370 Bildung und Erziehung
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Bei 2 Gruppen von jeweils 4 normalintelligenten, verhaltensgestörten Kindern (Alter 7-11 Jahre) wurde in einer kinderpsychiatrischen Station eine Spieltherapie zur Verbesserung ihrer sozialen Kompetenz durchgeführt. Die Therapie wurde nach verhaltenstherapeutischen, kognitiven und gruppendynamischen Gesichtspunkten geplant. Sie hat bei allen Kindern zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung ihres Sozialverhaltens geführt. In der Diskussion der Ergebnisse wird die vermutete Wirkungsweise der therapeutischen Variablen erörtert. Darüber hinaus werden Vermutungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen den therapeutischen Variablen und einigen individuellen Persönlichkeitszügen der behandelten Kinder angestellt.
Im Anschluß an eine Erörterung der Begriffe „Intelligenz", „Denkfähigkeit" und „Lernfähigkeit" erfolgt ein Litraturückblick über Arbeiten zu den Themen „Intelligenz und Lernen" sowie „Hirnschädigung und Lernen". Es werden eine Reihe allgemeiner und zwei spezifische Hypothesen zu diesen Fragestellungen formuliert. In einem Experiment mit insgesamt 32 hirngeschädigten und 32 hirngesunden Kindern unterschiedlicher Intelligenz wird der Raven-Test viermal in eintägigem Abstand dargeboten, und es werden die beobachtbaren Leistungsveränderungen als Indikator für die „Lernfähigkeit" gemessen. Die beiden spezifischen Hypothesen lassen sich bestätigen: Intelligentere sowie Hirngesunde zeigen größere Leistungsverbesserungen als weniger Intelligente sowie Hirngeschädigte. Die Ergebnisse werden bezüglich ihrer Relevanz im Hinblick auf die Intelligenzdefinition und -messung sowie im Hinblick auf pädagogische Konsequenzen diskutiert.
Einleitung 2. Die Begriffe Krüppel und Körperbehinderter in der sonderpädagogischen Terminologie 2.1. Forderungen nach Ablösung des Begriffs Krüppel 2.2. Das Festhalten am Begriff Krüppel in der sonderpädagogischen Terminologie in Ermangelung eines geeigneten Synonyms 2.3. Körperlich-Gebrechlicher und Körperbehinderter als Synonyme 2.4. Zur Ablösung des Begriffs Krüppel durch Körperbehinderter in der sonderpädagogischen Terminologie 3. Die Verwendung der Begriffe Krüppel und Körperbehinderter in der nicht-sonderpädagogischen Terminologie 3.1. Im Lexikon der Pädagogik 3.2. In der juristischen Fachsprache 3.4. In der Dichtung der Gegenwart 3.5. Bei Literatur- und Theaterkritikern 3.6. Bei Literaturwissenschaftlern 4. Zusammenfassung Literatur
Die vorliegende Arbeit berichtet über den Versuch, bei lernbehinderten Sonderschulkindern selbständigeres Arbeitsverhalten auszubilden, um dadurch eine Verbesserung ihrer Schulleistungen zu erreichen. Die Schüler waren zum Teil körperlich und sprachlich behindert mit IQ-Werten im Bereich von 40 bis 82. Die therapeutische Intervention beruhte auf dem Prinzip von Arbeitsverträgen, in deren Rahmen selbständiges Arbeitsverhalten der Schüler durch Einführung von Spielregeln zur Gestaltung des Arbeitsablaufs entwickelt wurde. Im Anschluß an Verhaltensmodelle und motiviert durch ein Münzsystem beherrschten alle Schüler nach kurzer Zeit das Regelsystem. Die Ergebnisse sind ermutigend: es kam zu deutlich verbesserten Schulleistungen im therapiespezifischen Fachgebiet und zu einer zeitstabilen positiven Veränderung des Arbeits- und Sozialverhaltens im Unterricht.
Social comparison processes and the social position within a school class already play a major role in performance evaluation as early as in elementary school. The influence of contrast and assimilation effects on self-evaluation of performance as well as task interest has been widely researched in observational studies under the labels big-fish-little-pond and basking-in-reflected-glory effect. This study examined the influence of similar contrast and assimilation effects in an experimental paradigm. Fifth and sixth grade students (n = 230) completed a computer-based learning task during which they received social comparative feedback based on 2 × 2 experimentally manipulated feedback conditions: social position (high vs. low) and peer performance (high vs. low). Results show a more positive development of task interest and self-evaluation of performance in both the high social position and the high peer performance condition. When applied to the school setting, results of this study suggest that students who already perform well in comparison to their peer group are also the ones who profit most from social comparative feedback, given that they are the ones who usually receive the corresponding positive performance feedback.
Development of self-concept and task interest has been shown to be affected by social comparison processes in a variety of cross-sectional studies. A potential explanation for these effects is an effect of social comparative performance feedback on an individual’s self-evaluation of performance, which in turn influences development of self-concept and task interest. There are, however, only few studies addressing this topic with experimental designs. This study was aimed at closing this research gap by experimentally manipulating social comparative performance. Feedback given was based on 2 × 2 experimental conditions: social position (high vs. low) and average performance of the reference group (high vs. low). Results show a strong effect of social position on self-evaluation of performance and smaller effects on self-concept and task interest.
This study addresses the question of how age of acquisition (AoA) affects grammatical processing, specifically with respect to inflectional morphology, in bilinguals. We examined experimental data of more than 100 participants from the Russian/German community in Berlin, all of whom acquired Russian from birth and German at different ages. Using the cross-modal lexical priming technique, we investigated stem allomorphs of German verbs that encode multiple morphosyntactic features. The results revealed a striking AoA modulation of observed priming patterns, indicating efficient access to morphosyntactic features for early AoAs and a gradual decline with increasing AoAs. In addition, we found a discontinuity in the function relating AoA to morphosyntactic feature access, suggesting a sensitive period for the development of morphosyntax.
A multidimensional and analytical perspective on Open Educational Practices in the 21st century
(2022)
Participatory approaches to teaching and learning are experiencing a new lease on life in the 21st century as a result of the rapid technology development. Knowledge, practices, and tools can be shared across spatial and temporal boundaries in higher education by means of Open Educational Resources, Massive Open Online Courses, and open-source technologies. In this context, the Open Education Movement calls for new didactic approaches that encourage greater learner participation in formal higher education. Based on a representative literature review and focus group research, in this study an analytical framework was developed that enables researchers and practitioners to assess the form of participation in formal, collaborative teaching and learning practices. The analytical framework is focused on the micro-level of higher education, in particular on the interaction between students and lecturers when organizing the curriculum. For this purpose, the research reflects anew on the concept of participation, taking into account existing stage models for participation in the educational context. These are then brought together with the dimensions of teaching and learning processes, such as methods, objectives and content, etc. This paper aims to make a valuable contribution to the opening up of learning and teaching, and expands the discourse around possibilities for interpreting Open Educational Practices.
Between-school variation in students' achievement, motivation, affect, and learning strategies
(2017)
To plan group-randomized trials where treatment conditions are assigned to schools, researchers need design parameters that provide information about between-school differences in outcomes as well as the amount of variance that can be explained by covariates at the student (L1) and school (L2) levels. Most previous research has offered these parameters for U.S. samples and for achievement as the outcome. This paper and the online supplementary materials provide design parameters for 81 countries in three broad outcome categories (achievement, affect and motivation, and learning strategies) for domain-general and domain-specific (mathematics, reading, and science) measures. Sociodemographic characteristics were used as covariates. Data from representative samples of 15-year-old students stemmed from five cycles of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA; total number of students/schools: 1,905,147/70,098). Between-school differences as well as the amount of variance explained at L1 and L2 varied widely across countries and educational outcomes, demonstrating the limited generalizability of design parameters across these dimensions. The use of the design parameters to plan group-randomized trials is illustrated.
Concrete-operational thinking depicts an important aspect of cognitive development. A promising approach in promoting these skills is the instruction of strategies. The construction of such instructional programs requires insights into the mental operations involved in problem-solving. In the present paper, we address the question to which extent variations of the effect of isolated and combined mental operations (strategies) on correct solution of concrete-operational concepts can be observed. Therefore, a cross-sectional design was applied. The use of mental operations was measured by thinking-aloud reports from 80 first- and second-graders (N = 80) while solving tasks depicting concrete-operational thinking. Concrete-operational thinking was assessed using the subscales conservation of numbers, classification and sequences of the TEKO. The verbal reports were transcribed and coded with regard to the mental operations applied per task. Data analyses focused on tasks level, resulting in the analyses of N = 240 tasks per subscale. Differences regarding the contribution of isolated and combined mental operations (strategies) to correct solution were observed. Thereby, the results indicate the necessity of selection and integration of appropriate mental operations as strategies. The results offer insights in involved mental operations while solving concrete-operational tasks and depict a contribution to the construction of instructional programs.