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- Cosmogenic nuclides (5)
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- Cultural diversity (5)
- DNA radiation damage (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data assimilation (5)
- Dexamethasone (5)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Diffusion (5)
- Disturbance (5)
- EPR (5)
- Earthquake dynamics (5)
- Ecology (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Emotions (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Flood (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Galaxy: center (5)
- Gender (5)
- Geomagnetic field (5)
- Geomorphology (5)
- Geostatistics (5)
- Graph theory (5)
- Grassland (5)
- Groundwater (5)
- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Insurance (5)
- Inversion (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Lactones (5)
- Lakes (5)
- Land use change (5)
- Land-use intensity (5)
- Landsat (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Language acquisition (5)
- Language production (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Holocene (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Leguminosae (5)
- Levy flights (5)
- Lonar Lake (5)
- Machine Learning (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Magnetotellurics (5)
- Mandarin Chinese (5)
- Mediterranean (5)
- Memory (5)
- Mental disorders (5)
- Mental health (5)
- Metathesis (5)
- Methane (5)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (5)
- Microtubules (5)
- Monsoon (5)
- Movement (5)
- Movement ecology (5)
- Muscle strength (5)
- Natural language processing (5)
- Neural networks (5)
- Neurotoxicity (5)
- Norway (5)
- Open innovation (5)
- Optimization (5)
- Organic Chemistry (5)
- PUFA (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (5)
- Phytoplankton (5)
- Plant functional types (5)
- Polymers (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Prevalence (5)
- Prevention (5)
- Process mining (5)
- Prunus avium L. (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RIXS (5)
- Remote sensing (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (5)
- Return to work (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- Scattering (5)
- School (5)
- Second World War (5)
- Security Council (5)
- Seismic attenuation (5)
- Selenium (5)
- Self-regulation (5)
- Sentence reading (5)
- Sexual aggression (5)
- Sexual scripts (5)
- Sexual selection (5)
- Simulation (5)
- Solanaceae (5)
- Solanum lycopersicum (5)
- Solar cells (5)
- South Africa (5)
- Spain (5)
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (5)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction (5)
- Survey (5)
- Svalbard (5)
- Switzerland (5)
- TAVI (5)
- Tacitus (5)
- Temperature (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Ti-6Al-4V (5)
- Tien Shan (5)
- Transfer function (5)
- Type 2 diabetes (5)
- Variability (5)
- Vulnerability (5)
- Walking (5)
- Word frequency (5)
- Workplace (5)
- X-ray diffraction (5)
- Youth (5)
- age (5)
- aggregation (5)
- algae (5)
- algorithms (5)
- alien species (5)
- allometry (5)
- amino acids (5)
- amygdala (5)
- animal movement (5)
- anthracenes (5)
- antioxidants (5)
- arenes (5)
- attitude (5)
- back pain (5)
- bicameralism (5)
- biofilm (5)
- capitalism (5)
- carbon dioxide (5)
- carbon nitride (5)
- cardiac rehabilitation (5)
- cellulose (5)
- change (5)
- characteristics (5)
- child (5)
- comets: general (5)
- communication (5)
- community ecology (5)
- community effect on height (5)
- control (5)
- cosmology: theory (5)
- crisis management (5)
- crown compounds (5)
- data analysis (5)
- decentralization (5)
- decision making (5)
- degradation (5)
- demography (5)
- density (5)
- diabetic nephropathy (5)
- dietary patterns (5)
- discrepancy principle (5)
- disease (5)
- dissociative electron attachment (5)
- domestication (5)
- ecosystem functioning (5)
- ecosystems (5)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (5)
- elderly (5)
- electrons (5)
- electrostatic interactions (5)
- elementary particles (5)
- ensemble Kalman filter (5)
- enzymes (5)
- ethics (5)
- executive function (5)
- executive functions (5)
- expertise (5)
- expression (5)
- extreme events (5)
- first passage (5)
- first passage time (5)
- floodplain (5)
- food web (5)
- foraging (5)
- fractional Brownian motion (5)
- galaxies: haloes (5)
- galaxies: halos (5)
- galaxies: nuclei (5)
- gamma-rays: general (5)
- gender differences (5)
- gene-expression (5)
- genetics (5)
- geometric Brownian motion (5)
- globular clusters: general (5)
- gravitational waves (5)
- habitat (5)
- heart (5)
- heat stress (5)
- height (5)
- heterocycles (5)
- human physical conditioning (5)
- hybrid materials (5)
- hydrogels (5)
- identification (5)
- image processing (5)
- immobilization (5)
- injury risk (5)
- institutional design (5)
- insula (5)
- interoceptive awareness (5)
- invasive species (5)
- inversion (5)
- isometric muscle action (5)
- isotopes (5)
- jumping (5)
- lake (5)
- lake sediments (5)
- landscape of fear (5)
- language production (5)
- lifespan (5)
- light (5)
- linagliptin (5)
- linear term (5)
- lipid metabolism (5)
- liposomes (5)
- living cells (5)
- locality (5)
- luminescence (5)
- major depressive disorder (5)
- mapping (5)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (5)
- meaning (5)
- measurement (5)
- mechanobiology (5)
- media violence (5)
- melt inclusions (5)
- membranes (5)
- memory retrieval (5)
- mental disorders (5)
- metacognition (5)
- methods: analytical (5)
- microbial ecology (5)
- microfluidics (5)
- microparticles (5)
- microplastics (5)
- minerals (5)
- mitigation (5)
- molecular dynamics (5)
- morphological processing (5)
- motor control (5)
- multiblock copolymer (5)
- natural hazards (5)
- natural products (5)
- neuromuscular control (5)
- neuroplasticity (5)
- neutron diffraction (5)
- nitrogen deposition (5)
- pH (5)
- palaeoecology (5)
- parliamentary government (5)
- peroxides (5)
- perpetration (5)
- persistence (5)
- perturbation (5)
- photocatalysis (5)
- phylogeography (5)
- planet-star interactions (5)
- plyometric training (5)
- pollution (5)
- porosity (5)
- predator-prey dynamics (5)
- pregnancy (5)
- preview benefit (5)
- productivity (5)
- pronoun resolution (5)
- pronouns (5)
- propensity score matching (5)
- proteins (5)
- quantum chemical calculations (5)
- racism (5)
- reanalysis (5)
- recombination (5)
- risk (5)
- risk perception (5)
- rotation (5)
- saccades (5)
- scale development (5)
- scattering (5)
- second language (5)
- self-healing (5)
- self-regulation (5)
- semantics (5)
- sharing economy (5)
- signal transduction (5)
- silver nanoparticles (5)
- skills (5)
- social inclusion (5)
- social networking sites (5)
- social support (5)
- socioeconomic status (5)
- sodium (5)
- software engineering (5)
- spatial-numerical associations (5)
- starch phosphorylation (5)
- stars: chemically peculiar (5)
- stars: formation (5)
- stars: magnetic fields (5)
- strategic growth adjustments (5)
- stroke (5)
- structure (5)
- stunting (5)
- supergiants (5)
- surface (5)
- surface modification (5)
- surveillance (5)
- tVNS (5)
- terrorism (5)
- therapist competence (5)
- thin films (5)
- time series (5)
- tomato (5)
- trade-offs (5)
- traits (5)
- transport (5)
- treeline (5)
- trend analysis (5)
- ultraviolet: ISM (5)
- uncertainty quantification (5)
- violence (5)
- virtual reality (5)
- vitamin A (5)
- water management (5)
- water quality (5)
- wh-questions (5)
- word order (5)
- world literature (5)
- α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (5)
- 3D point clouds (4)
- 4 (4)
- AC electrokinetics (4)
- ALAN (4)
- Active tectonics (4)
- Adolescent (4)
- Age of acquisition (4)
- Alaska (4)
- Alexithymia (4)
- Allometry (4)
- Alps (4)
- Amino acids (4)
- Ancient DNA (4)
- Anthropocene (4)
- Antiplasmodial (4)
- Arsenic-containing fatty acids (4)
- Autocorrelation (4)
- Auxin (4)
- BMI (4)
- Balance (4)
- Biaryls (4)
- Biomarkers (4)
- Biosensor (4)
- Biosilicification (4)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Body composition (4)
- Body dissatisfaction (4)
- Body size (4)
- Brandenburg (4)
- C-reactive protein (4)
- CCM (4)
- CPS (4)
- Cardiovascular diseases (4)
- Carotenoids (4)
- Cell polarity (4)
- Cenozoic (4)
- Child (4)
- Childhood adversity (4)
- Chloroplast (4)
- Cholesterol (4)
- Climate variability (4)
- Coexistence (4)
- Communion (4)
- Community assembly (4)
- Complexity (4)
- Controlled source seismology (4)
- Coping (4)
- Corona (4)
- Correlation (4)
- Cost-effectiveness (4)
- Coupled oscillators (4)
- Cross-coupling (4)
- Cryo-SEM (4)
- Crystal structure (4)
- Cystic fibrosis (4)
- Cytochrome P450 (4)
- DNA damage (4)
- Data profiling (4)
- Decision making (4)
- Decomposition (4)
- Deformation (4)
- Density functional calculations (4)
- Depressive symptoms (4)
- Dopamine (4)
- Dynamic pricing (4)
- Dynamical systems (4)
- E-Learning (4)
- E-Mail Tracking (4)
- E. coli (4)
- EPR spectroscopy (4)
- Earthquake ground motions (4)
- Earthquake interaction (4)
- East African Rift System (4)
- East Germany (4)
- Eastern Europe (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Ecotoxicology (4)
- Electrets (4)
- Elliptic complexes (4)
- Enceladus (4)
- Endothelin (4)
- Event synchronization (4)
- Event-related potential (4)
- Extraction (4)
- Extreme events (4)
- Extreme rainfall (4)
- Eye movement (4)
- Eye-movement monitoring (4)
- Feature selection (4)
- Fertilization (4)
- Fire-bellied toad (4)
- Flooding (4)
- Floods (4)
- Flow cytometry (4)
- Fluid-rock interaction (4)
- Fluorescence imaging (4)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (4)
- Forest management (4)
- Fredholm property (4)
- Functional diversity (4)
- Fuzzy logic (4)
- Galaxy: structure (4)
- Glaciation (4)
- Glucosinolates (4)
- Gold (4)
- Gold nanoparticles (4)
- Ground reaction force (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- HIREC (4)
- HRTEM (4)
- Heart rate variability (4)
- Home range (4)
- Human (4)
- Human evolution (4)
- Human impact (4)
- Hydrology (4)
- Hypoxia (4)
- IAT (4)
- ICSS (4)
- IR-MALDI (4)
- ISM: molecules (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Insect (4)
- Instructional quality (4)
- Interference (4)
- Internet (4)
- Intervention (4)
- Israel (4)
- Japan (4)
- Judaism (4)
- Kant (4)
- Kettle holes (4)
- Kyrgyzstan (4)
- L2 processing (4)
- LCSM (4)
- Lactams (4)
- Lake Stechlin (4)
- Langmuir monolayer (4)
- Larix (4)
- Lasers (4)
- Late Quaternary (4)
- Lernen (4)
- Lexical tone (4)
- Life history (4)
- Linear mixed model (4)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Magnetic properties (4)
- Malnutrition (4)
- Management (4)
- Mathematical model (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- Menderes Massif (4)
- Methylmercury (4)
- Microplastics (4)
- Microtus arvalis (4)
- Middle childhood (4)
- Mind wandering (4)
- Mindfulness (4)
- Mitochondrial DNA (4)
- Mobility (4)
- Model (4)
- Molybdenum (4)
- Monoclonal antibody (4)
- Monte Carlo method (4)
- Morphological processing (4)
- Motor control (4)
- Multifunctionality (4)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4)
- NAFLD (4)
- NASH (4)
- NW Argentina (4)
- Namibia (4)
- Navier-Stokes equations (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Neotethys (4)
- Nepal (4)
- Network clustering (4)
- Neumann problem (4)
- Neuroscience (4)
- Northeast German Basin (4)
- Nucleus (4)
- O-antigen (4)
- Oman (4)
- Operational momentum (4)
- Organic matter (4)
- Organic solar cells (4)
- Overland flow (4)
- Pacific Ocean (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Parafoveal (4)
- Parafoveal processing (4)
- Perception (4)
- Perturbation (4)
- Pesticides (4)
- Phase transitions (4)
- Photochemistry (4)
- Phylogenetics (4)
- Planetary rings (4)
- Plio-Pleistocene (4)
- Poecilia mexicana (4)
- Postural control (4)
- Power (4)
- Predictors (4)
- Priming (4)
- Probabilistic forecasting (4)
- Production (4)
- Proteins (4)
- Pseudo-differential operators (4)
- Python (4)
- Quality management (4)
- R&D (4)
- RAFT polymerization (4)
- RNAseq (4)
- Radiation belts (4)
- Reading development (4)
- Reading motivation (4)
- Reading strategies (4)
- Resistance training (4)
- Respiration (4)
- Risk reduction (4)
- SDS-PAGE (4)
- SWAT (4)
- Salivary gland (4)
- Scrum (4)
- Sediment (4)
- Sediment connectivity (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Self-efficacy (4)
- Self-employment (4)
- Self-esteem (4)
- Semiarid (4)
- Senescence (4)
- Sensitivity analysis (4)
- Sensorimotor training (4)
- Sentinel-1 (4)
- Sexual victimization (4)
- Sick leave (4)
- Simulations (4)
- Species richness (4)
- Staphylococcus aureus (4)
- Start-up subsidies (4)
- Statistical methods (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- Surface roughness (4)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (4)
- Synthesis (4)
- TRMM (4)
- TSNMRS (4)
- Tarim Basin (4)
- Teacher motivation (4)
- Teacher self-efficacy (4)
- Tectonic geomorphology (4)
- TerraceM (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermoresponsive (4)
- Thin film (4)
- Tian Shan (4)
- ToF-SIMS (4)
- Trace elements (4)
- Translation (4)
- Triassic (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Trust (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- Twitter (4)
- UNFCCC (4)
- United Nations (4)
- Van Allen Probes (4)
- Vegetation change (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- Work ability (4)
- X-ray absorption (4)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray emission spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (4)
- X-ray scattering (4)
- X-ray spectroscopy (4)
- XPS (4)
- abstract concepts (4)
- academic achievement (4)
- academic self-concept (4)
- acceleration (4)
- accretion, accretion disks (4)
- acid ceramidase (4)
- actin (4)
- action observation (4)
- age of acquisition (4)
- alexithymia (4)
- alternatives (4)
- anger (4)
- anthropometry (4)
- antibody (4)
- antiplasmodial (4)
- apoptosis (4)
- arithmetic (4)
- athletes (4)
- attitudes (4)
- augmented reality (4)
- auxin (4)
- bacteriophage (4)
- beliefs (4)
- biodegradable polymers (4)
- biological invasions (4)
- biomarkers (4)
- biomimetic sensors (4)
- biomineralization (4)
- birth weight (4)
- body waves (4)
- brain (4)
- carbon sequestration (4)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (4)
- catchment (4)
- cell adhesion (4)
- cell-free protein synthesis (4)
- cells (4)
- change of direction (4)
- chaos (4)
- charge generation (4)
- chemotaxis (4)
- child development (4)
- children and adolescents (4)
- circadian clock (4)
- civil war (4)
- climate mitigation (4)
- clone (4)
- co-limitation (4)
- coastal erosion (4)
- cognitive development (4)
- composition (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- construction (4)
- context (4)
- contrast (4)
- conversation analysis (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- cooperation (4)
- core (4)
- corruption (4)
- creep (4)
- cue-based retrieval (4)
- cyber aggression (4)
- cyberhate (4)
- cyclic voltammetry (4)
- data (4)
- data integration (4)
- database (4)
- decarbonization (4)
- defense (4)
- deposition (4)
- depressive symptoms (4)
- digital platforms (4)
- drop jump (4)
- droughts (4)
- dynamic NMR (4)
- e-learning (4)
- early warning (4)
- eating behavior (4)
- ecohydrology (4)
- ecological speciation (4)
- ecology (4)
- economics (4)
- effectiveness (4)
- electropolymerization (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- employment (4)
- environmental change (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- evapotranspiration (4)
- events (4)
- experimental design (4)
- eye movement (4)
- eye tracking (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- fNIRS (4)
- fabrication (4)
- facilitation (4)
- family (4)
- feedback (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- financial markets (4)
- first-passage time (4)
- fish (4)
- flood risk management (4)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (4)
- food choice (4)
- food webs (4)
- force (4)
- freshwater (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- gelatin (4)
- gene (4)
- geochemistry (4)
- geomorphology (4)
- giving-up density (4)
- grammar (4)
- herbivory (4)
- heterostyly (4)
- history (4)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (4)
- holding capacity (4)
- home range (4)
- honey bee (4)
- hospitals (4)
- human impact (4)
- human rights (4)
- hybridization capture (4)
- hydrogen (4)
- hydrogen peroxide (4)
- hydropower (4)
- hypochondriasis (4)
- inclusive education (4)
- income (4)
- individual (4)
- infancy (4)
- infants (4)
- infection (4)
- inference (4)
- instability (4)
- institutional change (4)
- integration (4)
- inter-individual differences (4)
- international organisations (4)
- island biogeography (4)
- joint Simon effect (4)
- joint action (4)
- kinematics (4)
- knowledge transfer (4)
- land use change (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
- life history (4)
- light scattering (4)
- line: identification (4)
- linear hypersubstitution (4)
- livestock (4)
- localization (4)
- locomotion (4)
- low-energy electrons (4)
- macrophytes (4)
- magnetic nanoparticles (4)
- magnetostratigraphy (4)
- maturation (4)
- maturity (4)
- measurement invariance (4)
- mechanisms (4)
- membrane (4)
- mental simulation (4)
- metabolic syndrome (4)
- metabolite profiling (4)
- methane (4)
- methodology (4)
- microbial diversity (4)
- microtubules (4)
- mitochondrial DNA (4)
- molecular modeling (4)
- molecular rods (4)
- multiplicative noise (4)
- muscle (4)
- museum specimens (4)
- natural language processing (4)
- neurodegeneration (4)
- neutrinos (4)
- new species (4)
- noise (4)
- non-fullerene acceptors (4)
- non-state actors (4)
- nonergodicity (4)
- nonlinear dynamics (4)
- nuclear envelope (4)
- nuclear lamina (4)
- nucleus (4)
- numerical simulations (4)
- open-circuit voltage (4)
- optimal transport (4)
- optimism (4)
- organic matter (4)
- orthography (4)
- oscillations (4)
- overweight (4)
- oxygen (4)
- p53 (4)
- pandemic (4)
- parafoveal processing (4)
- partial clone (4)
- partial melting (4)
- participation (4)
- participatory research (4)
- patterns (4)
- periodization (4)
- phase transitions (4)
- phenotyping (4)
- phosphate (4)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (4)
- photophysics (4)
- phototaxis (4)
- phylogenetic diversity (4)
- physiology (4)
- phytolith (4)
- picture-word interference (4)
- piezoelectricity (4)
- planets and satellites: atmospheres (4)
- plankton (4)
- planning (4)
- plant (4)
- plant diversity (4)
- plant functional traits (4)
- plant population and community dynamics (4)
- plasmonics (4)
- platelets (4)
- policy (4)
- political equality (4)
- poly(ethylene glycol) (4)
- polyelectrolyte (4)
- polystyrene (4)
- polyzwitterion (4)
- population (4)
- porous carbon (4)
- preparedness (4)
- presidential government (4)
- principal component analysis (4)
- production control (4)
- professional development (4)
- properties (4)
- prosocial behavior (4)
- prosodic boundary cues (4)
- protein-protein interaction (4)
- psychology (4)
- psychotherapy training (4)
- public administration (4)
- quality management (4)
- quantum dots (4)
- quorum sensing (4)
- real-time rendering (4)
- recognition (4)
- reconstruction (4)
- regularization (4)
- rehabilitation (4)
- rejection sensitivity (4)
- relational aggression (4)
- repair (4)
- repetition (4)
- representation (4)
- research (4)
- resource competition (4)
- resources (4)
- respiration (4)
- responses (4)
- retinol (4)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (4)
- rheology (4)
- river incision (4)
- rotifers (4)
- salicylic acid (4)
- salt stress (4)
- school children (4)
- screening (4)
- security (4)
- seismicity (4)
- selection (4)
- selenium (4)
- self-concept (4)
- semi-arid (4)
- sensitivity analysis (4)
- sensors (4)
- sentence production (4)
- sentiment analysis (4)
- sexual victimization (4)
- shape memory (4)
- shape-memory polymers (4)
- shrub encroachment (4)
- silicon (4)
- simulations (4)
- site effects (4)
- snow (4)
- soccer (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- solar cells (4)
- sorption (4)
- species distribution model (4)
- speed (4)
- standardization (4)
- stars: black holes (4)
- stars: low-mass (4)
- stars: oscillations (4)
- starspots (4)
- stochastic models (4)
- stochastic resetting (4)
- structural equation modeling (4)
- supergene (4)
- supernovae: general (4)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (4)
- suspended sediment (4)
- sustainable development (4)
- systems biology (4)
- tRNA (4)
- tailspike protein (4)
- teacher education (4)
- teaching quality (4)
- thaliana (4)
- thermal (4)
- thermoresponsive polymers (4)
- tomography (4)
- tools (4)
- training adaptation (4)
- transcription factors (4)
- transcriptional memory (4)
- transcriptome (4)
- transition (4)
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- debt (2)
- decision processes (2)
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- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- orographic rainfall (2)
- orthopedic (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- osteoblast (2)
- other-race effect (2)
- outbreak (2)
- outcome measures (2)
- overland flow (2)
- overreaching (2)
- overtraining (2)
- oxidation state (2)
- oxygen heterocycles (2)
- oxygen plasma (2)
- oxygenation (2)
- p-Aminophenol (2)
- pH-responsive (2)
- pQCT (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleo-sediment (2)
- paleoceanography (2)
- paleoecology (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- palmitoylation (2)
- parafoveal preview benefit (2)
- parafoveal vision (2)
- parameter (2)
- parameterization (2)
- parameters (2)
- parasites (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parchment (2)
- parental leave (2)
- parental mediation (2)
- parents (2)
- partial least squares (2)
- particle filter (2)
- particulate matter (2)
- partnership trajectories (2)
- party competition (2)
- pasture (2)
- pathway (2)
- pathways (2)
- patient education (2)
- pea (2)
- peace (2)
- peacebuilding (2)
- peacekeeping (2)
- peak height velocity (2)
- peak torque (2)
- pediatrics (2)
- peer influences (2)
- peptide (2)
- perceived stress (2)
- perception of robots (2)
- perceptual reorganization (2)
- performance budget (2)
- performance information (2)
- performance measurement (2)
- periphyton (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- permittivity enhancement (2)
- permutation entropy (2)
- perovskite solar cell (2)
- personality change (2)
- personality traits (2)
- perspective taking (2)
- persulfide (2)
- pesticides (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- pharmacokinetics (2)
- phase behavior (2)
- phase dynamics (2)
- phase morphology (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenolic compounds (2)
- phenology (2)
- phenomics (2)
- phonological awareness (2)
- phosphatidylserine (2)
- phosphoglucan (2)
- phosphoproteomics (2)
- phosphorylase (2)
- phosphorylation (2)
- photo-isomerization (2)
- photochromism (2)
- photoelectron (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- photoisomerization (2)
- photoluminescence quenching (2)
- photon density wave spectroscopy (2)
- photonic crystals (2)
- photosensitive surfactants (2)
- photoswitches (2)
- photosynthetic rate (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- phylogenomics (2)
- physical conditioning human (2)
- physical performance (2)
- physics education (2)
- physiological consequences (2)
- phytoplankton communities (2)
- pigment composition (2)
- pitch angle (2)
- planetary boundaries (2)
- planetary rings (2)
- planetary systems (2)
- planets and satellites: fundamental parameters (2)
- planets and satellites: gaseous planets (2)
- planets and satellites: general (2)
- plant architecture (2)
- plant drinks (2)
- plant invasions (2)
- plant species richness (2)
- plant volatiles (2)
- plant-soil (belowground) interactions (2)
- plants (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmaspheric hiss (2)
- plastid transformation (2)
- plateau (2)
- platform (2)
- platform innovation (2)
- platinum (2)
- plausibility (2)
- playa (2)
- pluvial floods (2)
- plyometric exercise (2)
- plyometrics (2)
- polarity (2)
- policy analysis (2)
- policy reform (2)
- policy-making (2)
- political ideology (2)
- pollinator shift (2)
- poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- polyampholytes (2)
- polyelectrolytes (2)
- polyester (2)
- polyesterurethanes (2)
- polymersomes (2)
- polypropylene (2)
- polysemy (2)
- polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2)
- population cycles (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population growth rate (2)
- population pharmacokinetics (2)
- population size (2)
- population structure (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- pornography (2)
- porous silicon (2)
- positioning (2)
- positive solutions (2)
- possessives (2)
- post-natal (2)
- postural sway (2)
- potassium channel (2)
- power spectral analysis (2)
- pp-wave solutions (2)
- pragmaticalisation (2)
- pragmatics (2)
- pre-activity (2)
- pre-natal (2)
- pre-school (2)
- pre-service teachers (2)
- precaution (2)
- precision agriculture (2)
- predation risk (2)
- predator (2)
- predictability (2)
- prediction error (2)
- predictive coding (2)
- predictive models (2)
- predictive systems ecology (2)
- preference (2)
- preference assessment (2)
- preference for agency (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- prefixes (2)
- prefrontal cortex (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- presidentialism (2)
- pressure (2)
- pressures (2)
- prestige (2)
- presupposition (2)
- prevalence information (2)
- price of anarchy (2)
- primary care (2)
- printing (2)
- prior knowledge (2)
- privatization (2)
- proactive personality (2)
- proactive work behavior (2)
- probability (2)
- probability density function (2)
- problem (2)
- problem-solving (2)
- problems (2)
- process (2)
- process analytical technology (2)
- process mining (2)
- process modeling (2)
- process modelling (2)
- process tracing (2)
- process-based model (2)
- process-based modeling (2)
- processes (2)
- product generation engineering (2)
- production planning (2)
- prognosis (2)
- proliferation (2)
- proper motions (2)
- property rights (2)
- prosocial (2)
- prosody processing (2)
- prospective (2)
- protected area (2)
- protection motivation theory (2)
- protein carbonyls (2)
- protein engineering (2)
- protein restriction (2)
- protein search (2)
- protein translocation (2)
- protein-protein (2)
- proteomic analysis (2)
- proteostasis (2)
- protest (2)
- protonation (2)
- prototype-willingness-model (2)
- provenance (2)
- psycho-oncology (2)
- psychological detachment (2)
- psychological distress (2)
- psychological well-being (2)
- psychologinguistics (2)
- psychopathy (2)
- psychophysics (2)
- psychopower (2)
- psychosocial moderators (2)
- puberty (2)
- public (2)
- public good (2)
- public management (2)
- public policy (2)
- public sector reform (2)
- publication bias (2)
- pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA) (2)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (2)
- purification (2)
- quality assurance (2)
- quantum (2)
- quantum field theory (2)
- quartz crystal microbalance (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- quenched energy landscape (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- radhard design (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal (2)
- radiation therapy (2)
- radiative forcing (2)
- radiocarbon dating (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- radiography (2)
- radiosensitizers (2)
- rainfall (2)
- rainfall gradient (2)
- rampage (2)
- random diffusivity (2)
- random matrix theory (2)
- random number generation (2)
- random-walks (2)
- randomized controlled trial (2)
- range dynamics (2)
- range of motion (2)
- range size (2)
- rank (2)
- ranking (2)
- rapid test kit (2)
- rare events (2)
- rate of perceived exertion (2)
- rate of torque development (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactance (2)
- reaction kinetics theory (2)
- reaction monitoring (2)
- reactive transport modeling (2)
- reading fluency (2)
- reading motivation (2)
- real options (2)
- real-time (2)
- receiver function (2)
- reciprocal class (2)
- recollection (2)
- recollimation shocks (2)
- recombinant inbred line (2)
- recombination order (2)
- record (2)
- record linkage (2)
- recreational sport (2)
- recruitment (2)
- redox homeostasis (2)
- redox polymers (2)
- redox processes (2)
- redox state (2)
- reduction (2)
- reed (2)
- referential choice (2)
- referential coding (2)
- refinement (2)
- reflexives (2)
- reforms (2)
- refugee (2)
- refugee youth (2)
- regional development (2)
- regionalisation (2)
- regularity (2)
- regulations (2)
- regulatory T cells (2)
- regulatory physiology (2)
- reinforcement (2)
- reionization (2)
- relations (2)
- relationship (2)
- relationship constellations (2)
- relative pollen productivity (2)
- relaxation (2)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (2)
- remission (2)
- remote teaching (2)
- renormalization Hopf algebra (2)
- replacement (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- reproductive strategies (2)
- reproductive success (2)
- resampling (2)
- research challenges (2)
- research design (2)
- research framework (2)
- research priorities (2)
- reservoir (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resetting (2)
- resolution infrared-spectroscopy (2)
- resonance energy transfer (2)
- resonances (2)
- resource allocation (2)
- resource selection (2)
- restricted range (2)
- resurrection plants (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- retrospective (2)
- return to work (2)
- reversible measure (2)
- reward anticipation (2)
- rewards (2)
- rhizosphere (2)
- rhythm (2)
- ribosome assembly (2)
- rifting (2)
- ring current (2)
- ring current electrons (2)
- risk assessment (2)
- risk aversion (2)
- risk communication (2)
- risk governance (2)
- risk management cycle (2)
- risk perceptions (2)
- risk-factors (2)
- risks (2)
- river erosion (2)
- river floods (2)
- rock (2)
- rock glacier (2)
- role-play (2)
- rolling averages (2)
- root water uptake (2)
- rotational diffusion (2)
- rotifer (2)
- runners (2)
- running mechanics (2)
- rupturing of metal film (2)
- réchauffement planétaire (2)
- sACC (2)
- salamanders (2)
- salience (2)
- saliency (2)
- salinity (2)
- salivary alpha-amylase (2)
- salivary gland (2)
- salt (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- sample preparation (2)
- satellite data (2)
- satisfaction (2)
- savanna ecology (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scalability (2)
- scale-dependence (2)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (2)
- scene perception (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- school quality (2)
- school shooting (2)
- science (2)
- science mapping (2)
- scrambling (2)
- sea level (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- second chambers (2)
- second language processing (2)
- secular changes (2)
- sedentary (2)
- sediment core (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- sediments (2)
- seed (2)
- seed dispersal syndrome (2)
- seed provisioning (2)
- seismic monitoring (2)
- seismic tomography (2)
- seismology (2)
- selective laser melting (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- selenoprotein P (2)
- self threat (2)
- self-assembled monolayers (2)
- self-control (2)
- self-disclosure (2)
- self-enhancement (2)
- self-evaluation (2)
- self-harm (2)
- self-incompatibility (2)
- self-isolation (2)
- self-objectification (2)
- self-organisation (2)
- self-regulated learning (2)
- self-similarity (2)
- self-sovereign identity (2)
- semantic transparency (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- semi-parliamentarism (2)
- semiconducting polymers (2)
- semiconductor lasers (2)
- semiconductors (2)
- sensor (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor data (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- sensors and actuators (2)
- sentence parsing (2)
- sentinel-1 (2)
- separation of powers (2)
- sequential data assimilation (2)
- serious game (2)
- serum (2)
- sexual behavior (2)
- sexual coercion (2)
- sexual reproduction (2)
- sexual self-esteem (2)
- sexual victimisation (2)
- sexual violence (2)
- shadow education (2)
- shallow structure hypothesis (2)
- shieldings (TSNMRS) (2)
- shoe (2)
- shoot apical meristem (2)
- short latency response (2)
- short-read mapping (2)
- shotgun sequencing (2)
- shoulder (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
- sibilant (2)
- sick leave (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- signalling (2)
- silica (2)
- simulation model (2)
- simulation-based (2)
- simultaneous bilingualism (2)
- single-cell analysis (2)
- single-particle tracking (2)
- size (2)
- size distribution (2)
- skeletal muscle (2)
- skill (2)
- slope aspect (2)
- smart materials (2)
- soccer players (2)
- social class (2)
- social environment (2)
- social epistemology (2)
- social inequality (2)
- social interaction (2)
- social modulation (2)
- social network (2)
- social network analysis (2)
- social reactivity (2)
- socioeconomy (2)
- sodium hydroxide etching (2)
- soft robotics (2)
- soft-templating (2)
- software process improvement (2)
- soil fatigue (2)
- soil landscape (2)
- soils (2)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (2)
- solubility (2)
- solvent vapor annealing (2)
- somatic variables (2)
- source parameters (2)
- source-sink dynamics (2)
- soy protein (2)
- space use (2)
- space-charge stability (2)
- spatial autocorrelation (2)
- spatial scales (2)
- spatial statistics (2)
- spatial vision (2)
- spatially explicit model (2)
- speakers (2)
- special education (2)
- special educational needs (2)
- species assembly (2)
- species interactions (2)
- species recognition (2)
- specific language impairment (2)
- specificity (2)
- specifier proteins (2)
- spectral analysis (2)
- spectroscopic ellipsometry (2)
- speech motor control (2)
- speech segmentation (2)
- speed-accuracy trade-off (2)
- speleothems (2)
- sphingomyelin (2)
- sphingosine kinase (2)
- spider silk (2)
- spin transition (2)
- spin-orbit coupling (2)
- spin-orbit interaction (2)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (2)
- sport (2)
- sprint (2)
- sprints (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- stable matching (2)
- stakeholder engagement (2)
- standard (2)
- starch granule initiation (2)
- starch granules (2)
- starch morphology (2)
- starch synthase (2)
- stars: flare (2)
- stars: individual ([HD 36486]delta Ori A) (2)
- stars: individual (gamma Cassiopeiae) (2)
- stars: individual: WR 102c (2)
- stars: individual: WR 102ka (2)
- stars: jets (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: variables: Cepheids (2)
- starvation (2)
- statistical methods (2)
- statistical tools (2)
- stem cell adhesion (2)
- step selection (2)
- stereoselectivity (2)
- stereotypes (2)
- sterol (2)
- stimulus-response compatibility (2)
- stokes shift (2)
- storage capacity (2)
- strain localization (2)
- strategic growth adjustment (2)
- strategy (2)
- stratification (2)
- streptavidin (2)
- stress memory (2)
- stress recovery (2)
- stressors (2)
- structural change (2)
- structural health monitoring (2)
- structural thermodynamics (2)
- structures (2)
- study designs (2)
- subcellular localization (2)
- subcutaneous adipose tissue (2)
- subduction initiation (2)
- subject-oriented learning (2)
- subject-verb agreement (2)
- submarine (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- substituent effects (2)
- substitution effects (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- succession (2)
- sufficiency (2)
- suicidality (2)
- sulfite oxidase (2)
- superalloys (2)
- supersaturated species coexistence (2)
- supervised machine learning (2)
- supervisor support (2)
- support vector machines (2)
- supramolecular chemistry (2)
- surface charge (2)
- surface electromyography (2)
- surface functionalization (2)
- surface interaction (2)
- surface wave (2)
- surgery (2)
- susceptibility (2)
- sustainability science (2)
- swallowing (2)
- syllables (2)
- synchronization transition (2)
- synchrony (2)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (2)
- synchrotron radiation (2)
- synovial fluid (2)
- syrphids (2)
- systematics (2)
- tablet (2)
- talent (2)
- talk-in-interaction (2)
- tandem solar cells (2)
- tannic acid (2)
- task (2)
- task difficulty (2)
- task value (2)
- teacher beliefs (2)
- teacher education students (2)
- teacher learning (2)
- team sports (2)
- teamwork (2)
- techniques (2)
- techniques: radial velocities (2)
- technological change (2)
- technological forecasting (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- teen dating violence (2)
- teleconnections (2)
- temperament (2)
- temperature dependence (2)
- temperature increase (2)
- temperature response (2)
- temporal dynamics (2)
- term (2)
- termination (2)
- terminology (2)
- terpenoids (2)
- tetrabromidocuprate(II) (2)
- tetrapyrroles (2)
- text analysis (2)
- texture (2)
- thaw (2)
- therapeutic (2)
- therapeutic alliance (2)
- thermal properties (2)
- thermally stimulated discharge (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thermokarst lakes (2)
- thermoplastics (2)
- thermoregulation (2)
- thermoresponsive (2)
- thermoresponsive materials (2)
- thick junctions (2)
- thin film (2)
- thorium (2)
- thrombogenicity (2)
- time averaging (2)
- time-dependent configuration interaction (2)
- time-series (2)
- time-series analysis (2)
- tin-rich ITO (2)
- tissue (2)
- tocopherols (2)
- tonoplast (2)
- torque (2)
- torsion (2)
- total disc replacement (2)
- total electron content (2)
- tourism (2)
- tourmaline (2)
- trabecular bone (2)
- trace elements (2)
- traceability (2)
- tracking (2)
- trade-off (2)
- trait (2)
- trait convergence and divergence (2)
- trajectories (2)
- transdisciplinary research (2)
- transfer operator (2)
- transformation products (2)
- transgenerational effects (2)
- transgenerational plasticity (2)
- transgenerational response (2)
- transient chaos (2)
- transient dynamics (2)
- transition path theory (2)
- transitional justice (2)
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- transparency (2)
- transthyretin (2)
- travel time distribution (2)
- trehalose 6-phosphate (2)
- triglycerides (2)
- trophic apparatus (2)
- trophic status (2)
- tropical cyclones (2)
- trunk cross-sectional area (2)
- tunnel vision (2)
- type specimens (2)
- type-III effector (2)
- typology (2)
- tyramine (2)
- ubiquitin (2)
- ubiquitination (2)
- ultrafast (2)
- ultrafast X-ray diffraction (2)
- ultrasonography (2)
- ultraviolet: galaxies (2)
- ultraviolet: stars (2)
- uncanny valley (2)
- undernutrition (2)
- ungulate (2)
- untargeted metabolomics (2)
- upconversion (2)
- upconversion nanoparticles (2)
- urban ecology (2)
- urine (2)
- user types (2)
- user-generated content (2)
- vagueness (2)
- value chain analysis (2)
- variable geometry truss (2)
- variation (2)
- vegetables (2)
- vegetation dynamics (2)
- vegetation reconstruction (2)
- venom (2)
- vesicles (2)
- veterinary cordon fence (2)
- victim (2)
- video analysis (2)
- video games (2)
- virus (2)
- virus infection (2)
- viscoelasticity (2)
- visibility (2)
- visible-light (2)
- visionary leadership (2)
- visual perception (2)
- visual search (2)
- visual word recognition (2)
- visual world eye-tracking (2)
- visual world paradigm (2)
- visual-world paradigm (2)
- visualization (2)
- vitamins (2)
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- volatile organic compounds (2)
- voltage-dependent (2)
- voltage-independent (2)
- voluntary simplicity (2)
- voting (2)
- vowels (2)
- walking (2)
- water balance (2)
- water fluxes (2)
- water treatment (2)
- wavelength (2)
- web application (2)
- weighted moving averages (2)
- welfare (2)
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- wettability (2)
- wild bees (2)
- wild boar (2)
- wild mammal species (2)
- wildlife (2)
- wildlife conservation (2)
- willingness to intervene (2)
- wind energy (2)
- wind erosion (2)
- wind speed (2)
- winter wheat (2)
- wood anemone (2)
- word embeddings (2)
- word learning (2)
- work ability (2)
- work anxiety (2)
- work function (2)
- workflow (2)
- working-memory (2)
- writing acquisition (2)
- xanthine dehydrogenase (2)
- yolk@shell materials (2)
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- zooplankton carcasses (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- "click" chemistry (1)
- "rich country-poor country debate" (1)
- "water-in-salt" (1)
- %Ro (1)
- 'go ahead'; (1)
- (+)-Tephrodin (1)
- (1)H NMR (1)
- (13)C NMR (1)
- (2+1)-dimensional gravity (1)
- (2E)-Hexadecenal (1)
- (2E)-hexadecenal (1)
- (2E)-hexadecenoic acid (1)
- (9Z)-neoxanthin (1)
- (A)over-bar-movement (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (FPGA) (1)
- (L2) (1)
- (NMR) (1)
- (PEDOT (1)
- (SEM) analysis (1)
- (SEPE) factors (1)
- (SET) count rate (1)
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- (TPI) (1)
- (TSNMRS) (1)
- (U-Th) (1)
- (U-Th)/He (1)
- (Xeno)Hormone (1)
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- (comparative) theory of the arts (1)
- (compliant) cracks (1)
- (dis)affiliation (1)
- (dis)agreement (1)
- (fsQCA) (1)
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- (galaxies:) quasars: absorption lines (1)
- (generalised) wealdy differentiable function (1)
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- (post) new public management (1)
- (post)coloniality (1)
- (pronominal) resumption (1)
- (semi-)permanent plots (1)
- (xeno)hormones (1)
- -Acetoxy esters (1)
- /u./-fronting (1)
- 0 (1)
- 0thers’ behavior (1)
- 1 (1)
- 1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrosiline (1)
- 1,2,3-triazoles (1)
- 1,2,4-Dithiazole (1)
- 1,2-Disulfonamides (1)
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- 1,2-Dithiosquarate,1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelate (1)
- 1,2-diboretane-3-ylidene (1)
- 1,2-dithiosquarate (1)
- 1,2-dithiosquaratometalate (1)
- 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D (1)
- 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1)
- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (1)
- 1,3-Azasilinanes (1)
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- 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3-azasilinane (1)
- 1,3-Oxasilinanes (1)
- 1,4,2-Oxazasilinanes (1)
- 1,5-Dienes (1)
- 1-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-silacyclohexane (1)
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Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment
(2023)
Previous research has shown that children who were enrolled to school according to the legal key date (i.e., keyage children, between eight and nine years in third grade) exhibited a linear physical fitness development in the ninth year of life. In contrast, children who were enrolled with a delay (i.e., older-than-keyage children [OTK], between nine and ten years in third grade) exhibited a lower physical fitness compared to what would be expected for their age. In these studies, cross-sectional age differences within third grade and timing of school enrollment were confounded. The present study investigated the longitudinal development of keyage and OTK children from third to fifth grade. This design also afforded a comparison of the two groups at the same average chronological age, that is a dissociation of the effects of timing of school enrollment and age. We tested six physical fitness components: cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, power of lower and upper limbs, and static balance. 1502 children (i.e., 1206 keyage and 296 OTK children) from 35 schools were tested in third, fourth, and fifth grade. Except for cardiorespiratory endurance, both groups developed from third to fourth and from fourth to fifth grade and keyage children outperformed OTK children at the average ages of 9.5 or 10.5 years. For cardiorespiratory endurance, there was no significant gain from fourth to fifth grade and keyage and OTK children did not differ significantly at 10.5 years of age. One reason for a delayed school enrollment could be that a child is (or is perceived as) biologically younger than their chronological age at the school entry examination, implying a negative correlation between chronological and biological age for OTK children. Indeed, a simple reflection of chronological age brought the developmental rate of the chronologically youngest OTK children in line with the developmental rate observed for keyage children, but did not eliminate all differences. The mapping of chronological and biological age of OTK children and other possible reasons for lower physical fitness of OTK children remain a task for future research.
The NGC 346 young stellar system and associated N66 giant H ii region in the Small Magellanic Cloud are the nearest example of a massive star-forming event in a low metallicity (Z approximate to 0.2Z (circle dot)) galaxy. With an age of less than or similar to 3 Myr this system provides a unique opportunity to study relationships between massive stars and their associated H ii region. Using archival data, we derive a total H alpha luminosity of L(H alpha) = 4.1 x 10(38) erg s(-1) corresponding to an H-photoionization rate of 3 x 10(50) s(-1). A comparison with a predicted stellar ionization rate derived from the more than 50 known O-stars in NGC 346, including massive stars recently classified from Hubble Space Telescope far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra, indicates an approximate ionization balance. Spectra obtained with SALT suggest the ionization structure of N66 could be consistent with some leakage of ionizing photons. Due to the low metallicity, the FUV luminosity from NGC 346 is not confined to the interstellar cloud associated with N66. Ionization extends through much of the spatial extent of the N66 cloud complex, and most of the cloud mass is not ionized. The stellar mass estimated from nebular L(H alpha) appears to be lower than masses derived from the census of resolved stars which may indicate a disconnect between the formation of high and low mass stars in this region. We briefly discuss implications of the properties of N66 for studies of star formation and stellar feedback in low metallicity environments.
The unmixed debris of Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus in the form of a pair of halo stellar overdensities
(2022)
In the first billion years after its formation, the galaxy underwent several mergers with dwarf satellites of various masses. The debris of Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), the galaxy responsible for the last significant merger of the Milky Way, dominates the inner halo and has been suggested to be the progenitor of both the Hercules-Aquila Cloud (HAC) and Virgo Overdensity (VOD). We combine SEGUE, APOGEE, Gaia, and StarHorse distances to characterize the chemodynamical properties and verify the link between HAC, VOD, and GSE. We find that the orbital eccentricity distributions of the stellar overdensities and GSE are comparable. We also find that they have similar, strongly peaked, metallicity distribution functions, reinforcing the hypothesis of common origin. Furthermore, we show that HAC and VOD are indistinguishable from the prototypical GSE population within all chemical-abundance spaces analyzed. All these evidences combined provide a clear demonstration that the GSE merger is the main progenitor of the stellar populations found within these halo overdensities.
All plant cells are encased in primary cell walls that determine plant morphology, but also protect the cells against the environment. Certain cells also produce a secondary wall that supports mechanically demanding processes, such as maintaining plant body stature and water transport inside plants. Both these walls are primarily composed of polysaccharides that are arranged in certain patterns to support cell functions. A key requisite for patterned cell walls is the arrangement of cortical microtubules that may direct the delivery of wall polymers and/or cell wall producing enzymes to certain plasma membrane locations. Microtubules also steer the synthesis of cellulose-the load-bearing structure in cell walls-at the plasma membrane. The organization and behaviour of the microtubule array are thus of fundamental importance to cell wall patterns. These aspects are controlled by the coordinated effort of small GTPases that probably coordinate a Turing's reaction-diffusion mechanism to drive microtubule patterns. Here, we give an overview on how wall patterns form in the water-transporting xylem vessels of plants. We discuss systems that have been used to dissect mechanisms that underpin the xylem wall patterns, emphasizing the VND6 and VND7 inducible systems, and outline challenges that lay ahead in this field.
Outcome-dependent effects of walking speed and age on quantitative and qualitative gait measures
(2022)
Background: Walking speed predicts many clinical outcomes in old age. However, a comprehensive assessment of how walking speed affects accelerometer based quantitative and qualitative gait measures in younger and older adults is lacking. Research question: What is the relationship between walking speed and quantitative and qualitative gait outcomes in younger and older adults? Methods: Younger (n = 27, age: 21.6) and older participants (n = 27, age: 69.5) completed 340 steps on a treadmill at speeds of 0.70 to a maximum of 1.75 m.s(-1). We used generalized additive mixed models to determine the relationship between walking speed and quantitative (stride length, stride time, stride frequency and their variability) and qualitative (stride regularity, stability, smoothness, symmetry, synchronization, predictability) gait measures extracted from trunk accelerations. Results: The type of relationship between walking speed and the majority of gait measures (quantitative and qualitative) was characterized as logarithmic, with more prominent speed-effects at speeds below 1.20 m.s(-1). Changes in quantitative measures included shorter strides, longer stride times, and a lower stride frequency, with more variability at lower speeds independent of age. For qualitative measures, we found a decrease in gait symmetry, stability and regularity in all directions with decreasing speeds, a decrease in gait predictability (Vertical, V, anterior-posterior, AP) and stronger gait synchronization (AP-mediolateral, ML, AP-V), and direction dependent effects of gait smoothness, which decreased in V direction, but increased in AP and ML directions with decreasing speeds. We found outcome-dependent effects of age on the quantitative and qualitative gait measures, with either no differences between age-groups, age-related differences that existed regardless of speed, and age-related differences in the type of relationship with walking speed. Significance: The relationship between walking speed and quantitative and qualitative gait measures, and the effects of age on this relationship, depends on the type of gait measure studied.
Efficient Removal of Tetracycline and Bisphenol A from Water with a New Hybrid Clay/TiO2 Composite
(2023)
New TiO2 hybrid composites were prepared fromkaolinclay, predried and carbonized biomass, and titanium tetraisopropoxideand explored for tetracycline (TET) and bisphenol A (BPA) removalfrom water. Overall, the removal rate is 84% for TET and 51% for BPA.The maximum adsorption capacities (q (m))are 30 and 23 mg/g for TET and BPA, respectively. These capacitiesare far greater than those obtained for unmodified TiO2. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution does not change theadsorption capacity of the adsorbent. pH changes only slightly changeBPA adsorption, while a pH > 7 significantly reduces the adsorptionof TET on the material. The Brouers-Sotolongo fractal modelbest describes the kinetic data for both TET and BPA adsorption, predictingthat the adsorption process occurs via a complex mechanism involvingvarious forces of attraction. Temkin and Freundlich isotherms, whichbest fit the equilibrium adsorption data for TET and BPA, respectively,suggest that adsorption sites are heterogeneous in nature. Overall,the composite materials are much more effective for TET removal fromaqueous solution than for BPA. This phenomenon is assigned to a differencein the TET/adsorbent interactions vs the BPA/adsorbent interactions:the decisive factor appears to be favorable electrostatic interactionsfor TET yielding a more effective TET removal.
The active global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic caused more than 426 million cases and 5.8 million deaths worldwide. The development of completely new drugs for such a novel disease is a challenging, time intensive process. Despite researchers around the world working on this task, no effective treatments have been developed yet. This emphasizes the importance of drug repurposing, where treatments are found among existing drugs that are meant for different diseases. A common approach to this is based on knowledge graphs, that condense relationships between entities like drugs, diseases and genes. Graph neural networks (GNNs) can then be used for the task at hand by predicting links in such knowledge graphs. Expanding on state-of-the-art GNN research, Doshi et al. recently developed the Dr-COVID model. We further extend their work using additional output interpretation strategies. The best aggregation strategy derives a top-100 ranking of 8,070 candidate drugs, 32 of which are currently being tested in COVID-19-related clinical trials. Moreover, we present an alternative application for the model, the generation of additional candidates based on a given pre-selection of drug candidates using collaborative filtering. In addition, we improved the implementation of the Dr-COVID model by significantly shortening the inference and pre-processing time by exploiting data-parallelism. As drug repurposing is a task that requires high computation and memory resources, we further accelerate the post-processing phase using a new emerging hardware-we propose a new approach to leverage the use of high-capacity Non-Volatile Memory for aggregate drug ranking.
Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high-performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free-charge generation and photoluminescence in wnon-fullereneacceptor (NFA)-based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and the NFA Y5-a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artifacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady-state photoluminescence intensity and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low-offset system is entirely controlled by the field-dependent dissociation of local excitons into charge-transfer states. (c) 2023 Author(s).
Ore precipitation in porphyry copper systems is generally characterized by metal zoning (Cu-Mo to Zn-Pb-Ag), which is suggested to be variably related to solubility decreases during fluid cooling, fluid-rock interactions, partitioning during fluid phase separation and mixing with external fluids. Here, we present new advances of a numerical process model by considering published constraints on the temperature- and salinity-dependent solubility of Cu, Pb and Zn in the ore fluid. We quantitatively investigate the roles of vapor-brine separation, halite saturation, initial metal contents, fluid mixing and remobilization as first-order controls of the physical hydrology on ore formation. The results show that the magmatic vapor and brine phases ascend with different residence times but as miscible fluid mixtures, with salinity increases generating metal-undersaturated bulk fluids. The release rates of magmatic fluids affect the location of the thermohaline fronts, leading to contrasting mechanisms for ore precipitation: higher rates result in halite saturation without significant metal zoning, lower rates produce zoned ore shells due to mixing with meteoric water. Varying metal contents can affect the order of the final metal precipitation sequence. Redissolution of precipitated metals results in zoned ore shell patterns in more peripheral locations and also decouples halite saturation from ore precipitation.
We present a Reduced Order Model (ROM) which exploits recent developments in Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for solving inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). In the proposed approach, the presence of simulated data for the fluid dynamics fields is assumed. A POD-Galerkin ROM is then constructed by applying POD on the snapshots matrices of the fluid fields and performing a Galerkin projection of the NSE (or the modified equations in case of turbulence modeling) onto the POD reduced basis. A POD-Galerkin PINN ROM is then derived by introducing deep neural networks which approximate the reduced outputs with the input being time and/or parameters of the model. The neural networks incorporate the physical equations (the POD-Galerkin reduced equations) into their structure as part of the loss function. Using this approach, the reduced model is able to approximate unknown parameters such as physical constants or the boundary conditions. A demonstration of the applicability of the proposed ROM is illustrated by three cases which are the steady flow around a backward step, the flow around a circular cylinder and the unsteady turbulent flow around a surface mounted cubic obstacle.
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) produces a large amount of oil from the fruit. However, increasing the oil production in this fruit is still challenging. A recent study has shown that starch metabolism is essential for oil synthesis in fruit-producing species. Therefore, the transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq was performed to observe gene expression alteration related to starch metabolism genes throughout the maturity stages of oil palm fruit with different oil yields. Gene expression profiles were examined with three different oil yields group (low, medium, and high) at six fruit development phases (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 22 weeks after pollination). We successfully identified and analyzed differentially expressed genes in oil palm mesocarps during development. The results showed that the transcriptome profile for each developmental phase was unique. Sucrose flux to the mesocarp tissue, rapid starch turnover, and high glycolytic activity have been identified as critical factors for oil production in oil palms. For starch metabolism and the glycolytic pathway, we identified specific gene expressions of enzyme isoforms (isozymes) that correlated with oil production, which may determine the oil content. This study provides valuable information for creating new high-oil-yielding palm varieties via breeding programs or genome editing approaches.
Background
Self-regulation (SR) as the ability to regulate one's own physical state, emotions, cognitions, and behavior, is considered to play a pivotal role in the concurrent and subsequent mental and physical health of an individual. Although SR skills encompass numerous sub-facets, previous research has often focused on only one or a few of these sub-facets, and only rarely on adolescence. Therefore, little is known about the development of the sub-facets, their interplay, and their specific contributions to future developmental outcomes, particularly in adolescence. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to prospectively examine (1) the development of SR and (2) their influence on adolescent-specific developmental outcomes in a large community sample.
Methods/design
Based on previously collected data from the Potsdam Intrapersonal Developmental Risk (PIER) study with three measurement points, the present prospective, longitudinal study aims to add a fourth measurement point (PIERYOUTH). We aim to retain at least 1074 participants now between 16 and 23 years of the initially 1657 participants (6-11 years of age at the first measurement point in 2012/2013; 52.2% female). The study will continue to follow a multi-method (questionnaires, physiological assessments, performance-based computer tasks), multi-facet (assessing various domains of SR), and multi-rater (self-, parent-, and teacher-report) approach. In addition, a broad range of adolescent-specific developmental outcomes is considered. In doing so, we will cover the development of SR and relevant outcomes over the period of 10 years. In addition, we intend to conduct a fifth measurement point (given prolonged funding) to investigate development up to young adulthood.
Discussion
With its broad and multimethodological approach, PIERYOUTH aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the development and role of various SR sub-facets from middle childhood to adolescence. The large sample size and low drop-out rates in the first three measurements points form a sound database for our present prospective research.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00030847.
Keeping cool on hot days
(2023)
Long-lived organisms are likely to respond to a rapidly changing climate with behavioral flexibility. Animals inhabiting the arid parts of southern Africa face a particularly rapid rise in temperature which in combination with food and water scarcity places substantial constraints on the ability of animals to tolerate heat. We investigated how three species of African antelope-springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and eland T. oryx-differing in body size, habitat preference and movement ecology, change their activity in response to extreme heat in an arid savanna. Serving as a proxy for activity, dynamic body acceleration data recorded every five minutes were analyzed for seven to eight individuals per species for the three hottest months of the year. Activity responses to heat during the hottest time of day (the afternoons) were investigated and diel activity patterns were compared between hot and cool days. Springbok, which prefer open habitat, are highly mobile and the smallest of the species studied, showed the greatest decrease in activity with rising temperature. Furthermore, springbok showed reduced mean activity over the 24 h cycle on hot days compared to cool days. Large-bodied eland seemed less affected by afternoon heat than springbok. While eland also reduced diurnal activity on hot days compared to cool days, they compensated for this by increasing nocturnal activity, possibly because their predation risk is lower. Kudu, which are comparatively sedentary and typically occupy shady habitat, seemed least affected during the hottest time of day and showed no appreciable difference in diel activity patterns between hot and cool days. The interplay between habitat preference, body size, movement patterns, and other factors seems complex and even sub-lethal levels of heat stress have been shown to impact an animal's long-term survival and reproduction. Thus, differing heat tolerances among species could result in a shift in the composition of African herbivore communities as temperatures continue to rise, with significant implications for economically important wildlife-based land use and conservation.
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment.
Students enter school with a vast range of individual differences, resulting from the complex interplay between genetic dispositions and unequal environmental conditions. Schools thus face the challenge of organizing instruction and providing equal opportunities for students with diverse needs. Schools have traditionally managed student heterogeneity by sorting students both within and between schools according to their academic ability. However, empirical evidence suggests that such tracking approaches increase inequalities. In more recent years, driven largely by technological advances, there have been calls to embrace students' individual differences in the classroom and to personalize students' learning experiences. A central justification for personalized learning is its potential to improve educational equity. In this paper, we discuss whether and under which conditions personalized learning can indeed increase equity in K-12 education by bringing together empirical and theoretical insights from different fields, including the learning sciences, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. We distinguish between different conceptions of equity and argue that personalized learning is unlikely to result in "equality of outcomes" and, by definition, does not provide "equality of inputs". However, if implemented in a high-quality way, personalized learning is in line with "adequacy" notions of equity, which aim to equip all students with the basic competencies to participate in society as active members and to live meaningful lives.
Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature - QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km(2)) and Vernagt (11.4 km(2)), in the upper otztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach).Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance.Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of "peak sediment". We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.
Background:
Contamination detection is a important step that should be carefully considered in early stages when designing and performing microbiome studies to avoid biased outcomes. Detecting and removing true contaminants is challenging, especially in low-biomass samples or in studies lacking proper controls. Interactive visualizations and analysis platforms are crucial to better guide this step, to help to identify and detect noisy patterns that could potentially be contamination. Additionally, external evidence, like aggregation of several contamination detection methods and the use of common contaminants reported in the literature, could help to discover and mitigate contamination.
Results:
We propose GRIMER, a tool that performs automated analyses and generates a portable and interactive dashboard integrating annotation, taxonomy, and metadata. It unifies several sources of evidence to help detect contamination. GRIMER is independent of quantification methods and directly analyzes contingency tables to create an interactive and offline report. Reports can be created in seconds and are accessible for nonspecialists, providing an intuitive set of charts to explore data distribution among observations and samples and its connections with external sources. Further, we compiled and used an extensive list of possible external contaminant taxa and common contaminants with 210 genera and 627 species reported in 22 published articles.
Conclusion:
GRIMER enables visual data exploration and analysis, supporting contamination detection in microbiome studies. The tool and data presented are open source and available at https://gitlab.com/dacs-hpi/grimer.
Background
The aggregation of a series of N-of-1 trials presents an innovative and efficient study design, as an alternative to traditional randomized clinical trials. Challenges for the statistical analysis arise when there is carry-over or complex dependencies of the treatment effect of interest.
Methods
In this study, we evaluate and compare methods for the analysis of aggregated N-of-1 trials in different scenarios with carry-over and complex dependencies of treatment effects on covariates. For this, we simulate data of a series of N-of-1 trials for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain based on assumed causal relationships parameterized by directed acyclic graphs. In addition to existing statistical methods such as regression models, Bayesian Networks, and G-estimation, we introduce a carry-over adjusted parametric model (COAPM).
Results
The results show that all evaluated existing models have a good performance when there is no carry-over and no treatment dependence. When there is carry-over, COAPM yields unbiased and more efficient estimates while all other methods show some bias in the estimation. When there is known treatment dependence, all approaches that are capable to model it yield unbiased estimates. Finally, the efficiency of all methods decreases slightly when there are missing values, and the bias in the estimates can also increase.
Conclusions
This study presents a systematic evaluation of existing and novel approaches for the statistical analysis of a series of N-of-1 trials. We derive practical recommendations which methods may be best in which scenarios.
Jewish Studies and Postcolonial Studies are often thought to be at odds. Both disciplines intensively debate modernity, troubling its universalist claims and showing the contradictory nature of its promises. The call to provincialize Europe allows scholars from both disciplines to think, articulate and represent modern experiences beyond Europe and engage critically with traditions of modernity across disciplines, temporalities and geographies. Mapping Sephardi and other minor perspectives on modernity from across the globe in this volume, we are presenting fascinating cases and exploring new terrain where a fruitful encounter between Jewish and Postcolonial Studies can happen.
Graphene is well-knownfor its unique combination of electricaland mechanical properties. However, its vanishing band gap limitsthe use of graphene in microelectronics. Covalent functionalizationof graphene has been a common approach to address this critical issueand introduce a band gap. In this Article, we systematically analyzethe functionalization of single-layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene(BLG) with methyl (CH3) using periodic density functionaltheory (DFT) at the PBE+D3 level of theory. We also include a comparisonof methylated single-layer and bilayer graphene, as well as a discussionof different methylation options (radicalic, cationic, and anionic).For SLG, methyl coverages ranging from 1/8 to 1/1, (i.e.,the fully methylated analogue of graphane) are considered. We findthat up to a coverage theta of 1/2, graphene readily accepts CH3, with neighbor CH3 groups preferring trans positions. Above theta = 1/2, the tendency to accept further CH3 weakens and the lattice constant increases. The band gapbehaves less regularly, but overall it increases with increasing methylcoverage. Thus, methylated graphene shows potential for developingband gap-tuned microelectronics devices and may offer further functionalizationoptions. To guide in the interpretation of methylation experiments,vibrational signatures of various species are characterized by normal-modeanalysis (NMA), their vibrational density of states (VDOS), and infrared(IR) spectra, the latter two are obtained from ab initio moleculardynamics (AIMD) in combination with a velocity-velocity autocorrelationfunction (VVAF) approach.
Genomic and epigenomic determinants of heat stress-induced transcriptional memory in Arabidopsis
(2023)
Background
Transcriptional regulation is a key aspect of environmental stress responses. Heat stress induces transcriptional memory, i.e., sustained induction or enhanced re-induction of transcription, that allows plants to respond more efficiently to a recurrent HS. In light of more frequent temperature extremes due to climate change, improving heat tolerance in crop plants is an important breeding goal. However, not all heat stress-inducible genes show transcriptional memory, and it is unclear what distinguishes memory from non-memory genes. To address this issue and understand the genome and epigenome architecture of transcriptional memory after heat stress, we identify the global target genes of two key memory heat shock transcription factors, HSFA2 and HSFA3, using time course ChIP-seq.
Results
HSFA2 and HSFA3 show near identical binding patterns. In vitro and in vivo binding strength is highly correlated, indicating the importance of DNA sequence elements. In particular, genes with transcriptional memory are strongly enriched for a tripartite heat shock element, and are hallmarked by several features: low expression levels in the absence of heat stress, accessible chromatin environment, and heat stress-induced enrichment of H3K4 trimethylation. These results are confirmed by an orthogonal transcriptomic data set using both de novo clustering and an established definition of memory genes.
Conclusions
Our findings provide an integrated view of HSF-dependent transcriptional memory and shed light on its sequence and chromatin determinants, enabling the prediction and engineering of genes with transcriptional memory behavior.
Rankings have grown in importance in the last decades. This is particularly evident in, but not limited to, academia. In this paper, we propose a power analytical take on academic rankings as a transnational(izing) phenomenon. In doing so, we make two contributions. First, we develop a conceptual definition of rankings as consecratory institutions. After providing an overview of the most prominent types of rankings in the academic field and discussing the different forms they can take, we suggest that rankings operate through subjectivation, zero-sum comparisons, quantification, publication and generating a doxical belief. Second, we propose that rankings fulfil a strategic double function. As a particularly momentous consecratory institution, rankings propel power shifts in the academic field and beyond by preferring (and being pushed by) specific academic milieus, types of agents, paradigms, and strategies. As a dispositif, rankings operate at the intersection of different fields, open academic fields up for a lay audience and advance processes of transnationalization by facilitating new modes of governance for hubs of state institutions, private corporations, media corporations, and data providers. Concluding, we argue that the consecration and dispositif functions rely on some basic principles of the practical functioning of rankings.
Economic evaluation of digital therapeutic care apps for unsupervised treatment of low back pain
(2023)
Background:
Digital therapeutic care (DTC) programs are unsupervised app-based treatments that provide video exercises and educational material to patients with nonspecific low back pain during episodes of pain and functional disability. German statutory health insurance can reimburse DTC programs since 2019, but evidence on efficacy and reasonable pricing remains scarce. This paper presents a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) to evaluate the efficacy and cost-utility of a DTC app against treatment as usual (TAU) in Germany.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to perform a PSA in the form of a Monte Carlo simulation based on the deterministic base case analysis to account for model assumptions and parameter uncertainty. We also intend to explore to what extent the results in this probabilistic analysis differ from the results in the base case analysis and to what extent a shortage of outcome data concerning quality-of-life (QoL) metrics impacts the overall results.
Methods:
The PSA builds upon a state-transition Markov chain with a 4-week cycle length over a model time horizon of 3 years from a recently published deterministic cost-utility analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a cohort size of 10,000 was employed to evaluate the cost-utility from a societal perspective. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were derived from Veterans RAND 6-Dimension (VR-6D) and Short-Form 6-Dimension (SF-6D) single utility scores. Finally, we also simulated reducing the price for a 3-month app prescription to analyze at which price threshold DTC would result in being the dominant strategy over TAU in Germany.
Results:
The Monte Carlo simulation yielded on average a euro135.97 (a currency exchange rate of EUR euro1=US $1.069 is applicable) incremental cost and 0.004 incremental QALYs per person and year for the unsupervised DTC app strategy compared to in-person physiotherapy in Germany. The corresponding incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) amounts to an additional euro34,315.19 per additional QALY. DTC yielded more QALYs in 54.96% of the iterations. DTC dominates TAU in 24.04% of the iterations for QALYs. Reducing the app price in the simulation from currently euro239.96 to euro164.61 for a 3-month prescription could yield a negative ICUR and thus make DTC the dominant strategy, even though the estimated probability of DTC being more effective than TAU is only 54.96%.
Conclusions:
Decision-makers should be cautious when considering the reimbursement of DTC apps since no significant treatment effect was found, and the probability of cost-effectiveness remains below 60% even for an infinite willingness-to-pay threshold. More app-based studies involving the utilization of QoL outcome parameters are urgently needed to account for the low and limited precision of the available QoL input parameters, which are crucial to making profound recommendations concerning the cost-utility of novel apps.
In this programmatic introduction, we lay out the foundations of an approach to analyzing knowledge-based political phenomena beyond the nation state from a field perspective. We understand transnational field analysis as a research program comprising genuine theoretical and methodological assumptions. While extant research is well aware of the theoretical assumptions of transnational field analysis, there is thus far relatively little awareness of the importance of its methodological premises. Addressing this imbalanced picture, we identify five methodological principles and specify consequences for studies of transnational fields. Our approach emphasizes that performing transnational field analysis goes beyond “taking a theory to the field”; it means engaging in and reflecting upon a complex research process that simultaneously draws upon and constructs theories of fields.
Reliability of the active knee joint position sense test and influence of limb dominance and sex
(2023)
The output of a sensorimotor performance can be measured with the joint position sense (JPS) test. However, investigations of leg dominance, sex and quality measures on this test are limited. Therefore, these potential influencing factors as well as reliability and consistency measures were evaluated for angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity during the active knee JPS test in healthy participants. Twenty healthy participants (10 males; 10 females; age 29 +/- 8 years; height 165 +/- 39 cm; body mass 69 +/- 13 kg) performed a seated knee JPS test with a target angle of 50 degrees. Measurements were conducted in two sessions separated by two weeks and consisted of two blocks of continuous angular reproduction (three minutes each block). The difference between reproduced and target angle was identified as angular error measured by an electrogoniometer. During reproduction, the neuromuscular activity of the quadriceps muscle was assessed by surface electromyography. Neuromuscular activity was normalized to submaximal voluntary contraction (subMVC) and displayed per muscle and movement phase. Differences between leg dominance and sex were calculated using Friedman-test (alpha = 0.05). Reliability measures including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis (bias +/- limits of agreement (LoA)) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were analysed. No significant differences between leg dominance and sex were found in angular error and neuromuscular activity. Angular error demonstrated inter-session ICC scores of 0.424 with a bias of 2.4 degrees (+/- 2.4 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 6.8 degrees and moderate intra-session ICC (0.723) with a bias of 1.4 degrees (+/- 1.65 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 4.7 degrees. Neuromuscular activity for all muscles and movement phases illustrated inter-session ICC ranging from 0.432 to 0.809 with biases between - 2.5 and 13.6% subMVC and MDC from 13.4 to 63.9% subMVC. Intra-session ICC ranged from 0.705 to 0.987 with biases of - 7.7 to 2.4% subMVC and MDC of 2.7 to 46.5% subMVC. Leg dominance and sex seem not to influence angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity. Poor to excellent relative reliability paired with an acceptable consistency confirm findings of previous studies. Comparisons to pathological populations should be conducted with caution.
In the following pages I discuss how,and to what extent, the eminent Zionist thinker Max Nordau, himself of Sephardic ancestry, viewed the history of the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula in the context of his general critique of assimilation not only in regard to Jews,but in a more comprehensive understanding as well. My focus here is on the significance of assimilation in the history of the Jews on the Iberian Peninsula as reflected in Nordau’s writings, with an additional emphasis on his two visits to Spain, thefirst in 1875 and again between 1914 and 1920. In so doing, I attempt to integrate Ashkenazic and Sephardic history into one field of Jewish Studies. The relationship between the two has not yet been researched comprehensively, particularly in the context of the historical study of Zionism.
Carvajal and the Franciscans
(2022)
Luis de Carvajal the Younger (1567–1596) is without doubt one of the most famous victims of the Mexican Inquisition. In 1595, Luis and his family were found guilty of “Judaizing” and sentenced to death. Due to his autobiography and letters which survived in the dossiers of his trials, scholars have been able to trace important aspects of Carvajal’s life, his religious thought, and his self-fashioning as a Jewish martyr. However, one question that has not yet been entirely discussed is Carvajal’s messianism in the context of New World geographies and influences.
This chapter uses Carvajal’s autobiography, his letters, and his declarations during the trials to analyze the meaning of “the Americas” in Carvajal’s eschatological thought and to reflect upon possible influences from Mexican Franciscans and Christian millenarians with whom Carvajal was in contact between 1590 and 1595. It places Carvajal’s case in the broader context of recent studies of “converso messianism” and Jewish-Christian interactions in early modern eschatological and millenarian settings. It thus contributes to the exploration of entanglements between Jewish and Christian eschatological expectations in the early modern Atlantic World.
In Time and the Other Johannes Fabian analysed how modern conceptions of time were “not only secularized and naturalized but also thoroughly spatialized.” According to Fabian, this was particularly visible in modern anthropology which “promoted a scheme in terms of which not only past cultures but all living societies were irrevocably placed on a temporal slope, a stream of Time – some upstream, others downstream.”3 Anthropologists attributed otherness to a distant past which was traditionally associated with cultural retardation, i.e. a lower degree of development, progress, and civilization. Cultural difference was expressed in terms of temporal distance while temporal distance was attributed to spatial remoteness. The result was a phenomenon that Fabian coined “the denial of coevalness” which pointed towards “a persistent and systematic tendency to place the referent(s) of anthropology in a Time other than the present of the producer of anthropological discourse.
Nationalism was declared to be dead too early. A postnational age was announced, and liberalism claimed to have been victorious by the end of the Cold War. At the same time postnational order was proclaimed in which transnational alliances like the European Union were supposed to become more important in international relations. But we witnessed the rise a strong nationalism during the early 21st century instead, and right wing parties are able to gain more and more votes in elections that are often characterized by nationalist agendas. This volume shows how nationalist dreams and fears alike determine politics in an age that was supposed to witness a rather peaceful coexistence by those who consider transnational ideas more valuable than national demands. It will deal with different case studies to show why and how nationalism made its way back to the common consciousness and which elements stimulated the re-establishment of the aggressive nation state. The volume will therefore look at the continuities of empire, actual and imagined, the role of "foreign-" and "otherness" for nationalist narratives, and try to explain how globalization stimulated the rise of 21st century nationalisms as well.
This year’s edition of the Yearbook of the Selma Stern Center for Jewish Studies Berlin-Brandenburg (ZJS) highlights innovative approaches to the study of Sephardic history in colonial and postcolonial contexts beyond Europe. The authors intertwine the particularities of their case studies with reflections on patterns of belonging, memorial cultures, and a transnational network of connections spanning from early modern times to the twentieth century.
In the context of the early modern Atlantic world, two essays explore the notion of a Sephardic empire among Portuguese Jewish communities as well as transatlantic entanglements in and beyond the Danish Caribbean. In the frameworks of Spain as well as (post-)colonial Egypt and Morocco, three articles reflect on Jewish citizenship, modes of belonging, and present-day commemorative events of Jewish history across the Mediterranean and beyond.
These collected contributions are the outcome of activities at the ZJS dedicated to Sephardic Studies during the academic year 2020—21.
Religious Mapping Erbil (RME) is a joint project of teams from the Catholic University in Erbil (CUE), Salahaddin University-Erbil (SUE) and Tishk International University (TIU) under the guidance of the University of Potsdam (UP). From 2018 to 2022, the project was financed by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
This project involves scholars of various disciplines including religious studies, Islamic studies, English language, applied computing, and computer engineering. The research is a cooperation of students, PhD candidates and advanced scholars.
The project attempts to display the religious diversity in Erbil, the fast-changing capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. Unlike a census or a survey, which focuses on individuals, RME presents the locations (mosques, churches, synagogues, temples and other venues) together with the history and social profiles of the congregations meeting there. [insert tiny map or part of it]
The data were obtained by visiting the locations, observing their services, interviewing community leaders (mostly imams and priests), evaluating information from the Ministry of Endowment and Religious Affairs, and by consulting websites. All investigations followed the same pattern, consisting of (I) spatiotemporal and (III) social dimensions, framed by (II) religious performance.
Integrated Seismic Program (ISP) is a graphical user interface designed to facilitate and provide a user-friendly framework for performing diverse common and advanced tasks in seismological research. ISP is composed of five main modules for earthquake location, time-frequency analysis and advanced signal processing, implementation of array techniques to estimate the slowness vector, seismic moment tensor inversion, and receiver function computation and analysis. In addition, several support tools are available, allowing the user to create an event database, download data from International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks services, inspect the background noise, and compute synthetic seismograms. ISP is written in Python3, supported by several open-source and/or publicly available tools. Its modular design allows for new features to be added in a collaborative development environment.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an herbaceous annual crop of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). It is increasingly cultivated for its nutritious grains, which are rich in protein and essential amino acids, lipids, and minerals. Quinoa exhibits a high tolerance towards various abiotic stresses including drought and salinity, which supports its agricultural cultivation under climate change conditions. The use of quinoa grains is compromised by anti-nutritional saponins, a terpenoid class of secondary metabolites deposited in the seed coat; their removal before consumption requires extensive washing, an economically and environmentally unfavorable process; or their accumulation can be reduced through breeding. In this study, we analyzed the seed metabolomes, including amino acids, fatty acids, and saponins, from 471 quinoa cultivars, including two related species, by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Additionally, we determined a large number of agronomic traits including biomass, flowering time, and seed yield. The results revealed considerable diversity between genotypes and provide a knowledge base for future breeding or genome editing of quinoa.
Geometry, 11B, 13C chemical shifts and the spatial magnetic properties (Through-Space NMR Shieldings -TSNMRS) of both cations and anions of boron-trapped N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) and of the corresponding diborane/diborene/diboryne dis-carbene adducts have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept; the TSNMRS results are visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction. The ICSS of the TSNMRS (actually the anisotropy effects measurable in 1H NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the present multiple bond character of the Carbene-Boron bond in the trapped NHCs and CAACs. Results are confirmed by bond length and 11B/13C chemical shift variations. Thus the partial multiple bond character of the Carbene-Boron bond cannot be expressed by the arrow of weak, much longer dative bonds and should be omitted as in other covalent lone pair-it or triel bonds. & COPY; 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The heat is on
(2023)
Climate conditions severely impact the activity and, consequently, the fitness of wildlife species across the globe. Wildlife can respond to new climatic conditions, but the pace of human-induced change limits opportunities for adaptation or migration. Thus, how these changes affect behavior, movement patterns, and activity levels remains unclear. In this study, we investigate how extreme weather conditions affect the activity of European hares (Lepus europaeus) during their peak reproduction period. When hares must additionally invest energy in mating, prevailing against competitors, or lactating, we investigated their sensitivities to rising temperatures, wind speed, and humidity. To quantify their activity, we used the overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) calculated from tri-axial acceleration measurements of 33 GPS-collared hares. Our analysis revealed that temperature, humidity, and wind speed are important in explaining changes in activity, with a strong response for high temperatures above 25 & DEG;C and the highest change in activity during temperature extremes of over 35 & DEG;C during their inactive period. Further, we found a non-linear relationship between temperature and activity and an interaction of activity changes between day and night. Activity increased at higher temperatures during the inactive period (day) and decreased during the active period (night). This decrease was strongest during hot tropical nights. At a stage of life when mammals such as hares must substantially invest in reproduction, the sensitivity of females to extreme temperatures was particularly pronounced. Similarly, both sexes increased their activity at high humidity levels during the day and low wind speeds, irrespective of the time of day, while the effect of humidity was stronger for males. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex relationships between extreme weather conditions and mammal behavior, critical for conservation and management. With ongoing climate change, extreme weather events such as heat waves and heavy rainfall are predicted to occur more often and last longer. These events will directly impact the fitness of hares and other wildlife species and hence the population dynamics of already declining populations across Europe.
Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) has been shown to be modified by external factors such as perceived danger, the use of tools, and social factors. Especially in times of social distancing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to study factors that modify PPS and IPD. The present work addresses the question of whether wearing a face mask as a protection tool and social interaction impact the perception of IPD. We tested estimated IPD in pictures at three distances: 50 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm in both social interaction (shaking hands) and without interaction and when the two people in the pictures wore a face mask or not. Data from 60 subjects were analyzed in a linear mixed model (on both difference in distance estimation to the depicted distance and in absolute distance estimation) and in a 3 (distance: 50, 90, 150) x 2 (interaction: no interaction, shake hands), x 2 face mask (no mask, mask) rmANOVA on distance estimation difference. All analyses showed that at a distance of 50 and 90 cm, participants generally underestimated the IPD while at an IPD of 150 cm, participants overestimated the distance. This could be grounded in perceived danger and avoidance behavior at closer distances, while the wider distance between persons was not perceived as dangerous. Our findings at an IPD of 90 cm show that social interaction has the largest effect at the border of our PPS, while the face mask did not affect social interaction at either distance. In addition, the ANOVA results indicate that when no social interaction was displayed, participants felt less unsafe when depicted persons wore a face mask at distances of 90 and 150 cm. This shows that participants are on the one hand aware of the given safety measures and internalized them; on the other hand, that refraining from physical social interaction helps to get close to other persons.
Sensorimotor control can be impaired by slacked muscle spindles. This was shown for reflex responses and, recently, also for muscular stability in the sense of Adaptive Force (AF). The slack in muscle spindles was generated by contracting the lengthened muscle followed by passive shortening. AF was suggested to specifically reflect sensorimotor control since it requires tension-length control in adaptation to an increasing load. This study investigated AF parameters in reaction to another, manually performed slack procedure in a preselected sample (n = 13). The AF of 11 elbow and 12 hip flexors was assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) using a handheld device. Maximal isometric AF was significantly reduced after manual spindle technique vs. regular MMT. Muscle lengthening started at 64.93 & PLUSMN; 12.46% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During regular MMT, muscle length could be maintained stable until 92.53 & PLUSMN; 10.12% of MVIC. Hence, muscular stability measured by AF was impaired after spindle manipulation. Force oscillations arose at a significantly lower level for regular vs. spindle. This supports the assumption that they are a prerequisite for stable adaptation. Reduced muscular stability in reaction to slack procedures is considered physiological since sensory information is misled. It is proposed to use slack procedures to test the functionality of the neuromuscular system, which is relevant for clinical practice.
Introduction
Balance is vital for human health and experiments have been conducted to measure the mechanisms of postural control, for example studying reflex responses to simulated perturbations. Such studies are frequent in walking but less common in running, and an understanding of reflex responses to trip-like disturbances could enhance our understanding of human gait and improve approaches to training and rehabilitation. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the technical validity and reliability of a treadmill running protocol with perturbations. A further exploratory aim was to evaluate the associated neuromuscular reflex responses to the perturbations, in the lower limbs.
Methods
Twelve healthy participants completed a running protocol (9 km/h) test-retest (2 weeks apart), whereby 30 unilateral perturbations were executed via the treadmill belts (presets:2.0 m/s amplitude;150 ms delay (post-heel contact);100ms duration). Validity of the perturbations was assessed via mean +/- SD comparison, percentage error calculation between the preset and recorded perturbation characteristics (PE%), and coefficient of variation (CV%). Test-retest reliability (TRV%) and Bland-Altman analysis (BLA; bias +/- 1.96 * SD) was calculated for reliability. To measure reflex activity, electromyography (EMG) was applied in both legs. EMG amplitudes (root mean square normalized to unperturbed strides) and latencies [ms] were analysed descriptively.
Results
Left-side perturbation amplitude was 1.9 +/- 0.1 m/s, delay 105 +/- 2 ms, and duration 78 +/- 1 ms. Right-side perturbation amplitude was 1.9 +/- 0.1 m/s, delay 118 +/- 2 ms, duration 78 +/- 1 ms. PE% ranged from 5-30% for the recorded perturbations. CV% of the perturbations ranged from 19.5-76.8%. TRV% for the perturbations was 6.4-16.6%. BLA for the left was amplitude: 0.0 +/- 0.3m/s, delay: 0 +/- 17 ms, duration: 2 +/- 13 ms, and for the right was amplitude: 0.1 +/- 0.7, delay: 4 +/- 40 ms, duration: 1 +/- 35 ms. EMG amplitudes ranged from 175 +/- 141%-454 +/- 359% in both limbs. Latencies were 109 +/- 12-116 +/- 23 ms in the tibialis anterior, and 128 +/- 49-157 +/- 20 ms in the biceps femoris.
Discussion
Generally, this study indicated sufficient validity and reliability of the current setup considering the technical challenges and limitations, although the reliability of the right-sided perturbations could be questioned. The protocol provoked reflex responses in the lower extremities, especially in the leading leg. Acute neuromusculoskeletal adjustments to the perturbations could be studied and compared in clinical and healthy running populations, and the protocol could be utilised to monitor chronic adaptations to interventions over time.
High-solid-content polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate dispersions of polymer particles with a 50 nm to 500 nm mean particle diameter and 12-55% (w/w) solid content have been produced via emulsion polymerization and characterized regarding their optical and physical properties. Both systems have been analyzed with common particle-size-measuring techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) and compared to inline particle size distribution (PSD) measurements via photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy in undiluted samples. It is shown that particle size measurements of undiluted polystyrene dispersions are in good agreement between analysis methods. However, for polyvinyl acetate particles, size determination is challenging due to bound water in the produced polymer. For the first time, water-swelling factors were determined via an iterative approach of PDW spectroscopy error (X-2) minimization. It is shown that water-swollen particles can be analyzed in high-solid-content solutions and their physical properties can be assumed to determine the refractive index, density, and volume fraction in dispersion. It was found that assumed water swelling improved the reduced scattering coefficient fit by PDW spectroscopy by up to ten times and particle size determination was refined and enabled. Particle size analysis of the water-swollen particles agreed well with offline-based state-of-the-art techniques.
This study provides a synthesis of corpus-based and experimental investigations of word-order preferences in German infinitival complementation. We carried out a systematic analysis of present-day German corpora to establish frequency distributions of different word-order options: extraposition, intraposition, and 'third construction'. We then examined, firstly, whether and to what extent corpus frequencies and processing economy constraints can predict the acceptability of these three word-order variants, and whether subject raising and subject control verbs form clearly distinguishable subclasses of infinitive-embedding verbs in terms of their word-order behaviour. Secondly, our study looks into the issue of coherence by comparing acceptability ratings for monoclausal coherent and biclausal incoherent construals of intraposed infinitives, and by examining whether a biclausal incoherent analysis gives rise to local and/or global processing difficulty. Taken together, our results revealed that (i) whilst the extraposition pattern consistently wins out over all other word-order variants for control verbs, neither frequency nor processing-based approaches to word-order variation can account for the acceptability of low-frequency variants, (ii) there is considerable verb-specific variation regarding word-order preferences both between and within the two sets of raising and control verbs under investigation, and (iii) although monoclausal coherent intraposition is rated above biclausal incoherent intraposition, the latter is not any more difficult to process than the former. Our findings indicate that frequency of occurrence and processing-related constraints interact with idiosyncratic lexical properties of individual verbs in determining German speakers' structural preferences.
How to confuse motor control
(2023)
Adaptation to external forces relies on a well-functioning proprioceptive system including muscle spindle afferents. Muscle length and tension control in reaction to external forces is most important regarding the Adaptive Force (AF). This study investigated the effect of different procedures, which are assumed to influence the function of muscle spindles, on the AF. Elbow flexors of 12 healthy participants (n = 19 limbs) were assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) with different procedures: regular MMT, MMT after precontraction (self-estimated 20% MVIC) in lengthened position with passive return to test position (CL), and MMT after CL with a second precontraction in test position (CL-CT). During regular MMTs, muscles maintained their length up to 99.7% +/- 1.0% of the maximal AF (AF(max)). After CL, muscles started to lengthen at 53.0% +/- 22.5% of AF(max). For CL-CT, muscles were again able to maintain the static position up to 98.3% +/- 5.5% of AF(max). AFiso(max) differed highly significantly between CL vs. CL-CT and regular MMT. CL was assumed to generate a slack of muscle spindles, which led to a substantial reduction of the holding capacity. This was immediately erased by a precontraction in the test position. The results substantiate that muscle spindle sensitivity seems to play an important role for neuromuscular functioning and musculoskeletal stability.
Effects of exercise treatment on functional outcome parameters in mid-portion achilles tendinopathy
(2023)
Exercise interventions are evident in the treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the effect of different exercise treatments on improving a specific function (e.g., strength) in this population. Thus, this study aimed to systematically review the effect of exercise treatments on different functional outcomes in mid-portion AT. An electronic database of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to 21 February 2023. Studies that investigated changes in plantar flexor function with exercise treatments were considered in mid-portion AT. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were included. Functional outcomes were classified by kinetic (e.g., strength), kinematic [e.g., ankle range of motion (ROM)], and sensorimotor (e.g., balance index) parameters. The types of exercise treatments were classified into eccentric, concentric, and combined (eccentric plus concentric) training modes. Quality assessment was appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale for RCTs, and the Joanna Briggs Institute scale for CCTs. The search yielded 2,260 records, and a total of ten studies were included. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a qualitative synthesis was performed. Eccentric training led to improvements in power outcomes (e.g., height of countermovement jump), and in strength outcomes (e.g., peak torque). Concentric training regimens showed moderate enhanced power outcomes. Moreover, one high-quality study showed an improvement in the balance index by eccentric training, whereas the application of concentric training did not. Combined training modalities did not lead to improvements in strength and power outcomes. Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM measures did not show relevant changes by the exercise treatments. In conclusion, eccentric training is evident in improving strength outcomes in AT patients. Moreover, it shows moderate evidence improvements in power and the sensorimotor parameter "balance index". Concentric training presents moderate evidence in the power outcomes and can therefore be considered as an alternative to improve this function. Kinematic analysis of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM might not be useful in AT people. This study expands the knowledge what types of exercise regimes should be considered to improve the functional outcomes in AT.
High pressure and high temperature experiments performed with laser-heated diamond anvil cells (LH-DAC) are being extensively used in geosciences to study matter at conditions prevailing in planetary interiors. Due to the size of the apparatus itself, the samples that are produced are extremely small, on the order of few tens of micrometers. There are several ways to analyze the samples and extract physical, chemical or structural information, using either in situ or ex situ methods. In this paper, we compare two nanoprobe techniques, namely nano-XRF and NanoSIMS, that can be used to analyze recovered samples synthetized in a LH-DAC. With these techniques, it is possible to extract the spatial distribution of chemical elements in the samples. We show the results for several standards and discuss the importance of proper calibration for the acquisition of quantifiable results. We used these two nanoprobe techniques to retrieve elemental ratios of dilute species (few tens of ppm) in quenched experimental molten samples relevant for the formation of the iron-rich core of the Earth. We finally discuss the applications of such probes to constrain the partitioning of trace elements between metal and silicate phases, with a focus on moderately siderophile elements, tungsten and molybdenum.
We explore the role of non-ergodicity in the relationship between income inequality, the extent of concentration in the income distribution, and income mobility, the feasibility of an individual to change their position in the income rankings. For this purpose, we use the properties of an established model for income growth that includes 'resetting' as a stabilizing force to ensure stationary dynamics. We find that the dynamics of inequality is regime-dependent: it may range from a strictly non-ergodic state where this phenomenon has an increasing trend, up to a stable regime where inequality is steady and the system efficiently mimics ergodicity. Mobility measures, conversely, are always stable over time, but suggest that economies become less mobile in non-ergodic regimes. By fitting the model to empirical data for the income share of the top earners in the USA, we provide evidence that the income dynamics in this country is consistently in a regime in which non-ergodicity characterizes inequality and immobility. Our results can serve as a simple rationale for the observed real-world income dynamics and as such aid in addressing non-ergodicity in various empirical settings across the globe.This article is part of the theme issue 'Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies'.
IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has huge influences on daily life and is not only associated with physical but also with major psychological impacts. Mental health problems and disorders are frequently present in elite paralympic athletes. Due to the pandemic situation, new stressors (e.g., loss of routine, financial insecurity) might act upon the athletes. Therefore, the assessment of mental health in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic is important to identify prevalence of psychological problems and propose countermeasures. MethodsThe mental health of German paralympic athletes was longitudinally monitored (starting in May 2019). The athletes completed the Patient Health Questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) on a weekly basis and reported a stress level, training hours, and training load. During the pandemic, 8 measurement time points (March 2020 to April 2021) were used to reflect the psychological health course of the athletes. In parallel, a convenience sample of the general population was questioned about their psychological distress, including the PHQ-4. To be included in the analysis, participants of both groups had to complete at least 4 measurement time points. Matching of the para-athletes and the general population sample was prioritized upon completion of the same measurement time points, gender, and age. ResultsSeventy-eight paralympic athletes (40 women, 38 men, age: 29.8 +/- 11.4 years) met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-eight matched pairs of the general population (40 women; 38 men; age: 30.5 +/- 10.9 years) were identified. The para-athletes had a significantly (p r <0.48) lower PHQ-4 value at each measurement time point compared to the matched control group. No significant age or sex differences were evident regarding the symptom burden. In para-athletes, no significant and a weak positive correlation was found between decreased training load and PHQ-4 values and a stress level, respectively. Reduced physical activity was significantly (p <0.0001) associated with higher PHQ-4 values in the general population sample. DiscussionLower PHQ-4 values were reported by the para-athletes compared to the general population sample. However, small sample sizes must be considered while interpreting the data. Nevertheless, adequate support for individuals suffering from severe psychopathological symptoms should be provided for para-athletes as well as for the general population.
Spatially explicit knowledge on grassland extent and management is critical to understand and monitor the impact of grassland use intensity on ecosystem services and biodiversity. While regional studies allow detailed insights into land use and ecosystem service interactions, information on a national scale can aid biodiversity assessments. However, for most European countries this information is not yet widely available. We used an analysis-ready-data cube that contains dense time series of co-registered Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data, covering the extent of Germany. We propose an algorithm that detects mowing events in the time series based on residuals from an assumed undisturbed phenology, as an indicator of grassland use intensity. A self-adaptive ruleset enabled to account for regional variations in land surface phenology and non-stationary time series on a pixelbasis. We mapped mowing events for the years from 2017 to 2020 for permanent grassland areas in Germany. The results were validated on a pixel level in four of the main natural regions in Germany based on reported mowing events for a total of 92 (2018) and 78 (2019) grassland parcels. Results for 2020 were evaluated with combined time series of Landsat, Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope data. The mean absolute percentage error between detected and reported mowing events was on average 40% (2018), 36% (2019) and 35% (2020). Mowing events were on average detected 11 days (2018), 7 days (2019) and 6 days (2020) after the reported mowing. Performance measures varied between the different regions of Germany, and lower accuracies were found in areas that are revisited less frequently by Sentinel-2. Thus, we assessed the influence of data availability and found that the detection of mowing events was less influenced by data availability when at least 16 cloud-free observations were available in the grassland season. Still, the distribution of available observations throughout the season appeared to be critical. On a national scale our results revealed overall higher shares of less intensively mown grasslands and smaller shares of highly intensively managed grasslands. Hotspots of the latter were identified in the alpine foreland in Southern Germany as well as in the lowlands in the Northwest of Germany. While these patterns were stable throughout the years, the results revealed a tendency to lower management intensity in the extremely dry year 2018. Our results emphasize the ability of the approach to map the intensity of grassland management throughout large areas despite variations in data availability and environmental conditions.
In vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) is associated with an increased risk of preterm (33rd-37th gestational week) and early preterm birth (20th-32nd gestational week). The underlying general and procedure related risk factors are not well understood so far. 4328 infertile women undergoing IVF/ICSI were entered into this study. The study population was divided into three groups: (a) early preterm birth group (n = 66), (b) preterm birth group (n = 675) and (c) full-term birth group (n = 3653). Odds for preterm birth were calculated by stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. We identified seven independent risk factors for preterm birth and four independent risk factors for early preterm birth. Older (> 39) or younger (< 25) maternal age (OR: 1.504, 95% CI 1.108-2.042, P = 0.009; OR: 2.125, 95% CI 1.049-4.304, P = 0.036, respectively), multiple pregnancy (OR: 9.780, 95% CI 8.014-11.935, P < 0.001; OR: 8.588, 95% CI 4.866-15.157, P < 0.001, respectively), placenta previa (OR: 14.954, 95% CI 8.053-27.767, P < 0.001; OR: 16.479, 95% CI 4.381-61.976, P < 0.001, respectively), and embryo reduction (OR: 3.547, 95% CI 1.736-7.249, P = 0.001; OR: 7.145, 95% CI 1.990-25.663, P = 0.003, respectively) were associated with preterm birth and early preterm birth, whereas gestational hypertension (OR: 2.494, 95% CI 1.770-3.514, P < 0.001), elevated triglycerides (OR: 1.120, 95% CI 1.011-1.240, P = 0.030) and shorter activated partial thromboplastin time (OR: 0.967, 95% CI 0.949-0.985, P < 0.001) were associated only with preterm birth. In conclusion, preterm and early preterm birth risk factors in patients undergoing assisted IVF/ICSI are in general similar to those in natural pregnancy. The lack of some associations in the early preterm group was most likely due to the lower number of early preterm birth cases. Only embryo reduction represents an IVF/ICSI specific risk factor.
ObjectiveA role for microRNAs is implicated in several biological and pathological processes. We investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on molecular markers of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. MethodsEighteen male Wistar rats (260 +/- 10 g; aged 8 weeks) with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (55 mg/kg, IP) were randomly allocated to three groups: control, MICT, and HIIT. The two different training protocols were performed 5 days each week for 5 weeks. Cardiac performance (end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions, ejection fraction), the expression of miR-206, HSP60, and markers of apoptosis (cleaved PARP and cytochrome C) were determined at the end of the exercise interventions. ResultsBoth exercise interventions (HIIT and MICT) decreased blood glucose levels and improved cardiac performance, with greater changes in the HIIT group (p < 0.001, eta(2): 0.909). While the expressions of miR-206 and apoptotic markers decreased in both training protocols (p < 0.001, eta(2): 0.967), HIIT caused greater reductions in apoptotic markers and produced a 20% greater reduction in miR-206 compared with the MICT protocol (p < 0.001). Furthermore, both training protocols enhanced the expression of HSP60 (p < 0.001, eta(2): 0.976), with a nearly 50% greater increase in the HIIT group compared with MICT. ConclusionsOur results indicate that both exercise protocols, HIIT and MICT, have the potential to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy by modifying the expression of miR-206 and its downstream targets of apoptosis. It seems however that HIIT is even more effective than MICT to modulate these molecular markers.
A 3-D crustal shear wave velocity model and Moho map below the Semail Ophiolite, eastern Arabia
(2022)
The Semail Ophiolite in eastern Arabia is the largest and best-exposed slice of oceanic lithosphere on land. Detailed knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the shallow crust, in particular during and after ophiolite obduction in Late Cretaceous times is contrasted by few constraints on physical and compositional properties of the middle and lower continental crust below the obducted units. The role of inherited, pre-obduction crustal architecture remains therefore unaccounted for in our understanding of crustal evolution and the present-day geology. Based on seismological data acquired during a 27-month campaign in northern Oman, Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography and Receiver Function analysis provide for the first time a 3-D radially anisotropic shear wave velocity (V-S) model and a consistent Moho map below the iconic Semail Ophiolite. The model highlights deep crustal boundaries that segment the eastern Arabian basement in two distinct units. The previously undescribed Western Jabal Akhdar Zone separates Arabian crust with typical continental properties and a thickness of similar to 40-45 km in the northwest from a compositionally different terrane in the southeast that is interpreted as a terrane accreted during the Pan-African orogeny in Neoproterozoic times. East of the Ibra Zone, another deep crustal boundary, crustal thickness decreases to 30-35 km and very high lower crustal V-S suggest large-scale mafic intrusions into, and possible underplating of the Arabian continental crust that occurred most likely during Permian breakup of Pangea. Mafic reworking is sharply bounded by the (upper crustal) Semail Gap Fault Zone, northwest of which no such high velocities are found in the crust. Topography of the Oman Mountains is supported by a mild crustal root and Moho depth below the highest topography, the Jabal Akhdar Dome, is similar to 42 km. Radial anisotropy is robustly resolved in the upper crust and aids in discriminating dipping allochthonous units from autochthonous sedimentary rocks that are indistinguishable by isotropic V-S alone. Lateral thickness variations of the ophiolite highlight the Haylayn Ophiolite Massif on the northern flank of Jabal Akhdar Dome and the Hawasina Window as the deepest reaching unit. Ophiolite thickness is similar to 10 km in the southern and northern massifs, and <= 5 km elsewhere.
Pre-exposing (priming) plants to mild, non-lethal elevated temperature improves their tolerance to a later higher-temperature stress (triggering stimulus), which is of great ecological importance. 'Thermomemory' is maintaining this tolerance for an extended period of time. NAM/ATAF1/2/ CUC2 (NAC) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that modulate responses to abiotic stresses, including heat stress (HS). Here, we investigated the potential role of NACs for thermomemory. We determined the expression of 104 Ara bidopsis NAC genes after priming and triggering heat stimuli, and found ATAF1 expression is strongly induced right after priming and declines below control levels thereafter during thermorecovery. Knockout mutants of ATAF1 show better thermomemory than wild type, revealing a negative regulatory role. Differential expression analyses of RNA-seq data from ATAF1 overexpressor, ataf1 mutant and wild-type plants after heat priming revealed five genes that might be priming-associated direct targets of ATAF1: AT2G31260 (ATG9), AT2G41640 (GT61), AT3G44990 (XTH31), AT4G27720 and AT3G23540. Based on co-expression analyses applied to the aforementioned RNA-seq profiles, we identified ANAC055 to be transcriptionally co-regulated with ATAF1. Like atafl, anac055 mutants show improved thermomemory, revealing a potential co-control of both NACTFs over thermomemory. Our data reveals a core importance of two NAC transcription factors, ATAF1 and ANAC055, for thermomemory.
The Kolumbo submarine volcano in the southern Aegean (Greece) is associated with repeated seismic unrest since at least two decades and the causes of this unrest are poorly understood. We present a ten-month long microseismicity data set for the period 2006-2007. The majority of earthquakes cluster in a cone-shaped portion of the crust below Kolumbo. The tip of this cone coincides with a low Vp-anomaly at 2-4 km depth, which is interpreted as a crustal melt reservoir. Our data set includes several earthquake swarms, of which we analyze the four with the highest events numbers in detail. Together the swarms form a zone of fracturing elongated in the SW-NE direction, parallel to major regional faults. All four swarms show a general upward migration of hypocenters and the cracking front propagates unusually fast, compared to swarms in other volcanic areas. We conclude that the swarm seismicity is most likely triggered by a combination of pore-pressure perturbations and the re-distribution of elastic stresses. Fluid pressure perturbations are induced likely by obstructions in the melt conduits in a rheologically strong layer between 6 and 9 km depth. We conclude that the zone of fractures below Kolumbo is exploited by melts ascending from the mantle and filling the crustal melt reservoir. Together with the recurring seismic unrest, our study suggests that a future eruption is probable and monitoring of the Kolumbo volcanic system is highly advisable.
PRI: Re-analysis of a public mass cytometry dataset reveals patterns of effective tumor treatments
(2022)
Recently, mass cytometry has enabled quantification of up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. It remains a challenge to analyze such high-dimensional data to exploit the richness of the inherent information, even though many valuable new analysis tools have already been developed. We propose a novel algorithm "pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)" to tackle these high-dimensional protein combinations in the data. PRI is a tool for the analysis and visualization of cytometry data based on a three or more-parametric binning approach, feature engineering of bin properties of multivariate cell data, and a pseudo-multiparametric visualization. Using a publicly available mass cytometry dataset, we proved that reproducible feature engineering and intuitive understanding of the generated bin plots are helpful hallmarks for re-analysis with PRI. In the CD4(+)T cell population analyzed, PRI revealed two bin-plot patterns (CD90/CD44/CD86 and CD90/CD44/CD27) and 20 bin plot features for threshold-independent classification of mice concerning ineffective and effective tumor treatment. In addition, PRI mapped cell subsets regarding co-expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 with two major transcription factors and further delineated a specific Th1 cell subset. All these results demonstrate the added insights that can be obtained using the non-cluster-based tool PRI for re-analyses of high-dimensional cytometric data.
In recent years, due to its great promise in boosting the energy density of lithium batteries for future energy storage, research on the Li metal anode, as an alternative to the graphite anode in Li-ion batteries, has gained significant momentum. However, the practical use of Li metal anodes has been plagued by unstable Li (re)deposition and poor cyclability. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to the stabilization of Li metal anodes, the mechanisms of electrochemical (re-)deposition/dissolution of Li and solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) formation remain elusive. This article highlights the recent mechanistic understandings and observations of Li deposition/dissolution and SEI formation achieved from advanced characterization techniques and simulation methods, and discusses major limitations and open questions in these processes. In particular, the authors provide their perspectives on advanced and emerging/potential methods for obtaining new insights into these questions. In addition, they give an outlook into cutting-edge interdisciplinary research topics for Li metal anodes. It pushes beyond the current knowledge and is expected to accelerate development toward a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding, in order to guide future research on Li metal anodes toward practical application.
Giving emotional intelligence to machines can facilitate the early detection and prediction of mental diseases and symptoms. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based emotion recognition is widely applied because it measures electrical correlates directly from the brain rather than indirect measurement of other physiological responses initiated by the brain. Therefore, we used non-invasive and portable EEG sensors to develop a real-time emotion classification pipeline. The pipeline trains different binary classifiers for Valence and Arousal dimensions from an incoming EEG data stream achieving a 23.9% (Arousal) and 25.8% (Valence) higher F1-Score on the state-of-art AMIGOS dataset than previous work. Afterward, the pipeline was applied to the curated dataset from 15 participants using two consumer-grade EEG devices while watching 16 short emotional videos in a controlled environment. Mean F1-Scores of 87% (Arousal) and 82% (Valence) were achieved for an immediate label setting. Additionally, the pipeline proved to be fast enough to achieve predictions in real-time in a live scenario with delayed labels while continuously being updated. The significant discrepancy from the readily available labels on the classification scores leads to future work to include more data. Thereafter, the pipeline is ready to be used for real-time applications of emotion classification.
Pressure overload in patients with aortic valve stenosis and volume overload in mitral valve regurgitation trigger specific forms of cardiac remodeling; however, little is known about similarities and differences in myocardial proteome regulation. We performed proteome profiling of 75 human left ventricular myocardial biopsies (aortic stenosis = 41, mitral regurgitation = 17, and controls = 17) using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry next to clinical and hemodynamic parameter acquisition. In patients of both disease groups, proteins related to ECM and cytoskeleton were more abundant, whereas those related to energy metabolism and proteostasis were less abundant compared with controls. In addition, disease group-specific and sex-specific differences have been observed. Male patients with aortic stenosis showed more proteins related to fibrosis and less to energy metabolism, whereas female patients showed strong reduction in proteostasis-related proteins. Clinical imaging was in line with proteomic findings, showing elevation of fibrosis in both patient groups and sex differences. Disease-and sex-specific proteomic profiles provide insight into cardiac remodeling in patients with heart valve disease and might help improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the development of individualized treatment strategies.
The paper argues that economists’ position-taking in discourses of crises should be understood in the light of economists’ positions in the academic field of economics. This hypothesis is investigated by performing a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) on a prosopographical data set of 144 French economists who positioned themselves between 2008 and 2021 in controversies over the euro crisis, the French political economic model, and French economics. In these disciplinary controversies, different forms of (post-)national academic capital are used by economists to either initiate change or defend the status quo. These strategies are then interpreted as part of more general power struggles over the basic national or post-national constitution and legitimate governance of economy and society.
Introduction:
Hydrocortisone is the standard of care in cortisol replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Challenges in mimicking cortisol circadian rhythm and dosing individualization can be overcome by the support of mathematical modelling. Previously, a non-linear mixed-effects (NLME) model was developed based on clinical hydrocortisone pharmacokinetic (PK) pediatric and adult data. Additionally, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for adults and a pediatric model was obtained using maturation functions for relevant processes. In this work, a middle-out approach was applied. The aim was to investigate whether PBPK-derived maturation functions could provide a better description of hydrocortisone PK inter-individual variability when implemented in the NLME framework, with the goal of providing better individual predictions towards precision dosing at the patient level.
Methods:
Hydrocortisone PK data from 24 adrenal insufficiency pediatric patients and 30 adult healthy volunteers were used for NLME model development, while the PBPK model and maturation functions of clearance and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) were developed based on previous studies published in the literature.
Results:
Clearance (CL) estimates from both approaches were similar for children older than 1 year (CL/F increasing from around 150 L/h to 500 L/h), while CBG concentrations differed across the whole age range (CBG(NLME) stable around 0.5 mu M vs. steady increase from 0.35 to 0.8 mu M for CBG (PBPK)). PBPK-derived maturation functions were subsequently included in the NLME model. After inclusion of the maturation functions, none, a part of, or all parameters were re-estimated. However, the inclusion of CL and/or CBG maturation functions in the NLME model did not result in improved model performance for the CL maturation function (& UDelta;OFV > -15.36) and the re-estimation of parameters using the CBG maturation function most often led to unstable models or individual CL prediction bias.
Discussion:
Three explanations for the observed discrepancies could be postulated, i) non-considered maturation of processes such as absorption or first-pass effect, ii) lack of patients between 1 and 12 months, iii) lack of correction of PBPK CL maturation functions derived from urinary concentration ratio data for the renal function relative to adults. These should be investigated in the future to determine how NLME and PBPK methods can work towards deriving insights into pediatric hydrocortisone PK.
Pavlovian cues can influence ongoing instrumental behaviour via Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) processes. While appetitive Pavlovian cues tend to promote instrumental approach, they are detrimental when avoidance behaviour is required, and vice versa for aversive cues. We recently reported that susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control assessed via a PIT task was associated with risky alcohol use at age 18. We now investigated whether such susceptibility also predicts drinking trajectories until age 24, based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) consumption and binge drinking (gramme alcohol/drinking occasion) scores. The interference PIT effect, assessed at ages 18 and 21 during fMRI, was characterized by increased error rates (ER) and enhanced neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS), the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices (dmPFC) during conflict, that is, when an instrumental approach was required in the presence of an aversive Pavlovian cue or vice versa. We found that a stronger VS response during conflict at age 18 was associated with a higher starting point of both drinking trajectories but predicted a decrease in binge drinking. At age 21, high ER and enhanced neural responses in the dmPFC were associated with increasing AUDIT-C scores over the next 3 years until age 24. Overall, susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control might be viewed as a predisposing mechanism towards hazardous alcohol use during young adulthood, and the identified high-risk group may profit from targeted interventions.
Granitoids of the Slavkov Domain of the Brunovistulian microcontinent (BVM) in the Czech Republic have Ediacaran U-Pb zircon crystallization ages with the dominant magmatic activity occurring between ca. 597 and 595 Ma. The ages overlap published ages for the adjacent Thaya Domain, showing that both domains formed coevally in the same subduction setting. The data support published models in which the Slavkov Domain formed as arc crust. The main stage of magmatism stopped after ca. 595-590 Ma and was quickly followed by cooling accompanied by intrusion of small volumes of rhyolite dykes at ca. 594 Ma. Slavkov Domain metasedimentary rocks are dominated by Cryogenian-Ediacaran detrital zircon populations and their protoliths were locally derived erosional products of Cryogenian to Ediacaran arc rocks of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Metasedi-mentary rocks from the NE part of the BVM contain younger, ca. 550 Ma zircons indicating that the BVM grew northeastward by accretion of progressively younger material derived from magmatic rocks with latest Ediacaran crystallization ages. In contrast to the Thaya and Slavkov domains, the Metavolcanic Zone that lies between them formed between ca. 740 and 725 Ma in the late Tonian to early Cryogenian. It predates the main stage magmatic activity in the BVM by 135 to 150 Ma and is probably a relic of older crust that formed during rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent. At ca. 552-551 Ma in the latest Ediacaran, parts of the BVM were exposed at the surface, during which time red, terrestrial siliciclastic sediments (Basal Clastics) were deposited. These largely had (very) proximal sources such as the main stage granitoids of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Clasts of (meta)sandstones contain much older zircon populations and provide evidence that Neoarchaean and Palaeo-, meso- and early Neoproterozoic crustal rocks were exposed in erosional position nearby.
The ZuCo benchmark on cross-subject reading task classification with EEG and eye-tracking data
(2023)
We present a new machine learning benchmark for reading task classification with the goal of advancing EEG and eye-tracking research at the intersection between computational language processing and cognitive neuroscience. The benchmark task consists of a cross-subject classification to distinguish between two reading paradigms: normal reading and task-specific reading. The data for the benchmark is based on the Zurich Cognitive Language Processing Corpus (ZuCo 2.0), which provides simultaneous eye-tracking and EEG signals from natural reading of English sentences. The training dataset is publicly available, and we present a newly recorded hidden testset. We provide multiple solid baseline methods for this task and discuss future improvements. We release our code and provide an easy-to-use interface to evaluate new approaches with an accompanying public leaderboard: .
Objective:
This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of flywheel resistance training (FRT) versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on change of direction (CoD) performance in male athletes.
Methods:
Five databases were screened up to December 2021.
Results:
Seven studies were included. The results indicated a significantly larger effect of FRT compared with TRT (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.64). A within-group comparison indicated a significant large effect of FRT on CoD performance (SMD = 1.63). For TRT, a significant moderate effect was observed (SMD = 0.62). FRT of <= 2 sessions/week resulted in a significant large effect (SMD = 1.33), whereas no significant effect was noted for >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a significant large effect of <= 12 FRT sessions (SMD = 1.83) was observed, with no effect of >12 sessions. Regarding TRT, no significant effects of any of the training factors were detected (p > 0.05).
Conclusions:
FRT appears to be more effective than TRT in improving CoD performance in male athletes. Independently computed single training factor analyses for FRT indicated that <= 2 sessions/week resulted in a larger effect on CoD performance than >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a total of <= 12 FRT sessions induced a larger effect than >12 training sessions. Practitioners in sports, in which accelerative and decelerative actions occur in quick succession to change direction, should regularly implement FRT.
This study investigates the sensitivity and uncertainty of evaporation assessment in a tropical reservoir in northeastern Brazil. For this purpose, four approaches were used: Penman, a Dalton-modified equation, a pressure meter and a novel acoustic sensor. The main objective is to evaluate whether sensors can be employed to adequately assess lake evaporation. The sensors were installed in floating pans and the equations are based on variables collected from a raft. The wind-inducted waves in the reservoir often disturbed the measurements using both pressure (uncertainty of +/- 0.6 mm) and acoustic (uncertainty of +/- 0.1 mm) sensors, causing flaws and affecting continuous monitoring. The modified Dalton model, based on data collected with a floating station, estimated values over three-hour courses of evaporation similar to those measured by the pressure meter. These findings are important contributions to an accurate monitoring of water losses through evaporation and reservoir operation, particularly in dry regions.
This contribution presents an analysis of the structure and conflictual dynamics of contemporary German sociology which has recently separated into two professional societies. Using geometric data analysis, we present an empirical construction of the power/knowledge structure of the field, its paradigmatic plurality, and the various forms of sociological practices involved.
Following excited-state chemical shifts in molecular ultrafast x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(2022)
Imaging the charge flow in photoexcited molecules would provide key information on photophysical and photochemical processes. Here the authors demonstrate tracking in real time after photoexcitation the change in charge density at a specific site of 2-thiouracil using time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The conversion of photon energy into other energetic forms in molecules is accompanied by charge moving on ultrafast timescales. We directly observe the charge motion at a specific site in an electronically excited molecule using time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-XPS). We extend the concept of static chemical shift from conventional XPS by the excited-state chemical shift (ESCS), which is connected to the charge in the framework of a potential model. This allows us to invert TR-XPS spectra to the dynamic charge at a specific atom. We demonstrate the power of TR-XPS by using sulphur 2p-core-electron-emission probing to study the UV-excited dynamics of 2-thiouracil. The method allows us to discover that a major part of the population relaxes to the molecular ground state within 220-250 fs. In addition, a 250-fs oscillation, visible in the kinetic energy of the TR-XPS, reveals a coherent exchange of population among electronic states.
The objectives of this study were the identification in (morbidly) obese and nonobese patients of (i) the most appropriate body size descriptor for fosfomycin dose adjustments and (ii) adequacy of the currently employed dosing regimens. Plasma and target site (interstitial fluid of subcutaneous adipose tissue) concentrations after fosfomycin administration (8 g) to 30 surgery patients (15 obese/15 nonobese) were obtained from a prospective clinical trial. After characterization of plasma and microdialysis-derived target site pharmacokinetics via population analysis, short-term infusions of fosfomycin 3 to 4 times daily were simulated. The adequacy of therapy was assessed by probability of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment (PTA) analysis based on the unbound drug-related targets of an %fT(>= MIC) (the fraction of time that unbound fosfomycin concentrations exceed the MIC during 24 h) of 70 and an fAUC(0-24h)/MIC (the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h for the unbound fraction of fosfomycin relative to the MIC) of 40.8 to 83.3. Lean body weight, fat mass, and creatinine clearance calculated via adjusted body weight (ABW) (CLCRCG_ABW) of all patients (body mass index [BMI] = 20.1 to 52.0 kg/m(2)) explained a considerable proportion of between-patient pharmacokinetic variability (up to 31.0% relative reduction). The steady-state unbound target site/plasma concentration ratio was 26.3% lower in (morbidly) obese than nonobese patients. For infections with fosfomycin-susceptible pathogens (MIC <= 16 mg/L), intermittent "high-dosage" intravenous (i.v.) fosfomycin (8 g, three times daily) was sufficient to treat patients with a CLCRCG_ABW of,130 mL/min, irrespective of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices considered. For infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a MIC of 32 mg/L, when the index fAUC0-24h/MIC is applied, fosfomycin might represent a promising treatment option in obese and nonobese patients, especially in combination therapy to complement beta-lactams, in which carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa is critical. In conclusion, fosfomycin showed excellent target site penetration in obese and nonobese patients. Dosing should be guided by renal function rather than obesity status.
The terrestrial ecosystem in the Yellow River Source Area (YRSA) is sensitive to climate change and human impacts, although past vegetation change and the degree of human disturbance are still largely unknown. A 170-cm-long sediment core covering the last 7,400 years was collected from Lake Xingxinghai (XXH) in the YRSA. Pollen, together with a series of other environmental proxies (including grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and carbonate content), were analysed to explore past vegetation and environmental changes for the YRSA. Dominant and common pollen components-Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae-are stable throughout the last 7,400 years. Slight vegetation change is inferred from an increasing trend of Cyperaceae and decreasing trend of Poaceae, suggesting that alpine steppe was replaced by alpine meadow at ca. 3.5 ka cal bp. The vegetation transformation indicates a generally wetter climate during the middle and late Holocene, which is supported by increased amounts of TOC and Pediastrum (representing high water-level) and is consistent with previous past climate records from the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results find no evidence of human impact on the regional vegetation surrounding XXH, hence we conclude the vegetation change likely reflects the regional climate signal.
Wildfires play an essential role in the ecology of boreal forests.
In eastern Siberia, fire activity has been increasing in recent years, challenging the livelihoods of local communities. Intensifying fire regimes also increase disturbance pressure on the boreal forests, which currently protect the permafrost beneath from accelerated degradation.
However, long-term relationships between changes in fire regime and forest structure remain largely unknown.
We assess past fire-vegetation feedbacks using sedimentary proxy records from Lake Satagay, Central Yakutia, Siberia, covering the past c. 10,800 years.
Results from macroscopic and microscopic charcoal analyses indicate high amounts of burnt biomass during the Early Holocene, and that the present-day, low-severity surface fire regime has been in place since c. 4,500 years before present.
A pollen-based quantitative reconstruction of vegetation cover and a terrestrial plant record based on sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding suggest a pronounced shift in forest structure toward the Late Holocene.
Whereas the Early Holocene was characterized by postglacial open larch-birch woodlands, forest structure changed toward the modern, mixed larch-dominated closed-canopy forest during the Mid-Holocene.
We propose a potential relationship between open woodlands and high amounts of burnt biomass, as well as a mediating effect of dense larch forest on the climate-driven intensification of fire regimes.
Considering the anticipated increase in forest disturbances (droughts, insect invasions, and wildfires), higher tree mortality may force the modern state of the forest to shift toward an open woodland state comparable to the Early Holocene.
Such a shift in forest structure may result in a positive feedback on currently intensifying wildfires.
These new long-term data improve our understanding of millennial-scale fire regime changes and their relationships to changes of vegetation in Central Yakutia, where the local population is already being confronted with intensifying wildfire seasons.
Drawing on the social-ecological perspective, this longitudinal study investigated the potential moderating effect of gender in the relationships among Machiavellianism, popularity goals, and cyberbullying involvement (i.e. victimization, perpetration) among adolescents from China, Cyprus, India, and the United States.
There were 2,452 adolescents (M-age = 14.85; SD = .53; 13-16 years old; 49.1% girls) from China, Cyprus, India, and the United States included in this study.
They completed surveys on Machiavellianism, popularity goals, and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration during the fall of 2014 (Time 1). One year later, during the fall of 2015, adolescents completed surveys on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration.
Findings revealed that Machiavellianism and popularity goals were both associated positively with Time 2 cyberbullying victimization and perpetration for all adolescents. The associations between Machiavellianism and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration and between popularity goals and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration were stronger for Chinese and Indian boys than girls.
Opposite patterns were found for popularity goals and Time 2 cyberbullying perpetration for adolescents from the United States.
Gender did not moderate any of the associations for Cypriot adolescents or for Time 2 cyberbullying victimization.
The social-ecological perspective provides a useful understanding of how various contexts influence bullying.
Modern stationary X-ray spectroscopy is unable to resolve rotational structure.
In the present paper, we propose to use time-resolved two color X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy with picosecond resolution for real-time monitoring of the rotational dynamics induced by the recoil effect.
The proposed technique consists of two steps.
The first short pump X-ray pulse ionizes the valence electron, which transfers angular momentum to the molecule.
The second time-delayed short probe X-ray pulse resonantly excites a 1s electron to the created valence hole.
Due to the recoil-induced angular momentum the molecule rotates and changes the orientation of transition dipole moment of core-excitation with respect to the transition dipole moment of the valence ionization, which results in a temporal modulation of the probe X-ray absorption as a function of the delay time between the pulses.
We developed an accurate theory of the X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy of the recoil-induced rotation and study how the energy of the photoelectron and thermal dephasing affect the structure of the time-dependent X-ray absorption using the CO molecule as a case-study.
We also discuss the feasibility of experimental observation of our theoretical findings, opening new perspectives in studies of molecular rotational dynamics.
We characterize finite-time thermodynamic processes of multidimensional quadratic overdamped systems.
Analytic expressions are provided for heat, work, and dissipation for any evolution of the system covariance matrix.
The Bures-Wasserstein metric between covariance matrices naturally emerges as the local quantifier of dissipation.
General principles of how to apply these geometric tools to identify optimal protocols are discussed.
Focusing on the relevant slow-driving limit, we show how these results can be used to analyze cases in which the experimental control over the system is partial.
Hantaviruses are enveloped viruses that possess a tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genome.
The viral S-segment encodes the multifunctional nucleocapsid protein (N), which is involved in genome packaging, intracellular protein transport, immunoregulation, and several other crucial processes during hantavirus infection.
In this study, we generated fluorescently tagged N protein constructs derived from Puumalavirus (PUUV), the dominant hantavirus species in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe.
We comprehensively characterized this protein in the rodent cell line CHO-K1, monitoring the dynamics of N protein complex formation and investigating co-localization with host proteins as well as the viral glycoproteins Gc and Gn.
We observed formation of large, fibrillar PUUV N protein aggregates, rapidly coalescing from early punctate and spike-like assemblies.
Moreover, we found significant spatial correlation of N with vimentin, actin, and P-bodies but not with microtubules. N constructs also co-localized with Gn and Gc albeit not as strongly as the glycoproteins associated with each other.
Finally, we assessed oligomerization of N constructs, observing efficient and concentration-dependent multimerization, with complexes comprising more than 10 individual proteins.
Through its magnetic activity, the Sun governs the conditions in Earth's vicinity, creating space weather events, which have drastic effects on our space- and ground-based technology.
One of the most important solar magnetic features creating the space weather is the solar wind that originates from the coronal holes (CHs).
The identification of the CHs on the Sun as one of the source regions of the solar wind is therefore crucial to achieve predictive capabilities.
In this study, we used an unsupervised machine-learning method, k-means, to pixel-wise cluster the passband images of the Sun taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on the Solar Dynamics Observatory in 171, 193, and 211 angstrom in different combinations.
Our results show that the pixel-wise k-means clustering together with systematic pre- and postprocessing steps provides compatible results with those from complex methods, such as convolutional neural networks.
More importantly, our study shows that there is a need for a CH database where a consensus about the CH boundaries is reached by observers independently.
This database then can be used as the "ground truth," when using a supervised method or just to evaluate the goodness of the models.
Brain activation during active balancing and its behavioral relevance in younger and older adults
(2022)
Age-related deterioration of balance control is widely regarded as an important phenomenon influencing quality of life and longevity, such that a more comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying this process is warranted.
Specifically, previous studies have reported that older adults typically show higher neural activity during balancing as compared to younger counterparts, but the implications of this finding on balance performance remain largely unclear.
Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), differences in the cortical control of balance between healthy younger (n = 27) and older (n = 35) adults were explored.
More specifically, the association between cortical functional activity and balance performance across and within age groups was investigated. To this end, we measured hemodynamic responses (i.e., changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin) while participants balanced on an unstable device.
As criterion variables for brain-behavior-correlations, we also assessed postural sway while standing on a free-swinging platform and while balancing on wobble boards with different levels of difficulty.
We found that older compared to younger participants had higher activity in prefrontal and lower activity in postcentral regions.
Subsequent robust regression analyses revealed that lower prefrontal brain activity was related to improved balance performance across age groups, indicating that higher activity of the prefrontal cortex during balancing reflects neural inefficiency.
We also present evidence supporting that age serves as a moderator in the relationship between brain activity and balance, i.e., cortical hemodynamics generally appears to be a more important predictor of balance performance in the older than in the younger. Strikingly, we found that age differences in balance performance are mediated by balancing-induced activation of the superior frontal gyrus, thus suggesting that differential activation of this region reflects a mechanism involved in the aging process of the neural control of balance.
Our study suggests that differences in functional brain activity between age groups are not a mere by-product of aging, but instead of direct behavioral relevance for balance performance.
Potential implications of these findings in terms of early detection of fall-prone individuals and intervention strategies targeting balance and healthy aging are discussed.
A magnetic field modifies optical properties and provides valley splitting in a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer.
Here we demonstrate a scalable approach to the epitaxial synthesis of MoS2 monolayer on a magnetic graphene/Co system.
Using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy we observe a magnetic proximity effect that causes a 20 meV spin-splitting at the (Gamma) over bar point and canting of spins at the (K) over bar point in the valence band toward the in-plane direction of cobalt magnetization.
Our density functional theory calculations reveal that the in-plane spin component at (K) over bar is localized on Co atoms in the valence band, while in the conduction band it is localized on the MoS2 layer.
The calculations also predict a 16 meV spin-splitting at the (Gamma) over bar point and 8 meV (K) over bar-(K) over bar' valley asymmetry for an out-of-plane magnetization. These findings suggest control over optical transitions in MoS2 via Co magnetization. Our estimations show that the magnetic proximity effect is equivalent to the action of the magnetic field as large as 100 T.
We perform a statistical clustering analysis of upper main-sequence stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using data from the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy survey of the Magellanic Clouds. We map over 2500 young stellar structures at 15 significance levels across similar to 120 square degrees centred on the LMC. The structures have sizes ranging from a few parsecs to over 1 kpc. We find that the young structures follow power-law size and mass distributions. From the perimeter-area relation, we derive a perimeter-area dimension of 1.44 +/- 0.20. From the mass-size relation and the size distribution, we derive two-dimensional fractal dimensions of 1.50 +/- 0.10 and 1.61 +/- 0.20, respectively. We find that the surface density distribution is well represented by a lognormal distribution. We apply the Larson relation to estimate the velocity dispersions and crossing times of these structures. Our results indicate that the fractal nature of the young stellar structures has been inherited from the gas clouds from which they form and that this architecture is generated by supersonic turbulence. Our results also suggest that star formation in the LMC is scale-free from 10 to 700 pc.
We present an astrometric and photometric wide-field study of the Galactic open star cluster M37 (NGC 2099). The studied field was observed with ground-based images covering a region of about four square degrees in the Sloan-like filters ugi. We exploited the Gaia catalogue to calibrate the geometric distortion of the large field mosaics, developing software routines that can be also applied to other wide-field instruments. The data are used to identify the hottest white dwarf (WD) member candidates of M37. Thanks to the Gaia EDR3 exquisite astrometry we identified seven such WD candidates, one of which, besides being a high-probability astrometric member, is the putative central star of a planetary nebula. To our knowledge, this is a unique object in an open cluster, and we have obtained follow-up low-resolution spectra that are used for a qualitative characterization of this young WD. Finally, we publicly release a three-colour atlas and a catalogue of the sources in the field of view, which represents a complement of existing material.
Assessing the risk of yield loss in African drought-affected regions is key to identify feasible solutions for stable crop production. Recent studies have demonstrated that Copula-based probabilistic methods are well suited for such assessment owing to reasonably inferring important properties in terms of exceedance probability and joint dependence of different characterization. However, insufficient attention has been given to quantifying the probability of yield loss and determining the contribution of climatic factors. This study applies the Copula theory to describe the dependence between drought and crop yield anomalies for rainfed maize, millet, and sorghum crops in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The environmental policy integrated climate model, calibrated with Food and Agriculture Organization country-level yield data, was used to simulate yields across SSA (1980-2012). The results showed that the severity of yield loss due to drought had a higher magnitude than the severity of drought itself. Sensitivity analysis to identify factors contributing to drought and high-temperature stresses for all crops showed that the amount of precipitation during vegetation and grain filling was the main driver of crop yield loss, and the effect of temperature was stronger for sorghum than for maize and millet. The results demonstrate the added value of probabilistic methods for drought-impact assessment. For future studies, we recommend looking into factors influencing drought and high-temperature stresses as individual/concurrent climatic extremes.
Magnetic fields can play an important role in stellar evolution. Among white dwarfs, the most common stellar remnant, the fraction of magnetic systems is more than 20 per cent. The origin of magnetic fields in white dwarfs, which show strengths ranging from 40 kG to hundreds of MG, is still a topic of debate. In contrast, only one magnetic hot subdwarf star has been identified out of thousands of known systems. Hot subdwarfs are formed from binary interaction, a process often associated with the generation of magnetic fields, and will evolve to become white dwarfs, which makes the lack of detected magnetic hot subdwarfs a puzzling phenomenon. Here we report the discovery of three new magnetic hot subdwarfs with field strengths in the range 300-500 kG. Like the only previously known system, they are all helium-rich O-type stars (He-sdOs). We analysed multiple archival spectra of the three systems and derived their stellar properties. We find that they all lack radial velocity variability, suggesting formation via a merger channel. However, we derive higher than typical hydrogen abundances for their spectral type, which are in disagreement with current model predictions. Our findings suggest a lower limit to the magnetic fraction of hot subdwarfs of 0.147(+0.143)(-0.047) per cent, and provide evidence for merger-induced magnetic fields which could explain white dwarfs with field strengths of 50-150 MG, assuming magnetic flux conservation.
Modern pollen-vegetation-climate relationships underpin palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstructions from fossil pollen records. East Siberia is an ideal area for investigating the relationships between modern pollen assemblages and near natural vegetation under cold continental climate conditions. Reliable pollen-based quantitative vegetation and climate reconstructions are still scarce due to the limited number of modern pollen datasets. Furthermore, differences in pollen representation of samples from lake sediments and soils are not well understood. Here, we present a new pollen dataset of 48 moss/soil and 24 lake surface-sediment samples collected in Chukotka and central Yakutia in East Siberia. The pollen-vegetation-climate relationships were investigated by ordination analyses. Generally, tundra and taiga vegetation types can be well distinguished in the surface pollen assemblages. Moss/soil and lake samples contain generally similar pollen assemblages as revealed by a Procrustes comparison with some exceptions. Overall, modern pollen assemblages reflect the temperature and precipitation gradients in the study areas as revealed by constrained ordination analysis. We estimate the relative pollen productivity (RPP) of major taxa and the relevant source area of pollen (RSAP) for moss/soil samples from Chukotka and central Yakutia using Extended R-Value (ERV) analysis. The RSAP of the tundra-forest transition area in Chukotka and taiga area in central Yakutia are ca. 1300 and 360 m, respectively. For Chukotka, RPPs relative to both Poaceae and Ericaceae were estimated while RPPs for central Yakutia were relative only to Ericaceae. Relative to Ericaceae (reference taxon, RPP = 1), Larix, Betula, Picea, and Pinus are overrepresented while Alnus, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Salix are underrepresented in the pollen spectra. Our estimates are in general agreement with previously published values and provide the basis for reliable quantitative reconstructions of East Siberian vegetation.
Uncertainty in climate change impact studies for irrigated maize cropping systems in southern Spain
(2022)
This study investigates the main drivers of uncertainties in simulated irrigated maize yield under historical conditions as well as scenarios of increased temperatures and altered irrigation water availability.
Using APSIM, MONICA, and SIMPLACE crop models, we quantified the relative contributions of three irrigation water allocation strategies, three sowing dates, and three maize cultivars to the uncertainty in simulated yields.
The water allocation strategies were derived from historical records of farmer's allocation patterns in drip-irrigation scheme of the Genil-Cabra region, Spain (2014-2017).
By considering combinations of allocation strategies, the adjusted R-2 values (showing the degree of agreement between simulated and observed yields) increased by 29% compared to unrealistic assumptions of considering only near optimal or deficit irrigation scheduling. The factor decomposition analysis based on historic climate showed that irrigation strategies was the main driver of uncertainty in simulated yields (66%).
However, under temperature increase scenarios, the contribution of crop model and cultivar choice to uncertainty in simulated yields were as important as irrigation strategy. This was partially due to different model structure in processes related to the temperature responses.
Our study calls for including information on irrigation strategies conducted by farmers to reduce the uncertainty in simulated yields at field scale.
The contribution of dead zooplankton biomass to carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems is practically unknown. Using abundance data of zooplankton in water column and dead zooplankton in sediment traps in Lake Stechlin, an ecological-mathematical model was developed to simulate the abundance and sinking of zooplankton carcasses and predict the related release of labile organic matter (LOM) into the water column. We found species-specific differences in mortality rate of the dominant zooplankton: Daphnia cucullata, Bosmina coregoni and Diaphanosoma brachyurum (0.008, 0.129 and 0.020 day(-1), respectively) and differences in their carcass sinking velocities in metalimnion (and hypolimnion): 2.1 (7.64), 14.0 (19.5) and 1.1 (5.9) m day(-1), respectively. Our model simulating formation and degradation processes of dead zooplankton predicted a bimodal distribution of the released LOM: epilimnic and metalimnic peaks of comparable intensity, ca. 1 mg DW m(-3) day(-1). Maximum degradation of carcasses up to ca. 1.7 mg DW m(-3) day(-1) occurred in the density gradient zone of metalimnion. LOM released from zooplankton carcasses into the surrounding water may stimulate microbial activity and facilitate microbial degradation of more refractory organic matter; therefore, dead zooplankton are expected to be an integral part of water column carbon source/sink dynamics in stratified lakes.
A bacterial effector counteracts host autophagy by promoting degradation of an autophagy component
(2022)
Beyond its role in cellular homeostasis, autophagy plays anti- and promicrobial roles in host-microbe interactions, both in animals and plants.
One prominent role of antimicrobial autophagy is to degrade intracellular pathogens or microbial molecules, in a process termed xenophagy.
Consequently, microbes evolved mechanisms to hijack or modulate autophagy to escape elimination.
Although well-described in animals, the extent to which xenophagy contributes to plant-bacteria interactions remains unknown.
Here, we provide evidence that Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) suppresses host autophagy by utilizing type-III effector XopL. XopL interacts with and degrades the autophagy component SH3P2 via its E3 ligase activity to promote infection.
Intriguingly, XopL is targeted for degradation by defense-related selective autophagy mediated by NBR1/Joka2, revealing a complex antagonistic interplay between XopL and the host autophagy machinery.
Our results implicate plant antimicrobial autophagy in the depletion of a bacterial virulence factor and unravel an unprecedented pathogen strategy to counteract defense-related autophagy in plant-bacteria interactions.
Etmopteridae (lantern sharks) is the most species-rich family of sharks, comprising more than 50 species.
Many species are described from few individuals, and re-collection of specimens is often hindered by the remoteness of their sampling sites.
For taxonomic studies, comparative morphological analysis of type specimens housed in natural history collections has been the main source of evidence.
In contrast, DNA sequence information has rarely been used.
Most lantern shark collection specimens, including the types, were formalin fixed before long-term storage in ethanol solutions.
The DNA damage caused by both fixation and preservation of specimens has excluded these specimens from DNA sequence-based phylogenetic analyses so far.
However, recent advances in the field of ancient DNA have allowed recovery of wet-collection specimen DNA sequence data.
Here we analyse archival mitochondrial DNA sequences, obtained using ancient DNA approaches, of two wet-collection lantern shark paratype specimens, namely Etmopterus litvinovi and E. pycnolepis, for which the type series represent the only known individuals.
Target capture of mitochondrial markers from single-stranded DNA libraries allows for phylogenetic placement of both species.
Our results suggest synonymy of E. benchleyi with E. litvinovi but support the species status of E. pycnolepis. This revised taxonomy is helpful for future conservation and management efforts, as our results indicate a larger distribution range of E. litvinovi. This study further demonstrates the importance of wet-collection type specimens as genetic resource for taxonomic research.
Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) has been used to examine the electron correlation and itinerance effects in transition metals Cu, Ni and Co.
It is shown that the LVV Auger, in coincidence with 2p photoelectrons, spectra can be represented using atomic multiplet positions if the 3d-shell is localized (atomic-like) and with a self-convoluted valence band for band-like (itinerant) materials as explained using the Cini-Sawatzky model.
For transition metals, the 3d band changes from band-like to localized with increasing atomic number, with the possibility of a mixed behavior.
Our result shows that the LVV spectra of Cu can be represented by atomic multiplet calculations, those of Co resemble the self-convolution of the valence band and those of Ni are a mixture of both, consistent with the Cini-Sawatzky model.
Air chemistry is affected by the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which originate from almost all plants in varying qualities and quantities. They also vary widely among different crops, an aspect that has been largely neglected in emission inventories. In particular, bioenergy-related species can emit mixtures of highly reactive compounds that have received little attention so far. For such species, long-term field observations of BVOC exchange from relevant crops covering different phenological phases are scarcely available. Therefore, we measured and modeled the emission of three prominent European bioenergy crops (maize, ryegrass, and oil-seed rape) for full rotations in north-eastern Germany. Using a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer combined with automatically moving large canopy chambers, we were able to quantify the characteristic seasonal BVOC flux dynamics of each crop species. The measured BVOC fluxes were used to parameterize and evaluate the BVOC emission module (JJv) of the physiology-oriented LandscapeDNDC model, which was enhanced to cover de novo emissions as well as those from plant storage pools. Parameters are defined for each compound individually. The model is used for simulating total compound-specific reactivity over several years and also to evaluate the importance of these emissions for air chemistry. We can demonstrate substantial differences between the investigated crops with oil-seed rape having 37-fold higher total annual emissions than maize. However, due to a higher chemical reactivity of the emitted blend in maize, potential impacts on atmospheric OH-chemistry are only 6-fold higher.
Detection of changes in dynamic balance could help identify older adults at fall risk. Walking on a narrow beam with its width, cognitive load, and arm position manipulated could be an alternative to current tests. Therefore, we examined additive and interactive effects of beam width, cognitive task (CT), and arm position on dynamic balance during beam walking in older adults. Twenty older adults (69 +/- 4y) walked on 6, 8, and 10-cm wide beams (2-cm high, 4-m-long), with and without CT, with three arm positions (free, crossed, akimbo). We determined cognitive errors, distance walked, step speed, root mean square (RMS) of center of mass (COM) displacement and trunk acceleration in the frontal plane. Beam width decrease progressively reduced distance walked and increased trunk acceleration RMS. Step speed decreased on the narrowest beam and with CT. Arm crossing decreased distance walked and step speed. COM displacement RMS and cognitive errors were not affected by any manipulation. In conclusion, distance walked indicated that beam width and arm position, but less so CT, affected dynamic balance, implying that beam walking has the potential to become a test of fall risk. Stability measurements suggested effective trunk adjustments to control COM position and keep dynamic balance during the task.
As the recent permafrost thawing of northern Asia proceeds due to anthropogenic climate change, precise and detailed palaeoecological records from past warm periods are essential to anticipate the extent of future permafrost variations. Here, based on the modern relationship between permafrost and vegetation (represented by pollen assemblages), we trained a Random Forest model using pollen and permafrost data and verified its reliability to reconstruct the history of permafrost in northern Asia during the Holocene. An early Holocene (12-8 cal ka BP) strong thawing trend, a middle-to-late Holocene (8-2 cal ka BP) relatively slow thawing trend, and a late Holocene freezing trend of permafrost in northern Asia are consistent with climatic proxies such as summer solar radiation and Northern Hemisphere temperature. The extensive distribution of permafrost in northern Asia inhibited the spread of evergreen coniferous trees during the early Holocene warming and might have decelerated the enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) by altering hydrological processes and albedo. Based on these findings, we suggest that studies of the EASM should consider more the state of permafrost and vegetation in northern Asia, which are often overlooked and may have a profound impact on climate change in this region.
Arctic coasts, which feature land-ocean transport of freshwater, sediments, and other terrestrial material, are impacted by climate change, including increased temperatures, melting glaciers, changes in precipitation and runoff.
These trends are assumed to affect productivity in fjordic estuaries.
However, the spatial extent and temporal variation of the freshwater-driven darkening of fjords remain unresolved.
The present study illustrates the spatio-temporal variability of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Adventfjorden estuary, Svalbard, using in-situ field campaigns and ocean colour remote sensing (OCRS) via high-resolution Sentinel-2 imagery.
To compute SPM concentration (C-SPMsat), a semi-analytical algorithm was regionally calibrated using local in-situ data, which improved the accuracy of satellite-derived SPM concentration by similar to 20% (MRD). Analysis of SPM concentration for two consecutive years (2019, 2020) revealed strong seasonality of SPM in Adventfjorden.
Highest estimated SPM concentrations and river plume extent (% of fjord with C-SPMsat > 30 mg L-1) occurred during June, July, and August.
Concurrently, we observed a strong relationship between river plume extent and average air temperature over the 24 h prior to the observation (R-2 = 0.69).
Considering predicted changes to environmental conditions in the Arctic region, this study highlights the importance of the rapidly changing environmental parameters and the significance of remote sensing in analysing fluxes in light attenuating particles, especially in the coastal Arctic Ocean.
Context.
Thermonuclear supernovae (SNe), a subset of which are the highly important SNe of Type Ia and Iax, are relatively poorly understood phenomena. One of the more promising scenarios leading up to the creation of a thermonuclear SN involves accretion of helium-rich material from a binary companion. Following the SN, the binary companion is then ejected from the location of the progenitor binary at velocities possibly large enough to unbind it from the gravitational potential of the Galaxy. Ejected companion stars should form a detectable population, if their production mechanism is not exceedingly rare.
Aims.
This study builds on previous works, producing the most extensive prediction of the properties of such a hypothetical population to date, taking both Chandrasekhar and non-Chandrasekhar mass events into account. These results are then used to define criteria for membership of this population and characterise putative subpopulations.
Methods.
This study contains 6 x 10(6) individual ejection trajectories out of the Galactic plane calculated with the stellar kinematics framework SHyRT, which are analysed with regard to their bulk observational properties. These are then put into context with the only previously identified population member US 708 and applied to a number of other possible candidate objects.
Results.
We find that two additional previously observed objects possess properties to warrant a designation as candidate objects. Characterisation of these object with respect to the predicted population finds all of them to be extreme in at least one astrometric observable. Higher mass ( >0 :7 M-circle dot) objects should be over-represented in the observationally accessible volume, with the ratio of bound to unbound objects being an accessible observable for the determination of the dominant terminal accretor mass. We find that current observations of runaway candidates within 10 kpc support a Galactic SN rate of the order of similar to 3 x 10(-7) yr(-1) to similar to 2 x 10(-6) yr(-1), three orders of magnitude below the inferred Galactic SN Ia rate and two orders of magnitude below the formation rate of predicted He-donor progenitors.
Conclusions.
The number of currently observed population members suggests that the He-donor scenario, as suspected before, is not a dominant contributor to the number of observed SNe Ia. However, even at the low event rate suggested, we find that the majority of possibly detectable population members is still undetected. The extreme nature of current population members suggests that a still larger number of objects has simply evaded detection up to this point, hinting at a higher contribution than is currently supported by observation.
Leaf area index (LAI) is a key variable in understanding and modeling crop-environment interactions.
With the advent of increasingly higher spatial resolution satellites and sensors mounted on remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs), the use of remote sensing in precision agriculture is becoming more common.
Since also the availability of methods to retrieve LAI from image data have also drastically expanded, it is necessary to test simultaneously as many methods as possible to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Ground-based LAI data from three years of barley experiments were related to remote sensing information using vegetation indices (VI), machine learning (ML) and radiative transfer models (RTM), to assess the relative accuracy and efficacy of these methods.
The optimized soil adjusted vegetation index and a modified version of the Weighted Difference Vegetation Index performed slightly better than any other retrieval method. However, all methods yielded coefficients of determination of around 0.7 to 0.9.
The best performing machine learning algorithms achieved higher accuracies when four Sentinel-2 bands instead of 12 were used.
Also, the good performance of VIs and the satisfactory performance of the 4-band RTM, strongly support the synergistic use of satellites and RPAs in precision agriculture. One of the methods used, Sen2-Agri, an open source ML-RTM-based operational system, was also able to accurately retrieve LAI, although it is restricted to Sentinel-2 and Landsat data.
This study shows the benefits of testing simultaneously a broad range of retrieval methods to monitor crops for precision agriculture.
Diffusion with stochastic resetting is a paradigm of resetting processes. Standard renewal or master equation approach are typically used to study steady state and other transport properties such as average, mean squared displacement etc.
What remains less explored is the two time point correlation functions whose evaluation is often daunting since it requires the implementation of the exact time dependent probability density functions of the resetting processes which are unknown for most of the problems.
We adopt a different approach that allows us to write a stochastic solution for a single trajectory undergoing resetting.
Moments and the autocorrelation functions between any two times along the trajectory can then be computed directly using the laws of total expectation. Estimation of autocorrelation functions turns out to be pivotal for investigating the ergodic properties of various observables for this canonical model.
In particular, we investigate two observables (i) sample mean which is widely used in economics and (ii) time-averaged-mean-squared-displacement (TAMSD) which is of acute interest in physics.
We find that both diffusion and drift-diffusion processes with resetting are ergodic at the mean level unlike their reset-free counterparts. In contrast, resetting renders ergodicity breaking in the TAMSD while both the stochastic processes are ergodic when resetting is absent. We quantify these behaviors with detailed analytical study and corroborate with extensive numerical simulations.
Our results can be verified in experimental set-ups that can track single particle trajectories and thus have strong implications in understanding the physics of resetting.
Although phytoliths are recognized as an important proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, the quantitative relationship between phytoliths and climate is still debated. In order to provide an improved basis for phytolith-based paleoclimate reconstructions, a representative modern phytolith dataset is essential. Here, we synthesize a modern topsoil phytolith dataset for Northeast China, analyze its climatic significance, and apply it to a fossil phytolith series from the Hani peat core in Northeast China. The dataset comprises 660 topsoil phytolith assemblages from 289 sample sites. We compiled modern meteorological data to assess the quantitative relationship between the phytolith assemblages and climatic variables. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to determine the dominant climatic variable influencing the phytolith distributions. The results showed that mean annual temperature (MAT) is the dominant variable controlling the spatial distribution of phytoliths, accounting for 8.91% of the total variance. Transfer function based on inverse deshrinking locally-weighted weighted averaging (LWWA_Inv) was developed for MAT (R-_boot(2) = 0.86, RMSEP = 1.02 degrees C). Applying the LWWA_Inv transfer function to fossil phytolith records from the Hani peat core enables quantitative inferences to be made about Holocene climate changes in Northeast China. Overall, combined with the LWWA_Inv method, the topsoil phytolith dataset of Northeast China can be used for reliable quantitative MAT reconstruction.
We investigate whether the distribution of maximum seasonal streamflow is significantly affected by catchment or climate state of the season/month ahead. We fit the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution to extreme seasonal streamflow for around 600 stations across Europe by conditioning the GEV location and scale parameters on 14 indices, which represent the season-ahead climate or catchment state. The comparison of these climate-informed models with the classical GEV distribution, with time-constant parameters, suggests that there is a substantial potential for seasonal forecasting of flood probabilities. The potential varies between seasons and regions. Overall, the season-ahead catchment wetness shows the highest potential, although climate indices based on large-scale atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature or sea ice concentration also show some skill for certain regions and seasons. Spatially coherent patterns and a substantial fraction of climate-informed models are promising signs towards early alerts to increase flood preparedness already a season ahead.
Captive Red Army soldiers made up the majority of victims of Nazi Germany’s starvation policy against Soviet civilians and other non-combatants and thus constituted the largest single victim group of the German war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. Indeed, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest victim group of all National Socialist annihilation policies after the European Jews. Before the launch of Operation Barbarossa, it was clear to the Wehrmacht planning departments on exactly what scale they could expect to capture Soviet troops. Yet, they neglected to make the necessary preparations for feeding and sheltering the captured soldiers, who were viewed by the economic staffs and the military leadership alike as direct competitors of German troops and the German home front for precious food supplies. The number of extra mouths to feed was incompatible with German war aims. The obvious limitations on their freedom of movement and the relative ease with which large numbers could be segregated and their rations controlled were crucial factors in the death of over 3 million Soviet POWs, the vast majority directly or indirectly as a result of deliberate policies of neglect, undernourishment, and starvation while in the ‘care’ of the Wehrmacht. The most reliable figures for the mortality of Soviet POWs in German captivity reveal that up to 3.3 million died from a total of just over 5.7 million captured between June 1941 and February 1945 — a proportion of almost 58 percent. Of these, 2 million were already dead by the beginning of February 1942. In English, there is still neither a single monograph nor a single edited volume dedicated to the subject. This article now provides the first detailed stand-alone synthesis in that language addressing the whole period from 1941 to 1945.
Losses of radiation belt energetic particles by encounters with four of the inner Moons of Jupiter
(2022)
Based on an improved model of the moon absorption of Jovian radiation belt particles, we investigate quantitatively and comprehensively the absorption probabilities and particle lifetimes due to encounters with four of the inner moons of Jupiter (Amalthea, Thebe, Io, and Europa) inside L < 10. Our results demonstrate that the resultant average lifetimes of energetic protons and electrons vary dramatically between similar to 0.1 days and well above 1,000 days, showing a strong dependence on the particle equatorial pitch angle, kinetic energy and moon orbit. The average lifetimes of energetic protons and electrons against moon absorption are shortest for Io (i.e., similar to 0.1-10 days) and longest for Thebe (i.e., up to thousands of days), with the lifetimes in between for Europa and Amalthea. Due to the diploe tilt angle absorption effect, the average lifetimes of energetic protons and electrons vary markedly below and above alpha eq ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{q}}$ = 67 degrees. Overall, the average electron lifetimes exhibit weak pitch angle dependence, but the average proton lifetimes are strongly dependent on equatorial pitch angle. The average lifetimes of energetic protons decrease monotonically and substantially with the kinetic energy, but the average lifetimes of energetic electrons are roughly constant at energies <similar to 10 MeV, increase substantially around the Kepler velocities of the moons (similar to 10-50 MeV), and decrease quickly at even higher energies. Compared with the averaged electron lifetimes, the average proton lifetimes are longer at energies below a few MeV and shorter at energies above tens of MeV.
transferGWAS
(2022)
Motivation:
Medical images can provide rich information about diseases and their biology. However, investigating their association with genetic variation requires non-standard methods. We propose transferGWAS, a novel approach to perform genome-wide association studies directly on full medical images. First, we learn semantically meaningful representations of the images based on a transfer learning task, during which a deep neural network is trained on independent but similar data. Then, we perform genetic association tests with these representations.
Results:
We validate the type I error rates and power of transferGWAS in simulation studies of synthetic images. Then we apply transferGWAS in a genome-wide association study of retinal fundus images from the UK Biobank. This first-of-a-kind GWAS of full imaging data yielded 60 genomic regions associated with retinal fundus images, of which 7 are novel candidate loci for eye-related traits and diseases.