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Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system customization is often necessary because companies have unique processes that provide their competitive advantage. Despite new technological advances such as cloud computing or model-driven development, technical ERP customization options are either outdated or ambiguously formulated in the scientific literature. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) that analyzes 137 definitions from 26 papers, the result is an analysis and aggregation of technical customization types by providing clearance and aligning with future organizational needs. The results show a shift from ERP code modification in on-premises systems to interface and integration customization in cloud ERP systems, as well as emerging technological opportunities as a way for customers and key users to perform system customization. The study contributes by providing a clear understanding of given customization types and assisting ERP users and vendors in making customization decisions.
In this visualization, the authors show changes in family patterns by different race groups across two cohorts. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (born from 1957 to 1965) and 1997 (born from 1980 to 1984), the authors visualize the relationship-parenthood state distributions at each age between 15 and 35 years by race and cohort. The results suggest the rise of cohabiting mothers and the decline of married and divorced mothers among women born from 1980 to 1984. Black women born from 1980 to 1984 were more likely to experience single/childless and single/parent status compared with Black women born from 1957 to 1965. Although with some visible postponement in the recent cohort, white women in both cohorts were more likely to experience married/parent status than other race groups. The decline in married/parent status across the two generations was sharpest among Hispanic women. These descriptive findings highlight the importance of identifying race when discussing changes in family formation and dissolution trends across generations.
Improving permafrost dynamics in land surface models: insights from dual sensitivity experiments
(2024)
The thawing of permafrost and the subsequent release of greenhouse gases constitute one of the most significant and uncertain positive feedback loops in the context of climate change, making predictions regarding changes in permafrost coverage of paramount importance. To address these critical questions, climate scientists have developed Land Surface Models (LSMs) that encompass a multitude of physical soil processes. This thesis is committed to advancing our understanding and refining precise representations of permafrost dynamics within LSMs, with a specific focus on the accurate modeling of heat fluxes, an essential component for simulating permafrost physics.
The first research question overviews fundamental model prerequisites for the representation of permafrost soils within land surface modeling. It includes a first-of-its-kind comparison between LSMs in CMIP6 to reveal their differences and shortcomings in key permafrost physics parameters. Overall, each of these LSMs represents a unique approach to simulating soil processes and their interactions with the climate system. Choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application depends on factors such as the spatial and temporal scale of the simulation, the specific research question, and available computational resources.
The second research question evaluates the performance of the state-of-the-art Community Land Model (CLM5) in simulating Arctic permafrost regions. Our approach overcomes traditional evaluation limitations by individually addressing depth, seasonality, and regional variations, providing a comprehensive assessment of permafrost and soil temperature dynamics. I compare CLM5's results with three extensive datasets: (1) soil temperatures from 295 borehole stations, (2) active layer thickness (ALT) data from the Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring Network (CALM), and (3) soil temperatures, ALT, and permafrost extent from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI). The results show that CLM5 aligns well with ESA-CCI and CALM for permafrost extent and ALT but reveals a significant global cold temperature bias, notably over Siberia. These results echo a persistent challenge identified in numerous studies: the existence of a systematic 'cold bias' in soil temperature over permafrost regions. To address this challenge, the following research questions propose dual sensitivity experiments.
The third research question represents the first study to apply a Plant Functional Type (PFT)-based approach to derive soil texture and soil organic matter (SOM), departing from the conventional use of coarse-resolution global data in LSMs. This novel method results in a more uniform distribution of soil organic matter density (OMD) across the domain, characterized by reduced OMD values in most regions. However, changes in soil texture exhibit a more intricate spatial pattern. Comparing the results to observations reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias observed in the control run. This method shows noticeable improvements in permafrost extent, but at the cost of an overestimation in ALT. These findings emphasize the model's high sensitivity to variations in soil texture and SOM content, highlighting the crucial role of soil composition in governing heat transfer processes and shaping the seasonal variation of soil temperatures in permafrost regions.
Expanding upon a site experiment conducted in Trail Valley Creek by \citet{dutch_impact_2022}, the fourth research question extends the application of the snow scheme proposed by \citet{sturm_thermal_1997} to cover the entire Arctic domain. By employing a snow scheme better suited to the snow density profile observed over permafrost regions, this thesis seeks to assess its influence on simulated soil temperatures. Comparing this method to observational datasets reveals a significant reduction in the cold bias that was present in the control run. In most regions, the Sturm run exhibits a substantial decrease in the cold bias. However, there is a distinctive overshoot with a warm bias observed in mountainous areas. The Sturm experiment effectively addressed the overestimation of permafrost extent in the control run, albeit resulting in a substantial reduction in permafrost extent over mountainous areas. ALT results remain relatively consistent compared to the control run. These outcomes align with our initial hypothesis, which anticipated that the reduced snow insulation in the Sturm run would lead to higher winter soil temperatures and a more accurate representation of permafrost physics.
In summary, this thesis demonstrates significant advancements in understanding permafrost dynamics and its integration into LSMs. It has meticulously unraveled the intricacies involved in the interplay between heat transfer, soil properties, and snow dynamics in permafrost regions. These insights offer novel perspectives on model representation and performance.
Das Risiko, durch einen Suizid im Gefängnis zu versterben, ist erhöht. Während der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden zum Infektionsschutz zahlreiche Maßnahmen, die beispielsweise eine deutliche Minderung der Kontakt- und Behandlungsangebote zur Folge hatten, eingeführt. Im Rahmen eines Kohortenvergleichs der Suizide und ausgewählter Merkmale der Suizident:innen in den Zeiträumen vom April 2017 bis zum Dezember 2019 sowie vom April 2020 bis zum Dezember 2022 wird untersucht, ob es eine Veränderung der Suizide während der Pandemie gab. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich eine Zunahme der Suizide während der Pandemie, insbesondere in den ersten 14 Tagen der Haft, und eine Zunahme der Suizide von Suizident:innen mit erhöhter Vulnerabilität. Keine Unterschiede wurden in den allgemeinen Risikomerkmalen für Suizide im Gefängnis festgestellt. Es ergeben sich Hinweise auf eine suizidpräventive Wirkung der Kontakt- und Behandlungsangebote. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, intensivere Präventionsangebote für Gefangene mit erhöhter Vulnerabilität bzw. geringerer Resilienz anzubieten.
How do the rights of same-sex couples have to be ensured by states, and which kind of environmental obligations are induced by the right to life and to personal integrity? Questions as diverse and far-reaching as these are regularly dealt with by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its advisory function. This book is the first comprehensive, non-Spanish-written treatise on the advisory function of this Court. It analyzes the scope of the Court's advisory jurisdiction and its procedural practice in comparison with that of other international courts. Moreover, the legal effects of the Court’s advisory opinions and the question when the Court should better reject a request for an advisory opinion are examined.
Religionen sind wichtige Akteurinnen der Zivilgesellschaft. Die Frage, wie sie miteinander umgehen, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Zukunft pluraler, offener Gesellschaften. Für dieses Buch haben sich vier Akteure der interreligiösen Verständigung erstmals zusammengetan: Die national und international agierenden Organisationen Religions for Peace und Stiftung Weltethos, der Bundeskongress der Räte der Religionen als Verbund kommunaler interreligiöser Initiativen sowie die Forschungsschnittstelle Forum Religionen im Kontext an der Universität Potsdam. Das Buch enthält Steckbriefe von siebzig interreligiösen Organisationen und Initiativen. Ergänzt wird es durch Reflexionen über die Geschichte und die Zukunft des interreligiösen Dialogs in Deutschland sowie über die Rolle von Religion in der Zivilgesellschaft.
Economic crises as critical junctures for policy and structural changes towards decarbonization
(2024)
Crises may act as tipping points for decarbonization pathways by triggering structural economic change or offering windows of opportunity for policy change. We investigate both types of effects of the global financial and COVID-19 crises on decarbonization in Spain and Germany through a quantitative Kaya-decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions and through a qualitative review of climate and energy policy changes. We show that the global financial crisis resulted in a critical juncture for Spanish CO2 emissions due to the combined effects of the deep economic recession and crisis-induced structural change, resulting in reductions in carbon and energy intensities and shifts in the economic structure. However, the crisis also resulted in a rollback of renewable energy policy, halting progress in the transition to green electricity. The impacts were less pronounced in Germany, where pre-existing decarbonization and policy trends continued after the crisis. Recovery packages had modest effects, primarily due to their temporary nature and the limited share of climate-related spending. The direct short-term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on CO2 emissions were more substantial in Spain than in Germany. The policy responses in both countries sought to align short-term economic recovery with the long-term climate change goals of decarbonization, but it is too soon to observe their lasting effects. Our findings show that crises can affect structural change and support decarbonization but suggest that such effects depend on pre-existing trends, the severity of the crisis and political manoeuvring during the crisis.
Today, near-surface investigations are frequently conducted using non-destructive or minimally invasive methods of applied geophysics, particularly in the fields of civil engineering, archaeology, geology, and hydrology. One field that plays an increasingly central role in research and engineering is the examination of sedimentary environments, for example, for characterizing near-surface groundwater systems. A commonly employed method in this context is ground-penetrating radar (GPR). In this technique, short electromagnetic pulses are emitted into the subsurface by an antenna, which are then reflected, refracted, or scattered at contrasts in electromagnetic properties (such as the water table). A receiving antenna records these signals in terms of their amplitudes and travel times. Analysis of the recorded signals allows for inferences about the subsurface, such as the depth of the groundwater table or the composition and characteristics of near-surface sediment layers. Due to the high resolution of the GPR method and continuous technological advancements, GPR data acquisition is increasingly performed in three-dimensional (3D) fashion today.
Despite the considerable temporal and technical efforts involved in data acquisition and processing, the resulting 3D data sets (providing high-resolution images of the subsurface) are typically interpreted manually. This is generally an extremely time-consuming analysis step. Therefore, representative 2D sections highlighting distinctive reflection structures are often selected from the 3D data set. Regions showing similar structures are then grouped into so-called radar facies. The results obtained from 2D sections are considered representative of the entire investigated area. Interpretations conducted in this manner are often incomplete and highly dependent on the expertise of the interpreters, making them generally non-reproducible.
A promising alternative or complement to manual interpretation is the use of GPR attributes. Instead of using the recorded data directly, derived quantities characterizing distinctive reflection structures in 3D are applied for interpretation. Using various field and synthetic data sets, this thesis investigates which attributes are particularly suitable for this purpose. Additionally, the study demonstrates how selected attributes can be utilized through specific processing and classification methods to create 3D facies models. The ability to generate attribute-based 3D GPR facies models allows for partially automated and more efficient interpretations in the future. Furthermore, the results obtained in this manner describe the subsurface in a reproducible and more comprehensive manner than what has typically been achievable through manual interpretation methods.
Legitimiertes Unrecht
(2024)
Das Oberste Gericht der DDR war integraler Bestandteil der sozialistischen Staatsführung und unterlag strengen Denk- und Organisationsstrukturen. Es war eng in die politische Agenda der SED eingebunden und genoss keinerlei Unabhängigkeit. Die Auslegung des DDR-Rechts durch das Gericht orientierte sich ausschließlich an den innen- und außenpolitischen Interessen der SED. Dies galt auch für die Rechtsprechung in Fällen der Republikflucht und ihrer gesetzlichen Vorläufer. Die höchste Gerichtsinstanz im Staat war aktiv an der Gestaltung und Umsetzung der Strafjustiz gegen Republikflüchtige beteiligt, was wesentlich zur Festigung der Herrschaftsgewalt der SED beitrug. Die vorliegende Untersuchung analysiert Urteile des Obersten Gerichts im historisch-politischen Kontext und zeigt auf, dass die Urteilspraxis ausschließlich im Interesse parteipolitischer Ziele handelte und weder dem Volk noch der eigentlichen Rechtsfindung verpflichtet war. Des Weiteren wird der maßgebliche Beitrag des Obersten Gerichts an der schrittweisen Kriminalisierung der Bürger der DDR beleuchtet. Dies wirft ein kritisches Licht auf die Rolle des Rechtssystems bei der Sicherung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Menschenrechten in autoritären Regimen.
The dynamic landscape of digital transformation entails an impact on industrial-age manufacturing companies that goes beyond product offerings, changing operational paradigms, and requiring an organization-wide metamorphosis. An initiative to address the given challenges is the creation of Digital Innovation Units (DIUs) – departments or distinct legal entities that use new structures and practices to develop digital products, services, and business models and support or drive incumbents’ digital transformation. With more than 300 units in German-speaking countries alone and an increasing number of scientific publications, DIUs have become a widespread phenomenon in both research and practice.
This dissertation examines the evolution process of DIUs in the manufacturing
industry during their first three years of operation, through an extensive longitudinal single-case study and several cross-case syntheses of seven DIUs. Building on the lenses of organizational change and development, time, and socio-technical systems, this research provides insights into the fundamentals, temporal dynamics, socio-technical interactions, and relational dynamics of a DIU’s evolution process. Thus, the dissertation promotes a dynamic understanding of DIUs and adds a two-dimensional perspective to the often one-dimensional view of these units and their interactions with the main organization throughout the startup and growth phases of a DIU.
Furthermore, the dissertation constructs a phase model that depicts the early stages of DIU evolution based on these findings and by incorporating literature from information systems research. As a result, it illustrates the progressive intensification of collaboration between the DIU and the main organization. After being implemented, the DIU sparks initial collaboration and instigates change within (parts of) the main organization. Over time, it adapts to the corporate environment to some extent, responding to changing circumstances in order to contribute to long-term transformation. Temporally, the DIU drives the early phases of cooperation and adaptation in particular, while the main organization triggers the first major evolutionary step and realignment of the DIU.
Overall, the thesis identifies DIUs as malleable organizational structures that are crucial for digital transformation. Moreover, it provides guidance for practitioners on the process of building a new DIU from scratch or optimizing an existing one.
The present thesis looks at cultural conceptualisations in relation to DEATH in Irish English from a Cultural Linguistic perspective and puts a special focus on the diachronic development of these conceptualisations. For the study, a corpus consisting of 1,400 death notices from the Dublin-based national newspaper The Irish Times from 14 historical periods between 1859 and 2023 was compiled, resulting in a highly specialised 70,000-word corpus. First, the manual qualitative analysis of the death notices produced evidence for eight superordinate cultural conceptualisations surrounding DEATH, namely, in the order of their frequency THE DEAD ARE TO BE REMEMBERED OR REGRETTED, DEATH IS SOMETHING POSITIVE, DEATH IS REST, DEATH IS A JOURNEY, DYING IS THE BEGINNING OF ANOTHER LIFE, DEATH IS (NOT) A TABOO, DEATH IS GOD’S WILL, and DEATH IS THE END. These conceptualisations were derived from linguistic expressions in the death notices that have these conceptualisations as a cognitive basis. Second, the quantitative comparison of the individual conceptualisations detected diachronic variation, which is interconnected with historical and social developments in Ireland. The thesis, therefore, illustrates the applicability of Cultural Linguistics as an adequate method for diachronic studies interested in culturally determined developments of conceptualisations.
-Ottmar Ette, Ingo Schwarz: „Ein junges, neues Geschlecht wird besseres liefern als das alte“. Ein Empfehlungsbrief Alexander von Humboldts für Carl Ludwig
-GAO Hong: Nachgedanken zur Übersetzung des ersten Bandes von Humboldts Kosmos
-Tobias Kraft: Neue Quellen zu Humboldts Kuba-Forschung. Das „Digitale Dossier“ des Proyecto Humboldt Digital (2019 – 2023)
-Vera Kutzinski: Off-Road Adventures: Reading Statistics in Alexander von Humboldt’s Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain
-Krzysztof Zielnica: Alexander von Humboldt und Polen – zum 150. Jahrestag seiner Reise nach Warschau. Mit einleitenden Worten von Ingo Schwarz
Margrethe, the 80, and who?
(2024)
Der Band präsentiert eine systematische Aufbereitung empirischer Befunde zum Lobbyismus in Deutschland und vermittelt, wie Lobbyist*innen, Entscheidungsträger*innen und institutionelle Rahmen miteinander interagieren. Untersucht werden politische Aktivitäten von sozialen Bewegungen, Verbänden, Unternehmen und Beratungsfirmen im Bundestag, der Bundesregierung und der Öffentlichkeit.
Das Forschungsprojekt „Workflow-Management-Systeme für Open-Access-Hochschulverlage (OA-WFMS)” ist eine Kooperation zwischen der HTWK Leipzig und der Universität Potsdam. Ziel ist es, die Bedarfe von Universitäts- und Hochschulverlagen und Anforderungen an ein Workflow-Management-Systeme (WFMS) zu analysieren, um daraus ein generisches Lastenheft zu erstellen. Das WFMS soll den Publikationsprozess in OA-Verlagen erleichtern, beschleunigen sowie die Verbreitung von Open Access und das nachhaltige, digitale wissenschaftliche Publizieren fördern.
Das Projekt baut auf den Ergebnissen der Projekte „Open-Access-Hochschulverlag (OA-HVerlag)“ und „Open-Access-Strukturierte-Kommunikation (OA-STRUKTKOMM)“ auf. Der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegende Auftaktworkshop fand 2024 in Leipzig mit Vertreter:innen von zehn Institutionen statt. Der Workshop diente dazu, Herausforderungen und Anforderungen an ein WFMS zu ermitteln sowie bestehende Lösungsansätze und Tools zu diskutieren.
Im Workshop wurden folgende Fragen behandelt:
a. Wie kann die Organisation und Überwachung von Publikationsprozessen in wissenschaftlichen Verlagen durch ein WFMS effizient gestaltet werden?
b. Welche Anforderungen muss ein WFMS erfüllen, um Publikationsprozesse optimal zu unterstützen?
c. Welche Schnittstellen müssen berücksichtigt werden, um die Interoperabilität der Systeme zu garantieren?
d. Welche bestehenden Lösungsansätze und Tools sind bereits im Einsatz und welche Vor- und Nachteile haben diese?
Der Workshop gliederte sich in zwei Teile : Teil 1 behandelte Herausforderungen und Anforderungen (Fragen a. bis c.), Teil 2 bestehende Lösungen und Tools (Frage d.). Die Ergebnisse des Workshops fließen in die Bedarfsanalyse des Forschungsprojekts ein.
Die im Bericht dokumentierten Ergebnisse zeigen die Vielzahl der Herausforderungen der bestehenden Ansätze bezüglich des OA-Publikationsmanagements . Die Herausforderungen zeigen sich insbesondere bei der Systemheterogenität, den individuellen Anpassungsbedarfen und der Notwendigkeit der systematischen Dokumentation. Die eingesetzten Unterstützungssysteme und Tools wie Dateiablagen, Projektmanagement- und Kommunikationstools können insgesamt den Anforderungen nicht genügen, für Teillösungen sind sie jedoch nutzbar. Deshalb muss die Integration bestehender Systeme in ein zu entwickelndes OA-WFMS in Betracht gezogen und die Interoperabilität der miteinander interagierenden Systeme gewährleistet werden. Die Beteiligten des Workshops waren sich einig, dass das OA-WFMS flexibel und modular aufgebaut werden soll. Einer konsortialen Softwareentwicklung und einem gemeinsamen Betrieb im Verbund wurde der Vorrang gegeben.
Der Workshop lieferte wertvolle Einblicke in die Arbeit der Hochschulverlage und bildet somit eine solide Grundlage für die in Folge zu erarbeitende weitere Bedarfsanalyse und die Erstellung des generischen Lastenheftes.
Dirty capitalism
(2024)
Von Garzweiler bis zum Great Pacific Garbage Patch zeigt sich offenkundig: Die kapitalistische Vergesellschaftung ist dreckig. Umso mehr braucht kritische politisch-ökonomische oder sozio-ökonomische Bildung einen gesellschaftstheoretisch fundierten Kapitalismusbegriff. Der Ansatz des Dirty Capitalism leistet hierzu einen expliziten Beitrag. Er greift die vielfältige Kritik an Vorstellungen und analytischer Reichweite eines "reinen" Kapitalismus, wie sie z.B. auch im Ansatz des racial capitalism formuliert wird, auf und erweitert die Analyseperspektive über Klassenverhältnisse hinaus auf Rassismus, (Post-)Kolonialismus, Geschlechter- und Naturverhältnisse. Im Band wird das Konzept weiterentwickelt und als Zugang für die kritische politische Bildung und Politikdidaktik diskutiert und empirisch genutzt.
The public health insurance in Germany will face huge economic challenges in the upcoming years. New diagnostic and therapeutic methods as well as the demographic change contribute to constantly rising expenditure. Although incentives for health-promoting behaviour or financial sanctions for an unhealthy lifestyle have been already discussed in the past, there has been a general reluctance to legally establish corresponding mechanisms for fear of eroding solidarity and increasing state control. In the course of the Coronavirus pandemic however, a stronger awareness rose to the fact that personal health-related life choices can have a huge impact on the stability of the healthcare system including public health insurance. Not only in Germany but throughout much of Europe, the pandemic led to a new and more fundamental debate about the relationship between individual responsibility for personal health and the wider responsibility for public health assumed by the community of solidarity.