
- Near surface geophysics (1)
- Near+Surface (1)
- Near-source saturation (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Nearshore zone (1)
- Neoacadian orogenic cycles (1)
- Neodymium isotopes (1)
- Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift (1)
- Neotectonics (1)
- Neotethys Ocean (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Nested scenarios (1)
- Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) (1)
- Net precipitation (1)
- Networks (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural networks, fuzzy logic (1)
- Neutron radiography (1)
- Nevado Coropuna (1)
- Nianbaoyeze Mountains (1)
- Niche stability (1)
- Niger River Basin (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrate retention (1)
- Nitrate-N (1)
- NlpR (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-ergodic PSHA (1)
- Non-marine (1)
- Non-monetary valuation (1)
- Non-parametric regression (1)
- Non-scalar input factors (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nonlinear site response (1)
- Nonparametric statistics (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- Norfolk Island (1)
- Normal (1)
- Normal fault evolution (1)
- North (1)
- North Africa (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (1)
- North Atlantic Oscillation (1)
- North Atlantic forcing (1)
- North Calabrian Unit (1)
- North Pacific (1)
- North Pacific Ocean (1)
- North Tehran Fault (1)
- North-Western Pacific (1)
- North-eastern Germany (1)
- North-eastern Morocco (1)
- North-eastern Spain (1)
- Northeast China (1)
- Northeast Iran (1)
- Northeast Spain (1)
- Northeast of Brazil (1)
- Northeastern China (1)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (1)
- Northern Europe (1)
- Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (1)
- Northern Makran (1)
- Northern Patagonian Icefield (1)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Northern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Northern Zagros Suture Zone (NZSZ) (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Northwestern Turkey (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norway rat (1)
- Nothofagus (1)
- Nuclear explosions (1)
- Numerical model (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Numerical study (1)
- Nutrient export (1)
- O horizon (1)
- O ligands (1)
- O-2 (1)
- OAE-2 (1)
- OBIA (1)
- ODD model description (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- OLCI (1)
- OLI (1)
- OSL (1)
- OSL and C-14 geochronology (1)
- OSL dating (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Ocean color remote sensing (1)
- Ocean sciences (1)
- Ocean tidal model (1)
- Oceanic anoxic event 1a (1)
- Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- Ohalo Site (1)
- Ohre Rift (1)
- Oil sands (1)
- Old Red Sandstone (1)
- Olduvai Subchron (1)
- Omphacite (1)
- Ooid shoals (1)
- Opal-A (1)
- Opal-CT (1)
- Open tropical rain forest (1)
- OpenFOAM (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- OpenGeosys (1)
- OpenLayers 3 (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Operational and environmental effects (1)
- Operational use (1)
- Ophiolite (1)
- Ophiolite obduction (1)
- Optical absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Optical methods (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- Optimal city size distribution (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Orbital forcing (1)
- Orbitoides (1)
- Ordination (1)
- Ordovician (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organic chemistry (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Organic matter stabilization (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Orogen-parallel lateral extrusion (1)
- Orogenic Plateaus (1)
- Orogenic wedge (1)
- Orogenic wedges (1)
- Orographic barrier (1)
- Orographicprecipitation (1)
- Orthotropy (1)
- Out-of-sequence thrust (1)
- Output uncertainty (1)
- Overland Bow (1)
- Overland flow generation (1)
- Oxygen and carbon isotopes (1)
- Oxygen isotope compositions (1)
- Oxygen mapping (1)
- Oyster (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P-T-d-tpaths (1)
- P-n tomography (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PAN (1)
- PCA (1)
- PDO (1)
- PETM (1)
- PGE (1)
- PGM (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- POL (1)
- PSD (1)
- PT estimates (1)
- PT path (1)
- PT pseudosection (1)
- PTMEs (1)
- Pace-of-life (1)
- Pacific-Asia convergence (1)
- Palaeo-Tethys (1)
- Palaeo-lake sediments (1)
- Palaeo-landslides (1)
- Palaeo-seismicity (1)
- Palaeo-shorelines (1)
- Palaeo-vegetation (1)
- Palaeoceanography (1)
- Palaeoclimate proxy (1)
- Palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- Palaeoclimatology (1)
- Palaeodrainage (1)
- Palaeoenvironments (1)
- Palaeofloods (1)
- Palaeogene (1)
- Palaeogeography (1)
- Palaeomagnetism (1)
- Palaeotemperature (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Palaeovegetation (1)
- Paleo (1)
- Paleo-ecology (1)
- Paleo-productivity (1)
- Paleo-tethys (1)
- Paleoarchean (1)
- Paleobiogeography (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleocurrent (1)
- Paleoecology (1)
- Paleoenvironmental (1)
- Paleoenvironmental change (1)
- Paleolake Lorenyang (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleosol (1)
- Paleotethys (1)
- Palygorskite (1)
- Palynostratigraphy (1)
- Pamir Mountains (1)
- Pamir mountains (1)
- Pan-African (1)
- Pan-African magmatism (1)
- Panama Canal watershed (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Panjal Traps (1)
- Parana-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Pargasite (1)
- Paris Agreement (1)
- Parlung River (1)
- Partial melt (1)
- Participation (1)
- Particle flow code (1)
- Particle mobility (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Particle-size fractions (1)
- Passive Microwave (1)
- Passive seismic (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Patagonian Ice Sheet (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Pb ages (1)
- Peak flow trends (1)
- Peak-over-threshold (1)
- Peat properties (1)
- Pebas/Acre system (1)
- Peclet number (1)
- Pedestal moraine (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Pedogenic carbonate nodules (1)
- Pedotransfer function (1)
- Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (1)
- Per capita growth rate (1)
- Perchlorate (1)
- Perennial frozen ground (1)
- Performance (1)
- Peri-urban agriculture (1)
- Peridotites (1)
- Peridotitic melts (1)
- Permafrost coasts (1)
- Permafrost degradation (1)
- Permafrost ecosystem (1)
- Permafrost peatlands (1)
- Permanent uplift (1)
- Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perumytilus mussels (1)
- Peruvian fore arc (1)
- Pesticide transport (1)
- Petrogenesis (1)
- Petrography (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phase angle (1)
- Phenological correction (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphogenesis (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical environment (1)
- Physical rock properties (1)
- Phytolith dissolution (1)
- Phytolith morphotypes (1)
- Phytoliths (1)
- Piedmont Zone (1)
- Pierson-Moskowitz spectra (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot-scale constructed wetland (1)
- Pine (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Pitzer (1)
- Plan oblique relief (1)
- Planetary cartography (1)
- Planktothrix (1)
- Plant macro-remains (1)
- Plant n-alkanes (1)
- Plant phenology (1)
- Plasma convection (1)
- Plateau margins (1)
- Pleistocene and Holocene climate (1)
- Pleistocene/Holocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene transition (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Poaceae (1)
- Pohang (Korea) (1)
- Point cloud (1)
- Polarisation analysis (1)
- Policy (1)
- Pollen size (1)
- Pollen source area (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Pollen-climate calibration (1)
- Pollen-climate relationship (1)
- Pollen-climate transfer function (1)
- Pollinator conservation (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Pore analysis (1)
- Pore network modeling (1)
- Porous sandstone (1)
- Portugal (1)
- Poshtuk (1)
- Poshtuk metapelites (1)
- Post-glacial landscape (1)
- Posterior estimation (1)
- Potamogeton/Stuckenia (1)
- Potassic white mica (1)
- Potassium (1)
- Precambrain (1)
- Precaution (1)
- Precession (1)
- Precipitation events (1)
- Precipitation pattern (1)
- Precipitation reconstruction (1)
- Precipitation variability (1)
- Precise point positioning (1)
- Predation (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preparedness (1)
- Primitive island-arc (1)
- Probabilistic exposure modelling (1)
- Probabilistic forecasting (1)
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and Bayesian inference (1)
- Process domains (1)
- Process models (1)
- Procrustes analysis (1)
- Project monitoring (1)
- Proportional population growth rate (1)
- Proto-North Atlantic (1)
- Protolith (1)
- Provenance analysis (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Pseudo-binary phase diagrams (1)
- Pseudoleucite (1)
- Pseudotachylyte (1)
- Pu239+240 (1)
- Public good game (1)
- Public policy (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Pull-Apart Basin (1)
- Pull-apart basin (1)
- Puna (1)
- Punishment (1)
- Push factor (1)
- Q(10) (1)
- QBO (1)
- Qilian mountains (1)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) (1)
- Quantification of runoff components (1)
- Quantile Regression Forest model (1)
- Quantile regression (1)
- Quantile regression forests (1)
- Quantitative reconstruction (1)
- Quantitative regional plant abundance (1)
- Quarter-wavelength principle (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quaternary climate (1)
- Quaternary climate change (1)
- Quaternary geochronology (1)
- Quaternary maar volcanism (1)
- Quaternary terraces (1)
- Quercus brantii (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- RCP scenarios (1)
- RCP4,5 and 8,5 (1)
- RCP4.5 (1)
- RCP8.5 (1)
- RETC (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation (1)
- REVEALS model (1)
- RHA1 (1)
- RSCM thermometry (1)
- Rac-metalaxyl (1)
- Radar rainfall data (1)
- Radioactivity (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiocarbon age dating (1)
- Radiocarbon and OSL dating (1)
- Radioisotope disequilibria dating (1)
- Radiolaria (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rain gauges (1)
- Rainfall (1)
- Rainfall event (1)
- Rainfall floods (1)
- Rainfall interception (1)
- Rainfall network (1)
- Rainfall simulation (1)
- Rainfall-triggered landslide (1)
- Rainforest (1)
- Raman (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Rangeland (1)
- Rangeland management (1)
- Rangifer tarandus (1)
- Rapid exhumation/cooling (1)
- RapidEye (1)
- Rare common comparison (1)
- Rare earth element (REE) distribution (1)
- Rasa (1)
- Rate of compositional change (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Raw observation (1)
- Rayleigh test (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochron (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reactive transport (1)
- Real Estate Portal (1)
- Real time (1)
- Receiver functions (1)
- Recent forest (1)
- Recharge (1)
- Recharge controls (1)
- Reclamation (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Recurrence analysis (1)
- Red River (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD plus ) (1)
- Reduction targets (1)
- Redundancy analysis (1)
- Reefs (1)
- Reference site (1)
- Reference station (1)
- Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Regime shifts (1)
- Regional climate models (1)
- Regional cooperation (1)
- Regional ecosystem service management (1)
- Regional forcings (1)
- Regional objectives (1)
- Regional scale (1)
- Regional-dependence (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Relative dating (1)
- Renovation (1)
- Rental Prize (1)
- Reproductive performance (1)
- Reptile (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Reservoir network (1)
- Reservoir temperature (1)
- Reservoirs (1)
- Residential building stock (1)
- Residual analysis (1)
- Residual maximum likelihood (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiration rate (1)
- Response function (1)
- Retention (1)
- Review (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Rheology: crust and (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Rifted continental margin (1)
- Ring complex (1)
- Riparian vegetation (1)
- Riparian zone (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk dominance (1)
- Risk perception (1)
- Risk zoning (1)
- Riskspreading (1)
- River Esera (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- River Isabena (1)
- River basin (1)
- River bed sediment (1)
- River discharge (1)
- River flow (1)
- River incision (1)
- River-groundwater exchange (1)
- River-groundwater-interaction (1)
- Riverine floods (1)
- Roach (1)
- Rock glacier (1)
- Rock-Eval pyrolysis (1)
- Rocky deserts (1)
- Rodinia (1)
- Role-play (1)
- Romania (1)
- Root morphology (1)
- Root respiration (1)
- Root water uptake (1)
- Rooting depth (1)
- Roots (1)
- Rossby waves (1)
- Rotifers (1)
- Roughness (1)
- Rover station (1)
- Runoff modeling (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- Russian Arctic region (1)
- Rutile mineral chemistry (1)
- Ryukyu Group (1)
- Ryukyu Islands (1)
- S-receiver functions (1)
- S-type granite (1)
- S-wave velocity (1)
- S-waves (1)
- SAFIRA II (1)
- SAR (1)
- SEBAL (1)
- SEM (1)
- SH waves (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SN(A)15 (1)
- SPEI (1)
- SPI (1)
- SPM (1)
- SRTM improvements (1)
- SSMI/S (1)
- SW Africa (1)
- Sabzevar (1)
- Salento (1)
- Salinic (1)
- Salt Range (1)
- Salt diapir (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Samara (1)
- Sambagawa (1)
- Sampling strategy (1)
- Sanabria Lake (1)
- Sand dune steppe and grassland vegetation (1)
- Sandstone detrital modes (1)
- Santa Cruz Island (1)
- Santa-Barbara system (1)
- Sarmentofascis (1)
- Satellite magnetics (1)
- Saturated zone (1)
- Sava River (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Scenario study (1)
- Scenarios (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Schleswig-Holstein (1)
- Scotland (1)
- Sea level (1)
- Sea of Galilee (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- Sea-level change (1)
- Sea-level changes (1)
- Seagrasses (1)
- Seasonal forecasting (1)
- Secondary forest (1)
- Sectoral emissions (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment Flux (1)
- Sediment cascade (1)
- Sediment cascades (1)
- Sediment characterization (1)
- Sediment distribution (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Sediment monitoring (1)
- Sediment production (1)
- Sediment recycling (1)
- Sediment redistribution (1)
- Sediment retention (1)
- Sediment reuse (1)
- Sediment storage (1)
- Sediment supply (1)
- Sediment tails (1)
- Sediment transfer (1)
- Sediment transport (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Sedimentary facies (1)
- Sedimentary rocks (1)
- Sedimentation rate (1)
- Seed competition (1)
- Seismic anisotropy (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic gap (1)
- Seismic hazard (1)
- Seismic hazard assessment (1)
- Seismic investigations (1)
- Seismic load parameters (1)
- Seismic nest (1)
- Seismic refraction (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismic slip distribution (1)
- Seismic source parameters (1)
- Seismicity and tectonic (1)
- Seismo-tectonics (1)
- Seismo-volcanic activity (1)
- Seismogenic sources (1)
- Self-organizing map (1)
- Self-propping fracture (1)
- Semi-arid savanna (1)
- Semiarid catchment (1)
- Sensitive areas (1)
- Sentinel 2 (1)
- Sentinel 3 (1)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (1)
- Sequence stratigraphy (1)
- Sequences (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Sericytochromatia (1)
- Shale gas (1)
- Shallow borehole sensors (1)
- Shallow lakes (1)
- Shallow marine deposits (1)
- Shallow subsurface (1)
- Shan (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape detection (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shear wave splitting (1)
- Shear wave velocity (1)
- Shear zones (1)
- Shell Bar (1)
- Shire River basin (1)
- Shore vegetationa (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Shrubland regeneration (1)
- Si cycling (1)
- Si extraction (1)
- SiO(2)Molecular dynamics (1)
- SiO2-H2O (1)
- Siberian arctic (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Sierra de Aconquija (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas Orientales (1)
- Sigmoid model (1)
- Signal enhancement (1)
- Signal propagation (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate melts (1)
- Silicate weathering (1)
- Silicate- carbonate melts/glasses (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Simulated Mars-like conditions (1)
- Simulation model (1)
- Single station sigma (1)
- Single-station sigma (1)
- Singular value decomposition (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Site amplification (1)
- Site characterisation (1)
- Site classification (1)
- Site proxy (1)
- Site response (1)
- Site-adequate land use (1)
- Site-condition proxies (1)
- Site-specific agricultural land-use (1)
- Siurana Reservoir (1)
- Siwalik (1)
- Siwalik Group (1)
- Siwaliks (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slip deficit (1)
- Slip distribution (1)
- Slip rate (1)
- Slip-rate (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Slope temperature (1)
- Slope-area plot (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Smallholder (1)
- Snow avalanche recognition (1)
- Snow-Water Equivalent (1)
- Snow-cover (1)
- Snowella (1)
- Snowmelt floods (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Socio-economics (1)
- Socio-economy (1)
- Sociocultural valuation (1)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- Soil C leaching (1)
- Soil C- and N stocks (1)
- Soil carbon (1)
- Soil catena (1)
- Soil contamination (1)
- Soil development (1)
- Soil microorganisms (1)
- Soil moisture measurement comparison (1)
- Soil moisture patterns (1)
- Soil moisture regimes (1)
- Soil moisture time series (1)
- Soil monitoring (1)
- Soil organic carbon stocks (1)
- Soil organic carbon storage (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil process modelling (1)
- Soil reaction (1)
- Soil redoximorphic feature (1)
- Soil respiration (1)
- Soil stratification (1)
- Soil texture (1)
- Soil thin-section (1)
- Soil tillage (1)
- Soil water balance (1)
- Soil water balance simulation (1)
- Soil water variability (1)
- Soil-environmental relationships (1)
- Soil-water salinity (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solid Earth sciences (1)
- Solute evolution (1)
- Sommer et al. 2006 (1)
- Source (1)
- Source mechanism (1)
- South Africa (1)
- South Asia (1)
- South Atlantic (1)
- South Central Andes (1)
- South China Sea (1)
- South Korea (1)
- South Pacific Gyre (1)
- South-America (1)
- Southern Apennines (1)
- Southern Caspian Basin (1)
- Southern Central Volcanic Zone (1)
- Southern Ethiopian Rift (1)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern Norway (1)
- Southern Oscillation (1)
- Southern Pamir (1)
- Soybean (1)
- Spatial Modeling (1)
- Spatial analysis (1)
- Spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT) (1)
- Spatial and temporal denudation rate (1)
- Spatial autocorrelation (1)
- Spatial coherence (1)
- Spatial distribution (1)
- Spatial patterns (1)
- Spatial policy (1)
- Spatial structure (1)
- Spatially cross-correlated ground motion (1)
- Spatially explicit modelling (1)
- Spatially explicit models (1)
- Spatially explicit prediction (1)
- Spatio-temporal variability (1)
- Species conservation (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species range shift (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral accelerations (1)
- Spectral analysis (1)
- Spectral clustering analysis (1)
- Spectral decomposition (1)
- Spectral intensity (1)
- Spectral unmixing (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectrophotometry (1)
- Speleoseismology (1)
- Speleothems (1)
- Spin transition (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Sponge spicule (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Sporopollenin (1)
- Spreewald wetland (1)
- Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
- Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes (1)
- Sr-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stability properties (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable isotope fractionation analysis (1)
- Stable oxygen isotopes (1)
- Stable water isotopes (1)
- Stag hunt (1)
- Stage-discharge (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stakeholder participation (1)
- Stalagmite (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standardized precipitation index (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- State space reconstruction (1)
- Static bulk modulus (1)
- Statistical Methods (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- Statistical downscaling (1)
- Statistical modeling (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Steppe (1)
- Steppe-desert (1)
- Stimulation fluids (1)
- Stochastic gradient boosting (1)
- Stochastic model (1)
- Stockholm-convention (1)
- StorAge Selection function (1)
- Storm (1)
- Storm water management model (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strain localization Carrara marble (1)
- Stratal cyclicity (1)
- Strategic uncertainty (1)
- Stratigraphy (1)
- Stream length gradient (1)
- Stream network (1)
- Streamfiow (1)
- Streamflow (1)
- Stress field (1)
- Stress measurement (1)
- Stress parameter (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Strong motion (1)
- Strong-motion data (1)
- Strong-motion records (1)
- Strontium-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structural inheritance (1)
- Structural models (1)
- Structure effect (1)
- Structure-from-motion (1)
- Style of faulting (1)
- Subaerial exposure (1)
- Subantarctic Front (1)
- Subduction Zone (1)
- Subduction earthquakes (1)
- Subduction fluids (1)
- Subduction input (1)
- Subduction interface (1)
- Subduction zone structure (1)
- Subfreezing temperatures (1)
- Subjective well-being (1)
- Submarine channel (1)
- Submarine sediments (1)
- Submerged macrophytes (1)
- Submerged vegetation composition (1)
- Substrate (1)
- Subterranean environment (1)
- Subtropical cyclones (1)
- Sulfate (1)
- Sumatran fault (1)
- Sumba Island (1)
- Summer and winter temperature (1)
- Supercontinent breakup (1)
- Supercontinent cycle (1)
- Support vector machine regression (1)
- Supra-subduction zone (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface Exposure Age (1)
- Surface composition (1)
- Surface floods (1)
- Surface roughness parameters (1)
- Surface waves (1)
- Surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (1)
- Surface-wave methods (1)
- Susceptibility (1)
- Suspended sediment transport (1)
- Suspended-sediment yield (1)
- Sustainable cities (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable land use (1)
- Sustainable natural hazard management (1)
- Sutlej River (1)
- Swarm earthquakes (1)
- Symbology (1)
- Syn-eruptive Hyaloclastic deposits (1)
- Syn-rift breccia (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray (1)
- Synchrotron tomography (1)
- Syntectonic sedimentation (1)
- Synthetic pyroxene (1)
- Syria (1)
- System (1)
- Systematics (1)
- Südostasien (1)
- TDS-1 (1)
- TL of feldspar (1)
- TL-thermochronology (1)
- TLS (1)
- TOC (1)
- TRMM satellite data (1)
- Tailings ponds (1)
- Tajik Basin (1)
- Takab (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tananao Complex (1)
- Taphonomy (1)
- Taranaki Basin (1)
- Tarim Basin, NW China (1)
- Tarim basin (1)
- Tasseled Cap transformation (1)
- Tauern Window; (1)
- Tauride (1)
- Taurus petroleum system (1)
- Team (1)
- TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tectonic Geomorphology (1)
- Tectonic deformation (1)
- Tectonic reconstruction (1)
- Tectonic stress (1)
- Tectonic uplift (1)
- Tectonic-climate coupling (1)
- Tectonics and climatic interactions (1)
- Temperate deciduous forest (1)
- Temperature reconstruction (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperature time series (1)
- Temporal clustering (1)
- Temporal dynamics (1)
- Temporal sensitivity (1)
- Temporal spread (1)
- Temporal stability of soil water fluxes (1)
- Temporal variability (1)
- TerraSAR-X (1)
- Terrace reoccupation (1)
- Terraces (1)
- Terrain maps (1)
- Terrestrial ecosystem development (1)
- Testate amoeba shell (1)
- Testate amoebae (1)
- Testudines (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Tetrahymanol (1)
- Th-232 (1)
- Th-U-Pb monazite age (1)
- Thaw lakes (1)
- The Geysers (1)
- The northern margin of the South China Sea (1)
- Theriak/Domino (1)
- Thermal electricity production (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- Thermo-sensitive tracers (1)
- Thermobarometry (1)
- Thermodynamic modeling (1)
- Thick-skinned tectonics (1)
- Tholeiite (1)
- Tholeiitic basalts (1)
- Thorichnus-Vatnaspor ichnoassemblage (1)
- Three-dimensional (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thrombolites (1)
- Tian (1)
- Tian Shan piedmont (1)
- Tian shan (1)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tidal marsh vegetation (1)
- Tien Shan (western Central Asia) (1)
- Tien Shan Mountains (1)
- Tile drain (1)
- Tillage (1)
- Tillage erosion (1)
- Time-lag effects (1)
- Time-lapse imaging (1)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (1)
- Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) (1)
- Topography reconstruction (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Trace metals (1)
- Tracer (1)
- Tracers (1)
- Transbaikalia (1)
- Transfer functions (1)
- Transform fault (1)
- Transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- Transpression (1)
- Tree age distribution (1)
- Tree line (1)
- Tree species effect (1)
- Tree-based pursuit (1)
- Tree-ring (1)
- Tree-ring software (1)
- Tremp basin (1)
- Triassic rifting (1)
- Triaxial deformation (1)
- Triphylite (1)
- Tristan mantle plume (1)
- Triticum aestivum L (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Tropical dry deciduous forests (1)
- Tropical high mountains (1)
- Tropical montane forests (1)
- Tropical rainforest (1)
- Tropical storms (1)
- Tropics (1)
- Trout Lake (1)
- Trujillo Block (1)
- Tso Morari (1)
- Tsunami (1)
- Tsunami effect (1)
- Tsunamis (1)
- Tundra (1)
- Tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- Tungsten–tin deposits (1)
- Tuning (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidity retrieval (1)
- Turkana depression (1)
- Tuscany (1)
- Tuz Golu Basin (1)
- Type-I error (1)
- U (1)
- U/Pb dating of titanite (1)
- UAS (1)
- UAVs (1)
- UHP eclogites (1)
- UHP edogites and felsic gneisses (1)
- UHP exhumation (1)
- UHP metamorphism (1)
- UNESCO (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- Uk'37 (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Ultra-high pressure (UHP) (1)
- Ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- Uncertainty analysis (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Unconventional gas (1)
- Unconventional gas production (1)
- Unconventional reservoir potential (1)
- Ungauged catchments (1)
- Uniformitarianism (1)
- Unloading (1)
- Unsaturated zone (1)
- Uplift (1)
- Uplift Rate (1)
- Uplift rate (1)
- Upper Cambrian (1)
- Upper Indus Basin (1)
- Upper Paleozoic (1)
- Upper Permian Zechstein Group Northern Germany (1)
- Urban CO2 emissions (1)
- Urban Kaya relation (1)
- Urban ecosystem analysis (1)
- Urban energy (1)
- Urban learning lab (1)
- Urban scaling (1)
- Urban sprawl (1)
- Urban water cycle (1)
- V-S,V-30 (1)
- V-p (1)
- V-s profiles (1)
- V-s ratios (1)
- V-s,V-30 (1)
- VERB (1)
- VI (1)
- VLBI analysis (1)
- VLP (1)
- VOCs (1)
- VT events and tremor (1)
- Vadose zone (1)
- Valais ocean (1)
- Valley fill (1)
- Valley fills (1)
- Values (1)
- Van Krevelen diagram (1)
- Variability (1)
- Varve (1)
- Varve chronologies (1)
- Varve chronology (1)
- Varve counting (1)
- Varved lake sediments (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- Vegetation composition (1)
- Vegetation diversity indices (1)
- Vegetation driver (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Vegetation-climate disequilibrium (1)
- Vegetative reproduction (1)
- Vermicompost (1)
- Vertical flow filters (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertical pollen dispersal and deposition (1)
- Vertical resolution (1)
- Vertical-flow soil filter (1)
- Vertisol genesis (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vinoren (1)
- Virtual active seismic (1)
- Viscous blocking (1)
- Visitors (1)
- Visual system (1)
- Visualisation tool (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Vogtland (1)
- Volatiles (1)
- Volcan de Colima (1)
- Volcanic activity (1)
- Volcanic arc processes (1)
- Volcanic collapse (1)
- Volcanic disturbances (1)
- Volcanic rift zone (1)
- Volcanic rocks (1)
- Volcaniclastics (1)
- Volcanology (1)
- Volta Basin (1)
- Volume reconstruction (1)
- Vrica Subchron (1)
- Vulnerability mapping (1)
- W Cantabrian coast (1)
- WAPLS (1)
- WASA-SED (1)
- WGHM (1)
- WRF (1)
- WRF-Chem (1)
- WaSiM-ETH (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (1)
- Water (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Water balance (1)
- Water balance model (1)
- Water budget / balance (1)
- Water chemistry (1)
- Water demand (1)
- Water distribution (1)
- Water quality modelling (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Water stable isotope (1)
- Water storage (1)
- Water storage dynamic (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Water yield (1)
- Watershed (1)
- Wave (1)
- Wave-built terraces (1)
- Wavelet power spectrum (1)
- Wavelet transform (1)
- Wavelet transformation (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weather patterns (1)
- Weather radar (1)
- Weathering indices (1)
- Web maps (1)
- WebGL (1)
- Weighted model ensembles (1)
- Weighted-average partial least squares (1)
- Weights-of-Evidence (1)
- Well productivity (1)
- Wellengeschwindigkeiten (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Western Africa (1)
- Western Alps (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Western Interior Basin (1)
- Western Qaidam Basin (1)
- Wetlands (1)
- Wheat (1)
- White mica Ar-40/ Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Wide-angle seismic (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Willingness to pay (1)
- Willow tree (1)
- Wind model (1)
- Wind modelling (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Within-field variation (1)
- Within-model uncertainty (1)
- Woodchips (1)
- Woody coverage (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- X-radiography (1)
- X-ray Raman scattering (1)
- X-ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray mapping (1)
- XANES (1)
- XRD in the clay fraction (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- XRF data (1)
- Xigaze ophiolite (1)
- Xining Basin (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Yakutia (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yarlung Tsangpo (1)
- Yedoma (1)
- Yedoma Ice Complex (1)
- Yucatan Peninsula (1)
- Yukon (1)
- Yuli belt (1)
- Yurtus Formation (1)
- Z-P approach (1)
- ZHe tracer thermochronology (1)
- Zagros forests (1)
- Zanskar (1)
- Zechstein salt (1)
- Zechstein-Buntsandstein interval (1)
- Zelezna hurka (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zermatt-Saas (1)
- Ziphiidae (1)
- Zircon U-Pb age (1)
- Zircon U-Pb dating (1)
- Zircon U/Pb and Pb-Pb ages (1)
- Zircon age (1)
- Zircon dating (1)
- Zooxanthellate corals (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessory minerals (1)
- accommodation-space (1)
- accountability (1)
- accretionary complex (1)
- accretionary prism (1)
- accumulation in soils (1)
- acidophilic microorganisms (1)
- acoustic emission (1)
- action plan (1)
- active continental margin (1)
- actively growing bacteria (AGB) (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- administrative units (1)
- adsorption (1)
- advection (1)
- aeolian (1)
- aeolian input (1)
- aerobic respiration (1)
- aerosols (1)
- afforestation (1)
- afterslip inversion (1)
- age class forest (1)
- age resetting (1)
- age-depth model (1)
- age-elevation relationships (1)
- age-heterogeneity (1)
- agemodeling (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agglomeration (1)
- aggradation-incision cycles (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agroecosystem (1)
- aillikite (1)
- air pollution (1)
- airborne (1)
- airborne geophysics (1)
- airglow (1)
- albedo (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alkaline granites (1)
- alkaline lake (1)
- alluvial fans (1)
- alluvial-fan sedimentation (1)
- alpine (1)
- alpine environment (1)
- alpine grassland degradation (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- altitudinal zonation (1)
- alveolinaceans (1)
- ammonia (1)
- ammonia volatilization (1)
- amphibole (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- analog experiment (1)
- analog modeling (1)
- analog models (1)
- and Granite Magmatism (1)
- anhydrite inclusions (1)
- animal calories (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- anorthite (1)
- anoxia (1)
- ant mounds (1)
- apatite (1)
- apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (1)
- apatite fission track (1)
- apatite fission-track (1)
- apatite fission-track thermochronology (1)
- apatite geochemistry and U-Pb dating (1)
- apatite helium thermochronology (1)
- aquatic carbon cycle (1)
- aquifer-river interface (1)
- archaeology (1)
- archetypical gauging station (1)
- architecture (1)
- arctic tundra (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- arctic-alpine environments (1)
- area-average snow monitoring (1)
- aridification (1)
- artefact avoidance (1)
- artificial light (1)
- artificial light at night (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- artificially drained lowland (1)
- assimilation (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- astronomical calibration (1)
- asymmetric rifting (1)
- atlantic (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atmosphere-only climate model simulations (1)
- atmospheric aerosols (1)
- atmospheric circulation (1)
- atmospheric deposition (1)
- attenuation (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attitudinal transects (1)
- attraction (1)
- attributes (1)
- attribution (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- automated monitoring (1)
- automatic chambers (1)
- automatic lineament extraction (1)
- automatic processing (1)
- autotrophic respiration (1)
- back arc basin (1)
- bacterial community composition (1)
- bacterial diversity (1)
- bacterial-community structure (1)
- bandgap (1)
- bank infiltration (1)
- base-level fall (1)
- baseflow (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beaver (1)
- bed disturbance (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock-alluvial channels (1)
- behavioral adaptation (1)
- belowground biomass (1)
- bentonite (1)
- berylium-10 (1)
- beryllium (1)
- best practices (1)
- biodiversity decline (1)
- biofilm (1)
- biogas (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biogeographic provinces (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biological invasion (1)
- biomanipulation (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biosynthetic fractionation (1)
- bioturbation (1)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (1)
- body condition (1)
- body growth rate (1)
- bond strength (1)
- bonding transition (1)
- boosting (1)
- boreal forest (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- borehole leakage (1)
- boundary element modeling (1)
- boundary exchange (1)
- boundary scavenging (1)
- box turtles (1)
- brackish marsh (1)
- braided alluvial rivers (1)
- branched GDGTs (1)
- breaches (1)
- breccia (1)
- broadband seismometer (1)
- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry (1)
- brown (1)
- brushite (1)
- bubble trap (1)
- buildings (1)
- bulk chemistry (1)
- burial (1)
- burning (1)
- calc-alkaline (1)
- calcium (1)
- caldera collapse (1)
- calderas (1)
- calibration (1)
- canopy height (1)
- capacitive sensors (1)
- captive breeding (1)
- carbon burial (1)
- carbon capture and storage (CCS) (1)
- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon fluxes (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbon stabilization (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbonate precipitation (1)
- carbonate ramp (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carbonatites (1)
- carnallite (1)
- carnivora (1)
- cartography (1)
- case history (1)
- case study (1)
- cash crops (1)
- cataclasite (1)
- catchment connectivity (1)
- catchment nitrate export (1)
- catchment response (1)
- catchment scale (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell separation (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement (1)
- cementation (1)
- central Andean foreland (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Mongolia (1)
- central Poland (1)
- central south island (1)
- channel geometry (1)
- channel migration (1)
- channel projection (1)
- channel steepness (1)
- channel transmission losses (1)
- channel width (1)
- charcoal (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemocline (1)
- chlorite (1)
- chloritoid micaschist (1)
- chloritoid stability (1)
- cholecalciferol (1)
- choppering (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chronological construction (1)
- chronology (AICC2012) (1)
- chronostratigraphy (1)
- chronostratigrapy (1)
- circulation (1)
- city district (1)
- classification (1)
- clay (1)
- clay organic coating (1)
- clay sediments (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climat change (1)
- climate action (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change co-operation (1)
- climate clubs (1)
- climate extremes (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climate instability (1)
- climate modeling (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate transition (1)
- climate warming (1)
- climate-carbon cycle feedbacks (1)
- climate-change mitigation (1)
- climate-change policy (1)
- climate-tectonic feedback processes (1)
- climate-tectonic feedbacks (1)
- climatic and tectonic forcing (1)
- climatology (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- clockwise P-T path (1)
- clonal growth (1)
- closed forest (1)
- club goods (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-benefits (1)
- coastal flooding (1)
- coastal floods (1)
- coesite (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- coherence (1)
- coherent noise (1)
- cold surges (1)
- companies (1)
- competition (1)
- competition-defense trade-off (1)
- complexes (1)
- composite properties (1)
- compositional gap (1)
- compositional map (1)
- compositional species turnover (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- concentration (1)
- conditional commitments (1)
- conductivity map (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- conservation units (1)
- conservative (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continental neotectonics (1)
- continental rifting (1)
- continental rifts (1)
- continental shelf (1)
- continuous modelling (1)
- continuous snowpack monitoring (1)
- controlled drainage (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (1)
- convective rainfall (1)
- coordination transformation (1)
- coral (1)
- core flow (1)
- core-shell (1)
- coregistration (1)
- correlation skill (1)
- correlations (1)
- corridors (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmogenic burial dating (1)
- cosmogenic erosion rates (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide-dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- cost of electricity (COE) (1)
- costs of infrastructure (1)
- coumatetralyl (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- covalency (1)
- creep and unmapped faults; (1)
- critical infrastructure resilience (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- crop products (1)
- cross-calibration (1)
- crown roots (1)
- crustal anatexis (1)
- crustal density structure (1)
- crustal fault (1)
- crustal magma chamber (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- cryosphere (1)
- cryostratigraphy (1)
- crystal growth rate (1)
- crystal nucleation (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cuticle (1)
- cyanobacteria sedimentation (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclic stratigraphy (1)
- daily-discharge time (1)
- damage assessment (1)
- damage estimation (1)
- damage model (1)
- damage surveys (1)
- dams (1)
- data (1)
- data archeology (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data scarcity (1)
- data science (1)
- data-based (1)
- data-mining (1)
- debris avalanche (1)
- debris flow (1)
- debris flows (1)
- debris-flow topography (1)
- decision making (1)
- decision tree (1)
- decompression (1)
- deep carbon cycle (1)
- deep convection (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deep low-frequency earthquakes (1)
- deep-level mining (1)
- deep-marine sedimentary processes (1)
- defense against predation (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation monitoring (1)
- deglaciation (1)
- degradation (1)
- dehydration (1)
- delayed fluorescence (1)
- delta O-18 (1)
- delta drift (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density dependence (1)
- density-driven (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- density-functional theory (1)
- dependence (1)
- depletion amplitude (1)
- depositional environment (1)
- derived flood frequency (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deshadowing (1)
- design (1)
- detachment folds (1)
- deterministic (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- detrital geochronology and thermochronology (1)
- detrital zircons (1)
- deuterium (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diamond (1)
- diatom indicator species (1)
- diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- digital core reconstruction (1)
- digital grain sizing (1)
- digital terrain analysis (1)
- dike (1)
- dike intrusion (1)
- dike propagation (1)
- dike-induced seismicity (1)
- dike-induced stresses (1)
- diorite (1)
- direct georeferencing (1)
- directivity (1)
- directivity analysis (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discharge (1)
- discharge pattern (1)
- discharge time series (1)
- discharge variability (1)
- discontinuity surfaces (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dislocation creep (1)
- dispersion maxima (1)
- dissolution properties (1)
- dissolved silica concentration (1)
- distal turbidites (1)
- distributed volcanic fields (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance (1)
- disturbance tracking (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- ditch system (1)
- diurnal signal (1)
- dolerite (1)
- doming (1)
- double diffusive convection (1)
- downstream fining (1)
- drainage (1)
- drainage network expansion (1)
- drainage-divide migration (1)
- drained lake basins (1)
- drought stress (1)
- dryland (1)
- dryland rivers (1)
- dumortierite (1)
- duplex (1)
- dust emission and deposition (1)
- dust sources (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamical seasonal prediction (1)
- eDNA (1)
- early Holocene (1)
- early eocene (1)
- earth surface processes (1)
- earth system model (1)
- earthflow (1)
- earthquake cycle (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake deformation (1)
- earthquake ground motions (1)
- earthquake hazard analysis (1)
- earthquake hazards (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake nucleation (1)
- earthquake sequences (1)
- earthworm ecological types (1)
- east Africa (1)
- east African rift (1)
- eastern Mediterranean (1)
- eastern Qiangtang terrane (1)
- eastern asia (1)
- eastern south–central Andes (1)
- eclogites (1)
- eco-hydrology (1)
- ecological indication (1)
- ecological niche modelling (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- ecology (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem change (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- ecosystem-based adaptation (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- efficient method (1)
- elastic geobarometry (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- elastic waves (1)
- elastin-like recombinamers (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electricity generation (1)
- electromagnetic imaging (1)
- electromagnetic scattering (1)
- electromagnetics (1)
- electron lifetime (1)
- electron microprobe (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electronic structure (1)
- electrons (1)
- elevated CO2 (1)
- emergency (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emergency preparedness (1)
- emergency response (1)
- empirical (1)
- end-member mixing (1)
- energy security (1)
- energy transfer (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- ensemble modeling (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmental change (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- environmental seismology (1)
- eocene thermal maximum (1)
- epistemic (1)
- epsilon Nd (1)
- equations (1)
- equatorial electrojet (EEJ) (1)
- equatorial plasma depletion (1)
- equilibrium assemblage (1)
- erosion rate (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- erosion-climate link (1)
- eruption (1)
- eruptions (1)
- eruptive cycle (1)
- estimation (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- event characteristics (1)
- event coincidence analysis (1)
- events (1)
- ex-ante impact assessment (1)
- exhumation and uplift (1)
- experimental design (1)
- experimental petrology (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploration (1)
- exsolution microstructures (1)
- exsolution textures (1)
- extent of rhizosphere (1)
- extinction event (1)
- extracellular DNA (1)
- extreme discharge (1)
- extreme seasons (1)
- extremes (1)
- facilitation (1)
- falling sphere viscosimetry (1)
- fallout radionuclides (1)
- farmland biodiversity (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fault bend (1)
- fault bend fold (1)
- fault creep (1)
- fault interaction (1)
- fault linkage (1)
- fault network (1)
- faulting behavior (1)
- faults (1)
- feeding trait (1)
- fenite (1)
- ferropicrite magmas (1)
- fields (1)
- fine fraction (1)
- finite element (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- fire (1)
- fire history (1)
- fission track thermochronology (1)
- fission-track (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flat-slab subduction (1)
- flexible model (1)
- flood (1)
- flood damage (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood frequency (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood hazard (1)
- flood loss estimation (1)
- flood loss model transfer (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- floodplains (1)
- flow regime (1)
- flow velocity (1)
- flow-through experiment (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluctuation (1)
- fluid flow and thermal modelling (1)
- fluid injection (1)
- fluid regime (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1)
- fluvial (1)
- fluvial erosion (1)
- fluvial floods (1)
- fluvial response (1)
- fluvial strath terraces (1)
- fluvial terrace (1)
- fluvial terraces (1)
- flux (1)
- flux tracking (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- food grain policies (1)
- food security (1)
- food systems (1)
- food web (1)
- fore arc (1)
- forearc (1)
- forecast (1)
- forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964) (1)
- foreland basin (1)
- foreland-basin stratigraphy (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest structure (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- fracking (1)
- fractional snow cover (1)
- fracture aperture (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracturing (1)
- freeze-thaw cycling (1)
- frequency (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- freshwater biodiversity (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater ostracods (1)
- frictional melt (1)
- frictional properties (1)
- frontal accretion (1)
- frost‐ cracking (1)
- frozen soil (1)
- full (1)
- functional response (1)
- functional trait correlations (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- gabbros (1)
- gap analysis (1)
- gas flux (1)
- gas partial pressure (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-solid (1)
- gaylussite (1)
- gender (1)
- generic sampling (1)
- geo-bio interaction (1)
- geochemical cycling (1)
- geodynamic evolution of SE Anatolia (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geogenic degassing (1)
- geologic hazards (1)
- geologic versus geodetic rates (1)
- geomagnetic indices (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetism (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geomorphic markers (1)
- geo–bio interaction (1)
- giant earthquakes (1)
- glacial (1)
- glacial buzzsaw (1)
- glacial equilibrium (1)
- glacial geomorphology (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glacial-interglacial cycles (1)
- glacier chemistry (1)
- glacier flow (1)
- glacier melt (1)
- glacier variation (1)
- glacierized basins (1)
- glaciolacustrine sediment (1)
- glaciological instruments and methods (1)
- glass (1)
- glasses (1)
- global (1)
- global Si cycle (1)
- global climate (1)
- global environmental change (1)
- global microbial biomass (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global sensitivity analysis (1)
- gneiss domes (1)
- gold (1)
- grain (1)
- grain boundary sliding (1)
- grain storage (1)
- granite (1)
- granite melts (1)
- granulite (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grassland vegetation (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravitational collapse (1)
- gravity modeling (1)
- gravity observations (1)
- gravity-driven slope deformation (1)
- grazing (1)
- grazing defence (1)
- green algae (1)
- green infrastructure (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- gridded data (1)
- ground ice (1)
- ground motion fields (1)
- ground motion models (1)
- ground motion prediction equations (1)
- ground response analysis (1)
- ground-motion modelling (1)
- groundwater (1)
- groundwater age (1)
- groundwater dynamics (1)
- groundwater flow modeling (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater lysimeter (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- groundwater table (1)
- groundwater vulnerability (1)
- groundwater-surface water exchange (1)
- groundwater-surface water interaction (1)
- growth rate (1)
- growth response (1)
- growth strata (1)
- growth structures (1)
- guano (1)
- gulf coastal plain (1)
- habitat modeling (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- hafnium analysis (1)
- hafnon (1)
- hallow offshore (1)
- hanging wall (1)
- hardgrounds (1)
- hazard (1)
- heat tracing (1)
- heat-stress (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heavy tail behavior (1)
- heavy-tailed distributions (1)
- hemolysins (1)
- herd composition (1)
- heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties (1)
- heterotrophic respiration (1)
- heuristic analysis (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high mountain environments (1)
- high pressure and temperature (1)
- high pressure research (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high temporal resolution (1)
- high-Pmetamorphism (1)
- high-density reservoir network (1)
- high-frequency data (1)
- high-precision gravimeter (1)
- high-pressure and Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metamorphism (1)
- high-resolution biomarkers (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- higher education (1)
- hillslope (1)
- hiss waves (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- holocene (1)
- hominin (1)
- hominins (1)
- hotspot (1)
- huddle test (1)
- human evolution (1)
- human settlement (1)
- human-environment system (1)
- hummocky (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid modelling (1)
- hybrid pumped hydro power storage (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydrated silicate (1)
- hydraulic (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic fracturing (1)
- hydro power (1)
- hydro storage (1)
- hydro-geological system (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydrocarbon field (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrodynamic level (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrogen stable isotopes (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrograph partitioning curves (1)
- hydrologic modeling (1)
- hydrological behaviour (1)
- hydrological conditioning (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological signatures (1)
- hydrological uplift and subsidence (1)
- hydrometric network design (1)
- hydrothermal alteration (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrous melt (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hyperaridity (1)
- hypersaline lake (1)
- hyperspectral (1)
- hyporheic zone (1)
- hypothetical trend (1)
- hysteresis pattern (1)
- ice (1)
- ice complex (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- ice sheet (1)
- ice-grain mixture (1)
- ice-rafted debris (1)
- ice-sheet modelling (1)
- ice-shelf tributary glaciers (1)
- identifiability analysis (1)
- identifying influential nodes (1)
- igneous texture (1)
- ilmenite (1)
- image enhancement (1)
- immersive 3D geovisualization (1)
- immobilization (1)
- impact forecasting (1)
- impacts (1)
- impoundment rate (1)
- in (1)
- in situ stress (1)
- in-flight (1)
- in-stream gravel bar (1)
- inclusions (1)
- incommensurate modulation (1)
- indigenous people (1)
- indirect facilitation (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- industrial ecology (1)
- inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- inelastic properties (1)
- inference (1)
- infiltration (1)
- infiltration patterns (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- inheritance (1)
- injections (1)
- injectivity (1)
- inner magnetosphere (1)
- innovation (1)
- input-output (I-O) analysis (1)
- insects (1)
- insights (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integrated modelling (1)
- integrated river basin management (1)
- integrated river basin modelling (1)
- integrative modelling framework (1)
- intensification (1)
- interannual variability (1)
- interdisciplinary research (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- intermontane basins (1)
- intermontane valleys (1)
- internal structure (1)
- internal validation (1)
- interpretation (1)
- interseismic strain rate (1)
- intrabasinal faulting (1)
- intracellular DNA (1)
- intracontinental deformation (1)
- intraplate deformation (1)
- inundation (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- inverse modelling (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inversion tectonics (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionospheric irregularities (1)
- iron (1)
- iron feature depth (IFD) (1)
- irrigation (1)
- irrigation runoff (1)
- isotopic analysis (1)
- isotopic fractionation (1)
- kettle hole (1)
- kinematic analysis (1)
- knickzone (1)
- kokchetavite (1)
- kumdykolite (1)
- lacustrine primary productivity (LPP) (1)
- lagoon (1)
- lake (1)
- lake Donggi Cona (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lake change (1)
- lake drainage (1)
- lake dynamics (1)
- lake eutrophication (1)
- lake shoreline (1)
- lake stratification (1)
- lake-level changes (1)
- laminography (1)
- land conversion (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land restoration; NDVI (1)
- land use (1)
- land use and land cover change (1)
- land use functions (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape connectivity (1)
- landscape effect (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landscape response to climate change (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- larch forest (1)
- larger foraminifera (1)
- last glacial (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- lateglacial (1)
- lateral erosion (1)
- lateral fluxes (1)
- lateral spread (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- latitude (1)
- lattice preferred orientations (1)
- lava dome (1)
- layered mafic intrusion (1)
- leading edge (1)
- leaf water evaporative H-2-enrichment (1)
- leaf wax delta D (1)
- leaf wax n-alkanes (1)
- leaf-wax n-alkane delta D (1)
- learning success (1)
- legume-grass mixture (1)
- length measurements (1)
- length of day (1)
- lethal violence (1)
- level (1)
- life-history strategy (1)
- light pollution (1)
- limestone (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- liquid structure (1)
- liquids (1)
- lithic technology development (1)
- lithium pegmatites (1)
- lithium-ion battery electrolyte (1)
- lithobiont (1)
- lithofacies proportion modeling (1)
- lithology (1)
- lithosphere dynamics (1)
- lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (1)
- lithosphere-mantle wind interactions (1)
- littoral zone (1)
- livestock (1)
- livestock feed (1)
- lizard (1)
- load stress (1)
- loading conditions (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local food (1)
- localization (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- location (1)
- location of scatterers (1)
- locking degree (1)
- lonar lake (1)
- loss and damage (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- low temperature chronology (1)
- low velocity zone (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- low-grade metamorphism (1)
- low-relief (1)
- lower crustal bodies (1)
- luminescence dating (1)
- lumped parameter model (1)
- lunar tide (1)
- lunar tide of EEJ (1)
- lupin (1)
- machine learning (0555) (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macropore flow (1)
- macropores (1)
- mafic migmatite (1)
- magma evolution (1)
- magma ocean (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- magma reservoirs (1)
- magma-poor (1)
- magmatic arc (1)
- magmatic underplating (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesiodumortierite (1)
- magnesium silicate skarn (1)
- magnetic fabric (1)
- magnetic parameters (1)
- magnetic surveying (1)
- magnetics (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- magnetospheric convection (1)
- magnetotellurics (1)
- magnitude & frequency (1)
- maize (1)
- majorite (1)
- mantle convection (1)
- mantle deformation (1)
- mantle discontinuities (1)
- mantle flow modeling (1)
- mantle plume (1)
- marble (1)
- margins (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- marine-controlled source electromagnetic method (1)
- mass exchange (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- maximum (1)
- maximum entropy (MaxEnt) (1)
- meadow (1)
- mean transit time (1)
- measurement frequency (1)
- mechanical pressure (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mega-monsoon (1)
- megathrust (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt inclusions; nanocarbonatites (1)
- melt-melt immiscibility (1)
- melting (1)
- memory (1)
- meridional overturning circulation (1)
- mesoscale convective systems (1)
- mesoscale heterogeneous catchment (1)
- meta-ophiolites (1)
- meta-pelites (1)
- metabarcoding (1)
- metagenomic analysis (1)
- metal recycling plants (1)
- metal- organic frameworks (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metaophiolite (1)
- metapelitic rock (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- meteoric 10Be (1)
- meteoric diagenesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- methanol (1)
- micro-CT scan (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial lipid (1)
- microbial mats (1)
- microbialite (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdiamond (1)
- microfossil (1)
- microporous materials (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microseisms (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- mid-latitudes flow (1)
- mid-lithospheric discontinuity (1)
- midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation (1)
- mine waste (1)
- mineral deposits (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineralization (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- minirhizotron (1)
- mire (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mixed cropping (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mobile Raman-microprobe (1)
- model calibration (1)
- model enhancement (1)
- model selection (1)
- model structure (1)
- model validation (1)
- modeling; (1)
- modelling systems (1)
- modern pollen (1)
- modern pollen assemblages (1)
- modern surface pollen (1)
- modern surface sediments (1)
- mofette systems (1)
- moisture variations in India (1)
- monitoring network (1)
- monsoon onset (1)
- monsoon river hydrology (1)
- moraine (1)
- moraine landscape (1)
- morphological adaptation (1)
- morphological traits (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- morphometry (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- mosaicking (1)
- motivation theory (1)
- mountain birch (1)
- mountain geomorphology (1)
- mountain growth (1)
- mountains near cities (1)
- movement (1)
- mu RF (1)
- multi-attribute (1)
- multi-frequency (1)
- multi-proxy reconstructions (1)
- multi-scale (MA-MS) proportion calibration (1)
- multi-slab (1)
- multi-spectral analysis (1)
- multi-stage diagenesis (1)
- multi-taxon (1)
- multi-temporal RapidEye satellite data (1)
- multi-thermochronometer (1)
- multi-year insurance (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multilevel probabilistic flood loss model (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multisensor (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariable (1)
- multivariate regression (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- multiyear drought (1)
- multi‐ temporal analyses (1)
- municipality (1)
- muons (1)
- mylonite (1)
- n-Alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanogranite (1)
- nanogranitoids (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- nature-based solutions (NBS) (1)
- near surface (1)
- neotectonics (1)
- nested catchments (1)
- nested plot (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neutron imaging (1)
- neutron radiography (1)
- neutron simulations (1)
- neutron tomography (1)
- neutrons (1)
- night lights (1)
- nightlights (1)
- nighttime MSTID (1)
- nitrate export dynamic (1)
- nitrogen biogeochemistry (1)
- nitrogen legacies (1)
- noise cross (1)
- non-double-couple components (1)
- non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- non-state actors (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nonstationarity (1)
- nontidal ocean loading (1)
- normal-fault evolution (1)
- north-atlantic (1)
- north-eastern Brazil (1)
- north-western Argentina (1)
- northern Kenya Rift (1)
- northern Puna (1)
- northern high latitudes (1)
- northwestern Europe (1)
- northwestern Iran (1)
- numerical (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerical solution (1)
- numerics (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrient status (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- ocean bottom seismology (1)
- ocean circulation (1)
- ocean surface (1)
- oceanic lithosphere (1)
- oceanic lithosphere and mantle (1)
- oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- offscraping (1)
- oligocene climate (1)
- ongonite (1)
- online (1)
- open (1)
- open data (1)
- operational service (1)
- ophiolite (1)
- opinion (1)
- optical cell (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- optimization (1)
- optimum temperature (1)
- orbital forcing (1)
- ordination (1)
- organic carbon stabilization (1)
- organic layer (1)
- origination (1)
- orogen-parallel extension (1)
- orogenic plateau evolution (1)
- orogenic wedge (1)
- orographic barrier (1)
- orographic barrier uplift (1)
- orographic rainfall (1)
- ostracod shells (1)
- outburst flood (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxidizer (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen dynamics (1)
- oxygen fractionation model (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- pH dynamics (1)
- pH mapping (1)
- palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- palaeoclimate records (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- paleo-delta (1)
- paleo-erosion rate (1)
- paleo-erosion rates (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleoaltimetry proxies (1)
- paleoclimatic reconstructions (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleoelevation (1)
- paleoenvironment (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleomagnetism and rock magnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (1)
- paleoreservoir age (1)
- paleosol (1)
- paleosol sequence (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter emulation (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parametric and nonparametric comparison (1)
- parametric georeferencing (1)
- parathyroid hormone (1)
- pargasite (1)
- part 1 (1)
- part I (1)
- participation (1)
- particle size (1)
- particulate organic carbon (1)
- passive continental margin (1)
- passive microwave (1)
- passive seismic monitoring (1)
- past circulation (1)
- pastoral abandonment (1)
- pasture (1)
- patched vegetation cover (1)
- pathogens (1)
- patterned ground (1)
- peak discharge (1)
- peak-temperature pattern (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- peatland carbon storage (1)
- peatland geomorphology (1)
- peatland hydrology (1)
- pebblecounts (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- pelitic migmatite (1)
- peperite (1)
- peralkalinity (1)
- peraluminosity (1)
- perception (1)
- perennial crop (1)
- peri-urban agriculture (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- periglacial process (1)
- peritectic phase (1)
- permafost (1)
- permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permafrost lowlands (1)
- permafrost region (1)
- permafrost regions (1)
- permeability test (1)
- permeability-porosity relationship (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- pesticides (1)
- petrography (1)
- petrostructural analysis (1)
- phase space time delay embedding reconstruction (1)
- phase symmetry (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phlogopite (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phreatophytes (1)
- phycocyanin (1)
- phylogenetic and taxonomic plant diversity (1)
- physical experiments (1)
- physical stratigraphy (1)
- phytogenic silica (1)
- phytolith (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- picocyanobacteria diversity (1)
- picoseismicity (1)
- piggyback basin (1)
- pioneer zone (1)
- pipe detection (1)
- pitch angle diffusion coefficient (1)
- pixel-level fusion (1)
- plan oblique relief (1)
- planetary waves (1)
- plankton (1)
- planktonic foraminifera (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plant transformation (1)
- plant water relations (1)
- plant wax biomarker (1)
- plant-plant interactions (1)
- plasma density (1)
- plasma drifts (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- plate boundary fault (1)
- plate coupling force (1)
- plate tectonics (1)
- platinum (1)
- playa-lake (1)
- plume-induced (1)
- pockmark (1)
- point cloud (1)
- point clouds (1)
- polarimetric SAR (1)
- polarization analysis (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen accumulation rates (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollen morphology (1)
- pollen productivity (1)
- pollen taxa (1)
- pollen-vegetation-climate relationships (1)
- pollination (1)
- pollution indices (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polymorphs (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population growth (1)
- population pressure (1)
- population recovery (1)
- population size (1)
- pore-scale (1)
- poroelasticity (1)
- porous media (1)
- porphyry Cu-Au deposit (1)
- post-collision (1)
- post-collisional setting (1)
- postmidnight (1)
- postseismic deformation (1)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (1)
- potentially toxic elements (1)
- power-law rheology (1)
- pre-Maya settlement (1)
- pre-Siwalik (1)
- pre-monsoon (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation anomaly (1)
- precipitation reconstruction (1)
- precursor (1)
- predator-prey cycles (1)
- predator-prey model (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction uncertainty (1)
- preferences (1)
- preferences in land management (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- pressures (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- private governance (1)
- probabilistic (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistic discrimination (1)
- probabilistic modeling (1)
- process based (1)
- process life cycle assessment (1)
- process simulation (1)
- processes and landforms of glacial erosion (1)
- production rate (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- project database (1)
- prolonged droughts (1)
- propagating uplift (1)
- propagation (1)
- protactinium (1)
- protection (1)
- protection motivation theory (PMT) (1)
- protists (1)
- proto-Paratethys (1)
- protozoa (1)
- proxy calibration (1)
- pseudomorphism (1)
- pseudosection (1)
- pseudotachylyte (1)
- psychrotolerant (1)
- pull-apart basin (1)
- pulsed climate variability framework (1)
- quality (1)
- quantitative precipitation estimation (1)
- quantitative research (1)
- quantitative vegetation reconstruction (1)
- quarternary channels (1)
- quartz (1)
- quartz sandstone (1)
- radar imaging (1)
- radar interferometry (1)
- radiation-damage (1)
- radio science (1)
- radio wave propagation (1)
- radio-echo sounding (1)
- radiocarbon dating (1)
- radiogenic heat-production (1)
- radiometric alignment (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain detection (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rain splash (1)
- rainfall events (1)
- rainfall partitioning (1)
- rainfall simulation (1)
- rainfall-runoff (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rainforest crisis (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- ramp (1)
- random vibration (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rangeland management (1)
- rapid damage mapping (1)
- reaction (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive transport model (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- receiver functions (1)
- reconstruction (1)
- recovery (1)
- recruitment (1)
- redox reactions (1)
- reduction (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection seismic (1)
- reforms (1)
- refuge (1)
- regimes (1)
- regional deformation (1)
- regional development (1)
- regional flood frequency analysis (1)
- regional mapping (1)
- regionalisation (1)
- regression (1)
- regression tree (1)
- regulation (1)
- reindeer (1)
- relative sea-level (1)
- relaxation (1)
- relevant pollen source area (1)
- relict landscape (1)
- relief (1)
- relief development (1)
- relief map (1)
- remote (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- remotely sensed evapotranspiration (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- repulsion (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- resampling (1)
- reservoir (1)
- reservoir volume (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- residuals (1)
- resistance (1)
- response (1)
- response time (1)
- return flow (1)
- reversible scavenging (1)
- rheological weakening (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- rhizosphere biogeochemistry (1)
- rhizosphere hydraulic properties (1)
- rhyolites (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rift variability (1)
- rifts (1)
- rigorous geocoding (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring faulting (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- riparian zones (1)
- risk (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk communication (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk management cycle (1)
- risk mitigation (1)
- risk modeling (1)
- risk perception (1)
- river (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river erosion (1)
- river floods (1)
- river networks (1)
- river plume (1)
- river restoration (1)
- river sediment (1)
- river terraces (1)
- river transport (1)
- riveraquifer interaction (1)
- rivers (1)
- rock (1)
- rock and mineral magnetism (1)
- rock exhumation (1)
- rock glacier (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock magnetism (1)
- rock strength (1)
- rock uplift (1)
- rock uplift-relief scaling (1)
- rockfalls (1)
- rodent control (1)
- root activity (1)
- root biomass (1)
- root density (1)
- root depth distribution (1)
- root distribution (1)
- root exudation (1)
- root lengths density (1)
- root penetration (1)
- root respiration (1)
- root system (1)
- root water uptake (1)
- root-soil interaction (1)
- rotation (1)
- rotational seismology (1)
- rotational sensor (1)
- run-on (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- sPlot (1)
- saline groundwater (1)
- saline lake (1)
- saline pan (1)
- saline pan cycle (1)
- saline permafrost (1)
- salmon (1)
- salt dissolution (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sampling locations (1)
- san andreas fault (1)
- savanna (1)
- savannah (1)
- savannas (1)
- scale (1)
- scale-dependence (1)
- scaling relation (1)
- scenario (1)
- scientific drilling (1)
- sea (1)
- sea floor morphology (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea level change (1)
- sea level trends (1)
- sea surface height (1)
- sea surface temperature reconstructions (1)
- sea turtle (1)
- sea-level projections (1)
- seafloor sediment failure (1)
- sealevel (1)
- seasonal forecast (1)
- seasonal precipitation (1)
- seasonality effect (1)
- security and economy (1)
- sediment budget (1)
- sediment delivery processes (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sediment flux hysteresis (1)
- sediment mobility (1)
- sediment output (1)
- sediment production (1)
- sediment routing system (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transit time (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment traps (1)
- sediment-routing system connectivity (1)
- sediment-supply ratio (A /S) (1)
- sediment-transport model (1)
- sedimentary DNA (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) (1)
- sedimentary aquifer (1)
- sedimentary basins (1)
- sedimentary contact (1)
- sedimentary cycles (1)
- sedimentary loading and unloading cycles (1)
- sedimentation pattern (1)
- segregating oceanic crust (1)
- seismic anisotropy (1)
- seismic moment release (1)
- seismic risk (1)
- seismic waves (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- seismomechanics (1)
- seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- semi-arid area (1)
- semiarid grassland (1)
- sensing (1)
- sensitivity analyses (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- sentinel-1 (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sequestration (1)
- series ERA-interim (1)
- serpentinite carbonation (1)
- service sectors (1)
- shaking (1)
- shallow earthquakes (1)
- shallow groundwater (1)
- shallow groundwater tables (1)
- shallow translational landslides (1)
- shallow-water chemostratigraphy (1)
- shear localization (1)
- shell-architecture (1)
- shoreline movement direction (1)
- shoreline movement rate (1)
- shortening (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- shrub expansion (1)
- shrub thinning (1)
- shrubline (1)
- siderite (1)
- signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- silica concentration (1)
- silica gel (1)
- sill (1)
- silvopastoral systems (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulation-based (1)
- singleslab (1)
- site amplification (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- size fractions (1)
- skill (1)
- slab-mantle decoupling (1)
- slab-mantle interface (1)
- slags (1)
- slip model (1)
- slip partitioning (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- slope failure (1)
- slow slip (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow characteristics (1)
- snow grain size (1)
- snow hydrology (1)
- snow melt (1)
- social (1)
- social justice (1)
- social valuation (1)
- social vulnerability (1)
- socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- soft law (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil CO2 sampling tubes (1)
- soil Si pools (1)
- soil aggregates (1)
- soil formation (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil horizonation (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil moisture dynamics (1)
- soil moisture profile (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil parameters (1)
- soil texture (1)
- soil water distribution (1)
- soil-adjusted vegetation index (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- soil-root interaction (1)
- soils (1)
- solar radiation (1)
- solid solution (1)
- source (1)
- source array design (1)
- source direction (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- source time function (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- southern Central Andes (1)
- southern hemisphere oceans (1)
- soya beans (1)
- soybean cultivation (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial correlation (1)
- spatial extent (1)
- spatial heterogeneity (1)
- spatial parameterization (1)
- spatial sampling (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatially and temporally explicit modelling macroecology (1)
- spatially explicit agent-based modeling (1)
- spatially explicit model (1)
- special sensor microwave imager (1)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (1)
- speciation (1)
- species distribution model (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species richness (1)
- species-area relationship (SAR) (1)
- specific stream power (1)
- specific surface area (1)
- specific yield (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral analysis (1)
- spectrogram (1)
- speleothem (1)
- spin (1)
- spinel (1)
- splay fault (1)
- splay faults (1)
- splitting parameters (1)
- stable (1)
- stable craton (1)
- stakeholder participation (1)
- stalagmite (1)
- stand structure (1)
- standards (1)
- static stress change (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistics (1)
- steady state topography (1)
- steepness index (1)
- stemflow (1)
- steppe soils (1)
- steric factors (1)
- stick slip (1)
- stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- storage-discharge relationship (1)
- storm surge (1)
- stormflow (1)
- stormflow generation (1)
- strain transient (1)
- strainmeter data (1)
- strath terraces (1)
- stratification (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- stream (1)
- stream power (1)
- stream profile (1)
- stream water (1)
- streamflow probabilistic forecasting (1)
- streamflow response (1)
- streamwater chemistry (1)
- stress (1)
- stress field (1)
- stress state (1)
- structural (1)
- structural mapping (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- structured additive model (1)
- student survey (1)
- sub-sampling (1)
- subaerial exposure (1)
- subalkaline to alkaline magmatism (1)
- subarctic (1)
- subarctic Pacific stratification (1)
- subcatchment response (1)
- subduction accretion (1)
- subduction and exhumation (1)
- subduction erosion (1)
- subduction history (1)
- subduction initiation (1)
- subduction initiation (PISI) (1)
- subduction interface (1)
- subduction zone earthquakes (1)
- subduction-collision (1)
- subfossil Cladocera (1)
- submarine gas vents (1)
- submarine permafrost (1)
- submerged cave (1)
- subsidence (1)
- subsidence analysis (1)
- subsurface heterogeneities (1)
- subsurface microbiology (1)
- sulfur solubility (1)
- sulfur speciation (1)
- sulphate metasomatism (1)
- summer (1)
- summer monsoon (1)
- supercontinent Nuna (1)
- supergene ores (1)
- superplasticity (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- surface inflation (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface runoff (1)
- surface sealing (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface uplift (1)
- surface velocity (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- surface water groundwater interaction (1)
- surface water levels (1)
- surface wave (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- surprise (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- suspended particulate matter (1)
- suspended sediment transport (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustained casing pressure (1)
- swarm LP (1)
- swarms (1)
- switzerland (1)
- symplectite (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synthesis gas (1)
- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (1)
- synthetic flood events (1)
- system architecture (1)
- system boundary (1)
- table-top experiment (1)
- tabular mining (1)
- taiga (1)
- taiga forest (1)
- talik (1)
- tantalum (1)
- target (1)
- techno-economic model (1)
- tectonic evolution (1)
- tectonic geodesy (1)
- tectonic inheritance (1)
- tectonic inversion (1)
- tectonic reconstruction (1)
- tectonic shortening (1)
- tectonism (1)
- teleseismic tomography (1)
- temperature coefficient (1)
- temperature extremes (1)
- temperature response (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature time series (1)
- temporal disaggregation (1)
- temporal evolution (1)
- tensile earthquake (1)
- tensile opening (1)
- tensile strength (1)
- tensor inversion (1)
- tephra (1)
- terrain map (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- terrestrial higher plant waxes (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- tetrahedral boron (1)
- the Ogooue Delta (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal effect (1)
- thermal field (1)
- thermal overprint (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermo-erosion (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical modeling (1)
- thermochronological modelling (AFT, AHe and ZHe) (1)
- thermodynamic equilibrium (1)
- thermodynamic modelling (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermohaline processes (1)
- thermokarst lake (1)
- thermokarst lake dynamics (1)
- thermomechanical modeling (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- thick-skinned deformation (1)
- thickness of the lithosphere (1)
- thickness-displacement relationships (1)
- thrust tectonics (1)
- tibetan plateau (1)
- tide gauge (1)
- tide gauge observations (1)
- tillage (1)
- tilt (1)
- time-scale (1)
- time-series (1)
- time-series mapping (1)
- tin (1)
- titanite (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topographic analysis (1)
- topographic asymmetry (1)
- topography (1)
- trace element transport (1)
- trait-based approaches (1)
- trait-based neighbourhood model (1)
- trajectories (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transfer (1)
- transfer functions (1)
- transferability (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transform faults (1)
- transient (1)
- transient erosion (1)
- transient response (1)
- transit-time (1)
- transition (1)
- transitions (1)
- transport processes (1)
- travel time distributions (1)
- traveltime (1)
- tree line alteration (1)
- tremor (1)
- trench advance (1)
- trench-parallel extension (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend significance (1)
- triggered earthquake (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tropic state index (1)
- tropical biodiversity (1)
- tropical climate (1)
- tropical inland water bodies (1)
- tropical lowland rainforest (1)
- tropical montane forest (1)
- tropical peatlands (1)
- tropical speleothems (1)
- tropical swamp (1)
- truncation error estimate (1)
- tsunami (1)
- tsunami hazards (1)
- tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- turbidites (1)
- turbidity (1)
- turbidity currents (1)
- twin domains (1)
- two phase aggregates (1)
- typical steppe (1)
- ultra-relativistic electrons (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) (1)
- ultramafic granulites (1)
- ultrasonication (1)
- uncertainty analysis (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- underground coal gasification (UCG) (1)
- underplating (1)
- ungauged basins (1)
- unmanaged forest (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- uplift and erosion (1)
- uplift rate changes (1)
- upper tail (1)
- upper tail behaviour (1)
- uranium speciation (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban green spaces (1)
- urban infill development (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- validation (1)
- valley distribution (1)
- van Genuchten-Mualem (1)
- variable selection (1)
- variance (1)
- variogram (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- vegetation degradation (1)
- vegetation dynamics (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation model (1)
- vegetation reconstruction (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate-fire-soil feedbacks (1)
- vegetation-plot database (1)
- vertical water flux (1)
- very high resolution imagery (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- virulence (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visualisation (1)
- viverridae (1)
- volcanic deformation (1)
- volcanic earthquakes (1)
- volcanic eruption (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic island (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- volcanoseismology (1)
- voring basin (1)
- warfare (1)
- wasting (1)
- water age (1)
- water availability (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water demand (1)
- water distribution (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water height-area-volume curve (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water quality modeling (1)
- water resources management (1)
- water rock interaction (1)
- water scarcity (1)
- water security (1)
- water storage (1)
- water table (1)
- water yield (1)
- water-energy-food nexus (1)
- water-extractable elements (1)
- water-limited environment (1)
- watersheds (1)
- wave number (1)
- waveform (1)
- waveform inversion (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- weakening mechanisms (1)
- weather (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weathering indices (1)
- weathering inputs (1)
- welfare (1)
- westernmost Tibetan Plateau (1)
- wet meadow (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- white mica (1)
- whole Earth images (1)
- wildfire (1)
- wildflower mixture (1)
- wind (1)
- wind energy production (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind erosion (1)
- wireline logs (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- yedoma ice complex (1)
- ytterbian xenotime-(Y) (1)
- zinc (1)
- zircon U-Pb geochronology (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
- zircon fission-track dating (1)
- zircon provenance (1)
- zircon uranium-thorium-helium (1)
- zoogeomorphology (1)
- zooprophylaxis (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (2570) (remove)
Modern pollen-vegetation-climate relationships underpin palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstructions from fossil pollen records. East Siberia is an ideal area for investigating the relationships between modern pollen assemblages and near natural vegetation under cold continental climate conditions. Reliable pollen-based quantitative vegetation and climate reconstructions are still scarce due to the limited number of modern pollen datasets. Furthermore, differences in pollen representation of samples from lake sediments and soils are not well understood. Here, we present a new pollen dataset of 48 moss/soil and 24 lake surface-sediment samples collected in Chukotka and central Yakutia in East Siberia. The pollen-vegetation-climate relationships were investigated by ordination analyses. Generally, tundra and taiga vegetation types can be well distinguished in the surface pollen assemblages. Moss/soil and lake samples contain generally similar pollen assemblages as revealed by a Procrustes comparison with some exceptions. Overall, modern pollen assemblages reflect the temperature and precipitation gradients in the study areas as revealed by constrained ordination analysis. We estimate the relative pollen productivity (RPP) of major taxa and the relevant source area of pollen (RSAP) for moss/soil samples from Chukotka and central Yakutia using Extended R-Value (ERV) analysis. The RSAP of the tundra-forest transition area in Chukotka and taiga area in central Yakutia are ca. 1300 and 360 m, respectively. For Chukotka, RPPs relative to both Poaceae and Ericaceae were estimated while RPPs for central Yakutia were relative only to Ericaceae. Relative to Ericaceae (reference taxon, RPP = 1), Larix, Betula, Picea, and Pinus are overrepresented while Alnus, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Salix are underrepresented in the pollen spectra. Our estimates are in general agreement with previously published values and provide the basis for reliable quantitative reconstructions of East Siberian vegetation.
As the recent permafrost thawing of northern Asia proceeds due to anthropogenic climate change, precise and detailed palaeoecological records from past warm periods are essential to anticipate the extent of future permafrost variations. Here, based on the modern relationship between permafrost and vegetation (represented by pollen assemblages), we trained a Random Forest model using pollen and permafrost data and verified its reliability to reconstruct the history of permafrost in northern Asia during the Holocene. An early Holocene (12-8 cal ka BP) strong thawing trend, a middle-to-late Holocene (8-2 cal ka BP) relatively slow thawing trend, and a late Holocene freezing trend of permafrost in northern Asia are consistent with climatic proxies such as summer solar radiation and Northern Hemisphere temperature. The extensive distribution of permafrost in northern Asia inhibited the spread of evergreen coniferous trees during the early Holocene warming and might have decelerated the enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) by altering hydrological processes and albedo. Based on these findings, we suggest that studies of the EASM should consider more the state of permafrost and vegetation in northern Asia, which are often overlooked and may have a profound impact on climate change in this region.
Although phytoliths are recognized as an important proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, the quantitative relationship between phytoliths and climate is still debated. In order to provide an improved basis for phytolith-based paleoclimate reconstructions, a representative modern phytolith dataset is essential. Here, we synthesize a modern topsoil phytolith dataset for Northeast China, analyze its climatic significance, and apply it to a fossil phytolith series from the Hani peat core in Northeast China. The dataset comprises 660 topsoil phytolith assemblages from 289 sample sites. We compiled modern meteorological data to assess the quantitative relationship between the phytolith assemblages and climatic variables. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to determine the dominant climatic variable influencing the phytolith distributions. The results showed that mean annual temperature (MAT) is the dominant variable controlling the spatial distribution of phytoliths, accounting for 8.91% of the total variance. Transfer function based on inverse deshrinking locally-weighted weighted averaging (LWWA_Inv) was developed for MAT (R-_boot(2) = 0.86, RMSEP = 1.02 degrees C). Applying the LWWA_Inv transfer function to fossil phytolith records from the Hani peat core enables quantitative inferences to be made about Holocene climate changes in Northeast China. Overall, combined with the LWWA_Inv method, the topsoil phytolith dataset of Northeast China can be used for reliable quantitative MAT reconstruction.
We investigate whether the distribution of maximum seasonal streamflow is significantly affected by catchment or climate state of the season/month ahead. We fit the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution to extreme seasonal streamflow for around 600 stations across Europe by conditioning the GEV location and scale parameters on 14 indices, which represent the season-ahead climate or catchment state. The comparison of these climate-informed models with the classical GEV distribution, with time-constant parameters, suggests that there is a substantial potential for seasonal forecasting of flood probabilities. The potential varies between seasons and regions. Overall, the season-ahead catchment wetness shows the highest potential, although climate indices based on large-scale atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature or sea ice concentration also show some skill for certain regions and seasons. Spatially coherent patterns and a substantial fraction of climate-informed models are promising signs towards early alerts to increase flood preparedness already a season ahead.
Fast Holocene slip and localized strain along the Liquiñe-Ofqui strike-slip fault system, Chile
(2021)
In active tectonic settings dominated by strike-slip kinematics, slip partitioning across subparallel faults is a common feature; therefore, assessing the degree of partitioning and strain localization is paramount for seismic hazard assessments. Here, we estimate a slip rate of 18.8 +/- 2.0 mm/year over the past 9.0 +/- 0.1 ka for a single strand of the Liquirie-Ofqui Fault System, which straddles the Main Cordillera in Southern Chile. This Holocene rate accounts for similar to 82% of the trench-parallel component of oblique plate convergence and is similar to million-year estimates integrated over the entire fault system. Our results imply that strain localizes on a single fault at millennial time scale but over longer time scales strain localization is not sustained. The fast millennial slip rate in the absence of historical Mw> 6.5 earthquakes along the Liquine-Ofqui Fault System implies either a component of aseismic slip or Mw similar to 7 earthquakes involving multi-trace ruptures and > 150-year repeat times. Our results have implications for the understanding of strike-slip fault system dynamics within volcanic arcs and seismic hazard assessments.
Thousands of glacier lakes have been forming behind natural dams in high mountains following glacier retreat since the early 20th century. Some of these lakes abruptly released pulses of water and sediment with disastrous downstream consequences. Yet it remains unclear whether the reported rise of these glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) has been fueled by a warming atmosphere and enhanced meltwater production, or simply a growing research effort. Here we estimate trends and biases in GLOF reporting based on the largest global catalog of 1,997 dated glacier-related floods in six major mountain ranges from 1901 to 2017. We find that the positive trend in the number of reported GLOFs has decayed distinctly after a break in the 1970s, coinciding with independently detected trend changes in annual air temperatures and in the annual number of field-based glacier surveys (a proxy of scientific reporting). We observe that GLOF reports and glacier surveys decelerated, while temperature rise accelerated in the past five decades. Enhanced warming alone can thus hardly explain the annual number of reported GLOFs, suggesting that temperature-driven glacier lake formation, growth, and failure are weakly coupled, or that outbursts have been overlooked. Indeed, our analysis emphasizes a distinct geographic and temporal bias in GLOF reporting, and we project that between two to four out of five GLOFs on average might have gone unnoticed in the early to mid-20th century. We recommend that such biases should be considered, or better corrected for, when attributing the frequency of reported GLOFs to atmospheric warming.
Rupture directivity, implying a predominant earthquake rupture propagation direction, is typically inferred upon the identification of 2D azimuthal patterns of seismic observations for weak to large earthquakes using surface-monitoring networks. However, the recent increase of 3D monitoring networks deployed in the shallow subsurface and underground laboratories toward the monitoring of microseismicity allows to extend the directivity analysis to 3D modeling, beyond the usual range of magnitudes. The high-quality full waveforms recorded for the largest, decimeter-scale acoustic emission (AE) events during a meter-scale hydraulic fracturing experiment in granites at similar to 410 m depth allow us to resolve the apparent durations observed at each AE sensor to analyze 3D-directivity effects. Unilateral and (asymmetric) bilateral ruptures are then characterized by the introduction of a parameter kappa, representing the angle between the directivity vector and the station vector. While the cloud of AE activity indicates the planes of the hydrofractures, the resolved directivity vectors show off-plane orientations, indicating that rupture planes of microfractures on a scale of centimeters have different geometries. Our results reveal a general alignment of the rupture directivity with the orientation of the minimum horizontal stress, implying that not only the slip direction but also the fracture growth produced by the fluid injections is controlled by the local stress conditions.
Dispersion-curve inversion of Rayleigh waves to infer subsurface shear-wave velocity is a long-standing problem in seismology. Due to nonlinearity and ill-posedness, sophisticated regularization techniques are required to solve the problem for a stable velocity model. We have formulated the problem as a minimization problem with nonlinear operator constraint and then solve it by using an inexact augmented Lagrangian method, taking advantage of the Haney-Tsai Dix-type relation (a global linear approximation of the nonlinear forward operator). This replaces the original regularized nonlinear problem with iterative minimization of a more tractable regularized linear problem followed by a nonlinear update of the phase velocity (data) in which the update can be performed accurately with any forward modeling engine, for example, the finite-element method. The algorithm allows discretizing the medium with thin layers (for the finite-element method) and thus omitting the layer thicknesses from the unknowns and also allows incorporating arbitrary regularizations to shape the desired velocity model. In this research, we use total variation regularization to retrieve the shear-wave velocity model. We use two synthetic and two real data examples to illustrate the performance of the inversion algorithm with total variation regularization. We find that the method is fast and stable, and it converges to the solution of the original nonlinear problem.
Lithium and boron are trace components of magmas, released during exsolution of a gas phase during volcanic activity.
In this study, we determine the diffusivity and isotopic fractionation of Li and B in hydrous silicate melts.
Two glasses were synthesized with the same rhyolitic composition (4.2 wt% water), having different Li and B contents; these were studied in diffusion-couple experiments that were performed using an internally heated pressure vessel, operated at 300 MPa in the temperature range 700-1250 degrees C for durations from 0 s to 24 h. From this we determined activation energies for Li and B diffusion of 57 +/- 4 kJ/mol and 152 +/- 15 kJ/mol with pre-exponential factors of 1.53 x 10(-7) m(2)/s and 3.80 x 10(-8) m(2)/s, respectively.
Lithium isotopic fractionation during diffusion gave beta values between 0.15 and 0.20, whereas B showed no clear isotopic fractionation.
Our Li diffusivities and isotopic fractionation results differ somewhat from earlier published values, but overall confirm that Li diffusivity increases with water content. Our results on B diffusion show that similarly to Li, B mobility increases in the presence of water.
By applying the Eyring relation, we confirm that B diffusivity is limited by viscous flow in silicate melts.
Our results on Li and B diffusion present a new tool for understanding degassing-related processes, offering a potential geospeedometer to measure volcanic ascent rates.
Ground-motion models (GMMs) are often used to predict the random distribution of Spectral accelerations (SAs) at a site due to a nearby earthquake. In probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment, large earthquakes occurring close to a site are considered as critical scenarios. GMMs are expected to predict realistic SAs with low within-model uncertainty (sigma(mu)) for such rare scenarios. However, the datasets used to regress GMMs are usually deficient of data from critical scenarios. The (Kotha et al., A Regionally Adaptable Ground-Motion Model for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Europe Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18:4091-4125, 2020) GMM developed from the Engineering strong motion (ESM) dataset was found to predict decreasing short-period SAs with increasing M-W >= M-h = 6.2, and with large sigma(mu) at near-source distances <= 30km. In this study, we updated the parametrisation of the GMM based on analyses of ESM and the Near source strong motion (NESS) datasets. With M-h = 5.7, we could rectify the M-W scaling issue, while also reducing sigma(mu). at M-W >= M-h. We then evaluated the GMM against NESS data, and found that the SAs from a few large, thrust-faulting events in California, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico are significantly higher than GMM median predictions. However, recordings from these events were mostly made on soft-soil geology, and contain anisotropic pulse-like effects. A more thorough non-ergodic treatment of NESS was not possible because most sites sampled unique events in very diverse tectonic environments. We provide an updated set of GMM coefficients,sigma(mu), and heteroscedastic variance models; while also cautioning against its application for M-W <= 4 in low-moderate seismicity regions without evaluating the homogeneity of M-W estimates between pan-European ESM and regional datasets.
Statistical distributions of flood peak discharge often show heavy tail behavior, that is, extreme floods are more likely to occur than would be predicted by commonly used distributions that have exponential asymptotic behavior.
This heavy tail behavior may surprise flood managers and citizens, as human intuition tends to expect light tail behavior, and the heaviness of the tails is very difficult to predict, which may lead to unnecessarily high flood damage.
Despite its high importance, the literature on the heavy tail behavior of flood distributions is rather fragmented.
In this review, we provide a coherent overview of the processes causing heavy flood tails and the implications for science and practice.
Specifically, we propose nine hypotheses on the mechanisms causing heavy tails in flood peak distributions related to processes in the atmosphere, the catchment, and the river system.
We then discuss to which extent the current knowledge supports or contradicts these hypotheses.
We also discuss the statistical conditions for the emergence of heavy tail behavior based on derived distribution theory and relate them to the hypotheses and flood generation mechanisms.
We review the degree to which the heaviness of the tails can be predicted from process knowledge and data. Finally, we recommend further research toward testing the hypotheses and improving the prediction of heavy tails.
Effect of temperature on the densification of silicate melts to lower earth's mantle conditions
(2022)
Physical properties of silicate melts play a key role for global planetary dynamics, controlling for example volcanic eruption styles, mantle convection and elemental cycling in the deep Earth. They are significantly modified by structural changes at the atomic scale due to external parameters such as pressure and temperature or due to chemistry. Structural rearrangements such as 4- to 6-fold coordination change of Si with increasing depth may profoundly influence melt properties, but have so far mostly been studied at ambient temperature due to experimental difficulties. In order to investigate the structural properties of silicate melts and their densification mechanisms at conditions relevant to the deep Earth's interior, we studied haplo basaltic glasses and melts (albite-diopside composition) at high pressure and temperature conditions in resistively and laser-heated diamond anvil cells using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Samples were doped with 10 wt% of Ge, which is accessible with this experimental technique and which commonly serves as a structural analogue for the network forming cation Si. We acquired spectra on the Ge K edge up to 48 GPa and 5000 K and derived the average Ge-O coordination number NGe-O, and bond distance RGe-O as functions of pressure. Our results demonstrate a continuous transformation from tetrahedral to octahedral coordination between ca. 5 and 30 GPa at ambient temperature. Above 1600 K the data reveal a reduction of the pressure needed to complete conversion to octahedral coordination by ca. 30 %. The results allow us to determine the influence of temperature on the Si coordination number changes in natural melts in the Earth's interior. We propose that the complete transition to octahedral coordination in basaltic melts is reached at about 40 GPa, corresponding to a depth of ca. 1200 km in the uppermost lower mantle. At the core-mantle boundary (2900 km, 130 GPa, 3000 K) the existence of non-buoyant melts has been proposed to explain observed low seismic wave velocity features. Our results highlight that the melt composition can affect the melt density at such extreme conditions and may strongly influence the structural response.
Despite advanced seismological techniques, automatic source characterization for microseismic earthquakes remains difficult and challenging since current inversion and modelling of high-frequency signals are complex and time consuming. For real-time applications such as induced seismicity monitoring, the application of standard methods is often not fast enough for true complete real-time information on seismic sources. In this paper, we present an alternative approach based on recent advances in deep learning for rapid source-parameter estimation of microseismic earthquakes. The seismic inversion is represented in compact form by two convolutional neural networks, with individual feature extraction, and a fully connected neural network, for feature aggregation, to simultaneously obtain full moment tensor and spatial location of microseismic sources. Specifically, a multibranch neural network algorithm is trained to encapsulate the information about the relationship between seismic waveforms and underlying point-source mechanisms and locations. The learning-based model allows rapid inversion (within a fraction of second) once input data are available. A key advantage of the algorithm is that it can be trained using synthetic seismic data only, so it is directly applicable to scenarios where there are insufficient real data for training. Moreover, we find that the method is robust with respect to perturbations such as observational noise and data incompleteness (missing stations). We apply the new approach on synthesized and example recorded small magnitude (M <= 1.6) earthquakes at the Hellisheioi geothermal field in the Hengill area, Iceland. For the examined events, the model achieves excellent performance and shows very good agreement with the inverted solutions determined through standard methodology. In this study, we seek to demonstrate that this approach is viable for microseismicity real-time estimation of source parameters and can be integrated into advanced decision-support tools for controlling induced seismicity.
Reconstructing thermal histories in thrust belts is commonly used to infer the age and rates of thrusting and hence the driving mechanisms of orogenesis.
In areas where ancient basins have been incorporated into the orogenic wedge, a quantitative reconstruction of the thermal history helps distinguish among potential mechanisms responsible for heating events.
We present such a reconstruction for the Ischigualasto-Villa Union basin in the western Pampean Ranges of Argentina, where Triassic rifting and late Cretaceous-Cenozoic retroarc foreland basin development has been widely documented, including Miocene flat-slab subduction.
We report results of organic and inorganic thermal indicators acquired along three stratigraphic sections, including vitrinite reflectance and X-ray diffractometry in claystones and new thermochronological [(apatite fission-track and apatite and zircon [U-Th]/He)] analyses.
Despite up to 5 km-thick Cenozoic overburden and unlike previously thought, the thermal peak in the basin is not due to Cenozoic burial but occurred in the Triassic, associated with a high heat flow of up to 90 mWm(-2) and <2 km of burial, which heated the base of the Triassic strata to similar to 160 degrees C. Following exhumation, attested by the development of an unconformity between the Triassic and Late-Cretaceous-Cenozoic sequences, Cenozoic re-burial increased the temperature to similar to 110 degrees C at the base of the Triassic section and only similar to 50 degrees C 7 km upsection, suggesting a dramatic decrease in the thermal gradient.
The onset of Cenozoic cooling occurred at similar to 10(-8) Ma, concomitant with sediment accumulation and thus preceding the latest Miocene onset of thrusting that has been independently documented by stratigraphic-cross-cutting relationships.
We argue that the onset of cooling is associated with lithospheric refrigeration following establishment of flat-slab subduction, leading to the eastward displacement of the asthenospheric wedge beneath the South American plate.
Our study places time and temperature constraints on flat-slab cooling that calls for a careful interpretation of exhumation signals in thrustbelts inferred from thermochronology only.
A novel approach for estimating precipitation patterns is developed here and applied to generate a new hydrologically corrected daily precipitation dataset, called RAIN4PE (Rain for Peru and Ecuador), at 0.1 degrees spatial resolution for the period 1981-2015 covering Peru and Ecuador. It is based on the application of 1) the random forest method to merge multisource precipitation estimates (gauge, satellite, and reanalysis) with terrain elevation, and 2) observed and modeled streamflow data to first detect biases and second further adjust gridded precipitation by inversely applying the simulated results of the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Hydrological results using RAIN4PE as input for the Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments were compared against the ones when feeding other uncorrected (CHIRP and ERA5) and gauge-corrected (CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO) precipitation datasets into the model. For that, SWAT was calibrated and validated at 72 river sections for each dataset using a range of performance metrics, including hydrograph goodness of fit and flow duration curve signatures. Results showed that gauge-corrected precipitation datasets outperformed uncorrected ones for streamflow simulation. However, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO showed limitations for streamflow simulation in several catchments draining into the Pacific Ocean and the Amazon River. RAIN4PE provided the best overall performance for streamflow simulation, including flow variability (low, high, and peak flows) and water budget closure. The overall good performance of RAIN4PE as input for hydrological modeling provides a valuable criterion of its applicability for robust countrywide hydrometeorological applications, including hydroclimatic extremes such as droughts and floods. Significance StatementWe developed a novel precipitation dataset RAIN4PE for Peru and Ecuador by merging multisource precipitation data (satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE was hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in watersheds with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. The results of a comprehensive hydrological evaluation showed that RAIN4PE outperformed state-of-the-art precipitation datasets such as CHIRP, ERA5, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO in terms of daily and monthly streamflow simulations, including extremely low and high flows in almost all Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments. This underlines the suitability of RAIN4PE for hydrometeorological applications in this region. Furthermore, our approach for the generation of RAIN4PE can be used in other data-scarce regions.
Data driven high resolution modeling and spatial analyses of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
(2021)
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread around the world with over 100 million infections to date, and currently many countries are fighting the second wave of infections. With neither sufficient vaccination capacity nor effective medication, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) remain the measure of choice.
However, NPIs place a great burden on society, the mental health of individuals, and economics. Therefore the cost/benefit ratio must be carefully balanced and a target-oriented small-scale implementation of these NPIs could help achieve this balance.
To this end, we introduce a modified SEIRD-class compartment model and parametrize it locally for all 412 districts of Germany. The NPIs are modeled at district level by time varying contact rates. This high spatial resolution makes it possible to apply geostatistical methods to analyse the spatial patterns of the pandemic in Germany and to compare the results of different spatial resolutions.
We find that the modified SEIRD model can successfully be fitted to the COVID-19 cases in German districts, states, and also nationwide. We propose the correlation length as a further measure, besides the weekly incidence rates, to describe the current situation of the epidemic.
Woody plants are expanding into the Arctic in response to the warming climate. The impact on arctic plant communities is not well understood due to the limited knowledge about plant assembly rules.
Records of past plant diversity over long time series are rare. Here, we applied sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding targeting the P6 loop of the chloroplast trnL gene to a sediment record from Lake Ilirney (central Chukotka, Far Eastern Russia) covering the last 28 thousand years.
Our results show that forb-rich steppe-tundra and dwarf-shrub tundra dominated during the cold climate before 14 ka, while deciduous erect-shrub tundra was abundant during the warm period since 14 ka. Larix invasion during the late Holocene substantially lagged behind the likely warmest period between 10 and 6 ka, where the vegetation biomass could be highest.
We reveal highest richness during 28-23 ka and a second richness peak during 13-9 ka, with both periods being accompanied by low relative abundance of shrubs. During the cold period before 14 ka, rich plant assemblages were phylogenetically clustered, suggesting low genetic divergence in the assemblages despite the great number of species. This probably originates from environmental filtering along with niche differentiation due to limited resources under harsh environmental conditions. In contrast, during the warmer period after 14 ka, rich plant assemblages were phylogenetically overdispersed.
This results from a high number of species which were found to harbor high genetic divergence, likely originating from an erratic recruitment process in the course of warming. Some of our evidence may be of relevance for inferring future arctic plant assembly rules and diversity changes. By analogy to the past, we expect a lagged response of tree invasion. Plant richness might overshoot in the short term; in the long-term, however, the ongoing expansion of deciduous shrubs will eventually result in a phylogenetically more diverse community.
Groundwater is critical in supporting current and future reliable water supply throughout Africa. Although continental maps of groundwater storage and recharge have been developed, we currently lack a clear understanding on how the controls on groundwater recharge vary across the entire continent. Reviewing the existing literature, we synthesize information on reported groundwater recharge controls in Africa. We find that 15 out of 22 of these controls can be characterised using global datasets. We develop 11 descriptors of climatic, topographic, vegetation, soil and geologic properties using global datasets, to characterise groundwater recharge controls in Africa. These descriptors cluster Africa into 15 Recharge Landscape Units for which we expect recharge controls to be similar. Over 80% of the continents land area is organized by just nine of these units. We also find that aggregating the Units by similarity into four broader Recharge Landscapes (Desert, Dryland, Wet tropical and Wet tropical forest) provides a suitable level of landscape organisation to explain differences in ground-based long-term mean annual recharge and recharge ratio (annual recharge / annual precipitation) estimates. Furthermore, wetter Recharge Landscapes are more efficient in converting rainfall to recharge than drier Recharge Landscapes as well as having higher annual recharge rates. In Dryland Recharge Landscapes, we found that annual recharge rates largely varied according to mean annual precipitation, whereas recharge ratio estimates increase with increasing monthly variability in P-PET. However, we were unable to explain why ground based estimates of recharge signatures vary across other Recharge Landscapes, in which there are fewer ground based recharge estimates, using global datasets alone. Even in dryland regions, there is still considerable unexplained variability in the estimates of annual recharge and recharge ratio, stressing the limitations of global datasets for investigating ground-based information.
Semi-distributed hydrological and water quality models are increasingly used as innovative and scientific-based management tools.
However, their application is usually restricted to the gauging stations where they are originally calibrated, limiting their spatial capability.
In this study, the semi-distributed hydrological water quality model HYPE (HYdrological Predictions for the Environment) was tested spatially to represent nitrate-N (NO3- N) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and loads of the nested and heterogeneous Selke catchment (463 km(2)) in central Germany.
First, an automatic calibration procedure and uncertainty analysis were conducted using the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) tool to simulate discharge, NO3--N and TP concentrations. A multi-site and multi-objective calibration approach was applied using three main gauging stations, covering the most important hydro-meteorological and physiographical characteristics of the whole catchment. Second, the model's capability was tested to represent further internal stations, which were not initially considered for calibration. Results showed that discharge was well represented by the model at all three main stations during both calibration (1994-1998) and validation (1999-2014) periods with lowest Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.71 and maximum Percentage BIAS (PBIAS) of 18.0%.
The model was able to reproduce the seasonal dynamics of NO3--N and TP concentrations with low predictive uncertainty at the three main stations, reflected by PBIAS values in the ranges from 16.1% to 6.4% and from 20.0% to 11.5% for NO3--N and TP load simulations, respectively.
At internal stations, the model could represent reasonably well the seasonal variation of nutrient concentrations with PBIAS values in the ranges from 9.0% to 14.2% for NO3--N and from 25.3% to 34.3% for TP concentration simulations.
Overall, results suggested that the spatial validation of a nutrient transport model can be better ensured when a multi-site and multi-objective calibration approach using archetypical gauging stations is implemented.
Further, results revealed that the delineation of sub-catchments should put more focus on hydro-meteorological conditions than on land-use features.
Seeing beyond the outcrop
(2021)
Paleokarst breccias are a common feature of sedimentary rift basins. The Billefjorden Trough in the High Arctic archipelago of Svalbard is an example of such a rift. Here the Carboniferous stratigraphy exhibits intervals of paleokarst breccias formed by gypsum dissolution. In this study we integrate digital outcrop models (DOMs) with a 2D ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey to extrapolate external irregular paleokarst geometries beyond the 2D outcrops. DOMs are obtained through combining a series of overlapping photographs with structure-frommotion photogrammetry, to create mmto dm-resolution georeferenced DOMs. GPR is typically used for surveying the shallow subsurface and relies on detecting the contrasts in electro-magnetic permittivity. We defined three geophysical facies based on their appearance in GPR. By integrating subsurface geophysical data with DOMs we were able to correlate reflection patterns in GPR with outcrop features. The chaotic nature of paleokarst breccias is seen both in outcrop and GPR. Key horizons in outcrop and the GPR profiles allow tying together observations between these methods. Furthermore, we show that this technique expands the twodimensional outcrop surface into a three-dimensional domain, thus complementing, strengthening and extending outcrop interpretations.
Efforts have been made in the past to enhance building exposure models on a regional scale with increasing spatial resolutions by integrating different data sources. This work follows a similar path and focuses on the downscaling of the existing SARA exposure model that was proposed for the residential building stock of the communes of Valparaiso and Vina del Mar (Chile). Although this model allowed great progress in harmonising building classes and characterising their differential physical vulnerabilities, it is now outdated, and in any case, it is spatially aggregated over large administrative units. Hence, to more accurately consider the impact of future earthquakes on these cities, it is necessary to employ more reliable exposure models. For such a purpose, we propose updating this existing model through a Bayesian approach by integrating ancillary data that has been made increasingly available from Volunteering Geo-Information (VGI) activities. Its spatial representation is also optimised in higher resolution aggregation units that avoid the inconvenience of having incomplete building-by-building footprints. A worst-case earthquake scenario is presented to calculate direct economic losses and highlight the degree of uncertainty imposed by exposure models in comparison with other parameters used to generate the seismic ground motions within a sensitivity analysis. This example study shows the great potential of using increasingly available VGI to update worldwide building exposure models as well as its importance in scenario-based seismic risk assessment.
Seismic scattering and absorption of oceanic lithospheric S waves in the Eastern North Atlantic
(2021)
The scattering and absorption of high-frequency seismic waves in the oceanic lithosphere is to date only poorly constrained by observations. Such estimates would not only improve our understanding of the propagation of seismic waves, but also unravel the small-scale nature of the lithosphere and its variability. Our study benefits from two exceptional situations: (1) we deployed over 10 months a mid-aperture seismological array in the central part of the Eastern North Atlantic in 5 km water depth and (2) we could observe in total 340 high-frequency (up to 30 Hz) Po and So arrivals with tens to hundreds of seconds long seismic coda from local and regional earthquakes in a wide range of backazimuths and epicentral distances up to 850 km with a travel path in the oceanic lithosphere. Moreover, the array was located about 100 km north of the Gloria fault, defining the plate boundary between the Eurasian and African plates at this location which also allows an investigation of the influence of an abrupt change in lithospheric age (20 Ma in this case) on seismic waves. The waves travel with velocities indicating upper-mantle material. We use So waves and their coda of pre-selected earthquakes to estimate frequency-dependent seismic scattering and intrinsic attenuation parameters. The estimated scattering attenuation coefficients are between 10(-4) and 4 x 10(-5) m(-1) and are typical for the lithosphere or the upper mantle. Furthermore, the total quality factors for So waves below 5 Hz are between 20 and 500 and are well below estimates from previous modelling for observations in the Pacific Ocean. This implies that the Atlantic Ocean is more attenuative for So waves compared to the Pacific Ocean, which is inline with the expected behaviour for the lithospheric structures resulting from the slower spreading rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The results for the analysed events indicate that for frequencies above 3 Hz, intrinsic attenuation is equal to or slightly stronger than scattering attenuation and that the So-wave coda is weakly influenced by the oceanic crust. Both observations are in agreement with the proposed propagation mechanism of scattering in the oceanic mantle lithosphere. Furthermore, we observe an age dependence which shows that an increase in lithospheric age is associated with a decrease in attenuation. However, we also observe a trade-off of this age-dependent effect with either a change in lithospheric thickness or thermal variations, for example due to small-scale upwellings in the upper mantle in the southeast close to Madeira and the Canaries. Moreover, the influence of the nearby Gloria fault is visible in a reduction of the intrinsic attenuation below 3 Hz for estimates across the fault. This is the first study to estimate seismic scattering and absorption parameters of So waves for an area with several hundreds of kilometres radius centred in the Eastern North Atlantic and using them to characterize the nature of the oceanic lithosphere.
Assessment of climate change impact on discharge of the lakhmass catchment (Northwest Tunisia)
(2022)
The Mediterranean region is increasingly recognized as a climate change hotspot but is highly underrepresented in hydrological climate change studies. This study aims to investigate the climate change effects on the hydrology of Lakhmass catchment in Tunisia. Lakhmass catchment is a part of the Medium Valley of Medjerda in northwestern Tunisia that drains an area of 126 km(2). First, the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning light (HBV-light) model was calibrated and validated successfully at a daily time step to simulate discharge during the 1981-1986 period. The Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency and Percent bias (NSE, PBIAS) were (0.80, +2.0%) and (0.53, -9.5%) for calibration (September 1982-August 1984) and validation (September 1984-August 1986) periods, respectively. Second, HBV-light model was considered as a predictive tool to simulate discharge in a baseline period (1981-2009) and future projections using data (precipitation and temperature) from thirteen combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climatic Models (RCMs). We used two trajectories of Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Each RCP is divided into three projection periods: near-term (2010-2039), mid-term (2040-2069) and long-term (2070-2099). For both scenarios, a decrease in precipitation and discharge will be expected with an increase in air temperature and a reduction in precipitation with almost 5% for every +1 degrees C of global warming. By long-term (2070-2099) projection period, results suggested an increase in temperature with about 2.7 degrees C and 4 degrees C, and a decrease in precipitation of approximately 7.5% and 15% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This will likely result in a reduction of discharge of 12.5% and 36.6% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. This situation calls for early climate change adaptation measures under a participatory approach, including multiple stakeholders and water users.
Understanding the influence of climate change and population pressure on human conflict remains a critically important topic in the social sciences. Long-term records that evaluate these dynamics across multiple centuries and outside the range of modern climatic variation are especially capable of elucidating the relative effect of-and the interaction between-climate and demography. This is crucial given that climate change may structure population growth and carrying capacity, while both climate and population influence per capita resource availability. This study couples paleoclimatic and demographic data with osteological evaluations of lethal trauma from 149 directly accelerator mass spectrometry C-14-dated individuals from the Nasca highland region of Peru. Multiple local and supraregional precipitation proxies are combined with a summed probability distribution of 149 C-14 dates to estimate population dynamics during a 700-y study window. Counter to previous findings, our analysis reveals a precipitous increase in violent deaths associated with a period of productive and stable climate, but volatile population dynamics. We conclude that favorable local climate conditions fostered population growth that put pressure on the marginal and highly circumscribed resource base, resulting in violent resource competition that manifested in over 450 y of internecine warfare. These findings help support a general theory of intergroup violence, indicating that relative resource scarcity-whether driven by reduced resource abundance or increased competition-can lead to violence in subsistence societies when the outcome is lower per capita resource availability.
Southeastern Tibetan Plateau growth revealed by inverse analysis of landscape evolution model
(2022)
The Cenozoic history of the Tibetan Plateau topography is critical for understanding the evolution of the Indian-Eurasian collision, climate, and biodiversity. However, the long-term growth and landscape evolution of the Tibetan Plateau remain ambiguous, it remains unclear if plateau uplift occurred soon after the India-Asia collision in the Paleogene (similar to 50-25 Ma) or later in the Neogene (similar to 20-5 Ma). Here, we reproduce the uplift history of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using a 2D landscape evolution model, which simultaneously solves fluvial erosion and sediment transport processes in the drainage basins of the Three Rivers region (Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween Rivers). Our model was optimized through a formal inverse analysis with 20,000 forward simulations, which aims to reconcile the transient states of the present-day river profiles. The results, compared to existing paleoelevation and thermochronologic data, suggest initially low elevations (similar to 300-500 m) during the Paleogene, followed by a gradual southeastward propagation of topographic uplift of the plateau margin.
Fast-localized electron loss, resulting from interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, can produce deepening minima in phase space density (PSD) radial profiles. Here, we perform a statistical analysis of local PSD minima to quantify how readily these are associated with radiation belt depletions. The statistics of PSD minima observed over a year are compared to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belts (VERB) simulations, both including and excluding EMIC waves. The observed minima distribution can only be achieved in the simulation including EMIC waves, indicating their importance in the dynamics of the radiation belts. By analyzing electron flux depletions in conjunction with the observed PSD minima, we show that, in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* < 5), on average, 53% of multi-MeV electron depletions are associated with PSD minima, demonstrating that fast localized loss by interactions with EMIC waves are a common and crucial process for ultra-relativistic electron populations.
The investigation of stresses, faults, structure and seismic hazards requires a good understanding and mapping of earthquake rupture and slip. Constraining the finite source of earthquakes from seismic and geodetic waveforms is challenging because the directional effects of the rupture itself are small and dynamic numerical solutions often include a large number of free parameters. The computational effort is large and therefore difficult to use in an exploratory forward modelling or inversion approach. Here, we use a simplified self-similar fracture model with only a few parameters, where the propagation of the fracture front is decoupled from the calculation of the slip. The approximative method is flexible and computationally efficient. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the model with real-case examples of well-studied earthquakes. These include the M-w 8.3 2015 Illapel, Chile, megathrust earthquake at the plate interface of a subduction zone and examples of continental intraplate strike-slip earthquakes like the M-w 7.1 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, multisegment variable slip event or the M-w 7.5 2018 Palu, Indonesia, supershear earthquake. Despite the simplicity of the model, a large number of observational features ranging from different rupture-front isochrones and slip distributions to directional waveform effects or high slip patches are easy to model. The temporal evolution of slip rate and rise time are derived from the incremental growth of the rupture and the stress drop without imposing other constraints. The new model is fast and implemented in the open-source Python seismology toolbox Pyrocko, ready to study the physics of rupture and to be used in finite source inversions.
Pressure induced structural changes in silicate melts have a great impact on their physico-chemical properties and hence on their behaviour in the deep Earth's interior. In order to gain a deeper understanding we have studied the densification mechanism in multicomponent aluminosilicate glasses (albitic and albit-diopside composition) by means of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy coupled to a diamond anvil cell up to 164 GPa. We have monitored the structural modifications from the network-former Ge as well as the network-modifier Sr. Notably, we tracked the evolution of Ge-O and Sr-O bond lengths (RGe-O, RSr-O) and their coordination number with pressure. We show that RGe-O increases strongly up to about 32 GPa, whereas RSr-O increases only slightly up to similar to 26 GPa. We assign these extensions to the increase of the coordination number from 4 to 6 (Ge) and from similar to 6 to at least 9 (Sr). Upon further compression RGe-O and RSr-O exhibit a continuous decrease to the highest probed pressure. These bond contractions, notably of RGe-O, that are continuous and exceed the one observed in pure SiO2 and GeO2, reflect a higher structural flexibility of multi-component glasses compared to those simple systems. Particularly, the high fraction of non-bridging oxygen atoms due to the presence of Na, Sr, Ca, Mg in the studied glasses, favours the simple compression of the highly-coordinated polyhedra of Si and Ge at pressure greater than 30 GPa. This is in strong contrast to pure oxides where cation polyhedral distortions govern the densification mechanism of the glass. The results of this study demonstrate that low field-strength alkali and alkaline earth cations, ubiquitous in deep Earth's melts, have a profound influence on the densification mechanism of glasses. Our results provide important constrains for interpreting the observed low velocity anomalies at the Earth's core-mantle boundary that have been, beyond others, referred to the presence of high-density melts. The hypothesis that non-buoyant melts at the Earth's core-mantle boundary can be formed by peculiar structural transformations in melts leading to higher coordination numbers compared to their crystalline equivalents is not supported from the present observations. The present results rather suggest that if velocity anomalies are to be explained by melts, these likely have considerable differences in chemical composition to the surrounding crystalline phase assemblage.
Marine sedimentary archives are routinely used to reconstruct past environmental changes. In many cases, bioturbation and sedimentary mixing affect the proxy time-series and the age-depth relationship. While idealized models of bioturbation exist, they usually assume homogeneous mixing, thus that a single sample is representative for the sediment layer it is sampled from.
However, it is largely unknown to which extent this assumption holds for sediments used for paleoclimate reconstructions.
To shed light on
1) the age-depth relationship and its full uncertainty,
2) the magnitude of mixing processes affecting the downcore proxy variations, and
3) the representativity of the discrete sample for the sediment layer, we designed and performed a case study on South China Sea sediment material which was collected using a box corer and which covers the last glacial cycle.
Using the radiocarbon content of foraminiferal tests as a tracer of time, we characterize the spatial age-heterogeneity of sediments in a three-dimensional setup. In total, 118 radiocarbon measurements were performed on defined small- and large-volume bulk samples ( similar to 200 specimens each) to investigate the horizontal heterogeneity of the sediment. Additionally, replicated measurements on small numbers of specimens (10 x 5 specimens) were performed to assess the heterogeneity within a sample volume. Visual assessment of X-ray images and a quantitative assessment of the mixing strength show typical mixing from bioturbation corresponding to around 10 cm mixing depth.
Notably, our 3D radiocarbon distribution reveals that the horizontal heterogeneity (up to 1,250 years), contributing to the age uncertainty, is several times larger than the typically assumed radiocarbon based age-model error (single errors up to 250 years). Furthermore, the assumption of a perfectly bioturbated layer with no mixing underneath is not met.
Our analysis further demonstrates that the age-heterogeneity might be a function of sample size; smaller samples might contain single features from the incomplete mixing and are thus less representative than larger samples.
We provide suggestions for future studies, optimal sampling strategies for quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and realistic uncertainty in age models, as well as discuss possible implications for the interpretation of paleoclimate records.
The within-site variability in site response is the randomness in site response at a given site from different earthquakes and is treated as aleatory variability in current seismic hazard/risk analyses.
In this study, we investigate the single-station variability in linear site response at K-NET and KiK-net stations in Japan using a large number of earthquake recordings.
We found that the standard deviation of the horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectral ratio at individual sites, that is single-station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) sigma sigma(HV,s), approximates the within-site variability in site response quantified using surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (for oscillator frequencies higher than the site fundamental frequency) or empirical ground-motion models.
Based on this finding, we then utilize the single-station HVSR sigma as a convenient tool to study the site-response variability at 697 KiK-net and 1169 K-NET sites.
Our results show that at certain frequencies, stiff, rough and shallow sites, as well as small and local events tend to have a higher sigma(HV,s).
However, when being averaged over different sites, the single-station HVSR sigma, that is sigma(HV), increases gradually with decreasing frequency. In the frequency range of 0.25-25 Hz, sigma(HV) is centred at 0.23-0.43 in ln scales (a linear scale factor of 1.26-1.54) with one standard deviation of less than 0.1. sigma(HV) is quite stable across different tectonic regions, and we present a constant, as well as earthquake magnitude- and distance-dependent sigma(HV) models.
In this study we present a novel method for the automatic detection of minerals and elements using hyperspectral transmittance imaging microscopy measurements of complete thin sections (HyperTIM).
This is accomplished by using a hyperspectral camera system that operates in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range with a specifically designed sample holder, scanning setup, and a microscope lens.
We utilize this method on a monazite ore thin section from Steenkampskraal (South Africa), which we analyzed for the rare earth element (REE)-bearing mineral monazite ((Ce,Nd,La)PO4), with high concentrations of Nd. The transmittance analyses with the hyperspectral VNIR camera can be used to identify REE minerals and Nd in thin sections.
We propose a three-point band depth index, the Nd feature depth index (NdFD), and its related product the Nd band depth index (NdBDI), which enables automatic mineral detection and classification for the Nd-bearing monazites in thin sections. In combination with the average concentration of the relative Nd content, it permits a destruction-free, total concentration calculation for Nd across the entire thin section.
Groundwater recharge (GWR) is one of the most challenging water fluxes to estimate, as it relies on observed data that are often limited in many developing countries.
This study developed an innovative water budget method using satellite products for estimating the spatially distributed GWR at monthly and annual scales in tropical wet sedimentary regions despite cloudy conditions.
The distinctive features proposed in this study include the capacity to address 1) evapotranspiration estimations in tropical wet regions frequently overlaid by substantial cloud cover; and 2) seasonal root-zone water storage estimations in sedimentary regions prone to monthly variations.
The method also utilises satellite-based information of the precipitation and surface runoff. The GWR was estimated and validated for the hydrologically contrasting years 2016 and 2017 over a tropical wet sedimentary region located in North-eastern Brazil, which has substantial potential for groundwater abstraction.
This study showed that applying a cloud-cleaning procedure based on monthly compositions of biophysical data enables the production of a reasonable proxy for evapotranspiration able to estimate groundwater by the water budget method.
The resulting GWR rates were 219 (2016) and 302 (2017) mm yr(-1), showing good correlations (CC = 0.68 to 0.83) and slight underestimations (PBIAS =-13 to-9%) when compared with the referenced estimates obtained by the water table fluctuation method for 23 monitoring wells. Sensitivity analysis shows that water storage changes account for +19% to-22% of our monthly evaluation.
The satellite-based approach consistently demonstrated that the consideration of cloud-cleaned evapotranspiration and root-zone soil water storage changes are essential for a proper estimation of spatially distributed GWR in tropical wet sedimentary regions because of their weather seasonality and cloudy conditions.
Carbonate minerals are common in both marine and lacustrine records, and are frequently used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The sedimentary sequence of the endorheic Dead Sea and its precursors contain aragonite laminae that provide a detailed sedimentary archive of climatic, hydrologic, limnologic and environmental conditions since the Pleistocene. However, the interpretation of these archives requires a detailed understanding of the constraints and mechanisms affecting CaCO3 precipitation, which are still debated. The implications of aragonite precipitation in the Dead Sea and in its late Pleistocene predecessor (Lake Lisan) were investigated in this study by mixing natural and synthetic brines with a synthetic bicarbonate solution that mimics flash-floods composition, with and without the addition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Aragonite precipitation was monitored, and precipitation rates and carbonate yields were calculated and are discussed with respect to modern aquatic environments. The experimental insights on aragonite precipitation are then integrated with microfacies analyses in order to reconstruct and constrain prevailing limnogeological processes and their hydroclimatic drivers under low (interglacial) and high (glacial) lake level stands. Aragonite precipitation took place within days to several weeks after the mixing of the brines with a synthetic bicarbonate solution. Incubation time was proportional to bicarbonate concentration, and precipitation rates were partially influenced by ionic strength. Additionally, extracellular polymeric substances inhibited aragonite precipitation for several months. As for the lake's water budget, our calculations suggest that the precipitation of a typical aragonite lamina (0.5 mm thick) during high lake stand requires unreasonable freshwater inflow from either surface or subsurface sources. This discrepancy can be resolved by considering one or a combination of the following scenarios; (1) discontinuous aragonite deposition over parts of the lake floor; (2) supply of additional carbonate flux (or fluxes) to the lake from aeolian dust and the remobilization and dissolution of dust deposits at the watershed; (3) carbonate production via oxidation of organic carbon by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Altogether, it is suggested that aragonite laminae thickness cannot be directly interpreted for quantitatively reconstructing the hydrological balance for the entire lake, they may still prove valuable for identifying inherent hydroclimatic periodicities at a single site.
Improving nitrogen (N) status in European water bodies is a pressing issue. N levels depend not only on current but also past N inputs to the landscape, that have accumulated through time in legacy stores (e.g., soil, groundwater).
Catchment-scale N models, that are commonly used to investigate in-stream N levels, rarely examine the magnitude and dynamics of legacy components.
This study aims to gain a better understanding of the long-term fate of the N inputs and its uncertainties, using a legacy-driven N model (ELEMeNT) in Germany's largest national river basin (Weser; 38,450 km(2)) over the period 1960-2015.
We estimate the nine model parameters based on a progressive constraining strategy, to assess the value of different observational data sets.
We demonstrate that beyond in-stream N loading, soil N content and in-stream N concentration allow to reduce the equifinality in model parameterizations.
We find that more than 50% of the N surplus denitrifies (1480-2210 kg ha(-1)) and the stream export amounts to around 18% (410-640 kg ha(-1)), leaving behind as much as around 230-780 kg ha(-1) of N in the (soil) source zone and 10-105 kg ha(-1) in the subsurface.
A sensitivity analysis reveals the importance of different factors affecting the residual uncertainties in simulated N legacies, namely hydrologic travel time, denitrification rates, a coefficient characterizing the protection of organic N in source zone and N surplus input.
Our study calls for proper consideration of uncertainties in N legacy characterization, and discusses possible avenues to further reduce the equifinality in water quality modeling.
Drainage-divide migration, controlled by rock-uplift and rainfall patterns, may play a major role in the geomorphic evolution of mountain ranges.
However, divide-migration rates over geologic timescales have only been estimated by theoretical studies and remain empirically poorly constrained.
Geomorphological evidence suggests that the Sierra de Aconquija, on the eastern side of the southern Central Andes, northwest Argentina, is undergoing active westward drainage-divide migration. The mountain range has been subjected to steep rock trajectories and pronounced orographic rainfall for the last several million years, presenting an ideal setting for using low-temperature thermochronometric data to explore its topographic evolution.
We perform three-dimensional thermal-kinematic modeling of previously published thermochronometric data spanning the windward and leeward sides of the range to explore the most likely structural and topographic evolution of the range.
We find that the data can be explained by scenarios involving drainage-divide migration alone, or by scenarios that also involve changes in the structures that have accommodated deformation through time.
By combining new Be-10-derived catchment-average denudation rates with geomorphic constraints on probable fault activity, we conclude that the evolution of the range was likely dominated by west-vergent faulting on a high-angle reverse fault underlying the range, together with westward drainage-divide migration at a rate of several km per million years.
Our findings place new constraints on the magnitudes and rates of drainage-divide migration in real landscapes, quantify the effects of orographic rainfall and erosion on the topographic evolution of a mountain range, and highlight the importance of considering drainage-divide migration when interpreting thermochronometer age patterns.
Sedimentary ancient DNA-based studies have been used to probe centuries of climate and environmental changes and how they affected cyanobacterial assemblages in temperate lakes. Due to cyanobacteria containing potential bloom-forming and toxin-producing taxa, their approximate reconstruction from sediments is crucial, especially in lakes lacking long-term monitoring data. To extend the resolution of sediment record interpretation, we used high-throughput sequencing, amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis, and quantitative PCR to compare pelagic cyanobacterial composition to that in sediment traps (collected monthly) and surface sediments in Lake Tiefer See. Cyanobacterial composition, species richness, and evenness was not significantly different among the pelagic depths, sediment traps and surface sediments (p > 0.05), indicating that the cyanobacteria in the sediments reflected the cyanobacterial assemblage in the water column. However, total cyanobacterial abundances (qPCR) decreased from the metalimnion down the water column. The aggregate-forming (Aphanizomenon) and colony-forming taxa (Snowella) showed pronounced sedimentation. In contrast, Planktothrix was only very poorly represented in sediment traps (meta- and hypolimnion) and surface sediments, despite its highest relative abundance at the thermocline (10 m water depth) during periods of lake stratification (May-October). We conclude that this skewed representation in taxonomic abundances reflects taphonomic processes, which should be considered in future DNA-based paleolimnological investigations.
Megathrust earthquakes impose changes of differential stress and pore pressure in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system that are transiently relaxed during the postseismic period primarily due to afterslip, viscoelastic and poroelastic processes.
Especially during the early postseismic phase, however, the relative contribution of these processes to the observed surface deformation is unclear.
To investigate this, we use geodetic data collected in the first 48 days following the 2010 Maule earthquake and a poro-viscoelastic forward model combined with an afterslip inversion.
This model approach fits the geodetic data 14% better than a pure elastic model. Particularly near the region of maximum coseismic slip, the predicted surface poroelastic uplift pattern explains well the observations.
If poroelasticity is neglected, the spatial afterslip distribution is locally altered by up to +/- 40%.
Moreover, we find that shallow crustal aftershocks mostly occur in regions of increased postseismic pore-pressure changes, indicating that both processes might be mechanically coupled.
On their way from inland to the ocean, flowing water bodies, their constituents and their biotic communities are ex-posed to complex transport and transformation processes. However, detailed process knowledge as revealed by La-grangian measurements adjusted to travel time is rare in large rivers, in particular at hydrological extremes. To fill this gap, we investigated autotrophic processes, heterotrophic carbon utilization, and micropollutant concentrations applying a Lagrangian sampling design in a 600 km section of the River Elbe (Germany) at historically low discharge. Under base flow conditions, we expect the maximum intensity of instream processes and of point source impacts. Phy-toplankton biomass and photosynthesis increased from upstream to downstream sites but maximum chlorophyll con-centration was lower than at mean discharge. Concentrations of dissolved macronutrients decreased to almost complete phosphate depletion and low nitrate values. The longitudinal increase of bacterial abundance and production was less pronounced than in wetter years and bacterial community composition changed downstream. Molecular analyses revealed a longitudinal increase of many DOM components due to microbial production, whereas saturated lipid-like DOM, unsaturated aromatics and polyphenols, and some CHOS surfactants declined. In decomposition exper-iments, DOM components with high O/C ratios and high masses decreased whereas those with low O/C ratios, low masses, and high nitrogen content increased at all sites. Radiocarbon age analyses showed that DOC was relatively old (890-1870 years B.P.), whereas the mineralized fraction was much younger suggesting predominant oxidation of algal lysis products and exudates particularly at downstream sites. Micropollutants determining toxicity for algae (terbuthylazine, terbutryn, isoproturon and lenacil), hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDTs showed higher concentrations from the middle towards the downstream part but calculated toxicity was not negatively correlated to phytoplankton. Overall, autotrophic and heterotrophic process rates and micropollutant concentrations increased from up-to down-stream reaches, but their magnitudes were not distinctly different to conditions at medium discharges.
LegacyPollen 1.0
(2022)
Here we describe the LegacyPollen 1.0, a dataset of 2831 fossil pollen records with metadata, a harmonized taxonomy, and standardized chronologies.
A total of 1032 records originate from North America, 1075 from Europe, 488 from Asia, 150 from Latin America, 54 from Africa, and 32 from the Indo-Pacific.
The pollen data cover the late Quaternary (mostly the Holocene). The original 10 110 pollen taxa names (including variations in the notations) were harmonized to 1002 terrestrial taxa (including Cyperaceae), with woody taxa and major herbaceous taxa harmonized to genus level and other herbaceous taxa to family level.
The dataset is valuable for synthesis studies of, for example, taxa areal changes, vegetation dynamics, human impacts (e.g., deforestation), and climate change at global or continental scales.
The harmonized pollen and metadata as well as the harmonization table are available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929773; Herzschuh et al., 2021). R code for the harmonization is provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910972; Herzschuh et al., 2022) so that datasets at a customized harmonization level can be easily established.
Boreal forests cover over half of the global permafrost area and protect underlying permafrost. Boreal forest development, therefore, has an impact on permafrost evolution, especially under a warming climate.
Forest disturbances and changing climate conditions cause vegetation shifts and potentially destabilize the carbon stored within the vegetation and permafrost. Disturbed permafrost-forest ecosystems can develop into a dry or swampy bush- or grasslands, shift toward broadleaf- or evergreen needleleaf-dominated forests, or recover to the pre-disturbance state.
An increase in the number and intensity of fires, as well as intensified logging activities, could lead to a partial or complete ecosystem and permafrost degradation. We study the impact of forest disturbances (logging, surface, and canopy fires) on the thermal and hydrological permafrost conditions and ecosystem resilience.
We use a dynamic multilayer canopy-permafrost model to simulate different scenarios at a study site in eastern Siberia. We implement expected mortality, defoliation, and ground surface changes and analyze the interplay between forest recovery and permafrost. We find that forest loss induces soil drying of up to 44%, leading to lower active layer thicknesses and abrupt or steady decline of a larch forest, depending on disturbance intensity.
Only after surface fires, the most common disturbances, inducing low mortality rates, forests can recover and overpass pre-disturbance leaf area index values. We find that the trajectory of larch forests after surface fires is dependent on the precipitation conditions in the years after the disturbance. Dryer years can drastically change the direction of the larch forest development within the studied period.
Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications.
A large landslide (frozen debris avalanche) occurred at Assapaat on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland on June 13, 2021, at 04:04 local time. We present a compilation of available data from field observations, photos, remote sensing, and seismic monitoring to describe the event. Analysis of these data in combination with an analysis of pre- and post-failure digital elevation models results in the first description of this type of landslide. The frozen debris avalanche initiated as a 6.9 * 10(6) m(3) failure of permafrozen talus slope and underlying colluvium and till at 600-880 m elevation. It entrained a large volume of permafrozen colluvium along its 2.4 km path in two subsequent entrainment phases accumulating a total volume between 18.3 * 10(6) and 25.9 * 10(6) m(3). About 3.9 * 10(6) m(3) is estimated to have entered the Vaigat strait; however, no tsunami was reported, or is evident in the field. This is probably because the second stage of entrainment along with a flattening of slope angle reduced the mobility of the frozen debris avalanche. We hypothesise that the initial talus slope failure is dynamically conditioned by warming of the ice matrix that binds the permafrozen talus slope. When the slope ice temperature rises to a critical level, its shear resistance is reduced, resulting in an unstable talus slope prone to failure. Likewise, we attribute the large-scale entrainment to increasing slope temperature and take the frozen debris avalanche as a strong sign that the permafrost in this region is increasingly at a critical state. Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic and frequent landslide events in the past decade in Western Greenland let us hypothesise that continued warming will lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of these types of landslides. Essential data for critical arctic slopes such as precipitation, snowmelt, and ground and surface temperature are still missing to further test this hypothesis. It is thus strongly required that research funds are made available to better predict the change of landslide threat in the Arctic.
A novel idea for an optimal time delay state space reconstruction from uni- and multivariate time series is presented. The entire embedding process is considered as a game, in which each move corresponds to an embedding cycle and is subject to an evaluation through an objective function. This way the embedding procedure can be modeled as a tree, in which each leaf holds a specific value of the objective function. By using a Monte Carlo ansatz, the proposed algorithm populates the tree with many leafs by computing different possible embedding paths and the final embedding is chosen as that particular path, which ends at the leaf with the lowest achieved value of the objective function. The method aims to prevent getting stuck in a local minimum of the objective function and can be used in a modular way, enabling practitioners to choose a statistic for possible delays in each embedding cycle as well as a suitable objective function themselves. The proposed method guarantees the optimization of the chosen objective function over the parameter space of the delay embedding as long as the tree is sampled sufficiently. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the classical time delay embedding methods using a variety of application examples. We compare recurrence plot-based statistics inferred from reconstructions of a Lorenz-96 system and highlight an improved forecast accuracy for map-like model data as well as for palaeoclimate isotope time series. Finally, we utilize state space reconstruction for the detection of causality and its strength between observables of a gas turbine type thermoacoustic combustor.
Large-Scale interseismic strain mapping of the NE Tibetan Plateau from Sentinel-1 Interferometry
(2022)
The launches of the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar satellites in 2014 and 2016 started a new era of high-resolution velocity and strain rate mapping for the continents. However, multiple challenges exist in tying independently processed velocity data sets to a common reference frame and producing high-resolution strain rate fields. We analyze Sentinel-1 data acquired between 2014 and 2019 over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and develop new methods to derive east and vertical velocities with similar to 100 m resolution and similar to 1 mm/yr accuracy across an area of 440,000 km(2). By implementing a new method of combining horizontal gradients of filtered east and interpolated north velocities, we derive the first similar to 1 km resolution strain rate field for this tectonically active region. The strain rate fields show concentrated shear strain along the Haiyuan and East Kunlun Faults, and local contractional strain on fault junctions, within the Qilianshan thrusts, and around the Longyangxia Reservoir. The Laohushan-Jingtai creeping section of the Haiyuan Fault is highlighted in our data set by extremely rapid strain rates. Strain across unknown portions of the Haiyuan Fault system, including shear on the eastern extension of the Dabanshan Fault and contraction at the western flank of the Quwushan, highlight unmapped tectonic structures. In addition to the uplift across most of the lowlands, the vertical velocities also contain climatic, hydrological or anthropogenic-related deformation signals. We demonstrate the enhanced view of large-scale active tectonic processes provided by high-resolution velocities and strain rates derived from Sentinel-1 data and highlight associated wide-ranging research applications.
The James Ross archipelago houses numerous lakes and ponds. In this region, a vast diatom and cyanobacterial variety has been reported; however, the prokaryotic diversity in microbial mats from these lakes remains poorly explored.
Here, a high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene in microbial mats from Lake Bart-Roja in James Ross Island and lakes Pan Negro and North Pan Negro located in Vega Island was performed. Combined with mineralogical and environmental characteristics, we analyzed the diversity and structure of the microbial communities. Sequences assigned to Archaea were extremely low, while Bacteria domain prevailed with the abundance of Proteobacteria (mostly Betaproteobacteriales) followed by Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria.
Local environmental conditions, such as conductivity and Eh, provided differential microbial assemblages that might have implications in the oligotrophic status of the lakes. Consequently, a clear segregation at the family level was observed.
In this sense, the assigned diversity was related to taxa recognized as denitrifiers and sulfur oxidizers. Particularly, in Lake Pan Negro sulfur-reducing and methanogenic representatives were also found and positively correlate with alkalinity and water depth.
Moreover, Deinococcus-Thermus was observed in Lake Bart-Roja, while Melainabacteria (Cyanobacteria)-poorly reported in Antarctic mats-was detected in Lake Pan Negro. Epsilonbacteraeota was exclusively found in this lake, suggesting new potential phylotypes. This study contributes to the understanding of the diversity, composition, and structure of Antarctic benthic microbial ecosystems and provides highly valuable information, which can be used as a proxy to evaluate environmental changes affecting Antarctic microbiota.
In seismic risk assessment, the sources of uncertainty associated with building exposure modelling have not received as much attention as other components related to hazard and vulnerability. Conventional practices such as assuming absolute portfolio compositions (i.e., proportions per building class) from expert-based assumptions over aggregated data crudely disregard the contribution of uncertainty of the exposure upon earthquake loss models. In this work, we introduce the concept that the degree of knowledge of a building stock can be described within a Bayesian probabilistic approach that integrates both expert-based prior distributions and data collection on individual buildings. We investigate the impact of the epistemic uncertainty in the portfolio composition on scenario-based earthquake loss models through an exposure-oriented logic tree arrangement based on synthetic building portfolios. For illustrative purposes, we consider the residential building stock of Valparaiso (Chile) subjected to seismic ground-shaking from one subduction earthquake. We have found that building class reconnaissance, either from prior assumptions by desktop studies with aggregated data (top-down approach), or from building-by-building data collection (bottom-up approach), plays a fundamental role in the statistical modelling of exposure. To model the vulnerability of such a heterogeneous building stock, we require that their associated set of structural fragility functions handle multiple spectral periods. Thereby, we also discuss the relevance and specific uncertainty upon generating either uncorrelated or spatially cross-correlated ground motion fields within this framework. We successively show how various epistemic uncertainties embedded within these probabilistic exposure models are differently propagated throughout the computed direct financial losses. This work calls for further efforts to redesign desktop exposure studies, while also highlighting the importance of exposure data collection with standardized and iterative approaches.
Planned decommissioning of coal-fired plants in Europe requires innovative technical and economic strategies to support coal regions on their path towards a climate-resilient future. The repurposing of open pit mines into hybrid pumped hydro power storage (HPHS) of excess energy from the electric grid, and renewable sources will contribute to the EU Green Deal, increase the economic value, stabilize the regional job market and contribute to the EU energy supply security. This study aims to present a preliminary phase of a geospatial workflow used to evaluate land suitability by implementing a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique with an advanced geographic information system (GIS) in the context of an interdisciplinary feasibility study on HPHS in the Kardia lignite open pit mine (Western Macedonia, Greece). The introduced geospatial analysis is based on the utilization of the constraints and ranking criteria within the boundaries of the abandoned mine regarding specific topographic and proximity criteria. The applied criteria were selected from the literature, while for their weights, the experts' judgement was introduced by implementing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), in the framework of the ATLANTIS research program. According to the results, seven regions were recognized as suitable, with a potential energy storage capacity from 1.09 to 5.16 GWh. Particularly, the present study's results reveal that 9.27% (212,884 m(2)) of the area had a very low suitability, 15.83% (363,599 m(2)) had a low suitability, 23.99% (550,998 m(2)) had a moderate suitability, 24.99% (573,813 m(2)) had a high suitability, and 25.92% (595,125 m(2)) had a very high suitability for the construction of the upper reservoir. The proposed semi-automatic geospatial workflow introduces an innovative tool that can be applied to open pit mines globally to identify the optimum design for an HPHS system depending on the existing lower reservoir.
The stabilizing properties of mineral-organic carbon (OC) interactions have been studied in many soil environments (temperate soils, podzol lateritic soils, and paddy soils). Recently, interest in their role in permafrost regions is increasing as permafrost was identified as a hotspot of change. In thawing ice-rich permafrost regions, such as the Yedoma domain, 327-466 Gt of frozen OC is buried in deep sediments. Interactions between minerals and OC are important because OC is located very near the mineral matrix. Mineral surfaces and elements could mitigate recent and future greenhouse gas emissions through physical and/or physicochemical protection of OC. The dynamic changes in redox and pH conditions associated with thermokarst lake formation and drainage trigger metal-oxide dissolution and precipitation, likely influencing OC stabilization and microbial mineralization. However, the influence of thermokarst processes on mineral-OC interactions remains poorly constrained. In this study, we aim to characterize Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca minerals and their potential protective role for OC. Total and selective extractions were used to assess the crystalline and amorphous oxides or complexed metal pools as well as the organic acids found within these pools. We analyzed four sediment cores from an ice-rich permafrost area in Central Yakutia, which were drilled (i) in undisturbed Yedoma uplands, (ii) beneath a recent lake formed within Yedoma deposits, (iii) in a drained thermokarst lake basin, and (iv) beneath a mature thermokarst lake from the early Holocene period. We find a decrease in the amount of reactive Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca in the deposits on lake formation (promoting reduction reactions), and this was largely balanced by an increase in the amount of reactive metals in the deposits on lake drainage (promoting oxidation reactions). We demonstrate an increase in the metal to C molar ratio on thermokarst process, which may indicate an increase in metal-C bindings and could provide a higher protective role against microbial mineralization of organic matter. Finally, we find that an increase in mineral-OC interactions corresponded to a decrease in CO2 and CH4 gas emissions on thermokarst process. Mineral-OC interactions could mitigate greenhouse gas production from permafrost thaw as soon as lake drainage occurs.
Rainfall-intense summer monsoon seasons on the Indian subcontinent that are exceeding long-term averages cause widespread floods and landslides.
Here we show that the latest generation of coupled climate models robustly project an intensification of very rainfall-intense seasons (June-September).
Under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP5-8.5, very wet monsoon seasons as observed in only 5 years in the period 1965-2015 are projected to occur 8 times more often in 2050-2100 in the multi-model average.
Under SSP2-4.5, these seasons become only a factor of 6 times more frequent, showing that even modest efforts to mitigate climate change can have a strong impact on the frequency of very strong rainfall seasons.
Besides, we find that the increasing risk of extreme seasonal rainfall is accompanied by a shift from days with light rainfall to days with moderate or heavy rainfall. Additionally, the number of wet days is projected to increase.
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a method that can provide detailed information about the near subsurface in sedimentary and carbonate environments.
The classical interpretation of GPR data (e.g., based on manual feature selection) often is labor-intensive and limited by the experience of the intercally used for seismic interpretation, can provide faster, more repeatable, and less biased interpretations. We have recorded a 3D GPD data set collected across a paleokarst breccia pipe in the Billefjorden area on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. After performing advanced processing, we compare the results of a classical GPR interpretation to the results of an attribute-based classification.
Our attribute classification incorporates a selection of dip and textural attributes as the input for a k-means clustering approach. Similar to the results of the classical interpretation, the resulting classes differentiate between undisturbed strata and breccias or fault zones.
The classes also reveal details inside the breccia pipe that are not discerned in the classical fer that the intrapipe GPR facies result from subtle differences, such as breccia lithology, clast size, or pore-space filling.
Shallow earthquakes frequently disturb the hydrological and mechanical state of the subsurface, with consequences for hazard and water management. Transient post-seismic hydrological behavior has been widely reported, suggesting that the recovery of material properties (relaxation) following ground shaking may impact groundwater fluctuations. However, the monitoring of seismic velocity variations associated with earthquake damage and hydrological variations are often done assuming that both effects are independent. In a field site prone to highly variable hydrological conditions, we disentangle the different forcing of the relative seismic velocity variations delta v retrieved from a small dense seismic array in Nepal in the aftermath of the 2015 M-w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake. We successfully model transient damage effects by introducing a universal relaxation function that contains a unique maximum relaxation timescale for the main shock and the aftershocks, independent of the ground shaking levels. Next, we remove the modeled velocity from the raw data and test whether the corresponding residuals agree with a background hydrological behavior we inferred from a previously calibrated groundwater model. The fitting of the delta v data with this model is improved when we introduce transient hydrological properties in the phase immediately following the main shock. This transient behavior, interpreted as an enhanced permeability in the shallow subsurface, lasts for similar to 6 months and is shorter than the damage relaxation (similar to 1 yr). Thus, we demonstrate the capability of seismic interferometry to deconvolve transient hydrological properties after earthquakes from non-linear mechanical recovery.
Soil bacteria play a fundamental role in pedogenesis. However, knowledge about both the impact of climate and slope aspects on microbial communities and the consequences of these items in pedogenesis is lacking. Therefore, soil-bacterial communities from four sites and two different aspects along the climate gradient of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera were investigated. Using a combination of microbiological and physicochemical methods, soils that developed in arid, semi-arid, mediterranean, and humid climates were analyzed. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes were found to increase in abundance from arid to humid climates, while Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes decreased along the transect. Bacterial-community structure varied with climate and aspect and was influenced by pH, bulk density, plant-available phosphorus, clay, and total organic-matter content. Higher bacterial specialization was found in arid and humid climates and on the south-facing slope and was likely promoted by stable microclimatic conditions. The presence of specialists was associated with ecosystem-functional traits, which shifted from pioneers that accumulated organic matter in arid climates to organic decomposers in humid climates. These findings provide new perspectives on how climate and slope aspects influence the composition and functional capabilities of bacteria, with most of these capabilities being involved in pedogenetic processes.
The region of West Bohemia and Upper Palatinate belongs to the West Bohemian Massif. The study area is situated at the junction of three different Variscan tectonic units and hosts the ENE-WSW trending Ohre Rift as well as many different fault systems. The entire region is characterized by ongoing magmatic processes in the intra-continental lithospheric mantle expressed by a series of phenomena, including e.g. the occurrence of repeated earthquake swarms and massive degassing of mantle derived CO2 in form of mineral springs and mofettes. Ongoing active tectonics is mainly manifested by Cenozoic volcanism represented by different Quaternary volcanic structures. All these phenomena make the Ohre Rift a unique target area for European intra-continental geo-scientific research. With magnetotelluric (MT) measurements we image the subsurface distribution of the electrical resistivity and map possible fluid pathways. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion results by Munoz et al. (2018) reveal a conductive channel in the vicinity of the earthquake swarm region that extends from the lower crust to the surface forming a pathway for fluids into the region of the mofettes. A second conductive channel is present in the south of their model; however, their 2D inversions allow ambiguous interpretations of this feature. Therefore, we conducted a large 3D MT field experiment extending the study area towards the south. The 3D inversion result matches well with the known geology imaging different fluid/magma reservoirs at crust-mantle depth and mapping possible fluid pathways from the reservoirs to the surface feeding known mofettes and spas. A comparison of 3D and 2D inversion results suggests that the 2D inversion results are considerably characterized by 3D and off-profile structures. In this context, the new results advocate for the swarm earthquakes being located in the resistive host rock surrounding the conductive channels; a finding in line with observations e.g. at the San Andreas Fault, California.
Understanding catchment controls on catchment solute export is a prerequisite for water quality management. StorAge Selection (SAS) functions encapsulate essential information about catchment functioning in terms of discharge selection preference and solute export dynamics. However, they lack information on the spatial origin of solutes when applied at the catchment scale, thereby limiting our understanding of the internal (subcatchment) functioning. Here, we parameterized SAS functions in a spatially explicit way to understand the internal catchment responses and transport dynamics of reactive dissolved nitrate (N-NO3). The model was applied in a nested mesoscale catchment (457 km(2)), consisting of a mountainous partly forested, partly agricultural subcatchment, a middle-reach forested subcatchment, and a lowland agricultural subcatchment. The model captured flow and nitrate concentration dynamics not only at the catchment outlet but also at internal gauging stations. Results reveal disparate subsurface mixing dynamics and nitrate export among headwater and lowland subcatchments. The headwater subcatchment has high seasonal variation in subsurface mixing schemes and younger water in discharge, while the lowland subcatchment has less pronounced seasonality in subsurface mixing and much older water in discharge. Consequently, nitrate concentration in discharge from the headwater subcatchment shows strong seasonality, whereas that from the lowland subcatchment is stable in time. The temporally varying responses of headwater and lowland subcatchments alternate the dominant contribution to nitrate export in high and low-flow periods between subcatchments. Overall, our results demonstrate that the spatially explicit SAS modeling provides useful information about internal catchment functioning, helping to develop or evaluate spatial management practices.
In the past decade, sediment connectivity has become a widely recognized characteristic of a geomorphic system. However, the quantification of functional connectivity (i.e. connectivity which arises due to the actual occurrence of sediment transport processes) and its variation over space and time is still a challenge. In this context, this study assesses the effects of expected future phenomena in the context of climate change (i.e. glacier retreat, permafrost degradation or meteorological extreme events) on sediment transport dynamics in a glacierised Alpine basin. The study area is the Sulden river basin (drainage area 130 km(2)) in the Italian Alps, which is composed of two geomorphologically diverse sub-basins. Based on graph theory, we evaluated the spatio-temporal variations in functional connectivity in these two sub-basins. The graph-object, obtained by manually mapping sediment transport processes between landforms, was adapted to 6 different hydro-meteorological scenarios, which derive from combining base, heatwave and rainstorm conditions with snowmelt and glacier-melt periods. For each scenario and each sub-basin, the sediment transport network and related catchment characteristics were analysed. To compare the effects of the scenarios on functional connectivity, we introduced a connectivity degree, calculated based on the area of the landforms involved in sediment cascades. Results indicate that the area of the basin connected to its outlet in terms of sediment transport might feature a six-fold increase in case of rainstorm conditions compared to "average " meteorological conditions assumed for the base scenario. Furthermore, markedly different effects of climate change on sediment connectivity are expected between the two sub-catchments due to their contrasting morphological and lithological characteristics, in terms of relative importance of rainfall triggered colluvial processes vs temperature-driven proglacial fluvial dynamics.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in food systems is becoming more challenging as food is increasingly consumed away from producer regions, highlighting the need to consider emissions embodied in trade in agricultural emissions accounting.
To address this, our study explores recent trends in trade-adjusted agricultural emissions of food items at the global, regional, and national levels.
We find that emissions are largely dependent on a country’s consumption patterns and their agricultural emission intensities relative to their trading partners’.
The absolute differences between the production-based and trade-adjusted emissions accounting approaches are especially apparent for major agricultural exporters and importers and where large shares of emission-intensive items such as ruminant meat, milk products and rice are involved.
In relative terms, some low-income and emerging and developing economies with consumption of high emission intensity food products show large differences between approaches.
Similar trends are also found under various specifications that account for trade and re-exports differently.
These findings could serve as an important element towards constructing national emissions reduction targets that consider trading partners, leading to more effective emissions reductions overall.
The concepts of CO2 emission, global warming, climate change, and their environmental impacts are of utmost importance for the understanding and protection of the ecosystems.
Among the natural sources of gases into the atmosphere, the contribution of geogenic sources plays a crucial role. However, while subaerial emissions are widely studied, submarine outgassing is not yet well understood.
In this study, we review and catalog 122 literature and unpublished data of submarine emissions distributed in ten coastal areas of the Aegean Sea. This catalog includes descriptions of the degassing vents through in situ observations, their chemical and isotopic compositions, and flux estimations.
Temperatures and pH data of surface seawaters in four areas affected by submarine degassing are also presented.
This overview provides useful information to researchers studying the impact of enhanced seawater CO2 concentrations related either to increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere or leaking carbon capture and storage systems.
The region of the Andean back-arc of northwestern Argentina has been struck by several magnitude >= 6 crustal earthquakes since the first historically recorded event in 1692. One of these events corresponds to the Anta earthquake on 25 August 1948, with epicenter in the Santa Barbara System causing three deaths and severe damage in Salta and Jujuy provinces with maximum Modified Mercalli seismic intensities (MMI) of IX. We collected and digitized analog seismograms of this earthquake from worldwide seismic observatories in order to perform first-motion analysis and modeling of long-period teleseismic P-waveforms. Our results indicate a simple seismic source of M0 = 2.85 x 1019 N m consistent with a moment magnitude Mw = 6.9. We have also tested for the focal depth determining a shallow source at 8 km with a reverse focal mechanism solution with a minor dextral strike-slip component (strike 20 degrees, dip 30 degrees, rake 120 degrees) from the best fit of waveforms. Using magnitude size empirical relationships, the comparison of the obtained Mw 6.9 magnitude value and the ca. 10,000 km2 area of MMI >= IX from our seismic intensity map, which was obtained from newspaper and many historical reports, indicates a rupture length of 42 +/- 8 km for the Anta earthquake. We show our results in a 3D geological model around the epicentral area, which integrates modern seismicity, geological data, and information of a previously studied east-west cross section located a few kilometers south of the 1948 epicenter. The integration of all available information provides evidence of the re-activation of the Pie de la Sierra del Gallo fault during the 1948 Mw 6.9 shallow earthquake; this thrust fault bounds the Santa Barbara System along its western foothill.
Since the beginning of the Anthropocene, lacustrine biodiversity has been influenced by climate change and human activities. These factors advance the spread of harmful cyanobacteria in lakes around the world, which affects water quality and impairs the aquatic food chain. In this study, we assessed changes in cyanobacterial community dynamics via sedimentary DNA (sedaDNA) from well-dated lake sediments of Lake Tiefer See, which is part of the Klocksin Lake Chain spanning the last 350 years. Our diversity and community analysis revealed that cyanobacterial communities form clusters according to the presence or absence of varves. Based on distance-based redundancy and variation partitioning analyses (dbRDA and VPA) we identified that intensified lake circulation inferred from vegetation openness reconstructions, delta C-13 data (a proxy for varve preservation) and total nitrogen content were abiotic factors that significantly explained the variation in the reconstructed cyanobacterial community from Lake Tiefer See sediments. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to Microcystis sp. and Aphanizomenon sp. were identified as potential eutrophication-driven taxa of growing importance since circa common era (ca. CE) 1920 till present. This result is corroborated by a cyanobacteria lipid biomarker analysis. Furthermore, we suggest that stronger lake circulation as indicated by non-varved sediments favoured the deposition of the non-photosynthetic cyanobacteria sister clade Sericytochromatia, whereas lake bottom anoxia as indicated by subrecent- and recent varves favoured the Melainabacteria in sediments. Our findings highlight the potential of high-resolution amplicon sequencing in investigating the dynamics of past cyanobacterial communities in lake sediments and show that lake circulation, anoxic conditions, and human-induced eutrophication are main factors explaining variations in the cyanobacteria community in Lake Tiefer See during the last 350 years.
In-depth understanding of the reorganization of the hydrological cycle in response to global climate change is crucial in highly sensitive regions like the eastern Mediterranean, where water availability is a major factor for socioeconomic and political development.
The sediments of Lake Lisan provide a unique record of hydroclimatic change during the last glacial to Holocene transition (ca. 24-11 ka) with its tremendous water level drop of similar to 240 m that finally led to its transition into the present hypersaline water body-the Dead Sea.
Here we utilize high-resolution sedimentological analyses from the marginal terraces and deep lake to reconstruct an unprecedented seasonal record of the last millennia of Lake Lisan. Aragonite varve formation in intercalated intervals of our record demonstrates that a stepwise long-term lake level decline was interrupted by almost one millennium of rising or stable water level.
Even periods of pronounced water level drops indicated by gypsum deposition were interrupted by decades of positive water budgets.
Our results thus highlight that even during major climate change at the end of the last glacial, decadal to millennial periods of relatively stable or positive moisture supply occurred which could have been an important premise for human sedentism.
Ground motion with strong-velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering.
However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood.
In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (M-w 6-7) and characterize ground- motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static-offset effects.
We confirm that the within-event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike-slip-like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the freq uency-wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike-slip earthquakes.
We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations.
Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect.
We finally quantify and discuss within- and between-event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.
The Arctic is rich in aquatic systems and experiences rapid warming due to climate change. The accelerated warming causes permafrost thaw and the mobilization of organic carbon.
When dissolved organic carbon is mobilized, this DOC can be transported to aquatic systems and degraded in the water bodies and further downstream. Here, we analyze the influence of different landscape components on DOC concentrations and export in a small (6.45 km(2)) stream catchment in the Lena River Delta.
The catchment includes lakes and ponds, with the flow path from Pleistocene yedoma deposits across Holocene non-yedoma deposits to the river outlet. In addition to DOC concentrations, we use radiocarbon dating of DOC as well as stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (delta O-18 and delta D) to assess the origin of DOC.
We find significantly higher DOC concentrations in the Pleistocene yedoma area of the catchment compared to the Holocene non-yedoma area with medians of 5 and 4.5 mg L-1 (p < 0.05), respectively. When yedoma thaw streams with high DOC concentration reach a large yedoma thermokarst lake, we observe an abrupt decrease in DOC concentration, which we attribute to dilution and lake processes such as mineralization. The DOC ages in the large thermokarst lake (between 3,428 and 3,637 C-14 y BP) can be attributed to a mixing of mobilized old yedoma and Holocene carbon.
Further downstream after the large thermokarst lake, we find progressively younger DOC ages in the stream water to its mouth, paired with decreasing DOC concentrations. This process could result from dilution with leaching water from Holocene deposits and/or emission of ancient yedoma carbon to the atmosphere. Our study shows that thermokarst lakes and ponds may act as DOC filters, predominantly by diluting incoming waters of higher DOC concentrations or by re-mineralizing DOC to CO2 and CH4.
Nevertheless, our results also confirm that the small catchment still contributes DOC on the order of 1.2 kg km(-2) per day from a permafrost landscape with ice-rich yedoma deposits to the Lena River.
Mechanical behaviors of granite after thermal treatment under loading and unloading conditions
(2021)
Understanding the mechanical behaviors of granite after thermal treatment under loading and unloading conditions is of utmost relevance to deep geothermal energy recovery. In the present study, a series of loading and unloading triaxial compression tests (20, 40 and 60 MPa) on granite specimens after exposure to different temperatures (20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 degrees C) was carried out to quantify the combined effects of thermal treatment and loading/unloading stress conditions on granite strength and deformation. Changes in the microstructure of granite exposed to high temperatures were revealed by optical microscopy. The experimental results indicate that both, thermal treatment and loading/unloading stress conditions, degrade the mechanical behaviors and further decrease the carrying capacity of granite. The gradual degradation of the mechanical characteristics of granite after thermal treatment is mainly associated with the evolution of thermal micro-cracks based on optical microscopy observations. The unloading stress state induces the extension of tension cracks parallel to the axial direction, and thus, the mechanical properties are degraded. Temperatures above 400 degrees C have a more significant influence on the mechanical characteristics of granite than the unloading treatment, whereby 400 degrees C can be treated as a threshold temperature for the delineation of significant deterioration. This study is expected to support feasibility and risk assessments by means of providing data for analytical calculations and numerical simulations on granite exposed to high temperatures during geothermal energy extraction.
It is widely recognized that collisional mountain belt topography is generated by crustal thickening and lowered by river bedrock erosion, linking climate and tectonics(1-4). However, whether surface processes or lithospheric strength control mountain belt height, shape and longevity remains uncertain. Additionally, how to reconcile high erosion rates in some active orogens with long-term survival of mountain belts for hundreds of millions of years remains enigmatic. Here we investigate mountain belt growth and decay using a new coupled surface process(5,6) and mantle-scale tectonic model(7). End-member models and the new non-dimensional Beaumont number, Bm, quantify how surface processes and tectonics control the topographic evolution of mountain belts, and enable the definition of three end-member types of growing orogens: type 1, non-steady state, strength controlled (Bm > 0.5); type 2, flux steady state(8), strength controlled (Bm approximate to 0.4-0.5); and type 3, flux steady state, erosion controlled (Bm < 0.4). Our results indicate that tectonics dominate in Himalaya-Tibet and the Central Andes (both type 1), efficient surface processes balance high convergence rates in Taiwan (probably type 2) and surface processes dominate in the Southern Alps of New Zealand (type 3). Orogenic decay is determined by erosional efficiency and can be subdivided into two phases with variable isostatic rebound characteristics and associated timescales. The results presented here provide a unified framework explaining how surface processes and lithospheric strength control the height, shape, and longevity of mountain belts.
In this study, we analyzed a large seismological dataset from temporary and permanent networks in the southern and eastern Alps to establish high-precision hypocenters and 1-D V-P and V-P/V-S models. The waveform data of a subset of local earthquakes with magnitudes in the range of 1-4.2 M-L were recorded by the dense, temporary SWATH-D network and selected stations of the AlpArray network between September 2017 and the end of 2018. The first arrival times of P and S waves of earthquakes are determined by a semi-automatic procedure. We applied a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method to simultaneously calculate robust hypocenters, a 1-D velocity model, and station corrections without prior assumptions, such as initial velocity models or earthquake locations. A further advantage of this method is the derivation of the model parameter uncertainties and noise levels of the data. The precision estimates of the localization procedure is checked by inverting a synthetic travel time dataset from a complex 3-D velocity model and by using the real stations and earthquakes geometry. The location accuracy is further investigated by a quarry blast test. The average uncertainties of the locations of the earthquakes are below 500m in their epicenter and similar to 1.7 km in depth. The earthquake distribution reveals seismicity in the upper crust (0-20 km), which is characterized by pronounced clusters along the Alpine frontal thrust, e.g., the Friuli-Venetia (FV) region, the Giudicarie-Lessini (GL) and Schio-Vicenza domains, the Austroalpine nappes, and the Inntal area. Some seismicity also occurs along the Periadriatic Fault. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The seismicity in the FV and GL regions is deeper than the modeled frontal thrusts, which we interpret as indication for southward propagation of the southern Alpine deformation front (blind thrusts).
Dryland xeric conditions exert a deterministic effect on microbial communities, forcing life into refuge niches. Deposited rocks can form a lithic niche for microorganisms in desert regions. Mineral weathering is a key process in soil formation and the importance of microbial-driven mineral weathering for nutrient extraction is increasingly accepted. Advances in geobiology provide insight into the interactions between microorganisms and minerals that play an important role in weathering processes. In this study, we present the examination of the microbial diversity in dryland rocks from the Tsauchab River banks in Namibia. We paired culture-independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with culture-dependent (isolation of bacteria) techniques to assess the community structure and diversity patterns. Bacteria isolated from dryland rocks are typical of xeric environments and are described as being involved in rock weathering processes. For the first time, we extracted extra- and intracellular DNA from rocks to enhance our understanding of potentially rock-weathering microorganisms. We compared the microbial community structure in different rock types (limestone, quartz-rich sandstone and quartz-rich shale) with adjacent soils below the rocks. Our results indicate differences in the living lithic and sublithic microbial communities.
In some catchments, the distribution of annual maximum streamflow shows heavy tail behavior, meaning the occurrence probability of extreme events is higher than if the upper tail decayed exponentially. Neglecting heavy tail behavior can lead to an underestimation of the likelihood of extreme floods and the associated risk. Partly contradictory results regarding the controls of heavy tail behavior exist in the literature and the knowledge is still very dispersed and limited. To better understand the drivers, we analyze the upper tail behavior and its controls for 480 catchments in Germany and Austria over a period of more than 50 years. The catchments span from quickly reacting mountain catchments to large lowland catchments, allowing for general conclusions. We compile a wide range of event and catchment characteristics and investigate their association with an indicator of the tail heaviness of flood distributions, namely the shape parameter of the GEV distribution. Following univariate analyses of these characteristics, along with an evaluation of different aggregations of event characteristics, multiple linear regression models, as well as random forests, are constructed. A novel slope indicator, which represents the relation between the return period of flood peaks and event characteristics, captures the controls of heavy tails best. Variables describing the catchment response are found to dominate the heavy tail behavior, followed by event precipitation, flood seasonality, and catchment size. The pre-event moisture state in a catchment has no relevant impact on the tail heaviness even though it does influence flood magnitudes.
The metastable paragenesis of corundum and quartz is rare in nature but common in laboratory experiments where according to thermodynamic predictions aluminum-silicate polymorphs should form. We demonstrate here that the existence of a hydrous, silicon-bearing, nanometer-thick layer (called "HSNL") on the corundum surface can explain this metastability in experimental studies without invoking unspecific kinetic inhibition. We investigated experimentally formed corundum reaction products synthesized during hydrothermal and piston-cylinder experiments at 500-800 degrees C and 0.25-1.8 GPa and found that this HSNL formed inside and on the corundum crystals, thereby controlling the growth behavior of its host. The HSNL represents a substitution of Al with Si and H along the basal plane of corundum. Along the interface of corundum and quartz, the HSNL effectively isolates the bulk phases corundum and quartz from each other, thus apparently preventing their reaction to the stable aluminum silicate. High temperatures and prolonged experimental duration lead to recrystallization of corundum including the HSNL and to the formation of quartz + fluid inclusions inside the host crystal. This process reduces the phase boundary area between the bulk phases, thereby providing further opportunity to expand their coexistence. In addition to its small size, its transient nature makes it difficult to detect the HSNL in experiments and even more so in natural samples. Our findings emphasize the potential impact of nanometer-sized phases on geochemical reaction pathways and kinetics under metamorphic conditions in one of the most important chemical systems of the Earth's crust.
Despite its high-seismogenic potential, the details of the seismogenic processes of Zagros Simply Folded Belt (SFB) remains debated. Three large earthquakes (M-w 7.3, 5.9 and 6.3) struck in the Lurestan arc of the Zagros SFB in 2017 and 2018. The sequence was recorded by seismic stations at regional, and teleseismic distances. Coseismic surface displacements, measured by Sentinel-1A/B satellites, provide additional data and a unique opportunity to study these earthquakes in detail. Here, we complement previous studies of the coseismic slip distribution of the 12 November 2017 M-w 7.3 Ezgeleh earthquake by a detailed analysis of its aftershocks, and we analysed the rupture process of the two interrelated earthquakes (25 August 2018 M-w 5.9 Tazehabad and the 25 November 2018 M-w 6.3 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquakes). We model the surface displacements obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements and seismic records. We conduct non-linear probabilistic optimizations based on joint InSAR and seismic data to obtain finite-fault rupture of these earthquakes. The Lurestan arc earthquakes were followed by a sustained aftershock activity, with 133 aftershocks exceeding M-n 4.0 until 30 December 2019. We rely on the permanent seismic networks of Iran and Iraq to relocate similar to 700 M-n 3 + events and estimate moment tensor solutions for 85 aftershocks down to M-w 4.0. The 2017 Ezgeleh earthquake has been considered to activate a low-angle (similar to 17 degrees) dextral-thrust fault at the depth of 10-20 km. However, most of its aftershocks have shallow centroid depths (8-12 km). The joint interpretation of finite source models, moment tensor and hypocentral location indicate that the 2018 Tazehabad and Sarpol-e Zahab earthquakes ruptured different strike-slip structures, providing evidence for the activation of the sinistral and dextral strike-slip faults, respectively. The deformation in the Lurestan arc is seismically accommodated by a complex fault system involving both thrust and strike-slip faults. Knowledge about the deformation characteristics is important for the understanding of crustal shortening, faulting and hazard and risk assessment in this region.
The release of greenhouse gases from the large organic carbon stock in permafrost deposits in the circumarctic regions may accelerate global warming upon thaw. The extent of this positive climate feedback is thought to be largely controlled by the microbial degradability of the organic matter preserved in these sediments. In addition, weathering and oxidation processes may release inorganic carbon preserved in permafrost sediments as CO2, which is generally not accounted for. We used C-13 and C-14 analysis and isotopic mass balances to differentiate and quantify organic and inorganic carbon released as CO2 in the field from an active retrogressive thaw slump of Pleistocene-age Yedoma and during a 1.5-years incubation experiment. The results reveal that the dominant source of the CO2 released from freshly thawed Yedoma exposed as thaw mound is Pleistocene-age organic matter (48-80%) and to a lesser extent modern organic substrate (3-34%). A significant portion of the CO2 originated from inorganic carbon in the Yedoma (17-26%). The mixing of young, active layer material with Yedoma at a site on the slump floor led to the preferential mineralization of this young organic carbon source. Admixtures of younger organic substrates in the Yedoma thaw mound were small and thus rapidly consumed as shown by lower contributions to the CO2 produced during few weeks of aerobic incubation at 4 degrees C corresponding to approximately one thaw season. Future CO2 fluxes from the freshly thawed Yedoma will contain higher proportions of ancient inorganic (22%) and organic carbon (61-78%) as suggested by the results at the end, after 1.5 years of incubation. The increasing contribution of inorganic carbon during the incubation is favored by the accumulation of organic acids from microbial organic matter degradation resulting in lower pH values and, in consequence, in inorganic carbon dissolution. Because part of the inorganic carbon pool is assumed to be of pedogenic origin, these emissions would ultimately not alter carbon budgets. The results of this study highlight the preferential degradation of younger organic substrates in freshly thawed Yedoma, if available, and a substantial release of CO2 from inorganic sources.
The 100 km wide Merida Andes extend from the Colombian/Venezuelan border to the Coastal Cordillera. The mountain chain and its associated major strike-slip fault systems in western Venezuela formed due to oblique convergence of the Caribbean with the South American Plates and the north-eastwards expulsion of the North Andean Block. Due to the limited knowledge of lithospheric structures related to the formation of the Merida Andes research projects have been developed to illuminate this zone with deep geophysical data. In this study, we present three-dimensional inversion of broadband magnetotelluric data, collected along a 240 km long profile crossing the Merida Andes and the Maracaibo and Barinas-Apure foreland basins. The distribution of the stations limits resolution of the model to off-profile features. Combining 3D inversion of synthetic data sets derived from 3D modelling with 3D inversion of measured data, we could derive a 10 to 15 km wide corridor with good lateral resolution to develop hypotheses about the origin of deep-reaching anomalies of high electrical conductivity. The Merida Andes appear generally as electrically resistive structures, separated by anomalies associated with the most important fault systems of the region, the Bocono and Valera faults. Sensitivity tests suggest that the Valera Fault reaches to depths of up to 12 km and the Bocono Fault to more than 35 km depth. Both structures are connected to a sizeable conductor located east of the profile at 12-15 km depth. We propose that the high conductivity associated with this off-profile conductor may be related to the detachment of the Trujillo Block. We also identified a conductive zone that correlates spatially with the location of a gravity low, possibly representing a SE tilt of the Maracaibo Triangular Block under the mountain chain to great depths (>30 km). The relevance of these tectonic blocks in our models at crustal depths seems to be consistent with proposed theories that describe the geodynamics of western Venezuela as dominated by floating blocks or orogens. Our results stress the importance of the Trujillo Block for the current tectonic evolution of western Venezuela and confirm the relevance of the Bocono Fault carrying deformation to the lower crust and upper mantle. The Barinas-Apure and the Maracaibo sedimentary basins are imaged as electrically conductive with depths of 4 to 5 km and 5 to 10 km, respectively. The Barinas-Apure basin is imaged as a simple 1D structure, in contrast to the Maracaibo Basin, where a series of conductive and resistive bodies could be related to active deformation causing the juxtaposition of older geological formations and younger basin sediments.
The Altiplano-Puna plateau, in Central Andes, is the second-largest continental plateau on Earth, extending between 22 degrees and 27 degrees S at an average altitude of 4400 m. The Puna plateau has been formed in consequence of the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the continental South American plate, which has an average crustal thickness of 50 km at this location. A large seismicity cluster, the Jujuy cluster, is observed at depth of 150-250 km beneath the central region of the Puna plateau. The cluster is seismically very active, with hundreds of earthquakes reported and a peak magnitude MW 6.6 on 25th August 2006. The cluster is situated in one of three band of intermediate-depth focus seismicity, which extend parallel to the trench roughly North to South. It has been hypothesized that the Jujuy cluster could be a seismic nest, a compact seismogenic region characterized by a high stationary activity relative to its surroundings. In this study, we collected more than 40 years of data from different catalogs and proof that the cluster meets the three conditions of a seismic nest. Compared to other known intermediate depth nests at Hindu Kush (Afganisthan) or Bucaramanga (Colombia), the Jujuy nest presents an outstanding seismicity rate, with more than 100 M4+ earthquakes per year. We additionally performed a detailed analysis of the rupture process of some of the largest earthquakes in the nest, by means of moment tensor inversion and directivity analysis. We focused on the time period 2017-2018, where the seismic monitoring was the most extended. Our results show that earthquakes in the nest take place within the eastward subducting oceanic plate, but rupture along sub-horizontal planes dipping westward. We suggest that seismicity at Jujuy nest is controlled by dehydration processes, which are also responsible for the generation of fluids ascending to the crust beneath the Puna volcanic region. We use the rupture plane and nest geometry to provide a constraint to maximal expected magnitude, which we estimate as MW -6.7.
Purpose:
Soil erosion by water yields sediment to surface reservoirs, reducing their storage capacities, changing their geometry, and degrading water quality. Sediment reuse, i.e., fertilization of agricultural soils with the nutrient-enriched sediment from reservoirs, has been proposed as a recovery strategy. However, the sediment needs to meet certain criteria. In this study, we characterize sediments from the densely dammed semiarid Northeast Brazil by VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy and assess the effect of spectral resolution and spatial scale on the accuracy of N, P, K, C, electrical conductivity, and clay prediction models.
Methods
Sediment was collected in 10 empty reservoirs, and physical and chemical laboratory analyses as well as spectral measurements were performed. The spectra, initially measured at 1 nm spectral resolution, were resampled to 5 and 10 nm, and samples were analysed for both high and low spectral resolution at three spatial scales, namely (1) reservoir, (2) catchment, and (3) regional scale.
Results
Partial least square regressions performed from good to very good in the prediction of clay and electrical conductivity from reservoir (<40 km(2)) to regional (82,500 km(2)) scales. Models for C and N performed satisfactorily at the reservoir scale, but degraded to unsatisfactory at the other scales. Models for P and K were more unstable and performed from unsatisfactorily to satisfactorily at all scales. Coarsening spectral resolution by up to 10 nm only slightly degrades the models' performance, indicating the potential of characterizing sediment from spectral data captured at lower resolutions, such as by hyperspectral satellite sensors.
Conclusion:
By reducing the costly and time-consuming laboratory analyses, the method helps to promote the sediment reuse as a practice of soil and water conservation.
Urban surface runoff management via best management practices (BMP) and low impact development (LID) has earned significant recognition owing to positive environmental and ecological impacts. However, due to the complexity of the parameters involved, the estimation of LID efficiency in attenuating the urban surface runoff at the watershed scale is challenging. A planning analysis of employing Green Roofs and Infiltration Trenches as BMPs/LIDs practices for urban surface runoff control is presented in this study. A multi-objective optimization decision-making framework is established by coupling SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) with NSGA-II models to check the performance of BMPs/LIDs concerning the cost-benefit analysis of LID at the watershed scale. Two urbanized areas belonging to Central Delhi in India were used as case studies. The results showed that the SWMM model is useful in simulating optimization problems for managing urban surface runoff. The optimum scenarios efficiently minimized the urban runoff volume while maintaining the BMPs/LIDs implementation costs and size. With BMPs/LIDs implementation, the reduction in runoff volume increases as expenses increase initially; however, there is no noticeable reduction in flood volume after a certain threshold. Contrasted with the haphazard arrangement of BMPs/LIDs, the proposed approach demonstrates 22%-24% runoff reductions for the same expenditures in watershed 1 and 23%-26% in watershed 2. The result of the study provides insights into planning and management of the urban surface runoff control with LID practices. The proposed framework assists the hydrologists in optimum selection and placements of BMPs/LIDs practices to acquire the most extreme ecological advantages with the least expenses.
Van Allen Probes measurements revealed the presence of the most unusual structures in the ultra-relativistic radiation belts. Detailed modeling, analysis of pitch angle distributions, analysis of the difference between relativistic and ultra-realistic electron evolution, along with theoretical studies of the scattering and wave growth, all indicate that electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can produce a very efficient loss of the ultra-relativistic electrons in the heart of the radiation belts. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the profiles of phase space densities provides direct evidence for localized loss by EMIC waves. The evolution of multi-MeV fluxes shows dramatic and very sudden enhancements of electrons for selected storms. Analysis of phase space density profiles reveals that growing peaks at different values of the first invariant are formed at approximately the same radial distance from the Earth and show the sequential formation of the peaks from lower to higher energies, indicating that local energy diffusion is the dominant source of the acceleration from MeV to multi-MeV energies. Further simultaneous analysis of the background density and ultra-relativistic electron fluxes shows that the acceleration to multi-MeV energies only occurs when plasma density is significantly depleted outside of the plasmasphere, which is consistent with the modeling of acceleration due to chorus waves.
We present two new empirical models of radiation belt electron flux at geostationary orbit. GOES-15 measurements of 0.8 MeV electrons were used to train a Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous input (NARX) neural network for both modeling GOES-15 flux values and an upper boundary condition scaling factor (BF). The GOES-15 flux model utilizes an input and feedback delay of 2 and 2 time steps (i.e., 5 min time steps) with the most efficient number of hidden layers set to 10. Magnetic local time, Dst, Kp, solar wind dynamic pressure, AE, and solar wind velocity were found to perform as predicative indicators of GOES-15 flux and therefore were used as the exogenous inputs. The NARX-derived upper boundary condition scaling factor was used in conjunction with the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code to produce reconstructions of the radiation belts during the period of July-November 1990, independent of in-situ observations. Here, Kp was chosen as the sole exogenous input to be more compatible with the VERB code. This Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite-era reconstruction showcases the potential to use these neural network-derived boundary conditions as a method of hindcasting the historical radiation belts. This study serves as a companion paper to another recently published study on reconstructing the radiation belts during Solar Cycles 17-24 (Saikin et al., 2021, ), for which the results featured in this paper were used.
Regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) is a powerful method for interrogating hydrological series since it combines observational time series from several sites within a region to estimate risk-relevant statistical parameters with higher accuracy than from single-site series. Since RFFA extreme value estimates depend on the shape of the selected distribution of the data-generating stochastic process, there is need for a suitable goodness-of-distributional-fit measure in order to optimally utilize given data. Here we present a novel, least-squares-based measure to select the optimal fit from a set of five distributions, namely Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Logistic, Gumbel, Log-Normal Type III and Log-Pearson Type III. The fit metric is applied to annual maximum discharge series from six hydrological stations along the Sava River in South-eastern Europe, spanning the years 1961 to 2020. Results reveal that (1) the Sava River basin can be assessed as hydrologically homogeneous and (2) the GEV distribution provides typically the best fit. We offer hydrological-meteorological insights into the differences among the six stations. For the period studied, almost all stations exhibit statistically insignificant trends, which renders the conclusions about flood risk as relevant for hydrological sciences and the design of regional flood protection infrastructure.
Climate Benefits of Cleaner Energy Transitions in East and South Asia Through Black Carbon Reduction
(2022)
The state of air pollution has historically been tightly linked to how we produce and use energy. Air pollutant emissions over Asia are now changing rapidly due to cleaner energy transitions; however, magnitudes of benefits for climate and air quality remain poorly quantified. The associated risks involve adverse health impacts, reduced agricultural yields, reduced freshwater availability, contributions to climate change, and economic costs. We focus particularly on climate benefits of energy transitions by making first-time use of two decades of high quality observations of atmospheric loading of light-absorbing black carbon (BC) over Kanpur (South Asia) and Beijing (East Asia) and relating these observations to changing energy, emissions, and economic trends in India and China. Our analysis reveals that absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) due to BC has decreased substantially, by 40% over Kanpur and 60% over Beijing between 2001 and 2017, and thus became decoupled from regional economic growth. Furthermore, the resultant decrease in BC emissions and BC AAOD over Asia is regionally coherent and occurs primarily due to transitions into cleaner energies (both renewables and fossil fuels) and not due to the decrease in primary energy supply or decrease in use of fossil use and biofuels and waste. Model simulations show that BC aerosols alone contribute about half of the surface temperature change (warming) of the total forcing due to greenhouse gases, natural and internal variability, and aerosols, thus clearly revealing the climate benefits due to a reduction in BC emissions, which would significantly reduce global warming. However, this modeling study excludes responses from natural variability, circulation, and sea ice responses, which cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations that may mask signals from BC aerosols. Our findings show additional benefits for climate (beyond benefits of CO2 reduction) and for several other issues of sustainability over South and East Asia, provide motivation for ongoing cleaner energy production, and consumption transitions, especially when they are associated with reduced emissions of air pollutants. Such an analysis connecting the trends in energy transitions and aerosol absorption loading, unavailable so far, is crucial for simulating the aerosol climate impacts over Asia which is quite uncertain.
In this study, 3-D models of P-wave velocity (Vp) and P-wave and S-wave ratio (Vp/Vs) of the crust and upper mantle in the Eastern and eastern Southern Alps (northern Italy and southern Austria) were calculated using local earthquake tomography (LET). The data set includes high-quality arrival times from well-constrained hypocenters observed by the dense, temporary seismic networks of the AlpArray AASN and SWATH-D. The resolution of the LET was checked by synthetic tests and analysis of the model resolution matrix. The small inter-station spacing (average of similar to 15 km within the SWATH-D network) allowed us to image crustal structure at unprecedented resolution across a key part of the Alps. The derived P velocity model revealed a highly heterogeneous crustal structure in the target area. One of the main findings is that the lower crust is thickened, forming a bulge at 30-50 km depth just south of and beneath the Periadriatic Fault and the Tauern Window. This indicates that the lower crust decoupled both from its mantle substratum as well as from its upper crust. The Moho, taken to be the iso-velocity contour of Vp = 7.25 km/s, agrees with the Moho depth from previous studies in the European and Adriatic forelands. It is shallower on the Adriatic side than on the European side. This is interpreted to indicate that the European Plate is subducted beneath the Adriatic Plate in the Eastern and eastern Southern Alps.
Phase transitions in molecular crystals are often determined by intermolecular interactions. The cage complex of [Co(C12H30N8)](3+) . 3 NO3- is reported to undergo a disorder-order phase transition at T-c1 approximate to 133 K upon cooling. Temperature-dependent neutron and synchrotron diffraction experiments revealed satellite reflections in addition to main reflections in the diffraction patterns below T-c1. The modulation wave vector varies as function of temperature and locks in at T-c3 approximate to 98 K. Here, we demonstrate that the crystal symmetry lowers from hexagonal to monoclinic in the incommensurately modulated phases in T-c1<T<T-c3. Distinctive levels of competitions: trade-off between longer N-H...O and shorter C-H...O hydrogen bonds; steric constraints to dense C-H...O bonds give rise to pronounced modulation of the basic structure. Severely frustrated crystal packing in the incommensurate phase is precursor to optimal balance of intermolecular interactions in the lock-in phase.
In the comment on "Varves of the Dead Sea sedimentary record." Quaternary Science Reviews 215 (Ben Dor et al., 2019): 173-184. by R. Bookman, two recently published papers are suggested to prove that the interpretation of the laminated sedimentary sequence of the Dead Sea, deposited mostly during MIS2 and Holocene pluvials, as annual deposits (i.e., varves) is wrong. In the following response, we delineate several lines of evidence which coalesce to demonstrate that based on the vast majority of evidence, including some of the evidence provided in the comment itself, the interpretation of these sediments as varves is the more likely scientific conclusion. We further discuss the evidence brought up in the comment and its irrelevance and lack of robustness for addressing the question under discussion.
Volcano-seismic signals such as long-period events and tremor are important indicators for volcanic activity and unrest. However, their wavefield is complex and characterization and location using traditional seismological instrumentation is often difficult.
In 2019 we recorded the full seismic wavefield using a newly developed 3C rotational sensor co-located with a 3C traditional seismometer on Etna, Italy. We compare the performance of the rotational sensor, the seismometer and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) seismic network with respect to the analysis of complex volcano-seismic signals. We create event catalogs for volcano-tectonic (VT) and long-period (LP) events combining a STA/LTA algorithm and cross-correlations.
The event detection based on the rotational sensor is as reliable as the seismometer-based detection. The LP events are dominated by SH-type waves. Derived SH phase velocities range from 500 to 1,000 m/s for LP events and 300-400 m/s for volcanic tremor. SH-waves compose the tremor during weak volcanic activity and SH- and SV-waves during sustained strombolian activity.
We derive back azimuths using (a) horizontal rotational components and (b) vertical rotation rate and transverse acceleration. The estimated back azimuths are consistent with the INGV-OE event location for (a) VT events with an epicentral distance larger than 3 km and some closer events, (b) LP events and tremor in the main crater area. Measuring the full wavefield we can reliably analyze the back azimuths, phase velocities and wavefield composition for VT, LP events and tremor in regions that are difficult to access such as volcanoes.
Extracting information about past tectonic or climatic environmental changes from sedimentary records is a key objective of provenance research. Interpreting the imprint of such changes remains challenging as signals might be altered in the sediment-routing system.
We investigate the sedimentary provenance of the Oligocene/Miocene Upper Austrian Northern Alpine Foreland Basin and its response to the tectonically driven exhumation of the Tauern Window metamorphic dome (28 +/- 1 Ma) in the Eastern European Alps by using the unprecedented combination of Nd isotopic composition of bulk-rock clay-sized samples and partly previously published multi-proxy (Nd isotopic composition, trace-element geochemistry, U-Pb dating) sand-sized apatite single-grain analysis.
The basin offers an excellent opportunity to investigate environmental signal propagation into the sedimentary record because comprehensive stratigraphic and seismic datasets can be combined with present research results. The bulk-rock clay-sized fraction epsilon Nd values of well-cutting samples from one well on the northern basin slope remained stable at similar to-9.7 from 27 to 19 Ma but increased after 19 Ma to similar to-9.1. In contrast, apatite single-grain distributions, which were extracted from 22 drill-core samples, changed significantly around 23.3 Ma from apatites dominantly from low-grade (<upper amphibolite-facies) metamorphic sources with Permo-Mesozoic and late Variscan U-Pb ages and epsilon Nd values of -4.4 to dominantly high-grade metamorphic apatites with late Variscan U-Pb ages and epsilon Nd values of -2.2.
The change in apatite single-grain distributions at 23.3 Ma is interpreted to result from the exposure of a new Upper Austroalpine source nappe with less negative epsilon Nd values triggered by the ongoing Tauern Window exhumation. Combining these data with the clay-sized bulk-rock epsilon Nd values reveals that the provenance changed 4-5 Myrs later at 19 Ma in the clay-sized fraction.
Reasons for the delayed provenance-change recording are rooted in the characteristics of the applied methods.
Whereas single-grain distributions of orogen-wide sediment-routing systems can be dominated by geographically small areas with high erosion and mineral fertility rates, bulk-rock methods integrate over the entire drainage basin, thus diminishing extreme values. Hence, by combining these two methods, spatial information are uncovered, enabling a previously unattained understanding of the underlying environmental change.
White mica and tourmaline are the dominant hydrothermal alteration minerals at the world-class Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu deposit in Portugal. Thus, understanding the controls on their chemical composition helps to constrain ore formation processes at this deposit and determine their usefulness as pathfinder minerals for mineralization in general. We combine whole-rock geochemistry of altered and unaltered metasedimentary host rocks with in situ LA-ICP-MS measurements of tourmaline and white mica from the alteration halo. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to better identify geochemical patterns and trends of hydrothermal alteration in the datasets. The hydrothermally altered metasediments are enriched in As, Sn, Cs, Li, W, F, Cu, Rb, Zn, Tl, and Pb relative to unaltered samples. In situ mineral analyses show that most of these elements preferentially partition into white mica over tourmaline (Li, Rb, Cs, Tl, W, and Sn), whereas Zn is enriched in tourmaline. White mica has distinct compositions in different settings within the deposit (greisen, vein selvages, wall rock alteration zone, late fault zone), indicating a compositional evolution with time. In contrast, tourmaline from different settings overlaps in composition, which is ascribed to a stronger dependence on host rock composition and also to the effects of chemical zoning and microinclusions affecting the LA-ICP-MS analyses. Hence, in this deposit, white mica is the better recorder of the fluid composition. The calculated trace-element contents of the Panasqueira mineralizing fluid based on the mica data and estimates of mica-fluid partition coefficients are in good agreement with previous fluid-inclusion analyses. A compilation of mica and tourmaline trace-element compositions from Panasqueira and other W-Sn deposits shows that white mica has good potential as a pathfinder mineral, with characteristically high Li, Cs, Rb, Sn, and W contents. The trace-element contents of hydrothermal tourmaline are more variable. Nevertheless, the compiled data suggest that high Sn and Li contents are distinctive for tourmaline from W-Sn deposits.
The Devonian Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith comprises six nested monzonitic to granitic intrusions with metaluminous to weakly peraluminous composition and a Sr-Nd isotopic signature indicating a dominantly juvenile mantle-derived source. The chemically most evolved units in the southern batholith contain a large number of intra-granitic, pod-shaped tourmaline-bearing pegmatites. This study uses in situ chemical and boron isotopic analyses of tourmaline from nine of these pegmatites to discuss their relationship to the respective host intrusions and the implications of their B-isotope composition for the source and evolution of the magmas. The tourmalines reveal a diversity in element composition (e.g., FeO, MgO, TiO2, CaO, MnO, F) which distinguishes individual pegmatites from one another. However, all have a narrow 5 11 B range of -13.7 to -10.5%0 (n = 100) which indicates a relatively uniform magmatic system and similar temperature conditions during tourmaline crystallization. The average delta(11) B value of -11.7%0 is typical for S-type granites and is within the range reported for peraluminous granites. pegmatites, and metamorphic units of the Ordovician basement into which the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith intruded. The B-isotope evidence argues for a crustal boron source like that of the Ordovician basement, in contrast to the metaluminous to weakly peraluminous composition and juvenile initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios of the Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith magmas. We propose that the boron was not derived from the magma source region but was incorporated from dehydration melting of elastic metasedimentary rocks higher up in the crustal column.
The Altiplano-Puna Plateau holds several shallow lakes, which are very sensitive to climate changes. This work is focused on a high-altitude lake system called Lagunas de Vilama (LVS), located in a complex climatic transition area with scarcity of continuous and homogeneous instrumental records. The objective of this study is to determine the regional spatial-temporal variability of precipitation and evaluate the seasonal and interannual lake responses. We use a lake-surfaces record derived from Landsat images to investigate links with regional precipitations and different climatic forcings. The results reveal that austral summer and autumn precipitations control the variability of the annual lake-surfaces. Also, we found intra-annual and interannual lags in the lake responses to precipitations, and identified several wet and dry stages. Our results show negative trends in precipitations and lake-surfaces, whose were strengthened by a shift to a warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in the 1990s. The El Nino Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Southern Annular Mode also exert a strong influence in the region. This study demonstrates that the variability of LVS lakes is strongly related to the South American Monsoon System dynamics and large-scale climate fordngs from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This work provides novel indices which demonstrated to be good indicators of regional hydroclimatological variability for this region of South America.
Long- and short-term monitoring of a dam in response to seasonal changes and ground motion loading
(2021)
An experimental multi-parameter structural monitoring system has been installed on the Kurpsai dam, western Kyrgyz Republic. This system consists of equipment for seismic and strain measurements for making longer- (days, weeks, months) and shorter- (minutes, hours) term observations, dealing with, for example seasonal (longer) effects or the response of the dam to ground motion from noise or seismic events. Fibre-optic strain sensors allow the seasonal and daily opening and closing of the spaces between the dam's segments to be tracked. For the seismic data, both amplitude (in terms of using differences in amplitudes in the Fourier spectra for mapping the modes of vibration of the dam) and their time-frequency distribution for a set of small to moderate seismic events are investigated and the corresponding phase variabilities (in terms of lagged coherency) are evaluated. Even for moderate levels of seismic-induced ground motion, some influence on the structural response can be detected, which then sees the dam quickly return to its original state. A seasonal component was identified in the strain measurements, while levels of noise arising from the operation of the dam's generators and associated water flow have been provisionally identified.
Centroid moment tensor (CMT) parameters can be estimated from seismic waveforms. Since these data indirectly observe the deformation process, CMTs are inferred as solutions to inverse problems which are generally underdetermined and require significant assumptions, including assumptions about data noise. Broadly speaking, we consider noise to include both theory and measurement errors, where theory errors are due to assumptions in the inverse problem and measurement errors are caused by the measurement process. While data errors are routinely included in parameter estimation for full CMTs, less attention has been paid to theory errors related to velocity-model uncertainties and how these affect the resulting moment-tensor (MT) uncertainties. Therefore, rigorous uncertainty quantification for CMTs may require theory-error estimation which becomes a problem of specifying noise models. Various noise models have been proposed, and these rely on several assumptions. All approaches quantify theory errors by estimating the covariance matrix of data residuals. However, this estimation can be based on explicit modelling, empirical estimation and/or ignore or include covariances. We quantitatively compare several approaches by presenting parameter and uncertainty estimates in nonlinear full CMT estimation for several simulated data sets and regional field data of the M-1 4.4, 2015 June 13 Fox Creek, Canada, event. While our main focus is at regional distances, the tested approaches are general and implemented for arbitrary source model choice. These include known or unknown centroid locations, full MTs, deviatoric MTs and double-couple MTs. We demonstrate that velocity-model uncertainties can profoundly affect parameter estimation and that their inclusion leads to more realistic parameter uncertainty quantification. However, not all approaches perform equally well. Including theory errors by estimating non-stationary (non-Toeplitz) error covariance matrices via iterative schemes during Monte Carlo sampling performs best and is computationally most efficient. In general, including velocity-model uncertainties is most important in cases where velocity structure is poorly known.
Ice-rich permafrost has been subject to abrupt thaw and thermokarst formation in the past and is vulnerable to current global warming. The ice-rich permafrost domain includes Yedoma sediments that have never thawed since deposition during the late Pleistocene and Alas sediments that were formed by previous thermokarst processes during the Lateglacial and Holocene warming. Permafrost thaw unlocks organic carbon (OC) and minerals from these deposits and exposes OC to mineralization. A portion of the OC can be associated with iron (Fe), a redox-sensitive element acting as a trap for OC. Post-depositional thaw processes may have induced changes in redox conditions in these deposits and thereby affected Fe distribution and interactions between OC and Fe, with knock-on effects on the role that Fe plays in mediating present day OC mineralization. To test this hypothesis, we measured Fe concentrations and proportion of Fe oxides and Fe complexed with OC in unthawed Yedoma and previously thawed Alas deposits. Total Fe concentrations were determined on 1,292 sediment samples from the Yedoma domain using portable X-ray fluorescence; these concentrations were corrected for trueness using a calibration based on a subset of 144 samples measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after alkaline fusion (R (2) = 0.95). The total Fe concentration is stable with depth in Yedoma deposits, but we observe a depletion or accumulation of total Fe in Alas deposits, which experienced previous thaw and/or flooding events. Selective Fe extractions targeting reactive forms of Fe on unthawed and previously thawed deposits highlight that about 25% of the total Fe is present as reactive species, either as crystalline or amorphous oxides, or complexed with OC, with no significant difference in proportions of reactive Fe between Yedoma and Alas deposits. These results suggest that redox driven processes during past thermokarst formation impact the present-day distribution of total Fe, and thereby the total amount of reactive Fe in Alas versus Yedoma deposits. This study highlights that ongoing thermokarst lake formation and drainage dynamics in the Arctic influences reactive Fe distribution and thereby interactions between Fe and OC, OC mineralization rates, and greenhouse gas emissions.
How biased are our models?
(2021)
Geophysical process simulations play a crucial role in the understanding of the subsurface. This understanding is required to provide, for instance, clean energy sources such as geothermal energy. However, the calibration and validation of the physical models heavily rely on state measurements such as temperature. In this work, we demonstrate that focusing analyses purely on measurements introduces a high bias. This is illustrated through global sensitivity studies. The extensive exploration of the parameter space becomes feasible through the construction of suitable surrogate models via the reduced basis method, where the bias is found to result from very unequal data distribution. We propose schemes to compensate for parts of this bias. However, the bias cannot be entirely compensated. Therefore, we demonstrate the consequences of this bias with the example of a model calibration.
This study is trying to understand the pre-eruptive magma storage and crystallization conditions of the Middle Miocene aged, silica-saturated trachytic rocks of the Afyon Volcanic Complex (AVC) in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Those rocks can be divided by their high K2O, K2O/Na2O ratio and Mg# into two groups, namely the intermediate-potassic (IPG) and the ultrapotassic (UPG). Here we are comparing calculated pressure (P) - temperature (T) conditions derived from geothermobarometric calculations of natural samples with results of high-pressure, high-temperature phase equilibria experiments. IPG samples are richer in silica (57-64 wt% SiO2), whereas UPG samples show intermediate SiO2 contents of 56-58 wt%. UPG are having high K2O contents ((>)9 wt %), K2O/Na2O ratios ((>)10 wt%) and Mg# values (75-77). IPG phenocrysts comprise plagioclase + biotite + amphibole + clinopyroxene +/- orthopyroxene +/- sanidine +/- phlogopite and oxides, while UPG mineralogical assemblage consists of amphibole + phlogopite + clinopyroxene + olivine + sanidine and oxides. IPG and UPG are enriched in Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE), and both have negative anomalies in Nb, Sr, Zr and Ti elements. Additionally, IPG shows positive anomalies in Pb. Both IPG and UPG display enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE), while IPG shows a more significant negative anomaly in Eu when compared to UPG. Plagioclase fractionation may play a role in magma generation. In IPG samples Ni and Cr values range between (3.3-18.8 ppm) and (2.6-27.8 ppm), respectively; whereas UPG samples have (119.1-120.7 ppm) Ni and (212.1-219.9 ppm) Cr. Dy/Yb ratios of IPG and UPG are higher than 2 and may indicate that garnet was present in the source. Geothermobarometric calculations for natural IPG clinopyroxene-melt pairs imply higher PT conditions (Dogan-Kulahci et al., 2015), while in this study high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) phase equilibria experiments recreated the natural mineral assemblage at 2-4 kbar, 6-9 km and c. 900 degrees C. New plagioclase-melt calculations have confirmed lower mean magma storage temperatures, which are closer to the experimental results but still slightly elevated. Thus, trace element results of the natural rocks and experimental data may imply that a deep garnet-bearing magma source mixed with shallower magmas (IPG) was feeding the volcanic eruption.
Cyanobacteria are important primary producers in temperate freshwater ecosystems. However, studies on the seasonal and spatial distribution of cyanobacteria in deep lakes based on high-throughput DNA sequencing are still rare. In this study, we combined monthly water sampling and monitoring in 2019, amplicon sequence variants analysis (ASVs; a proxy for different species) and quantitative PCR targeting overall cyanobacteria abundance to describe the seasonal and spatial dynamics of cyanobacteria in the deep hard-water oligo-mesotrophic Lake Tiefer See, NE Germany. We observed significant seasonal variation in the cyanobacterial community composition (p < 0.05) in the epi- and metalimnion layers, but not in the hypolimnion. In winter-when the water column is mixed-picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Cyanobium) were dominant. With the onset of stratification in late spring, we observed potential niche specialization and coexistence among the cyanobacteria taxa driven mainly by light and nutrient dynamics. Specifically, ASVs assigned to picocyanobacteria and the genus Planktothrix were the main contributors to the formation of deep chlorophyll maxima along a light gradient. While Synechococcus and different Cyanobium ASVs were abundant in the epilimnion up to the base of the euphotic zone from spring to fall, Planktothrix mainly occurred in the metalimnetic layer below the euphotic zone where also overall cyanobacteria abundance was highest in summer. Our data revealed two potentially psychrotolerant (cold-adapted) Cyanobium species that appear to cope well under conditions of lower hypolimnetic water temperature and light as well as increasing sediment-released phosphate in the deeper waters in summer. The potential cold-adapted Cyanobium species were also dominant throughout the water column in fall and winter. Furthermore, Snowella and Microcystis-related ASVs were abundant in the water column during the onset of fall turnover. Altogether, these findings suggest previously unascertained and considerable spatiotemporal changes in the community of cyanobacteria on the species level especially within the genus Cyanobium in deep hard-water temperate lakes.
The Kohat fold and thrust belt in Pakistan shows a significantly different structural style due to the structural evolution on the double décollement compared to the rest of the Subhimalaya. In order to better understand the spatio-temporal structural evolution of the Kohat fold and thrust belt, we combine balanced cross sections with apatite (U?Th-Sm)/He (AHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) dating. The AHe and AFT ages appear to be totally reset, allowing us to date exhumation above structural ramps. The results suggest that deformation began on the frontal Surghar thrust at-15 Ma, predating or coeval with the development of the Main Boundary thrust at-12 Ma. Deformation propagated southward from the Main Boundary thrust on double de?collements between 10 Ma and 2 Ma, resulting in a disharmonic structural style inside the Kohat fold and thrust belt. Thermal modeling of the thermochronologic data suggest that samples inside Kohat fold and thrust belt experienced cooling due to formation of the duplexes; this deformation facilitated tectonic thickening of the wedge and erosion of the Miocene to Pliocene foreland strata. The spatial distribution of AHe and AFT ages in combination with the structural forward model suggest that, in the Kohat fold and thrust belt, the wedge deformed in-sequence as a supercritical wedge (-15-12 Ma), then readjusted by out-sequence deformation (-12-0 Ma) within the Kohat fold and thrust belt into a sub-critical wedge.
Strong hydroclimatic controls on vulnerability to subsurface nitrate contamination across Europe
(2020)
Subsurface contamination due to excessive nutrient surpluses is a persistent and widespread problem in agricultural areas across Europe. The vulnerability of a particular location to pollution from reactive solutes, such as nitrate, is determined by the interplay between hydrologic transport and biogeochemical transformations. Current studies on the controls of subsurface vulnerability do not consider the transient behaviour of transport dynamics in the root zone. Here, using state-of-the-art hydrologic simulations driven by observed hydroclimatic forcing, we demonstrate the strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity of hydrologic transport dynamics and reveal that these dynamics are primarily controlled by the hydroclimatic gradient of the aridity index across Europe. Contrasting the space-time dynamics of transport times with reactive timescales of denitrification in soil indicate that similar to 75% of the cultivated areas across Europe are potentially vulnerable to nitrate leaching for at least onethird of the year. We find that neglecting the transient nature of transport and reaction timescale results in a great underestimation of the extent of vulnerable regions by almost 50%. Therefore, future vulnerability and risk assessment studies must account for the transient behaviour of transport and biogeochemical transformation processes.
The correct orientation of seismic sensors is critical for studies such as full moment tensor inversion, receiver function analysis, and shear-wave splitting. Therefore, the orientation of horizontal components needs to be checked and verified systematically. This study relies on two different waveform-based approaches, to assess the sensor orientations of the broadband network of the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI). The network is an important backbone for seismological research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and provides a comprehensive seismic data set for the North Anatolian fault. In recent years, this region became a worldwide field laboratory for continental transform faults. A systematic survey of the sensor orientations of the entire network, as presented here, facilitates related seismic studies. We apply two independent orientation tests, based on the polarization of P waves and Rayleigh waves to 123 broadband seismic stations, covering a period of 15 yr (2004-2018). For 114 stations, we obtain stable results with both methods. Approximately, 80% of the results agree with each other within 10 degrees. Both methods indicate that about 40% of the stations are misoriented by more than 10 degrees. Among these, 20 stations are misoriented by more than 20 degrees. We observe temporal changes of sensor orientation that coincide with maintenance work or instrument replacement. We provide time-dependent sensor misorientation correction values for the KOERI network in the supplemental material.
Water bodies are a highly abundant feature of Arctic permafrost ecosystems and strongly influence their hydrology, ecology and biogeochemical cycling. While very high resolution satellite images enable detailed mapping of these water bodies, the increasing availability and abundance of this imagery calls for fast, reliable and automatized monitoring. This technical work presents a largely automated and scalable workflow that removes image noise, detects water bodies, removes potential misclassifications from infrastructural features, derives lake shoreline geometries and retrieves their movement rate and direction on the basis of ortho-ready very high resolution satellite imagery from Arctic permafrost lowlands. We applied this workflow to typical Arctic lake areas on the Alaska North Slope and achieved a successful and fast detection of water bodies. We derived representative values for shoreline movement rates ranging from 0.40-0.56 m yr(-1) for lake sizes of 0.10 ha-23.04 ha. The approach also gives an insight into seasonal water level changes. Based on an extensive quantification of error sources, we discuss how the results of the automated workflow can be further enhanced by incorporating additional information on weather conditions and image metadata and by improving the input database. The workflow is suitable for the seasonal to annual monitoring of lake changes on a sub-meter scale in the study areas in northern Alaska and can readily be scaled for application across larger regions within certain accuracy limitations.
This study deals with the East Beni Suef Basin (Eastern Desert, Egypt) and aims to evaluate the source-generative potential, reconstruct the burial and thermal history, examine the most influential parameters on thermal maturity modeling, and improve on the models already published for the West Beni Suef to ultimately formulate a complete picture of the whole basin evolution.
Source rock evaluation was carried out based on TOC, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and visual kerogen petrography analyses. Three kerogen types (II, II/III, and III) are distinguished in the East Beni Suef Basin, where the Abu Roash "F" Member acts as the main source rock with good to excellent source potential, oil-prone mainly type II kerogen, and immature to marginal maturity levels.
The burial history shows four depositional and erosional phases linked with the tectonic evolution of the basin. A hiatus (due to erosion or non-deposition) has occurred during the Late Eocene-Oligocene in the East Beni Suef Basin, while the West Beni Suef Basin has continued subsiding.
Sedimentation began later (Middle to Late Albian) with lower rates in the East Beni Suef Basin compared with the West Beni Suef Basin (Early Albian). The Abu Roash "F" source rock exists in the early oil window with a present-day transformation ratio of about 19% and 21% in the East and West Beni Suef Basin, respectively, while the Lower Kharita source rock, which is only recorded in the West Beni Suef Basin, has reached the late oil window with a present-day transformation ratio of about 70%.
The magnitude of erosion and heat flow have proportional and mutual effects on thermal maturity.
We present three possible scenarios of basin modeling in the East Beni Suef Basin concerning the erosion from the Apollonia and Dabaa formations.
Results of this work can serve as a basis for subsequent 2D and/or 3D basin modeling, which are highly recommended to further investigate the petroleum system evolution of the Beni Suef Basin.
The subsurface is a temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous compartment of the Earth's critical zone, and biogeochemical transformations taking place in this compartment are crucial for the cycling of nutrients.
The impact of spatial heterogeneity on such microbially mediated nutrient cycling is not well known, which imposes a severe challenge in the prediction of in situ biogeochemical transformation rates and further of nutrient loading contributed by the groundwater to the surface water bodies.
Therefore, we used a numerical modelling approach to evaluate the sensitivity of groundwater microbial biomass distribution and nutrient cycling to spatial heterogeneity in different scenarios accounting for various residence times.
The model results gave us an insight into domain characteristics with respect to the presence of oxic niches in predominantly anoxic zones and vice versa depending on the extent of spatial heterogeneity and the flow regime.
The obtained results show that microbial abundance, distribution, and activity are sensitive to the applied flow regime and that the mobile (i.e. observable by groundwater sampling) fraction of microbial biomass is a varying, yet only a small, fraction of the total biomass in a domain. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity resulted in anaerobic niches in the domain and shifts in microbial biomass between active and inactive states. The lack of consideration of spatial heterogeneity, thus, can result in inaccurate estimation of microbial activity. In most cases this leads to an overestimation of nutrient removal (up to twice the actual amount) along a flow path.
We conclude that the governing factors for evaluating this are the residence time of solutes and the Damkohler number (Da) of the biogeochemical reactions in the domain. We propose a relationship to scale the impact of spatial heterogeneity on nutrient removal governed by the logioDa.
This relationship may be applied in upscaled descriptions of microbially mediated nutrient cycling dynamics in the subsurface thereby resulting in more accurate predictions of, for example, carbon and nitrogen cycling in groundwater over long periods at the catchment scale.