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- Boron exposure (5)
- Brownian motion (5)
- Cauchy problem (5)
- Chytridiomycota (5)
- Click chemistry (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Complex networks (5)
- Computational modelling (5)
- Computational seismology (5)
- Conservation (5)
- Conversation Analysis (5)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (5)
- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- DNA radiation damage (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data assimilation (5)
- Decomposition (5)
- Dexamethasone (5)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Diffusion (5)
- Disturbance (5)
- EPR (5)
- Ecology (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Emotions (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Flood (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Galaxy: center (5)
- Galaxy: structure (5)
- Gender (5)
- Geomagnetic field (5)
- Geomorphology (5)
- Geostatistics (5)
- Graph theory (5)
- Grassland (5)
- Groundwater (5)
- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Insurance (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Lactones (5)
- Land use change (5)
- Land-use intensity (5)
- Landsat (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Language acquisition (5)
- Language production (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Leguminosae (5)
- Levy flights (5)
- Lonar Lake (5)
- Machine Learning (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Magnetotellurics (5)
- Mandarin Chinese (5)
- Mediterranean (5)
- Memory (5)
- Mental disorders (5)
- Mental health (5)
- Metathesis (5)
- Methane (5)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (5)
- Microtubules (5)
- Monsoon (5)
- Movement (5)
- Movement ecology (5)
- Muscle strength (5)
- Namibia (5)
- Natural language processing (5)
- Neural networks (5)
- Neurotoxicity (5)
- Norway (5)
- Open innovation (5)
- Optimization (5)
- Organic Chemistry (5)
- PUFA (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (5)
- Phytoplankton (5)
- Plant functional types (5)
- Polymers (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Prevalence (5)
- Process mining (5)
- Prunus avium L. (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RIXS (5)
- RNAseq (5)
- Radiation belts (5)
- Remote sensing (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (5)
- Return to work (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- Scattering (5)
- School (5)
- Second World War (5)
- Security Council (5)
- Sediment (5)
- Seismic attenuation (5)
- Selenium (5)
- Self-regulation (5)
- Sensitivity analysis (5)
- Sentence reading (5)
- Sexual aggression (5)
- Sexual scripts (5)
- Sexual selection (5)
- Simulation (5)
- Solanaceae (5)
- Solanum lycopersicum (5)
- Solar cells (5)
- South Africa (5)
- Spain (5)
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (5)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction (5)
- Survey (5)
- Svalbard (5)
- Switzerland (5)
- TAVI (5)
- Tacitus (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Ti-6Al-4V (5)
- Tien Shan (5)
- Transfer function (5)
- Type 2 diabetes (5)
- Variability (5)
- Vulnerability (5)
- Walking (5)
- Word frequency (5)
- Workplace (5)
- X-ray diffraction (5)
- age (5)
- aggregation (5)
- algae (5)
- algorithms (5)
- alien species (5)
- allometry (5)
- amino acids (5)
- amygdala (5)
- animal movement (5)
- anthracenes (5)
- antioxidants (5)
- arenes (5)
- attitude (5)
- back pain (5)
- bicameralism (5)
- biofilm (5)
- capitalism (5)
- carbon dioxide (5)
- carbon nitride (5)
- cardiac rehabilitation (5)
- characteristics (5)
- child (5)
- comets: general (5)
- communication (5)
- community ecology (5)
- community effect on height (5)
- composition (5)
- control (5)
- conversational agents (5)
- cosmology: theory (5)
- crisis management (5)
- crown compounds (5)
- data analysis (5)
- decentralization (5)
- decision making (5)
- degradation (5)
- demography (5)
- density (5)
- diabetic nephropathy (5)
- dietary patterns (5)
- discrepancy principle (5)
- disease (5)
- dissociative electron attachment (5)
- domestication (5)
- economics (5)
- ecosystem functioning (5)
- ecosystems (5)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (5)
- elderly (5)
- electrons (5)
- electrostatic interactions (5)
- elementary particles (5)
- ensemble Kalman filter (5)
- entrepreneurship education (5)
- enzymes (5)
- ethics (5)
- executive function (5)
- executive functions (5)
- expertise (5)
- expression (5)
- extreme events (5)
- first passage (5)
- first passage time (5)
- floodplain (5)
- food web (5)
- foraging (5)
- fractional Brownian motion (5)
- galaxies: haloes (5)
- galaxies: halos (5)
- galaxies: nuclei (5)
- gamma-rays: general (5)
- gender differences (5)
- gene-expression (5)
- genetics (5)
- geometric Brownian motion (5)
- giving-up density (5)
- globular clusters: general (5)
- gravitational waves (5)
- habitat (5)
- heart (5)
- height (5)
- heterocycles (5)
- human physical conditioning (5)
- hybrid materials (5)
- hydrogels (5)
- identification (5)
- image processing (5)
- immobilization (5)
- injury risk (5)
- institutional change (5)
- institutional design (5)
- insula (5)
- interoceptive awareness (5)
- invasive species (5)
- inversion (5)
- isometric muscle action (5)
- isotopes (5)
- jumping (5)
- knowledge transfer (5)
- lake (5)
- lake sediments (5)
- landscape of fear (5)
- language production (5)
- lifespan (5)
- light (5)
- linagliptin (5)
- linear term (5)
- lipid metabolism (5)
- liposomes (5)
- living cells (5)
- locality (5)
- luminescence (5)
- major depressive disorder (5)
- mapping (5)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (5)
- meaning (5)
- measurement (5)
- mechanobiology (5)
- media violence (5)
- melt inclusions (5)
- membranes (5)
- memory retrieval (5)
- mental disorders (5)
- metabolic syndrome (5)
- metacognition (5)
- methods: analytical (5)
- microbial ecology (5)
- microfluidics (5)
- microparticles (5)
- microplastics (5)
- minerals (5)
- mitigation (5)
- mixed methods (5)
- molecular dynamics (5)
- morphological processing (5)
- motor control (5)
- multiblock copolymer (5)
- natural hazards (5)
- natural products (5)
- neuroplasticity (5)
- neutron diffraction (5)
- new species (5)
- nitrogen deposition (5)
- overweight (5)
- pH (5)
- palaeoecology (5)
- parliamentary government (5)
- peroxides (5)
- perpetration (5)
- persistence (5)
- perturbation (5)
- photocatalysis (5)
- planet-star interactions (5)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (5)
- plant diversity (5)
- plyometric training (5)
- pollution (5)
- porosity (5)
- predator-prey dynamics (5)
- preview benefit (5)
- productivity (5)
- pronoun resolution (5)
- pronouns (5)
- propensity score matching (5)
- proteins (5)
- psychology (5)
- public administration (5)
- quantum chemical calculations (5)
- racism (5)
- reanalysis (5)
- recombination (5)
- risk (5)
- risk perception (5)
- rotation (5)
- saccades (5)
- salt stress (5)
- scale development (5)
- second language (5)
- selection (5)
- self-concept (5)
- self-healing (5)
- self-regulation (5)
- semantics (5)
- sensors (5)
- sharing economy (5)
- signal transduction (5)
- silver nanoparticles (5)
- skills (5)
- social inclusion (5)
- social networking sites (5)
- social support (5)
- socioeconomic status (5)
- sodium (5)
- software engineering (5)
- spatial-numerical associations (5)
- starch phosphorylation (5)
- stars: chemically peculiar (5)
- stars: formation (5)
- stars: magnetic fields (5)
- strategic growth adjustments (5)
- stroke (5)
- structure (5)
- stunting (5)
- supergiants (5)
- supernovae: general (5)
- surface (5)
- surface modification (5)
- surveillance (5)
- tVNS (5)
- terrorism (5)
- therapist competence (5)
- thin films (5)
- time series (5)
- tomato (5)
- trade-offs (5)
- transcriptome (5)
- transport (5)
- treeline (5)
- trend analysis (5)
- trust (5)
- ultraviolet: ISM (5)
- uncertainty quantification (5)
- violence (5)
- vitamin A (5)
- water management (5)
- water quality (5)
- wh-questions (5)
- world literature (5)
- 3D point clouds (4)
- 4 (4)
- AC electrokinetics (4)
- ALAN (4)
- Active tectonics (4)
- Adolescent (4)
- Age of acquisition (4)
- Alaska (4)
- Alexithymia (4)
- Allometry (4)
- Alps (4)
- Amino acids (4)
- Amphibia (4)
- Ancient DNA (4)
- Anthropocene (4)
- Antiplasmodial (4)
- Arsenic-containing fatty acids (4)
- Autocorrelation (4)
- Auxin (4)
- BMI (4)
- Balance (4)
- Biaryls (4)
- Biomarkers (4)
- Biosensor (4)
- Biosilicification (4)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Body composition (4)
- Body dissatisfaction (4)
- Body size (4)
- Brandenburg (4)
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- CCM (4)
- CPS (4)
- Cardiovascular diseases (4)
- Carotenoids (4)
- Cell polarity (4)
- Cenozoic (4)
- Child (4)
- Childhood adversity (4)
- Chloroplast (4)
- Cholesterol (4)
- Climate variability (4)
- Coexistence (4)
- Communion (4)
- Community assembly (4)
- Complexity (4)
- Controlled source seismology (4)
- Coping (4)
- Corona (4)
- Correlation (4)
- Cost-effectiveness (4)
- Coupled oscillators (4)
- Cross-coupling (4)
- Cryo-SEM (4)
- Crystal structure (4)
- Cystic fibrosis (4)
- Cytochrome P450 (4)
- DNA damage (4)
- Data profiling (4)
- Decision making (4)
- Deformation (4)
- Density functional calculations (4)
- Depressive symptoms (4)
- Diabetes (4)
- Dopamine (4)
- Dynamic pricing (4)
- Dynamical systems (4)
- E-Learning (4)
- E-Mail Tracking (4)
- E. coli (4)
- EPR spectroscopy (4)
- Earthquake ground motions (4)
- Earthquake interaction (4)
- East African Rift System (4)
- Eastern Europe (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Ecotoxicology (4)
- Electrets (4)
- Elliptic complexes (4)
- Enceladus (4)
- Endothelin (4)
- Event synchronization (4)
- Event-related potential (4)
- Extraction (4)
- Extreme events (4)
- Extreme rainfall (4)
- Eye movement (4)
- Eye-movement monitoring (4)
- Feature selection (4)
- Fertilization (4)
- Fire-bellied toad (4)
- Flooding (4)
- Floods (4)
- Flow cytometry (4)
- Fluid-rock interaction (4)
- Fluorescence imaging (4)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (4)
- Forest management (4)
- Fredholm property (4)
- Functional diversity (4)
- Fuzzy logic (4)
- Glaciation (4)
- Glucosinolates (4)
- Gold (4)
- Gold nanoparticles (4)
- Ground penetrating radar (4)
- Ground reaction force (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- HIREC (4)
- HRTEM (4)
- Heart rate variability (4)
- Home range (4)
- Human (4)
- Human evolution (4)
- Human impact (4)
- Hydrology (4)
- Hypoxia (4)
- IAT (4)
- ICSS (4)
- IR-MALDI (4)
- ISM: molecules (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Insect (4)
- Instructional quality (4)
- Interference (4)
- Interferometry (4)
- Internet (4)
- Intervention (4)
- Israel (4)
- Japan (4)
- Judaism (4)
- Kant (4)
- Kettle holes (4)
- Kyrgyzstan (4)
- L2 processing (4)
- LCSM (4)
- Lactams (4)
- Lake Stechlin (4)
- Langmuir monolayer (4)
- Larix (4)
- Lasers (4)
- Late Quaternary (4)
- Lernen (4)
- Lexical tone (4)
- Life history (4)
- Linear mixed model (4)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Magnetic properties (4)
- Malnutrition (4)
- Management (4)
- Mathematical model (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- Menderes Massif (4)
- Methylmercury (4)
- Microplastics (4)
- Microtus arvalis (4)
- Middle childhood (4)
- Mind wandering (4)
- Mindfulness (4)
- Mitochondrial DNA (4)
- Mobility (4)
- Model (4)
- Molybdenum (4)
- Monoclonal antibody (4)
- Monte Carlo method (4)
- Morphological processing (4)
- Motor control (4)
- Multifunctionality (4)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4)
- NAFLD (4)
- NASH (4)
- NW Argentina (4)
- Navier-Stokes equations (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Neotethys (4)
- Nepal (4)
- Network clustering (4)
- Neumann problem (4)
- Neuroscience (4)
- Northeast German Basin (4)
- Nucleus (4)
- O-antigen (4)
- Oman (4)
- Operational momentum (4)
- Organic matter (4)
- Organic solar cells (4)
- Overland flow (4)
- Pacific Ocean (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Parafoveal (4)
- Parafoveal processing (4)
- Perception (4)
- Perturbation (4)
- Pesticides (4)
- Phase transitions (4)
- Photochemistry (4)
- Phylogenetics (4)
- Planetary rings (4)
- Plio-Pleistocene (4)
- Poecilia mexicana (4)
- Postural control (4)
- Power (4)
- Predictors (4)
- Priming (4)
- Probabilistic forecasting (4)
- Production (4)
- Proteins (4)
- Pseudo-differential operators (4)
- Python (4)
- Quality management (4)
- R&D (4)
- RAFT polymerization (4)
- Raman (4)
- Reading development (4)
- Reading motivation (4)
- Reading strategies (4)
- Resistance training (4)
- Respiration (4)
- Risk reduction (4)
- SDS-PAGE (4)
- SWAT (4)
- Salivary gland (4)
- Scrum (4)
- Sediment connectivity (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Self-efficacy (4)
- Self-employment (4)
- Self-esteem (4)
- Semiarid (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sensorimotor training (4)
- Sentinel-1 (4)
- Sexual victimization (4)
- Sick leave (4)
- Simulations (4)
- Species richness (4)
- Staphylococcus aureus (4)
- Start-up subsidies (4)
- Statistical methods (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Surface roughness (4)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (4)
- Synthesis (4)
- TRMM (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Tarim Basin (4)
- Teacher motivation (4)
- Teacher self-efficacy (4)
- Tectonic geomorphology (4)
- TerraceM (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermoresponsive (4)
- Thin film (4)
- Tian Shan (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Trace elements (4)
- Translation (4)
- Triassic (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Trust (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- Twitter (4)
- UNFCCC (4)
- United Nations (4)
- Urbanization (4)
- Van Allen Probes (4)
- Vegetation change (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- Work ability (4)
- X-ray absorption (4)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray scattering (4)
- X-ray spectroscopy (4)
- XPS (4)
- abstract concepts (4)
- academic achievement (4)
- academic self-concept (4)
- acceleration (4)
- accretion, accretion disks (4)
- acid ceramidase (4)
- actin (4)
- action observation (4)
- age of acquisition (4)
- agility (4)
- alexithymia (4)
- alternatives (4)
- anger (4)
- anthropometry (4)
- antibody (4)
- antiplasmodial (4)
- apoptosis (4)
- arithmetic (4)
- athletes (4)
- attitudes (4)
- augmented reality (4)
- auxin (4)
- bacteriophage (4)
- beliefs (4)
- biodegradable polymers (4)
- biological invasions (4)
- biomarkers (4)
- biomimetic sensors (4)
- biomineralization (4)
- birth weight (4)
- body waves (4)
- brain (4)
- carbon sequestration (4)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (4)
- catchment (4)
- cell adhesion (4)
- cell-free protein synthesis (4)
- cells (4)
- change of direction (4)
- chaos (4)
- charge generation (4)
- chemotaxis (4)
- child development (4)
- children and adolescents (4)
- circadian clock (4)
- civil war (4)
- climate mitigation (4)
- clone (4)
- co-limitation (4)
- coastal erosion (4)
- cognitive development (4)
- competence (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- construction (4)
- context (4)
- contrast (4)
- conversation analysis (4)
- cooperation (4)
- core (4)
- corruption (4)
- creep (4)
- cue-based retrieval (4)
- cyber aggression (4)
- cyberhate (4)
- cyclic voltammetry (4)
- data (4)
- data integration (4)
- database (4)
- decarbonization (4)
- defense (4)
- deposition (4)
- depressive symptoms (4)
- digital platforms (4)
- drop jump (4)
- droughts (4)
- dynamic NMR (4)
- e-learning (4)
- early warning (4)
- eating behavior (4)
- ecohydrology (4)
- ecological speciation (4)
- ecology (4)
- effectiveness (4)
- electropolymerization (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- employment (4)
- environmental change (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- evapotranspiration (4)
- events (4)
- experimental design (4)
- eye movement (4)
- eye tracking (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- fNIRS (4)
- fabrication (4)
- facilitation (4)
- family (4)
- feedback (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- financial markets (4)
- finger counting (4)
- first-passage time (4)
- fish (4)
- flood risk management (4)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (4)
- food choice (4)
- food webs (4)
- force (4)
- freshwater (4)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- gelatin (4)
- gene (4)
- geochemistry (4)
- geomorphology (4)
- grammar (4)
- ground reaction force (4)
- herbivory (4)
- heterostyly (4)
- high pressure (4)
- history (4)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (4)
- holding capacity (4)
- home range (4)
- honey bee (4)
- hospitals (4)
- human impact (4)
- human rights (4)
- hybridization capture (4)
- hydrogen (4)
- hydrogen peroxide (4)
- hydropower (4)
- hypochondriasis (4)
- inclusive education (4)
- income (4)
- individual (4)
- infancy (4)
- infants (4)
- infection (4)
- inference (4)
- instability (4)
- integration (4)
- inter-individual differences (4)
- international organisations (4)
- island biogeography (4)
- joint Simon effect (4)
- joint action (4)
- kinematics (4)
- land use change (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
- life history (4)
- light scattering (4)
- line: identification (4)
- linear hypersubstitution (4)
- livestock (4)
- localization (4)
- locomotion (4)
- locus of control (4)
- low-energy electrons (4)
- macrophytes (4)
- magnetic nanoparticles (4)
- magnetostratigraphy (4)
- maturation (4)
- maturity (4)
- measurement invariance (4)
- mechanisms (4)
- membrane (4)
- mental simulation (4)
- metabolite profiling (4)
- methane (4)
- methodology (4)
- microbial diversity (4)
- microtubules (4)
- mitochondrial DNA (4)
- molecular evolution (4)
- molecular modeling (4)
- molecular rods (4)
- multiplicative noise (4)
- muscle (4)
- museum specimens (4)
- natural language processing (4)
- neurodegeneration (4)
- neutrinos (4)
- noise (4)
- non-fullerene acceptors (4)
- non-state actors (4)
- nonergodicity (4)
- nonlinear dynamics (4)
- nuclear envelope (4)
- nuclear lamina (4)
- nucleus (4)
- numerical simulations (4)
- open-circuit voltage (4)
- optimal transport (4)
- optimism (4)
- organic matter (4)
- orthography (4)
- oscillations (4)
- oxygen (4)
- p53 (4)
- pandemic (4)
- parafoveal processing (4)
- partial clone (4)
- partial melting (4)
- participation (4)
- participatory research (4)
- patterns (4)
- periodization (4)
- phase transitions (4)
- phenotyping (4)
- phosphate (4)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (4)
- photophysics (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- phylogenetic diversity (4)
- physiology (4)
- phytolith (4)
- picture-word interference (4)
- piezoelectricity (4)
- plankton (4)
- planning (4)
- plant (4)
- plant functional traits (4)
- plant population and community dynamics (4)
- plasmonics (4)
- platelets (4)
- policy (4)
- political equality (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- polyelectrolyte (4)
- polystyrene (4)
- polyzwitterion (4)
- population (4)
- porous carbon (4)
- preparedness (4)
- presidential government (4)
- principal component analysis (4)
- production control (4)
- professional development (4)
- properties (4)
- prosocial behavior (4)
- prosodic boundary cues (4)
- protein-protein interaction (4)
- psychotherapy training (4)
- qualitative research (4)
- quality management (4)
- quantum dots (4)
- quorum sensing (4)
- real-time rendering (4)
- recognition (4)
- reconstruction (4)
- regularization (4)
- rehabilitation (4)
- reinforcement learning (4)
- rejection sensitivity (4)
- relational aggression (4)
- repair (4)
- repetition (4)
- representation (4)
- resource competition (4)
- resources (4)
- respiration (4)
- responses (4)
- retinol (4)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (4)
- rheology (4)
- river incision (4)
- rivers (4)
- rotifers (4)
- salicylic acid (4)
- school children (4)
- screening (4)
- sea-level rise (4)
- security (4)
- seismicity (4)
- selenium (4)
- semi-arid (4)
- sensitivity analysis (4)
- sentence production (4)
- sentiment analysis (4)
- sexual victimization (4)
- shape memory (4)
- shape-memory polymers (4)
- shrub encroachment (4)
- silicon (4)
- simulations (4)
- site effects (4)
- snow (4)
- soccer (4)
- software (4)
- soil (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- sorption (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- speed (4)
- standardization (4)
- stars: black holes (4)
- stars: distances (4)
- stars: low-mass (4)
- stars: oscillations (4)
- starspots (4)
- statistical seismology (4)
- stochastic models (4)
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- Porous silicon (2)
- Porphyrins (2)
- Position Generator (2)
- Positive selection (2)
- Postural stability (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Prediabetes (2)
- Predictability (2)
- Predictor (2)
- Preference (2)
- Preference Handling (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Pressure distribution (2)
- Preterm birth (2)
- Primula (2)
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- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Proactivity (2)
- Probability (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Process model (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Progesterone (2)
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- Prominences, active (2)
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- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
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- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
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- Pump-probe (2)
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- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- QCA (2)
- QTL (2)
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- Quantitative Trait Locus analysis (2)
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- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT (2)
- RCT (2)
- RDoC (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RPA (2)
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- River (2)
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- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
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- Tools (2)
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- contestation (2)
- continental rifting (2)
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- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (2)
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- coping (2)
- coping strategies (2)
- coping styles (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- core-shell (2)
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- corona (2)
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- cost-effectiveness (2)
- cost-effectiveness analysis (2)
- cost-utility analysis (2)
- coumarins (2)
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- counting (2)
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- course design (2)
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- critical avalanche dynamics (2)
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- cross-domain priming (2)
- cross-education (2)
- cross-lagged panel analysis (2)
- cross-methodological approach (2)
- crowded fluids (2)
- crowding (2)
- crowdsourcing (2)
- crust (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- cryolithology (2)
- crystal structures (2)
- crystal-structure (2)
- crystalline (2)
- crystallinity (2)
- crystallization behavior (2)
- cue validity (2)
- cultural conceptualisations (2)
- cultural diversity (2)
- cultural pluralism (2)
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- curriculum development (2)
- cyberbullying victimization (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
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- cytoskeleton (2)
- data matching (2)
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- de Rham complex (2)
- debris flows (2)
- debt (2)
- decision tree (2)
- decompositon (2)
- deep carbon cycle (2)
- deep neural networks (2)
- deep-sea (2)
- defense against predation (2)
- definition (2)
- degradable polymers (2)
- degraded DNA (2)
- dehydration (2)
- delirium (2)
- democratic theory (2)
- dendrimers (2)
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- density dependence (2)
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- denudation (2)
- dependencies (2)
- dependency (2)
- design (2)
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- determinants of plant community diversity and structure (2)
- deuterium (2)
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- developmental plasticity (2)
- diagnostics (2)
- dialect (2)
- dialysis (2)
- diamond anvil cell (2)
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- diazo compounds (2)
- diblock copolymers (2)
- dichotic listening (2)
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- dictyostelium (2)
- dielectric (2)
- dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) (2)
- dielectric barrier discharges (2)
- dielectric properties (2)
- dielectric spectroscopy (2)
- dielectrophoresis (2)
- dienes (2)
- differentiation (2)
- diffraction (2)
- diffusing diffusivity (2)
- digital education (2)
- digital elevation model (2)
- digital health app (2)
- digital identity (2)
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- digitalisation (2)
- digitization (2)
- dimerization (2)
- disability-adjusted life years (2)
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- divergence (2)
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- downstep (2)
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- drug control (2)
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- drugs (2)
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- duration (2)
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- dye removal (2)
- dyes (2)
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- dynamical model (2)
- dysfunction (2)
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- eDNA (2)
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- eNOS (2)
- early Universe (2)
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- early stopping (2)
- earthquake hazards (2)
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- eating disorders (2)
- eccentric training (2)
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- edge-driven convection (2)
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- electrodes (2)
- electroencephalography (2)
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- electron microscopy (2)
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- elemental composition (2)
- elevated plus-maze (2)
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- emulsion (2)
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- envy (2)
- enzymatically active membrane (2)
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- extremophile (2)
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- features (2)
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- first-hitting time (2)
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- flavanonol (2)
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- flood risk analysis (2)
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- hemodynamics (2)
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- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (2)
- honeybee (2)
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- hostile attribution bias (2)
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- human sulfite oxidase (2)
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- illness anxiety disorder (2)
- illusion of control (2)
- image-based representation (2)
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- indigenous people (2)
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- interleukin-8 (2)
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- iterative regularization (2)
- jasmonic acid (2)
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- jumps (2)
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- kinetic instabilities (2)
- kink-like instability (2)
- knee (2)
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- language and aging (2)
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- lanthanides (2)
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- miscibility gap (2)
- missing-VP effect (2)
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- mitogenome (2)
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- monomer (2)
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- nominalization (2)
- non-Gaussian (2)
- non-Langevin recombination (2)
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2)
- non-athletes (2)
- non-categoricity (2)
- non-equilibrium (2)
- non-native speech perception (2)
- non-predatory mortality (2)
- nonfullerene acceptors (2)
- nonlinear filtering (2)
- nonlinear operator (2)
- nonlocal coupling (2)
- nonmodel species (2)
- nonradiative recombination (2)
- nonradiative voltage losses (2)
- nonstationarity (2)
- normal faults (2)
- noun (2)
- novae, cataclysmic variables (2)
- novel ecosystems (2)
- novelty (2)
- nucleosome (2)
- number and brightness (2)
- number concepts (2)
- number processing (2)
- numerical distance effect (2)
- numerical model (2)
- nursing home (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient retention (2)
- nutrient stoichiometry (2)
- nutrient supply (2)
- oarsmen (2)
- object search (2)
- observation (2)
- occlusion (2)
- ocean acidification (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- ocean heat uptake (2)
- oil (2)
- oil yield (2)
- older persons (2)
- oligodepsipeptides (2)
- oligomerization (2)
- omics (2)
- on-water performance (2)
- oncology (2)
- one-carbon metabolism (2)
- online (2)
- online course (2)
- online disinhibition (2)
- ontogenesis (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- opacity (2)
- open (2)
- open clusters and associations: general (2)
- open data (2)
- open education (2)
- open innovation (2)
- open science (2)
- open-field (2)
- operator-valued symbols (2)
- oppositions (2)
- optical imaging (2)
- optical manipulation (2)
- optical remote sensing (2)
- optical sensors (2)
- optics (2)
- orbifolds (2)
- orchard management (2)
- orchestration (2)
- organ growth (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- organic electronics (2)
- organization theory (2)
- organizational reform (2)
- origins (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- orographic rainfall (2)
- orthopedic (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- osteoblast (2)
- other-race effect (2)
- outbreak (2)
- outcome measures (2)
- overland flow (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- oxidation state (2)
- oxygen heterocycles (2)
- oxygen plasma (2)
- oxygenation (2)
- p-Aminophenol (2)
- pH-responsive (2)
- pQCT (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleo-sediment (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- palmitoylation (2)
- parafoveal preview benefit (2)
- parafoveal vision (2)
- parameter (2)
- parameterization (2)
- parameters (2)
- parasites (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parchment (2)
- parental leave (2)
- parental mediation (2)
- parents (2)
- partial least squares (2)
- particle filter (2)
- particles (2)
- particulate matter (2)
- partnership trajectories (2)
- party competition (2)
- pasture (2)
- pathway (2)
- pathways (2)
- patient education (2)
- pea (2)
- peace (2)
- peacebuilding (2)
- peacekeeping (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- peak torque (2)
- pediatrics (2)
- peer influences (2)
- peptide (2)
- perceived predation risk (2)
- perceived stress (2)
- perception of robots (2)
- perceptual reorganization (2)
- performance budget (2)
- performance information (2)
- performance measurement (2)
- periphyton (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- permittivity enhancement (2)
- permutation entropy (2)
- perovskite solar cell (2)
- personality change (2)
- personality traits (2)
- perspective taking (2)
- persulfide (2)
- pesticides (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- phase behavior (2)
- phase dynamics (2)
- phase morphology (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenolic compounds (2)
- phenology (2)
- phenomics (2)
- phosphatidylserine (2)
- phosphoglucan (2)
- phosphoproteomics (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- photo-isomerization (2)
- photochromism (2)
- photoelectron (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photoluminescence quenching (2)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- photonic crystals (2)
- photosensitive surfactants (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- photosynthetic rate (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phylogenomics (2)
- physical conditioning human (2)
- physical performance (2)
- physics education (2)
- physiological consequences (2)
- phytoplankton communities (2)
- pigment composition (2)
- pitch angle (2)
- planetary boundaries (2)
- planetary rings (2)
- planetary systems (2)
- planets and satellites: composition (2)
- planets and satellites: fundamental parameters (2)
- planets and satellites: gaseous planets (2)
- planets and satellites: general (2)
- plant architecture (2)
- plant invasions (2)
- plant species richness (2)
- plant traits (2)
- plant volatiles (2)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (2)
- plants (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmaspheric hiss (2)
- plastid transformation (2)
- plateau (2)
- platform (2)
- platform innovation (2)
- platinum (2)
- plausibility (2)
- playa (2)
- pluvial floods (2)
- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- polarity (2)
- policy analysis (2)
- policy reform (2)
- policy-making (2)
- political ideology (2)
- pollinator shift (2)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- polyampholytes (2)
- polyelectrolytes (2)
- polyester (2)
- polyesterurethanes (2)
- polymersomes (2)
- polypropylene (2)
- polysemy (2)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2)
- population cycles (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population growth rate (2)
- population pharmacokinetics (2)
- population size (2)
- population structure (2)
- populism (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- pornography (2)
- porous silicon (2)
- positioning (2)
- positive solutions (2)
- possessives (2)
- post-natal (2)
- postural sway (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- power spectral analysis (2)
- pp-wave solutions (2)
- pragmaticalisation (2)
- pragmatics (2)
- pre-activity (2)
- pre-natal (2)
- pre-school (2)
- pre-service teachers (2)
- precaution (2)
- predation risk (2)
- predator (2)
- predictability (2)
- prediction error (2)
- predictive coding (2)
- predictive models (2)
- predictive systems ecology (2)
- preference (2)
- preference assessment (2)
- preference for agency (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- prefixes (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- preschool children (2)
- presidentialism (2)
- pressure (2)
- pressures (2)
- prestige (2)
- presupposition (2)
- prevalence information (2)
- price of anarchy (2)
- primary care (2)
- printing (2)
- prior knowledge (2)
- privatization (2)
- proactive personality (2)
- proactive work behavior (2)
- probability (2)
- probability density function (2)
- problem (2)
- problem-solving (2)
- problems (2)
- process (2)
- process analytical technology (2)
- process mining (2)
- process modeling (2)
- process modelling (2)
- process simulation (2)
- process tracing (2)
- process-based model (2)
- process-based modeling (2)
- processes (2)
- product generation engineering (2)
- production planning (2)
- prognosis (2)
- proliferation (2)
- proper motions (2)
- property rights (2)
- prosocial (2)
- prosody processing (2)
- prospective (2)
- protected area (2)
- protection motivation theory (2)
- protein carbonyls (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein restriction (2)
- protein search (2)
- protein translocation (2)
- protein-protein (2)
- proteomic analysis (2)
- proteostasis (2)
- protest (2)
- protonation (2)
- prototype-willingness-model (2)
- provenance (2)
- psycho-oncology (2)
- psychological detachment (2)
- psychological distress (2)
- psychological well-being (2)
- psychologinguistics (2)
- psychopathy (2)
- psychophysics (2)
- psychopower (2)
- psychosocial moderators (2)
- puberty (2)
- public (2)
- public engagement (2)
- public good (2)
- public management (2)
- public policy (2)
- public sector reform (2)
- publication bias (2)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (2)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (2)
- purification (2)
- quality assurance (2)
- quantum (2)
- quantum field theory (2)
- quartz crystal microbalance (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- quenched energy landscape (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- radhard design (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal (2)
- radiation therapy (2)
- radiative forcing (2)
- radiocarbon dating (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- radiography (2)
- radiosensitizers (2)
- rainfall (2)
- rainfall gradient (2)
- rampage (2)
- random diffusivity (2)
- random matrix theory (2)
- random number generation (2)
- random-walks (2)
- randomized controlled trial (2)
- range dynamics (2)
- range of motion (2)
- range size (2)
- rank (2)
- ranking (2)
- rapid test kit (2)
- rare events (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactance (2)
- reaction kinetics theory (2)
- reaction monitoring (2)
- reactive transport modeling (2)
- reading fluency (2)
- reading motivation (2)
- real-time (2)
- receiver function (2)
- reciprocal class (2)
- recollection (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- recombinant inbred line (2)
- recombination order (2)
- record (2)
- record linkage (2)
- recreational sport (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redox homeostasis (2)
- redox polymers (2)
- redox processes (2)
- redox state (2)
- reduction (2)
- reed (2)
- referential choice (2)
- referential coding (2)
- refinement (2)
- reflexives (2)
- reforms (2)
- refugee (2)
- refugee youth (2)
- regional development (2)
- regionalisation (2)
- regularity (2)
- regulations (2)
- regulatory T cells (2)
- regulatory physiology (2)
- reinforcement (2)
- relations (2)
- relationship (2)
- relationship constellations (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- relaxation (2)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (2)
- remission (2)
- remote teaching (2)
- renormalization Hopf algebra (2)
- replacement (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- reproductive strategies (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- resampling (2)
- research challenges (2)
- research design (2)
- research framework (2)
- research priorities (2)
- reservoir (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resetting (2)
- resolution infrared-spectroscopy (2)
- resonance energy transfer (2)
- resonances (2)
- resource allocation (2)
- resource selection (2)
- restricted range (2)
- resurrection plants (2)
- retentivity (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- retrospective (2)
- return to work (2)
- reversible measure (2)
- reward anticipation (2)
- rewards (2)
- rhizosphere (2)
- rhythm (2)
- ribosome assembly (2)
- rifting (2)
- ring current (2)
- ring current electrons (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- risk aversion (2)
- risk communication (2)
- risk governance (2)
- risk management cycle (2)
- risk perceptions (2)
- risk-factors (2)
- risks (2)
- river erosion (2)
- river floods (2)
- rock (2)
- rock glacier (2)
- role-play (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- root water uptake (2)
- rotational diffusion (2)
- rotifer (2)
- runners (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- rupture (2)
- rupturing of metal film (2)
- réchauffement planétaire (2)
- sACC (2)
- salamanders (2)
- salience (2)
- saliency (2)
- salinity (2)
- salivary alpha-amylase (2)
- salivary gland (2)
- salt (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- sample preparation (2)
- satellite data (2)
- satisfaction (2)
- savanna ecology (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scalability (2)
- scale-dependence (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- scene perception (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- school quality (2)
- school shooting (2)
- science (2)
- science mapping (2)
- scrambling (2)
- sea level (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- second chambers (2)
- second language processing (2)
- secular changes (2)
- sedentary (2)
- sediment core (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment transport (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sediments (2)
- seed (2)
- seed dispersal syndrome (2)
- seed provisioning (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismology (2)
- selective autophagy (2)
- selective laser melting (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- selenoprotein P (2)
- self threat (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-control (2)
- self-disclosure (2)
- self-enhancement (2)
- self-evaluation (2)
- self-harm (2)
- self-incompatibility (2)
- self-isolation (2)
- self-objectification (2)
- self-organisation (2)
- self-regulated learning (2)
- self-similarity (2)
- self-sovereign identity (2)
- semantic transparency (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- semi-parliamentarism (2)
- semiconducting polymers (2)
- semiconductor lasers (2)
- sensor (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor data (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- sensors and actuators (2)
- sentence parsing (2)
- sentinel-1 (2)
- separation of powers (2)
- sequential data assimilation (2)
- serious game (2)
- serum (2)
- sexual behavior (2)
- sexual coercion (2)
- sexual dimorphism (2)
- sexual reproduction (2)
- sexual self-esteem (2)
- sexual victimisation (2)
- sexual violence (2)
- shadow education (2)
- shallow structure hypothesis (2)
- shieldings (TSNMRS) (2)
- shoe (2)
- shoot apical meristem (2)
- short latency response (2)
- short-read mapping (2)
- shotgun sequencing (2)
- shoulder (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
- sibilant (2)
- sick leave (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- signalling (2)
- silica (2)
- simulation model (2)
- simulation-based (2)
- simultaneous bilingualism (2)
- single-case experimental design (2)
- single-cell analysis (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- size (2)
- size distribution (2)
- skeletal muscle (2)
- skill (2)
- slope aspect (2)
- smart materials (2)
- soccer players (2)
- social class (2)
- social environment (2)
- social epistemology (2)
- social inequality (2)
- social interaction (2)
- social modulation (2)
- social network (2)
- social network analysis (2)
- social reactivity (2)
- social robots (2)
- socioeconomy (2)
- sodium hydroxide etching (2)
- soft robotics (2)
- soft-templating (2)
- software process improvement (2)
- soil fatigue (2)
- soil landscape (2)
- soils (2)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (2)
- solubility (2)
- solvent vapor annealing (2)
- somatic variables (2)
- source parameters (2)
- source-sink dynamics (2)
- soy protein (2)
- space use (2)
- space-charge stability (2)
- spatial autocorrelation (2)
- spatial scales (2)
- spatial statistics (2)
- spatial vision (2)
- spatially explicit model (2)
- speakers (2)
- special education (2)
- special educational needs (2)
- species assembly (2)
- species interactions (2)
- species recognition (2)
- specific language impairment (2)
- specificity (2)
- specifier proteins (2)
- spectral analysis (2)
- spectroscopic ellipsometry (2)
- speech motor control (2)
- speech segmentation (2)
- speed-accuracy trade-off (2)
- speleothems (2)
- sphingomyelin (2)
- sphingosine kinase (2)
- spider silk (2)
- spin transition (2)
- spin-orbit coupling (2)
- spin-orbit interaction (2)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (2)
- sport (2)
- sprint (2)
- sprints (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- stable matching (2)
- stakeholder engagement (2)
- standard (2)
- starch granule initiation (2)
- starch granules (2)
- starch morphology (2)
- starch synthase (2)
- stars: flare (2)
- stars: individual ([HD 36486]delta Ori A) (2)
- stars: individual (gamma Cassiopeiae) (2)
- stars: individual: WR 102c (2)
- stars: individual: WR 102ka (2)
- stars: jets (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: variables: Cepheids (2)
- starvation (2)
- statistical methods (2)
- statistical tools (2)
- stem cell adhesion (2)
- step selection (2)
- stereoselectivity (2)
- stereotypes (2)
- sterol (2)
- stimulus-response compatibility (2)
- stokes shift (2)
- storage capacity (2)
- strain localization (2)
- strategic growth adjustment (2)
- strategy (2)
- stratification (2)
- streptavidin (2)
- stressors (2)
- structural change (2)
- structural health monitoring (2)
- structural thermodynamics (2)
- structures (2)
- study designs (2)
- style transfer (2)
- subcellular localization (2)
- subcutaneous adipose tissue (2)
- subduction initiation (2)
- subject-oriented learning (2)
- subject-verb agreement (2)
- submarine (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- substitution effects (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- succession (2)
- sufficiency (2)
- suicidality (2)
- sulfite oxidase (2)
- superalloys (2)
- supersaturated species coexistence (2)
- supervised machine learning (2)
- supervisor support (2)
- support vector machines (2)
- supramolecular chemistry (2)
- surface charge (2)
- surface electromyography (2)
- surface functionalization (2)
- surface interaction (2)
- surface wave (2)
- susceptibility (2)
- sustainability science (2)
- swallowing (2)
- syllables (2)
- synchronization transition (2)
- synchrony (2)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (2)
- synchrotron radiation (2)
- synovial fluid (2)
- syrphids (2)
- tablet (2)
- talent (2)
- talk-in-interaction (2)
- tandem solar cells (2)
- tannic acid (2)
- task (2)
- task difficulty (2)
- teacher beliefs (2)
- teacher education students (2)
- teacher learning (2)
- team sports (2)
- teamwork (2)
- techniques (2)
- techniques: radial velocities (2)
- technological change (2)
- technological forecasting (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- teen dating violence (2)
- teleconnections (2)
- temperament (2)
- temperature dependence (2)
- temperature increase (2)
- temperature response (2)
- temporal dynamics (2)
- term (2)
- termination (2)
- terminology (2)
- terpenoids (2)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (2)
- tetrahedral boron (2)
- tetrapyrroles (2)
- text analysis (2)
- texture (2)
- thaw (2)
- therapeutic (2)
- therapeutic alliance (2)
- thermal expansion (2)
- thermal properties (2)
- thermally stimulated discharge (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thermokarst lakes (2)
- thermoplastics (2)
- thermoregulation (2)
- thermoresponsive (2)
- thermoresponsive materials (2)
- thick junctions (2)
- thin film (2)
- thorium (2)
- thrombogenicity (2)
- time averaging (2)
- time-dependent configuration interaction (2)
- time-series (2)
- time-series analysis (2)
- tin-rich ITO (2)
- tissue (2)
- tocopherols (2)
- tonoplast (2)
- torque (2)
- torsion (2)
- total disc replacement (2)
- total electron content (2)
- tourism (2)
- tourmaline (2)
- trabecular bone (2)
- trace elements (2)
- traceability (2)
- tracking (2)
- trade-off (2)
- trait (2)
- trait convergence and divergence (2)
- trajectories (2)
- transdiagnostic (2)
- transdisciplinary research (2)
- transfer operator (2)
- transformation products (2)
- transgenerational effects (2)
- transgenerational plasticity (2)
- transgenerational response (2)
- transient chaos (2)
- transient dynamics (2)
- transition path theory (2)
- transitional justice (2)
- transnational (2)
- transnational city networks (2)
- transnational governance (2)
- transparency (2)
- transthyretin (2)
- travel time distribution (2)
- trehalose 6-phosphate (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- trophic apparatus (2)
- trophic status (2)
- tropical cyclones (2)
- trunk cross-sectional area (2)
- tunnel vision (2)
- type specimens (2)
- type-III effector (2)
- typology (2)
- tyramine (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- ubiquitination (2)
- ultrafast (2)
- ultrafast X-ray diffraction (2)
- ultrasonography (2)
- ultraviolet: stars (2)
- uncanny valley (2)
- undernutrition (2)
- ungulate (2)
- untargeted metabolomics (2)
- upconversion (2)
- upconversion nanoparticles (2)
- urban ecology (2)
- urine (2)
- user types (2)
- user-generated content (2)
- vagueness (2)
- value chain analysis (2)
- value change (2)
- variable geometry truss (2)
- variation (2)
- vegetables (2)
- vegetation dynamics (2)
- vegetation reconstruction (2)
- vesicles (2)
- veterinary cordon fence (2)
- victim (2)
- video analysis (2)
- video games (2)
- virus (2)
- virus infection (2)
- viscoelasticity (2)
- visibility (2)
- visible-light (2)
- visionary leadership (2)
- visual perception (2)
- visual search (2)
- visual word recognition (2)
- visual world eye-tracking (2)
- visual world paradigm (2)
- visual-world paradigm (2)
- visualization (2)
- vitamins (2)
- voice (2)
- volatile organic compounds (2)
- voltage-dependent (2)
- voltage-independent (2)
- voluntary simplicity (2)
- voting (2)
- vowels (2)
- walking (2)
- water balance (2)
- water fluxes (2)
- water treatment (2)
- wavelength (2)
- weighted moving averages (2)
- welfare (2)
- welfare economics (2)
- welfare state (2)
- westerlies (2)
- wetland vegetation (2)
- wettability (2)
- wild bees (2)
- wild boar (2)
- wild mammal species (2)
- wildlife (2)
- wildlife conservation (2)
- willingness to intervene (2)
- wind energy (2)
- wind erosion (2)
- wind speed (2)
- winter wheat (2)
- wood anemone (2)
- word embeddings (2)
- word learning (2)
- work ability (2)
- work anxiety (2)
- work function (2)
- workflow (2)
- working-memory (2)
- writing acquisition (2)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (2)
- yolk@shell materials (2)
- young (2)
- young stellar objects (2)
- youth soccer (2)
- youth sport (2)
- zebularine (2)
- ziji (2)
- zircon (2)
- zooplankton carcasses (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- "click" chemistry (1)
- "rich country-poor country debate" (1)
- "water-in-salt" (1)
- %Ro (1)
- 'go ahead'; (1)
- (+)-Tephrodin (1)
- (1)H NMR (1)
- (13)C NMR (1)
- (16) Psyche (1)
- (2+1)-dimensional gravity (1)
- (2E)-Hexadecenal (1)
- (2E)-hexadecenal (1)
- (2E)-hexadecenoic acid (1)
- (9Z)-neoxanthin (1)
- (A)over-bar-movement (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (FPGA) (1)
- (L2) (1)
- (NMR) (1)
- (PEDOT (1)
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Wings of the butterfly
(2017)
The spatio-temporal evolution of sunspot activity, the so-called Maunder butterfly diagram, has been continously available since 1874 using data from the Royal Greenwich Observatory, extended by SOON network data after 1976. Here we present a new extended butterfly diagram of sunspot group occurrence since 1826, using the recently digitized data from Schwabe (1826-1867) and Sporer (1866-1880). The wings of the diagram are separated using a recently developed method based on an analysis of long gaps in sunspot group occurrence in different latitude bands. We define characteristic latitudes, corresponding to the start, end, and the largest extent of the wings (the F, L, and H latitudes). The H latitudes (30 degrees-45 degrees) are highly significantly correlated with the strength of the wings (quantified by the total sum of the monthly numbers of sunspot groups). The F latitudes (20 degrees-30 degrees) depict a weak tendency, especially in the southern hemisphere, to follow the wing strength. The L latitudes (2 degrees-10 degrees) show no clear relation to the wing strength. Overall, stronger cycle wings tend to start at higher latitudes and have a greater wing extent. A strong (5-6)-cycle periodic oscillation is found in the start and end times of the wings and in the overlap and gaps between successive wings of one hemisphere. While the average wing overlap is zero in the southern hemisphere, it is two to three months in the north. A marginally significant oscillation of about ten solar cycles is found in the asymmetry of the L latitudes. The new long database of butterfly wings provides new observational constraints to solar dynamo models that discuss the spatio-temporal distribution of sunspot occurrence over the solar cycle and longer.
The strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is considered to be the main driver of climate changes over the European and western Asian continents throughout the last millennium. For example, the predominantly warm Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the following cold period of the Little Ice Age (LIA) over Europe have been associated with long-lasting phases with a positive and negative NAO index. Its climatic imprint is especially pronounced in European winter seasons. However, little is known about the influence of NAO with respect to its eastern extent over the Eurasian continent. Here we present speleothem records (PC, 8180 and Sr/Ca) from the southern rim of Fergana Basin (Central Asia) revealing annually resolved past climate variations during the last millennium. The age control of the stalagmite relies on radiocarbon dating as large amounts of detrital material inhibit accurate 230Th dating. Present-day calcification of the stalagmite is most effective during spring when the cave atmosphere and elevated water supply by snow melting and high amount of spring precipitation provide optimal conditions. Seasonal precipitation variations cause changes of the stable isotope and Sr/ Ca compositions. The simultaneous changes in these geochemical proxies, however, give also evidence for fractionation processes in the cave. By disentangling both processes, we demonstrate that the amount of winter precipitation during the MCA was generally higher than during the LIA, which is in line with climatic changes linked to the NAO index but opposite to the higher mountain records of Central Asia. Several events of strongly reduced winter precipitation are observed during the LIA in Central Asia. These dry winter events can be related to phases of a strong negative NAO index and all results reveal that winter precipitation over the central Eurasian continent is tightly linked to atmospheric NAO modes by the westerly wind systems. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Winter precipitation forecast in the European and mediterranean regions using cluster analysis
(2017)
The European climate is changing under global warming, and especially the Mediterranean region has been identified as a hot spot for climate change with climate models projecting a reduction in winter rainfall and a very pronounced increase in summertime heat waves. These trends are already detectable over the historic period. Hence, it is beneficial to forecast seasonal droughts well in advance so that water managers and stakeholders can prepare to mitigate deleterious impacts. We developed a new cluster-based empirical forecast method to predict precipitation anomalies in winter. This algorithm considers not only the strength but also the pattern of the precursors. We compare our algorithm with dynamic forecast models and a canonical correlation analysis-based prediction method demonstrating that our prediction method performs better in terms of time and pattern correlation in the Mediterranean and European regions.
Wird Schon Stimmen!
(2018)
The article puts forward a novel analysis of the German modal particle schon as a modal degree operator over propositional content. The proposed analysis offers a uniform perspective on the semantics of modal schon and its aspectual counterpart meaning ‘already’: Both particles are analyzed as denoting a degree operator, expressing a scale-based comparison over relevant alternatives. The alternatives are determined by focus in the case of aspectual schon (Krifka 2000), but are restricted to the polar alternatives p and ¬p in the case of modal schon. Semantically, modal schon introduces a presupposition to the effect that the circumstantial conversational background contains more factual evidence in favor of p than in favor of ¬p, thereby making modal schon the not at-issue counterpart of the overt comparative form eher ‘rather’ (Herburger & Rubinstein 2014). The analysis incorporates basic insights from earlier analyses of modal schon in a novel way, and it also offers new insights as to the underlying workings of modality in natural language as involving propositions rather than possible worlds (Kratzer 1977, 2012).
With the success of wireless technologies in consumer electronics, standard wireless technologies are envisioned for the deployment in industrial environments as well. Industrial applications involving mobile subsystems or just the desire to save cabling make wireless technologies attractive. Nevertheless, these applications often have stringent requirements on reliability and timing. In wired environments, timing and reliability are well catered for by fieldbus systems (which are a mature technology designed to enable communication between digital controllers and the sensors and actuators interfacing to a physical process). When wireless links are included, reliability and timing requirements are significantly more difficult to meet, due to the adverse properties of the radio channels. In this paper we thus discuss some key issues coming up in wireless fieldbus and wireless industrial communication systems:1)fundamental problems like achieving timely and reliable transmission despite channel errors; 2) the usage of existing wireless technologies for this specific field of applications; and 3) the creation of hybrid systems in which wireless stations are included into existing wired systems
Phenothiazine-modified redox hydrogels were synthesized and used for the wiring of the aldehyde oxidoreductase PaoABC to electrode surfaces. The effects of the pH value and electrode surface modification on the biocatalytic activity of the layers were studied in the presence of vanillin as the substrate. The enzyme electrodes were successfully employed as bioanodes in vanillin/O-2 biofuel cells in combination with a high potential bilirubin oxidase biocathode. Open circuit voltages of around 700 mV could be obtained in a two compartment biofuel cell setup. Moreover, the use of a rather hydrophobic polymer with a high degree of crosslinking sites ensures the formation of stable polymer/enzyme films which were successfully used as bioanode in membrane-less biofuel cells. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is used to test higher-level executive functions or switching, depending on the measures chosen in a study and its goal. Many measures can be extracted from the WCST, but how to assign them to specific cognitive skills remains unclear. Thus, the current study first aimed at identifying which measures test the same cognitive abilities. Second, we compared the performance of mono- and multilingual children in the identified abilities because there is some evidence that bilingualism can improve executive functions. We tested 66 monolingual and 56 multilingual (i.e., bi- and trilingual) primary school children (M-age = 109 months) in an online version of the classic WCST. A principal component analysis revealed four factors: problem-solving, monitoring, efficient errors, and perseverations. Because the assignment of measures to factors is only partially coherent across the literature, we identified this as one of the sources of task impurity. In the second part, we calculated regression analyses to test for group differences while controlling for intelligence as a predictor for executive functions and for confounding variables such as age, German lexicon size, and socioeconomic status. Intelligence predicted problem solving and perseverations. In the monitoring component (measured by the reaction times preceding a rule switch), multilinguals outperformed monolinguals, thereby supporting the view that bi- or multilingualism can improve processing speed related to monitoring.
Peer groups are critical socialization agents for the development of social behavior in adolescence, but studies examining peer-group effects on individuals' prosocial behavior are scarce. Using a two-wave, multilevel data set (N = 16,893, 8481 male; 8412 female; mean age at Time 1: 14.0 years) from 1308 classes in 252 secondary schools in Germany, main effects of the classroom level of prosocial behavior, cross-level interactions between the classroom and the individual levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1, and the moderating role of gender were examined. The results showed that adolescents in classrooms with high collective levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1 reported more prosocial behavior at Time 2, about two years later, reflecting a class-level main effect. A significant cross-level interaction indicated that a high classroom level of prosocial behavior particularly affected individuals with lower levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1. The influence of same-gender peers was larger compared with opposite-gender peers. The findings are discussed with respect to social learning mechanisms in the development of prosocial behavior and their implications for interventions to promote prosocial behavior.
The integration of balance and plyometric training has been shown to provide significant improvements in sprint, jump, agility, and other performance measures in young athletes. It is not known if a specific within session balance and plyometric exercise sequence provides more effective training adaptations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of using a sequence of alternating pairs of exercises versus a block (series) of all balance exercises followed by a block of plyometric exercises on components of physical fitness such as muscle strength, power, speed, agility, and balance. Twenty-six male adolescent soccer players ( 13.9 +/- 0.3 years) participated in an 8-week training program that either alternated individual balance (e. g., exercises on unstable surfaces) and plyometric (e. g., jumps, hops, rebounds) exercises or performed a block of balance exercises prior to a block of plyometric exercises within each training session. Pre- and post-training measures included proxies of strength, power, agility, sprint, and balance such as countermovement jumps, isometric back and knee extension strength, standing long jump, 10 and 30-m sprints, agility, standing stork, and Y-balance tests. Both groups exhibited significant, generally large magnitude (effect sizes) training improvements for all measures with mean performance increases of approximately > 30%. There were no significant differences between the training groups over time. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining balance and plyometric exercises within a training session on components of physical fitness with young adolescents. The improved performance outcomes were not significantly influenced by the within session exercise sequence.
Genetic divergence is impacted by many factors, including phylogenetic history, gene flow, genetic drift, and divergent selection. Rotifers are an important component of aquatic ecosystems, and genetic variation is essential to their ongoing adaptive diversification and local adaptation. In addition to coding sequence divergence, variation in gene expression may relate to variable heat tolerance, and can impose ecological barriers within species. Temperature plays a significant role in aquatic ecosystems by affecting species abundance, spatio-temporal distribution, and habitat colonization. Recently described (formerly cryptic) species of the Brachionus calyciflorus complex exhibit different temperature tolerance both in natural and in laboratory studies, and show that B. calyciflorus sensu stricto (s.s.) is a thermotolerant species. Even within B. calyciflorus s.s., there is a tendency for further temperature specializations. Comparison of expressed genes allows us to assess the impact of stressors on both expression and sequence divergence among disparate populations within a single species. Here, we have used RNA-seq to explore expressed genetic diversity in B. calyciflorus s.s. in two mitochondrial DNA lineages with different phylogenetic histories and differences in thermotolerance. We identify a suite of candidate genes that may underlie local adaptation, with a particular focus on the response to sustained high or low temperatures. We do not find adaptive divergence in established candidate genes for thermal adaptation. Rather, we detect divergent selection among our two lineages in genes related to metabolism (lipid metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics).
Ground motion with strong-velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering.
However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood.
In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (M-w 6-7) and characterize ground- motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static-offset effects.
We confirm that the within-event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike-slip-like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the freq uency-wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike-slip earthquakes.
We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations.
Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect.
We finally quantify and discuss within- and between-event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.
Humidity is an important determinant of the mycotoxin production (DON, ZEA) by Fusarium species in the grain ears. From a landscape perspective humidity is not evenly distributed across fields. The topographically-controlled redistribution of water within a single field rather leads to spatially heterogeneous soil water content and air humidity. Therefore we hypothesized that the spatial distribution of mycotoxins is related to these topographically-controlled factors. To test this hypothesis we studied the mycotoxin concentrations at contrasting topographic relief positions, i.e. hilltops and depressions characterized by soils of different soil moisture regimes, on ten winter wheat fields in 2006 and 2007. Maize was the preceding crop and minimum tillage was practiced in the fields. The different topographic positions were associated with moderate differences in DON and ZEA concentrations in 2006, but with significant differences in 2007, with six times higher median ZEA and two times higher median DON detected at depression sites compared to the hilltops. The depression sites correspond to a higher topographic wetness index as well as redoximorphic properties in soil profiles, which empirically supports our hypothesis at least for years showing wetter conditions in sensitive time windows for Fusarium infections.
This article studies proactive work behavior from a within-person perspective. Building on the broaden-and-build model and the mood-as-information approach, we hypothesized that negative trait affect and positive state affect predict the relative time spent on proactive behavior. Furthermore, based on self-determination theory we argued that persons want to feel competent and that proactive behavior is one way to experience competence. In an experience-sampling study, 52 employees responded to surveys 3 times a day for 5 days. Hierarchical linear modeling confirmed the hypotheses on trait and state affect. Analyses furthermore showed that although a higher level of experienced competence at core task activities was associated with a subsequent increase in time spent on these activities, low experienced competence predicted an increase in time spent on proactive behavior.
The influence of muscular fatigue on tennis serve performance within regular training sessions is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the within-session sequence of the tennis serve in youth tennis. Twenty-five young male (14.9 +/- 0.9 years) and female (14.5 +/- 0.9 years) players participated in this within-subject crossover study, and they were randomly but sex-matched assigned to different training sequences (serve exercise before tennis training (BTS) or after tennis training (ATS)). Pre- and post-tests included serve velocity performance and accuracy, shoulder strength, and range-of-motion (ROM) performance (internal/external rotation). Results showed that after one week of serve training conducted following the ATS sequence, significant decreases were found in serve performance (e.g., speed and accuracy), with standardized differences ranging from d = 0.29 to 1.13, as well as the shoulder function (strength [d = 0.20 to 1.0] and ROM [d = 0.17 to 0.31]) in both female and male players, compared to the BTS sequence. Based on the present findings, it appears more effective to implement serve training before the regular tennis training in youth players. If applied after training, excessive levels of fatigue may cause shoulder imbalances that could be related to an increased injury risk.
The within-site variability in site response is the randomness in site response at a given site from different earthquakes and is treated as aleatory variability in current seismic hazard/risk analyses.
In this study, we investigate the single-station variability in linear site response at K-NET and KiK-net stations in Japan using a large number of earthquake recordings.
We found that the standard deviation of the horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectral ratio at individual sites, that is single-station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) sigma sigma(HV,s), approximates the within-site variability in site response quantified using surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (for oscillator frequencies higher than the site fundamental frequency) or empirical ground-motion models.
Based on this finding, we then utilize the single-station HVSR sigma as a convenient tool to study the site-response variability at 697 KiK-net and 1169 K-NET sites.
Our results show that at certain frequencies, stiff, rough and shallow sites, as well as small and local events tend to have a higher sigma(HV,s).
However, when being averaged over different sites, the single-station HVSR sigma, that is sigma(HV), increases gradually with decreasing frequency. In the frequency range of 0.25-25 Hz, sigma(HV) is centred at 0.23-0.43 in ln scales (a linear scale factor of 1.26-1.54) with one standard deviation of less than 0.1. sigma(HV) is quite stable across different tectonic regions, and we present a constant, as well as earthquake magnitude- and distance-dependent sigma(HV) models.
Projected scenarios of climate change involve general predictions about the likely changes to the magnitude and frequency of landslides, particularly as a consequence of altered precipitation and temperature regimes. Whether such landslide response to contemporary or past climate change may be captured in differing scaling statistics of landslide size distributions and the erosion rates derived thereof remains debated. We test this notion with simple Monte Carlo and bootstrap simulations of statistical models commonly used to characterize empirical landslide size distributions. Our results show that significant changes to total volumes contained in such inventories may be masked by statistically indistinguishable scaling parameters, critically depending on, among others, the size of the largest of landslides recorded. Conversely, comparable model parameter values may obscure significant, i.e. more than twofold, changes to landslide occurrence, and thus inferred rates of hillslope denudation and sediment delivery to drainage networks. A time series of some of Earth's largest mass movements reveals clustering near and partly before the last glacial-interglacial transition and a distinct step-over from white noise to temporal clustering around this period. However, elucidating whether this is a distinct signal of first-order climate-change impact on slope stability or simply coincides with a transition from short-term statistical noise to long-term steady-state conditions remains an important research challenge.
The spectra of 18 WN stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) are quantitatively analyzed by means of "standard" Wolf-Rayet model atmospheres, using the helium and nitrogen lines as well as the spectral energy distribution. The hydrogen abundance is also determined. Carbon is included for a subset of 4 stars. The studied sample covers all spectral subtypes (WN2 ... WN9) and also includes one WN/WC transition object. The luminosities of the program stars span a wide range ( L/Lsun = 5.0 ... 6.5). Due to the given LMC membership, these results are free from uncertainties inferred from the distance. 50 % of the studied stars (both, late and early WN subtypes) have rather low luminosity (L/Lsun < 5.5). This puts tough constraints on their evolutionary formation. If coming from single stars, it provides evidence for strong internal mixing processes. The empirical mass-loss rates are scaled down by a factor of about two due to the impact of clumping, compared to previous studies adopting homogeneous winds. There is no obvious strong correlation between the mass-loss rates and other parameters like luminosity, temperature and composition. The stellar parameters for the present LMC sample are not systematically different from those of the Galactic WN stars studied previously with the same techniques, in contrast to the expected metallicity effects.
The Potsdam Non-LTE code for expanding atmospheres, which accounts for clumping and iron-line blanketing, has been used to establish a grid of model atmospheres for WC stars. A parameter degeneracy is discovered for early-type WC models which do not depend on the "stellar temperature". 15 galactic WC4-7 stars are analyzed, showing a very uniform carbon abundance (He:C=55:40) with only few exceptions.
Context. Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars have a severe impact on their environments owing to their strong ionizing radiation fields and powerful stellar winds. Since these winds are considered to be driven by radiation pressure, it is theoretically expected that the degree of the wind mass-loss depends on the initial metallicity of WR stars.
Aims. Following our comprehensive studies of WR stars in the Milky Way, M31, and the LMC, we derive stellar parameters and mass-loss rates for all seven putatively single WN stars known in the SMC. Based on these data, we discuss the impact of a low-metallicity environment on the mass loss and evolution of WR stars.
Methods. The quantitative analysis of the WN stars is performed with the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code. The physical properties of our program stars are obtained from fitting synthetic spectra to multi-band observations.
Results. In all SMC WN stars, a considerable surface hydrogen abundance is detectable. The majority of these objects have stellar temperatures exceeding 75 kK, while their luminosities range from 10(5.5) to 10(6.1) L-circle dot. The WN stars in the SMC exhibit on average lower mass-loss rates and weaker winds than their counterparts in the Milky Way, M31, and the LMC.
Conclusions. By comparing the mass-loss rates derived for WN stars in different Local Group galaxies, we conclude that a clear dependence of the wind mass-loss on the initial metallicity is evident, supporting the current paradigm that WR winds are driven by radiation. A metallicity effect on the evolution of massive stars is obvious from the HRD positions of the SMC WN stars at high temperatures and high luminosities. Standard evolution tracks are not able to reproduce these parameters and the observed surface hydrogen abundances. Homogeneous evolution might provide a better explanation for their evolutionary past.
Context. Massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are evolved massive stars (M-i greater than or similar to 20 M-circle dot) characterized by strong mass-loss. Hypothetically, they can form either as single stars or as mass donors in close binaries. About 40% of all known WR stars are confirmed binaries, raising the question as to the impact of binarity on the WR population. Studying WR binaries is crucial in this context, and furthermore enable one to reliably derive the elusive masses of their components, making them indispensable for the study of massive stars. Aims. By performing a spectral analysis of all multiple WR systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), we obtain the full set of stellar parameters for each individual component. Mass-luminosity relations are tested, and the importance of the binary evolution channel is assessed. Methods. The spectral analysis is performed with the PotsdamWolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code by superimposing model spectra that correspond to each component. Evolutionary channels are constrained using the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (BPASS) evolution tool. Results. Significant hydrogen mass fractions (0.1 < X-H < 0.4) are detected in all WN components. A comparison with mass-luminosity relations and evolutionary tracks implies that the majority of the WR stars in our sample are not chemically homogeneous. The WR component in the binary AB6 is found to be very luminous (log L approximate to 6.3 [L-circle dot]) given its orbital mass (approximate to 10 M-circle dot), presumably because of observational contamination by a third component. Evolutionary paths derived for our objects suggest that Roche lobe overflow had occurred in most systems, affecting their evolution. However, the implied initial masses (greater than or similar to 60 M-circle dot) are large enough for the primaries to have entered the WR phase, regardless of binary interaction. Conclusions. Together with the results for the putatively single SMC WR stars, our study suggests that the binary evolution channel does not dominate the formation of WR stars at SMC metallicity.
Women’s exposure to sexualized TV, self-objectification, and consideration of cosmetic surgery
(2022)
Public Policy Relevance Statement TV is full of content presenting women in a sexualized way, with a focus on their sexual appearance and appeal to others. We found that across an age spectrum from 15 to 72 years, the more women watched sexualized TV, the more concerned they were about their body; a link between watching sexualized TV and considering cosmetic surgery was found only for women above the age of 31. Adding to the evidence documenting negative consequences of sexualized media use on young women's body image, this study is a first indicator that these might also apply to women across a broader age spectrum. <br /> Extensive research has documented links between sexualized media use and body image concerns. Previous findings are based largely on female adolescents or young adults, although objectification theory predicts changes of body image concerns with age. Therefore, the current study investigated the link of sexualized TV exposure (STE) with self-objectification and consideration of cosmetic surgery within the framework of objectification theory in a sample of 519 female participants between the age of 15 and 72 (M = 39.43 years). Participants completed measures of STE, appearance-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, body surveillance, and consideration of cosmetic surgery. Structural equation modeling revealed that STE was indirectly linked with consideration of cosmetic surgery via valuing appearance over competence and body surveillance. Age was negatively related to internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance, but did not moderate the links between STE and body image. Older women scored lower on the body-related variables, but the associations between STE and self-objectification were the same across the age spectrum. STE predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery only for women over 31 years of age. Implications concerning the role of age in linking sexualized media to self-objectification are discussed.
Woodlands and steppes
(2018)
Based on fossil organism remains including plant macrofossils, charcoal, pollen, and invertebrates preserved in syngenetic deposits of the Batagay permafrost sequence in the Siberian Yana Highlands, we reconstructed the environmental history during marine isotope stages (MIS) 6 to 2. Two fossil assemblages, exceptionally rich in plant remains, allowed for a detailed description of the palaeo-vegetation during two climate extremes of the Late Pleistocene, the onset of the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the last interglacial. In addition, altogether 41 assemblages were used to outline the vegetation history since the penultimate cold stage of MIS 6. Accordingly, meadow steppes analogue to modern communities of the phytosociological order Festucetalia lenensis formed the primary vegetation during the Saalian and Weichselian cold stages. Cold-resistant tundra-steppe communities (Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii) as they occur above the treeline today were, in contrast to more northern locations, mostly lacking. During the last interglacial, open coniferous woodland similar to modern larch taiga was the primary vegetation at the site. Abundant charcoal indicates wildfire events during the last interglacial. Zoogenic disturbances of the local vegetation were indicated by the presence of ruderal plants, especially by abundant Urtica dioica, suggesting that the area was an interglacial refugium for large herbivores. Meadow steppes, which formed the primary vegetation during cold stages and provided potentially suitable pastures for herbivores, were a significant constituent of the plant cover in the Yana Highlands also under the full warm stage conditions of the last interglacial. Consequently, meadow steppes occurred in the Yana Highlands during the entire investigated timespan from MIS 6 to MIS 2 documenting a remarkable environmental stability. Thus, the proportion of meadow steppe vegetation merely shifted in response to the respectively prevailing climatic conditions. Their persistence indicates low precipitation and a relatively warm growing season throughout and beyond the late Pleistocene. The studied fossil record also proves that modern steppe occurrences in the Yana Highlands did not establish as late as in the Holocene but instead are relicts of a formerly continuous steppe belt extending from Central Siberia to Northeast Yakutia during the Pleistocene. The persistence of plants and invertebrates characteristic of meadow steppe vegetation in interior Yakutia throughout the late Quaternary indicates climatic continuity and documents the suitability of this region as a refugium also for other organisms of the Pleistocene mammoth steppe including the iconic large herbivores. (C)2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
One of the core issues in psycholinguistic research concerns the relationship between word category information and verb-argument structure (e.g. transitivity) information of verbs in the process of sentence parsing. In two experiments (visual versus auditory presentation) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we addressed this question by presenting sentences in which the critical word simultaneously realized both a word category and a transitivity violation. ERPs for sentences with both types of violation clustered with the patterns for sentences with a word category violation only, but were different from the patterns elicited by argument structure violations in isolation, since only the latter elicited an N400 ERP component. The finding that an argument structure violation evoked an N400 only if the phrase structure of the respective sentence was correct suggests that a successful integration of the word category information of a verb functionally precedes the application of its argument structure information. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of word frequency on eye movements during reading, but the precise timing of this influence has remained unclear. The fast priming paradigm was previously used to study influences of related versus unrelated primes on the target word. Here, we use this procedure to investigate whether the frequency of the prime word has a direct influence on eye movements during reading when the prime-target relation is not manipulated. We found that with average prime intervals of 32 ms readers made longer single fixation durations on the target word in the low than in the high frequency prime condition. Distributional analyses demonstrated that the effect of prime frequency on single fixation durations occurred very early, supporting theories of immediate cognitive control of eye movements. Finding prime frequency effects only 207 ms after visibility of the prime and for prime durations of 32 ms yields new time constraints for cognitive processes controlling eye movements during reading. Our variant of the fast priming paradigm provides a new approach to test early influences of word processing on eye movement control during reading.
Electrophysiological research using verbal response paradigms faces the problem of muscle artifacts that occur during speech production or in the period preceding articulation. In this context, this paper has two related aims. The first is to show how the nature of the first phoneme influences the alignment of the ERPs. The second is to further characterize the EEG signal around the onset of articulation, both in temporal and frequency domains. Participants were asked to name aloud pictures of common objects. We applied microstate analyses and time-frequency transformations of ERPs locked to vocal onset to compare the EEG signal between voiced and unvoiced labial plosive word onset consonants. We found a delay of about 40 ms in the set of stable topographic patterns for /b/ relative to /p/ onset words. A similar shift was observed in the power increase of gamma oscillations (30-50 Hz), which had an earlier onset for /p/ trials (similar to 150 ms before vocal onset). This 40-ms shift is consistent with the length of the voiced proportion of the acoustic signal prior to the release of the closure in the vocal responses. These results demonstrate that phonetic features are an important parameter affecting response-locked ERPs, and hence that the onset of the acoustic energy may not be an optimal trigger for synchronizing the EEG activity to the response in vocal paradigms. The indexes explored in this study provide a step forward in the characterization of muscle-related artifacts in electrophysiological studies of speech and language production.
Georgian is famous for its word order flexibility: all permutations of constituent order are possible and the choice among them is primarily determined by information structure. In this paper, we show that word order is not the only means to encode information structure in this language, but it is used in combination with sentence prosody. After a preliminary description of the use of prosodic phrasing and intonation for this purpose, we address the question of the interrelation between these two strategies. Based on experimental evidence, we investigate the interaction of focus with word order and prosody, and we conclude that some aspects of word order variation are pragmatically vacuous and can be accommodated in any context if they are realized with an appropriate prosodic structure, while other word order phenomena are quite restrictive and cannot be overridden through prosodic manipulations.
We report two corpus analyses to examine the impact of animacy, definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression on the ordering of double objects in the spontaneous speech of German-speaking two- to four-year-old children and the child-directed speech of their mothers. The first corpus analysis revealed that definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression influenced word order variation in child language and child-directed speech when the type of referring expression distinguished between pronouns and lexical noun phrases. These results correspond to previous child language studies in English (e.g., de Marneffe et al. 2012). Extending the scope of previous studies, our second corpus analysis examined the role of different pronoun types on word order. It revealed that word order in child language and child-directed speech was predictable from the types of pronouns used. Different types of pronouns were associated with different sentence positions but also showed a strong correlation to givenness and definiteness. Yet, the distinction between pronoun types diminished the effects of givenness so that givenness had an independent impact on word order only in child-directed speech but not in child language. Our results support a multi-factorial approach to word order in German. Moreover, they underline the strong impact of the type of referring expression on word order and suggest that it plays a crucial role in the acquisition of the factors influencing word order variation.
This article investigates the word order preferences of Tagalog-speaking adults and five- and seven-year-old children. The participants were asked to complete sentences to describe pictures depicting actions between two animate entities. Adults preferred agent-initial constructions in the patient voice but not in the agent voice, while the children produced mainly agent-initial constructions regardless of voice. This agent-initial preference, despite the lack of a close link between the agent and the subject in Tagalog, shows that this word order preference is not merely syntactically-driven (subject-initial preference). Additionally, the children’s agent-initial preference in the agent voice, contrary to the adults’ lack of preference, shows that children do not respect the subject-last principle of ordering Tagalog full noun phrases. These results suggest that language-specific optional features like a subject-last principle take longer to be acquired.
Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing.
During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading.
Successful communication often involves comprehension of both spoken language and observed actions with and without objects. Even very young infants can learn associations between actions and objects as well as between words and objects. However, in daily life, children are usually confronted with both kinds of input simultaneously. Choosing the critical information to attend to in such situations might help children structure the input, and thereby, allow for successful learning. In the current study, we therefore, investigated the developmental time course of children’s and adults’ word and action learning when given the opportunity to learn both word-object and action-object associations for the same object. All participants went through a learning phase and a test phase. In the learning phase, they were presented with two novel objects which were associated with a distinct novel name (e.g., “Look, a Tanu”) and a distinct novel action (e.g., moving up and down while tilting sideways). In the test phase, participants were presented with both objects on screen in a baseline phase, then either heard one of the two labels or saw one of the two actions in a prime phase, and then saw the two objects again on screen in a recognition phase. Throughout the trial, participants’ target looking was recorded to investigate whether participants looked at the target object upon hearing its label or seeing its action, and thus, would show learning of the word-object and action-object associations. Growth curve analyses revealed that 12-month-olds showed modest learning of action-object associations, 36-month-olds learned word-object associations, and adults learned word-object and action-object associations. These results highlight how children attend to the different information types from the two modalities through which communication is addressed to them. Over time, with increased exposure to systematic word-object mappings, children attend less to action-object mappings, with the latter potentially being mediated by word-object learning even in adulthood. Thus, choosing between different kinds of input that may be more relevant in their rich environment encompassing different modalities might help learning at different points in development.
word-object mappings
(2017)
This study set out to examine whether shyness, an aversion to novelty and unfamiliar social situations, can affect the processes that underlie early word learning. Twenty-four-month-old children (n =32) were presented with sets of one novel and two familiar objects, and it was found that shyer children were less likely to select a novel object as the referent of a novel label. Furthermore, not-shy children then showed evidence of retaining these novel mappings, but shy children did not. These findings suggest that shy children's aversion to novelty and to the unfamiliar context can impact on their word learning.
This study provides a synthesis of corpus-based and experimental investigations of word-order preferences in German infinitival complementation. We carried out a systematic analysis of present-day German corpora to establish frequency distributions of different word-order options: extraposition, intraposition, and 'third construction'. We then examined, firstly, whether and to what extent corpus frequencies and processing economy constraints can predict the acceptability of these three word-order variants, and whether subject raising and subject control verbs form clearly distinguishable subclasses of infinitive-embedding verbs in terms of their word-order behaviour. Secondly, our study looks into the issue of coherence by comparing acceptability ratings for monoclausal coherent and biclausal incoherent construals of intraposed infinitives, and by examining whether a biclausal incoherent analysis gives rise to local and/or global processing difficulty. Taken together, our results revealed that (i) whilst the extraposition pattern consistently wins out over all other word-order variants for control verbs, neither frequency nor processing-based approaches to word-order variation can account for the acceptability of low-frequency variants, (ii) there is considerable verb-specific variation regarding word-order preferences both between and within the two sets of raising and control verbs under investigation, and (iii) although monoclausal coherent intraposition is rated above biclausal incoherent intraposition, the latter is not any more difficult to process than the former. Our findings indicate that frequency of occurrence and processing-related constraints interact with idiosyncratic lexical properties of individual verbs in determining German speakers' structural preferences.
Words as social tools
(2019)
Objective: The aim of this study was to study the effects of a short-term cognitive behavior therapy on work-anxiety and sickness-absence in patients with work-anxiety. Methods: Three-hundred forty-five inpatients who suffered from cardiologic, neurological, or orthopedic problems and additionally work-anxiety were randomly assigned into two different group interventions. Patients got four sessions of a group intervention, which either focused on cognitive behavior-therapy anxiety-management (work-anxiety coping group, WAG) or unspecific recreational activities (RG). Results: No differences were found between WAG and RG for work-anxiety and subjective work ability. When looking at patients who were suffering only from work-anxiety, and no additional mental disorder, the duration of sickness absence until 6 months follow-up was shorter in the WAG (WAG: 11 weeks, RG: 16 weeks, P = 0.050). Conclusion: A shortterm WAG may help return to work in patients with work-anxieties, as long as there is no comorbid mental disorder.
Work-anxieties are costly and need early intervention. The perception of being able to cope with work is a basic requirement for work ability. This randomized controlled trial investigates whether a cognitive behavioural, work-anxiety-coping group (WAG) intervention leads to better work-coping perception than an unspecific recreational group (RG). Heterogeneous people in medical rehabilitation, who were due to return to work, were interviewed concerning their work-anxieties, and either randomly assigned to a WAG (n=85) or a RG (n=95). The participants (with an average of 50years old [range 23-64]; 51% women; 70% workers or employees, 25% academics, 5% unskilled) followed the group intervention for four or six sessions. The perceived work-coping was assessed by self-rating (Inventory for Job-Coping and Return Intention JoCoRi) after each group session. Although participants had a slight temporary decrease in work-coping after group session two (from M-1=2.47 to M-2=2.28, d(Cohen)=-.22), the WAG led to the improvement of perceived work-coping over the intervention course (from M-1=2.47 to M-6=2.65, d(Cohen)=.18). In contrast, participants from the RG reported lower work-coping after six group sessions (from M-1=2.26 to M-6=2.02, d(Cohen)=-.18). It is considered that people with work-anxieties need training in work-coping. By focusing on recreation only, this may lead to deterioration of work-coping. Indeed, intervention designers should be aware of temporary deterioration (side effects) when confronting participants with work-coping.
Work-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs compared to teachers and physicians
(2011)
Purpose This study examined the status of health-related behavior and experience patterns of entrepreneurs in comparison with teachers and physicians to identify specific health risks and resources.
Methods Entrepreneurs (n = 632), teachers (n = 5,196), and physicians (n = 549) were surveyed in a cross-sectional design. The questionnaire Work-related Behavior and Experience Patterns (AVEM) was used for all professions and, in addition, two scales (health prevention and self-confidence) from the Checklist for Entrepreneurs in the sample of entrepreneurs.
Results The largest proportion of the entrepreneurs (45%) presented with a healthy pattern (compared with 18.4% teachers and 18.3% physicians). Thirty-eight percent of entrepreneurs showed a risk pattern of overexertion and stress, followed by teachers (28.9%) and physicians (20.6%). Unambitious or burnout patterns were seen in only 9.3/8.2% of entrepreneurs, respectively, and 25.3/27.3% of teachers, and 39.6/21.5% of physicians. While the distribution of patterns in teachers and physicians differed significantly between genders, a gender difference was not found among entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs with the risk pattern of overexertion scored significantly (P < 0.01) lower in self-confidence and health care than those with the healthy pattern.
Conclusions The development of a successful enterprise depends, in part, on the health of the entrepreneur. The large proportion of entrepreneurs with the healthy pattern irrespective of gender may support the notion that self-selection effects of healthy individuals in this special career might be important. At the same time, a large proportion was at risk for overexertion and might benefit from measures to cope with professional demands and stress and promote a healthy behavior pattern.
Analyses of metagenomes in life sciences present new opportunities as well as challenges to the scientific community and call for advanced computational methods and workflows. The large amount of data collected from samples via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies render manual approaches to sequence comparison and annotation unsuitable. Rather, fast and efficient computational pipelines are needed to provide comprehensive statistics and summaries and enable the researcher to choose appropriate tools for more specific analyses. The workflow presented here builds upon previous pipelines designed for automated clustering and annotation of raw sequence reads obtained from next-generation sequencing technologies such as 454 and Illumina. Employing specialized algorithms, the sequence reads are processed at three different levels. First, raw reads are clustered at high similarity cutoff to yield clusters which can be exported as multifasta files for further analyses. Independently, open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from raw reads and clustered at two strictness levels to yield sets of non-redundant sequences and ORF families. Furthermore, single ORFs are annotated by performing searches against the Pfam database
Inferences about hypotheses are ubiquitous in the cognitive sciences. Bayes factors provide one general way to compare different hypotheses by their compatibility with the observed data. Those quantifications can then also be used to choose between hypotheses. While Bayes factors provide an immediate approach to hypothesis testing, they are highly sensitive to details of the data/model assumptions and it's unclear whether the details of the computational implementation (such as bridge sampling) are unbiased for complex analyses. Hem, we study how Bayes factors misbehave under different conditions. This includes a study of errors in the estimation of Bayes factors; the first-ever use of simulation-based calibration to test the accuracy and bias of Bayes factor estimates using bridge sampling; a study of the stability of Bayes factors against different MCMC draws and sampling variation in the data; and a look at the variability of decisions based on Bayes factors using a utility function. We outline a Bayes factor workflow that researchers can use to study whether Bayes factors are robust for their individual analysis. Reproducible code is available from haps://osf.io/y354c/. <br /> Translational Abstract <br /> In psychology and related areas, scientific hypotheses are commonly tested by asking questions like "is [some] effect present or absent." Such hypothesis testing is most often carried out using frequentist null hypothesis significance testing (NIIST). The NHST procedure is very simple: It usually returns a p-value, which is then used to make binary decisions like "the effect is present/abscnt." For example, it is common to see studies in the media that draw simplistic conclusions like "coffee causes cancer," or "coffee reduces the chances of geuing cancer." However, a powerful and more nuanced alternative approach exists: Bayes factors. Bayes factors have many advantages over NHST. However, for the complex statistical models that arc commonly used for data analysis today, computing Bayes factors is not at all a simple matter. In this article, we discuss the main complexities associated with computing Bayes factors. This is the first article to provide a detailed workflow for understanding and computing Bayes factors in complex statistical models. The article provides a statistically more nuanced way to think about hypothesis testing than the overly simplistic tendency to declare effects as being "present" or "absent".
On the basis of a mete-analysis of pairwise correlations between working memory tasks and cognitive ability measures, P. L. Ackerman. M. E. Beier, and M. O. Boyle (2005) claimed that working memory capacity (WMC) shares less than 25% of its variance with general intelligence (,;) and with reasoning ability. In this comment, the authors argue that this is an underestimation because of several methodological shortcomings and biases. A reanalysis of the data reported in Ackerman et al. using the correct statistical procedures demonstrates that g and WMC are very highly correlated. On a conceptual level. the authors point out that WMC should be regarded as an explanatory construct for intellectual abilities. Theories of working memory do not claim that WMC is isomorphic with intelligence factors but that it is a very strong predictor of reasoning ability and also predicts general fluid intelligence and g.
Language and communication disorders are often associated with deficits in working memory (WM) and interference control. WM studies involving children with specific language impairment (SLI) have traditionally been framed using either resource theories or decay accounts, particularly Baddeley's model. Although significant interference problems in children with SLI are apparent in error analysis data from WM and language tasks, interference theories and paradigms have not been widely used in the SLI literature. A primary goal of the present paper is to provide an overview of interference deficits in children with SLI. Review of the extant literature on interference control shows deficits in this population; however, the source and the nature of the deficit remain unclear. Thus, a second key aim in our review is to demonstrate the need for theoretically driven experimental paradigms in order to better understand individual variations associated with interference weaknesses in children with SLI.
According to influential accounts of mind wandering (MW), working memory capacity (WMC) plays a key role in controlling the amount of off-task thought during the execution of a demanding task. Whereas WMC has primarily been associated with reduced levels of involuntarily occurring MW episodes in prior research, here we demonstrate for the first time that high-WMC individuals exhibit lower levels of voluntary MW. One hundred and eighty participants carried out a demanding reading task and reported their attentional state in response to random thought probes. In addition, participants' WMC was measured with two common complex span tasks (operation span and symmetry span). As a result, WMC was negatively related to both voluntary and involuntary MW, and the two forms of MW partially mediated the positive effect of WMC on reading performance. Furthermore, the negative relation between voluntary WM and reading remained significant after controlling for interest. Thus, in contrast to prior research suggesting that voluntary MW might be more closely related to motivation rather than WMC, the present results demonstrate that high-WMC individuals tend to limit both involuntary and voluntary MW more strictly than low-WMC individuals.
We asked 149 high-school students who were pretested for their working memory capacity (WMC) to read spatial descriptions relating to five objects and to evaluate conclusions asserting an unmentioned relationship between two of the objects. Unambiguous descriptions were compatible with a single spatial arrangement, whereas ambiguous descriptions permitted two arrangements; a subset of the ambiguous descriptions still determined the relation asserted in the conclusion, whereas another subset did not. Two groups of participants received different instructions: The deduction group should accept conclusions only if they followed with logical necessity from the description, whereas the comprehension group should accept a conclusion if it agreed with their representation of the arrangement. Self-paced reading times increased on sentences that introduced an ambiguity, replicating previous findings in deductive reasoning experiments. This effect was also found in the comprehension group, casting doubt on the interpretation that people consider multiple possible arrangements online. Responses to conclusions could be modelled by a multinomial processing model with four parameters: the probability of constructing a correct mental model, the probability of detecting an ambiguity, and two guessing parameters. Participants with high and with low WMC differed mainly in the probability of successfully constructing a mental model
We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects: these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000: activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and 1 deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters.
Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and I deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters.
Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample (N=754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women.
Working memory load-dependent brain response predicts behavioral training gains in older adults
(2014)
In the domain of working memory (WM), a sigmoid-shaped relationship between WM load and brain activation patterns has been demonstrated in younger adults. It has been suggested that age-related alterations of this pattern are associated with changes in neural efficiency and capacity. At the same time, WM training studies have shown that some older adults are able to increase their WM performance through training. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging during an n-back WM task at different WM load levels was applied to compare blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses between younger and older participants and to predict gains in WM performance after a subsequent 12-session WM training procedure in older adults. We show that increased neural efficiency and capacity, as reflected by more "youth-like" brain response patterns in regions of interest of the frontoparietal WM network, were associated with better behavioral training outcome beyond the effects of age, sex, education, gray matter volume, and baseline WM performance. Furthermore, at low difficulty levels, decreases in BOLD response were found after WM training. Results indicate that both neural efficiency (i. e., decreased activation at comparable performance levels) and capacity (i. e., increasing activation with increasing WM load) of a WM-related network predict plasticity of the WM system, whereas WM training may specifically increase neural efficiency in older adults.
Working memory maintenance of grasp-target information in the human posterior parietal cortex
(2011)
Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was applied to identify cortical areas involved in maintaining target information in working memory used for an upcoming grasping action. Participants had to grasp with their thumb and index finger of the dominant right hand three-dimensional objects of different size and orientation. Reaching-to-grasp movements were performed without visual feedback either immediately after object presentation or after a variable delay of 2-12 s. The right inferior parietal cortex demonstrated sustained neural activity throughout the delay, which overlapped with activity observed during encoding of the grasp target. Immediate and delayed grasping activated similar motor-related brain areas and showed no differential activity. The results suggest that the right inferior parietal cortex plays an important functional role in working memory maintenance of grasp-related information. Moreover, our findings confirm the assumption that brain areas engaged in maintaining information are also involved in encoding the same information, and thus extend previous findings on working memory function of the posterior parietal cortex in saccadic behavior to reach-to-grasp movements.
Injuries in professional soccer are a significant concern for teams, and they are caused amongst others by high training load. This cohort study describes the relationship between workload parameters and the occurrence of non-contact injuries, during weeks with high and low workload in professional soccer players throughout the season. Twenty-one professional soccer players aged 28.3 ± 3.9 yrs. who competed in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League participated in this 48-week study. The external load was monitored using global positioning system (GPS, GPSPORTS Systems Pty Ltd) and the type of injury was documented daily by the team's medical staff. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated for non-contact injuries for high- and low-load weeks according to acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), and AW variation (Δ-Acute) values. By using Poisson distribution, the interval between previous and new injuries were estimated. Overall, 12 non-contact injuries occurred during high load and 9 during low load weeks. Based on the variables ACWR and Δ-AW, there was a significantly increased risk of sustaining non-contact injuries (p < 0.05) during high-load weeks for ACWR (OR: 4.67), and Δ-AW (OR: 4.07). Finally, the expected time between injuries was significantly shorter in high load weeks for ACWR [1.25 vs. 3.33, rate ratio time (RRT)] and Δ-AW (1.33 vs. 3.45, RRT) respectively, compared to low load weeks. The risk of sustaining injuries was significantly larger during high workload weeks for ACWR, and Δ-AW compared with low workload weeks. The observed high OR in high load weeks indicate that there is a significant relationship between workload and occurrence of non-contact injuries. The predicted time to new injuries is shorter in high load weeks compared to low load weeks. Therefore, the frequency of injuries is higher during high load weeks for ACWR and Δ-AW. ACWR and Δ-AW appear to be good indicators for estimating the injury risk, and the time interval between injuries.
Workload-Driven Fragment Allocation for Partially Replicated Databases Using Linear Programming
(2019)
In replication schemes, replica nodes can process read-only queries on snapshots of the master node without violating transactional consistency. By analyzing the workload, we can identify query access patterns and replicate data depending to its access frequency. In this paper, we define a linear programming (LP) model to calculate the set of partial replicas with the lowest overall memory capacity while evenly balancing the query load. Furthermore, we propose a scalable decomposition heuristic to calculate solutions for larger problem sizes. While guaranteeing the same performance as state-of-the-art heuristics, our decomposition approach calculates allocations with up to 23% lower memory footprint for the TPC-H benchmark.
Modern server systems with large NUMA architectures necessitate (i) data being distributed over the available computing nodes and (ii) NUMA-aware query processing to enable effective parallel processing in database systems. As these architectures incur significant latency and throughout penalties for accessing non-local data, queries should be executed as close as possible to the data. To further increase both performance and efficiency, data that is not relevant for the query result should be skipped as early as possible. One way to achieve this goal is horizontal partitioning to improve static partition pruning. As part of our ongoing work on workload-driven partitioning, we have implemented a recent approach called aggressive data skipping and extended it to handle both analytical as well as transactional access patterns. In this paper, we evaluate this approach with the workload and data of a production enterprise system of a Global 2000 company. The results show that over 80% of all tuples can be skipped in average while the resulting partitioning schemata are surprisingly stable over time.
Workplace friendships
(2023)
Workplace friendships, i.e., when work colleagues are also friends, are a widespread phenomenon in organizations which has attracted increasing research interest in recent decades. Numerous studies have investigated consequences of workplace friendships and found positive outcomes, such as increased employee job satisfaction or organizational performance, as well as negative outcomes, such as decreased knowledge-sharing between different friendship cliques. Other studies have examined what shapes workplace friendships, focusing on determinants such as personality or the spatial composition of organizations. Finally, an increasing number of studies focus on multiplex workplace friendships, where employees who are friends are also linked by a specific work-focused relationship. In this chapter, we first take stock of the literature on workplace friendships by providing an overview of their antecedents and consequences at the individual, the group, and the organizational level, and review the smaller body of research on multiplex workplace friendships. Second, we critically discuss practical implications of workplace friendships, focusing on their relevance to three current challenges for employees and organizations: the increase in virtual work, social inequalities in organizations, and the increased overlap of professional and private life. Finally, we provide recommendations for organizations on how to address these challenges and effectively manage workplace friendships.
Purpose: Work-related anxieties are frequent and have a negative effect on the occupational performance of patients and absence due to sickness. Most important is workplace phobia, that is, panic when approaching or even thinking of the workplace. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of workplace phobia among primary care patients suffering from chronic mental disorders and to describe which illness-related or workplace-specific context factors are associated with workplace phobia.
Methods: A convenience sample of 288 primary care patients with chronic mental disorders (70% women) seen by 40 primary care clinicians in Germany were assessed using a standardized diagnostic interview about mental disorders and workplace problems. Workplace phobia was assessed by the Workplace Phobia Scale and a structured Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnostic interview. In addition, capacity and participation restrictions, illness severity, and sick leave were assessed.
Results: Workplace phobia was found in 10% of patients with chronic mental disorders, that is, approximately about 3% of all general practice patients. Patients with workplace phobia had longer durations of sick leave than patients without workplace phobia and were impaired to a higher degree in work-relevant capacities. They also had a higher degree of restrictions in participation in other areas of life.
Conclusions: Workplace phobia seems to be a frequent problem in primary care. It may behoove primary care clinicians to consider workplace-related anxiety, including phobia, particularly when patients ask for a work excuse for nonspecific somatic complaints.
Workshop on Implementing Automata : WIA99 - pre-proceedings ; Potsdam, Germany, 17 - 19. July 1999
(1999)
Management of data to produce scientific knowledge is a key challenge for biological research in the 21st century. Emerging high-throughput technologies allow life science researchers to produce big data at speeds and in amounts that were unthinkable just a few years ago. This places high demands on all aspects of the workflow: from data capture (including the experimental constraints of the experiment), analysis and preservation, to peer-reviewed publication of results. Failure to recognise the issues at each level can lead to serious conflicts and mistakes; research may then be compromised as a result of the publication of non-coherent protocols, or the misinterpretation of published data. In this report, we present the results from a workshop that was organised to create an ontological data-modelling framework for Laboratory Protocol Standards for the Molecular Methods Database (MolMeth). The workshop provided a set of short- and long-term goals for the MolMeth database, the most important being the decision to use the established EXACT description of biomedical ontologies as a starting point.
Worth the pain?
(2021)
How do exporting firms react to sanctions? Specifically, which firms are willing — or capable — to serve the market of a sanctioned country? We investigate this question for four sanctions episodes using monthly data on the universe of French exporting firms. We draw on recent econometric advances in the estimation of dynamic fixed effects binary choice models. We find that the introduction of new sanctions in Iran and Russia significantly lowered firm-level probabilities of serving these sanctioned markets, while the (temporary) lifting of the U.S. sanctions on Cuba and the removal of sanctions against Myanmar had no or only small trade-inducing effects, respectively. Additionally, the impact of sanctions is very heterogeneous along firm dimensions and by case particularities. Firms that depend more on trade finance instruments are more strongly affected, while prior experience in the sanctioned country considerably softens the blow of sanctions, and firms can be partly immune to the sanctions effect if they are specialized in serving “crisis countries”. Finally, we find suggestive evidence for sanctions avoidance by exporting indirectly via neighboring countries.
Would the world be a better place if one were to adopt a European approach to state immunity?
(2021)
This chapter argues not only that there is no European Sonderweg (or ‘special way’) when it comes to the law of state immunity but that there ought not to be one. Debates within The Hague Conference on Private International Law in the late 1990s and those leading to the adoption of the 2002 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States, as well as the development of the EU Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and Enforcement, as amended in 2015, all demonstrate that state immunity was not meant to be limited by such treaties but ‘safeguarded’. Likewise, there is no proof that regional European customary law limits state immunity when it comes to ius cogens violations, as Italy and (partly) Greece are the only European states denying state immunity in such cases while the European Court of Human Rights has, time and again, upheld a broad concept of state immunity. It therefore seems unlikely that in the foreseeable future a specific European customary law norm on state immunity will develop, especially given the lack of participation in such practice by those states most concerned by the matter, including Germany. This chapter considers the possible legal implications of the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court for European military operations (if such operations went beyond peacekeeping). These implications would mainly depend on the question of attribution: if one where to assume that acts undertaken within the framework of military operations led by the EU were to be, at least also, attributable to the troop-contributing member states, the respective troop-contributing state would be entitled to enjoy state immunity exactly to the same degree as in any kind of unilateral military operations. Additionally, some possible perspectives beyond Sentenza 238/2014 are examined, in particular concerning the redress awarded by domestic courts ‘as long as’ neither the German nor the international system grant equivalent protection to the victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during World War II. In the author’s opinion, strengthening the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, bringing interstate cases for damages before the International Court of Justice, as well as providing for claims commissions where individual compensation might be sought for violations of international humanitarian law would be more useful and appropriate mechanisms than denying state immunity.
Two optically obscured Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars have been recently discovered by means of their infrared (IR) circumstellar shells, which show signatures of interaction with each other. Following the systematics of the WR star catalogues, these stars obtain the names WR 120bb and WR 120bc. In this paper, we present and analyse new near-IR, J-, H- and K-band spectra using the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet model atmosphere code. For that purpose, the atomic data base of the code has been extended in order to include all significant lines in the near-IR bands.
The spectra of both stars are classified as WN9h. As their spectra are very similar the parameters that we obtained by the spectral analyses hardly differ. Despite their late spectral subtype, we found relatively high stellar temperatures of 63 kK. The wind composition is dominated by helium, while hydrogen is depleted to 25 per cent by mass.
Because of their location in the Scutum-Centaurus Arm, WR 120bb and WR 120bc appear highly reddened, A(Ks) approximate to 2 mag. We adopt a common distance of 5.8 kpc to both stars, which complies with the typical absolute K-band magnitude for the WN9h subtype of -6.5 mag, is consistent with their observed extinction based on comparison with other massive stars in the region, and allows for the possibility that their shells are interacting with each other. This leads to luminosities of log(L/L-circle dot) = 5.66 and 5.54 for WR 120bb and WR 120bc, with large uncertainties due to the adopted distance.
The values of the luminosities of WR 120bb and WR 120bc imply that the immediate precursors of both stars were red supergiants (RSG). This implies in turn that the circumstellar shells associated with WR 120bb and WR 120bc were formed by interaction between the WR wind and the dense material shed during the preceding RSG phase.
WR 148 (HD 197406) is an extreme runaway system considered to be a potential candidate for a short-period (4.3173 d) rare WR + compact object binary. Provided with new high-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectra from the Keck observatory, we determine the orbital parameters for both the primary WR and the secondary, yielding respective projected orbital velocity amplitudes of 88.1 ± 3.8 km s−1 and 79.2 ± 3.1 km s−1 and implying a mass ratio of 1.1 ± 0.1. We then apply the shift-and-add technique to disentangle the spectra and obtain spectra compatible with a WN7ha and an O4-6 star. Considering an orbital inclination of ∼67°, derived from previous polarimetry observations, the system's total mass would be a mere 2–3M⊙⁠, an unprecedented result for a putative massive binary system. However, a system comprising a 37M⊙ secondary (typical mass of an O5V star) and a 33M⊙ primary (given the mass ratio) would infer an inclination of ∼18°. We therefore reconsider the previous methods of deriving the orbital inclination based on time-dependent polarimetry and photometry. While the polarimetric results are inconclusive requiring better data, the photometric results favour low inclinations. Finally, we compute WR 148’s space velocity and retrace the runaway's trajectory back to the Galactic plane (GP). With an ejection velocity of 198 ± 27 km s−1 and a travel time of 4.7 ± 0.8 Myr to reach its current location, WR 148 was most likely ejected via dynamical interactions in a young cluster.
WR Central Stars
(2003)
This book explores how capitalism shapes the formation of the economic subject in modern European writing. How are subject positions determined by the subject’s relationship to money and work? How fair is a society that predicates social inclusion upon employment? And what happens when full employment is impossible? The volume traces how literary authors and social theorists have answered these questions in different social and historical contexts from the nineteenth century to the present day. The contributions confront the imperatives of productivity, notions of success and failure, the construction of work cultures and environments, the (in)visibility of certain labour groups, and the implications of the body as a productive site.
Writing-between-worlds
(2016)
WRKY23 is a component of the transcriptional network mediating auxin feedback on PIN polarity
(2018)
Auxin is unique among plant hormones due to its directional transport that is mediated by the polarly distributed PIN auxin transporters at the plasma membrane. The canalization hypothesis proposes that the auxin feedback on its polar flow is a crucial, plant-specific mechanism mediating multiple self-organizing developmental processes. Here, we used the auxin effect on the PIN polar localization in Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a proxy for the auxin feedback on the PIN polarity during canalization. We performed microarray experiments to find regulators of this process that act downstream of auxin. We identified genes that were transcriptionally regulated by auxin in an AXR3/IAA17-and ARF7/ARF19-dependent manner. Besides the known components of the PIN polarity, such as PID and PIP5K kinases, a number of potential new regulators were detected, among which the WRKY23 transcription factor, which was characterized in more detail. Gain-and loss-of-function mutants confirmed a role for WRKY23 in mediating the auxin effect on the PIN polarity. Accordingly, processes requiring auxin-mediated PIN polarity rearrangements, such as vascular tissue development during leaf venation, showed a higher WRKY23 expression and required the WRKY23 activity. Our results provide initial insights into the auxin transcriptional network acting upstream of PIN polarization and, potentially, canalization-mediated plant development.
Massive runaway stars produce bow shocks through the interaction of their winds with the interstellar medium, with the prospect for particle acceleration by the shocks. These objects are consequently candidates for non-thermal emission. Our aim is to investigate the X-ray emission from these sources. We observed with XMM-Newton a sample of five bow shock runaways, which constitutes a significant improvement of the sample of bow shock runaways studied in X-rays so far. A careful analysis of the data did not reveal any X-ray emission related to the bow shocks. However, X-ray emission from the stars is detected, in agreement with the expected thermal emission from stellar winds. On the basis of background measurements we derive conservative upper limits between 0.3 and 10 keV on the bow shocks emission. Using a simple radiation model, these limits together with radio upper limits allow us to constrain some of the main physical quantities involved in the non-thermal emission processes, such as the magnetic field strength and the amount of incident infrared photons. The reasons likely responsible for the non-detection of non-thermal radiation are discussed. Finally, using energy budget arguments, we investigate the detectability of inverse Compton X-rays in a more extended sample of catalogued runaway star bow shocks. From our analysis we conclude that a clear identification of non-thermal X-rays from massive runaway bow shocks requires one order of magnitude (or higher) sensitivity improvement with respect to present observatories.
An overview is given on the current state of X-ray absorption measurements on silicate melts and glasses. The challenges, limitations, and achievements of analyzing X-ray absorption spectra measured in liquids to determine structural properties of major and minor elements in magmas are described, with particular focus on describing non-Gaussian pair distribution functions in highly disordered glasses and melts, measured at in situ conditions. This includes a discussion on the progress of combining experiments with data from molecular dynamics simulations. For the measurements at conditions of the deep Earth, various experimental approaches and necessities are discussed and two examples are described in more detail. Finally, the achievements and prospects are presented for measuring X-ray absorption spectra indirectly by X-ray Raman scattering.
X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) enable unprecedented new ways to study the electronic structure and dynamics of transition metal systems. L-edge absorption spectroscopy is a powerful technique for such studies and the feasibility of this method at XFELs for solutions and solids has been demonstrated. However, the required x-ray bandwidth is an order of magnitude narrower than that of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), and additional monochromatization is needed. Here we compare L-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of a prototypical transition metal system based on monochromatizing the SASE radiation of the linac coherent light source (LCLS) with a new technique based on self-seeding of LCLS. We demonstrate how L-edge XAS can be performed using the self-seeding scheme without the need of an additional beam line monochromator. We show how the spectral shape and pulse energy depend on the undulator setup and how this affects the x-ray spectroscopy measurements. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America
Sinusoidally shaped surface relief gratings made of polymer films containing, azobenzene moieties can be created by holographic illumination with laser light of about lambda approximate to 500 nm. The remarkable material transport takes place at temperatures far (100 K) below the glass transition temperature of the material. As probed by visible light scattering the efficiency of grating formation crucially depends on the polarization state of the laser light and is maximal when circular polarization is used. In contrast to VIS light scattering X-ray diffraction is most sensitive for periodic surface undulations with amplitudes below 10 nm. Thus, combined in-situ X-ray and visible light scattering at CHESS were used to investigate the dynamics of surface relief grating formations upon laser illumination. The time development of grating peaks up to 9th order at laser power of P = 20 mW/cm(2) could be investigated, even the onset of grating formation as a function of light polarization. A linear growth of grating amplitude was observed for all polarizations. The growth velocity is maximal using circularly polarized light but very small for s-polarized light