Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (2841) (remove)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2582)
- Doctoral Thesis (107)
- Other (61)
- Review (51)
- Preprint (17)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (12)
- Habilitation Thesis (6)
- Conference Proceeding (3)
- Part of a Book (2)
Language
- English (2841) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (2841)
Keywords
- Holocene (36)
- climate change (34)
- Climate change (21)
- Earthquake source observations (20)
- permafrost (19)
- Himalaya (18)
- Tibetan Plateau (18)
- Pollen (17)
- erosion (17)
- Seismicity and tectonics (16)
- Siberia (13)
- Arctic (11)
- Body waves (11)
- Site effects (11)
- Time-series analysis (11)
- Chile (10)
- Climate (10)
- climate (10)
- Central Asia (9)
- Germany (9)
- Ostracoda (9)
- Paleoclimate (9)
- Wave propagation (9)
- cosmogenic nuclides (9)
- landscape evolution (9)
- Central Andes (8)
- Europe (8)
- Inverse theory (8)
- Pamir (8)
- earthquake (8)
- induced seismicity (8)
- modelling (8)
- pollen (8)
- precipitation (8)
- remote sensing (8)
- stable isotopes (8)
- Andes (7)
- Asia (7)
- Diatoms (7)
- Earthquake hazards (7)
- Erosion (7)
- Geochronology (7)
- Himalayas (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Quaternary (7)
- Water quality (7)
- exhumation (7)
- landslide (7)
- landslides (7)
- paleoclimate (7)
- subduction (7)
- thermochronology (7)
- China (6)
- Earthquake (6)
- Ecosystem services (6)
- Geochemistry (6)
- InSAR (6)
- Induced seismicity (6)
- Iran (6)
- Lake sediments (6)
- PHREEQC (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Permafrost (6)
- Precipitation (6)
- Principal component analysis (6)
- Seismic tomography (6)
- South America (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- carbon cycle (6)
- deep biosphere (6)
- floods (6)
- modeling (6)
- reactive transport (6)
- subduction zone (6)
- tectonics (6)
- time series analysis (6)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Anatolia (5)
- Brazil (5)
- Crustal structure (5)
- East Africa (5)
- Flood risk (5)
- Indian summer monsoon (5)
- Inversion (5)
- Land use (5)
- Land use change (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Monsoon (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Remote sensing (5)
- Seismic attenuation (5)
- Soil moisture (5)
- Statistical seismology (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction (5)
- Subduction zone processes (5)
- Tectonics (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Topography (5)
- Transfer function (5)
- Turkey (5)
- Uncertainty (5)
- Wind erosion (5)
- Younger Dryas (5)
- carbon dioxide (5)
- connectivity (5)
- flood risk (5)
- geochronology (5)
- grain size (5)
- hydrology (5)
- isotopes (5)
- lakes (5)
- melt inclusions (5)
- monsoon (5)
- thermokarst (5)
- uncertainty (5)
- Adaptation (4)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Cenozoic (4)
- Computational seismology (4)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (4)
- Database (4)
- Earthquake dynamics (4)
- Earthquake ground motions (4)
- East African Rift System (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Electrical conductivity (4)
- Flood (4)
- Fluid-rock interaction (4)
- GPS (4)
- Geomorphology (4)
- Geostatistics (4)
- Graph theory (4)
- Ground penetrating radar (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- Groundwater (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (4)
- Lakes (4)
- Landsat (4)
- Landslide (4)
- LiDAR (4)
- Lonar Lake (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Magnetotellurics (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mediterranean (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- Methane (4)
- NW Argentina (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Neotethys (4)
- Oman (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Russia (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (4)
- TRMM (4)
- Temperature (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermokarst (4)
- Time series analysis (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- analysis (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- body waves (4)
- climate change adaptation (4)
- evapotranspiration (4)
- governance (4)
- machine learning (4)
- magnetostratigraphy (4)
- methane (4)
- model (4)
- natural hazards (4)
- numerical modeling (4)
- palaeoecology (4)
- partial melting (4)
- radiation belts (4)
- runoff (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- soil moisture (4)
- suspended sediment (4)
- treeline (4)
- trend analysis (4)
- uplift (4)
- vulnerability (4)
- water quality (4)
- wetland (4)
- Active tectonics (3)
- Alaska (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algeria (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- Asian monsoon (3)
- Benzene (3)
- Beringia (3)
- Biomarkers (3)
- Biosilicification (3)
- Bolboschoenus maritimus (3)
- Central Europe (3)
- Chironomids (3)
- Climate variability (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Connectivity (3)
- Controlled source seismology (3)
- Deformation (3)
- Dynamics: seismotectonics (3)
- Early warning (3)
- Earthworms (3)
- Eastern Alps (3)
- Ebro basin (3)
- Edough (3)
- Electromagnetics (3)
- Eocene (3)
- Epistemic uncertainty (3)
- Event synchronization (3)
- Extreme rainfall (3)
- Flooding (3)
- Fluorescence imaging (3)
- Fourier analysis (3)
- GIS (3)
- Geodynamics (3)
- Geothermobarometry (3)
- Glaciation (3)
- Ground-motion prediction equation (3)
- Human evolution (3)
- Human impact (3)
- Hydrology (3)
- Indian monsoon (3)
- Interferometry (3)
- Inundation (3)
- Ionic liquids (3)
- Ionosphere (3)
- Italy (3)
- Kamchatka (3)
- Kenya Rift (3)
- KiK-net (3)
- Kyrgyzstan (3)
- Lake Van (3)
- Lake sediment (3)
- MTBE (3)
- Marine terraces (3)
- Menderes Massif (3)
- Metamorphism (3)
- Modeling (3)
- Modelling (3)
- Monitoring (3)
- Multifunctionality (3)
- Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (3)
- Neogene (3)
- Nepal (3)
- Neural networks (3)
- New Zealand (3)
- Nitrogen (3)
- Northeast German Basin (3)
- Northern Andes (3)
- Nutrients (3)
- Organic matter (3)
- Overland flow (3)
- Pacific Ocean (3)
- Paleoclimatology (3)
- Paleogene (3)
- Paleohydrology (3)
- Paleoseismology (3)
- Phosphorus (3)
- Pleistocene (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- Random Forest (3)
- Recurrence plot (3)
- Resilience (3)
- Rhizosphere (3)
- S receiver functions (3)
- SWAT (3)
- Sediment budget (3)
- Sediment connectivity (3)
- Sediment load (3)
- Seismic cycle (3)
- Seismicity (3)
- Seismology (3)
- Sensitivity analysis (3)
- Sentinel-1 (3)
- Shallow-water carbonates (3)
- Soil (3)
- Soil erosion (3)
- Soil hydrology (3)
- South American Monsoon (3)
- Spectroscopy (3)
- Stable isotopes (3)
- Statistical methods (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Svalbard (3)
- Tarim Basin (3)
- Tectonic geomorphology (3)
- Tephrostratigraphy (3)
- TerraceM (3)
- Tian Shan (3)
- Tien Shan (3)
- Triassic (3)
- Variscan (3)
- Varves (3)
- Volcano seismology (3)
- Water depth (3)
- Waveform inversion (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Westerlies (3)
- XRD (3)
- XRF (3)
- adaptation (3)
- agriculture (3)
- ambient noise (3)
- bacteria (3)
- biomarker (3)
- biostratigraphy (3)
- catchment (3)
- change detection (3)
- coastal erosion (3)
- convection (3)
- damage (3)
- deposition (3)
- diatoms (3)
- digital rock physics (3)
- drainage networks (3)
- dust (3)
- early warning (3)
- eclogite (3)
- electrical resistivity (3)
- equifinality (3)
- evaporites (3)
- exposure (3)
- extension (3)
- floodplain (3)
- fluid inclusions (3)
- fluid-rock interaction (3)
- forecasting (3)
- geochemistry (3)
- geomorphology (3)
- geomorphometry (3)
- glacier (3)
- heterogeneity (3)
- human impact (3)
- hydropower (3)
- imaging (3)
- imaging spectroscopy (3)
- impact (3)
- lake sediments (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- lidar (3)
- migration (3)
- models (3)
- monitoring (3)
- nitrogen (3)
- numerical simulation (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- olivine (3)
- organic matter (3)
- pH (3)
- paleoaltimetry (3)
- paleolimnology (3)
- paleomagnetism (3)
- permeability (3)
- plume (3)
- radiocarbon (3)
- risk reduction (3)
- river incision (3)
- salt diffusion (3)
- sediment (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sedimentology (3)
- sensitivity (3)
- site effects (3)
- snow (3)
- streamflow (3)
- sulfate reduction (3)
- surface processes (3)
- tectonic geomorphology (3)
- temperature (3)
- thermal modeling (3)
- time series (3)
- upper mantle (3)
- vertical coupling (3)
- water (3)
- water management (3)
- weathering (3)
- AHP (2)
- Acadian (2)
- Affordability (2)
- Agricultural field (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Alborz range (2)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (2)
- Alpine Fault (2)
- Alps (2)
- Andean Plateau (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Antarctica (2)
- Ar dating (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 dating (2)
- Aragonite (2)
- Arctic Ocean (2)
- Arctic lakes (2)
- Argentina (2)
- Atlantic Ocean (2)
- August 2002 flood (2)
- Australia (2)
- Autocorrelation (2)
- Badlands (2)
- Barasona Reservoir (2)
- Barents Sea (2)
- Baseline shift (2)
- Batch experiments (2)
- Bayesian inference (2)
- Bayesian logistic regression (2)
- Bayesian networks (2)
- Be-10 (2)
- Biodegradation (2)
- Biogenic silica (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Black shales (2)
- Blueschist (2)
- Boosted regression trees (2)
- CO2 (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Carbon colloid (2)
- Caribbean (2)
- Catchment classification (2)
- Central Chile (2)
- Central Pontides (2)
- Chaiten volcano (2)
- Chinese loess (2)
- Cladocera (2)
- Clay mineralogy (2)
- Climate Change (2)
- Climate change adaptation (2)
- Climate dynamics (2)
- Climate reconstruction (2)
- Coastal erosion (2)
- Coastal uplift (2)
- Compression (2)
- Computational fluid dynamics (2)
- Congo Air Boundary (2)
- Conservation management (2)
- Continental margins: convergent (2)
- Continental neotectonics (2)
- Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform (2)
- Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Coulomb failure stress (2)
- Cretaceous (2)
- DEM (2)
- DFT (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Dead Sea basin (2)
- Deep carbon cycle (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Deposition (2)
- Digital Elevation Model (2)
- Drought (2)
- Drought indices (2)
- ECHSE (2)
- ENSO (2)
- EXAFS (2)
- Earthquakes (2)
- East Asian summer monsoon (2)
- East European Craton (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Eastern Mediterranean (2)
- Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eger Rift (2)
- Electromagnetic theory (2)
- Element mobility (2)
- EnMAP (2)
- Environmental impact (2)
- Environmental magnetism (2)
- Evapotranspiration (2)
- Exhumation (2)
- Export regime (2)
- Extreme event (2)
- Fish (2)
- Floods (2)
- Floods Directive (2)
- Foraminifera (2)
- Forest (2)
- Fracture and flow (2)
- Functional traits (2)
- Fuzzy logic (2)
- GMPE (2)
- GNSS Reflectometry (2)
- Garnet (2)
- Gas diffusion layer (2)
- Geomorphic systems (2)
- Geophysics (2)
- Glacial geomorphology (2)
- Global change (2)
- Global inversion (2)
- Global warming (2)
- Gondwana (2)
- Grain size (2)
- Grassland (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equations (2)
- Gyttja (2)
- H/V ratio (2)
- HVSR (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hyperion (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Image processing (2)
- India (2)
- Indicators (2)
- Indus (2)
- Insurance (2)
- Integrated modelling (2)
- Interaction (2)
- Interception (2)
- Interdisciplinarity (2)
- June 2013 flood (2)
- Jurassic (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Kinetics (2)
- LGM (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Lake level (2)
- Land-cover change (2)
- Land-use change (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix gmelinii (2)
- Late Cretaceous (2)
- Late Quaternary (2)
- Lateglacial (2)
- Levant (2)
- Limnology (2)
- Lithospheric structure (2)
- Loess (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- Machine learning (2)
- Makran (2)
- Maule (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Metasomatism (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Mongolia (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- Mountain building (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- Nanogranitoids (2)
- Natural hazards (2)
- Near East (2)
- Neotectonics (2)
- Non-monetary valuation (2)
- North America (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Open source (2)
- Orbital forcing (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- P-waves (2)
- Palaeoclimatology (2)
- Palaeoecology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogeography (2)
- Panama (2)
- Paris Agreement (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Passive Microwave (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Peat (2)
- Permian (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Phragmites australis (2)
- Phytoplankton (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plio-Pleistocene (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Provenance (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Puna Plateau (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- REE (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Random forests (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Remediation (2)
- Review (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risk reduction (2)
- River (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- Russian Arctic (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SRTM (2)
- SSW (2)
- SWIM (2)
- Salinity (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Satellite geodesy (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment yield (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seismic anisotropy (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Semiarid (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Slope (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southeast Asia (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spatial scale (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structure elucidation (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subduction zone (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Surface roughness (2)
- Swarm constellation (2)
- Talik (2)
- TanDEM-X (2)
- Tectonic stress (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- The Netherlands (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Tibet (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tomography (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- U-Pb geochronology (2)
- UAV (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- VIIRS DNB (2)
- Validation (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Volatilization (2)
- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Vulnerability (2)
- Walvis Ridge (2)
- Water management (2)
- Wave scattering and diffraction (2)
- Western Central Africa (2)
- Western Europe (2)
- Wetlands (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- acoustic emissions (2)
- anatexis (2)
- arctic (2)
- argon dating (2)
- assessment (2)
- basal accretion (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- biomass (2)
- black carbon (2)
- calcium phosphate (2)
- carbon (2)
- carbonate (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- change (2)
- characteristics (2)
- charcoal (2)
- climate change impact (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate-change (2)
- clustering (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coherency (2)
- collision (2)
- composition (2)
- compound flood (2)
- correlation (2)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (2)
- crust (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- decomposition (2)
- deep carbon cycle (2)
- denudation (2)
- deuterium (2)
- diamond anvil cell (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- diffusion (2)
- digital elevation model (2)
- disturbance (2)
- diversity (2)
- downscaling (2)
- dynamics (2)
- earthquake hydrology (2)
- earthquake source (2)
- earthquake source observations (2)
- earthquakes (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecological niche modelling (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- edge-driven convection (2)
- elastic properties (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- electromagnetic (2)
- eolian dust (2)
- equatorial electrojet (2)
- equatorial ionosphere (2)
- extensional tectonics (2)
- extinction (2)
- extreme events (2)
- extreme rainfall (2)
- facies (2)
- fire (2)
- flood (2)
- flood loss (2)
- flood risk analysis (2)
- flood risk management (2)
- flooding (2)
- floodplain sedimentation (2)
- fluid migration (2)
- fluid-induced seismicity (2)
- fluids (2)
- fluvial geomorphology (2)
- formation damage (2)
- frequency analysis (2)
- fuzzy logic (2)
- garnet (2)
- gas hydrate (2)
- geodynamics (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geophysics (2)
- geothermal (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- geyser (2)
- glacial erosion (2)
- glacial hazards (2)
- glacial lake outburst floods (2)
- glaciers (2)
- global change (2)
- global environmental change (2)
- grain-size distribution (2)
- granitoids (2)
- grazing (2)
- ground motion (2)
- ground-penetrating radar (2)
- heat flow (2)
- heavy rainfall (2)
- helium-4 (2)
- high pressure (2)
- high-pressure (2)
- hillslopes (2)
- human activity (2)
- human evolution (2)
- hydrological drought (2)
- hydrological modeling (2)
- hysteresis (2)
- incision (2)
- inclination shallowing (2)
- insurance (2)
- interception (2)
- invasive species (2)
- inverse analysis (2)
- inversion (2)
- ionic liquids (2)
- knickpoint (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- lake monitoring (2)
- land cover change (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- mapping (2)
- marine terraces (2)
- mass (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- melts (2)
- mica (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial diversity (2)
- minerals (2)
- moment tensor (2)
- mountains (2)
- multivariate regression (2)
- multivariate statistics (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- normal faults (2)
- numerical (2)
- numerical model (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- overland flow (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- participation (2)
- pathogens (2)
- patterns (2)
- peatlands (2)
- permafrost degradation (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phytoplankton (2)
- plateau (2)
- playa (2)
- pluvial floods (2)
- point clouds (2)
- pollution (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- preparedness (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- provenance (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- rainfall (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- receiver function (2)
- record (2)
- redox processes (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- remagnetization (2)
- renewable energy (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resilience (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- rheology (2)
- rifting (2)
- risk management cycle (2)
- rivers (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- satellite data (2)
- scaling (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- seasonality (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (2)
- seismic hazard (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismicity (2)
- seismology (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- silicon (2)
- soil organic carbon (2)
- sorption (2)
- source parameters (2)
- species distribution model (2)
- speleothems (2)
- spin transition (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- strain localization (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- surface wave (2)
- sustainable development (2)
- synthesis (2)
- systems (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- thaw (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thermokarst lakes (2)
- thorium (2)
- torsion (2)
- tourmaline (2)
- trace elements (2)
- travel time distribution (2)
- tundra (2)
- validation (2)
- variability (2)
- vegetation (2)
- virulence (2)
- water balance (2)
- water resources (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- westerlies (2)
- wetlands (2)
- wind speed (2)
- yedoma (2)
- zircon (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- %Ro (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (U-Th) (1)
- (U-Th)/He (1)
- (compliant) cracks (1)
- 0 (1)
- 10-Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- 16S rRNA genes (1)
- 2-D numerical model (1)
- 239+240 Plutonium (1)
- 2D numerical experiments (1)
- 3-D effects (1)
- 3D CAVE (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D map (1)
- 3D mesh generator (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D root (1)
- 3D thermal modelling (1)
- 7924 (1)
- 7934 (1)
- 7959 (1)
- ABSH-system (1)
- AFT (1)
- ALMaSS (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- ALS (1)
- AMOC (1)
- AMSR-E (1)
- AMSR2 (1)
- ANN (1)
- ARCH (1)
- ARIMA (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- AVHRR (1)
- Abrupt events (1)
- Absolute age dating (1)
- Absolute shear-wave velocity (1)
- Absorption feature parameters (1)
- Abundance from Large Sites) model (1)
- Acanthocyclops (1)
- Accelerometer records (1)
- Accretion, underplating and exhumation processes (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Accuracy Assessment (1)
- Acheulian (1)
- Acidification (1)
- Acidithiobacillus (1)
- Acidobacteriaceae (1)
- Acidothermus (1)
- Active fault (1)
- Active seismic (1)
- Active volcanism (1)
- Actual evapotranspiration (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adaptability (1)
- Adaptation process (1)
- Adaptation to climate change (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive value (1)
- Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data (1)
- Advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) (1)
- Advection (1)
- Aegean (1)
- Aegean Sea (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- Africa (1)
- African humid period (1)
- Aftershocks (1)
- Afyon Zone (1)
- Afyon volcanics (1)
- Afyon zone (1)
- AgI (1)
- Age-depth modelling (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Agglutinated foraminifera (1)
- Agricultural fields (1)
- Agricultural landscape (1)
- Agricultural management (1)
- Agricultural soils (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agro-meteorological data (1)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- Air conditioners (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Airborne lidar (1)
- Alanya (1)
- Alas (1)
- Alberta (1)
- Albite-amphibolite facies (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Alkaline igneous rocks (1)
- Alkalinity (1)
- Alkalization (1)
- Allee effect (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Alpine geology (1)
- Alpine hazards (1)
- Altai (1)
- Altai Mountains (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Alto de Las Lagunas Ignimbrite (1)
- Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
- Aluminium– silicates (1)
- Amazon (1)
- Amazon region (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Ambient noise (1)
- Ambient noise tomography (1)
- Ambient seismic noise (1)
- Ambient seismic vibrations (1)
- Ambient vibration analysis (1)
- Ambient vibrations (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amino acid (1)
- Amoebal silicon (1)
- Amorphous silica (1)
- Amphibole geothermobarometry (1)
- Amphibolites (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amplitude and waveform analysis of PcP (1)
- Amplitude ratio (1)
- Anaerobic digestion (1)
- Analog historical seismograms (1)
- Analog material (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Analogue seismic records (1)
- Anatexis (1)
- Anatolia westward motion (1)
- Anatolide-Tauride Block (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Ancient Gneiss Complex (1)
- Ancient forest (1)
- Andean back-arc; (1)
- Andean plateau (1)
- Andean retroarc (1)
- Angastaco Formation (1)
- Angkor (1)
- Animal personalities (1)
- Anisotropy of magnetic remanence (1)
- Annual 30-day minimum flow (1)
- Annual laminae (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1)
- Antarctic glaciology (1)
- Antarctic ice (1)
- Antecedent conditions (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (1)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (ACP) (1)
- Aphanizomenon (1)
- Appalachian Mountains (1)
- Applied geophysics (1)
- Aptian (1)
- Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- Aquatic macrophytes (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Aquifer systems (1)
- Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) (1)
- Ar (1)
- Ar-39 (1)
- Ar-40 (1)
- Ar-40-Ar-39 geochronology (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 age (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 laser ablation (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (1)
- Arabia-Eurasia collision (1)
- Arabian Sea (1)
- Arabian carbonate platform (1)
- Arabian plate (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Arauco Bay (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (1)
- Arc accretion (1)
- Arc magmatism (1)
- Archaean SCLM (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archean (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Arctic Russia (1)
- Arctic climate change (1)
- Arctic limnology (1)
- Arctic ocean (1)
- Argentine margine (1)
- Argentinean broken foreland (1)
- Argon-Argon dating (1)
- Arid Central Asia (1)
- Arid central Asia (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Aridity gradient (1)
- Arkose (1)
- Arktis (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Array measurements (1)
- Artifact (1)
- Artificial catchment (1)
- Artificial mixture (1)
- Artificial neuronal network (1)
- Artificial water catchment (1)
- Ashmura (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Assapaat landslide (1)
- Asset estimation (1)
- Assimilation-fractional crystallization (1)
- Asteroid (1)
- Asthenospheric flow (1)
- Asthenospheric fluid (1)
- Asymmetric basin (1)
- Asymmetric rifting (1)
- Ataturk Dam Lake (1)
- Atlas Mountains (1)
- Atmospheric CO2 concentration (1)
- Atmospheric chemistry (1)
- Atmospheric dynamics (1)
- Atmospheric science (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- Authigenic mineral formation (1)
- Authigenic mineral transformation (1)
- Automatic detection (1)
- Availability (1)
- Avalanche forecasting (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Aymara (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- BNDVI (1)
- Babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. synonym: Orbignya phalerata Mart.) (1)
- Back-arc basin (1)
- Backarc extension (1)
- Backbone model (1)
- Bagging (1)
- Baiu (1)
- Bajgan Complex (1)
- Bajgan/Durkan (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Baladeh earthquake (1)
- Balanced cross section (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Band (1)
- Baraba forest-steppe (1)
- Baragoi (1)
- Barasona reservoir (1)
- Barberton Greenstone Belt (1)
- Barite concretion (1)
- Barremian-Aptian (1)
- Barrovian metamorphism (1)
- Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- Basal Clastics (1)
- Basaltic ash-fall deposits (1)
- Basanite (1)
- Baseline error (1)
- Basement-cored ranges (1)
- Basement-involved thrusts (1)
- Basilika formation (1)
- Basin analysis (1)
- Basin axial submarine channel (1)
- Basomtso (1)
- Bavaria (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical model (1)
- Bayesian model (1)
- Bayesian modeling (1)
- Bayesian non-parametrics (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Be-10 depth-profiles (1)
- Beacon fire (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Bedded chert (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Bentheim sandstone (1)
- Best management practice (1)
- Bet-hedging germination (1)
- Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp czerepanovii (1)
- Big Naryn complex (1)
- Billefjorden trough (1)
- Binalud Mountains (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity experiments (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity monitoring (1)
- Biodiversity theory (1)
- Biogas fermentation residues (1)
- Biogeochemical Si cycle (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biological indicator (1)
- Biomass water (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomisation (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bioturbation (1)
- Bitlis complex (1)
- Bitterfeld (1)
- Bivalvia (1)
- Bivariate flood quantile (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blueschist metamorphism (1)
- Bocono (1)
- Bohemian Massif (1)
- Bohrloch-Rekonstruktion (1)
- Boldness (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Boosted regression trees (BRT) (1)
- Boostrap aggregation (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Boreal ecosystems (1)
- Borehole image logs (1)
- Borehole reconstruction (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Boron isotopes (1)
- Borrelia afzelii (1)
- Borrelia lusitaniae (1)
- Bosumtwi (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Boundary line analysis (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brahmaputra River (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Bray-Curtis (1)
- Brazilian Earth System Model (1)
- Brilliant blue (1)
- Britholite (1)
- British Columbia (1)
- Brittle deformation (1)
- Brittle fault analysis (1)
- Brittle precursors (1)
- Broad-band seismometers (1)
- Brunovistulicum (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Buckingham-Darcy law (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- Bulfat (1)
- Bulk compressibility (1)
- Buntsandstein (1)
- Burned areas (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Bykovsky Peninsula (1)
- C and O K-edge spectra (1)
- C isotopes (1)
- C sequestration (1)
- C-13 and O-18 chemostratigraphy (1)
- C-13-glucose (1)
- C-14 (1)
- C-14 analyses (1)
- C-14 bomb peak (1)
- C-14-derived chronology (1)
- C-Q relationship (1)
- C3 and C4 grasses (1)
- CAOB (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMIP5 models (1)
- CMIP6 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COH fluid (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- CPC-uni (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caatinga (1)
- Calabria (1)
- Caledonian (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (1)
- Can Tho (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canadian Beaufort Sea (1)
- Canary Islands (1)
- Canopy storage capacity (1)
- Canopy structure (1)
- Cantera (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Cappadocia (1)
- Carbo-Iron (R) (1)
- Carbon 14 (1)
- Carbon and oxygen isotopes (1)
- Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13(TOC)) (1)
- Carbon isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbon redistribution (1)
- Carbon sequestration (1)
- Carbon stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonate and mudrock facies (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Carbonate platform response (1)
- Carbonate platforms (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Carboniferous (1)
- Carboniferous magmatism (1)
- Carnian Pluvial Event (1)
- Carpholite (1)
- Catabolic genes (1)
- Catastrophic valley infill (1)
- Catchment (1)
- Catchment characteristics (1)
- Catchment geomorphology (1)
- Catchment order (1)
- Catchment scale (1)
- Catchment wetness (1)
- Cation-exchange capacity (1)
- Causality (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cell counts (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cenozoic basins (1)
- Cenozoic climate transitions (1)
- Cenozoic flat-slab (1)
- Central Alps (1)
- Central Anatolia (1)
- Central Anatolian Plateau (1)
- Central Anatolian plateau (1)
- Central India (1)
- Central Iranian micro-continent (CIM) (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Central Tertiary Basin (1)
- Central Yakutia (1)
- Central andes (1)
- Central-Asia (1)
- Central-western Mongolia (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Cerro Machin Volcano (1)
- Chain structure (1)
- Changbai mountains (1)
- Change detection (1)
- Change point analysis (1)
- Change points (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Changes in fluvial systems (1)
- Channel island (1)
- Chao (1)
- Chara/Characeae (1)
- Characteristic pollen source area (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chemical fractionation (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chile convergent margin (1)
- Chile subduction zone (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Chilean subduction zone (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chloritoid (1)
- Chota formation (1)
- Cignana (1)
- Circular statistics (1)
- City boundaries (1)
- City population (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Cladocoropsis (1)
- Classification trees (1)
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (1)
- Climate adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation Saxony (1)
- Climate feedback (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Climate modelling (1)
- Climate prediction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Climatic variations (1)
- Clockwise P-T path (1)
- Clogging (1)
- Clonal plants (1)
- Closed chamber measurements (1)
- Closure temperature (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Cluster analysis moment (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Coastal Cordillera (Chile) (1)
- Coastal hazards (1)
- Coastal sedimentation (1)
- Coastal sequence of shorelines (1)
- Coastal zone (1)
- Coda waves (1)
- Code_Aster (1)
- Coesite-bearing eclogite (1)
- Cold air surges (1)
- Collision (1)
- Collision zone (1)
- Colloid transport (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Combin (1)
- Combine (1)
- Comets (1)
- Common garden experiments (1)
- Common vole (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comparative hydrology (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Competition (1)
- Complex network (1)
- Complex terrain (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Composition and structure of the continental crust (1)
- Composition of the mantle (1)
- Compositional data analysis (1)
- Compound flood event (1)
- Compound-specific carbon isotope (1)
- Compound-specific isotope (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotopic (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Computational neuroscience (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationship (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationships (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concept of differentiated land use (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductive channel (1)
- Conductive thermal field (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductivity depth model (1)
- Confidence interval (1)
- Coniacian (1)
- Coniacian-Santonian boundary (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Conservation genetics (1)
- Conservation planning (1)
- Consumption (1)
- Contact model (1)
- Continental biomarkers (1)
- Continental margins: transform (1)
- Continental tectonics: compressional (1)
- Continuity (1)
- Continuous temperature logging (1)
- Controlling factors (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convective storms (1)
- Convergent margins (1)
- Cooling and unroofing history (1)
- Cooling rates (1)
- Coordination failure (1)
- Coordination number (1)
- Copernicus (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Coping appraisal (1)
- Copulas (1)
- Coral reef terraces (1)
- Corbicula (1)
- Core complex (1)
- Core-mantle boundary (1)
- Corestone (1)
- Corundum (1)
- Coseismic coastal uplift (1)
- Coseismic rupture (1)
- Coseismic slip distribution (1)
- Cosmic-ray (1)
- Cosmic-ray neutrons (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 erosion rates (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 exposure dating (1)
- Cosmogenic-nuclide geochronology (1)
- Cost-benefit (1)
- Costs (1)
- Cotentin and Western Europe (1)
- Coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- Coupled heat and mass transport (1)
- Crack opening and closure (1)
- Cratons (1)
- Creep (1)
- Creep and deformation (1)
- Cristobalite (1)
- Critical taper wedge (1)
- Critical zone (1)
- Crop rotation (1)
- Crop type mapping (1)
- Cross-dating (1)
- Cross-scale interaction (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Crosshole tomography (1)
- Crustal density (1)
- Crustal earthquakes (1)
- Crustal melting (1)
- Crustal stretching style (1)
- CryoGRID (1)
- Cryogenian (1)
- Cryolithology (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Cryostratigraphy (1)
- Crystal nucleation (1)
- Cs-137 (1)
- Cuesta de la chilca (1)
- Cultural ecosystem services (1)
- Culture growth dynamics (1)
- Cumbres Calchaquies (1)
- Cuora (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobium (1)
- Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) (1)
- Cyprus (1)
- D-enrichment (1)
- DBH (1)
- DCB (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DEM generation (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- DIN EN 1998-1/NA (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DOC (1)
- DOC vs. DIC (1)
- Dairy cow (1)
- Dam engineering (1)
- Damage modeling (1)
- Damage reduction (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations (1)
- Danube (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Database model (1)
- Databases (1)
- Dead Sea (1)
- Dead Sea Basin (1)
- Dead Sea deep drilling project (1)
- Death Valley (1)
- Debris avalanche deposit (1)
- Debris flow (1)
- Debris flows (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Deep biosphere (1)
- Deep fluids (1)
- Deep ocean redox condition (1)
- Deep percolation flux (1)
- Deep-marine sedimentology (1)
- Deep-sea records (1)
- Deforestation (1)
- Deglaciation (1)
- Dehydration (1)
- Denali (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Densification (1)
- Density (1)
- Density dependence (1)
- Depositional origin (1)
- Depositional setting (1)
- Depth perception (1)
- Desert wetland ecosystems (1)
- Desertification (1)
- Detrital layers (1)
- Deuterium excess (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diagenetic barium cycling (1)
- Diamond anvil cell (1)
- Diatexites (1)
- Diatom frustule (1)
- Diffuse pollution (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Digital Elevation Models (1)
- Digital elevation model (1)
- Digital geology (1)
- Digital terrain analysis (1)
- Dinosterol (1)
- Diol (1)
- Direct economic loss (1)
- Direct push (1)
- Directivity (1)
- Disaster impact analysis (1)
- Disaster loss databases (1)
- Discontinuity surfaces (1)
- Dispersal (1)
- Dispersion curve (1)
- Dispersion curves (1)
- Dissolution collapse breccia (1)
- Dissolution precipitation replacement (1)
- Dissolved organic matter (DOM) (1)
- Distachyapites (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- Distribution patterns (1)
- Disturbance index (1)
- Diurnal fluctuations (1)
- Divergent mantle flow (1)
- Dolomites (1)
- Dominant link directions (1)
- Dora-Maira (1)
- Dormancy (1)
- Downholemethods (1)
- Downscaling socio-economic scenarios (1)
- Drainage capture (1)
- Drainage morphometry (1)
- Drainage network (1)
- Drainage networks (1)
- Drill-core reorientation (1)
- Drinking water quality (1)
- Driving forces (1)
- Droughts (1)
- Dry land degradation (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Drylands (1)
- Duplex (1)
- Duricrusts (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust deposition (1)
- Dynamic behavior (1)
- Dynamic bulk modulus (1)
- Dynamic input-output model (1)
- Dynamic landscapes (1)
- Dynamic vegetation models (1)
- Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (1)
- Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle (1)
- Décollement (1)
- E Anatolia (1)
- EDX (1)
- ELA (1)
- EMI sensors (1)
- EMIC (1)
- EMIC waves (1)
- EMMA (1)
- ENSO/IOD (1)
- EPS (1)
- ERA5 (1)
- ERV model (1)
- EU Floods Directive (1)
- Earliest Cambrian (1)
- Early Eocene (1)
- Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (1)
- Early Paleogene (1)
- Early Pleistocene (1)
- Early cretaceous (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Early warning system (1)
- Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective (1)
- Earth materials (1)
- Earth tides (1)
- Earthquake interaction (1)
- Earthquake loss modelling (1)
- Earthquake rates (1)
- Earthquake scenario (1)
- Earthquake swarm (1)
- East African Rift (1)
- East African rift system (1)
- East Siberia (1)
- Eastern Africa (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Eastern Himalaya (1)
- Eastern Tibet (1)
- Eastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Eastern hemisphere (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Eclogites (1)
- Ecogeomorphology (1)
- Ecohydrology (1)
- Ecological boundaries (1)
- Ecological competition (1)
- Ecological health (1)
- Ecological vulnerability (1)
- Economic network (1)
- Ecosystem dissimilarity (1)
- Ecosystem dynamics (1)
- Ecosystem engineer (1)
- Ecosystem function (1)
- Ecosystem functions and services (1)
- Ecosystem research (1)
- Ecosystem response (1)
- Ecotone hierarchy (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Edge effects (1)
- Ediacaran (1)
- Education (1)
- Eemian (1)
- Effective dimensionality (1)
- Effective number of species (1)
- Effectiveness (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Eifel maar (1)
- Eisenbuhl (1)
- El Hierro (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- Elastic response (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- Electrical properties (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electrical resistivity imaging (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electricity generation by source (1)
- Element partitioning (1)
- Ellenberg indicator values (1)
- Elymus trachycaulus (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergence time (1)
- Emergent macrophytes (1)
- Emission scenarios (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Empirical Mode Decomposition (1)
- Empirical ground-motion models (1)
- Empirical site amplification functions (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2 (1)
- End-member modeling (1)
- Endemism (1)
- Endosulfan (1)
- Energy and society (1)
- Energy crops (1)
- Energy security (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Enrichment factor (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Ensembles (1)
- Enstatite (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Environmental change (1)
- Environmental drivers (1)
- Environmental isotopes (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Environmental vulnerability (1)
- Eocene deformation (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene transition (1)
- Ephedripites (1)
- Epiphytic foraminifera (1)
- Equant (stiff) pores (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Equilibrium phase modeling (1)
- Eroded soil types (1)
- Erodium cicutarium (1)
- Erosion processes (1)
- Erosion rate reconstructions (1)
- Error (1)
- Error propagation (1)
- Eruptive recurrence (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Etna (1)
- Euglyphida (1)
- Euler-Liouville (1)
- Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) (1)
- Europa (1)
- European Alps (1)
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (1)
- European Vegetation Archive (EVA) (1)
- European air quality (1)
- European basin system (1)
- European beech forest (1)
- European strong motion data (1)
- Eutrophication (1)
- Evaporites (1)
- Evaporitic varves (1)
- Event-based modeling (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Ex ante assessment (1)
- Ex situ/in situ population genetic comparison (1)
- Excavation plan (1)
- Exchangeable Ca (1)
- Expectation maximisation (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental (1)
- Experimental petrology (1)
- Expert judgment (1)
- Expert study (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extended R-Value model (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extensional duplex (1)
- Extent (1)
- Extracellular DNA (1)
- Extracellular polymeric substances (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extreme discharge data (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme habitats (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Exudates (1)
- F-test (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FEM (1)
- FEM models (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FISH (1)
- FT-ICR-MS (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Faceted taxonomy (1)
- Facies (1)
- Facies modeling (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- Famatina belt (1)
- Famatinian (1)
- Fault core and damage zone (1)
- Fault healing (1)
- Fault linkage and interaction (1)
- Fault-rock microstructures (1)
- Faults (1)
- Fauna (1)
- Fe-C composite (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Federal Water Act (1)
- Feedback biotic-abiotic (1)
- Feldspar zoning (1)
- Felsic volcanism (1)
- Fen stratigraphy (1)
- Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (1)
- Fiber analysis (1)
- Field analogue (1)
- Field aquifer (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Final run (1)
- Firmicutes (1)
- First ovulation (1)
- Fiscal costs (1)
- Fission track (zircon) (1)
- Fission-track thermochronology (1)
- Flash flood (1)
- Flash flood analysis (1)
- Flash floods (1)
- Flood damage potential (1)
- Flood duration (1)
- Flood forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency (1)
- Flood generating processes (1)
- Flood impacts (1)
- Flood loss (1)
- Flood losses (1)
- Flood magnitude (1)
- Flood regimes (1)
- Flood risk management (1)
- Flood timing (1)
- Flora (1)
- Flow regime (1)
- Flow velocity (1)
- Flowback (1)
- Flower structure (1)
- Fluid (1)
- Fluid Flow (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid processes (1)
- Fluid-Gesteins Wechselwirkung (1)
- Fluid/magma reservoir (1)
- Flume channel (1)
- Fluvial Incision (1)
- Fluvial longitudinal profile (1)
- Fluvial terrace (1)
- Focal mechanism (1)
- Focused ion beam (1)
- Fold and thrust belt (1)
- Food security (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Forearc dewatering (1)
- Forecasting (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin fragmentation (1)
- Forensic disaster analysis (1)
- Forest change (1)
- Forest disturbance (1)
- Forest ecosystem (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Forest mineral topsoil (1)
- Forest regeneration (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Formalised scenario analysis (1)
- Fortet member (1)
- Fossil DNA (1)
- Fourier transformation (1)
- Fractional cover (1)
- Fractionation (1)
- Fracture sealing (1)
- Fracture wall offset (1)
- Fractured carbonate geothermal reservoirs (1)
- Framework quantitative ecology (1)
- France (1)
- Frequency Domain Electromagnetics (1)
- Frequency-magnitude distribution (1)
- Freshwater ecosystem (1)
- Frost-cracking (1)
- Fukushima Prefecture (1)
- Full-waveform (1)
- Functional averaging (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- Functional diversity (1)
- Functional effect (1)
- Functional types (1)
- Functions (1)
- Futaba fault (1)
- Fuzzy (1)
- Fuzzy classification (1)
- GAIA (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GEO BON (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GEOTRACES compliant (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GNSS (1)
- GNSS forward scatterometry (1)
- GNSS reflectometry (1)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (1)
- GPM (1)
- GPR (1)
- GPS and GLONASS (1)
- GRACE (1)
- GST (1)
- Gabbro (1)
- Gabbroic rocks (1)
- Gadot Formation (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Ganymede (1)
- Garnet schist (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gas sparging (1)
- Gastropods (1)
- Gaussian Process regression (1)
- Gehyra variegata (1)
- Gekoppelter Wärme- und Massetransport (1)
- Gemmatimonadetes (1)
- Generalization error (1)
- Generalized Extreme Value distribution (1)
- Generalized additive models (1)
- Generalized linear models (1)
- Generalized linear models (GLMs) (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Genetic model (1)
- Geo-Visualisation (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geochemical indices (1)
- Geochemical modelling (1)
- Geochemical records (1)
- Geodynamic (1)
- Geodynamic modelling (1)
- Geographic information systems (1)
- Geoinformation Science (1)
- Geologic mapping (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetism (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanical modelling (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomorphic coupling (1)
- Geomorphic indices (1)
- Geomorphological mapping (1)
- Geophysical methods (1)
- Geophysical prospecting (1)
- Geopotential theory (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geotechnical parameters (1)
- Geothermal (1)
- Geothermal applications in Oman (1)
- Geoökologie (1)
- Germanic Basin (1)
- Gerris (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Glacial (1)
- Glacial buzzsaw (1)
- Glacial lake (1)
- Glacial lake outbursts (1)
- Glacial landscape history (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacier Mass Balances (1)
- Glacier foreland (1)
- Glacierized basins (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glaucophane (1)
- Glaucophane schist (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global climate change (1)
- Global monsoon (1)
- Global precipitation measurement (1)
- Global sensitivity analysis (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Glueckstadtgraben (1)
- Gnetaceaepollenites (1)
- Gokceada Island (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Gondwanaoberh (1)
- Gongjue basin (1)
- Gorkha earthquake (1)
- Grain for Green Project (1)
- Grain-size (1)
- Grain-size end-member modelling (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granites (1)
- Granitoid magmas (1)
- Granular materials (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Granulites (1)
- Graphitization (1)
- GrassPlot (1)
- Gravel-bed (1)
- Gravitational potential energy (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Gravity inversion (1)
- Gravity modelling (1)
- Great Himalayan earthquakes (1)
- Greek Islands (1)
- Green investment (1)
- Green surge (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Greenhouse gas source (1)
- Greenland ice cores (1)
- Gridded rainfall (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (1)
- Ground motion (1)
- Ground motion and GPS (1)
- Ground motion prediction equation (1)
- Ground squirrel nest (1)
- Ground vegetation (1)
- Ground-based estimates (1)
- Ground-motion model (1)
- Ground-motion models (1)
- Ground-motion-model (1)
- Groundwater quality (1)
- Groundwater recharge (1)
- Groundwater remediation (1)
- Groundwater-stream water interactions (1)
- Growth zoning (1)
- Groß beta Schönebeck (1)
- Grt-Pyx exsolution (1)
- Guajira Peninsula (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- Gutenberg-Richter relationship (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum quantification (1)
- H/V Verhältnis (1)
- H/V method (1)
- H/V ratio technique (1)
- H/V spectral ratio (1)
- HBV-light model (1)
- HP and UHP metamorphism (1)
- HP metamorphism (1)
- HP-LT metamorphic rocks (1)
- HP-LT rocks (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- HP-granulite (1)
- HP-metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HT/LP metamorphism (1)
- HTC biochar (1)
- HYPE model (1)
- Habitat fragmentation (1)
- Habitat management (1)
- Habitat suitability (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Haida Gwaii (1)
- Hail (1)
- Haimantas (1)
- Halobacteria (1)
- Harran Plain (1)
- He (1)
- He thermochronology (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Heat flux (1)
- Heating and cooling electricity consumption (1)
- Heating energy demand (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Heinrich event (1)
- Heinrich events (1)
- Hemispherical photography (1)
- Hepatic enzyme (1)
- Heteroscedastic (1)
- Heteroscedasticity (1)
- Hf isotopes (1)
- Hiatus (1)
- Hidden Markov model (1)
- Hierarchical clustering (1)
- Hierarchical model (1)
- Hierarchical partitioning (1)
- High Arctic Large Igneous Province (1)
- High Asia (1)
- High Mountain Asia (1)
- High frequency back-projection (1)
- High mountain ecology (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High pressure and high temperature; (1)
- High rate GPS (1)
- High-Grade Metamorphism (1)
- High-pressure (1)
- High-rate GPS (1)
- High-rateGPS (1)
- High-temperature experiments (1)
- High-temperature shear zones (1)
- Higher-order effects (1)
- Hillslope pedosequence (1)
- Hillslope thermokarst (1)
- Himalayan hydroclimate (1)
- Himalayan rivers (1)
- Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) (1)
- Hindu Kush-Karakoram (1)
- Historic natural hazards (1)
- Historical events (1)
- Historical seismogram reproductions (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie (1)
- Holocene Climate (1)
- Holocene Thermal Maximum (1)
- Holocene thermal maximum (1)
- Hominin (1)
- Hominin evolution (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Homo sapiens (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- Huisman-Olff-Fresco models (1)
- Hula Basin (1)
- Humahuaca Basin (1)
- Humic layer (1)
- Humidity (1)
- Humification (1)
- Humus forms (1)
- Hunter-gatherers (1)
- Hutchinson niche (1)
- Hydraulic aperture (1)
- Hydraulic connectivity (1)
- Hydraulic fracture (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing (1)
- Hydraulic loading rate (1)
- Hydraulics (1)
- Hydro-mechanical coupling (1)
- Hydro-meteorological indices (1)
- HydroGeoSphere (1)
- Hydroclimate (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (1)
- Hydrogeomorphic type (1)
- Hydrological balance (1)
- Hydrological flowpaths (1)
- Hydrological model (1)
- Hydrological modelling (1)
- Hydrological monitoring (1)
- Hydrological time series analysis (1)
- Hydrologie (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hydrometric networks (1)
- Hydromorphologic alteration (1)
- Hydropedology (1)
- Hydrophobic treatment (1)
- Hydrostratigraphic model (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Hydrus-1D (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- Hyetograph classification (1)
- Hypersaline lake (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- Hypolimnetic oxygen (1)
- Hyporheic zone (1)
- Hypothesis generation (1)
- Hypsometry analysis (1)
- Hysteresis index (1)
- Hämolyse (1)
- IAPETUS suture (1)
- IBM (1)
- ICDP (1)
- ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (1)
- ICESat-2 (1)
- IGP (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- IODP (1)
- IPCC (1)
- IPCC AR5 scenarios (1)
- IRD (1)
- ISSR (1)
- Iberian Basin (1)
- Iberian Peninsula (1)
- Ice sheet dynamics (1)
- Ice wedges (1)
- Ice-wedge polygon (1)
- Identifiability (1)
- Idiosomic Si pool (1)
- Illitization (1)
- Image classification (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Immigration by air (1)
- Impact assessment (1)
- Impacts (1)
- Imputation (1)
- In situ C-14 (1)
- In situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- In situ stress field (1)
- In-situ Laser Ablation Split Stream ICPMS (1)
- In-situ cosmogenic Be-10 (1)
- In-situ degradation rates (1)
- In-situ remediation (1)
- In-stream geomorphological structures (1)
- In-stream processes (1)
- Incentives (1)
- Incomplete inventories (1)
- Index of connectivity (1)
- Index of dispersion (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Ocean (1)
- Indian ocean dipole (1)
- Indicator species (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Indonesian throughflow (1)
- Inference model (1)
- Infiltrability (1)
- Inflow and outflow (1)
- Informative prior (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Infrared observations (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial ecosystem (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Intangible losses (1)
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1)
- Integrated environmental modelling (1)
- Integration (1)
- Inter-Andean valley (1)
- Inter-annual glacier elevation change (1)
- Inter-phase mass transfer (1)
- Interdisciplinary links (1)
- Interior (1)
- Interior Alaska (1)
- Intermediate-deep earthquakes (1)
- International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (1)
- International policy (1)
- International unions (1)
- Intertidal organisms (1)
- Interzeptionsverdunstung (1)
- Intra-oceanic subduction (1)
- Intracellular DNA (1)
- Intraplate earthquakes (1)
- Intraplate processes (1)
- Intraplate seismicity (1)
- Inverse Theory (1)
- Inverse filtering (1)
- Inverse methods (1)
- Inversion for moment tensors (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Inylchek Glacier (1)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (1)
- Ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- Iraq (1)
- Irrawaddy River (1)
- Irrigation (1)
- Irrigation experiment (1)
- Isabena river (1)
- Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin (1)
- Island (1)
- Island arc (1)
- Isochrones (1)
- Isomap (1)
- Isometric feature mapping (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotope proxy (1)
- Isotope-hydrological integrated modeling (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Israel (1)
- Issyk Kul (1)
- Issyk-Kul (1)
- Ivrea Zone (1)
- JULIA (1)
- Jaccard (1)
- Jafnayn formation (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- James Ross archipelago (1)
- Japan (1)
- Japan subduction zone (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- Joint inversion (1)
- Jurassic arc (1)
- Jwalamukhi Thrust (1)
- K-Ar system (1)
- K-means technique (1)
- Kaghan (1)
- Kaghan Valley (1)
- Kalahari (1)
- Kalakuli Lake (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kameng River section (1)
- Kanas Lake (1)
- Kappa (1)
- Karaburun (1)
- Kardia mine (1)
- Karelian Isthmus (1)
- Kashmir earthquake (1)
- Kaya Identity (1)
- Kazakhstan (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kernel occurrence rate (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- Kettle hole (1)
- Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (1)
- Khatanga (1)
- Khatanga river (1)
- Kinematics of crustal (1)
- Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knickzones (1)
- Kobresia meadow (1)
- Kokchetavite (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Krankheitserreger (1)
- Ksat (1)
- Kuilyu Complex (1)
- Kuilyu complex (1)
- Kumdykolite (1)
- Kurils (1)
- Kurpsai dam (1)
- Kwajalein (1)
- L-Asterisk (1)
- L-moments estimation (1)
- LAI (1)
- LANDSAT (1)
- LIA (1)
- LLSVPs (1)
- LM (1)
- LP (1)
- LPJ-GUESS (1)
- La Pampa (1)
- Lacustrine carbonate (1)
- Lacustrine carbonates (1)
- Lacustrine record (1)
- Lacustrine sediments (1)
- Lacustrine surface samples (1)
- Lake Bayan Nuur (1)
- Lake Chiuta (1)
- Lake Issyk‐ Kul (1)
- Lake Kinneret (1)
- Lake Lisan (1)
- Lake Magadi (1)
- Lake Malawi basin (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Medvedevskoe (1)
- Lake Stechlin (1)
- Lake Turkana (1)
- Lake deposits (1)
- Lake model (1)
- Lake-area (1)
- Lake-ice cover (1)
- Lake-surfaces variability (1)
- Lamina thickness (1)
- Laminated lake sediments (1)
- Land and water (1)
- Land cover change (1)
- Land cover maps (1)
- Land reform (1)
- Land use conception (1)
- Land-use planning (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landform assemblages (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landsat time-series (1)
- Landscape (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landscape aesthetics (1)
- Landscape change (1)
- Landscape dynamics (1)
- Landscape planning (1)
- Landscape preferences (1)
- Landscape structure (1)
- Landscape values (1)
- Landscape visualisation (1)
- Landscapes (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslide dam (1)
- Landslide inventory (1)
- Landslide susceptibility (1)
- Large basins (1)
- Larger benthic foraminifera (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Laser ICP-MS (1)
- Laser fluorination (1)
- Last Interglacial (1)
- Last cold stage (1)
- Last interglacial-glacial transition (1)
- Late Cenozoic (1)
- Late Devonian (1)
- Late Triassic (1)
- Late cretaceous (1)
- Late pleistocene (1)
- Late-Holocene (1)
- Lateinamerika (1)
- Latemar (1)
- Latin America (1)
- Laurentide Ice Sheet (1)
- Lawsonite (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf wax (1)
- Lech catchment (1)
- Leeuwin Current (1)
- Legitimacy (1)
- Lehmann discontinuity (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Leones Glacier (1)
- Lesser Himalayan Duplex (1)
- Leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses (1)
- Levant climate (1)
- Levee (1)
- Level of confidence (1)
- Leveling data (1)
- Li-F granite (1)
- Lichenometry (1)
- Life history (1)
- Liguride Complex (1)
- Limestone assimilation in basanite (1)
- Linking (1)
- Lipid (1)
- Lipid biomarker (1)
- Lipid biomarkers (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquid water distribution (1)
- Literature review (1)
- Lithosphere (1)
- Lithosphereasthenosphere boundary (1)
- Little Ice Age (1)
- Liver function (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Local knowledge (1)
- Local magnitude scale (1)
- Local structure Yttrium, Strontium, Lanthanum (1)
- Local-to-regional scale (1)
- Logic tree (1)
- Logic trees (1)
- Logistic regression (1)
- Lombok (1)
- Lonar Crater Lake (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Long-range transport (1)
- Loop-loop systems (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Loss modeling (1)
- Loss modelling (1)
- Lotus corniculatus (1)
- Low flow indicator (1)
- Low impact development (1)
- Low-centred polygon (1)
- Lower Cretaceous (1)
- Lower Palaeolithic (1)
- Lower Paleolithic (1)
- Lower crustal flow (1)
- Lowland catchment (1)
- Lu-Hf in garnet (1)
- Lu-Hf system (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Luminescence dating (1)
- Lupinus albus (1)
- Lut Blocks (1)
- Luxury tourism (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- Lysimeter control systems (1)
- M(w)8.8 Maule earthquake (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MARS (1)
- MAT(mr) paleothermometer (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- MCA (1)
- MCDM (1)
- MHT (1)
- MIT (1)
- MNDWI (1)
- MO (1)
- MODFLOW (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MODIS ET (1)
- MRD (1)
- MWAC (1)
- Macerals (1)
- Macrolepidoptera (1)
- Macrophytes (1)
- Madeira island (1)
- Mafic Rocks (1)
- Magma migration and fragmentation (1)
- Magma mixing (1)
- Magnetic field variations through time (1)
- Magnetic hydrochar (1)
- Magnetic properties (1)
- Magnetic susceptibility (1)
- Magnetic+Susceptibility (1)
- Magnitude and frequency (1)
- Magnitude scalin (1)
- Mahneshan Metamorphic Complex (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Major and trace elements (1)
- Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Management (1)
- Manifold (1)
- Mann-Kendall test (1)
- Mantle processes (1)
- Mantle rheology (1)
- Mantle source (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 13 (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 3 (1)
- Marine terrace (1)
- Markov Blanket (1)
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion (1)
- Marmara Sea (1)
- Mars (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Mass balance approach (1)
- Mass extinction (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Mathematical formulation (1)
- Mato Grosso (1)
- Matter cycling (1)
- Matter dynamics (1)
- Maturity (1)
- Maule megathrust (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum magnitude of earthquake (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Mechanical aperture (1)
- Mechanical properties (1)
- Medieval Climate Anomaly (1)
- Mediterranean Basin (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Mediterranean fluvial systems (1)
- Mediterranean rivers (1)
- Mediterranean shallow lake (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mediterranean-mountainous (1)
- Mekong delta (1)
- Melainabacteria (1)
- Melt (1)
- Melt inclusions (1)
- Merensky Reef (1)
- Merida Andes (1)
- Mermia ichnofacies (1)
- Mesh convergence (1)
- Mesorbitolina (1)
- Mesoscale (1)
- Mesoscale systems (1)
- Messinian Erosional Surface (1)
- Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
- Meta-plagiogranite (1)
- Meta-trachyandesite (1)
- Metabarcoding (1)
- Metamorphic core complex (1)
- Metamorphic evolution (1)
- Metamorphic sole (1)
- Metapelites (1)
- Metapelitic rock (1)
- Metasedimentary succession (1)
- Metasediments (1)
- Metastability (1)
- Meteorites (1)
- Metering (1)
- Methane leakage (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Methylheptadecanes (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mg/Ca (1)
- Micro-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Micro-aggregates (1)
- Micro-fades (1)
- Micro-structure (1)
- Microalgae assemblages (1)
- Microbial community analysis (1)
- Microbial mounds (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Microcontinent (1)
- Microcrack (1)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (1)
- Microfacies (1)
- Microfossils (1)
- Microhabitats (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microseismic monitoring (1)
- Microseismicity (1)
- Microtremors (1)
- Mid-late Holocene (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Middle Eocene deformation (1)
- Middle Holocene (1)
- Middle Palaeolithic (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Middle Tianshan (1)
- Middle-Upper Permian (1)
- Migmatites (1)
- Migration (1)
- Milankovitch (1)
- Military conversion (1)
- Millennial-scale variability (1)
- Mineral composition (1)
- Mineral soil (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mineralogy (1)
- Minimum mortality temperature (1)
- Miocene deformation (1)
- Miocene volcanism (1)
- Misho complex (1)
- Missing data (1)
- Mitigation (1)
- Mitigation measures (1)
- Mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland (1)
- Mixed-effects regression (1)
- Mixing model (1)
- Mixing models (1)
- Mixture model (1)
- Miyakejima intrusion (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model availability (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model complexity (1)
- Model coupling (1)
- Model development (1)
- Model landscape (1)
- Model selection (1)
- Modeling framework (1)
- Modeling tools for decision-making (1)
- Modern analogues (1)
- Modern pollen/vegetation relationships (1)
- Moho depths (1)
- Moisture availability (1)
- Moisture evolution (1)
- Moisture reconstructions (1)
- Moisture-advection feedback (1)
- Molasse Basin (1)
- Molecular design (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Monetary valuation (1)
- Monitoring programmes (1)
- Monsoonal variability (1)
- Moodies Group (1)
- Moon (1)
- Moraine landscape (1)
- Morisita (1)
- Morisita-Horn (1)
- Morphotectonics (1)
- Mosha Fault (1)
- Moss samples (1)
- Mossbauer spectroscopy (1)
- Moulouya river basin (1)
- Mountain hydrology (1)
- Mountain lake (1)
- Mountain meteorology (1)
- Mozambique Ocean (1)
- Mt. Quincan (1)
- Mudrock analyses (1)
- Multi-angular model-based decomposition (1)
- Multi-attribute decision-making (1)
- Multi-proxy record (1)
- Multi-site study (1)
- Multi-temporal (1)
- Multi-variables (1)
- Multicomponent ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data (1)
- Multidimensionality (1)
- Multilevel model (1)
- Multiple regression (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- Multivariate adaptive regression splines (1)
- Multivariate regression trees (1)
- Multivariate statistical analysis (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- N (1)
- N isotopes (1)
- N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NAC transcription factor ATAF1 (1)
- NAO (1)
- NDVI temporal profiles (1)
- NE Spain (1)
- NESS (1)
- NFSA (1)
- NMDS (1)
- NOR (1)
- NSGA-II (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- NW Morocco (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- NW-Argentine Andes (1)
- Na-pyrophosphate soluble organic matter (1)
- Najd aquifer (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namche Barwa syntaxis (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Namibian passive margin (1)
- Nano-XRF (1)
- NanoSIMS (1)
- Nanogranites (1)
- Nanolayers (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanorocks (1)
- Narrow (1)
- Natura 2000 monitoring (1)
- Natural dam (1)
- Natural hazard (1)
- Nature protection (1)
- Nd isotopic composition (1)
- Near surface geophysics (1)
- Near+Surface (1)
- Near-source saturation (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Nearshore zone (1)
- Neoacadian orogenic cycles (1)
- Neodymium isotopes (1)
- Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift (1)
- Neotethys Ocean (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Nested scenarios (1)
- Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) (1)
- Net precipitation (1)
- Network analysis (1)
- Networks (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural networks, fuzzy logic (1)
- Neutron radiography (1)
- Nevado Coropuna (1)
- Nianbaoyeze Mountains (1)
- Niche stability (1)
- Niger River Basin (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrate retention (1)
- Nitrate-N (1)
- NlpR (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-ergodic PSHA (1)
- Non-marine (1)
- Non-parametric regression (1)
- Non-scalar input factors (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nonlinear site response (1)
- Nonparametric statistics (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- Norfolk Island (1)
- Normal (1)
- Normal fault evolution (1)
- North (1)
- North Africa (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (1)
- North Atlantic Oscillation (1)
- North Atlantic climate change (1)
- North Atlantic forcing (1)
- North Calabrian Unit (1)
- North Iran (1)
- North Pacific (1)
- North Pacific Ocean (1)
- North Tehran Fault (1)
- North-Western Pacific (1)
- North-eastern Germany (1)
- North-eastern Morocco (1)
- North-eastern Spain (1)
- Northeast China (1)
- Northeast Iran (1)
- Northeast Spain (1)
- Northeast of Brazil (1)
- Northeastern China (1)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (1)
- Northern Europe (1)
- Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (1)
- Northern Makran (1)
- Northern Patagonian Icefield (1)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Northern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Northern Zagros Suture Zone (NZSZ) (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Northwestern Turkey (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norway rat (1)
- Nothofagus (1)
- Nuclear explosions (1)
- Numerical model (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Numerical study (1)
- Nutrient export (1)
- O horizon (1)
- O ligands (1)
- O-2 (1)
- OAE-2 (1)
- OBIA (1)
- ODD model description (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- OLCI (1)
- OLI (1)
- OSL (1)
- OSL and C-14 geochronology (1)
- OSL dating (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Ocean color remote sensing (1)
- Ocean sciences (1)
- Ocean tidal model (1)
- Oceanic anoxic event 1a (1)
- Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- Ohalo Site (1)
- Ohre Rift (1)
- Oil sands (1)
- Old Red Sandstone (1)
- Olduvai Subchron (1)
- Oligochaeta (1)
- Omphacite (1)
- Ooid shoals (1)
- Opal-A (1)
- Opal-CT (1)
- Open tropical rain forest (1)
- OpenFOAM (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- OpenGeosys (1)
- OpenLayers 3 (1)
- OpenStreetMap (1)
- Operational and environmental effects (1)
- Operational use (1)
- Ophiolite (1)
- Ophiolite obduction (1)
- Optical absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Optical methods (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- Optimal city size distribution (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Orbitoides (1)
- Ordination (1)
- Ordovician (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organic chemistry (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Organic matter stabilization (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Orinoco River system (1)
- Orogen-parallel lateral extrusion (1)
- Orogenic Plateaus (1)
- Orogenic wedge (1)
- Orogenic wedges (1)
- Orographic barrier (1)
- Orographicprecipitation (1)
- Orthoptera (1)
- Orthotropy (1)
- Out-of-sequence thrust (1)
- Output uncertainty (1)
- Overland Bow (1)
- Overland flow generation (1)
- Oxygen and carbon isotopes (1)
- Oxygen isotope compositions (1)
- Oxygen mapping (1)
- Oyster (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P-T path (1)
- P-T-d-tpaths (1)
- P-n tomography (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PAN (1)
- PCA (1)
- PDO (1)
- PETM (1)
- PGE (1)
- PGM (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- POL (1)
- PSD (1)
- PT estimates (1)
- PT path (1)
- PT pseudosection (1)
- PTMEs (1)
- Pace-of-life (1)
- Pacific-Asia convergence (1)
- Palaeo-Tethys (1)
- Palaeo-lake sediments (1)
- Palaeo-landslides (1)
- Palaeo-seismicity (1)
- Palaeo-shorelines (1)
- Palaeo-vegetation (1)
- Palaeoceanography (1)
- Palaeoclimate proxy (1)
- Palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- Palaeodrainage (1)
- Palaeoenvironments (1)
- Palaeofloods (1)
- Palaeogene (1)
- Palaeogeography (1)
- Palaeoliminology (1)
- Palaeomagnetism (1)
- Palaeotemperature (1)
- Palaeotethys (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Palaeovegetation (1)
- Paleo (1)
- Paleo-ecology (1)
- Paleo-productivity (1)
- Paleo-tethys (1)
- Paleoarchean (1)
- Paleobiogeography (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleoclimatic dynamics (1)
- Paleocurrent (1)
- Paleoecology (1)
- Paleoenvironmental (1)
- Paleoenvironmental change (1)
- Paleolake Lorenyang (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleosol (1)
- Paleotethys (1)
- Palygorskite (1)
- Palynostratigraphy (1)
- Paläoklimadynamik (1)
- Pamir Mountains (1)
- Pamir mountains (1)
- Pan-African (1)
- Pan-African magmatism (1)
- Panama Canal watershed (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Panjal Traps (1)
- Parana-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Pargasite (1)
- Parlung River (1)
- Partial melt (1)
- Participation (1)
- Particle flow code (1)
- Particle mobility (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Particle-size fractions (1)
- Passiv-seismische Interferometrie (1)
- Passive seismic (1)
- Passive seismic interferometry (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Patagonian Ice Sheet (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Pb ages (1)
- Peak flow trends (1)
- Peak-over-threshold (1)
- Peat properties (1)
- Pebas/Acre system (1)
- Peclet number (1)
- Pedestal moraine (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Pedogenic carbonate nodules (1)
- Pedotransfer function (1)
- Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (1)
- Per capita growth rate (1)
- Perchlorate (1)
- Perennial frozen ground (1)
- Performance (1)
- Peri-urban agriculture (1)
- Peridotites (1)
- Peridotitic melts (1)
- Permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- Permafrost coasts (1)
- Permafrost degradation (1)
- Permafrost ecosystem (1)
- Permafrost peatlands (1)
- Permanent uplift (1)
- Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perumytilus mussels (1)
- Peruvian fore arc (1)
- Pesticide transport (1)
- Petrogenesis (1)
- Petrography (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phase angle (1)
- Phenological correction (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphogenesis (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical environment (1)
- Physical rock properties (1)
- Phytolith dissolution (1)
- Phytolith morphotypes (1)
- Phytoliths (1)
- Piedmont Zone (1)
- Pierson-Moskowitz spectra (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot-scale constructed wetland (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Pine (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Pitzer (1)
- Plan oblique relief (1)
- Planetary cartography (1)
- Planktothrix (1)
- Plant growth (1)
- Plant macro-remains (1)
- Plant n-alkanes (1)
- Plant phenology (1)
- Plasma convection (1)
- Plateau margins (1)
- Pleistocene and Holocene climate (1)
- Pleistocene/Holocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene timeframe (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistozän Zeitfenster (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Poaceae (1)
- Pohang (Korea) (1)
- Point cloud (1)
- Polarisation analysis (1)
- Policy (1)
- Pollen size (1)
- Pollen source area (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Pollen-climate calibration (1)
- Pollen-climate relationship (1)
- Pollen-climate transfer function (1)
- Pollinator conservation (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Population dynamics (1)
- Pore analysis (1)
- Pore network modeling (1)
- Porous sandstone (1)
- Portugal (1)
- Poshtuk (1)
- Poshtuk metapelites (1)
- Post-glacial landscape (1)
- Posterior estimation (1)
- Potamogeton/Stuckenia (1)
- Potassic white mica (1)
- Potassium (1)
- Power-to-Gas (1)
- Precambrain (1)
- Precaution (1)
- Precession (1)
- Precipitation events (1)
- Precipitation pattern (1)
- Precipitation reconstruction (1)
- Precipitation variability (1)
- Precise point positioning (1)
- Predation (1)
- Prediction (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preparedness (1)
- Primitive island-arc (1)
- Probabilistic exposure modelling (1)
- Probabilistic forecasting (1)
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and Bayesian inference (1)
- Process domains (1)
- Process models (1)
- Procrustes analysis (1)
- Project monitoring (1)
- Proportional population growth rate (1)
- Proto-North Atlantic (1)
- Protolith (1)
- Provenance analysis (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Pseudo-binary phase diagrams (1)
- Pseudoleucite (1)
- Pseudotachylyte (1)
- Pu239+240 (1)
- Public good game (1)
- Public policy (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Pull-Apart Basin (1)
- Pull-apart basin (1)
- Pulsed climate variability hypothesis (1)
- Puna (1)
- Punishment (1)
- Push factor (1)
- Q(10) (1)
- QBO (1)
- Qilian mountains (1)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) (1)
- Quantification of runoff components (1)
- Quantile Regression Forest model (1)
- Quantile regression (1)
- Quantile regression forests (1)
- Quantitative reconstruction (1)
- Quantitative regional plant abundance (1)
- Quarter-wavelength principle (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quaternary climate (1)
- Quaternary climate change (1)
- Quaternary geochronology (1)
- Quaternary maar volcanism (1)
- Quaternary terraces (1)
- Quercus brantii (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- RCP scenarios (1)
- RCP4,5 and 8,5 (1)
- RCP4.5 (1)
- RCP8.5 (1)
- RETC (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation (1)
- REVEALS model (1)
- RHA1 (1)
- RSCM thermometry (1)
- Rac-metalaxyl (1)
- Radar rainfall data (1)
- Radioactivity (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiocarbon age dating (1)
- Radiocarbon and OSL dating (1)
- Radioisotope disequilibria dating (1)
- Radiolaria (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rain gauges (1)
- Rainfall (1)
- Rainfall event (1)
- Rainfall floods (1)
- Rainfall interception (1)
- Rainfall network (1)
- Rainfall simulation (1)
- Rainfall-triggered landslide (1)
- Rainforest (1)
- Raman (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Rangeland (1)
- Rangeland management (1)
- Rangifer tarandus (1)
- Rapid exhumation/cooling (1)
- RapidEye (1)
- Rare common comparison (1)
- Rare earth element (REE) distribution (1)
- Rate of compositional change (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Raw observation (1)
- Rayleigh test (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochron (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reactive transport (1)
- Real Estate Portal (1)
- Real time (1)
- Recent forest (1)
- Recharge (1)
- Recharge controls (1)
- Reclamation (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Recurrence analysis (1)
- Red River (1)
- Red Sea (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD plus ) (1)
- Reduction targets (1)
- Redundancy analysis (1)
- Reefs (1)
- Reference site (1)
- Reference station (1)
- Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Regime shifts (1)
- Regional climate models (1)
- Regional cooperation (1)
- Regional ecosystem service management (1)
- Regional forcings (1)
- Regional objectives (1)
- Regional scale (1)
- Regional-dependence (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Regoliths (1)
- Relative dating (1)
- Renewable energy (1)
- Renovation (1)
- Rental Prize (1)
- Reproductive performance (1)
- Reptile (1)
- Research needs (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Reservoir network (1)
- Reservoir temperature (1)
- Reservoirs (1)
- Residential building stock (1)
- Residual analysis (1)
- Residual maximum likelihood (1)
- Respiration (1)
- Respiration rate (1)
- Response function (1)
- Retention (1)
- Rewetting (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Rheology: crust and (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Rifted continental margin (1)
- Ring complex (1)
- Riparian vegetation (1)
- Riparian zone (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk dominance (1)
- Risk perception (1)
- Risk zoning (1)
- Riskspreading (1)
- River Esera (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- River Isabena (1)
- River basin (1)
- River bed sediment (1)
- River discharge (1)
- River flow (1)
- River incision (1)
- River profiles (1)
- River-groundwater exchange (1)
- River-groundwater-interaction (1)
- Riverine floods (1)
- Roach (1)
- Rock glacier (1)
- Rock-Eval pyrolysis (1)
- Rocky deserts (1)
- Rodinia (1)
- Role-play (1)
- Romania (1)
- Root morphology (1)
- Root respiration (1)
- Root water uptake (1)
- Rooting depth (1)
- Roots (1)
- Rossby waves (1)
- Rotifers (1)
- Roughness (1)
- Rover station (1)
- Runoff modeling (1)
- Russian Arctic region (1)
- Rutile mineral chemistry (1)
- Ryukyu Group (1)
- Ryukyu Islands (1)
- S-receiver functions (1)
- S-type granite (1)
- S-wave velocity (1)
- S-waves (1)
- SAFIRA II (1)
- SAR (1)
- SDM (1)
- SEBAL (1)
- SEM (1)
- SH waves (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SMI (1)
- SN(A)15 (1)
- SPEI (1)
- SPI (1)
- SPM (1)
- SRTM improvements (1)
- SSMI/S (1)
- SW Africa (1)
- Sabzevar (1)
- Salento (1)
- Salinic (1)
- Salt Range (1)
- Salt diapir (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Salt transport (1)
- Salztransport (1)
- Samara (1)
- Sambagawa (1)
- Sampling strategy (1)
- Sanabria Lake (1)
- Sand dune steppe and grassland vegetation (1)
- Sandstone detrital modes (1)
- Santa Cruz Island (1)
- Santa-Barbara system (1)
- Sarmentofascis (1)
- Satellite gravity data (1)
- Satellite magnetics (1)
- Saturated zone (1)
- Sava River (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Scenario study (1)
- Scenarios (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Schleswig-Holstein (1)
- Scotland (1)
- Sea level (1)
- Sea of Galilee (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- Sea-level change (1)
- Sea-level changes (1)
- Seagrasses (1)
- Seasonal forecasting (1)
- Secondary forest (1)
- Sectoral emissions (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment Flux (1)
- Sediment cascade (1)
- Sediment cascades (1)
- Sediment characterization (1)
- Sediment distribution (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Sediment monitoring (1)
- Sediment production (1)
- Sediment recycling (1)
- Sediment redistribution (1)
- Sediment retention (1)
- Sediment reuse (1)
- Sediment storage (1)
- Sediment supply (1)
- Sediment tails (1)
- Sediment transfer (1)
- Sediment transport (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Sedimentary facies (1)
- Sedimentary rocks (1)
- Sedimentation rate (1)
- Seed competition (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic gap (1)
- Seismic hazard (1)
- Seismic hazard assessment (1)
- Seismic imaging (1)
- Seismic investigations (1)
- Seismic load parameters (1)
- Seismic nest (1)
- Seismic network (1)
- Seismic refraction (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismic slip distribution (1)
- Seismic source parameters (1)
- Seismicity and tectonic (1)
- Seismo-tectonics (1)
- Seismo-volcanic activity (1)
- Seismogenic sources (1)
- Seismoturbidites (1)
- Self-organizing map (1)
- Self-propping fracture (1)
- Semi-arid savanna (1)
- Semiarid catchment (1)
- Sensitive areas (1)
- Sentinel 2 (1)
- Sentinel 3 (1)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (1)
- Sequence stratigraphy (1)
- Sequences (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Sericytochromatia (1)
- Shale gas (1)
- Shallow borehole sensors (1)
- Shallow lakes (1)
- Shallow marine deposits (1)
- Shallow subsurface (1)
- Shan (1)
- Shanderman (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape detection (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shear wave splitting (1)
- Shear wave velocity (1)
- Shear zones (1)
- Shell Bar (1)
- Shire River basin (1)
- Shore vegetationa (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Shrubland regeneration (1)
- Si cycling (1)
- Si extraction (1)
- SiO(2)Molecular dynamics (1)
- SiO2-H2O (1)
- Siberian arctic (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Sierra de Aconquija (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas Orientales (1)
- Sigmoid model (1)
- Signal enhancement (1)
- Signal propagation (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate melts (1)
- Silicate weathering (1)
- Silicate- carbonate melts/glasses (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Simulated Mars-like conditions (1)
- Simulation model (1)
- Single station sigma (1)
- Single-station sigma (1)
- Singular value decomposition (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Site amplification (1)
- Site characterisation (1)
- Site classification (1)
- Site proxy (1)
- Site response (1)
- Site-adequate land use (1)
- Site-condition proxies (1)
- Site-specific agricultural land-use (1)
- Siurana Reservoir (1)
- Siwalik (1)
- Siwalik Group (1)
- Siwaliks (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Slab break-off (1)
- Slab retreat (1)
- Slab roll-back (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slip deficit (1)
- Slip distribution (1)
- Slip rate (1)
- Slip-rate (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Slope temperature (1)
- Slope-area plot (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Smallholder (1)
- Snow (1)
- Snow avalanche recognition (1)
- Snow-Water Equivalent (1)
- Snow-cover (1)
- Snowella (1)
- Snowmelt floods (1)
- Social valuation (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Socio-economics (1)
- Socio-economy (1)
- Sociocultural valuation (1)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- Soil C leaching (1)
- Soil C- and N stocks (1)
- Soil carbon (1)
- Soil catena (1)
- Soil contamination (1)
- Soil deposition (1)
- Soil development (1)
- Soil microorganisms (1)
- Soil moisture measurement comparison (1)
- Soil moisture patterns (1)
- Soil moisture regimes (1)
- Soil moisture time series (1)
- Soil monitoring (1)
- Soil organic carbon stocks (1)
- Soil organic carbon storage (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil process modelling (1)
- Soil reaction (1)
- Soil redoximorphic feature (1)
- Soil respiration (1)
- Soil stratification (1)
- Soil texture (1)
- Soil thin-section (1)
- Soil tillage (1)
- Soil water balance (1)
- Soil water balance simulation (1)
- Soil water variability (1)
- Soil-environmental relationships (1)
- Soil-water salinity (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solid Earth sciences (1)
- Solute evolution (1)
- Sommer et al. 2006 (1)
- Source (1)
- Source mechanism (1)
- South Africa (1)
- South Asia (1)
- South Atlantic (1)
- South Central Andes (1)
- South China Sea (1)
- South Korea (1)
- South Pacific Gyre (1)
- South-America (1)
- Southern Apennines (1)
- Southern Caspian Basin (1)
- Southern Central Volcanic Zone (1)
- Southern Ethiopian Rift (1)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern Norway (1)
- Southern Oscillation (1)
- Southern Pamir (1)
- Soybean (1)
- Spatial Modeling (1)
- Spatial analysis (1)
- Spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT) (1)
- Spatial and nonspatial graphs (1)
- Spatial and temporal denudation rate (1)
- Spatial autocorrelation (1)
- Spatial coherence (1)
- Spatial distribution (1)
- Spatial patterns (1)
- Spatial policy (1)
- Spatial structure (1)
- Spatially cross-correlated ground motion (1)
- Spatially explicit modelling (1)
- Spatially explicit models (1)
- Spatially explicit prediction (1)
- Spatio-temporal variability (1)
- Species conservation (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species range shift (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral accelerations (1)
- Spectral analysis (1)
- Spectral clustering analysis (1)
- Spectral decomposition (1)
- Spectral intensity (1)
- Spectral unmixing (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectrophotometry (1)
- Speleoseismology (1)
- Speleothems (1)
- Spin transition (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Sponge spicule (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Sporopollenin (1)
- Spreewald wetland (1)
- Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
- Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes (1)
- Sr-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stability properties (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable isotope fractionation analysis (1)
- Stable oxygen isotopes (1)
- Stable water isotopes (1)
- Stag hunt (1)
- Stage-discharge (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stakeholder participation (1)
- Stalagmite (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standardized precipitation index (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- State space reconstruction (1)
- Static bulk modulus (1)
- Statistical Methods (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- Statistical downscaling (1)
- Statistical modeling (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Steppe (1)
- Steppe-desert (1)
- Stimulation fluids (1)
- Stochastic gradient boosting (1)
- Stochastic model (1)
- Stockholm-convention (1)
- StorAge Selection function (1)
- Storm (1)
- Storm water management model (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strain localisation (1)
- Strain localization Carrara marble (1)
- Strandlines (1)
- Stratal cyclicity (1)
- Strategic uncertainty (1)
- Stratigraphy (1)
- Stream length gradient (1)
- Stream network (1)
- Streamfiow (1)
- Streamflow (1)
- Stress field (1)
- Stress measurement (1)
- Stress parameter (1)
- Stress tensor (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Strong motion (1)
- Strong-motion data (1)
- Strong-motion records (1)
- Strontium-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structural inheritance (1)
- Structural models (1)
- Structure effect (1)
- Structure-from-motion (1)
- Style of faulting (1)
- Störungszone (1)
- Subaerial exposure (1)
- Subantarctic Front (1)
- Subduction Zone (1)
- Subduction earthquakes (1)
- Subduction fluids (1)
- Subduction input (1)
- Subduction interface (1)
- Subduction zone structure (1)
- Subfreezing temperatures (1)
- Submarine channel (1)
- Submarine permafrost (1)
- Submarine sediments (1)
- Submariner Permafrost (1)
- Submerged macrophytes (1)
- Submerged vegetation composition (1)
- Subsea permafrost (1)
- Substrate (1)
- Subsurface energy storage (1)
- Subterranean environment (1)
- Subtropical cyclones (1)
- Sulfate (1)
- Sumatran fault (1)
- Sumba Island (1)
- Summer and winter temperature (1)
- Supercontinent breakup (1)
- Supercontinent cycle (1)
- Support vector machine regression (1)
- Supra-subduction zone (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface Exposure Age (1)
- Surface composition (1)
- Surface floods (1)
- Surface roughness parameters (1)
- Surface waves (1)
- Surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (1)
- Surface-wave methods (1)
- Susceptibility (1)
- Suspended sediment transport (1)
- Suspended-sediment yield (1)
- Sustainable cities (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable land use (1)
- Sustainable natural hazard management (1)
- Sutlej River (1)
- Swarm earthquakes (1)
- Symbology (1)
- Syn-eruptive Hyaloclastic deposits (1)
- Syn-rift breccia (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray (1)
- Synchrotron tomography (1)
- Syntectonic sedimentation (1)
- Synthetic pyroxene (1)
- Syria (1)
- System (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TDS-1 (1)
- TIN (1)
- TL of feldspar (1)
- TL-thermochronology (1)
- TLS (1)
- TOC (1)
- TRMM satellite data (1)
- Tailings ponds (1)
- Tajik Basin (1)
- Takab (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tananao Complex (1)
- Tangible losses (1)
- Taphonomy (1)
- Taranaki Basin (1)
- Tarim Basin, NW China (1)
- Tarim basin (1)
- Tasseled Cap transformation (1)
- Tauern Window; (1)
- Tauride (1)
- Taurus petroleum system (1)
- Team (1)
- TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tectonic Geomorphology (1)
- Tectonic deformation (1)
- Tectonic reconstruction (1)
- Tectonic uplift (1)
- Tectonic-climate coupling (1)
- Tectonics and climatic interactions (1)
- Temperate deciduous forest (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperature time series (1)
- Temperaturerekonstruktion (1)
- Temporal clustering (1)
- Temporal dynamics (1)
- Temporal sensitivity (1)
- Temporal spread (1)
- Temporal stability of soil water fluxes (1)
- Temporal variability (1)
- Temporary pond (1)
- TerraSAR-X (1)
- Terrace reoccupation (1)
- Terraces (1)
- Terrain maps (1)
- Terrestrial C sink (1)
- Terrestrial ecosystem development (1)
- Testate amoeba shell (1)
- Testate amoebae (1)
- Testudines (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Tetrahymanol (1)
- Th-232 (1)
- Th-U-Pb monazite age (1)
- Thaw lakes (1)
- The Geysers (1)
- The northern margin of the South China Sea (1)
- Theriak/Domino (1)
- Thermal electricity production (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- Thermo-sensitive tracers (1)
- Thermobarometry (1)
- Thermodynamic modeling (1)
- Thermodynamic-geochemical modeling (1)
- Thermotoleranz (1)
- Thick-skinned tectonics (1)
- Tholeiite (1)
- Tholeiitic basalts (1)
- Thorichnus-Vatnaspor ichnoassemblage (1)
- Three-dimensional (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thrombolites (1)
- Tian (1)
- Tian Shan piedmont (1)
- Tian shan (1)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tidal marsh vegetation (1)
- Tien Shan (western Central Asia) (1)
- Tien Shan Mountains (1)
- Tile drain (1)
- Tillage (1)
- Tillage erosion (1)
- Time-lag effects (1)
- Time-lapse imaging (1)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (1)
- Tonminerale (1)
- Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) (1)
- Topography reconstruction (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Trace metals (1)
- Tracer (1)
- Tracers (1)
- Transbaikalia (1)
- Transfer functions (1)
- Transform fault (1)
- Transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- Transpression (1)
- Tree age distribution (1)
- Tree line (1)
- Tree species effect (1)
- Tree-based pursuit (1)
- Tree-ring (1)
- Tree-ring software (1)
- Tremp basin (1)
- Triassic rifting (1)
- Triaxial deformation (1)
- Triggered seismicity (1)
- Triphylite (1)
- Tristan mantle plume (1)
- Triticum aestivum L (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Tropical dry deciduous forests (1)
- Tropical high mountains (1)
- Tropical montane forests (1)
- Tropical rainforest (1)
- Tropical storms (1)
- Tropics (1)
- Trout Lake (1)
- Trujillo Block (1)
- Tso Morari (1)
- Tsunami effect (1)
- Tsunamis (1)
- Tundra (1)
- Tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- Tungsten–tin deposits (1)
- Tuning (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidite paleoseismology (1)
- Turbidity retrieval (1)
- Turkana depression (1)
- Tuscany (1)
- Tuz Golu Basin (1)
- Type-I error (1)
- U (1)
- U -Pb dating (1)
- U/Pb dating of titanite (1)
- UAS (1)
- UAVs (1)
- UHP eclogites (1)
- UHP edogites and felsic gneisses (1)
- UHP exhumation (1)
- UHP metamorphism (1)
- UNESCO (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- Uk'37 (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Ultra-high pressure (UHP) (1)
- Ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- Uncertainty analysis (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Unconventional gas (1)
- Unconventional gas production (1)
- Unconventional reservoir potential (1)
- Underground gas storage (1)
- Ungauged catchments (1)
- Uniformitarianism (1)
- Unloading (1)
- Unsaturated zone (1)
- Uplift (1)
- Uplift Rate (1)
- Uplift rate (1)
- Upper Cambrian (1)
- Upper Indus Basin (1)
- Upper Paleozoic (1)
- Upper Permian Zechstein Group Northern Germany (1)
- Urban CO2 emissions (1)
- Urban Kaya relation (1)
- Urban ecosystem analysis (1)
- Urban energy (1)
- Urban learning lab (1)
- Urban scaling (1)
- Urban sprawl (1)
- Urban water cycle (1)
- V-S,V-30 (1)
- V-p (1)
- V-s profiles (1)
- V-s ratios (1)
- V-s,V-30 (1)
- VERB (1)
- VI (1)
- VLBI analysis (1)
- VLP (1)
- VOCs (1)
- VT events and tremor (1)
- Vadose zone (1)
- Valais ocean (1)
- Valley fill (1)
- Valley fills (1)
- Values (1)
- Van Krevelen diagram (1)
- Variability (1)
- Varve (1)
- Varve chronologies (1)
- Varve chronology (1)
- Varve counting (1)
- Varved lake sediments (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- Vegetation composition (1)
- Vegetation diversity indices (1)
- Vegetation driver (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Vegetation-climate disequilibrium (1)
- Vegetative reproduction (1)
- Velocity models (1)
- Vermicompost (1)
- Vertical flow filters (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertical pollen dispersal and deposition (1)
- Vertical resolution (1)
- Vertical-flow soil filter (1)
- Vertisol genesis (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vinoren (1)
- Virtual active seismic (1)
- Virulenz (1)
- Viscous blocking (1)
- Visitors (1)
- Visual system (1)
- Visualisation tool (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Volatiles (1)
- Volcan de Colima (1)
- Volcanic activity (1)
- Volcanic arc processes (1)
- Volcanic collapse (1)
- Volcanic disturbances (1)
- Volcanic rift zone (1)
- Volcanic rocks (1)
- Volcaniclastics (1)
- Volcanology (1)
- Volta Basin (1)
- Volume reconstruction (1)
- Vrica Subchron (1)
- Vulnerability mapping (1)
- W Cantabrian coast (1)
- WAPLS (1)
- WASA-SED (1)
- WGHM (1)
- WRF (1)
- WRF-Chem (1)
- WaSiM-ETH (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (1)
- Water (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Water balance (1)
- Water balance model (1)
- Water budget / balance (1)
- Water chemistry (1)
- Water demand (1)
- Water distribution (1)
- Water quality modelling (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Water stable isotope (1)
- Water storage (1)
- Water storage dynamic (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Water yield (1)
- Watershed (1)
- Wave (1)
- Wave-built terraces (1)
- Wavelet power spectrum (1)
- Wavelet transform (1)
- Wavelet transformation (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weather patterns (1)
- Weather radar (1)
- Weathering indices (1)
- Web maps (1)
- WebGL (1)
- Weighted model ensembles (1)
- Weighted-average partial least squares (1)
- Weights-of-Evidence (1)
- Well productivity (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West Bohemia (1)
- Western Africa (1)
- Western Alps (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Western Interior Basin (1)
- Western Qaidam Basin (1)
- Wheat (1)
- White mica Ar-40/ Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Wide-angle seismic (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Willingness to pay (1)
- Willow tree (1)
- Wind model (1)
- Wind modelling (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Within-field variation (1)
- Within-model uncertainty (1)
- Woodchips (1)
- Woody coverage (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- X-radiography (1)
- X-ray Raman scattering (1)
- X-ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray mapping (1)
- XANES (1)
- XRD in the clay fraction (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- XRF data (1)
- Xigaze ophiolite (1)
- Xining Basin (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Yakutia (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yarlung Tsangpo (1)
- Yedoma (1)
- Yedoma Ice Complex (1)
- Yucatan Peninsula (1)
- Yukon (1)
- Yuli belt (1)
- Yurtus Formation (1)
- Z-P approach (1)
- ZHe tracer thermochronology (1)
- Zagros forests (1)
- Zanskar (1)
- Zechstein salt (1)
- Zechstein-Buntsandstein interval (1)
- Zelezna hurka (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zermatt-Saas (1)
- Ziphiidae (1)
- Zircon U-Pb age (1)
- Zircon U-Pb dating (1)
- Zircon U/Pb and Pb-Pb ages (1)
- Zircon age (1)
- Zircon dating (1)
- Zooxanthellate corals (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessory minerals (1)
- accommodation-space (1)
- accountability (1)
- accretionary complex (1)
- accretionary prism (1)
- accumulation in soils (1)
- acidophilic microorganisms (1)
- acoustic emission (1)
- action plan (1)
- active continental margin (1)
- active layer (1)
- actively growing bacteria (AGB) (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- administrative units (1)
- adsorption (1)
- advection (1)
- aegean (1)
- aeolian (1)
- aeolian input (1)
- aerobic respiration (1)
- aerosols (1)
- afforestation (1)
- afterslip inversion (1)
- age class forest (1)
- age resetting (1)
- age-depth model (1)
- age-elevation relationships (1)
- age-heterogeneity (1)
- agemodeling (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agglomeration (1)
- aggradation-incision cycles (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agroecosystem (1)
- aillikite (1)
- air pollution (1)
- airborne (1)
- airborne geophysics (1)
- airglow (1)
- albedo (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alkaline granites (1)
- alkaline lake (1)
- alluvial fans (1)
- alluvial-fan sedimentation (1)
- alpine (1)
- alpine environment (1)
- alpine grassland degradation (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- altitudinal zonation (1)
- alveolinaceans (1)
- ambition (1)
- ammonia (1)
- ammonia volatilization (1)
- amphibole (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- analog experiment (1)
- analog modeling (1)
- analog models (1)
- ancient DNA (1)
- and Granite Magmatism (1)
- and prediction (1)
- andean geology (1)
- anhydrite inclusions (1)
- animal calories (1)
- anorthite (1)
- anoxia (1)
- ant mounds (1)
- antibiotic resistance (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (1)
- apatite (1)
- apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (1)
- apatite fission track (1)
- apatite fission-track (1)
- apatite fission-track thermochronology (1)
- apatite geochemistry and U-Pb dating (1)
- apatite helium thermochronology (1)
- aquatic carbon cycle (1)
- aquifer-river interface (1)
- archaeology (1)
- archetypical gauging station (1)
- architecture (1)
- arctic tundra (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- arctic-alpine environments (1)
- area-average snow monitoring (1)
- aridification (1)
- arktische Klimaänderung (1)
- artefact avoidance (1)
- artificial light (1)
- artificial light at night (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- artificially drained lowland (1)
- assimilation (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- astronomical calibration (1)
- asymmetric rifting (1)
- atlantic (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atmosphere-only climate model simulations (1)
- atmospheric aerosols (1)
- atmospheric circulation (1)
- atmospheric deposition (1)
- attenuation (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attitudinal transects (1)
- attraction (1)
- attributes (1)
- attribution (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- automated monitoring (1)
- automatic chambers (1)
- automatic lineament extraction (1)
- automatic processing (1)
- autotrophic respiration (1)
- b-value (1)
- back arc basin (1)
- bacterial community composition (1)
- bacterial diversity (1)
- bacterial-community structure (1)
- bandgap (1)
- bank infiltration (1)
- base-level fall (1)
- baseflow (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beaver (1)
- bed disturbance (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock-alluvial channels (1)
- behavioral adaptation (1)
- belowground biomass (1)
- bentonite (1)
- berylium-10 (1)
- beryllium (1)
- best practices (1)
- biodiversity decline (1)
- biofilm (1)
- biogas (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biogeographic provinces (1)
- biogeography (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biological invasion (1)
- biomanipulation (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biosynthetic fractionation (1)
- bioturbation (1)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (1)
- body condition (1)
- body growth rate (1)
- bond strength (1)
- bonding transition (1)
- boosting (1)
- boreal (1)
- boreal forest (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- borehole leakage (1)
- bottom sediments (1)
- boundary element modeling (1)
- boundary exchange (1)
- boundary scavenging (1)
- box turtles (1)
- brackish marsh (1)
- braided alluvial rivers (1)
- branched GDGTs (1)
- breaches (1)
- breccia (1)
- broadband seismometer (1)
- bromeliad (1)
- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry (1)
- brown (1)
- brushite (1)
- bryophytes (1)
- bubble trap (1)
- buildings (1)
- bulk chemistry (1)
- burial (1)
- burning (1)
- calc-alkaline (1)
- calcium (1)
- caldera collapse (1)
- calderas (1)
- calibration (1)
- canopy height (1)
- capacitive sensors (1)
- captive breeding (1)
- carbon burial (1)
- carbon capture and storage (CCS) (1)
- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) (1)
- carbon density (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon flows (1)
- carbon fluxes (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbon stabilization (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbonate assimilation (1)
- carbonate precipitation (1)
- carbonate ramp (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carbonatites (1)
- carnallite (1)
- carnivora (1)
- cartography (1)
- case history (1)
- case study (1)
- cash crops (1)
- cataclasite (1)
- catchment connectivity (1)
- catchment nitrate export (1)
- catchment response (1)
- catchment scale (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell separation (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement (1)
- cementation (1)
- central Andean foreland (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Mongolia (1)
- central Poland (1)
- central south island (1)
- channel geometry (1)
- channel migration (1)
- channel projection (1)
- channel steepness (1)
- channel transmission losses (1)
- channel width (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemocline (1)
- chlorite (1)
- chlorite-phengite thermobarometry (1)
- chloritoid micaschist (1)
- chloritoid stability (1)
- cholecalciferol (1)
- choppering (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chronological construction (1)
- chronology (AICC2012) (1)
- chronostratigraphy (1)
- chronostratigrapy (1)
- circulation (1)
- city district (1)
- classification (1)
- clay (1)
- clay mineral (1)
- clay organic coating (1)
- clay sediments (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climat change (1)
- climate action (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change co-operation (1)
- climate change cooperation (1)
- climate clubs (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climate instability (1)
- climate modeling (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate time series analysis (1)
- climate transition (1)
- climate variability (1)
- climate warming (1)
- climate-carbon cycle feedbacks (1)
- climate-change mitigation (1)
- climate-change policy (1)
- climate-tectonic feedback processes (1)
- climate-tectonic feedbacks (1)
- climatic and tectonic forcing (1)
- climatology (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- clockwise P-T path (1)
- clonal growth (1)
- closed forest (1)
- club goods (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-benefits (1)
- coastal flooding (1)
- coastal floods (1)
- coefficient of determination (1)
- coesite (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- coherence (1)
- coherent noise (1)
- cold surges (1)
- companies (1)
- competition (1)
- competition-defense trade-off (1)
- complexes (1)
- compliance (1)
- composite properties (1)
- compositional gap (1)
- compositional map (1)
- compositional species turnover (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- computational geosciences (1)
- concentration (1)
- conditional commitments (1)
- conductivity map (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- conservation units (1)
- conservative (1)
- contamination processes (1)
- continental break-up (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continental neotectonics (1)
- continental rifting (1)
- continental rifts (1)
- continental shelf (1)
- continuous modelling (1)
- continuous snowpack monitoring (1)
- controlled drainage (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (1)
- convective rainfall (1)
- coordination transformation (1)
- coral (1)
- core flow (1)
- core-shell (1)
- coregistration (1)
- correlation skill (1)
- correlations (1)
- corridors (1)
- cosmic-rays (1)
- cosmogenic burial dating (1)
- cosmogenic erosion rates (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide-dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- cost of electricity (COE) (1)
- cost-benefit analysis (1)
- costs of infrastructure (1)
- coumatetralyl (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- covalency (1)
- creep and unmapped faults; (1)
- critical infrastructure resilience (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- crop products (1)
- cross-calibration (1)
- crown roots (1)
- crustal anatexis (1)
- crustal density structure (1)
- crustal fault (1)
- crustal magma chamber (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- cryosphere (1)
- cryostratigraphy (1)
- crystal growth rate (1)
- crystal nucleation (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cuticle (1)
- cyanobacteria sedimentation (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclic stratigraphy (1)
- daily-discharge time (1)
- damage assessment (1)
- damage estimation (1)
- damage model (1)
- damage surveys (1)
- dams (1)
- data (1)
- data archeology (1)
- data based model (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data scarcity (1)
- data science (1)
- data-based (1)
- data-mining (1)
- databases (1)
- debris avalanche (1)
- debris flow (1)
- debris flows (1)
- debris-flow topography (1)
- decision making (1)
- decision tree (1)
- decompression (1)
- deep convection (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deep low-frequency earthquakes (1)
- deep-level mining (1)
- deep-marine sedimentary processes (1)
- defense against predation (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation monitoring (1)
- deglaciation (1)
- degradation (1)
- dehydration (1)
- delayed fluorescence (1)
- delta O-18 (1)
- delta drift (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density dependence (1)
- density-driven (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- density-functional theory (1)
- dependence (1)
- depletion amplitude (1)
- depositional environment (1)
- derived flood frequency (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deshadowing (1)
- design (1)
- detachment folds (1)
- deterministic (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- detrital geochronology and thermochronology (1)
- detrital zircons (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diamond (1)
- diatom indicator species (1)
- diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- digital core reconstruction (1)
- digital elevation models (1)
- digital grain sizing (1)
- digital terrain analysis (1)
- dike (1)
- dike intrusion (1)
- dike propagation (1)
- dike-induced seismicity (1)
- dike-induced stresses (1)
- diorite (1)
- direct georeferencing (1)
- directivity (1)
- directivity analysis (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discharge (1)
- discharge pattern (1)
- discharge time series (1)
- discharge variability (1)
- discontinuity surfaces (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dislocation creep (1)
- dispersion maxima (1)
- dissolution properties (1)
- dissolved (1)
- dissolved silica concentration (1)
- distal turbidites (1)
- distributed volcanic fields (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance tracking (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- ditch system (1)
- diurnal signal (1)
- dolerite (1)
- doming (1)
- double diffusive convection (1)
- downstream fining (1)
- drainage (1)
- drainage network expansion (1)
- drainage-divide migration (1)
- drained lake basins (1)
- drought stress (1)
- dryland (1)
- dryland rivers (1)
- dumortierite (1)
- duplex (1)
- dust emission and deposition (1)
- dust sources (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamical seasonal prediction (1)
- eDNA (1)
- early Holocene (1)
- early eocene (1)
- earth surface processes (1)
- earth system model (1)
- earth system sciences (1)
- earthflow (1)
- earthquake cycle (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake deformation (1)
- earthquake ground motions (1)
- earthquake hazard analysis (1)
- earthquake hazards (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake nucleation (1)
- earthquake sequences (1)
- earthquake swarms (1)
- earthworm ecological types (1)
- east Africa (1)
- east African rift (1)
- eastern Mediterranean (1)
- eastern Qiangtang terrane (1)
- eastern asia (1)
- eastern south–central Andes (1)
- eclogites (1)
- eco-hydrology (1)
- ecological forecasts (1)
- ecological indication (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- ecological theory (1)
- ecology (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem change (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- ecosystem-based adaptation (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- effective elastic properties (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- efficient method (1)
- elastic geobarometry (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- elastic waves (1)
- elastin-like recombinamers (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electricity generation (1)
- electromagnetic imaging (1)
- electromagnetic scattering (1)
- electromagnetics (1)
- electron lifetime (1)
- electron microprobe (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electronic structure (1)
- electrons (1)
- elevated CO2 (1)
- emergency (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emergency preparedness (1)
- emergency response (1)
- empirical (1)
- end-member mixing (1)
- energy security (1)
- energy transfer (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- ensemble modeling (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmental change (1)
- environmental reconstruction (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- environmental seismology (1)
- environmentalism (1)
- eocene thermal maximum (1)
- epistemic (1)
- epsilon Nd (1)
- equations (1)
- equatorial electrojet (EEJ) (1)
- equatorial plasma depletion (1)
- equilibrium assemblage (1)
- erosion rate (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- erosion-climate link (1)
- eruption (1)
- eruptions (1)
- eruptive cycle (1)
- estimation (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- event characteristics (1)
- event coincidence analysis (1)
- events (1)
- ex-ante impact assessment (1)
- exhumation and uplift (1)
- expedition (1)
- experimental design (1)
- experimental petrology (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploration (1)
- exsolution microstructures (1)
- exsolution textures (1)
- extent of rhizosphere (1)
- extinction event (1)
- extracellular DNA (1)
- extreme discharge (1)
- extreme seasons (1)
- extremes (1)
- facilitation (1)
- falling sphere viscosimetry (1)
- fallout radionuclides (1)
- farmland biodiversity (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fault bend (1)
- fault bend fold (1)
- fault creep (1)
- fault interaction (1)
- fault linkage (1)
- fault network (1)
- fault zone (1)
- faulting behavior (1)
- faults (1)
- feeding trait (1)
- fenite (1)
- ferropicrite magmas (1)
- fields (1)
- fine fraction (1)
- finite element (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- fire history (1)
- fission track thermochronology (1)
- fission-track (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flat-slab subduction (1)
- flexible model (1)
- flood damage (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood frequency (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood genesis (1)
- flood hazard (1)
- flood loss estimation (1)
- flood loss model transfer (1)
- flood mechanisms (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- flood typology (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- floodplains (1)
- flow accumulation (1)
- flow cytometry (1)
- flow regime (1)
- flow velocity (1)
- flow-through experiment (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluctuation (1)
- fluid flow and thermal modelling (1)
- fluid injection (1)
- fluid regime (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1)
- fluvial (1)
- fluvial erosion (1)
- fluvial floods (1)
- fluvial response (1)
- fluvial strath terraces (1)
- fluvial terrace (1)
- fluvial terraces (1)
- flux (1)
- flux tracking (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- food grain policies (1)
- food quality (1)
- food security (1)
- food systems (1)
- food web (1)
- fore arc (1)
- forearc (1)
- forecast (1)
- forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964) (1)
- foreland basin (1)
- foreland-basin stratigraphy (1)
- forest (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest structure (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- fracking (1)
- fractional snow cover (1)
- fracture aperture (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracturing (1)
- freeze-thaw cycling (1)
- frequency (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- freshwater biodiversity (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater ostracods (1)
- frictional melt (1)
- frictional properties (1)
- frontal accretion (1)
- frost‐ cracking (1)
- frozen soil (1)
- full (1)
- functional response (1)
- functional trait correlations (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- fungi (1)
- gabbros (1)
- gap analysis (1)
- gas flux (1)
- gas partial pressure (1)
- gas storage (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-solid (1)
- gaylussite (1)
- gender (1)
- gene sequencing (1)
- generative model (1)
- generic sampling (1)
- geo-bio interaction (1)
- geochemical cycling (1)
- geodynamic evolution of SE Anatolia (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geoecology (1)
- geogenic degassing (1)
- geographical range shifts (1)
- geoinformatics (1)
- geologic hazards (1)
- geologic versus geodetic rates (1)
- geomagnetic (1)
- geomagnetic indices (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetism (1)
- geomodeling (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geomorphic markers (1)
- geostatistics (1)
- geothermal reservoir (1)
- geo–bio interaction (1)
- giant earthquakes (1)
- glacial (1)
- glacial and interglacial permafrost (1)
- glacial buzzsaw (1)
- glacial equilibrium (1)
- glacial geomorphology (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glacial-interglacial cycles (1)
- glacier chemistry (1)
- glacier flow (1)
- glacier melt (1)
- glacier variation (1)
- glacierized basins (1)
- glaciolacustrine sediment (1)
- glaciological instruments and methods (1)
- glass (1)
- glasses (1)
- global (1)
- global Si cycle (1)
- global climate (1)
- global microbial biomass (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global sensitivity analysis (1)
- gneiss domes (1)
- gold (1)
- grain (1)
- grain boundary sliding (1)
- grain storage (1)
- granite (1)
- granite melts (1)
- granulite (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grassland vegetation (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravitational collapse (1)
- gravity modeling (1)
- gravity observations (1)
- gravity-driven slope deformation (1)
- grazing defence (1)
- green algae (1)
- green infrastructure (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- gridded data (1)
- ground ice (1)
- ground motion fields (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- ground motion models (1)
- ground motion prediction equations (1)
- ground response analysis (1)
- ground-motion modelling (1)
- groundwater (1)
- groundwater age (1)
- groundwater dynamics (1)
- groundwater flow modeling (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater lysimeter (1)
- groundwater recharge (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- groundwater table (1)
- groundwater vulnerability (1)
- groundwater-surface water exchange (1)
- groundwater-surface water interaction (1)
- growth rate (1)
- growth response (1)
- growth strata (1)
- growth structures (1)
- guano (1)
- gulf coastal plain (1)
- habitat (1)
- habitat modeling (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- hafnium analysis (1)
- hafnon (1)
- hallow offshore (1)
- hanging wall (1)
- hardgrounds (1)
- hazard (1)
- heat tracing (1)
- heat-stress (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heavy tail behavior (1)
- heavy-tailed distributions (1)
- hellenic volcanic arc (1)
- hemolysins (1)
- hemolysis (1)
- herd composition (1)
- heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties (1)
- heterotrophic respiration (1)
- heuristic analysis (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high mountain environments (1)
- high pressure and temperature (1)
- high pressure research (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high temporal resolution (1)
- high-Pmetamorphism (1)
- high-density reservoir network (1)
- high-frequency data (1)
- high-precision gravimeter (1)
- high-pressure and Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure metasedimentary rocks (1)
- high-resolution biomarkers (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- higher education (1)
- hillslope (1)
- hiss waves (1)
- historical floods (1)
- historical geography (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- holocene (1)
- hominid (1)
- hominin (1)
- hominins (1)
- hotspot (1)
- huddle test (1)
- human settlement (1)
- human-environment system (1)
- hummocky (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid modelling (1)
- hybrid pumped hydro power storage (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydrated silicate (1)
- hydraulic (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic fracturing (1)
- hydro power (1)
- hydro storage (1)
- hydro-geological system (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydrocarbon field (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydroclimatology of floods (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrodynamic level (1)
- hydrogen (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrogen stable isotopes (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrograph partitioning curves (1)
- hydrologic modeling (1)
- hydrological behaviour (1)
- hydrological conditioning (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological signatures (1)
- hydrological uplift and subsidence (1)
- hydrometric network design (1)
- hydrothermal alteration (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrous melt (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hyperaridity (1)
- hypersaline lake (1)
- hyperspectral (1)
- hyporheic zone (1)
- hypothetical trend (1)
- hysteresis pattern (1)
- ice (1)
- ice complex (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- ice sheet (1)
- ice-grain mixture (1)
- ice-rafted debris (1)
- ice-sheet modelling (1)
- ice-shelf tributary glaciers (1)
- identifiability analysis (1)
- identifying influential nodes (1)
- igneous texture (1)
- ilmenite (1)
- image enhancement (1)
- immersive 3D geovisualization (1)
- immobilization (1)
- impact forecasting (1)
- impacts (1)
- impoundment rate (1)
- in (1)
- in situ stress (1)
- in-flight (1)
- in-stream gravel bar (1)
- inclusions (1)
- incommensurate modulation (1)
- indigenous people (1)
- indirect facilitation (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- industrial ecology (1)
- inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- inelastic properties (1)
- inference (1)
- infiltration (1)
- infiltration patterns (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- inheritance (1)
- injections (1)
- injectivity (1)
- inner magnetosphere (1)
- innovation (1)
- input-output (I-O) analysis (1)
- insects (1)
- insights (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integrated modelling (1)
- integrated river basin management (1)
- integrated river basin modelling (1)
- integrative modelling framework (1)
- intensification (1)
- interannual variability (1)
- intercultural understanding (1)
- interdisciplinarity (1)
- interdisciplinary research (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- intermontane basins (1)
- intermontane valleys (1)
- internal structure (1)
- internal validation (1)
- interpretation (1)
- interseismic strain rate (1)
- intrabasinal faulting (1)
- intracellular DNA (1)
- intracontinental deformation (1)
- intraplate deformation (1)
- inundation (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- inverse modelling (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inversion tectonics (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionospheric irregularities (1)
- iron (1)
- iron feature depth (IFD) (1)
- irrigation (1)
- irrigation runoff (1)
- isotopic analysis (1)
- isotopic fractionation (1)
- isotopic methods (1)
- kettle hole (1)
- kinematic analysis (1)
- knickzone (1)
- kokchetavite (1)
- kumdykolite (1)
- lacustrine primary productivity (LPP) (1)
- lagoon (1)
- lagoons (1)
- lake (1)
- lake Donggi Cona (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lake change (1)
- lake drainage (1)
- lake dynamics (1)
- lake eutrophication (1)
- lake shoreline (1)
- lake stratification (1)
- lake-level changes (1)
- laminography (1)
- land conversion (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land restoration; NDVI (1)
- land use (1)
- land use and land cover change (1)
- land use functions (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape connectivity (1)
- landscape effect (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landscape response to climate change (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- larch (1)
- larch forest (1)
- larger foraminifera (1)
- last glacial (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- late Palaeozoic (1)
- lateglacial (1)
- lateral erosion (1)
- lateral fluxes (1)
- lateral spread (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- latitude (1)
- lattice preferred orientations (1)
- lava dome (1)
- layered mafic intrusion (1)
- leading edge (1)
- leaf water evaporative H-2-enrichment (1)
- leaf wax delta D (1)
- leaf wax n-alkanes (1)
- leaf-wax n-alkane delta D (1)
- learning success (1)
- legume-grass mixture (1)
- length measurements (1)
- length of day (1)
- lethal violence (1)
- level (1)
- lichens (1)
- life-history strategy (1)
- light (1)
- light pollution (1)
- limestone (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- liquid structure (1)
- liquids (1)
- lithic technology development (1)
- lithium pegmatites (1)
- lithium-ion battery electrolyte (1)
- lithobiont (1)
- lithofacies proportion modeling (1)
- lithology (1)
- lithosphere dynamics (1)
- lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (1)
- lithosphere-mantle wind interactions (1)
- lithospheric layering (1)
- littoral zone (1)
- livestock (1)
- livestock feed (1)
- lizard (1)
- load stress (1)
- loading conditions (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local food (1)
- localization (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- location (1)
- location of scatterers (1)
- locking degree (1)
- lonar lake (1)
- loss and damage (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- low temperature chronology (1)
- low velocity zone (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- low-grade metamorphism (1)
- low-relief (1)
- lower crustal bodies (1)
- luminescence dating (1)
- lumped parameter model (1)
- lunar tide (1)
- lunar tide of EEJ (1)
- lupin (1)
- machine learning (0555) (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macropore flow (1)
- macropores (1)
- mafic migmatite (1)
- magma evolution (1)
- magma ocean (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- magma reservoirs (1)
- magma-poor (1)
- magmatic arc (1)
- magmatic processes (1)
- magmatic underplating (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesiodumortierite (1)
- magnesium silicate skarn (1)
- magnetic fabric (1)
- magnetic parameters (1)
- magnetic surveying (1)
- magnetics (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- magnetospheric convection (1)
- magnetotellurics (1)
- magnitude & frequency (1)
- maize (1)
- majorite (1)
- mantle convection (1)
- mantle deformation (1)
- mantle discontinuities (1)
- mantle evolution (1)
- mantle flow modeling (1)
- mantle formation (1)
- mantle plume (1)
- marble (1)
- margins (1)
- marine sediments (1)
- marine-controlled source electromagnetic method (1)
- mass exchange (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- mathematical geology (1)
- maximum (1)
- maximum entropy (MaxEnt) (1)
- meadow (1)
- mean transit time (1)
- measurement frequency (1)
- mechanical pressure (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mechanistic model (1)
- mechanistic models (1)
- mega-monsoon (1)
- megathrust (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt inclusions; nanocarbonatites (1)
- melt-melt immiscibility (1)
- melting (1)
- memory (1)
- meridional overturning circulation (1)
- mesoscale convective systems (1)
- mesoscale heterogeneous catchment (1)
- meta-ophiolites (1)
- meta-pelites (1)
- metabarcoding (1)
- metagenomic analysis (1)
- metal recycling plants (1)
- metal- organic frameworks (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metaophiolite (1)
- metapelitic rock (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- meteoric 10Be (1)
- meteoric diagenesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- methanogenic archaea (1)
- methanol (1)
- methods (1)
- micro-CT scan (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial lipid (1)
- microbial mats (1)
- microbialite (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdiamond (1)
- microfossil (1)
- microporous materials (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microseisms (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- mid-latitudes flow (1)
- mid-lithospheric discontinuity (1)
- midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation (1)
- mine waste (1)
- mineral deposits (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineralization (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- mining sciences (1)
- minirhizotron (1)
- mire (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mixed cropping (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mobile Raman-microprobe (1)
- model calibration (1)
- model enhancement (1)
- model selection (1)
- model structure (1)
- model validation (1)
- modeling; (1)
- modelling systems (1)
- modern pollen (1)
- modern pollen assemblages (1)
- modern surface pollen (1)
- modern surface sediments (1)
- mofette systems (1)
- moisture variations in India (1)
- monitoring network (1)
- monsoon onset (1)
- monsoon river hydrology (1)
- monsunale Variabilität (1)
- moraine (1)
- moraine landscape (1)
- morphological adaptation (1)
- morphological traits (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- morphometry (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- mosaicking (1)
- motivation theory (1)
- mountain birch (1)
- mountain geomorphology (1)
- mountain growth (1)
- mountains near cities (1)
- movement (1)
- mu RF (1)
- multi-attribute (1)
- multi-frequency (1)
- multi-proxy reconstructions (1)
- multi-scale (MA-MS) proportion calibration (1)
- multi-slab (1)
- multi-spectral analysis (1)
- multi-stage diagenesis (1)
- multi-taxon (1)
- multi-temporal RapidEye satellite data (1)
- multi-thermochronometer (1)
- multi-year insurance (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multilevel probabilistic flood loss model (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multiperspective reception of AvH (1)
- multisensor (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariable (1)
- multivariate Statistik (1)
- multiyear drought (1)
- multi‐ temporal analyses (1)
- municipality (1)
- muons (1)
- mylonite (1)
- n-Alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanogranite (1)
- nanogranitoids (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- nature-based solutions (NBS) (1)
- near surface (1)
- near-surface monitoring (1)
- neotectonics (1)
- nested catchments (1)
- nested plot (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neutron imaging (1)
- neutron radiography (1)
- neutron simulations (1)
- neutron tomography (1)
- neutrons (1)
- night lights (1)
- nightlights (1)
- nighttime MSTID (1)
- nitrate export dynamic (1)
- nitrogen biogeochemistry (1)
- nitrogen legacies (1)
- noble gases (1)
- noise cross (1)
- non-double-couple components (1)
- non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- non-state actors (1)
- non-vascular epiphyte (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nonstationarity (1)
- nontidal ocean loading (1)
- nordatlantische Klimaänderung (1)
- normal-fault evolution (1)
- north-atlantic (1)
- north-eastern Brazil (1)
- north-western Argentina (1)
- northern Eurasia (1)
- northern Kenya Rift (1)
- northern Puna (1)
- northern high latitudes (1)
- northwestern Europe (1)
- northwestern Iran (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerical solution (1)
- numerics (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrient status (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- ocean bottom seismology (1)
- ocean circulation (1)
- ocean surface (1)
- ocean-crust formation (1)
- oceanic lithosphere (1)
- oceanic lithosphere and mantle (1)
- oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- oceans (1)
- offscraping (1)
- oligocene climate (1)
- ongonite (1)
- online (1)
- open (1)
- open data (1)
- operational service (1)
- ophiolite (1)
- opinion (1)
- optical cell (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- optimization (1)
- optimum temperature (1)
- orbital forcing (1)
- ordination (1)
- organic carbon cycle (1)
- organic carbon stabilization (1)
- organic geochemistry (1)
- organic layer (1)
- origination (1)
- orogen-parallel extension (1)
- orogenic plateau evolution (1)
- orogenic wedge (1)
- orographic barrier (1)
- orographic barrier uplift (1)
- orographic rainfall (1)
- ostracod shells (1)
- out-of-sequence deformation (1)
- outburst flood (1)
- overwintering (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxidizer (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen dynamics (1)
- oxygen fractionation model (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- pH dynamics (1)
- pH mapping (1)
- palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- palaeoclimate records (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- paleo-delta (1)
- paleo-erosion rate (1)
- paleo-erosion rates (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleoaltimetry proxies (1)
- paleoclimate proxy (1)
- paleoclimatic reconstructions (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleoelevation (1)
- paleoenvironment (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleomagnetism and rock magnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (1)
- paleoreservoir age (1)
- paleosol (1)
- paleosol sequence (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter emulation (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parameterization (1)
- parametric and nonparametric comparison (1)
- parametric georeferencing (1)
- parasitism (1)
- parathyroid hormone (1)
- pargasite (1)
- part 1 (1)
- part I (1)
- particle size (1)
- particulate organic carbon (1)
- passive continental margin (1)
- passive microwave (1)
- passive seismic monitoring (1)
- past circulation (1)
- pastoral abandonment (1)
- pasture (1)
- patched vegetation cover (1)
- patterned ground (1)
- peak discharge (1)
- peak-temperature pattern (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- peatland carbon storage (1)
- peatland geomorphology (1)
- peatland hydrology (1)
- pebblecounts (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- pelagic zone (1)
- pelitic migmatite (1)
- peperite (1)
- peralkalinity (1)
- peraluminosity (1)
- perception (1)
- perennial crop (1)
- peri-urban agriculture (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- periglacial process (1)
- peritectic phase (1)
- permafost (1)
- permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permafrost lowlands (1)
- permafrost region (1)
- permafrost regions (1)
- permeability test (1)
- permeability-porosity relationship (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- pesticides (1)
- petrography (1)
- petrostructural analysis (1)
- phagotrophy (1)
- phase space time delay embedding reconstruction (1)
- phase symmetry (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phlogopite (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phreatophytes (1)
- phycocyanin (1)
- phylogenetic and taxonomic plant diversity (1)
- phylotypes (1)
- physical experiments (1)
- physical stratigraphy (1)
- phytogenic silica (1)
- phytolith (1)
- picocyanobacteria diversity (1)
- picoseismicity (1)
- piggyback basin (1)
- pioneer zone (1)
- pipe detection (1)
- pitch angle diffusion coefficient (1)
- pitfalls (1)
- pixel-level fusion (1)
- plan oblique relief (1)
- planetary waves (1)
- plankton (1)
- planktonic foraminifera (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plant transformation (1)
- plant water relations (1)
- plant wax biomarker (1)
- plant-plant interactions (1)
- plasma density (1)
- plasma drifts (1)
- plasmidome (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- plate boundary fault (1)
- plate coupling force (1)
- plate reconstructions (1)
- plate tectonics (1)
- platinum (1)
- playa-lake (1)
- plume-induced (1)
- plume-ridge interaction (1)
- pockmark (1)
- point cloud (1)
- polarimetric SAR (1)
- polarization analysis (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen accumulation rates (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollen morphology (1)
- pollen productivity (1)
- pollen taxa (1)
- pollen-vegetation-climate relationships (1)
- pollination (1)
- pollution indices (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polymorphs (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population growth (1)
- population pressure (1)
- population recovery (1)
- population size (1)
- pore-scale (1)
- poroelasticity (1)
- porous media (1)
- porphyry Cu-Au deposit (1)
- post-collision (1)
- post-collisional setting (1)
- postmidnight (1)
- postseismic deformation (1)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (1)
- potentially toxic elements (1)
- power-law rheology (1)
- pre-Maya settlement (1)
- pre-Siwalik (1)
- pre-monsoon (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation anomaly (1)
- precipitation reconstruction (1)
- precursor (1)
- predator-prey cycles (1)
- predator-prey model (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction uncertainty (1)
- preferences (1)
- preferences in land management (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- pressures (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- private governance (1)
- probabilistic (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistic discrimination (1)
- probabilistic modeling (1)
- process based (1)
- process life cycle assessment (1)
- process simulation (1)
- process-based model (1)
- process-based statistics (1)
- processes and landforms of glacial erosion (1)
- production rate (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- project database (1)
- prolonged droughts (1)
- propagating uplift (1)
- propagation (1)
- protactinium (1)
- protection (1)
- protection motivation theory (PMT) (1)
- protists (1)
- proto-Paratethys (1)
- protozoa (1)
- proxy calibration (1)
- pseudomorphism (1)
- pseudosection (1)
- pseudotachylyte (1)
- psychrotolerant (1)
- pull-apart basin (1)
- pulsed climate variability framework (1)
- quality (1)
- quantitative precipitation estimation (1)
- quantitative research (1)
- quantitative vegetation reconstruction (1)
- quarternary channels (1)
- quartz (1)
- quartz sandstone (1)
- radar imaging (1)
- radar interferometry (1)
- radiation-damage (1)
- radio science (1)
- radio wave propagation (1)
- radio-echo sounding (1)
- radiocarbon dating (1)
- radiogenic heat-production (1)
- radiometric alignment (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain detection (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rain splash (1)
- rainfall events (1)
- rainfall partitioning (1)
- rainfall simulation (1)
- rainfall-runoff (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rainforest crisis (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- ramp (1)
- random vibration (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rangeland management (1)
- rapid damage mapping (1)
- reaction (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive transport model (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- receiver functions (1)
- reconstruction (1)
- recovery (1)
- recruitment (1)
- recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- redox reactions (1)
- reduction (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection seismic (1)
- reforms (1)
- refuge (1)
- regimes (1)
- regional deformation (1)
- regional development (1)
- regional flood frequency analysis (1)
- regional mapping (1)
- regionalisation (1)
- regression (1)
- regression tree (1)
- regulation (1)
- reindeer (1)
- relative sea-level (1)
- relaxation (1)
- relevant pollen source area (1)
- relict landscape (1)
- relief (1)
- relief development (1)
- relief map (1)
- remote (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- remotely sensed evapotranspiration (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- repulsion (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- resampling (1)
- reservoir (1)
- reservoir volume (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- resistance (1)
- response (1)
- response time (1)
- restoration (1)
- return flow (1)
- reversible scavenging (1)
- rheological weakening (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- rhizosphere biogeochemistry (1)
- rhizosphere hydraulic properties (1)
- rhyolites (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rift variability (1)
- rifts (1)
- rigorous geocoding (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring faulting (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- riparian zones (1)
- risk (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk communication (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk mitigation (1)
- risk modeling (1)
- risk perception (1)
- river (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river erosion (1)
- river floods (1)
- river networks (1)
- river plume (1)
- river restoration (1)
- river sediment (1)
- river terraces (1)
- river transport (1)
- riveraquifer interaction (1)
- rock (1)
- rock and mineral magnetism (1)
- rock exhumation (1)
- rock glacier (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock magnetism (1)
- rock strength (1)
- rock uplift (1)
- rock uplift-relief scaling (1)
- rockfalls (1)
- rodent control (1)
- root activity (1)
- root biomass (1)
- root density (1)
- root depth distribution (1)
- root distribution (1)
- root exudation (1)
- root lengths density (1)
- root penetration (1)
- root respiration (1)
- root system (1)
- root water uptake (1)
- root-soil interaction (1)
- rotation (1)
- rotational seismology (1)
- rotational sensor (1)
- run-on (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- sPlot (1)
- saline aquifer (1)
- saline groundwater (1)
- saline lake (1)
- saline pan (1)
- saline pan cycle (1)
- saline permafrost (1)
- salmon (1)
- salt dissolution (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sampling locations (1)
- san andreas fault (1)
- santorini (1)
- savanna (1)
- savannah (1)
- savannas (1)
- scale (1)
- scale-dependence (1)
- scaling relation (1)
- scenario (1)
- scenario analysis (1)
- scientific drilling (1)
- sea (1)
- sea floor morphology (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea level change (1)
- sea level trends (1)
- sea surface height (1)
- sea surface temperature reconstructions (1)
- sea turtle (1)
- sea-level projections (1)
- seafloor sediment failure (1)
- sealevel (1)
- seasonal forecast (1)
- seasonal patterns (1)
- seasonal precipitation (1)
- seasonality effect (1)
- security and economy (1)
- sediment budget (1)
- sediment delivery processes (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sediment flux hysteresis (1)
- sediment mobility (1)
- sediment output (1)
- sediment production (1)
- sediment routing system (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transit time (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment traps (1)
- sediment-routing system connectivity (1)
- sediment-supply ratio (A /S) (1)
- sediment-transport model (1)
- sedimentary DNA (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) (1)
- sedimentary aquifer (1)
- sedimentary basins (1)
- sedimentary contact (1)
- sedimentary cycles (1)
- sedimentary loading and unloading cycles (1)
- sedimentation pattern (1)
- segregating oceanic crust (1)
- seismic anisotropy (1)
- seismic moment release (1)
- seismic risk (1)
- seismic waves (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- seismisches Hintergrundrauschen (1)
- seismo-electromagnetic (1)
- seismomechanics (1)
- seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- semi-arid area (1)
- semiarid grassland (1)
- sensing (1)
- sensitivity analyses (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- sentinel-1 (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sequestration (1)
- series ERA-interim (1)
- serpentinite carbonation (1)
- service sectors (1)
- shaking (1)
- shallow earthquakes (1)
- shallow groundwater (1)
- shallow groundwater tables (1)
- shallow translational landslides (1)
- shallow-water chemostratigraphy (1)
- shear localization (1)
- shell-architecture (1)
- shoreline movement direction (1)
- shoreline movement rate (1)
- shortening (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- shrub expansion (1)
- shrub thinning (1)
- shrubline (1)
- siderite (1)
- signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- silica concentration (1)
- silica gel (1)
- sill (1)
- silvopastoral systems (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulation-based (1)
- singleslab (1)
- site amplification (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- size fractions (1)
- skill (1)
- slab-mantle decoupling (1)
- slab-mantle interface (1)
- slags (1)
- slip model (1)
- slip partitioning (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- slope failure (1)
- slow slip (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow characteristics (1)
- snow grain size (1)
- snow hydrology (1)
- snow melt (1)
- social (1)
- social justice (1)
- social valuation (1)
- social vulnerability (1)
- socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- soft law (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil CO2 sampling tubes (1)
- soil Si pools (1)
- soil aggregates (1)
- soil formation (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil horizonation (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil moisture dynamics (1)
- soil moisture profile (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil parameters (1)
- soil texture (1)
- soil water distribution (1)
- soil-adjusted vegetation index (1)
- soil-moisture (1)
- soil-root interaction (1)
- soils (1)
- solar radiation (1)
- solid Earth degassing (1)
- solid solution (1)
- source (1)
- source array design (1)
- source direction (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- source time function (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- southern Central Andes (1)
- southern hemisphere oceans (1)
- soya beans (1)
- soybean cultivation (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial correlation (1)
- spatial extent (1)
- spatial heterogeneity (1)
- spatial parameterization (1)
- spatial planning (1)
- spatial sampling (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatially and temporally explicit modelling macroecology (1)
- spatially explicit agent-based modeling (1)
- spatially explicit model (1)
- special sensor microwave imager (1)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (1)
- speciation (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species richness (1)
- species-area relationship (SAR) (1)
- specific stream power (1)
- specific surface area (1)
- specific yield (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral analysis (1)
- spectrogram (1)
- speleothem (1)
- spin (1)
- spinel (1)
- splay fault (1)
- splay faults (1)
- splitting parameters (1)
- stable (1)
- stable craton (1)
- stakeholder participation (1)
- stalagmite (1)
- stand structure (1)
- standards (1)
- static stress change (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistics (1)
- steady state topography (1)
- steepness index (1)
- stemflow (1)
- steppe soils (1)
- steric factors (1)
- stick slip (1)
- stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- stochastic filtering (1)
- storage capacity (1)
- storage-discharge relationship (1)
- storm surge (1)
- stormflow (1)
- stormflow generation (1)
- strain transient (1)
- strainmeter data (1)
- strath terraces (1)
- stratification (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- stream (1)
- stream power (1)
- stream profile (1)
- stream water (1)
- streamflow probabilistic forecasting (1)
- streamflow response (1)
- streamwater chemistry (1)
- stress (1)
- stress field (1)
- stress state (1)
- stress-tolerance genes (1)
- structural (1)
- structural mapping (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- structured additive model (1)
- student survey (1)
- sub-sampling (1)
- subaerial exposure (1)
- subalkaline to alkaline magmatism (1)
- subarctic (1)
- subarctic Pacific stratification (1)
- subcatchment response (1)
- subduction accretion (1)
- subduction and exhumation (1)
- subduction erosion (1)
- subduction history (1)
- subduction initiation (1)
- subduction initiation (PISI) (1)
- subduction interface (1)
- subduction zone earthquakes (1)
- subduction-collision (1)
- subfossil Cladocera (1)
- submarine (1)
- submarine gas vents (1)
- submarine permafrost (1)
- submarine volcanism (1)
- submerged cave (1)
- subsea (1)
- subsidence (1)
- subsidence analysis (1)
- subsurface heterogeneities (1)
- subsurface microbiology (1)
- sulfur solubility (1)
- sulfur speciation (1)
- sulphate metasomatism (1)
- summer (1)
- summer monsoon (1)
- supercontinent Nuna (1)
- supergene ores (1)
- superplasticity (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- surface inflation (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface runoff (1)
- surface sealing (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface uplift (1)
- surface velocity (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- surface water groundwater interaction (1)
- surface water levels (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- surprise (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- suspended particulate matter (1)
- suspended sediment transport (1)
- suspended sediments (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustained casing pressure (1)
- swarm LP (1)
- swarms (1)
- switzerland (1)
- symplectite (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synthesis gas (1)
- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (1)
- synthetic flood events (1)
- system architecture (1)
- system boundary (1)
- table-top experiment (1)
- tabular mining (1)
- taiga (1)
- taiga forest (1)
- talik (1)
- tantalum (1)
- target (1)
- techno-economic model (1)
- tectonic (1)
- tectonic evolution (1)
- tectonic geodesy (1)
- tectonic inheritance (1)
- tectonic inversion (1)
- tectonic reconstruction (1)
- tectonic shortening (1)
- tectonism (1)
- teleseismic tomography (1)
- temperature coefficient (1)
- temperature extremes (1)
- temperature response (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature time series (1)
- temporal disaggregation (1)
- temporal evolution (1)
- tensile opening (1)
- tensile strength (1)
- tensor inversion (1)
- tephra (1)
- terrain map (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- terrestrial higher plant waxes (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- tetrahedral boron (1)
- the Ogooue Delta (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal effect (1)
- thermal field (1)
- thermal overprint (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermo-erosion (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical modeling (1)
- thermochronological modelling (AFT, AHe and ZHe) (1)
- thermodynamic equilibrium (1)
- thermodynamic modelling (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermohaline processes (1)
- thermokarst lake (1)
- thermokarst lake dynamics (1)
- thermomechanical modeling (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- thermotolerance (1)
- thick-skinned deformation (1)
- thickness of the lithosphere (1)
- thickness-displacement relationships (1)
- thrust tectonics (1)
- tibetan plateau (1)
- tide gauge (1)
- tide gauge observations (1)
- tillage (1)
- tilt (1)
- time-scale (1)
- time-series (1)
- time-series mapping (1)
- tin (1)
- titanite (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topographic analysis (1)
- topographic asymmetry (1)
- topography (1)
- trace element transport (1)
- trait-based approaches (1)
- trait-based neighbourhood model (1)
- trajectories (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transfer (1)
- transfer functions (1)
- transferability (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transform faults (1)
- transient (1)
- transient erosion (1)
- transient response (1)
- transit-time (1)
- transition (1)
- transitions (1)
- transport processes (1)
- travel time distributions (1)
- tree line alteration (1)
- tremor (1)
- trench advance (1)
- trench-parallel extension (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend significance (1)
- triangle method (1)
- triggered earthquake (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tropic state index (1)
- tropical biodiversity (1)
- tropical climate (1)
- tropical inland water bodies (1)
- tropical lowland rainforest (1)
- tropical montane forest (1)
- tropical peatlands (1)
- tropical speleothems (1)
- tropical swamp (1)
- truncation error estimate (1)
- tsunami (1)
- tsunami hazards (1)
- tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- turbidites (1)
- turbidity (1)
- turbidity currents (1)
- twin domains (1)
- two phase aggregates (1)
- typical steppe (1)
- ultra-relativistic electrons (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) (1)
- ultramafic granulites (1)
- ultrasonication (1)
- uncertainty analysis (1)
- uncertainty quantification (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- underground coal gasification (UCG) (1)
- underplating (1)
- ungauged basins (1)
- unmanaged forest (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- uplift and erosion (1)
- uplift rate changes (1)
- upper tail (1)
- upper tail behaviour (1)
- uranium speciation (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban green spaces (1)
- urban infill development (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- valley distribution (1)
- van Genuchten-Mualem (1)
- variable selection (1)
- variance (1)
- variogram (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vascular epiphyte (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- vegetation degradation (1)
- vegetation dynamics (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation model (1)
- vegetation reconstruction (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate-fire-soil feedbacks (1)
- vegetation-plot database (1)
- vertical water flux (1)
- very high resolution imagery (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visualisation (1)
- viverridae (1)
- volcanic deformation (1)
- volcanic earthquakes (1)
- volcanic eruption (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic island (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- volcanoseismology (1)
- voring basin (1)
- warfare (1)
- wasting (1)
- water age (1)
- water availability (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water demand (1)
- water distribution (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water height-area-volume curve (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water quality modeling (1)
- water resources management (1)
- water rock interaction (1)
- water scarcity (1)
- water security (1)
- water storage (1)
- water storage capacity (1)
- water table (1)
- water yield (1)
- water-energy-food nexus (1)
- water-extractable elements (1)
- water-limited environment (1)
- watersheds (1)
- wave number (1)
- waveform (1)
- waveform inversion (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- weakening mechanisms (1)
- weather (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weathering indices (1)
- weathering inputs (1)
- welfare (1)
- westernmost Tibetan Plateau (1)
- wet meadow (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- white mica (1)
- whole Earth images (1)
- wildfire (1)
- wildflower mixture (1)
- wind (1)
- wind energy production (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind erosion (1)
- wireline logs (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- yedoma ice complex (1)
- ytterbian xenotime-(Y) (1)
- zinc (1)
- zircon U-Pb geochronology (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
- zircon fission-track dating (1)
- zircon provenance (1)
- zircon uranium-thorium-helium (1)
- zoning (1)
- zoogeomorphology (1)
- zooprophylaxis (1)
- Überflutung (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (2841) (remove)
The steady increase of ground-motion data not only allows new possibilities but also comes with new challenges in the development of ground-motion models (GMMs). Data classification techniques (e.g., cluster analysis) do not only produce deterministic classifications but also probabilistic classifications (e.g., probabilities for each datum to belong to a given class or cluster). One challenge is the integration of such continuous classification in regressions for GMM development such as the widely used mixed-effects model. We address this issue by introducing an extension of the mixed-effects model to incorporate data weighting. The parameter estimation of the mixed-effects model, that is, fixed-effects coefficients of the GMMs and the random-effects variances, are based on the weighted likelihood function, which also provides analytic uncertainty estimates. The data weighting permits for earthquake classification beyond the classical, expert-driven, binary classification based, for example, on event depth, distance to trench, style of faulting, and fault dip angle. We apply Angular Classification with Expectation-maximization, an algorithm to identify clusters of nodal planes from focal mechanisms to differentiate between, for example, interface- and intraslab-type events. Classification is continuous, that is, no event belongs completely to one class, which is taken into account in the ground-motion modeling. The theoretical framework described in this article allows for a fully automatic calibration of ground-motion models using large databases with automated classification and processing of earthquake and ground-motion data. As an example, we developed a GMM on the basis of the GMM by Montalva et al. (2017) with data from the strong-motion flat file of Bastias and Montalva (2016) with similar to 2400 records from 319 events in the Chilean subduction zone. Our GMM with the data-driven classification is comparable to the expert-classification-based model. Furthermore, the model shows temporal variations of the between-event residuals before and after large earthquakes in the region.
High-pressure experiments were performed to investigate the effectiveness, rate and mechanism of carbonation of serpentinites by a carbon-saturated COH fluid at 1.5-2.5 GPa and 375-700 degrees C. This allows a better understanding of the fate and redistribution of slab-derived carbonic fluids when they react with the partially hydrated mantle within and above the subducting slab under pressure and temperature conditions corresponding to the forearc mantle. Interactions between carbon-saturated CO2-H2O-CH4 fluids and serpentinite were investigated using natural serpentinite cylinders with natural grain sizes and shapes in piston-cylinder experiments. The volatile composition of post-run fluids was quantified by gas chromatography. Solid phases were examined by Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Textures, porosity and phase abundances of recovered rock cores were visualized and quantified by three-dimensional, high-resolution computed tomography. We find that carbonation of serpentinites is efficient at sequestering CO2 from the interacting fluid into newly formed magnesite. Time-series experiments demonstrate that carbonation is completed within similar to 96 h at 2 GPa and 600 degrees C. With decreasing CO2, aq antigorite is replaced first by magnesite + quartz followed by magnesite + talc + chlorite in distinct, metasomatic fronts. Above antigorite stability magnesite + enstatite + talc + chlorite occur additionally. The formation of fluid-permeable reaction zones enhances the reaction rate and efficiency of carbonation. Carbonation probably occurs via an interface-coupled replacement process, whereby interconnected porosity is present within reaction zones after the experiment. Consequently, carbonation of serpentinites is self-promoting and efficient even if fluid flow is channelized into veins. We conclude that significant amounts of carbonates may accumulate, over time, in the hydrated forearc mantle.
The Mackenzie Delta (MD) is a permafrost-bearing region along the coasts of the Canadian Arctic which exhibits high sub-permafrost gas hydrate (GH) reserves. The GH occurring at the Mallik site in the MD is dominated by thermogenic methane (CH4), which migrated from deep conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, very likely through the present fault systems. Therefore, it is assumed that fluid flow transports dissolved CH4 upward and out of the deeper overpressurized reservoirs via the existing polygonal fault system and then forms the GH accumulations in the Kugmallit-Mackenzie Bay Sequences. We investigate the feasibility of this mechanism with a thermo-hydraulic-chemical numerical model, representing a cross section of the Mallik site. We present the first simulations that consider permafrost formation and thawing, as well as the formation of GH accumulations sourced from the upward migrating CH4-rich formation fluid. The simulation results show that temperature distribution, as well as the thickness and base of the ice-bearing permafrost are consistent with corresponding field observations. The primary driver for the spatial GH distribution is the permeability of the host sediments. Thus, the hypothesis on GH formation by dissolved CH4 originating from deeper geological reservoirs is successfully validated. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the permafrost has been substantially heated to 0.8-1.3 degrees C, triggered by the global temperature increase of about 0.44 degrees C and further enhanced by the Arctic Amplification effect at the Mallik site from the early 1970s to the mid-2000s.
Evolution of chemical bonding and spin-pairing energy in ferropericlase across Its spin transition
(2022)
The evolution of chemical bonding in ferropericlase, (Mg,Fe)O, with pressure may affect the physical and chemical properties of the Earth's lower mantle. Here, we report high-pressure optical absorption spectra of single-crystalline ferropericlase ((Mg0.87Fe0.13)O) up to 135 GPa. Combined with a re-evaluation of published partial fluorescence yield X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, we show that the covalency of the Fe-O bond increases with pressure, but the iron spin transition at 57-76.5 GPa reverses this trend. The qualitative crossover in chemical bonding suggests that the spin-pairing transition weakens the Fe-O bond in ferropericlase. We find, that the spin transition in ferropericlase is caused by both the increase of the ligand field-splitting energy and the decrease in the spin-pairing energy of high-spin Fe2+.
Forested areas are assumed not to be influenced by erosion processes. However, forest soils of Northern Germany in a hummocky ground moraine landscape can sometimes exhibit a very shallow thickness on crest positions and buried soils on slope positions. The question consequently is: Are these on-going or ancient erosional and depositional processes? Plutonium isotopes act as soil erosion/deposition tracers for recent (last few decades) processes. Here, we quantified the 239+240PU inventories in a small, forested catchment (ancient forest "Melzower Forst", deciduous trees), which is characterised by a hummocky terrain including a kettle hole. Soil development depths (depth to C horizon) and 239+240PU inventories along a catena of sixteen different profiles were determined and correlated to relief parameters. Moreover, we compared different modelling approaches to derive erosion rates from Pu data. <br /> We find a strong relationship between soil development depths, distance-to-sink and topography along the catena. Fully developed Retisols (thicknesses > 1 m) in the colluvium overlay old land surfaces as documented by fossil Ah horizons. However, we found no relationship of Pu-based erosion rates to any relief parameter. Instead, 239+240PU inventories showed a very high local, spatial variability (36-70 Bq m(-2)). Low annual rainfall, spatially distributed interception and stem flow might explain the high variability of the 239+240PU inventories, giving rise to a patchy input pattern. Different models resulted in quite similar erosion and deposition rates (max: -5 t ha(-1) yr(-1) to +7.3 t ha(-1) yr(-1)). Although some rates are rather high, the magnitude of soil erosion and deposition - in terms of soil thickness change - is negligible during the last 55 years. The partially high values are an effect of the patchy Pu deposition on the forest floor. This forest has been protected for at least 240 years. Therefore rather natural events and anthropogenic activities during medieval times or even earlier must have caused the observed soil pattern, which documents strong erosion and deposition processes.
Complex, time-dependent, and asymmetric rift geometries are observed throughout the East African Rift System (EARS) and are well documented, for instance, in the Kenya Rift. To unravel asymmetric rifting processes in this region, we conduct 2D geodynamic models. We use the finite element software ASPECT employing visco-plastic rheologies, mesh-refinement, distributed random noise seeding, and a free surface. In contrast to many previous numerical modeling studies that aimed at understanding final rifted margin symmetry, we explicitly focus on initial rifting stages to assess geodynamic controls on strain localization and fault evolution. We thereby link to geological and geophysical observations from the Southern and Central Kenya Rift. Our models suggest a three-stage early rift evolution that dynamically bridges previously inferred fault-configuration phases of the eastern EARS branch: (1) accommodation of initial strain localization by a single border fault and flexure of the hanging-wall crust, (2) faulting in the hanging-wall and increasing upper-crustal faulting in the rift-basin center, and (3) loss of pronounced early stage asymmetry prior to basinward localization of deformation. This evolution may provide a template for understanding early extensional faulting in other branches of the East African Rift and in asymmetric rifts worldwide. By modifying the initial random noise distribution that approximates small-scale tectonic inheritance, we show that a spectrum of first-order fault configurations with variable symmetry can be produced in models with an otherwise identical setup. This approach sheds new light on along-strike rift variability controls in active asymmetric rifts and proximal rifted margins.
The Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) transition of Late Devonian was a critical episode in geological history, recording a major mass extinction event. In this study, we focus on an F-F succession from a deep marine context in Bancheng, southern Guangxi, South China, to investigate coeval changes in pelagic environments of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The studied succession is exclusively composed of bedded cherts intercalated with multiple siliceous volcanic ash beds. A SIMS zircon U-Pb Concordia age of 367.8 +/- 2.5 Ma is reported for a tuffaceous layer slightly above the F-F boundary. Geochemical ratios of Al/(Al + Fe + Mn), Ce/Ce*, Y/Ho, and Al, Fe contents in bedded cherts indicate that they are of predominantly biogenic/chemical origin with some terrigenous inputs. Negligible enrichment of redox sensitive elements (Mo, U, V) and low V/Cr ratios (<2) suggest persistently oxic conditions existed in the deep pelagic basin at Bancheng, South China during the F-F transition. These findings call into question the widely held hypothesis that marine anoxia was the primary killing mechanism for the F-F crisis. In contrast, multiple tuffaceous layers throughout the F-F boundary succession indicate frequent volcanic activity, which could have released massive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, inducing climate warming. This scenario may have increased continental weathering and riverine fluxes into the ocean, reconciling the increases in Al2O3 content and Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratio across the F-F boundary. Documentation of persistently oxic conditions and frequent volcanic activitiy provides new perspectives on the inter-relationship between volcanism, climate, and oceanic redox fluctuation during the F-F biotic crisis.
How insoluble inclusions and intersecting layers affect the leaching process within potash seams
(2021)
Potash seams are a valuable resource containing several economically interesting, but also highly soluble minerals. In the presence of water, uncontrolled leaching can occur, endangering subsurface mining operations. In the present study, the influence of insoluble inclusions and intersecting layers on leaching zone evolution was examined by means of a reactive transport model. For that purpose, a scenario analysis was carried out, considering different rock distributions within a carnallite-bearing potash seam. The results show that reaction-dominated systems are not affected by heterogeneities at all, whereas transport-dominated systems exhibit a faster advance in homogeneous rock compositions. In return, the ratio of permeated rock in vertical direction is higher in heterogeneous systems. Literature data indicate that most natural potash systems are transport-dominated. Accordingly, insoluble inclusions and intersecting layers can usually be seen as beneficial with regard to reducing hazard potential as long as the mechanical stability of leaching zones is maintained. Thereby, the distribution of insoluble areas is of minor impact unless an inclined, intersecting layer occurs that accelerates leaching zone growth in one direction. Moreover, it is found that the saturation dependency of dissolution rates increases the growth rate in the long term, and therefore must be considered in risk assessments.
The origin of the First Bend of the Yangtze River is key to understanding the birth of the modern Yangtze River. Despite considerable efforts, the timing and mechanism of formation of the First Bend remain highly debated. Inverse river-profile modeling of three tributaries (Chongjiang, Lima, and Gudu) of the Jinsha River, integrated with regional tectonic and geomorphic interpretations, allows the onset of incision at the First Bend to be constrained to 28-20 Ma. The spatio-temporal coincidence of initial river incision and activity of Yulong Thrust Belt in southeastern Tibet highlights thrusting to be fundamental in reshaping the pre-existing stream network at the First Bend. These results enable us to reinterpret a change in sedimentary environment from a braided river to a swamp-like lake in the Jianchuan Basin south of the First Bend, recording the destruction of the hypothesized southwards-flowing paleo-Jinsha and Shuiluo Rivers at ~36-35 Ma by magmatism. During the late Oligoceneearly Miocene, the paleo-Shuiluo River was diverted to the north by focused rock uplift due to thrusting along the Yulong Thrust Belt, which also led to exhumation of the Jianchuan Basin. Diversion of the paleo-Shuiluo River can be explained by capture from a downstream river in the footwall of the Yulong Thrust Belt. Subsequent rapid headward erosion, that was caused by thrusting-induced drop of local base level, is recorded by upstream younging ages for the onset of incision and led to the formation of the First Bend. The combination of new ages for the onset of incision at 28-20 Ma at the First Bend and younger ages upstream indicates northwards expansion of the Jinsha River at a rate of 62 +/- 18 mm/yr. Our results suggest that the origin of the First Bend was likely triggered by thrusting at 28-20 Ma, after which the Yangtze River formed.
1-D site response analysis dominates earthquake engineering practice, while local 2-D/3-D models are often required at sites where the site response is complex. For such sites, the 1-D representation of the soil column can account neither for topographic effects or dipping layers nor for locally generated horizontally propagating surface waves. It then remains a crucial task to identify whether the site response can be modelled sufficiently precisely by 1-D analysis. In this study we develop a method to classify sites according to their 1-D or 2-D/3-D nature. This classification scheme is based on the analysis of surface earthquake recordings and the evaluation of the variability and similarity of the horizontal Fourier spectra. The taxonomy is focused on capturing significant directional dependencies and interevent variabilities indicating a more probable 2-D/3-D structure around the site causing the ground motion to be more variable. While no significant correlation of the 1-D/3-D site index with environmental parameters and site proxies seems to exist, a reduction in the within-site (single-station) variability is found. The reduction is largest (up to 20 per cent) for purely 1-D sites. Although the taxonomy system is developed using surface stations of the KiK-net network in Japan as considerable additional information is available, it can also be applied to any (non-downhole array) site.
Volcanic tremor extraction and earthquake detection using music information retrieval algorithms
(2021)
Volcanic tremor signals are usually observed before or during volcanic eruptions and must be monitored to evaluate the volcanic activity. A challenge in studying seismic signals of volcanic origin is the coexistence of transient signal swarms and long-lasting volcanic tremor signals. Separating transient events from volcanic tremors can, therefore, contrib-ute to improving upon our understanding of the underlying physical processes. Exploiting the idea of harmonic-percussive separation in musical signal processing, we develop a method to extract the harmonic volcanic tremor signals and to detect tran-sient events from seismic recordings. Based on the similarity properties of spectrogram frames in the time-frequency domain, we decompose the signal into two separate spec-trograms representing repeating (harmonic) and nonrepeating (transient) patterns, which correspond to volcanic tremor signals and earthquake signals, respectively. We reconstruct the harmonic tremor signal in the time domain from the complex spectrogram of the repeating pattern by only considering the phase components for the frequency range in which the tremor amplitude spectrum is significantly contribut-ing to the energy of the signal. The reconstructed signal is, therefore, clean tremor signal without transient events. Furthermore, we derive a characteristic function suitable for the detection of tran-sient events (e.g., earthquakes) by integrating amplitudes of the nonrepeating spectro-gram over frequency at each time frame. Considering transient events like earthquakes, 78% of the events are detected for signal-to-noise ratio = 0.1 in our semisynthetic tests. In addition, we compared the number of detected earthquakes using our method for one month of continuous data recorded during the Holuhraun 2014-2015 eruption in Iceland with the bulletin presented in Agustsdottir et al. (2019). Our single station event detection algorithm identified 84% of the bulletin events. Moreover, we detected a total of 12,619 events, which is more than twice the number of the bulletin events.
Monitoring the response of volcanic CO2 emissions to changes in the Los Humeros hydrothermal system
(2021)
Carbon dioxide is the most abundant, non-condensable gas in volcanic systems, released into the atmosphere through either diffuse or advective fluid flow. The emission of substantial amounts of CO2 at Earth's surface is not only controlled by volcanic plumes during periods of eruptive activity or fumaroles, but also by soil degassing along permeable structures in the subsurface. Monitoring of these processes is of utmost importance for volcanic hazard analyses, and is also relevant for managing geothermal resources. Fluid-bearing faults are key elements of economic value for geothermal power generation. Here, we describe for the first time how sensitively and quickly natural gas emissions react to changes within a deep hydrothermal system due to geothermal fluid reinjection. For this purpose, we deployed an automated, multi-chamber CO2 flux monitoring system within the damage zone of a deep-rooted major normal fault in the Los Humeros Volcanic Complex (LHVC) in Mexico and recorded data over a period of five months. After removing the atmospheric effects on variations in CO2 flux, we calculated correlation coefficients between residual CO2 emissions and reinjection rates, identifying an inverse correlation of rho = - 0.51 to - 0.66. Our results indicate that gas emissions respond to changes in reinjection rates within 24 h, proving an active hydraulic communication between the hydrothermal system and Earth's surface. This finding is a promising indication not only for geothermal reservoir monitoring but also for advanced long-term volcanic risk analysis. Response times allow for estimation of fluid migration velocities, which is a key constraint for conceptual and numerical modelling of fluid flow in fracture-dominated systems.
POET (v0.1): speedup of many-core parallel reactive transport simulations with fast DHT lookups
(2021)
Coupled reactive transport simulations are extremely demanding in terms of required computational power, which hampers their application and leads to coarsened and oversimplified domains. The chemical sub-process represents the major bottleneck: its acceleration is an urgent challenge which gathers increasing interdisciplinary interest along with pressing requirements for subsurface utilization such as spent nuclear fuel storage, geothermal energy and CO2 storage. In this context we developed POET (POtsdam rEactive Transport), a research parallel reactive transport simulator integrating algorithmic improvements which decisively speed up coupled simulations. In particular, POET is designed with a master/worker architecture, which ensures computational efficiency in both multicore and cluster compute environments. POET does not rely on contiguous grid partitions for the parallelization of chemistry but forms work packages composed of grid cells distant from each other. Such scattering prevents particularly expensive geochemical simulations, usually concentrated in the vicinity of a reactive front, from generating load imbalance between the available CPUs (central processing units), as is often the case with classical partitions. Furthermore, POET leverages an original implementation of the distributed hash table (DHT) mechanism to cache the results of geochemical simulations for further reuse in subsequent time steps during the coupled simulation. The caching is hence particularly advantageous for initially chemically homogeneous simulations and for smooth reaction fronts. We tune the rounding employed in the DHT on a 2D benchmark to validate the caching approach, and we evaluate the performance gain of POET's master/worker architecture and the DHT speedup on a 3D benchmark comprising around 650 000 grid elements. The runtime for 200 coupling iterations, corresponding to 960 simulation days, reduced from about 24 h on 11 workers to 29 min on 719 workers. Activating the DHT reduces the runtime further to 2 h and 8 min respectively. Only with these kinds of reduced hardware requirements and computational costs is it possible to realistically perform the longterm complex reactive transport simulations, as well as perform the uncertainty analyses required by pressing societal challenges connected with subsurface utilization.
Flood warning systems are longstanding success stories with respect to protecting human life, but monetary losses continue to grow. Knowledge on the effectiveness of flood early warning in reducing monetary losses is scarce, especially at the individual level. To gain more knowledge in this area, we analyze a dataset that is unique with respect to detailed information on warning reception and monetary losses at the property level and with respect to amount of data available. The dataset contains 4,468 loss cases from six flood events in Germany. These floods occurred between 2002 and 2013. The data from each event were collected by computer-aided telephone interviews in four surveys following a repeated cross-sectional design. We quantitatively reveal that flood early warning is only effective in reducing monetary losses when people know what to do when they receive the warning. We also show that particularly long-term preparedness is associated with people knowing what to do when they receive a warning. Thus, risk communication, training, and (financial) support for private preparedness are effective in mitigating flood losses in two ways: precautionary measures and more effective emergency responses.
Purpose
Root growth, respiration, water uptake as well as root exudation induce biogeochemical patterns in the rhizosphere that can change dynamically over time. Our aim is to develop a method that provides complementary information on 3D root system architecture and biogeochemical gradients around the roots needed for the quantitative description of rhizosphere processes.
Methods
We captured for the first time the root system architecture of maize plants grown in rectangular rhizotrons in 3D using neutron computed laminography (NCL). Simultaneously, we measured pH and oxygen concentration using fluorescent optodes and the 2D soil water distribution by means of neutron radiography. We co-registered the 3D laminography data with the 2D oxygen and pH maps to analyze the sensor signal as a function of the distance between the roots and the optode.
Results
The 3D root system architecture was successfully segmented from the laminographic data. We found that exudation of roots in up to 2 mm distance to the pH optode induced patterns of local acidification or alkalization. Over time, oxygen gradients in the rhizosphere emerged for roots up to a distance of 7.5 mm.
Conclusion
Neutron computed laminography allows for a three-dimensional investigation of root systems grown in laterally extended rhizotrons as the ones designed for 2D optode imaging studies. The 3D information on root position within the rhizotrons derived by NCL explained measured 2D oxygen and pH distribution. The presented new combination of 3D and 2D imaging methods facilitates systematical investigations of a wide range of dynamic processes in the rhizosphere.
Barite stands out as one of the most ubiquitous scaling agents in deep geothermal systems, responsible for irreversible efficiency loss. Due to complex parameter interplay, it is imperative to utilise numerical simulations to investigate temporal and spatial precipitation effects. A one-dimensional reactive transport model is set up with heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth kinetics. In line with geothermal systems in the North German Basin, the following parameters are considered in a sensitivity analysis: temperature (25 to 150 degrees C), pore pressure (10 to 50 MPa), fracture aperture (10(-4) to 10(-2) m), flow velocity (10(-3) to 10(0) m s(-1)), molar volume (50.3 to 55.6 cm(3) mol(-1)), contact angle for heterogeneous nucleation (0 degrees to 180 degrees), interfacial tension (0.07 to 0.134 J m(-2)), salinity (0.1 to 1.5 mol kgw(-1) NaCl), pH (5 to 7), and supersaturation ratio (1 to 30). Nucleation and consequently crystal growth can only begin if the threshold supersaturation is exceeded, therefore contact angle and interfacial tension are the most sensitive in terms of precipitation kinetics. If nucleation has occurred, crystal growth becomes the dominant process, which is mainly controlled by fracture aperture. Results show that fracture sealing takes place within months (median 33 days) and the affected range can be on the order of tens of metres (median 10 m). The presented models suggest that barite scaling must be recognised as a serious threat if the supersaturation threshold is exceeded, in which case, large fracture apertures could help to minimise kinetic rates. The models further are of use for adjusting the fluid injection temperature.
Compound natural hazards likeEl Ninoevents cause high damage to society, which to manage requires reliable risk assessments. Damage modelling is a prerequisite for quantitative risk estimations, yet many procedures still rely on expert knowledge, and empirical studies investigating damage from compound natural hazards hardly exist. A nationwide building survey in Peru after theEl Ninoevent 2017 - which caused intense rainfall, ponding water, flash floods and landslides - enables us to apply data-mining methods for statistical groundwork, using explanatory features generated from remote sensing products and open data. We separate regions of different dominant characteristics through unsupervised clustering, and investigate feature importance rankings for classifying damage via supervised machine learning. Besides the expected effect of precipitation, the classification algorithms select the topographic wetness index as most important feature, especially in low elevation areas. The slope length and steepness factor ranks high for mountains and canyons. Partial dependence plots further hint at amplified vulnerability in rural areas. An example of an empirical damage probability map, developed with a random forest model, is provided to demonstrate the technical feasibility.
Different upper tail indicators exist to characterize heavy tail phenomena, but no comparative study has been carried out so far. We evaluate the shape parameter (GEV), obesity index, Gini index and upper tail ratio (UTR) against a novel benchmark of tail heaviness - the surprise factor. Sensitivity analyses to sample size and changes in scale-to-location ratio are carried out in bootstrap experiments. The UTR replicates the surprise factor best but is most uncertain and only comparable between records of similar length. For samples with symmetric Lorenz curves, shape parameter, obesity and Gini indices provide consistent indications. For asymmetric Lorenz curves, however, the first two tend to overestimate, whereas Gini index tends to underestimate tail heaviness. We suggest the use of a combination of shape parameter, obesity and Gini index to characterize tail heaviness. These indicators should be supported with calculation of the Lorenz asymmetry coefficients and interpreted with caution.
Assessing volcanic hazard in regions of distributed volcanism is challenging because of the uncertain location of future vents. A statistical-mechanical strategy to forecast such locations was recently proposed: here, we further develop and test it with analog models. We stress a gelatin block laterally and with surface excavations, and observe air-filled crack trajectories. We use the observed surface arrivals to sample the distributions of parameters describing the stress state of the gelatin block, combining deterministic crack trajectory simulations with a Monte Carlo approach. While the individual stress parameters remain unconstrained, we effectively retrieve their ratio and successfully forecast the arrival points of subsequent cracks.
The global geological volatile cycle (H, C, N) plays an important role in the long term self-regulation of the Earth system. However, the complex interaction between its deep, solid Earth components (i.e. crust and mantle), Earth's fluid envelopes (i.e. atmosphere and hydrosphere) and plate tectonic processes is a subject of ongoing debate. In this study we want to draw attention to how the presence of primary melt (MI) and fluid (FI) inclusions in high-grade metamorphic minerals could help constrain the crustal component of the volatile cycle. To that end, we review the distribution of MI and FI throughout Earth's history, from ca. 3.0 Ga ago up to the present day. We argue that the lower crust might constitute an important, long-term, volatile storage unit, capable to influence the composition of the surface envelopes through the mean of weathering, crustal thickening, partial melting and crustal assimilation during volcanic activity. Combined with thermodynamic modelling, our compilation indicates that periods of well-established plate tectonic regimes at <0.85 Ga and 1.7-2.1 Ga, might be more prone to the reworking of supracrustal lithologies and the storage of volatiles in the lower crust. Such hypothesis has implication beyond the scope of metamorphic petrology as it potentially links geodynamic mechanisms to habitable surface conditions. MI and FI in metamorphic crustal rocks then represent an invaluable archive to assess and quantify the co-joint evolution of plate tectonics and Earth's external processes. (C) 2021 China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Alexander von Humboldt
(2022)
This book aims to view and to understand Alexander von Humboldt from different perspectives and in varying disciplinary contexts. His contributions addressed numerous topics in the earth but also life sciences—spanning from geo-botany, climatology, paleontology, oceanography, mineralogy, resources, and hydrogeology to links between the environmental impact of humans, erosion, and climate change. From the very beginning, he paved the way for a modern, integrated earth system science approach to decipher, characterize, and model the different forcing factors and their feedback mechanisms. It becomes obvious that Humboldt’s holistic approach is far beyond simple description and empiric data collection. As documented and analyzed in the different texts of this volume, he combines observation and analysis with emotions and subjective perceptions in a very affectionate way. However, this publication does not intend to add another encyclopedic text compilation but to observe and critically analyze this unique personality´s relevance in a modern context, particularly in discussing environmental and social key issues in the twenty-first century.
Multi-component (MC) diffusion simulations enable a process based and more precise approach to calculate transport and sorption compared to the commonly used single-component (SC) models following Fick's law. The MC approach takes into account the interaction of chemical species in the porewater with the diffuse double layer (DDL) adhering clay mineral surfaces. We studied the shaly, sandy and carbonate-rich facies of the Opalinus Clay. High clay contents dominate diffusion and sorption of uranium. The MC simulations show shorter diffusion lengths than the SC models due to anion exclusion from the DDL. This hampers diffusion of the predominant species CaUO2(CO3)32-. On the one side, species concentrations and ionic strengths of the porewater and on the other side surface charge of the clay minerals control the composition and behaviour of the DDL. For some instances, it amplifies the diffusion of uranium. We developed a workflow to transfer computationally intensive MC simulations to SC models via calibrated effective diffusion and distribution coefficients. Simulations for one million years depict maximum uranium diffusion lengths between 10 m and 35 m. With respect to the minimum requirement of a thickness of 100 m, the Opalinus Clay seems to be a suitable host rock for nuclear waste repositories.
Much of contemporary landslide research is concerned with predicting and mapping susceptibility to slope failure. Many studies rely on generalised linear models with environmental predictors that are trained with data collected from within and outside of the margins of mapped landslides. Whether and how the performance of these models depends on sample size, location, or time remains largely untested. We address this question by exploring the sensitivity of a multivariate logistic regression-one of the most widely used susceptibility models-to data sampled from different portions of landslides in two independent inventories (i.e. a historic and a multi-temporal) covering parts of the eastern rim of the Fergana Basin, Kyrgyzstan. We find that considering only areas on lower parts of landslides, and hence most likely their deposits, can improve the model performance by >10% over the reference case that uses the entire landslide areas, especially for landslides of intermediate size. Hence, using landslide toe areas may suffice for this particular model and come in useful where landslide scars are vague or hidden in this part of Central Asia. The model performance marginally varied after progressively updating and adding more landslides data through time. We conclude that landslide susceptibility estimates for the study area remain largely insensitive to changes in data over about a decade. Spatial or temporal stratified sampling contributes only minor variations to model performance. Our findings call for more extensive testing of the concept of dynamic susceptibility and its interpretation in data-driven models, especially within the broader framework of landslide risk assessment under environmental and land-use change.
The occurrence of refugia beyond the arctic treeline and genetic adaptation therein play a crucial role of largely unknown effect size. While refugia have potential for rapidly colonizing the tundra under global warming, the taxa may be maladapted to the new environmental conditions. Understanding the genetic composition and age of refugia is thus crucial for predicting any migration response.
Here, we genotype 194 larch individuals from an similar to 1.8 km(2)area in northcentral Siberia on the southern Taimyr Peninsula by applying an assay of 16 nuclear microsatellite markers. For estimating the age of clonal individuals, we counted tree rings at sections along branches to establish a lateral growth rate that was then combined with geographic distance.
Findings reveal that the predominant reproduction type is clonal (58.76%) by short distance spreading of ramets. One outlier of clones 1 km apart could have been dispersed by reindeer. In clonal groups and within individuals, we find that somatic mutations accumulate with geographic distance. Clonal groups of two or more individuals are observed. Clonal age estimates regularly suggest individuals as old as 2,200 years, which coincides with a major environmental change that forced a treeline retreat in the region.
We conclude that individuals with clonal growth mode were naturally selected as it lowers the likely risk of extinction under a harsh environment. We discuss this legacy from the past that might now be a maladaptation and hinder expansion under currently strongly increasing temperatures.
The Issyk-Kul Basin (Kyrgyzstan), situated in the central Tian Shan Mountains, hosts the largest and deepest mountain lake in Central Asia. Erosion of the surrounding Terskey and Kungey ranges led to the accumulation of up to 4 km of sediment in the adjacent depression. Creation of the basin from regional shortening and uplift likely initiated around the Oligocene-Miocene, yet precise age control is sparse. To better understand the timing of these processes, we obtained magnetostratigraphic age constraints on fossil-poor, fluvio-lacustrine sediments exposed south of Lake Issyk-Kul, that agree well with previous age constraints of the equivalent strata outside the Issyk-Kul Basin. Two 500-650 m thick sections comprised mainly of Chu Group sediments were dated at 6.3-2.8 Ma and 7.0-2.4 Ma (late Miocene to early Pleistocene). Together with reinterpreted magnetostratigraphic constraints from underlying strata, we find that syn-tectonic deposition commenced at similar to 22 Ma with average sedimentation rates <10 cm/ka. Sedimentation rates increased to 10-30 cm/ka at 7 Ma, concurrent with accelerated uplift in the Terskey Range to the south. A deformation event in one section (Kaji-Say) between 5 and 3 Ma together with concurrent shifts of depositional centers throughout the basin signal the onset of substantial uplift of the Kungey Range to the north at similar to 5 Ma. This uplift and deformation transformed the Issyk-Kul area into a closed basin that facilitated the formation of a deep lake. Lacustrine facies deposited around 3 Ma mark the existence of Lake Issyk-Kul by that time.
Hydraulic fracturing is performed to enhance rock permeability, for example, in the frame of geothermal energy production or shale gas exploitation, and can potentially trigger induced seismicity. The tracking of increased permeabilities and the fracturing extent is often based on the microseismic event distribution within the stimulated rock volume, but it is debated whether the microseismic activity adequately depicts the fracture formation. We are able to record tilt signals that appear as long-period transients (<180 s) on two broadband seismometers installed close (17-72 m) to newly formed, meter-scale hydraulic fractures. With this observation, we can overcome the limitations of the microseismic monitoring alone and verify the fracture mapping. Our analysis for the first time combines a catalog of previously analyzed acoustic emissions ([AEs] durations of 20 ms), indirectly mapping the fractures, with unique tilt signals, that provide independent, direct insights into the deformation of the rock. The analysis allows to identify different phases of the fracturing process including the (re)opening, growth, and aftergrowth of fractures. Further, it helps to differentiate between the formation of complex fracture networks and single macrofractures, and it validates the AE fracture mapping. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the fracturing processes, which may help to reduce fluid-injection-induced seismicity and validate efficient fracture formation. <br /> Plain Language Summary Hydraulic fracturing (HF) describes the opening of fractures in rocks by injecting fluids under high pressure. The new fractures not only can facilitate the extraction of shale gas but can also be used to heat up water in the subsurface in enhanced geothermal systems, a corner stone of renewable energy production. The fracture formation is inherently accompanied by small, nonfelt earthquakes (microseismic events). Occasionally, larger events felt by the population can be induced by the subsurface operations. Avoiding such events is important for the acceptance of HF operations and requires a detailed knowledge about the fracture formation. We jointly analyze two very different data sets recorded during mine-scale HF experiments: (a) the tilting of the ground caused by the opening of the fractures, as recorded by broadband seismometers-usually deployed for earthquake monitoring-installed close to the experiments and (b) a catalog of acoustic emissions, seismic signals of few milliseconds emitted by tiny cracks around the forming hydraulic fracture. The novel joint analysis allows to characterize the fracturing processes in greater detail, contributing to the understanding of the physical processes, which may help to understand fluid-injection-induced seismicity and validate the formation of hydraulic fractures.
Knowledge of pressure-dependent static and dynamic moduli of porous reservoir rocks is of key importance for evaluating geological setting of a reservoir in geo-energy applications. We examined experimentally the evolution of static and dynamic bulk moduli for porous Bentheim sandstone with increasing confining pressure up to about 190 MPa under dry and water-saturated conditions. The static bulk moduli (K-s) were estimated from stress-volumetric strain curves while dynamic bulk moduli (K-d) were derived from the changes in ultrasonic P- and S- wave velocities (similar to 1 MHz) along different traces, which were monitored simultaneously during the entire deformation. In conjunction with published data of other porous sandstones (Berea, Navajo and Weber sandstones), our results reveal that the ratio between dynamic and static bulk moduli (K-d/K-s) reduces rapidly from about 1.5 - 2.0 at ambient pressure to about 1.1 at high pressure under dry conditions and from about 2.0 - 4.0 to about 1.5 under water-saturated conditions, respectively. We interpret such a pressure-dependent reduction by closure of narrow (compliant) cracks, highlighting thatK(d)/K(s)is positively correlated with the amount of narrow cracks. Above the crack closure pressure, where equant (stiff) pores dominate the void space,K-d/K(s)is almost constant. The enhanced difference between dynamic and static bulk moduli under water saturation compared to dry conditions is possibly caused by high pore pressure that is locally maintained if measured using high-frequency ultrasonic wave velocities. In our experiments, the pressure dependence of dynamic bulk modulus of water-saturated Bentheim sandstone at effective pressures above 5 MPa can be roughly predicted by both the effective medium theory (Mori-Tanaka scheme) and the squirt-flow model. Static bulk moduli are found to be more sensitive to narrow cracks than dynamic bulk moduli for porous sandstones under dry and water-saturated conditions.
Increasing arctic coastal erosion rates imply a greater release of sediments and organic matter into the coastal zone. With 213 sediment samples taken around Herschel Island-Qikiqtaruk, Canadian Beaufort Sea, we aimed to gain new insights on sediment dynamics and geochemical properties of a shallow arctic nearshore zone. Spatial characteristics of nearshore sediment texture (moderately to poorly sorted silt) are dictated by hydrodynamic processes, but ice-related processes also play a role. We determined organic matter (OM) distribution and inferred the origin and quality of organic carbon by C/N ratios and stable carbon isotopes delta C-13. The carbon content was higher offshore and in sheltered areas (mean: 1.0 wt.%., S.D.: 0.9) and the C/N ratios also showed a similar spatial pattern (mean: 11.1, S.D.: 3.1), while the delta C-13 (mean: -26.4 parts per thousand VPDB, S.D.: 0.4) distribution was more complex. We compared the geochemical parameters of our study with terrestrial and marine samples from other studies using a bootstrap approach. Sediments of the current study contained 6.5 times and 1.8 times less total organic carbon than undisturbed and disturbed terrestrial sediments, respectively. Therefore, degradation of OM and separation of carbon pools take place on land and continue in the nearshore zone, where OM is leached, mineralized, or transported beyond the study area.
We use a dense seismic network on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, to image a group of earthquakes at 10-12 km depth, 2 km north-east of 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption site. These deep earthquakes have a lower frequency content compared to earthquakes located in the upper, brittle crust and are similar to deep long period (DLP) seismicity observed at other volcanoes in Iceland and around the world. We observed several swarms of DLP earthquakes between the start of the study period (June 2020) and the initiation of the 3-week-long dyke intrusion that preceded the eruption in March 2021. During the eruption, DLP earthquake swarms returned 1 km SW of their original location during periods when the discharge rate or fountaining style of the eruption changed. The DLP seismicity is therefore likely to be linked to the magma plumbing system beneath Fagradalsfjall. However, the DLP seismicity occurred similar to 5 km shallower than where petrological modelling places the near-Moho magma storage region in which the Fagradalsfjall lava was stored. We suggest that the DLP seismicity was triggered by the exsolution of CO2-rich fluids or the movement of magma at a barrier to the transport of melt in the lower crust. Increased flux through the magma plumbing system during the eruption likely adds to the complexity of the melt migration process, thus causing further DLP seismicity, despite a contemporaneous magma channel to the surface.
Variation of deuterium excess in surface waters across a 5000-m elevation gradient in eastern Nepal
(2020)
The strong elevation gradient of the Himalaya allows for investigation of altitude and orographic impacts on surface water delta O-18 and delta D stable isotope values. This study differentiates the time- and altitude-variable contributions of source waters to the Arun River in eastern Nepal. It provides isotope data along a 5000-m gradient collected from tributaries as well as groundwater, snow, and glacial-sourced surface waters and time-series data from April to October 2016. We find nonlinear trends in delta O-18 and delta D lapse rates with high-elevation lapse rates (4000-6000 masl) 5-7 times more negative than low-elevation lapse rates (1000-3000 masl). A distinct seasonal signal in delta O-18 and delta D lapse rates indicates time-variable source-water contributions from glacial and snow meltwater as well as precipitation transitions between the Indian Summer Monsoon and Winter Westerly Disturbances. Deuterium excess correlates with the extent of snowpack and tracks melt events during the Indian Summer Monsoon season. Our analysis identifies the influence of snow and glacial melt waters on river composition during low-flow conditions before the monsoon (April/May 2016) followed by a 5-week transition to the Indian Summer Monsoon-sourced rainfall around mid-June 2016. In the post-monsoon season, we find continued influence from glacial melt waters as well as ISM-sourced groundwater.
Diagenetic trends of synthetic reservoir sandstone properties assessed by digital rock physics
(2021)
Quantifying interactions and dependencies among geometric, hydraulic and mechanical properties of reservoir sandstones is of particular importance for the exploration and utilisation of the geological subsurface and can be assessed by synthetic sandstones comprising the microstructural complexity of natural rocks. In the present study, three highly resolved samples of the Fontainebleau, Berea and Bentheim sandstones are generated by means of a process-based approach, which combines the gravity-driven deposition of irregularly shaped grains and their diagenetic cementation by three different schemes. The resulting evolution in porosity, permeability and rock stiffness is examined and compared to the respective micro-computer tomographic (micro-CT) scans. The grain contact-preferential scheme implies a progressive clogging of small throats and consequently produces considerably less connected and stiffer samples than the two other schemes. By contrast, uniform quartz overgrowth continuously alters the pore space and leads to the lowest elastic properties. The proposed stress-dependent cementation scheme combines both approaches of contact-cement and quartz overgrowth, resulting in granulometric, hydraulic and elastic properties equivalent to those of the respective micro-CT scans, where bulk moduli slightly deviate by 0.8%, 4.9% and 2.5% for the Fontainebleau, Berea and Bentheim sandstone, respectively. The synthetic samples can be further altered to examine the impact of mineral dissolution or precipitation as well as fracturing on various petrophysical correlations, which is of particular relevance for numerous aspects of a sustainable subsurface utilisation.
The lithosphere is often assumed to reside in a thermal steady-state when quantitatively describing the temperature distribution in continental interiors and sedimentary basins, but also at active plate boundaries. Here, we investigate the applicability limit of this assumption at slowly deforming continental rifts. To this aim, we assess the tectonic thermal imprint in numerical experiments that cover a range of realistic rift configurations. For each model scenario, the deviation from thermal equilibrium is evaluated. This is done by comparing the transient temperature field of every model to a corresponding steady-state model with an identical structural configuration. We find that the validity of the thermal steady-state assumption strongly depends on rift type, divergence velocity, sampling location, and depth within the rift. Maximum differences between transient and steady-state models occur in narrow rifts, at the rift sides, and if the extension rate exceeds 0.5-2 mm/a. Wide rifts, however, reside close to thermal steady-state even for high extension velocities. The transient imprint of rifting appears to be overall negligible for shallow isotherms with a temperature less than 100 degrees C. Contrarily, a steady-state treatment of deep crustal isotherms leads to an underestimation of crustal temperatures, especially for narrow rift settings. Thus, not only relatively fast rifts like the Gulf of Corinth, Red Sea, and Main Ethiopian Rift, but even slow rifts like the Kenya Rift, Rhine Graben, and Rio Grande Rift must be expected to feature a pronounced transient component in the temperature field and to therefore violate the thermal steady-state assumption for deeper crustal isotherms.
ArcticBeach v1.0
(2022)
In the Arctic, air temperatures are increasing and sea ice is declining, resulting in larger waves and a longer open water season, all of which intensify the thaw and erosion of ice-rich coasts. Climate change has been shown to increase the rate of Arctic coastal erosion, causing problems for Arctic cultural heritage, existing industrial, military, and civil infrastructure, as well as changes in nearshore biogeochemistry. Numerical models that reproduce historical and project future Arctic erosion rates are necessary to understand how further climate change will affect these problems, and no such model yet exists to simulate the physics of erosion on a pan-Arctic scale. We have coupled a bathystrophic storm surge model to a simplified physical erosion model of a permafrost coastline. This Arctic erosion model, called ArcticBeach v1.0, is a first step toward a physical parameterization of Arctic shoreline erosion for larger-scale models. It is forced by wind speed and direction, wave period and height, sea surface temperature, all of which are masked during times of sea ice cover near the coastline. Model tuning requires observed historical retreat rates (at least one value), as well as rough nearshore bathymetry. These parameters are already available on a pan-Arctic scale. The model is validated at three study sites at 1) Drew Point (DP), Alaska, 2) Mamontovy Khayata (MK), Siberia, and 3) Veslebogen Cliffs, Svalbard. Simulated cumulative retreat rates for DP and MK respectively (169 and 170 m) over the time periods studied at each site (2007-2016, and 1995-2018) are found to the same order of magnitude as observed cumulative retreat (172 and 120 m). The rocky Veslebogen cliffs have small observed cumulative retreat rates (0.05 m over 2014-2016), and our model was also able to reproduce this same order of magnitude of retreat (0.08 m). Given the large differences in geomorphology between the study sites, this study provides a proof-of-concept that ArcticBeach v1.0 can be applied on very different permafrost coastlines. ArcticBeach v1.0 provides a promising starting point to project retreat of Arctic shorelines, or to evaluate historical retreat in places that have had few observations.
The imagination of clearly separated core-shell structures is already outdated by the fact, that the nanoparticle core-shell structures remain in terms of efficiency behind their respective bulk material due to intermixing between core and shell dopant ions. In order to optimize the photoluminescence of core-shell UCNP the intermixing should be as small as possible and therefore, key parameters of this process need to be identified. In the present work the Ln(III) ion migration in the host lattices NaYF4 and NaGdF4 was monitored. These investigations have been performed by laser spectroscopy with help of lanthanide resonance energy transfer (LRET) between Eu(III) as donor and Pr(III) or Nd(III) as acceptor. The LRET is evaluated based on the Forster theory. The findings corroborate the literature and point out the migration of ions in the host lattices. Based on the introduced LRET model, the acceptor concentration in the surrounding of one donor depends clearly on the design of the applied core-shell-shell nanoparticles. In general, thinner intermediate insulating shells lead to higher acceptor concentration, stronger quenching of the Eu(III) donor and subsequently stronger sensitization of the Pr(III) or the Nd(III) acceptors. The choice of the host lattice as well as of the synthesis temperature are parameters to be considered for the intermixing process.
The computational costs associated with coupled reactive transport simulations are mostly due to the chemical subsystem: replacing it with a pre-trained statistical surrogate is a promising strategy to achieve decisive speedups at the price of small accuracy losses and thus to extend the scale of problems which can be handled. We introduce a hierarchical coupling scheme in which "full-physics" equation-based geochemical simulations are partially replaced by surrogates. Errors in mass balance resulting from multivariate surrogate predictions effectively assess the accuracy of multivariate regressions at runtime: inaccurate surrogate predictions are rejected and the more expensive equation-based simulations are run instead. Gradient boosting regressors such as XGBoost, not requiring data standardization and being able to handle Tweedie distributions, proved to be a suitable emulator. Finally, we devise a surrogate approach based on geochemical knowledge, which overcomes the issue of robustness when encountering previously unseen data and which can serve as a basis for further development of hybrid physics-AI modelling.
Hydromechanical investigations on the self-propping potential of fractures in tight sandstones
(2021)
The hydromechanical properties of single self-propping fractures under stress are of fundamental interest for fractured-rock hydrology and a large number of geotechnical applications. This experimental study investigates fracture closure and hydraulic aperture changes of displaced tensile fractures, aligned tensile fractures, and saw-cut fractures for two types of sandstone (i.e., Flechtinger and Fontainebleau) with contrasting mechanical properties, cycling confining pressure between 5 and 30 MPa. Emphasis is placed on how surface roughness, fracture wall offset, and the mechanical properties of the contact asperities affect the self-propping potential of these fractures under normal stress. A relative fracture wall displacement can significantly increase fracture aperture and hydraulic conductivity, but the degree of increase strongly depends on the fracture surface roughness. For smooth fractures, surface roughness remains scale-independent as long as the fracture area is larger than a roll-off wavelength and thus any further displacement does not affect fracture aperture. For rough tensile fractures, these are self-affine over a larger scale so that an incremental fracture wall offset likely leads to an increase in fracture aperture. X-ray microtomography of the fractures indicates that the contact area ratio of the tensile fractures after the confining pressure cycle inversely correlates with the fracture wall offset yielding values in the range of about 3-25%, depending, first, on the respective surface roughness and, second, on the strength of the asperities in contact. Moreover, the contact asperities mainly occur isolated and tend to be preferentially oriented in the direction perpendicular to the fracture wall displacement which, in turn, may induce flow anisotropy. This, overall, implies that relatively harder sedimentary rocks have a higher self-propping potential for sustainable fluid flow through fractures in comparison to relatively soft rocks when specific conditions regarding surface roughness and fracture wall offset are met.
Projected changes in compound flood hazard from riverine and coastal floods in northwestern Europe
(2020)
Compound flooding in coastal regions, that is, the simultaneous or successive occurrence of high sea levels and high river flows, is expected to increase in a warmer world. To date, however, there is no robust evidence on projected changes in compound flooding for northwestern Europe. We combine projected storm surges and river floods with probabilistic, localized relative sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios to assess the future compound flood hazard over northwestern coastal Europe in the high (RCP8.5) emission scenario. We use high-resolution, dynamically downscaled regional climate models (RCM) to drive a storm surge model and a hydrological model, and analyze the joint occurrence of high coastal water levels and associated river peaks in a multivariate copula-based approach. The RCM-forced multimodel mean reasonably represents the observed spatial pattern of the dependence strength between annual maxima surge and peak river discharge, although substantial discrepancies exist between observed and simulated dependence strength. All models overestimate the dependence strength, possibly due to limitations in model parameterizations. This bias affects compound flood hazard estimates and requires further investigation. While our results suggest decreasing compound flood hazard over the majority of sites by 2050s (2040-2069) compared to the reference period (1985-2005), an increase in projected compound flood hazard is limited to around 34% of the sites. Further, we show the substantial role of SLR, a driver of compound floods, which has frequently been neglected. Our findings highlight the need to be aware of the limitations of the current generation of Earth system models in simulating coastal compound floods.
Natural gas hydrate occurrences contain predominantly methane; however, there are increasing reports of complex mixed gas hydrates and coexisting hydrate phases. Changes in the feed gas composition due to the preferred incorporation of certain components into the hydrate phase and an inadequate gas supply is often assumed to be the cause of coexisting hydrate phases. This could also be the case for the gas hydrate system in Qilian Mountain permafrost (QMP), which is mainly controlled by pores and fractures with complex gas compositions. This study is dedicated to the experimental investigations on the formation process of mixed gas hydrates based on the reservoir conditions in QMP. Hydrates were synthesized from water and a gas mixture under different gas supply conditions to study the effects on the hydrate formation process. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in both gas and hydrate phase over the whole formation process. The results demonstrated the effects of gas flow on the composition of the resulting hydrate phase, indicating a competitive enclathration of guest molecules into the hydrate lattice depending on their properties. Another observation was that despite significant changes in the gas composition, no coexisting hydrate phases were formed.
Precambrian meta-pelites of the Poshtuk area in northwest Iran contain the prograde mineral assemblage staurolite-garnet-chloritoid-muscovite-biotite that was replaced by the assemblage garnet-staurolite-chlorite-muscovite-biotite at peak metamorphic condition.
Whole-rock compositions reveal that high Fe, Al and Mn contents of their protolith rendered them prone to form these assemblages. Pseudosections calculated in KFMASH, MnKFMASH, and MnNCKFMASHO systems were used to investigate the P-T evolution of the samples. They clearly show the significant effect of MnO on the stability of the chloritoid-bearing assemblages and the formation of garnet through consumption of chlorite and chloritoid. The pseudosection in a T- aH(2)O diagram shows that the studied assemblage could be stable only at a(H2O)>0.8. X-Mg isopleths for garnet and biotite point to peak P-T conditions of about 3.75 kbar and 575 degrees C. Chloritoid stability is overstepped with such conditions. This can be attributed to thermal perturbation due to plutonism. It is concluded, metamorphism was primarily controlled by advective heat from magmatic intrusions in the Poshtuk area. The Precambrian basement complexes were extensively overprinted by the Pan-African Orogeny as well as younger magmatic and metamorphic activities associated to Alpine Orogeny during convergence of Arabian and Eurasian plate.
Neodymium isotopic composition (epsilon Nd) has enjoyed widespread use as a palaeotracer, principally because it behaves quasi-conservatively in the modern ocean. However, recent bottom water epsilon Nd reconstructions from the eastern North Atlantic are difficult to interpret under assumptions of conservative behaviour. The observation that this apparent departure from conservative behaviour increases with enhanced ice-rafted debris (IRD) fluxes has resulted in the suggestion that IRD leads to the overprinting of bottom water epsilon Nd through reversible scavenging. In this study, a simple water column model successfully reproduces epsilon Nd reconstructions from the eastern North Atlantic at the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1, and demonstrates that the changes in scavenging intensity required for good model-data fit is in good agreement with changes in the observed IRD flux. Although uncertainties in model parameters preclude a more definitive conclusion, the results indicate that the suggestion of IRD as a source of non-conservative behaviour in the epsilon Nd tracer is reasonable and that further research into the fundamental chemistry underlying the marine neodymium cycle is necessary to increase confidence in assumptions of conservative epsilon Nd behaviour in the past.
Lakes cover large parts of the climatically sensitive Arctic landscape and respond rapidly to environmental change. Arctic lakes have different origins and include the predominant thermokarst lakes, which are small, young and highly dynamic, as well as large, old and stable glacial lakes. Freshwater diatoms dominate the primary producer community in these lakes and can be used to detect biotic responses to climate and environmental change. We used specific diatom metabarcoding on sedimentary DNA, combined with next-generation sequencing and diatom morphology, to assess diatom diversity in five glacial and 15 thermokarst lakes within the easternmost expanse of the Siberian treeline ecotone in Chukotka, Russia. We obtained 163 verified diatom sequence types and identified 176 diatom species morphologically. Although there were large differences in taxonomic assignment using the two approaches, they showed similar high abundances and diversity of Fragilariceae and Aulacoseiraceae. In particular, the genetic approach detected hidden within-lake variations of fragilarioids in glacial lakes and dominance of centric Aulacoseira species, whereas Lindavia ocellata was predominant using morphology. In thermokarst lakes, sequence types and valve counts also detected high diversity of Fragilariaceae, which followed the vegetation gradient along the treeline. Ordination analyses of the genetic data from glacial and thermokarst lakes suggest that concentrations of sulfate (SO42-), an indicator of the activity of sulfate-reducing microbes under anoxic conditions, and bicarbonate (HCO3-), which relates to surrounding vegetation, have a significant influence on diatom community composition. For thermokarst lakes, we also identified lake depth as an important variable, but SO42- best explains diatom diversity derived from genetic data, whereas HCO3- best explains the data from valve counts. Higher diatom diversity was detected in glacial lakes, most likely related to greater lake age and different edaphic settings, which gave rise to diversification and endemism. In contrast, small, dynamic thermokarst lakes are inhabited by stress-tolerant fragilarioids and are related to different vegetation types along the treeline ecotone. Our study demonstrated that genetic investigations of lake sediments can be used to interpret climate and environmental responses of diatoms. It also showed how lake type affects diatom diversity, and that such genetic analyses can be used to track diatom community changes under ongoing warming in the Arctic.
Multi-year index-based insurance for adapting Water Utility Companies to hydrological drought
(2020)
The sustainability of water utility companies is threatened by non-stationary drivers, such as climate and anthropogenic changes. To cope with potential economic losses, instruments such as insurance are useful for planning scenarios and mitigating impacts, but data limitations and risk uncertainties affect premium estimation and, consequently, business sustainability. This research estimated the possible economic impacts of business interruption to the Sao Paulo Water Utility Company derived from hydrological drought and how this could be mitigated with an insurance scheme. Multi-year insurance (MYI) was proposed through a set of "change" drivers: the climate driver, through forcing the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) hydrological tool; the anthropogenic driver, through water demand projections; and the economic driver, associated with recent water price policies adopted by the utility company during water scarcity periods. In our study case, the evaluated indices showed that MYI contracts that cover only longer droughts, regardless of the magnitude, offer better financial performance than contracts that cover all events (in terms of drought duration). Moreover, through MYI contracts, we demonstrate solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and an annual average actuarially fair premium close to the total expected revenue reduction.
Crustal seismic attenuation parameters in the western region of the North Anatolian Fault Zone
(2020)
Detailed knowledge of the crustal structure along the North Anatolian Fault Zone can help in understanding past and present tectonic processes in relation to the deformation history. To estimate the frequency-dependent crustal attenuation parameters beneath the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone we apply acoustic radiative transfer theory under the assumption of multiple isotropic scattering to generate synthetic seismogram envelopes. The inversion depends on finding an optimal fit between observed and synthetically computed coda wave envelopes in five frequency bands. 2-D lateral variation of intrinsic and scattering attenuation at various frequencies tends to three crustal blocks (i.e., Armutlu-Almacik, Istanbul-Zonguldak and Sakarya Zones) separated by the southern and northern branches of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Overall, scattering attenuation appears to be dominant over intrinsic attenuation in the study area at lower frequencies. Relatively low attenuation properties are observed beneath the older Istanbul Zone whereas higher attenuation properties are found for the younger Sakarya Zone. The Armutlu Almacik Zone exhibits more complex lateral variations. Very high attenuation values towards the west characterize the area of the Kuzuluk Basin, a pull-apart basin formed under west-east extension. Our coda-derived moment magnitudes are similar to the local magnitude estimates that were previously calculated for the same earthquakes. For smaller earthquakes (M-L < 2.5), however, the relation between local and moment magnitudes appears to lose its coherency. This may stem from various reasons including the use of seismic data recorded in finite sampling interval, possible biases in local magnitude estimates of earthquake catalogues as well as biases due to wrong assumptions to consider anelastic attenuation terms.
A volcanic eruption is usually preceded by seismic precursors, but their interpretation and use for forecasting the eruption onset time remain a challenge. A part of the eruptive processes in open conduits of volcanoes may be similar to those encountered in geysers. Since geysers erupt more often, they are useful sites for testing new forecasting methods. We tested the application of Permutation Entropy (PE) as a robust method to assess the complexity in seismic recordings of the Strokkur geyser, Iceland. Strokkur features several minute-long eruptive cycles, enabling us to verify in 63 recorded cycles whether PE behaves consistently from one eruption to the next one. We performed synthetic tests to understand the effect of different parameter settings in the PE calculation. Our application to Strokkur shows a distinct, repeating PE pattern consistent with previously identified phases in the eruptive cycle. We find a systematic increase in PE within the last 15 s before the eruption, indicating that an eruption will occur. We quantified the predictive power of PE, showing that PE performs better than seismic signal strength or quiescence when it comes to forecasting eruptions.
The concentration of sulfur that can be dissolved in a silicate liquid is of fundamental importance because it is closely associated with several major Earth-related processes. Considerable effort has been made to understand the interplay between the effects of silicate melt composition and its capac-ity to retain sulfur, but the dependence on pressure and temperature is mostly based on experiments performed at pressures and temperatures below 6 GPa and 2073 K. Here we present a study of the effects of pressure and temperature on sulfur content at sulfide saturation of a peridotitic liquid. We performed 14 multi-anvil experiments using a peridotitic starting composition, and we produced 25 new measurements at conditions ranging from 7 to 23 GPa and 2173 to 2623 K. We analyzed the recovered samples using both electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS. We compiled our data together with previously published data that were obtained at lower P-T conditions and with various silicate melt compositions. We present a new model based on this combined data set that encompasses the entire range of upper mantle pressure-temperature conditions, along with the effect of a wide range of silicate melt compositions. Our findings are consistent with earlier work based on extrapolation from lower-pressure and lower-temperature experiments and show a decrease of sulfur content at sulfide saturation (SCSS) with increasing pressure and an increase of SCSS with increasing temperature. We have extrapolated our results to pressure-temperature conditions of the Earth's primitive magma ocean, and show that FeS will exsolve from the molten silicate and can effectively be extracted to the core by a process that has been termed the "Hadean Matte." We also discuss briefly the implications of our results for the lunar magma ocean.
Holocene temperature proxy records are commonly used in quantitative synthesis and model-data comparisons. However, comparing correlations between time series from records collected in proximity to one another with the expected correlations based on climate model simulations indicates either regional or noisy climate signals in Holocene temperature proxy records. In this study, we evaluate the consistency of spatial correlations present in Holocene proxy records with those found in data from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Specifically, we predict correlations expected in LGM proxy records if the only difference to Holocene correlations would be due to more time uncertainty and more climate variability in the LGM. We compare this simple prediction to the actual correlation structure in the LGM proxy records. We found that time series data of ice-core stable isotope records and planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca ratios were consistent between the Holocene and LGM periods, while time series of Uk'37 proxy records were not as we found no correlation between nearby LGM records. Our results support the finding of highly regional or noisy marine proxy records in the compilation analysed here and suggest the need for further studies on the role of climate proxies and the processes of climate signal recording and preservation.
Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication.
The Fram Strait is an area with a relatively low and irregular distribution of diatom microfossils in surface sediments, and thus microfossil records are scarce, rarely exceed the Holocene, and contain sparse information about past richness and taxonomic composition. These attributes make the Fram Strait an ideal study site to test the utility of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding. Amplifying a short, partial rbcL marker from samples of sediment core MSM05/5-712-2 resulted in 95.7% of our sequences being assigned to diatoms across 18 different families, with 38.6% of them being resolved to species and 25.8% to genus level. Independent replicates show a high similarity of PCR products, especially in the oldest samples. Diatom sedaDNA richness is highest in the Late Weichselian and lowest in Mid- and Late Holocene samples. Taxonomic composition is dominated by cold-water and sea-ice-associated diatoms and suggests several reorganisations - after the Last Glacial Maximum, after the Younger Dryas, and after the Early and after the Mid-Holocene. Different sequences assigned to, amongst others, Chaetoceros socialis indicate the detectability of intra-specific diversity using sedaDNA. We detect no clear pattern between our diatom sedaDNA record and the previously published IP25 record of this core, although proportions of pennate diatoms increase with higher IP25 concentrations and proportions of Nitzschia cf. frigida exceeding 2% of the assemblage point towards past sea-ice presence.
The structural and topographic evolution of orogenic plateaus is an important research topic because of its impact on atmospheric circulation patterns, the amount and distribution of rainfall, and resulting changes in surface processes. The Puna region in the north-western Argentina (between 13 degrees S and 27 degrees S) is part of the Andean Plateau, which is the world's second largest orogenic plateau. In order to investigate the deformational events responsible for the initial growth of this part of the Andean plateau, we carried out structural and stratigraphic investigations within the present-day transition zone between the northern Puna and the adjacent Eastern Cordillera to the east. This transition zone is characterized by ubiquitous exposures of continental middle Eocene redbeds of the Casa Grande Formation. Our structural mapping, together with a sedimentological analysis of these units and their relationships with the adjacent mountain ranges, has revealed growth structures and unconformities that are indicative of syntectonic deposition. These findings support the notion that tectonic shortening in this part of the Central Andes was already active during the middle Paleogene, and that early Cenozoic deformation in the region that now constitutes the Puna occurred in a spatially irregular manner. The patterns of Paleogene deformation and uplift along the eastern margin of the present-day plateau correspond to an approximately north-south oriented swath of reactivated basement heterogeneities (i.e. zones of mechanical weakness) stemming from regional Paleozoic mountain building that may have led to local concentration of deformation belts.
The Indus Molasse records orogenic sedimentation associated with uplift and erosion of the southern margin of Asia in the course of ongoing India-Eurasia collision. Detailed field investigation clarifies the nature and extent of the depositional contact between this molasse and the underlying basement units. We report the first dataset on detrital zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopes and apatite U-Pb ages for the autochthonous molasse in the Indus Suture Zone. A latest Oligocene depositional age is proposed on the basis of the youngest detrital zircon U-Pb age peak and is consistent with published biostratigraphic data. Multiple provenance indicators suggest exclusively northerly derivation with no input from India in the lowermost parts of the section. The results provide constraints on the uplift and erosion history of the Ladakh Range following the initial India-Asia collision.
The formation of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Permo-Triassic gave rise to an extreme monsoonal climate (often termed 'mega-monsoon') that has been documented by numerous palaeo-records. However, considerable debate exists about the role of orbital forcing in causing humid intervals in an otherwise arid climate. To shed new light on the forcing of monsoonal variability in subtropical Pangaea, this study focuses on sediment facies and colour variability of playa and alluvial fan deposits in an outcrop from the late Carnian (ca 225 Ma) in the southern Germanic Basin, south-western Germany. The sediments were deposited against a background of increasingly arid conditions following the humid Carnian Pluvial Event (ca 234 to 232 Ma). The ca 2 center dot 4 Myr long sedimentary succession studied shows a tripartite long-term evolution, starting with a distal mud-flat facies deposited under arid conditions. This phase was followed by a highly variable playa-lake environment that documents more humid conditions and finally a regression of the playa-lake due to a return of arid conditions. The red-green (a*) and lightness (L*) records show that this long-term variability was overprinted by alternating wet/dry cycles driven by orbital precession and ca 405 kyr eccentricity, without significant influence of obliquity. The absence of obliquity in this record indicates that high-latitude forcing played only a minor role in the southern Germanic Basin during the late Carnian. This is different from the subsequent Norian when high-latitude signals became more pronounced, potentially related to the northward drift of the Germanic Basin. The recurring pattern of pluvial events during the late Triassic demonstrates that orbital forcing, in particular eccentricity, stimulated the occurrence and intensity of wet phases. It also highlights the possibility that the Carnian Pluvial Event, although most likely triggered by enhanced volcanic activity, may also have been modified by an orbital stimulus.
The Victoria microplate between the Eastern and Western Branches of the East African Rift System is one of the largest continental microplates on Earth. In striking contrast to its neighboring plates, Victoria rotates counterclockwise with respect to Nubia. The underlying cause of this distinctive rotation has remained elusive so far. Using 3D numerical models, we investigate the role of pre-existing lithospheric heterogeneities in continental microplate rotation. We find that Victoria's rotation is primarily controlled by the distribution of rheologically stronger zones that transmit the drag of the major plates to the microplate and of the mechanically weaker mobile belts surrounding Victoria that facilitate rotation. Our models reproduce Victoria's GPS-derived counterclockwise rotation as well as key complexities of the regional tectonic stress field. These results reconcile competing ideas on the opening of the rift system by highlighting differences in orientation of the far-field divergence, local extension, and the minimum horizontal stress. One of the largest continental microplates on Earth is situated in the center of the East African Rift System, and oddly, the Victoria microplate rotates counterclockwise with respect to the neighboring African tectonic plate. Here, the authors' modelling results suggest that Victoria microplate rotation is caused by edge-driven lithospheric processes related to the specific geometry of rheologically weak and strong regions.
Analysis of past and present stimulation projects reveals that the temporal evolution and growth of maximum observed moment magnitudes may be linked directly to the injected fluid volume and hydraulic energy. Overall evolution of seismic moment seems independent of the tectonic stress regime and is most likely governed by reservoir specific parameters, such as the preexisting structural inventory. Data suggest that magnitudes can grow either in a stable way, indicating the constant propagation of self-arrested ruptures, or unbound, for which the maximum magnitude is only limited by the size of tectonic faults and fault connectivity. Transition between the two states may occur at any time during injection or not at all. Monitoring and traffic light systems used during stimulations need to account for the possibility of unstable rupture propagation from the very beginning of injection by observing the entire seismicity evolution in near-real time and at high resolution for an immediate reaction in injection strategy.
Plain Language Summary Predicting and controlling the size of earthquakes caused by fluid injection is currently the major concern of many projects associated with geothermal energy production. Here, we analyze the magnitude and seismic moment evolution with injection parameters for prominent geothermal and scientific projects to date. Evolution of seismicity seems to be largely independent of the tectonic stress background and seemingly depends on reservoir specific characteristics. We find that the maximum observed magnitudes relate linearly to the injected volume or hydraulic energy. A linear relation suggests stable growth of induced ruptures, as predicted by current models, or rupture growth may no longer depend on the stimulated volume but on tectonics. A system may change between the two states during the course of fluid injection. Close-by and high-resolution monitoring of seismic and hydraulic parameters in near-real time may help identify these fundamental changes in ample time to change injection strategy and manage maximum magnitudes.
Other than commonly assumed in seismology, the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves is not necessarily a single-valued function of frequency. In fact, a single Rayleigh mode can exist with three different values of phase velocity at one frequency. We demonstrate this for the first higher mode on a realistic shallow seismic structure of a homogeneous layer of unconsolidated sediments on top of a half-space of solid rock (LOH). In the case of LOH a significant contrast to the half-space is required to produce the phenomenon. In a simpler structure of a homogeneous layer with fixed (rigid) bottom (LFB) the phenomenon exists for values of Poisson's ratio between 0.19 and 0.5 and is most pronounced for P-wave velocity being three times S-wave velocity (Poisson's ratio of 0.4375). A pavement-like structure (PAV) of two layers on top of a half-space produces the multivaluedness for the fundamental mode. Programs for the computation of synthetic dispersion curves are prone to trouble in such cases. Many of them use mode-follower algorithms which loose track of the dispersion curve and miss the multivalued section. We show results for well established programs. Their inability to properly handle these cases might be one reason why the phenomenon of multivaluedness went unnoticed in seismological Rayleigh wave research for so long. For the very same reason methods of dispersion analysis must fail if they imply wave number k(l)(omega) for the lth Rayleigh mode to be a single-valued function of frequency.. This applies in particular to deconvolution methods like phase-matched filters. We demonstrate that a slant-stack analysis fails in the multivalued section, while a Fourier-Bessel transformation captures the complete Rayleigh-wave signal. Waves of finite bandwidth in the multivalued section propagate with positive group-velocity and negative phase-velocity. Their eigenfunctions appear conventional and contain no conspicuous feature.
Rivers transfer particulate organic carbon (POC) from eroding mountains into geological sinks. Organic carbon source composition and selective mobilization have been shown to affect the type and quantity of POC export, but their combined effects across complex mountain ranges remain underexplored. Here, we examine the variation in organic carbon sourcing and transport in the trans-Himalayan Kali Gandaki River catchment, along strong gradients in precipitation, rock type and vegetation. Combining bulk stable nitrogen, and stable and radioactive organic carbon isotopic composition of bedrock, litter, soil and river sediment samples with a Bayesian end-member mixing approach, we differentiate POC sources along the river and quantify their export. Our analysis shows that POC export from the Tibetan segment of the catchment, where carbon bearing shales are partially covered by aged and modern soils, is dominated by petrogenic POC. Based on our data we re-assess the presence of aged biospheric OC in this part of the catchment, and its contribution to the river load. In the High Himalayan segment, we observed low inputs of petrogenic and biospheric POC, likely due to very low organic carbon concentrations in the metamorphic bedrock, combined with erosion dominated by deep-seated landslides. Our findings show that along the Kali Gandaki River, the sourcing of sediment and organic carbon are decoupled, due to differences in rock organic carbon content, soil and above ground carbon stocks, and geomorphic process activity. While the fast eroding High Himalayas are the principal source of river sediment, the Tibetan headwaters, where erosion rates are lower, are the principal source of organic carbon. To robustly estimate organic carbon export from the Himalayas, the mountain range should be divided into tectono-physiographic zones with distinct organic carbon yields due to differences in substrate and erosion processes and rates.
The regional patterns and timing of the Younger Dryas cooling in the North Atlantic realm were complex and are mechanistically incompletely understood. To enhance understanding of regional climate patterns, we present molecular biomarker records at subannual to annual resolution by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of sediments from the Lake Meerfelder Maar covering the Allerod-Younger Dryas transition. These analyses are supported by conventional extraction-based molecular-isotopic analyses, which both validate the imaging results and constrain the sources of the target compounds. The targeted fatty acid biomarkers serve as a gauge of the response of the local aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem to climate change. Based on the comparison of our data with existing data from Meerfelder Maar, we analyse the short-term environmental evolution in Western Europe during the studied time interval and confirm the previously reported delayed hydrological response to Greenland cooling. However, despite a detected delay of Western European environmental change of similar to 135 years, our biomarker data show statistically significant correlation with deuterium excess in Greenland ice core at - annual resolution during this time-transgressive cooling. This suggests a coherent atmospheric forcing across the North Atlantic realm during this transition. We propose that Western European cooling was postponed due to major reorganization of the westerlies that were intermittently forcing warmer and wetter air masses from lower latitudes to Western Europe and thus resulted in delayed cooling relative to Greenland.
(40)A/Ar-39 step-heating of mica and amphibole megacrysts from hauyne-bearing olivine melilitite scoria/tephra from the Zelezna hurka yielded a 435 +/- 108 ka isotope correlation age for phlogopite and a more imprecise 1.55 Ma total gas age of the kaersutite megacryst. The amphibole megacrysts may constitute the first, and the younger phlogopite megacrysts the later phase of mafic, hydrous melilitic magma crystallization. It cannot be ruled out that the amphibole megacrysts are petrogenetically unrelated to tephra and phlogopite megacrysts and were derived from mantle xenoliths or disaggregated older, deep crustal pegmatites. This is in line both with the rarity of amphibole at Zelezna hurka and with the observed signs of magmatic resorption at the edges of amphibole crystals.
Two different approaches are used to assess the impacts associated with natural hazards and climate change in cities. A bottom-up approach uses high resolution data on constituent assets within the urban area. In contrast, a top-down approach uses less detailed information but is consequently more readily transferable. Here, we compare damage curves generated by each approach for coastal flooding in London. To compare them, we fit a log-logistic regression with three parameters to the calculated damage curves. We find that the functions are remarkably similar in their shape, albeit with different inflection points and a maximum damage that differs by 13%-25%. If rescaled, the curves agree almost exactly, which enables damage assessment to be undertaken following the calculation of the three parameters.
Initiation of subduction following the impingement of a hot buoyant mantle plume is one of the few scenarios that allow breaking the lithosphere and recycling a stagnant lid without requiring any preexisting weak zones. Here, we investigate factors controlling the number and shape of retreating subducting slabs formed by plume-lithosphere interaction. Using 3-D thermomechanical models we show that the deformation regime, which defines formation of single-slab or multi-slab subduction, depends on several parameters such as age of oceanic lithosphere, thickness of the crust and large-scale lithospheric extension rate. Our model results indicate that on present-day Earth multi-slab plume-induced subduction is initiated only if the oceanic lithosphere is relatively young (<30-40 Myr, but >10 Myr), and the crust has a typical thickness of 8 km. In turn, development of single-slab subduction is facilitated by older lithosphere and pre-imposed extensional stresses. In early Earth, plume-lithosphere interaction could have led to formation of either episodic short-lived circular subduction when the oceanic lithosphere was young or to multi-slab subduction when the lithosphere was old.
The Hartousov mofette system is a natural CO2 degassing site in the central Cheb Basin (Eger Rift, Central Europe). In early 2016 a 108 m deep core was obtained from this system to investigate the impact of ascending mantle-derived CO2 on indigenous deep microbial communities and their surrounding life habitat. During drilling, a CO2 blow out occurred at a depth of 78.5 meter below surface (mbs) suggesting a CO2 reservoir associated with a deep low-permeable CO2-saturated saline aquifer at the transition from Early Miocene terrestrial to lacustrine sediments. Past microbial communities were investigated by hopanoids and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) reflecting the environmental conditions during the time of deposition rather than showing a signal of the current deep biosphere. The composition and distribution of the deep microbial community potentially stimulated by the upward migration of CO2 starting during Mid Pleistocene time was investigated by intact polar lipids (IPLs), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. The deep biosphere is characterized by microorganisms that are linked to the distribution and migration of the ascending CO2-saturated groundwater and the availability of organic matter instead of being linked to single lithological units of the investigated rock profile. Our findings revealed high relative abundances of common soil and water bacteria, in particular the facultative, anaerobic and potential iron-oxidizing Acidovorax and other members of the family Comamonadaceae across the whole recovered core. The results also highlighted the frequent detection of the putative sulfate-oxidizing and CO2-fixating genus Sulfuricurvum at certain depths. A set of new IPLs are suggested to be indicative for microorganisms associated to CO2 accumulation in the mofette system.
The Arctic ecosystem, a reservoir of genetic microbial diversity, represents a virtually unlimited source of microorganisms that could interact with human beings. Despite continuous exploration of Arctic habitats and description of their microbial communities, bacterial phenotypes commonly associated with pathogenicity, such as hemolytic activity, have rarely been reported. In this study, samples of snow, fresh and marine water, soil, and sediment from several habitats in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard were collected during Summer, 2017. Bacterial isolates were obtained after incubation on oligotrophic media at different temperatures and their hemolytic potential was assessed on sheep blood agar plates. Partial (alpha) or true (beta) hemolysis was observed in 32 out of 78 bacterial species. Genes expressing cytolytic compounds, such as hemolysins, likely increase the general fitness of the producing microorganisms and confer a competitive advantage over the availability of nutrients in natural habitats. In environmental species, the nutrient-acquisition function of these compounds presumably precedes their function as toxins for mammalian erythrocytes. However, in the light of global warming, the presence of hemolytic bacteria in Arctic environments highlights the possible risks associated with these microorganisms in the event of habitat melting/destruction, ecosystem transition, and re-colonization.
Full-waveform-based characterization of acoustic emission activity in a mine-scale experiment
(2020)
Understanding fracturing processes and the hydromechanical relation to induced seismicity is a key question for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Commonly massive fluid injection, predominately causing hydroshearing, are used in large-scale EGS but also hydraulic fracturing approaches were discussed. To evaluate the applicability of hydraulic fracturing techniques in EGS, six in situ, multistage hydraulic fracturing experiments with three different injection schemes were performed under controlled conditions in crystalline rock at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). During the experiments the near-field ground motion was continuously recorded by 11 piezoelectric borehole sensors with a sampling rate of 1 MHz. The sensor network covered a volume of 30x30x30 m around a horizontal, 28-m-long injection borehole at a depth of 410 m. To extract and characterize massive, induced, high-frequency acoustic emission (AE) activity from continuous recordings, a semi-automated workflow was developed relying on full waveform based detection, classification and location procedures. The approach extended the AE catalogue from 196 triggered events in previous studies to more than 19600 located AEs. The enhanced catalogue, for the first time, allows a detailed analysis of induced seismicity during single hydraulic fracturing experiments, including the individual fracturing stages and the comparison between injection schemes. Beside the detailed study of the spatio-temporal patterns, event clusters and the growth of seismic clouds, we estimate relative magnitudes and b-values of AEs for conventional, cyclic progressive and dynamic pulse injection schemes, the latter two being fatigue hydraulic fracturing techniques. While the conventional fracturing leads to AE patterns clustered in planar regions, indicating the generation of a single main fracture plane, the cyclic progressive injection scheme results in a more diffuse, cloud-like AE distribution, indicating the activation of a more complex fracture network. For a given amount of hydraulic energy (pressure multiplied by injected volume) pumped into the system, the cyclic progressive scheme is characterized by a lower rate of seismicity, lower maximum magnitudes and significantly larger b-values, implying an increased number of small events relative to the large ones. To our knowledge, this is the first direct comparison of high resolution seismicity in a mine-scale experiment induced by different hydraulic fracturing schemes.
The change of the mechanical properties of granular materials with pressure is an important topic associated with many industrial applications. In this paper we investigate the influence of hydrostatic pressure (P-e) on the effective bulk compressibility (C-eff) of a granular material by applying two modified theoretical approaches that are based on contact mechanics and micromechanics, respectively. For a granular material composed of rough grains, an extended contact model is developed to elucidate the effect of roughness of grain surfaces on bulk compressibility. At relatively low pressures, the model predicts that the decrease of bulk compressibility with pressure may be described by a power law with an exponent of -1/2 (i.e., C-eff proportional to P-e(1/2) ), but deviates at intermediate pressures. At elevated pressures beyond full contact, bulk compressibility remains almost unchanged, which may be roughly evaluated by continuum contact mechanics. As an alternative explanation of pressure-dependent bulk compressibility, we suggest a micromechanical model that accounts for effects of different types of pore space present in granular materials. Narrow and compliant inter-granular cracks are approximated by three-dimensional oblate spheroidal cracks with rough surfaces, whereas the equant and stiff pores surrounded by three and four neighboring grains are modeled as tubular pores with cross sections of three and four cusp-like corners, respectively. In this model, bulk compressibility is strongly reduced with increasing pressure by progressive closure of rough-walled cracks. At pressures exceeding crack closure pressure, deformation of the remaining equant pores is largely insensitive to pressure, with almost no further change in bulk compressibility. To validate these models, we performed hydrostatic compression tests on Bentheim sandstone (a granular rock consisting of quartz with high porosity) under a wide range of pressure. The relation between observed microstructures and measured pressure-dependent bulk compressibility is well explained by both suggested models.
Cities will play a key role in the grand challenge of nourishing a growing global population, because, due to their population density, they set the demand. To ensure that food systems are sustainable, as well as nourishing, one solution often suggested is to shorten their supply chains toward a regional rather than a global basis. While such regional systems may have a range of costs and benefits, we investigate the mitigation potential of regionalized urban food systems by examining the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food transport. Using data on food consumption for 7108 urban administrative units (UAUs), we simulate total transport emissions for both regionalized and globalized supply chains. In regionalized systems, the UAUs' demands are fulfilled by peripheral food production, whereas to simulate global supply chains, food demand is met from an international pool (where the origin can be any location globally). We estimate that regionalized systems could reduce current emissions from food transport. However, because longer supply chains benefit from maximizing comparative advantage, this emission reduction would require closing yield gaps, reducing food waste, shifting toward diversified farming, and consuming seasonal produce. Regionalization of food systems will be an essential component to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees C in the future.
Many of the volcanic plateau margins of the eastern, formerly glaciated, foreland of the Patagonian Andes are undermined by giant landslides (>= 10(8) m(3)). One cluster of such landslides extends along the margin of the Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires (MLBA) plateau that is formed mainly by Neogene-Quaternary basalts. The dry climate is at odds with numerous >2-km long earthflows nested within older and larger compound landslides. We present a hydrological analysis, a detailed geomorphic map, interpretations of exposed landslide interiors, and radiocarbon dating of the El Mirador landslide, which is one of the largest and morphologically most representative landslide. We find that the presence of lakes on top of the plateau, causing low infiltration rates, correlates negatively with the abundance of earthflows on compound landslides along the plateau margins. Field outcrops show that the pattern of compound landslides and earthflows is likely controlled by groundwater seepage at the contact between the basalts and underlying soft Miocene molasse. Numerous peat bogs store water and sediment and are more abundant in earthflow-affected areas than in their contributing catchment areas. <br /> Radiocarbon dates indicate that these earthflows displaced metre-thick layers of peat in the late Holocene (<2.5 ka). We conclude that earthflows of the MLBA plateau might be promising proxies of past hydroclimatic conditions in the Patagonian foreland, if strong earthquakes or gradual crustal stress changes due to glacioisostatic rebound can be ruled out.
Drainage divide networks
(2020)
Drainage divides are organized into tree-like networks that may record information about drainage divide mobility. However, views diverge about how to best assess divide mobility. Here, we apply a new approach of automatically extracting and ordering drainage divide networks from digital elevation models to results from landscape evolution model experiments. We compared landscapes perturbed by strike-slip faulting and spatiotemporal variations in erodibility to a reference model to assess which topographic metrics (hillslope relief, flow distance, and chi) are diagnostic of divide mobility. Results show that divide segments that are a minimum distance of similar to 5 km from river confluences strive to attain constant values of hillslope relief and flow distance to the nearest stream. Disruptions of such patterns can be related to mobile divides that are lower than stable divides, closer to streams, and often asymmetric in shape. In general, we observe that drainage divides high up in the network, i.e., at great distances from river confluences, are more susceptible to disruptions than divides closer to these confluences and are thus more likely to record disturbance for a longer time period. We found that across-divide differences in hillslope relief proved more useful for assessing divide migration than other tested metrics. However, even stable drainage divide networks exhibit across-divide differences in any of the studied topographic metrics. Finally, we propose a new metric to quantify the connectivity of divide junctions.
Dispersion-curve inversion of Rayleigh waves to infer subsurface shear-wave velocity is a long-standing problem in seismology. Due to nonlinearity and ill-posedness, sophisticated regularization techniques are required to solve the problem for a stable velocity model. We have formulated the problem as a minimization problem with nonlinear operator constraint and then solve it by using an inexact augmented Lagrangian method, taking advantage of the Haney-Tsai Dix-type relation (a global linear approximation of the nonlinear forward operator). This replaces the original regularized nonlinear problem with iterative minimization of a more tractable regularized linear problem followed by a nonlinear update of the phase velocity (data) in which the update can be performed accurately with any forward modeling engine, for example, the finite-element method. The algorithm allows discretizing the medium with thin layers (for the finite-element method) and thus omitting the layer thicknesses from the unknowns and also allows incorporating arbitrary regularizations to shape the desired velocity model. In this research, we use total variation regularization to retrieve the shear-wave velocity model. We use two synthetic and two real data examples to illustrate the performance of the inversion algorithm with total variation regularization. We find that the method is fast and stable, and it converges to the solution of the original nonlinear problem.
A new solid-state material, N-butyl pyridinium diiodido argentate(I), is synthesized using a simple and effective one-pot approach. In the solid state, the compound exhibits 1D ([AgI2](-))(n) chains that are stabilized by the N-butyl pyridinium cation. The 1D structure is further manifested by the formation of long, needle-like crystals, as revealed from electron microscopy. As the general composition is derived from metal halide-based ionic liquids, the compound has a low melting point of 100-101 degrees C, as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. Most importantly, the compound has a conductivity of 10(-6) S cm(-1) at room temperature. At higher temperatures the conductivity increases and reaches to 10(-4 )S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. In contrast to AgI, however, the current material has a highly anisotropic 1D arrangement of the ionic domains. This provides direct and tuneable access to fast and anisotropic ionic conduction. The material is thus a significant step forward beyond current ion conductors and a highly promising prototype for the rational design of highly conductive ionic solid-state conductors for battery or solar cell applications.
The 2.7-2.9 Ma Ertsberg East Skarn System (EESS) is a world-class Cu-Au skarn that formed within and adjacent to an intrusion within a paleodepth of 0.5 km and > 2.5 km. Its economic mineralisation developed by sustained reaction of magmatic fluid with contact metamorphosed siliciclastic and carbonate rocks at the margin of the adjacent Ertsberg quartz monzodiorite intrusion. Based on high-resolution mineral mapping, chemical analysis and thermodynamic calculations, the multistage formation processes of the exoskarn components of the EESS are examined in the context of changing pressure, temperature, fluid composition and fluid phase. We show that contact metamorphism of dolomitic sediments occurred at 51 +/- 5 MPa, between 700 degrees C and 800 degrees C and in the presence of a H2O-CO2-fluid containing similar to 10 to similar to 70 mol% CO2. This prograde metamorphism formed a forsterite + diopside + calcite + phlogopite + spinel assemblage. Such forsterite-dominated skarns account for similar to 55 vol% of the EESS exoskarns. Rare pargasite (previously unrecognized in this deposit) formed locally in the metamorphosed carbonate sequence where the protolith was composed of supratidal evaporites with dolomitic carbonate and interlayered calc-silicate rocks. The subsequent flux of a lower pressure magmatic gas containing SO2(g) caused sulphate metasomatism. This high temperature gas alteration of the metamorphic assemblage also caused skarn Cu-Fe-sulphide mineralisation. The influx of a SO2 gas through fracture permeability occurred at a temperature between similar to 600 and 700 degrees C and caused calcite to be replaced by anhydrite, with the coupled release of H2S(g). This in-situ release of H2S(g) scavenged trace Cu from the gas phase to deposit Cu-Fe-sulphides, which make the economic value of the distinct. We demonstrate that the formation of metal sulphides within forsterite skarns of the Ertsberg East Skarn System required a minimum flux of similar to 1,050 Mt SO2(g) and show that volcanic degassing may have occurred over a time span of similar to 3,900 years. As the system waned, the ambient fluid resulted in partial retrograde serpentinization of olivine and diopside without carbonation, and at temperatures sufficiently high to preserve anhydrite.
Increasingly available high-frequency data during storm events, when hydrological dynamics most likely activate nitrate storage-flux exchanges, reveal insights into catchment nitrate dynamics. In this study, we explored impacts of seasonality and landscape gradients on nitrate concentration-discharge (C-Q) hysteresis patterns in the Selke catchment, central Germany, which has heterogeneous combinations of meteorological, hydrogeological and land use conditions. Three nested gauging stations established along the main Selke River captured flow and nitrate export dynamics from the uppermost subcatchment (mixed forest and arable land), middle subcatchment (pure steep forest) and lowermost subcatchment (arable and urban land). We collected continuous high-frequency (15-min) discharge and nitrate concentration data from 2012 to 2017 and analyzed the 223 events detected at all three stations. A dominant hysteresis pattern in the uppermost and middle subcatchments was counter-clockwise and combined with an accretion effect, indicating many proximal and mobilized distal nitrate sources. However, 66% of all events at the catchment outlet experienced a dilution effect, possibly due to mechanisms that vary seasonally. During wetting/wet periods (October-March), it was combined mainly with a counter-clockwise pattern due to the dominance of event runoff volume from the uppermost and middle subcatchments. During drying/dry periods (April-September), however, it was combined mainly with a clockwise pattern due to occasional quick surface flows from lowland near-stream urban areas. In addition, the clockwise hysteresis occurred mainly from May-October during mostly drying/dry periods at all three sites, indicating little distal nitrate transport in response to the low terrestrial hydrological connectivity, especially in the lowermost dry and flat sub-catchment. This comprehensive analysis (i.e., clockwise vs. counter-clockwise, accretion vs. dilution) enables in-depth analysis of nitrate export mechanisms during certain periods under different landscape conditions. Specific combination of C-Q relationships could identify target locations for agricultural management actions that decrease nitrate output. Therefore, we strongly encourage long-term multisite and high-frequency monitoring strategies in heterogeneous nested catchment(s), which can help understand process mechanisms, generate data for physical-based water-quality modeling and provide guidance for water and agricultural management.
This study presents the first suite of apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from the SE part of the Western Sudetes. AFT cooling ages from the Orlica-snie(z) over dotnik Dome and the Upper Nysa Klodzka Graben range from Late Cretaceous (84 Ma) to Early Palaeocene-Middle Eocene (64-45 Ma). The first stage of basin evolution (similar to 100-90 Ma) was marked by the formation of a local extensional depocentre and disruption of the Mesozoic planation surface. Subsequent far-field convergence of European microplates resulted in Coniacian-Santonian (similar to 89-83 Ma) thrust faulting. AFT data from both metamorphic basement and Mesozoic sedimentary cover indicate homogenous Late Cretaceous burial of the entire Western Sudetes. Thermal history modeling suggests that the onset of cooling could be constrained between 89 and 63 Ma with a climax during the Palaeocene-Middle Eocene basin inversion phase.
In this study, we analyze interactions in lake and lake catchment systems of a continuous permafrost area. We assessed colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption at 440 nm (a(440)(CDOM)) and absorption slope (S300-500) in lakes using field sampling and optical remote sensing data for an area of 350 km(2) in Central Yamal, Siberia. Applying a CDOM algorithm (ratio of green and red band reflectance) for two high spatial resolution multispectral GeoEye-1 and Worldview-2 satellite images, we were able to extrapolate the a()(CDOM) data from 18 lakes sampled in the field to 356 lakes in the study area (model R-2 = 0.79). Values of a(440)(CDOM) in 356 lakes varied from 0.48 to 8.35 m(-1) with a median of 1.43 m(-1). This a()(CDOM) dataset was used to relate lake CDOM to 17 lake and lake catchment parameters derived from optical and radar remote sensing data and from digital elevation model analysis in order to establish the parameters controlling CDOM in lakes on the Yamal Peninsula. Regression tree model and boosted regression tree analysis showed that the activity of cryogenic processes (thermocirques) in the lake shores and lake water level were the two most important controls, explaining 48.4% and 28.4% of lake CDOM, respectively (R-2 = 0.61). Activation of thermocirques led to a large input of terrestrial organic matter and sediments from catchments and thawed permafrost to lakes (n = 15, mean a(440)(CDOM) = 5.3 m(-1)). Large lakes on the floodplain with a connection to Mordy-Yakha River received more CDOM (n = 7, mean a(440)(CDOM) = 3.8 m(-1)) compared to lakes located on higher terraces.
Glacial-cycle simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)
(2020)
Simulations of the glacial-interglacial history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet provide insights into dynamic threshold behavior and estimates of the ice sheet's contributions to global sea-level changes for the past, present and future. However, boundary conditions are weakly constrained, in particular at the interface of the ice sheet and the bedrock. Also climatic forcing covering the last glacial cycles is uncertain, as it is based on sparse proxy data. <br /> We use the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) to investigate the dynamic effects of different choices of input data, e.g., for modern basal heat flux or reconstructions of past changes of sea level and surface temperature. As computational resources are limited, glacial-cycle simulations are performed using a comparably coarse model grid of 16 km and various parameterizations, e.g., for basal sliding, iceberg calving, or for past variations in precipitation and ocean temperatures. In this study we evaluate the model's transient sensitivity to corresponding parameter choices and to different boundary conditions over the last two glacial cycles and provide estimates of involved uncertainties. We also discuss isolated and combined effects of climate and sea-level forcing. Hence, this study serves as a "cookbook" for the growing community of PISM users and paleo-ice sheet modelers in general. <br /> For each of the different model uncertainties with regard to climatic forcing, ice and Earth dynamics, and basal processes, we select one representative model parameter that captures relevant uncertainties and motivates corresponding parameter ranges that bound the observed ice volume at present. The four selected parameters are systematically varied in a parameter ensemble analysis, which is described in a companion paper.
The thick-skinned fold-and-thrust belt on the eastern flank of the Andean Plateau in northwestern Argentina (NWA) is a zone of active contractional deformation characterized by fault-bounded mountain ranges with no systematic spatiotemporal pattern of tectonic activity. In contrast, the thin-skinned Subandean fold-and-thrust belt of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia is characterized primarily by in-sequence (i.e., west to east) fault progression, with a narrow zone of Quaternary deformation focused at the front of the orogenic wedge. To better understand how recent deformation is accommodated across these mountain ranges and the Argentinian portion of the orogen in particular, estimating and comparing deformation rates and patterns across different timescales is essential. We present Late Pleistocene shortening rates for the central Calchaqui intermontane valley in NWA associated with at least three episodes of deformation. Global Positioning System data for the same region reveal a gradual decrease in horizontal surface velocities from the Eastern Cordillera toward the foreland, which contrasts with the rapid velocity gradient associated with a locked decollement in the Subandean Ranges of southern Bolivia. Our new results represent a small view of regional deformation that, when considered in combination with the shallow crustal seismicity and decadal-scale surface velocities, support the notion that strain release in NWA is associated with numerous slowly deforming structures that are distributed throughout the orogen.
Geochemical processes change the microstructure of rocks and thereby affect their physical behaviour at the macro scale. A micro-computer tomography (micro-CT) scan of a typical reservoir sandstone is used to numerically examine the impact of three spatial alteration patterns on pore morphology, permeability and elastic moduli by correlating precipitation with the local flow velocity magnitude. The results demonstrate that the location of mineral growth strongly affects the permeability decrease with variations by up to four orders in magnitude. Precipitation in regions of high flow velocities is characterised by a predominant clogging of pore throats and a drastic permeability reduction, which can be roughly described by the power law relation with an exponent of 20. A continuous alteration of the pore structure by uniform mineral growth reduces the permeability comparable to the power law with an exponent of four or the Kozeny-Carman relation. Preferential precipitation in regions of low flow velocities predominantly affects smaller throats and pores with a minor impact on the flow regime, where the permeability decrease is considerably below that calculated by the power law with an exponent of two. Despite their complete distinctive impact on hydraulics, the spatial precipitation patterns only slightly affect the increase in elastic rock properties with differences by up to 6.3% between the investigated scenarios. Hence, an adequate characterisation of the spatial precipitation pattern is crucial to quantify changes in hydraulic rock properties, whereas the present study shows that its impact on elastic rock parameters is limited. The calculated relations between porosity and permeability, as well as elastic moduli can be applied for upscaling micro-scale findings to reservoir-scale models to improve their predictive capabilities, what is of paramount importance for a sustainable utilisation of the geological subsurface.
Fractures efficiently affect fluid flow in geological formations, and thereby determine mass and energy transport in reservoirs, which are not least exploited for economic resources. In this context, their response to mechanical and thermal changes, as well as fluid-rock interactions, is of paramount importance. In this study, a two-stage flow-through experiment was conducted on a pure quartz sandstone core of low matrix permeability, containing one single macroscopic tensile fracture. In the first short-term stage, the effects of mechanical and hydraulic aperture on pressure and temperature cycles were investigated. The purpose of the subsequent intermittent-flow long-term (140 days) stage was to constrain the evolution of the geometrical and hydraulic fracture properties resulting from pressure solution. Deionized water was used as the pore fluid, and permeability, as well as the effluent Si concentrations, were systematically measured. Overall, hydraulic aperture was shown to be significantly less affected by pressure, temperature and time, in comparison to mechanical aperture. During the long-term part of the experiment at 140 degrees C, the effluent Si concentrations likely reached a chemical equilibrium state within less than 8 days of stagnant flow, and exceeded the corresponding hydrostatic quartz solubility at this temperature. This implies that the pressure solution was active at the contacting fracture asperities, both at 140 degrees C and after cooling to 33 degrees C. The higher temperature yielded a higher dissolution rate and, consequently, a faster attainment of chemical equilibrium within the contact fluid. X-ray mu CT observations evidenced a noticeable increase in fracture contact area ratio, which, in combination with theoretical considerations, implies a significant decrease in mechanical aperture. In contrast, the sample permeability, and thus the hydraulic fracture aperture, virtually did not vary. In conclusion, pressure solution-induced fracture aperture changes are affected by the degree of time-dependent variations in pore fluid composition. In contrast to the present case of a quasi-closed system with mostly stagnant flow, in an open system with continuous once-through fluid flow, the activity of the pressure solution may be amplified due to the persistent fluid-chemical nonequilibrium state, thus possibly enhancing aperture and fracture permeability changes.
Width control on event-scale deposition and evacuation of sediment in bedrock-confined channels
(2020)
In mixed bedrock-alluvial rivers, the response of the system to a flood event can be affected by a number of factors, including coarse sediment availability in the channel, sediment supply from the hillslopes and upstream, flood sequencing and coarse sediment grain size distribution. However, the impact of along-stream changes in channel width on bedload transport dynamics remains largely unexplored. We combine field data, theory and numerical modelling to address this gap. First, we present observations from the Daan River gorge in western Taiwan, where the river flows through a 1 km long 20-50 m wide bedrock gorge bounded upstream and downstream by wide braidplains. We documented two flood events during which coarse sediment evacuation and redeposition appear to cause changes of up to several metres in channel bed elevation. Motivated by this case study, we examined the relationships between discharge, channel width and bedload transport capacity, and show that for a given slope narrow channels transport bedload more efficiently than wide ones at low discharges, whereas wider channels are more efficient at high discharges. We used the model sedFlow to explore this effect, running a random sequence of floods through a channel with a narrow gorge section bounded upstream and downstream by wider reaches. Channel response to imposed floods is complex, as high and low discharges drive different spatial patterns of erosion and deposition, and the channel may experience both of these regimes during the peak and recession periods of each flood. Our modelling suggests that width differences alone can drive substantial variations in sediment flux and bed response, without the need for variations in sediment supply or mobility. The fluctuations in sediment transport rates that result from width variations can lead to intermittent bed exposure, driving incision in different segments of the channel during different portions of the hydrograph.
In recent decades, slope instability in high-mountain regions has often been linked to increase in temperature and the associated permafrost degradation and/or the increase in frequency/intensity of rainstorm events. In this context we analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution and potential controlling mechanisms of small- to medium-sized mass movements in a high-elevation catchment of the Italian Alps (Sulden/Solda basin). We found that slope-failure events (mostly in the form of rockfalls) have increased since the 2000s, whereas the occurrence of debris flows has increased only since 2010. The current climate-warming trend registered in the study area apparently increases the elevation of rockfall-detachment areas by approximately 300 m, mostly controlled by the combined effects of frost-cracking and permafrost thawing. In contrast, the occurrence of debris flows does not exhibit such an altitudinal shift, as it is primarily driven by extreme precipitation events exceeding the 75th percentile of the intensity-duration rainfall distribution. Potential debris-flow events in this environment may additionally be influenced by the accumulation of unconsolidated debris over time, which is then released during extreme rainfall events. Overall, there is evidence that the upper Sulden/Solda basin (above ca. 2500 m above sea level [a.s.l.]), and especially the areas in the proximity of glaciers, have experienced a significant decrease in slope stability since the 2000s, and that an increase in rockfalls and debris flows during spring and summer can be inferred. Our study thus confirms that "forward-looking" hazard mapping should be undertaken in these increasingly frequented, high-elevation areas of the Alps, as environmental change has elevated the overall hazard level in these regions.
Relative pollen productivity (RPP) estimates are fractionate values, often in relation to Poaceae, that allow vegetation cover to be estimated from pollen counts with the help of models. RPP estimates are especially used in the scientific community in Europe and China, with a few studies in North America. Here we present a comprehensive compilation of available northern hemispheric RPP studies and their results arising from 51 publications with 60 sites and 131 taxa. This compilation allows scientists to identify data gaps in need of further RPP analyses but can also aid them in finding an RPP set for their study region. We also present a taxonomically harmonised, unified RPP dataset for the Northern Hemisphere and subsets for North America (including Greenland), Europe (including arctic Russia), and China, which we generated from the available studies. The unified dataset gives the mean RPP for 55 harmonised taxa as well as fall speeds, which are necessary to reconstruct vegetation cover from pollen counts and RPP values. Data are openly available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.922661 (Wieczorek and Herzschuh, 2020).
Due to the high concentration of people and infrastructures in European cities, the possible impacts of climate change are particularly high (cities' social, economic and technical vulnerabilities). Adaptation measures to reduce the sensitivity of a city to climate risks are therefore of particular importance. Nevertheless, it is also common to develop compact and dense urban areas to reduce urban sprawl. Urban infill development and sustainable spatial climate policies are thus in apparent conflict with each other. This article examines how German cities deal with the tensions between these two policy fields. Using six case studies, a new heuristic analysis method is applied. This study identifies three key governance aspects that are essential for promoting the joint implementation: instruments, organisation and interaction. Based on our case studies, we conclude that successful implementation can only be achieved through integrative governance including all three domains.
Tensile strength is an important parameter when it comes to predictions of potential fracturing of sediments by natural processes such as the emplacement of ice or gas hydrate lenses, as well as anthropogenic fracturing or else the stability of engineering constructions such as boreholes. Yet, tensile strength (sigma(tau)) measurements of unconsolidated ice-bearing or gas hydrate-bearing sands are scarce and affected by a large variability. <br /> In the course of the SUGAR project we successfully used ice as a model for pore-filling and "load-bearing" gas hydrate in sand to determine compressional wave velocity. We were thus able to verify comparable formation characteristics and morphologies of ice and gas hydrate within the pore space. As these are important values for the tensile strength of ice/hydrate-bearing sands, ice was also used as a model for hydrate-bearing sands, despite differences in the mechanical behavior and strength of pure ice and gas hydrate. Water-saturated sand cores with ice saturations (S-ice) between 0 and 100% were tested at -6.8 degrees C. The varying S-ice were a result of the freezing point depression caused by saline solutions of different concentrations. The sigma(tau) was directly determined using a sleeve-fracturing test with an internal pressure that was created within the frozen samples. The setup was also adapted to fit a pressure vessel for tests using confining pressure. <br /> The correlation of S-ice - sigma(tau) shows an exponential increase of sigma(tau) with S-ice. Whereas at S-ice < 60% the increase is small, it is large at S-ice > 80%. In conjunction with the change in strength, the viscoelastic behavior changes. A clear peak strength occurs at S-ice > 80%. We conclude that given 60% < S-ice < 80% the pore-filling morphology of the ice converts into a frame-building habitus and at S-ice > 80% the frame gains strength while the amount of residual water decreases. Tensile failure and cracking now exceed grain boundary sliding as the prevailing failure mode. The ice morphology in the sand is non-cementing and comparable to a gas hydrate-sand mixture.
Probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard and risk over a geographical region presents the modeler with challenges in the characterization of the site amplification that are not present in site-specific assessment. Using site-to-site residuals from a ground motion model fit to observations from the Japanese KiK-net database, correlations between measured local amplifications and mappable proxies such as topographic slope and geology are explored. These are used subsequently to develop empirical models describing amplification as a direct function of slope, conditional upon geological period. These correlations also demonstrate the limitations of inferring 30-m shearwave velocity from slope and applying them directly into ground motion models. Instead, they illustrate the feasibility of deriving spectral acceleration amplification factors directly from sets of observed records, which are calibrated to parameters that can be mapped uniformly on a regional scale. The result is a geologically calibrated amplification model that can be incorporated into national and regional seismic hazard and risk assessment, ensuring that the corresponding total aleatory variability reflects the predictive capability of the mapped site proxy.
Most South Asian countries have challenges in ensuring water, energy, and food (WEF) security, which are often interacting positively or negatively. To address these challenges, the nexus approach provides a framework to identify the interactions of the WEF sectors as an integrated system. However, most nexus studies only qualitatively discuss the interactions between these sectors. This study conducts a systematic analysis of the WEF security nexus in South Asia by using open data sources at the country scale. We analyze interactions between the WEF sectors statistically, defining positive and negative correlations between the WEF security indicators as synergies and trade-offs, respectively. By creating networks of the synergies and trade-offs, we further identify most positively and negatively influencing indicators in the WEF security nexus. We observe a larger share of trade-offs than synergies within the water and energy sectors and a larger share of synergies than trade-offs among the WEF sectors for South Asia. However, these observations vary across the South Asian countries. Our analysis highlights that strategies on promoting sustainable energy and discouraging fossil fuel use could have overall positive effects on the WEF security nexus in the countries. This study provides evidence for considering the WEF security nexus as an integrated system rather than just a combination of three different sectors or securities.
Accelerograms are the primary source for characterizing strong ground motion. It is therefore of paramount interest to have high-quality recordings free from any nonphysical contamination. Frequently, accelerograms are affected by baseline jumps and drifts, either related to the instrument and/or a major earthquake. In this work, I propose a correction method for these undesired baseline drifts based on segmented linear least squares. The algorithm operates on the integrated waveforms and combines all three instrument components to estimate a model that modifies the baseline to be at zero continuously. The procedure consists of two steps: first a suite of models with variable numbers of discontinuities is derived for all three instrument components. During this process, the number of discontinuities is reduced in a parsimonious way, for example, two very close discontinuities are merged into a single one. In the second step, the optimal model is selected on the basis of the Bayesian information criterion. I exemplify the application on synthetic waveforms with known discontinuities and on observed waveforms from a unified strong-motion database of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED, Japan) networks for the major events of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. After the baseline jump correction, the waveforms are furthermore corrected for displacement according to Wang et al.(2011). The resulting displacements are comparable to the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar-derived displacement estimates for the Kumamoto earthquake sequence.
Earthquake source arrays
(2020)
A collection of earthquake sources recorded at a single station, under specific conditions, are considered as a source array (SA), that is interpreted as if earthquake sources originate at the station location and are recorded at the source location. Then, array processing methods, that is array beamforming, are applicable to analyse the recorded signals. A possible application is to use source array multiple event techniques to locate and characterize near-source scatterers and structural interfaces. In this work the aim is to facilitate the use of earthquake source arrays by presenting an automatic search algorithm to configure the source array elements. We developed a procedure to search for an optimal source array element distribution given an earthquake catalogue including accurate origin time and hypocentre locations. The objective function of the optimization process can be flexibly defined for each application to ensure the prerequisites (criteria) of making a source array. We formulated four quantitative criteria as subfunctions and used the weighted sum technique to combine them in one single scalar function. The criteria are: (1) to control the accuracy of the slowness vector estimation using the time domain beamforming method, (2) to measure the waveform coherency of the array elements, (3) to select events with lower location error and (4) to select traces with high energy of specific phases, that is, sp- or ps-phases. The proposed procedure is verified using synthetic data as well as real examples for the Vogtland region in Northwest Bohemia. We discussed the possible application of the optimized source arrays to identify the location of scatterers in the velocity model by presenting a synthetic test and an example using real waveforms.
LiCSBAS
(2020)
For the past five years, the 2-satellite Sentinel-1 constellation has provided abundant and useful Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, which have the potential to reveal global ground surface deformation at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, for most users, fully exploiting the large amount of associated data is challenging, especially over wide areas. To help address this challenge, we have developed LiCSBAS, an open-source SAR interferometry (InSAR) time series analysis package that integrates with the automated Sentinel-1 InSAR processor (LiCSAR). LiCSBAS utilizes freely available LiCSAR products, and users can save processing time and disk space while obtaining the results of InSAR time series analysis. In the LiCSBAS processing scheme, interferograms with many unwrapping errors are automatically identified by loop closure and removed. Reliable time series and velocities are derived with the aid of masking using several noise indices. The easy implementation of atmospheric corrections to reduce noise is achieved with the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS). Using case studies in southern Tohoku and the Echigo Plain, Japan, we demonstrate that LiCSBAS applied to LiCSAR products can detect both large-scale (>100 km) and localized (similar to km) relative displacements with an accuracy of <1 cm/epoch and similar to 2 mm/yr. We detect displacements with different temporal characteristics, including linear, periodic, and episodic, in Niigata, Ojiya, and Sanjo City, respectively. LiCSBAS and LiCSAR products facilitate greater exploitation of globally available and abundant SAR datasets and enhance their applications for scientific research and societal benefit.
In this investigation, we examine the uncertainties using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique on earthquake recordings to detect site resonant frequencies at 207 KiK-net sites. Our results show that the scenario dependence of response (pseudospectral acceleration) spectral ratio could bias the estimates of resonant frequencies for sites having multiple significant peaks with comparable amplitudes. Thus, the Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) should be preferred in computing HVSR. For more than 80% of the investigated sites, the first peak (in the frequency domain) on the average HVSR curve over multiple sites coincides with the highest peak. However, for sites with multiple peaks, the highest peak frequency (f(p)) is less susceptible to the selection criteria of significant peaks and the extent of smoothing to spectrum than the first peak frequency (f(0)). Meanwhile, in comparison to the surface-to-borehole spectral ratio, f(0) tends to underestimate the predominant frequency (at which the largest amplification occurs) more than f(p). In addition, in terms of characterizing linear site response, f(p) shows a better overall performance than f(0). Based on these findings, we thus recommend that seismic network operators provide f(p) on the average HVSRFAS curve as a priority, ideally together with the average HVSRFAS curve in site characterization.
In near- surface geophysics, ground-based mapping surveys are routinely used in a variety of applications including those from archaeology, civil engineering, hydrology, and soil science. The resulting geophysical anomaly maps of, for example, magnetic or electrical parameters are usually interpreted to laterally delineate subsurface structures such as those related to the remains of past human activities, subsurface utilities and other installations, hydrological properties, or different soil types. To ease the interpretation of such data sets, we have developed a multiscale processing, analysis, and visualization strategy. Our approach relies on a discrete redundant wavelet transform (RWT) implemented using cubic-spline filters and the a trous algorithm, which allows to efficiently compute a multiscale decomposition of 2D data using a series of 1D convolutions. The basic idea of the approach is presented using a synthetic test image, whereas our archaeogeophysical case study from northeast Germany demonstrates its potential to analyze and process rather typical geophysical anomaly maps including magnetic and topographic data. Our vertical-gradient magnetic data show amplitude variations over several orders of magnitude, complex anomaly patterns at various spatial scales, and typical noise patterns, whereas our topographic data show a distinct hill structure superimposed by a microtopographic stripe pattern and random noise. Our results demonstrate that the RWT approach is capable to successfully separate these components and that selected wavelet planes can be scaled and combined so that the reconstructed images allow for a detailed, multiscale structural interpretation also using integrated visualizations of magnetic and topographic data. Because our analysis approach is straightforward to implement without laborious parameter testing and tuning, computationally efficient, and easily adaptable to other geophysical data sets, we believe that it can help to rapidly analyze and interpret different geophysical mapping data collected to address a variety of near-surface applications from engineering practice and research.
In recent years, nature-based solutions are receiving increasing attention in the field of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as inclusive, no regret approaches. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) can mitigate the impacts of climate change, build resilience and tackle environmental degradation thereby supporting the targets set by the 2030 Agenda, the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework. Despite these benefits, EbA is still rarely implemented in practice. To better understand the barriers to implementation, this research examines policy-makers' perceptions of EbA, using an extended version of Protection Motivation Theory as an analytical framework. Through semi-structured interviews with policy-makers at regional and provincial level in Central Vietnam, it was found that EbA is generally considered a promising response option, mainly due to its multiple ecosystem-service benefits. The demand for EbA measures was largely driven by the perceived consequences of natural hazards and climate change. Insufficient perceived response efficacy and time-lags in effectiveness for disaster risk reduction were identified as key impediments for implementation. Pilot projects and capacity building on EbA are important means to overcome these perceptual barriers. This paper contributes to bridging the knowledge-gap on political decision-making regarding EbA and can, thereby, promote its mainstreaming into policy plans.
Controversy over the plate tectonic affinity and evolution of the Saxon granulites in a two- or multi-plate setting during inter- or intracontinental collision makes the Saxon Granulite Massif a key area for the understanding of the Palaeozoic Variscan orogeny. The massif is a large dome structure in which tectonic slivers of metapelite and metaophiolite units occur along a shear zone separating a diapir-like body of high-Pgranulite below from low-Pmetasedimentary rocks above. Each of the upper structural units records a different metamorphic evolution until its assembly with the exhuming granulite body. New age and petrologic data suggest that the metaophiolites developed from early Cambrian protoliths during high-Pamphibolite facies metamorphism in the mid- to late-Devonian and thermal overprinting by the exhuming hot granulite body in the early Carboniferous. A correlation of new Ar-Ar biotite ages with publishedP-T-tdata for the granulites implies that exhumation and cooling of the granulite body occurred at average rates of similar to 8 mm/year and similar to 80 degrees C/Ma, with a drop in exhumation rate from similar to 20 to similar to 2.5 mm/year and a slight rise in cooling rate between early and late stages of exhumation. A time lag ofc. 2 Ma between cooling through the closure temperatures for argon diffusion in hornblende and biotite indicates a cooling rate of 90 degrees C/Ma when all units had assembled into the massif. A two-plate model of the Variscan orogeny in which the above evolution is related to a short-lived intra-Gondwana subduction zone conflicts with the oceanic affinity of the metaophiolites and the timescale ofc. 50 Ma for the metamorphism. Alternative models focusing on the internal Variscan belt assume distinctly different material paths through the lower or upper crust for strikingly similar granulite massifs. An earlier proposed model of bilateral subduction below the internal Variscan belt may solve this problem.
A silica undersaturated alkali-olivine basanitic magma intruded the late Paleocene/early Eocene Jafnayn Formation near Muscat. Geochemical analyses indicate that a significant amount of host rock (limestone) was assimilated into the magma. We dated the basanite as 42.7 +/- 1.0 Ma (2 sigma error; late Lutetian), using the whole rock Ar-40/Ar-39 step-wise heating technique. Intrusion occurred in the hanging wall of a major regional extensional shear zone (Frontal Range Fault, FRF) bounding the northern margin of two domes within the Oman Mountains (Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes). Two shear intervals along the FRF have been documented. The first interval lasted immediately after emplacement of the Semail Ophiolite (latest Cretaceous-early Eocene) while the second and poorly constrained interval was assumed to have occurred during the Oligocene.
The proximity of the basanite to the FRF suggests that magma used extensional faults for the upper part of its ascent path. Reactivated Permian rift faults of the Pangaea rift or other preexisting faults may have been used for the lower ascent part.
We conclude that the basanite intrusion coincided with the onset of the second deformation interval along the FRF, because (1) the position of the basanite is near a dextral releasing bend, associated with the second shear interval, (2) the overlap of our Ar-40/Ar-39 age with the cooling curves for rocks from the nearby Jabal Akhdar Dome, and (3) the basanite postdates the first FRF deformation episode by > 10 Ma. Thus, the second interval along the FRF had started already during the late Lutetian and probably lasted into the Miocene.
A ground motion logic tree for seismic hazard analysis in the stable cratonic region of Europe
(2020)
Regions of low seismicity present a particular challenge for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis when identifying suitable ground motion models (GMMs) and quantifying their epistemic uncertainty. The 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model adopts a scaled backbone approach to characterise this uncertainty for shallow seismicity in Europe, incorporating region-to-region source and attenuation variability based on European strong motion data. This approach, however, may not be suited to stable cratonic region of northeastern Europe (encompassing Finland, Sweden and the Baltic countries), where exploration of various global geophysical datasets reveals that its crustal properties are distinctly different from the rest of Europe, and are instead more closely represented by those of the Central and Eastern United States. Building upon the suite of models developed by the recent NGA East project, we construct a new scaled backbone ground motion model and calibrate its corresponding epistemic uncertainties. The resulting logic tree is shown to provide comparable hazard outcomes to the epistemic uncertainty modelling strategy adopted for the Eastern United States, despite the different approaches taken. Comparison with previous GMM selections for northeastern Europe, however, highlights key differences in short period accelerations resulting from new assumptions regarding the characteristics of the reference rock and its influence on site amplification.
Evaluation of a novel application of earthquake HVSR in site-specific amplification estimation
(2020)
Ground response analyses (GRA) model the vertical propagations of SH waves through flat-layered media (1DSH) and are widely carried out to evaluate local site effects in practice. Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique is a cost-effective approach to extract certain site-specific information, e.g., site fundamental frequency (f(0)), but HVSR values cannot be directly used to approximate the levels of S-wave amplifications. Motivated by the work of Kawase et al. (2019), we propose a procedure to correct earthquake HVSR amplitudes for direct amplification estimations. The empirical correction compensates HVSR by generic vertical amplification spectra categorized by the vertical fundamental frequency (f(0v)) via kappa-means clustering. In this investigation, we evaluate the effectiveness of the corrected HVSR in approximating observed linear amplifications in comparison with 1DSH modellings. We select a total of 90 KiK-net (Kiban Kyoshin network) surface-downhole sites which are found to have no velocity contrasts below their boreholes and thus of which surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (SBSRs) can be taken as their empirical transfer functions (ETFs). 1DSH-based theoretical transfer functions (TTFs) are computed in the linear domain considering uncertainties in Vs profiles through randomizations. Five goodness-of-fit metrics are adopted to gauge the closeness between observed (ETF) and predicted (i.e., TTF and corrected HVSR) amplifications in both amplitude and spectral shape over frequencies from f(0) to 25 Hz. We find that the empirical correction to HVSR is highly effective and achieves a "good match" in both spectral shape and amplitude at the majority of the 90 KiK-net sites, as opposed to less than one-third for the 1DSH modelling. In addition, the empirical correction does not require a velocity model, which GRAs require, and thus has great potentials in seismic hazard assessments.
Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions
(2022)
Agricultural practice has led to landscape simplification and biodiversity decline, yet recently, energy-producing infrastructures, such as wind turbines, have been added to these simplified agroecosystems, turning them into multi-functional energy-agroecosystems. Here, we studied the trophic interactions of bats killed at wind turbines using a DNA metabarcoding approach to shed light on how turbine-related bat fatalities may possibly affect local habitats. Specifically, we identified insect DNA in the stomachs of common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) killed by wind turbines in Germany to infer in which habitats these bats hunted. Common noctule bats consumed a wide variety of insects from different habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, farmland, forests, and grasslands). Agricultural and silvicultural pest insects made up about 20% of insect species consumed by the studied bats. Our study suggests that the potential damage of wind energy production goes beyond the loss of bats and the decline of bat populations. Bat fatalities at wind turbines may lead to the loss of trophic interactions and ecosystem services provided by bats, which may add to the functional simplification and impaired crop production, respectively, in multi-functional ecosystems.
The structural evolution of calderas in rifts helps to characterize the spatiotemporal relationships between magmatism, long wavelength crustal deformation and the formation of tectonic deformation zones along the rift axis. We document the structural characteristics of the c. 36 ka old Menengai Caldera located within a young zone of extension in the central Kenya Rift. Field mapping and high-resolution digital surface models show that NNE-striking Holocene normal faults perpendicular to the regional ESE-WNWextension direction dominate the interior sectors of the rift. Inside the caldera, these structures are overprinted by post-collapse doming and faulting of the magmatic centre, resulting in obliquely slipping normal faults bounding a resurgence horst. Radiocarbon dating of faulted units as young as 5 ka cal BP and the palaeo-shorelines of a lake formed during the African Humid Period in the Nakuru Basin indicate that volcanism and fault activity inside and in the vicinity of Menengai must have been sustained during the Holocene. Our analysis confirms that the caldera is located at the centre of an extending rift segment and suggests that other magmatic centres and young zones of faulting along the volcano-tectonic axis of the Kenya Rift may constitute nucleation points of faulting that ultimately foster future continental break-up.