Department Erziehungswissenschaft
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MARLA
(2024)
Serious games
(2024)
Background:
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex developmental genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability and deficits in executive functions which result in disorganisation and poor personal autonomy.
Aims:
This study aimed to determine impairments in planning skills of adults with PWS, in relation with their intellectual disabilities, as well as the influence of food compulsions on their performance.
Methods and procedures:
A modified version of the Zoo Map from the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome was used in three groups: a group of adults with PWS in comparison with two groups both matched on chronological age, one with typical development (TD) and one with intellectual disability (ID).
Outcomes and results:
Compared to TD adults, both adults with PWS and ID showed increased planning time and lower raw scores on the planning task. The execution time and the number of errors were higher in the PWS group compared to the comparison groups. All three groups performed worse in the non-food condition only for number of errors and raw score.
Conclusions and implications:
Planning abilities were impaired in PWS adults. Results also showed that intellectual level plays a role in participants' performance. These findings are essential to understand the difficulties of people with PWS daily life.
Motivational profiles across domains and academic choices within Eccles et al.’s situated expectancy
(2021)
This longitudinal person-centered study aimed to identify profiles of subjective task values and ability self-concepts of adolescents in the domain of mathematics, English, biology, and physics in Grades 10 and 12. We were interested in gendered changes of profile membership, and in relations between profile membership and educational and occupational outcomes in adulthood. Data were drawn from the Michigan Study of Adolescent and Adult Life Transitions. We focused on students who participated in the data collection in Grades 10 and 12 (N = 911; 56.1% female; M-age = 16.49, SD = .63; 91.2% European American, 4.6% African American, and 2.1% other ethnic groups such as Hispanic, Asian, Native American). Data on subsequent college majors were assessed 2, 6, and 10 years after finishing high school and data on occupational outcomes was assessed up to 22 years after high school. Using Latent Profile Analyses, our findings revealed five profiles in grade 10 and four profiles in grade 12, which were meaningfully related to student gender. Latent Transition Analyses showed that motivational beliefs became more hierarchical over time. Gendered changes in profile membership occurred, with boys experiencing a process of specialization into mathematics domains. We were also able to show that gender-specific intraindividual hierarchies of motivational beliefs were related to gender-specific specialization processes in adolescence and to subsequent gendered choices throughout the life course.
Providing students with efficient instruction tailored to their individual characteristics in the cognitive and affective domains is an important goal in research on computer-based learning. This is especially important when seeking to enhance students' learning experience, such as by counteracting boredom, a detrimental emotion for learning. However, studies comparing instructional strategies triggered by either cognitive or emotional characteristics are surprisingly scarce. In addition, little research has examined the impact of these types of instructional strategies on performance and boredom trajectories within a lesson. In the present study, we compared the effectiveness of an intelligent tutoring system that adapted variable levels of hint details to a combination of students' dynamic, self-reported emotions and task performance (i.e., the experimental condition) to a traditional hint delivery approach consisting of a progressive, incremental supply of details following students' failures (i.e., the control condition). Linear mixed models of time-related changes in task performance and the intensity of boredom over two 1-h sessions showed that students (N = 104) in the two conditions exhibited equivalent progression in task performance and similar trajectories in boredom intensity. However, a consideration of students' achievement levels in the analyses (i.e., their final performance on the task) revealed that higher achievers in the experimental condition showed a reduction in boredom during the first session, suggesting possible benefits of using emotional information to increase the contingency of the hint delivery strategy and improve students’ learning experience.
One of the main challenges of education in modern societies is to effectively address the variability of students in academic learning settings. Students vary in terms of their individual learning preconditions, such as achievement and preknowledge, but also motivation and emotion. Teachers, in turn, have limited resources to provide each learner with individually tailored instruction. This research overview reviews research on artificially intelligent teaching assistants and their role in providing adaptive learning opportunities in relation to learners’ heterogeneous individual learning preconditions in the field of motivation and emotion.
Digitale Medien erlangen eine zunehmende Bedeutung für die Gestaltung von unterrichtlichen Lehr- und Lernprozessen (KMK, 2021; Scheiter, 2021). Die erfolgreiche Integration digitaler Medien und die qualitätsvolle Gestaltung digitalgestützten Unterrichts ist dabei abhängig von den digitalen Kompetenzen der beteiligten Lehrkräfte (KMK, 2021; Lachner et al., 2020). Lehrkräftefortbildungen zu Themen digitaler Medien sind in diesem Kontext von großer Relevanz. Die Teilnahme an Fortbildungen zu digitalen Themen kann zur Förderung der (selbsteingeschätzten) digitalen Kompetenzen sowie des digitalgestützten Unterrichts beitragen (KMK, 2021; SWK, 2022). Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Lehrkräftefortbildungen, Kompetenzen und Handeln von Lehrkräften werden auf theoretischer Ebene im Modell der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der professionellen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften nach Kunter et al. (2011) beschrieben. Allerdings ist bislang ungeklärt, inwiefern die für allgemeine Lehrkräftefortbildungen formulierten Zusammenhänge auch auf den digitalen Kontext übertragbar sind. Bisher weisen nur wenige empirische Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass digitalbezogene Lehrkräftefortbildungen mit selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen (z. B. Mayer et al., 2021; Ning et al., 2022; Reisoğlu, 2022) und dem digitalgestützten Unterrichtshandeln zusammenhängen (z. B. Alt, 2018; Gisbert Cervera & Lázaro Cantabrana, 2015). Eine zentrale Rolle für qualitätsvolles Unterrichtshandeln spielen die Handlungskompetenzen von Lehrkräften (Kunter et al., 2011). Auch im digitalen Kontext sind (selbsteingeschätzte) Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften für das unterrichtliche Handeln mit digitalen Medien relevant (z. B. Hatlevik, 2017; Spiteri & Rundgren, 2020). Eine systematische Darstellung von Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften für den unterrichtsbezogenen Einsatz digitaler Medien leistet der European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu; Redecker & Punie, 2017). Jedoch liegen bisher nur wenige empirische Forschungsarbeiten zur Validierung dieses Rahmenmodells vor (z. B. Antonietti et al., 2022). Dabei bietet das DigCompEdu-Modell im Vergleich zu anderen Kompetenzmodellen wie beispielsweise dem Modell des Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK; Mishra & Koehler, 2006) einen differenzierten Blick auf verschiedene Kompetenzdimensionen.
Die aufgezeigten Forschungslücken aufnehmend, befasst sich die vorliegende Dissertation mit den Faktoren, die zu einer hohen Unterrichtsqualität im digitalgestützten Unterricht beitragen. Die drei empirischen Studien dieser Dissertation behandeln aus verschiedenen Perspektiven die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Lehrkräftefortbildungen, den selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften und der selbstberichteten digitalgestützten Unterrichtsqualität. Die Studien orientieren sich dabei theoriegeleitet an den Annahmen des Modells der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der professionellen Kompetenz von Lehrkräften nach Kunter et al. (2011).
Studie 1 widmet sich der Frage, inwieweit die Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und Lehrkräftekooperationen im digitalen Kontext mit selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen, Interesse am digitalgestützten Unterrichten und qualitätsvollem Unterrichten mit digitalen Medien zusammenhängen. Die Ergebnisse manifester Pfadmodelle verdeutlichen, dass die Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und Kooperationen mit hohen digitalen Kompetenzen, einem hohen Interesse am digitalgestützten Unterrichten und einem selbstberichteten häufigen Einsatz digitaler Medien zur Umsetzung qualitätsvollen Unterrichtens (kognitive Aktivierung und Individualisierung) einhergingen. Digitalgestütztes Unterrichtshandeln wurde in bisherigen empirischen Studien vorrangig über die Nutzungshäufigkeit digitaler Medien im Unterricht erhoben, welche jedoch keine Rückschlüsse auf die Qualität des Einsatzes zulässt (Lachner et al., 2020; Scheiter, 2021). Der qualitätsvolle Einsatz digitaler Medien entlang der drei generischen Basisdimensionen (Klieme et al., 2009) wird daher in allen drei Studien der Dissertation berücksichtigt. In Studie 1 konnte zudem gezeigt werden, dass die selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen im Bereich TPACK die querschnittlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Teilnahmehäufigkeit von Lehrkräften an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und der Nutzungshäufigkeit digitaler Medien zur Umsetzung von kognitiver Aktivierung und Individualisierung vermitteln.
In Studie 2 wurden Skalen zur Erfassung selbsteingeschätzter digitaler Kompetenzen basierend auf dem DigCompEdu-Modell entwickelt und getestet. Konkret wurde dabei die Kompetenzdimension der Lernerorientierung mit den Subdimensionen Differenzierung und Aktive Einbindung von Schüler*innen in den Blick genommen. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Strukturgleichungsmodellierungen legen eine bifaktorielle Faktorstruktur nahe, die sowohl die zwei theoretisch angenommenen Subdimensionen repräsentiert als auch einen generellen Faktor beinhaltet, der sich als übergreifende Lernerorientierung interpretiert lässt. Die selbsteingeschätzten digitalen Kompetenzen in Bereich der Lernerorientierung standen in signifikant positivem Zusammenhang mit dem selbstberichteten Einsatz digitaler Medien zur selbstberichteten Umsetzung qualitätsvollen Unterrichtshandelns (Klassenführung, kognitive Aktivierung und konstruktive Unterstützung).
Studie 3 führt die Themenfelder der Fortbildungen und der Kompetenzen im digitalen Kontext zusammen und befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Fortbildungsthemen und digitalen Kompetenzen. Ergebnisse von Pfadmodellierungen zeigen, dass die Teilnahme an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen zu den technologisch-pädagogisch-inhaltlichen Themen „Computergestützte Förderung der Schüler*innen“ und „Fachspezifische Unterrichtsentwicklung mit digitalen Medien“ mit dem selbstberichteten qualitätsvollen Einsatz digitaler Medien zur kognitiven Aktivierung und konstruktiven Unterstützung einhergehen. Diese Befunde stärken die Annahme, dass Lehrkräfte für einen qualitätsvollen Einsatz digitaler Medien sowohl technologische als auch pädagogisch didaktische Kompetenzen benötigen (Lipowsky & Rzejak, 2021; Mishra & Koehler, 2006; Scheiter & Lachner, 2019) und Fortbildungen folglich technologische mit unterrichtspraktischen Inhalten kombinieren sollten (Bonnes et al., 2022). Zudem zeigt die Studie basierend auf den theoretischen Annahmen von Kunter et al. (2011), dass selbsteingeschätzte digitale Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Teilnahmehäufigkeit an digitalbezogenen Fortbildungen und der selbstberichteten digitalgestützten Unterrichtsqualität vermittelten.
In der abschließenden Gesamtdiskussion der Dissertation werden die Befunde vor dem Hintergrund des dargelegten Forschungsstandes und hinsichtlich der Forschungslücken diskutiert und auf Grundlage der Befunde der drei Studien forschungs- und praxisrelevante Implikationen abgeleitet.
Drawing on the social-ecological perspective, this longitudinal study investigated the potential moderating effect of gender in the relationships among Machiavellianism, popularity goals, and cyberbullying involvement (i.e. victimization, perpetration) among adolescents from China, Cyprus, India, and the United States.
There were 2,452 adolescents (M-age = 14.85; SD = .53; 13-16 years old; 49.1% girls) from China, Cyprus, India, and the United States included in this study.
They completed surveys on Machiavellianism, popularity goals, and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration during the fall of 2014 (Time 1). One year later, during the fall of 2015, adolescents completed surveys on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration.
Findings revealed that Machiavellianism and popularity goals were both associated positively with Time 2 cyberbullying victimization and perpetration for all adolescents. The associations between Machiavellianism and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration and between popularity goals and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration were stronger for Chinese and Indian boys than girls.
Opposite patterns were found for popularity goals and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration for adolescents from the United States.
Gender did not moderate any of the associations for Cypriot adolescents or for Time 2 cyberbullying victimization.
The social-ecological perspective provides a useful understanding of how various contexts influence bullying.
Both children and adults have been shown to benefit from the integration of multisensory and sensorimotor enrichment into pedagogy. For example, integrating pictures or gestures into foreign language (L2) vocabulary learning can improve learning outcomes relative to unisensory learning. However, whereas adults seem to benefit to a greater extent from sensorimotor enrichment such as the performance of gestures in contrast to multisensory enrichment with pictures, this is not the case in elementary school children. Here, we compared multisensory- and sensorimotor-enriched learning in an intermediate age group that falls between the age groups tested in previous studies (elementary school children and young adults), in an attempt to determine the developmental time point at which children's responses to enrichment mature from a child-like pattern into an adult-like pattern. Twelve-year-old and fourteen-year-old German children were trained over 5 consecutive days on auditorily presented, concrete and abstract, Spanish vocabulary. The vocabulary was learned under picture-enriched, gesture-enriched, and non-enriched (auditory-only) conditions. The children performed vocabulary recall and translation tests at 3 days, 2 months, and 6 months post-learning. Both picture and gesture enrichment interventions were found to benefit children's L2 learning relative to non-enriched learning up to 6 months post-training. Interestingly, gesture-enriched learning was even more beneficial than picture-enriched learning for the 14-year-olds, while the 12-year-olds benefitted equivalently from learning enriched with pictures and gestures. These findings provide evidence for opting to integrate gestures rather than pictures into L2 pedagogy starting at 14 years of age.
The present study proposes and tests pathways by which racial discrimination might be positively related to bullying victimization among Black and White adolescents. Data were derived from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a national survey that provides data on children's physical and mental health and their families. Data were collected from households with one or more children between June 2016 to February 2017.
A letter was sent to randomly selected households, who were invited to participate in the survey. The caregivers consisted of 66.9% females and 33.1% males for the White sample, whose mean age was 47.51 (SD = 7.26), and 76.8% females and 23.2% males for the Black sample, whose mean age was 47.61 (SD = 9.71).
In terms of the adolescents, 49.0% were females among the White sample, whose mean age was 14.73 (SD = 1.69). For Black adolescents, 47.9% were females and the mean age was 14.67(SD = 1.66).
Measures for the study included bullying perpetration, racial discrimination, academic disengagement, and socio-demographic variables of the parent and child.
Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and structural path analyses.
For adolescents in both racial groups, racial discrimination appears to be positively associated with depression, which was positively associated with bullying perpetration. For White adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with academic disengagement, which was also positively associated with bullying perpetration. For Black adolescents, although racial discrimination was not significantly associated with academic disengagement, academic disengagement was positively associated with bullying perpetration.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderating effect of technology use for friendship maintenance in the associations between self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and friendship quality, measured 6 months later (Time 2). Participants were 1,567 seventh and eighth graders (51% female; 51% white; M-age = 13.47) from the United States. They completed questionnaires on friendship quality at Time 1, and self-isolation during COVID-19 and technology use for friendship maintenance and friendship quality at Time 2. The findings revealed that self-isolation during COVID-19 was related positively to technology use for friendship maintenance and negatively to Time 2 friendship quality. Higher technology use for friendship maintenance buffered against the negative impacts on friendship quality associated with self-isolation during COVID-19, while lower technology use had the opposite effects on Time 2 friendship quality.
Teaching quality is a key factor in student academic success, but few studies have investigated how teaching quality changes at the beginning of secondary education and how such changes are predicted by dimensions of teacher motivation. This study investigated the changes in class-level student perceptions of teaching quality over one school year at the beginning of secondary school and examined how teachers? self-efficacy and enthusiasm predicted such changes. Data from 1996 students (53.8% male; mean age: 11.09 years, SD = 0.55) and their homeroom teachers (N = 105), who were surveyed at the beginning of Grades 5 and 6, were analyzed. Results showed a significant decline in class-level student-perceived emotional support, classroom management, and instructional clarity. Teacher-reported self-efficacy was not significantly related to changes in teaching quality. Teacher-reported enthusiasm buffered the decline in students? class-level classroom management.
Schools are key contexts for the development of adolescents' critical consciousness. We explored how three dimensions of the classroom cultural diversity climate (critical consciousness, color-evasion, and multiculturalism) related to adolescents' critical reflection (i.e., perceived societal Islamophobia) and intended critical action (i.e., political activism). Our sample included adolescents experiencing high (second generation, Muslim, N = 237) versus low (non-immigrant descent, non-Muslim, N = 478) stigmatization in Germany. Multilevel analyses revealed that for both groups a critical consciousness climate, but not a color-evasive or a multicultural climate, was positively associated with perceived societal Islamophobia and intended critical action. Thus, to promote adolescents' critical consciousness, schools should go beyond emphasizing a common humanity and celebrating cultural diversity and include explicit discussions of social inequity.
Descriptive analyses of socially important or theoretically interesting phenomena and trends are a vital component of research in the behavioral, social, economic, and health sciences.
Such analyses yield reliable results when using representative individual participant data (IPD) from studies with complex survey designs, including educational large-scale assessments (ELSAs) or social, health, and economic survey and panel studies. The meta-analytic integration of these results offers unique and novel research opportunities to provide strong empirical evidence of the consistency and generalizability of important phenomena and trends.
Using ELSAs as an example, this tutorial offers methodological guidance on how to use the two-stage approach to IPD meta-analysis to account for the statistical challenges of complex survey designs (e.g., sampling weights, clustered and missing IPD), first, to conduct descriptive analyses (Stage 1), and second, to integrate results with three-level meta-analytic and meta-regression models to take into account dependencies among effect sizes (Stage 2).
The two-stage approach is illustrated with IPD on reading achievement from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We demonstrate how to analyze and integrate standardized mean differences (e.g., gender differences), correlations (e.g., with students' socioeconomic status [SES]), and interactions between individual characteristics at the participant level (e.g., the interaction between gender and SES) across several PISA cycles.
All the datafiles and R scripts we used are available online. Because complex social, health, or economic survey and panel studies share many methodological features with ELSAs, the guidance offered in this tutorial is also helpful for synthesizing research evidence from these studies.
Der vorliegende Beitrag informiert über 14 deutschsprachige Programme zur Prävention und Intervention bei Hatespeech unter Kindern und Jugendlichen (Jahrgangsstufen 5–12). Inhalte und Durchführungsmodalitäten der Programme sowie Ergebnisse einer kriteriengeleiteten Qualitätseinschätzung anhand von fünf Kriterien werden im Hinblick auf deren Anwendung in der schulischen Praxis beschrieben und erörtert. Der Überblick über Schwerpunkte, Stärken und Entwicklungspotentiale schulbezogener Hatespeech-Programme ermöglicht Leser*innen eine informierte Entscheidung über den Einsatz der Programme in der Schule sowie in der offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.
Prior research suggests that teachers with higher levels of empathy are more willing to intervene in bullying among students. However, these findings are based on hypothetical bullying situations and teachers' self-reports. In this study with 2,071 German students and their 556 teachers, we analysed reactions to hypothetical relational bullying situations as well as retrospectively reported bullying situations both from the teachers' as well as the students' perspectives. Results showed that teachers with higher levels of empathy reported stronger intentions to intervene in hypothetical relational bullying situations but were not more likely to intervene in retrospectively reported bullying situations. From the students' perspective, teachers' empathy was neither connected to the teachers' intention to intervene nor to the likelihood of intervention in the retrospectively reported situations. These different results could be taken as an opportunity to investigate whether existing findings could be influenced by methodological aspects such as teachers' self-reports. Implications for future research are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between problematic online gaming and subjective health complaints and depressive symptoms, and the moderation of console-gaming aggression (i.e. verbal aggression, camping, trolling) in this relationship. Participants were 202 adolescents (86% boys; M age = 12.99 years) in the 7(th) or 8(th) grade who played first-person shooter games. They completed questionnaires on problematic online gaming, console-gaming aggression, subjective health complaints, and depressive symptoms. Six months later (Time 2), they completed questionnaires on subjective health complaints and depressive symptoms again. Findings revealed that problematic online gaming and console-gaming aggression were positive predictors of Time 2 subjective health complaints and depressive symptoms, while controlling for Time 1 levels and gender. Moderating effects were found as well, indicating that high levels of console-gaming aggression increased the positive relationship between problematic online gaming and depressive symptoms. These effects were also replicated for verbal aggression, problematic online gaming, and subjective health complaints. These findings suggest the importance of considering the implications of console-gaming aggression and problematic online gaming for the physical and mental health of adolescents.
IMPACT SUMMARY
Prior State of Knowledge. Problematic online gaming and aggressive behaviors are linked to negative outcomes, including depression and subjective health complaints. Longitudinal research further supports this connection for depression, but not for subjective health complaints or various types of aggression via console games.
Novel Contributions. Few studies have focused on various types of aggression and the longitudinal associations among problematic online gaming, depression, and subjective health complaints, while controlling for previous levels of depression and subjective health complaints. The present research addresses these gaps.
Practical Implications. Findings of the present research has implications for clinicians and researchers concerned with identifying adolescents who might be at risk for negative outcomes.