Open Access
Refine
Year of publication
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (229)
Keywords
- sentence comprehension (7)
- embodied cognition (6)
- stress (6)
- acquisition (5)
- cardiac rehabilitation (5)
- english (5)
- language acquisition (5)
- late bilinguals (5)
- numerical cognition (5)
- reliability (5)
- speech production (5)
- validity (5)
- EEG/ERP (4)
- Exercise (4)
- German (4)
- MiSpEx (4)
- dementia (4)
- elite athletes (4)
- eye movements (4)
- language (4)
- morphologically complex words (4)
- performance (4)
- physical activity (4)
- representation (4)
- risk factors (4)
- sensitivity (4)
- speech (4)
- 2nd-language (3)
- 2nd-language grammar (3)
- adolescence (3)
- aggression (3)
- anti-doping (3)
- back pain (3)
- brain potentials (3)
- deception (3)
- depression (3)
- elderly (3)
- electrophysiological evidence (3)
- exercise (3)
- faking (3)
- feedback (3)
- hypothesis (3)
- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- indirect tests (3)
- language production (3)
- longitudinal study (3)
- mental number line (3)
- migration (3)
- morphology (3)
- perception (3)
- postural control (3)
- power (3)
- prevention (3)
- primary school (3)
- prosody (3)
- risk factor (3)
- running (3)
- second language (3)
- sentence processing (3)
- social comparison (3)
- social rejection (3)
- time-course (3)
- Basketball (2)
- Blood (2)
- Blood sugar (2)
- Body-composition (2)
- Carbohydrates (2)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (2)
- Cardiovascular risk (2)
- Children (2)
- ER-FMRI (2)
- Europe (2)
- Excursion Balance Test (2)
- Female Collegiate Soccer (2)
- Glucose (2)
- Heart rate (2)
- Hindi (2)
- Human-immunodeficiency-virus (2)
- Hypoglycemia (2)
- Infected patients (2)
- Insulin (2)
- Islamophobia (2)
- Japanese (2)
- L2 (2)
- Lower-Extremity Injury (2)
- Lumbar Spine (2)
- Längsschnittstudie (2)
- Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (2)
- Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie (2)
- Metabolic syndrome (2)
- Muscle strength (2)
- Nandrolone decanoate (2)
- O2C spectrophotometer (2)
- Performance (2)
- Perturbation (2)
- Prevalence (2)
- Quality-of-life (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- SOV language (2)
- Sensorimotor training (2)
- Sodium bicarbonate (2)
- Stability (2)
- Style modification (2)
- Test-Retest Reliability (2)
- Turkish-German bilingualism (2)
- U-shaped curve (2)
- acceleration (2)
- activation (2)
- acute (2)
- adaptation (2)
- adjectives (2)
- agreement (2)
- allostatic load (2)
- ambiguities (2)
- anxiety (2)
- arithmetic (2)
- articulation (2)
- attention (2)
- attentional demand (2)
- autism spectrum disorder (2)
- blood sample (2)
- chronic (2)
- chronic pain (2)
- clauses (2)
- coarticulation (2)
- cognitive control (2)
- cognitive development (2)
- cognitive enhancement (2)
- cognitive interference (2)
- cognitive performance (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (2)
- comprehension (2)
- constraints (2)
- contrast effect (2)
- cyberbullying victimization (2)
- decompositon (2)
- dependencies (2)
- derivation (2)
- discourse (2)
- dual-task costs (2)
- dyslexia (2)
- ego depletion (2)
- endurance performance (2)
- ethnic-racial identity (2)
- event-related potentials (2)
- eye tracking (2)
- eye-movement control (2)
- familiarization (2)
- football (2)
- force production (2)
- gait (2)
- gender (2)
- global positioning system (2)
- grammar (2)
- habituation (2)
- healthy lifestyle (2)
- hemoglobin amount (2)
- identity development (2)
- individual anaerobic threshold (2)
- infants (2)
- inflected nouns (2)
- interest (2)
- interference (2)
- intersectionality (2)
- intervention (2)
- interview study (2)
- isometric muscle action (2)
- jumping (2)
- kana (2)
- kanji (2)
- lactate threshold (2)
- leaking (2)
- learners (2)
- learning (2)
- lexical access (2)
- lexical tones (2)
- life satisfaction (2)
- lingering misinterpretation (2)
- low back pain (2)
- martial arts (2)
- masked priming (2)
- masked priming experiments (2)
- media use (2)
- memory (2)
- methodological quality (2)
- monitoring (2)
- morpho-orthography (2)
- morphological structure (2)
- motor-performance (2)
- movement (2)
- muscle oxygenation (2)
- muscle strength (2)
- muscular strength (2)
- narcissism (2)
- neuroenhancement (2)
- neuroplasticity (2)
- number concepts (2)
- of-direction speed (2)
- pain matrix (2)
- peer rejection (2)
- perception and action (2)
- perceptual reorganization (2)
- performance outcome (2)
- philosophy of science (2)
- phonological awareness (2)
- primary prevention (2)
- process data (2)
- psychosocial risk factors (2)
- psychotherapy (2)
- rampage (2)
- randomized controlled-trial (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- readers (2)
- reading (2)
- regularity (2)
- relaxation (2)
- right inferior frontal gyrus (2)
- risk (2)
- rugby league players (2)
- runners (2)
- school (2)
- school baseball players (2)
- school shooting (2)
- self-efficacy (2)
- self-evaluation (2)
- self-paced reading (2)
- semantics (2)
- skills (2)
- soccer players (2)
- spatial cognition (2)
- speaking children (2)
- specific assessment (2)
- speech motor control (2)
- strategy use (2)
- strength (2)
- supervisor support (2)
- supplementation (2)
- syllabication (2)
- syntactic priming (2)
- telemedicine (2)
- thinking aloud (2)
- top-down parsing (2)
- tracking (2)
- verb-phrase ellipsis (2)
- violations (2)
- vocabulary (2)
- wh-in-situ (2)
- whole-body vibratoin (2)
- young soccer players (2)
- youth identity (2)
- 2nd langauge (1)
- 2nd-language acquisition (1)
- A-bar-movement (1)
- Accentuation (1)
- Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) (1)
- Alzheimer (1)
- Alzheimer’s disease (1)
- Athletes (1)
- Bat rabies (1)
- Bayesian analysis (1)
- Calorimetry (1)
- Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile (1)
- Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulationsprofil (1)
- Chile (1)
- Cultural identity compatibility (1)
- Cyclic linearization (1)
- Czech (1)
- Deutsch (1)
- Development (1)
- Energy requirement (1)
- English as a seond language (1)
- Entwicklungspsychopathologie (1)
- Essentialismus (1)
- Event-Related potentials (1)
- Fat-free mass (1)
- Feedback (1)
- Focus (1)
- GATI (1)
- German intonation (1)
- German morphology (1)
- German past participles (1)
- Germany (1)
- Graphic Assessment of TPACK Instrument (1)
- IAT (1)
- IHE attack (1)
- Iambic (1)
- Implicit Association Test (IAT) (1)
- Information structure (1)
- Internal models (1)
- Intervention effects (1)
- Intervertebral disc (1)
- Jewish networking (1)
- Kontingenz (1)
- L1 (1)
- Latin America (1)
- Migration (1)
- N400 (1)
- Neuroenhancement (NE) (1)
- Non-fluent aphasia (1)
- Nutritional counseling (1)
- OCP-Place (1)
- Patholinguistik (1)
- Pathological Narcissism Inventory (1)
- Poland (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Predictive processing (1)
- Propionibacterium acnes (1)
- Prosody-syntax interface (1)
- Prävention (1)
- Psychosoziales Risiko (1)
- Psychotherapeutische Ausbildung (1)
- Psychotherapeutische Kompetenzen (1)
- Psychotherapy research (1)
- Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse (1)
- Rechenstörung (1)
- Rechtschreibung (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Risikofaktoren (1)
- Risikoforschung (1)
- Russian (1)
- SD3 (1)
- SLI (1)
- SNARC (1)
- SNARC effect (1)
- SOPARSE (1)
- Schutzfaktoren (1)
- Semitic (1)
- Simulated patients (1)
- Sprachtherapie (1)
- Standard Indonesian (1)
- Standardized patients (1)
- Supervision (1)
- Systematic review (1)
- TPACK (1)
- Topic (1)
- Trochaic Law (1)
- Turkish minority (1)
- Turkish−German SLI (1)
- Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörung (1)
- Yiddish culture (1)
- Yiddish culturism (1)
- Z-reader model (1)
- Zahlen- und Mengenverständnis (1)
- abiotic stress (1)
- absolute (1)
- academic achievement (1)
- academic failure (1)
- academic self-concept (1)
- accent (1)
- acculturation (1)
- accuracy (1)
- acquisition norms (1)
- action observation (1)
- action perception (1)
- acute coronary event (1)
- acute coronary syndrome (1)
- adherence (1)
- adolescents (1)
- affect (1)
- age (1)
- age of acquisition (1)
- aggressive peers (1)
- agreement deficit (1)
- alcohol (1)
- alternative-set semantics (1)
- ambiguity resolution (1)
- american english (1)
- anaphor resolution (1)
- anger regulation (1)
- animacy (1)
- antecedent choice (1)
- anterior knee pain (1)
- antidepressants (1)
- applicant reactions (1)
- artificial language learning (1)
- assessment (1)
- association test (1)
- asymmetry (1)
- asynchronous video interviewing (1)
- attachment styles (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attribution (1)
- background texture (1)
- balance (1)
- balance training (1)
- basic emotions (1)
- beauty (1)
- behavior (1)
- behavioral observation (1)
- big-fish-little-pond-effect (1)
- bilingual aphasia (1)
- bilingual children (1)
- bilingual language switching (1)
- bilingual processing (1)
- bilinguals (1)
- blood glucose (1)
- body-image (1)
- bystander (1)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (1)
- cardiovascular diseases (1)
- career success (1)
- catch trial (1)
- categories (1)
- central administration (1)
- characteristics (1)
- childhood (1)
- children (1)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (1)
- chronic inflammation (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- chronic low back pain (1)
- chronic stress (1)
- class-level effects (1)
- clinical study (1)
- clinical supervision (1)
- clothing color (1)
- cognition (1)
- cognitive impairment (1)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (1)
- cognitive/motor interference (1)
- college-students (1)
- color‐evasion (1)
- compensatory health beliefs (1)
- competition (1)
- competitive inhibition (1)
- complex onsets (1)
- complex words (1)
- complexity (1)
- compound (1)
- compounds (1)
- computational modeling (1)
- computer-based training (1)
- conditioning activity (1)
- conflict resolution (1)
- consonant bias (1)
- construct validity (1)
- contact (1)
- contingency perspective (1)
- continuous glucose monitoring (1)
- control rates (1)
- coreference (1)
- coronary artery disease (1)
- coronary bypass grafting (1)
- criterial (1)
- critical-period (1)
- cross-cultural differences (1)
- cross-linguistic differences (1)
- cross-modal priming (1)
- cues (1)
- cultural diversity (1)
- cultural identity (1)
- cultural minority youth (1)
- cultural pluralism (1)
- cyber aggression (1)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (1)
- death-threats (1)
- decomposition (1)
- derivational morphology (1)
- design parameters (1)
- developmental dyscalculia (1)
- developmental psychopathology (1)
- diabetes (1)
- dietary supplements (1)
- digging-in effects (1)
- disability (1)
- discounting (1)
- dominance effects (1)
- doping (1)
- drug instrumentalization (1)
- dual task (1)
- duration (1)
- dyadic coping (1)
- dyslexia assessment (1)
- dyslipidemia (1)
- early adversity (1)
- early parent-child relationship (1)
- eccentricity (1)
- elicited production (1)
- emergentist framework (1)
- emotional status (1)
- emotional valence (1)
- emotions (1)
- empathy (1)
- empty categories (1)
- english past tense (1)
- enhances mens attraction (1)
- enjoyment (1)
- epidemiology (1)
- equality and inclusion (1)
- error analysis (1)
- essentialism (1)
- evaluation (1)
- evaluative study (1)
- evidentiality (1)
- evolution (1)
- exercise tests (1)
- experience (1)
- eye gaze (1)
- eye-movements (1)
- eye-tracking (1)
- fMRI (1)
- facebook use (1)
- facial attractiveness (1)
- failure (1)
- final consonant clusters (1)
- finale Konsonantencluster (1)
- first language acquisition (1)
- fixation (1)
- flies (1)
- focus (1)
- focus particles (1)
- frailty (1)
- free association (1)
- french-learning infants (1)
- friends (1)
- frühe Eltern-Kind-Beziehung (1)
- function (1)
- functional capacity (1)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- future (1)
- garden-paths (1)
- geistige Behinderung (1)
- gender differences (1)
- general learning model (1)
- genetics (1)
- german-learning infants (1)
- gestures (1)
- glomerular filtration rate (1)
- grade skipping (1)
- grade-skipping (1)
- gratton effect (1)
- greek children (1)
- grounded cognition (1)
- grouping (1)
- guilt (1)
- hate speech (1)
- health (1)
- health behaviours (1)
- heart (1)
- helping (1)
- heritage language (1)
- high-ability tracked students (1)
- higher education (1)
- hip (1)
- hip fracture (1)
- hospital readmission (1)
- hostile attribution bias (1)
- hypertension (1)
- hypochondriasis (1)
- hypoglycemia (1)
- iambic-trochaic law (1)
- idea support (1)
- immune system (1)
- impact (1)
- impairment (1)
- implicature (1)
- implicit prosody (1)
- impulsivity (1)
- indefinite articles (1)
- individual academic self-concept (SESSKO) (1)
- individuals (1)
- inference (1)
- inflammaging (1)
- inflected words (1)
- inflection (1)
- inflectional morphology (1)
- information (1)
- information source (1)
- innate number sense (1)
- instability resistance training (1)
- intelligence (1)
- intention (1)
- intercultural competence (1)
- internalizing behaviour (1)
- international comparison (1)
- intimate partner violence (1)
- intraclass correlation (1)
- invalidation (1)
- justice sensitivity (1)
- knowledge (1)
- language control (1)
- language mode (1)
- language proficiency (1)
- language universals (1)
- language-acquisition (1)
- large-scale assessment (1)
- learning styles (1)
- lexical abilities (1)
- lexical decision task (1)
- lexical development (1)
- lexical stress (1)
- lexicon (1)
- line (1)
- linear mixed model (1)
- linguistic rhythm (1)
- lipids (1)
- local coherence (1)
- long-lag priming (1)
- lyssavirus (1)
- mandarin (1)
- mass media (1)
- mate preferences (1)
- mathematical cognition (1)
- mathematics instruction (1)
- matrix fragmentation (1)
- maturational constraints (1)
- mechanical loading (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- media choice (1)
- memantine (1)
- memory retrieval (1)
- mental arithmetic (1)
- mental deficiency (1)
- mental lexicon (1)
- mental timeline (1)
- meta-cognitive prompts (1)
- metaanalysis (1)
- microsaccade (1)
- microsaccades (1)
- middle childhood (1)
- mind (1)
- minerals (1)
- ministers and civil servants (1)
- mixing costs (1)
- model linkage (1)
- models (1)
- moral disengagement (1)
- moral disgust sensitivity (1)
- morphological awareness (1)
- morphological priming (1)
- morphological processing (1)
- morphologische Bewusstheit (1)
- morphology processing (1)
- mortality (1)
- motivation (1)
- movement preparation (1)
- multicultural (1)
- multiculturalism (1)
- multilevel modelling (1)
- multilevel models (1)
- multilingual (1)
- multivariate modelling (1)
- muscle endurance (1)
- muscle power (1)
- muscle strengthening (1)
- muscular endurance (1)
- musculoskeletal (1)
- musicality (1)
- narration (1)
- new technology (1)
- nomological network (1)
- non-addictive behavior (1)
- nonword repetition (1)
- normally developing-children (1)
- normative beliefs (1)
- number processing (1)
- number word (1)
- numeracy training (1)
- numerical competence (1)
- numerical development (1)
- numerical magnitude (1)
- nursing homes (1)
- obesity (1)
- object recognition (1)
- oculomotor control (1)
- online (1)
- online discrimination (1)
- online disinhibition (1)
- online hate (1)
- operational momentum (1)
- optimism (1)
- organization (1)
- orthographic overlap (1)
- osteoporosis (1)
- outcome measures (1)
- overt language production (1)
- parental separation (1)
- participles (1)
- past tense (1)
- past-tense (1)
- patholinguistics (1)
- patient education (1)
- patterns (1)
- peak fat oxidation (1)
- peer cultural socialisation (1)
- peer group (1)
- peer status (1)
- perceived stress (1)
- perception of contrast (1)
- perceptual biases (1)
- perceptual span (1)
- performance enhancement (1)
- performance gains (1)
- perpetration (1)
- perpetrator (1)
- persistence (1)
- personality disorder (1)
- personality trait (1)
- phonology (1)
- phonotactic probability (1)
- phonotactics (1)
- physical fitness (1)
- physical fitness test (1)
- physical performance (1)
- picture naming (1)
- plantar fascia (1)
- plausibility (1)
- plyometric exercise (1)
- political advisers (1)
- political responsiveness (1)
- politicization (1)
- post-activation potentiation (1)
- postural balance (1)
- postural sway (1)
- power motive (1)
- pre-intentional determinants (1)
- pre-lexical processing (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction error signal (1)
- predictive-validity (1)
- preparation time (1)
- preschool-children (1)
- presupposition (1)
- prevalence (1)
- preview benefit (1)
- primary care (1)
- primary progessive aphasia (1)
- priming (1)
- primär progessive Aphasie (1)
- proactive/reactive balance (1)
- proactivity (1)
- probe recognition task (1)
- problem solving (1)
- production of contrast (1)
- professional development (1)
- programmed cell death (1)
- promotive voice (1)
- prosocial behavior (1)
- prosocial media (1)
- protective factors (1)
- provocation sensitivity (1)
- psychoactive drugs (1)
- psychological abuse (1)
- psychophysics toolbox (1)
- psychotherapeutic competencies (1)
- psychotherapy training (1)
- public administration (1)
- qualitative content analysis (1)
- qualitative methodologies (1)
- quality management (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantifier-spreading (1)
- random forest algorithm (1)
- reactive movement (1)
- reactive oxygen species (1)
- reactive/proactive aggression (1)
- reading times (1)
- receptivity (1)
- recognition (1)
- recognizing emotions (1)
- recommendations (1)
- reference groups (1)
- referential context (1)
- reflective practice (1)
- registry (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- reinforcement learning (1)
- rejection sensitivity (1)
- relational identity (1)
- relative clause (1)
- relative clauses (1)
- repetition (1)
- resolution (1)
- rhythmic grouping (1)
- rise-fall contour (1)
- risk research (1)
- role congruity theory (1)
- saccade latency (1)
- saccade task (1)
- saccadic facilitation effect (1)
- scale construction (1)
- school attack (1)
- school attacks (1)
- school climate (1)
- school motivation (1)
- scleral search coils (1)
- scrambling (1)
- second language acquisition (1)
- selection (1)
- selective exposure (1)
- self-control (1)
- self-esteem (1)
- self-regulation (1)
- semantic priming (1)
- semantic-congruency task (1)
- senescence (1)
- sensorimotor training (1)
- sentence repetition (1)
- sentences (1)
- sequences (1)
- sexual aggression (1)
- sexual coercion (1)
- shallow structure hypothesis (1)
- shared magnitude representation (1)
- short dark triad (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- single word (1)
- single/dual tasking (1)
- size-congruity effect (1)
- sleep apnoea (1)
- sleep-disordered breathing (1)
- soccer (1)
- social (1)
- social and/or emotional development and adjustment (1)
- social behavior (1)
- social cognition (1)
- social cognitive career theory (1)
- social identity complexity (1)
- social pain (1)
- social status (1)
- sociometric status (1)
- sociometrically neglected children (1)
- sociometry (1)
- sonography (1)
- spatial metaphors (1)
- spatial numerical associations (1)
- spatial-numerical associations (1)
- spatial-nunmerical association (1)
- specific language impairment (1)
- specific developmental disorder (1)
- speech segmentation (1)
- speech therapy (1)
- spelling (1)
- star excursion balance test (1)
- statins (1)
- steady-state balance (1)
- strength training (1)
- stress adaptation (1)
- stress-resistance (1)
- stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- student achievement (1)
- substance abuse (1)
- surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR) (1)
- surveillance (1)
- switching attitude (1)
- switching costs (1)
- symptom validity tests (1)
- syntactic ambiguity (1)
- syntactic blends (1)
- syntactic parsing (1)
- target heart-rate (1)
- teacher attitudes (1)
- teacher beliefs and practices (1)
- teacher knowledge (1)
- team support (1)
- technology acceptance model (1)
- temporal organization (1)
- tense deficit (1)
- time spent (1)
- tolerable upper limits (1)
- tolerance (1)
- topic status (1)
- trace positions (1)
- track and field (1)
- trait anger (1)
- transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) (1)
- transparent orthography (1)
- treadmill ergometry (1)
- treatment continuation (1)
- twitch torque (1)
- two visual systems (1)
- universal quantifiers (1)
- user types (1)
- validation (1)
- variability (1)
- ventral striatum (1)
- verb morphology (1)
- victim (1)
- victimization (1)
- video games (1)
- video-oculography (1)
- violence (1)
- violence in schools (1)
- violent media (1)
- visual attention (1)
- visual context (1)
- visual perception (1)
- visual word recognition (1)
- visual world paradigm (1)
- vitamins (1)
- vocalizations (1)
- warning sign (1)
- weight lifting (1)
- wh- movement (1)
- wh- questions (1)
- wh-movement (1)
- wh-questions (1)
- witnessing (1)
- word categories (1)
- word production (1)
- words (1)
- work values (1)
- working memory (1)
- young athletes (1)
- youth (1)
- youth of immigrant and refugee background (1)
Institute
- Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät (229) (remove)
Direct assessment of attitudes toward socially sensitive topics can be affected by deception attempts. Reaction-time based indirect measures, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), are less susceptible to such biases. Neuroscientific evidence shows that deception can evoke characteristic ERP differences. However, the cerebral processes involved in faking an IAT are still unknown. We randomly assigned 20 university students (15 females, 24.65 +/- 3.50 years of age) to a counterbalanced repeated-measurements design, requesting them to complete a Brief-IAT (BIAT) on attitudes toward doping without deception instruction, and with the instruction to fake positive and negative doping attitudes. Cerebral activity during BIAT completion was assessed using high-density EEG. Event-related potentials during faking revealed enhanced frontal and reduced occipital negativity, starting around 150 ms after stimulus presentation. Further, a decrease in the P300 and LPP components was observed. Source analyses showed enhanced activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus between 150 and 200 ms during faking, thought to reflect the suppression of automatic responses. Further, more activity was found for faking in the bilateral middle occipital gyri and the bilateral temporoparietal junction. Results indicate that faking reaction-time based tests alter brain processes from early stages of processing and reveal the cortical sources of the effects. Analyzing the EEG helps to uncover response patterns in indirect attitude tests and broadens our understanding of the neural processes involved in such faking. This knowledge might be useful for uncovering faking in socially sensitive contexts, where attitudes are likely to be concealed.
Commentary
(2015)
Direct assessment of attitudes toward socially sensitive topics can be affected by deception attempts. Reaction-time based indirect measures, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), are less susceptible to such biases. Neuroscientific evidence shows that deception can evoke characteristic ERP differences. However, the cerebral processes involved in faking an IAT are still unknown. We randomly assigned 20 university students (15 females, 24.65 +/- 3.50 years of age) to a counterbalanced repeated-measurements design, requesting them to complete a Brief-IAT (BIAT) on attitudes toward doping without deception instruction, and with the instruction to fake positive and negative doping attitudes. Cerebral activity during BIAT completion was assessed using high-density EEG. Event-related potentials during faking revealed enhanced frontal and reduced occipital negativity, starting around 150 ms after stimulus presentation. Further, a decrease in the P300 and LPP components was observed. Source analyses showed enhanced activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus between 150 and 200 ms during faking, thought to reflect the suppression of automatic responses. Further, more activity was found for faking in the bilateral middle occipital gyri and the bilateral temporoparietal junction. Results indicate that faking reaction-time based tests alter brain processes from early stages of processing and reveal the cortical sources of the effects. Analyzing the EEG helps to uncover response patterns in indirect attitude tests and broadens our understanding of the neural processes involved in such faking. This knowledge might be useful for uncovering faking in socially sensitive contexts, where attitudes are likely to be concealed.
Background The prognostic effect of multi-component cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in the modern era of statins and acute revascularisation remains controversial. Focusing on actual clinical practice, the aim was to evaluate the effect of CR on total mortality and other clinical endpoints after an acute coronary event.
Design Structured review and meta-analysis.
Methods Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), retrospective controlled cohort studies (rCCSs) and prospective controlled cohort studies (pCCSs) evaluating patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or mixed populations with coronary artery disease (CAD) were included, provided the index event was in 1995 or later.
Results Out of n=18,534 abstracts, 25 studies were identified for final evaluation (RCT: n=1; pCCS: n=7; rCCS: n=17), including n=219,702 patients (after ACS: n=46,338; after CABG: n=14,583; mixed populations: n=158,781; mean follow-up: 40 months). Heterogeneity in design, biometrical assessment of results and potential confounders was evident. CCSs evaluating ACS patients showed a significantly reduced mortality for CR participants (pCCS: hazard ratio (HR) 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.69; rCCS: HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49-0.84; odds ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.48), but the single RCT fulfilling Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS) inclusion criteria showed neutral results. CR participation was also associated with reduced mortality after CABG (rCCS: HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.54-0.70) and in mixed CAD populations.
Conclusions CR participation after ACS and CABG is associated with reduced mortality even in the modern era of CAD treatment. However, the heterogeneity of study designs and CR programmes highlights the need for defining internationally accepted standards in CR delivery and scientific evaluation.
SOPARSE predicts so-called local coherence effects: locally plausible but globally impossible parses of substrings can exert a distracting influence during sentence processing. Additionally, it predicts digging-in effects: the longer the parser stays committed to a particular analysis, the harder it becomes to inhibit that analysis. We investigated the interaction of these two predictions using German sentences. Results from a self-paced reading study show that the processing difficulty caused by a local coherence can be reduced by first allowing the globally correct parse to become entrenched, which supports SOPARSE’s assumptions.
Consonants have been proposed to carry more of the weight of lexical processing than vowels. This consonant bias has consistently been found in adults and has been proposed to facilitate early language acquisition. We explore the origins of this bias over the course of development and in infants learning different languages. Although the consonant bias was originally thought to be present at birth, evidence suggests that it arises from the early stages of phonological and (pre-)lexical acquisition. We discuss two theories that account for the acquisition of the consonant bias: the lexical and acoustic-phonetic hypotheses.
Skipping a grade, one specific form of acceleration, is an intervention used for gifted students. Quantitative research has shown acceleration to be a highly successful intervention regarding academic achievement, but less is known about the social-emotional outcomes of grade-skipping. In the present study, the authors used the grounded theory approach to examine the experiences of seven gifted students aged 8 to 16 years who skipped a grade. The interviewees perceived their feeling of being in the wrong place before the grade-skipping as strongly influenced by their teachers, who generally did not respond adequately to their needs. We observed a close interrelationship between the gifted students' intellectual fit and their social situation in class. Findings showed that the grade-skipping in most of the cases bettered the situation in school intellectually as well as socially, but soon further interventions, for instance, a specialized and demanding class- or subject-specific acceleration were added to provide sufficiently challenging learning opportunities.
The present study explored teachers' perspectives on one specific type of acceleration, namely, grade skipping. In addition, we investigated the extent to which teachers' beliefs about students' academic, motivational, and social development after grade skipping may explain teachers' acceptance of this accelerative strategy. Moreover, we examined whether teachers' acceptance is linked to their decisions about using this intervention. Using data from the PARS project, which included 316 teachers from 18 secondary schools in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, we assessed teachers' acceptance, beliefs, and perceived knowledge about grade skipping using 4-point rating scales. Teachers also reported whether they had advised a student to skip a grade. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that teachers' beliefs about students' social, motivational, and academic development largely explained their acceptance. Teachers who showed a higher level of acceptance and perceived knowledge were more likely to have recommended grade skipping before. Educational implications are discussed.
This study investigates the phonetics of German nuclear rise-fall contours in relation to contexts that trigger either a contrastive or a non-contrastive interpretation in the answer. A rise-fall contour can be conceived of a tonal sequence of L-H-L. A production study elicited target sentences in contrastive and non-contrastive contexts. The majority of cases realized showed a nuclear rise-fall contour. The acoustic analysis of these contours revealed a significant effect of contrastiveness on the height/alignment of the accent peak as a function of focus context. On the other hand, the height/alignment of the low turning point at the beginning of the rise did not show an effect of contrastiveness. In a series of semantic congruency perception tests participants judged the congruency of congruent and incongruent context-stimulus pairs based on three different sets of stimuli: (i) original data, (ii) manipulation of accent peak, and (iii) manipulation of the leading low. Listeners distinguished nuclear rise-fall contours as a function of focus context (Experiment 1 and 2), however not based on manipulations of the leading low (Experiment 3). The results suggest that the alignment and scaling of the accentual peak are sufficient to license a contrastive interpretation of a nuclear rise-fall contour, leaving the rising part as a phonetic onglide, or as a low tone that does not interact with the contrastivity of the context.
Frailty is a geriatric syndrome characterised by a vulnerability status associated with declining function of multiple physiological systems and loss of physiological reserves. Two main models of frailty have been advanced: the phenotypic model (primary frailty) or deficits accumulation model (secondary frailty), and different instruments have been proposed and validated to measure frailty. However measured, frailty correlates to medical outcomes in the elderly, and has been shown to have prognostic value for patients in different clinical settings, such as in patients with coronary artery disease, after cardiac surgery or transvalvular aortic valve replacement, in patients with chronic heart failure or after left ventricular assist device implantation.
The prevalence, clinical and prognostic relevance of frailty in a cardiac rehabilitation setting has not yet been well characterised, despite the increasing frequency of elderly patients in cardiac rehabilitation, where frailty is likely to influence the onset, type and intensity of the exercise training programme and the design of tailored rehabilitative interventions for these patients.
Therefore, we need to start looking for frailty in elderly patients entering cardiac rehabilitation programmes and become more familiar with some of the tools to recognise and evaluate the severity of this condition. Furthermore, we need to better understand whether exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation may change the course and the prognosis of frailty in cardiovascular patients.
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) is a multidimensional measure for assessing grandiose and vulnerable features in narcissistic pathology. The aim of the present research was to construct and validate a German translation of the PNI and to provide further information on the PNI's nomological net. Findings from a first study confirm the psychometric soundness of the PNI and replicate its seven-factor first-order structure. A second-order structure was also supported but with several equivalent models. A second study investigating associations with a broad range of measures (DSM Axis I and II constructs, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal and dysfunctional behaviors, and well-being) supported the concurrent validity of the PNI. Discriminant validity with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory was also shown. Finally, in a third study an extension in a clinical inpatient sample provided further evidence that the PNI is a useful tool to assess the more pathological end of narcissism.
We elicited the production of various types of relative clauses in a group of German-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing controls in order to test the movement optionality account of grammatical difficulty in SLI. The results show that German-speaking children with SLI are impaired in relative clause production compared to typically developing children. The alternative structures that they produce consist of simple main clauses, as well as nominal and prepositional phrases produced in isolation, sometimes contextually appropriate, and sometimes not. Crucially for evaluating the movement optionality account, children with SLI produce very few instances of embedded clauses where the relative clause head noun is pronounced in situ; in fact, such responses are more common among the typically developing child controls. These results underscore the difficulty German-speaking children with SLI have with structures involving movement, but provide no specific support for the movement optionality account.
It is well established in language acquisition research that monolingual children and adult second language learners misinterpret sentences with the universal quantifier every and make quantifier-spreading errors that are attributed to a preference for a match in number between two sets of objects. The present Visual World eye-tracking study tested bilingual heritage Russian–English adults and investigated how they interpret of sentences like Every alligator lies in a bathtub in both languages. Participants performed a sentence–picture verification task while their eye movements were recorded. Pictures showed three pairs of alligators in bathtubs and two extra objects: elephants (Control condition), bathtubs (Overexhaustive condition), or alligators (Underexhaustive condition). Monolingual adults performed at ceiling in all conditions. Heritage language (HL) adults made 20% q-spreading errors, but only in the Overexhaustive condition, and when they made an error they spent more time looking at the two extra bathtubs during the Verb region. We attribute q-spreading in HL speakers to cognitive overload caused by the necessity to integrate conflicting sources of information, i.e. the spoken sentences in their weaker, heritage, language and attention-demanding visual context, that differed with respect to referential salience.
This study presents pioneering data on how adult early bilinguals (heritage speakers) and late bilingual speakers of Turkish and German process grammatical evidentiality in a visual world setting in comparison to monolingual speakers of Turkish. Turkish marks evidentiality, the linguistic reference to information source, through inflectional affixes signaling either direct (-DI) or indirect (-mls) evidentiality. We conducted an eyetracking-during-listening experiment where participants were given access to visual 'evidence' supporting the use of either a direct or indirect evidential form. The behavioral results indicate that the monolingual Turkish speakers comprehended direct and indirect evidential scenarios equally well. In contrast, both late and early bilinguals were less accurate and slower to respond to direct than to indirect evidentials. The behavioral results were also reflected in the proportions of looks data. That is, both late and early bilinguals fixated less frequently on the target picture in the direct than in the indirect evidential condition while the monolinguals showed no difference between these conditions. Taken together, our results indicate reduced sensitivity to the semantic and pragmatic function of direct evidential forms in both late and early bilingual speakers, suggesting a simplification of the Turkish evidentiality system in Turkish heritage grammars. We discuss our findings with regard to theories of incomplete acquisition and first language attrition.
An observational measure of anger regulation in middle childhood was developed that facilitated the in situ assessment of five maladaptive regulation strategies in response to an anger-eliciting task. 599 children aged 6-10 years (M = 8.12, SD = 0.92) participated in the study. Construct validity of the measure was examined through correlations with parent- and self-reports of anger regulation and anger reactivity. Criterion validity was established through links with teacher-rated aggression and social rejection measured by parent-, teacher-, and self-reports. The observational measure correlated significantly with parent- and self-reports of anger reactivity, whereas it was unrelated to parent- and self-reports of anger regulation. It also made a unique contribution to predicting aggression and social rejection.
Although there is ample evidence linking insecure attachment styles and intimate partner violence (IPV), little is known about the psychological processes underlying this association, especially from the victim’s perspective. The present study examined how attachment styles relate to the experience of sexual and psychological abuse, directly or indirectly through destructive conflict resolution strategies, both self-reported and attributed to their opposite-sex romantic partner. In an online survey, 216 Spanish undergraduates completed measures of adult attachment style, engagement and withdrawal conflict resolution styles shown by self and partner, and victimization by an intimate partner in the form of sexual coercion and psychological abuse. As predicted, anxious and avoidant attachment styles were directly related to both forms of victimization. Also, an indirect path from anxious attachment to IPV victimization was detected via destructive conflict resolution strategies. Specifically, anxiously attached participants reported a higher use of conflict engagement by themselves and by their partners. In addition, engagement reported by the self and perceived in the partner was linked to an increased probability of experiencing sexual coercion and psychological abuse. Avoidant attachment was linked to higher withdrawal in conflict situations, but the paths from withdrawal to perceived partner engagement, sexual coercion, and psychological abuse were non-significant. No gender differences in the associations were found. The discussion highlights the role of anxious attachment in understanding escalating patterns of destructive conflict resolution strategies, which may increase the vulnerability to IPV victimization.
A particular form of social pain is invalidation. Therefore, this study (a) investigates whether patients with chronic low back pain experience invalidation, (b) if it has an influence on their pain, and (c) explores whether various social sources (e.g. partner and work) influence physical pain differentially. A total of 92 patients completed questionnaires, and for analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients and hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted. They indicated a significant association between discounting and disability due to pain (respective =.29, p>.05). Especially, discounting by partner was linked to higher disability (=.28, p>.05).
Women are strongly underrepresented at top positions in research, with some research suggesting the postdoctoral career stage is a critical stage for female researchers. Drawing on role congruity theory and social cognitive career theory, we tested the gender-differential impact of work values (extrinsic rewards-oriented work values and work-life balance values) on subjective career success and supports from supervisors (leader-member exchange) and team members. We conducted an online survey with male and female postdoctoral scientists (N = 258). As hypothesized, the positive relationship between extrinsic rewards-oriented work values and subjective career success and supports was stronger for male researchers than for female researchers. Results on work-life balance values were less conclusive. These findings support the idea that gendered appraisal processes may affect career-relevant outcomes.