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Studieneingang optimieren!
(2019)
Einführung in den Band
(2019)
Alles auf Anfang!
(2019)
Im Zuge der Bologna-Reform ist an Hochschulen vieles in Bewegung gekommen. Studium und Lehre sind stärker ins Blickfeld gerückt. Dabei kommt der Studieneingangsphase besondere Bedeutung zu, werden doch hier die Weichen für ein erfolgreiches Studium gestellt. Deshalb ist es verständlich, dass die Hauptanstrengungen der Hochschulen auf den Studieneingang gerichtet sind – ganz nach dem Motto: „Auf den Anfang kommt es an!“. Konsens herrscht dahingehend, dass der Studieneingang neu zu gestalten ist, doch beim „Wie?“ gibt es unterschiedliche Antworten. Zugleich wird immer deutlicher, dass eine wirksame Neugestaltung der Eingangsphase nur mit einer umfassenden Reform des Studiums gelingen kann.
Ziel des vierten Bandes der Potsdamer Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung ist es, eine Zwischenbilanz der Debatte zum Studieneingang zu ziehen. Auf der Basis empirischer Studien werden unterschiedliche Perspektiven auf den Studieneingang eingenommen und Empfehlungen zur Optimierung des Studieneingangs abgeleitet. Die zahlreichen Untersuchungsergebnisse Potsdamer Forschergruppen werden durch weitere nationale sowie internationale Perspektiven ergänzt. Der Band richtet sich an alle, die sich für die Entwicklung an Hochschulen interessieren.
A wide variety of processes controls the time of occurrence, duration, extent, and severity of river floods. Classifying flood events by their causative processes may assist in enhancing the accuracy of local and regional flood frequency estimates and support the detection and interpretation of any changes in flood occurrence and magnitudes. This paper provides a critical review of existing causative classifications of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events, discusses their validity and applications, and identifies opportunities for moving toward more comprehensive approaches. So far no unified definition of causative mechanisms of flood events exists. Existing frameworks for classification of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events adopt different perspectives: hydroclimatic (large-scale circulation patterns and atmospheric state at the time of the event), hydrological (catchment scale precipitation patterns and antecedent catchment state), and hydrograph-based (indirectly considering generating mechanisms through their effects on hydrograph characteristics). All of these approaches intend to capture the flood generating mechanisms and are useful for characterizing the flood processes at various spatial and temporal scales. However, uncertainty analyses with respect to indicators, classification methods, and data to assess the robustness of the classification are rarely performed which limits the transferability across different geographic regions. It is argued that more rigorous testing is needed. There are opportunities for extending classification methods to include indicators of space-time dynamics of rainfall, antecedent wetness, and routing effects, which will make the classification schemes even more useful for understanding and estimating floods. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water Extremes Science of Water > Hydrological Processes Science of Water > Methods
Many important graph-theoretic notions can be encoded as counting graph homomorphism problems, such as partition functions in statistical physics, in particular independent sets and colourings. In this article, we study the complexity of #(p) HOMSTOH, the problem of counting graph homomorphisms from an input graph to a graph H modulo a prime number p. Dyer and Greenhill proved a dichotomy stating that the tractability of non-modular counting graph homomorphisms depends on the structure of the target graph. Many intractable cases in non-modular counting become tractable in modular counting due to the common phenomenon of cancellation. In subsequent studies on counting modulo 2, however, the influence of the structure of H on the tractability was shown to persist, which yields similar dichotomies. <br /> Our main result states that for every tree H and every prime p the problem #pHOMSTOH is either polynomial time computable or #P-p-complete. This relates to the conjecture of Faben and Jerrum stating that this dichotomy holds for every graph H when counting modulo 2. In contrast to previous results on modular counting, the tractable cases of #pHOMSTOH are essentially the same for all values of the modulo when H is a tree. To prove this result, we study the structural properties of a homomorphism. As an important interim result, our study yields a dichotomy for the problem of counting weighted independent sets in a bipartite graph modulo some prime p. These results are the first suggesting that such dichotomies hold not only for the modulo 2 case but also for the modular counting functions of all primes p.