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- Individual differences (8)
- Interactional Linguistics (8)
- Judaism (8)
- Klausurtagung (8)
- Kohlenstoff (8)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (8)
- Landsat (8)
- Landslide (8)
- Language (8)
- Last Glacial Maximum (8)
- Lepus europaeus (8)
- Management (8)
- Metabolism (8)
- Microtus arvalis (8)
- Modelling (8)
- Morphology (8)
- NICS (8)
- Netzwerke (8)
- Nichtlineare Dynamik (8)
- Optimization (8)
- Overweight (8)
- PUFA (8)
- Phytoplankton (8)
- Polymere (8)
- Prediction (8)
- Prevention (8)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8)
- Quality of life (8)
- Randomized controlled trial (8)
- Security (8)
- Sentence comprehension (8)
- Service-oriented Systems Engineering (8)
- Spain (8)
- Sphingolipids (8)
- Sprachverarbeitung (8)
- Subduktion (8)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (8)
- Sustainability (8)
- Svalbard (8)
- Taxonomy (8)
- Tectonics (8)
- Theoretical calculations (8)
- Thermokarst (8)
- Through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) (8)
- Transkriptionsfaktoren (8)
- Translation (8)
- Unsicherheit (8)
- Validation (8)
- Vitamin A (8)
- X-ray refraction (8)
- X-ray structure (8)
- Younger Dryas (8)
- Youth (8)
- Zooplankton (8)
- acceleration (8)
- acculturation (8)
- adolescent (8)
- alien species (8)
- animal movement (8)
- astrophysics (8)
- attitude (8)
- auxin (8)
- biofilm (8)
- biomineralization (8)
- block copolymer (8)
- carbon cycle (8)
- carbon dioxide (8)
- cardiovascular diseases (8)
- cells (8)
- charge transfer (8)
- chronic kidney disease (8)
- clefts (8)
- climate impacts (8)
- climate-change mitigation (8)
- consistency (8)
- convection (8)
- coronary artery disease (8)
- cortisol (8)
- cytotoxicity (8)
- data profiling (8)
- density functional calculations (8)
- diet (8)
- dissociative electron attachment (8)
- efficiency (8)
- electrospinning (8)
- energy policy (8)
- ensemble Kalman filter (8)
- executive functions (8)
- extension (8)
- extinction (8)
- flood (8)
- flow (8)
- fluorescence microscopy (8)
- force (8)
- forest management (8)
- fractional Brownian motion (8)
- frequency (8)
- galaxies (8)
- galaxies: dwarf (8)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (8)
- genetics (8)
- geochemistry (8)
- graphene (8)
- identity (8)
- imaging (8)
- immigration (8)
- immobilization (8)
- inclusion (8)
- inference (8)
- injury risk (8)
- instability (8)
- insurance (8)
- integration (8)
- intelligence (8)
- intergovernmental relations (8)
- international organizations (8)
- isomerization (8)
- isometric muscle action (8)
- land use change (8)
- landscape of fear (8)
- light (8)
- major depressive disorder (8)
- mathematical modeling (8)
- mathematische Modellierung (8)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (8)
- mechanisms (8)
- mechanobiology (8)
- membrane (8)
- membranes (8)
- microfluidics (8)
- microscopy (8)
- minerals (8)
- morphological processing (8)
- multicore architectures (8)
- nanocomposite (8)
- narcissism (8)
- natural language processing (8)
- natural products (8)
- neuromuscular control (8)
- neuroplasticity (8)
- noise (8)
- nuclear lamina (8)
- numerical relativity (8)
- numerical simulation (8)
- numerical simulations (8)
- oscillations (8)
- outflows (8)
- pain (8)
- parliamentary government (8)
- perceptual span (8)
- persistence (8)
- perturbation (8)
- phase transition (8)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (8)
- plankton (8)
- plant diversity (8)
- polarization (8)
- polyelectrolyte (8)
- pregnancy (8)
- productivity (8)
- pronouns (8)
- proteasome (8)
- pulsars: general (8)
- quality (8)
- quantification (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
- rehabilitation (8)
- representation (8)
- reproducibility (8)
- research projects (8)
- residual stress (8)
- resources (8)
- restoration (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (8)
- seismic hazard (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- snow (8)
- social inclusion (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- surveillance (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- techniques: image processing (8)
- time series (8)
- time-series (8)
- topography (8)
- treeline (8)
- trends (8)
- urbanization (8)
- variation (8)
- ventral striatum (8)
- visualization (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- youth sports (8)
- 20. Jahrhundert (7)
- 20th century (7)
- ADHD (7)
- Alps (7)
- Anisotropy (7)
- Anisotropy effect (7)
- Apoptosis (7)
- Aromaticity (7)
- Atmosphäre (7)
- BMI (7)
- COVID-19 pandemic (7)
- Capsella (7)
- Central Europe (7)
- Complex networks (7)
- Connectivity (7)
- Conversation Analysis (7)
- Crustal structure (7)
- Cytotoxicity (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- Decision-making (7)
- Dirac operator (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Eutrophication (7)
- Fokus (7)
- GIS (7)
- Geochemistry (7)
- Geophysik (7)
- Global change (7)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Information Structure (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Japanese (7)
- K-theory (7)
- Klimaänderung (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Leguminosae (7)
- LiDAR (7)
- Longitudinal study (7)
- Magnetismus (7)
- Mekong Delta (7)
- Meta-analysis (7)
- Molecular dynamics (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Monsun (7)
- Movement (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- Namibia (7)
- Navier-Stokes equations (7)
- Norway (7)
- Nutrition (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Paläoklimatologie (7)
- Patterns (7)
- Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (7)
- Perception (7)
- Photosynthese (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
- Prevalence (7)
- Prosodie (7)
- Protein (7)
- RIXS (7)
- Raman (7)
- Remote sensing (7)
- Ring current effect (7)
- Seasonality (7)
- Seesedimente (7)
- Soil (7)
- Soil erosion (7)
- Soil moisture (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- Starch metabolism (7)
- Survey (7)
- Switzerland (7)
- TAVI (7)
- Theory (7)
- Tien Shan (7)
- Time series (7)
- Time series analysis (7)
- Tolkien (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- United Nations (7)
- Unsicherheiten (7)
- Vesikel (7)
- Visualisierung (7)
- Vulnerabilität (7)
- Walking (7)
- Water quality (7)
- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Zinc (7)
- acquisition (7)
- admixture (7)
- aggregation (7)
- air pollution (7)
- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
- antioxidants (7)
- arctic (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- articulation (7)
- bicameralism (7)
- big data (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
- birth weight (7)
- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
- change (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- child development (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
- coastal erosion (7)
- coherence (7)
- community ecology (7)
- comparison (7)
- competence (7)
- complex systems (7)
- complexes (7)
- complexity (7)
- control (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- defense (7)
- density (7)
- dietary patterns (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- dust (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- economy (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- energy storage (7)
- entropy (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- enzymes (7)
- experiments (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fNIRS (7)
- first passage (7)
- first passage time (7)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies: abundances (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geodynamics (7)
- giving-up density (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- habitat (7)
- heart (7)
- heart rate variability (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- holocene (7)
- home range (7)
- human impact (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- institutions (7)
- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- life history (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- magnetism (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- manifolds with singularities (7)
- mapping (7)
- measurement (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metabolic networks (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
- microtubules (7)
- modality (7)
- modern Jewish history (7)
- molecular modeling (7)
- multilingualism (7)
- muscle (7)
- neutron diffraction (7)
- nonergodicity (7)
- nuclear envelope (7)
- organic matter (7)
- organic photovoltaics (7)
- orthography (7)
- overweight (7)
- oxygen (7)
- pH (7)
- palaeoclimate (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- pandemic (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- pathogens (7)
- phase transitions (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- pollution (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- presidential government (7)
- production control (7)
- programming (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- propensity score matching (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- pseudodifferential operators (7)
- public management (7)
- radiocarbon (7)
- recombination (7)
- reconstruction (7)
- reflection (7)
- repair (7)
- reproduction (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- scattering (7)
- secular trend (7)
- sediment transport (7)
- seismicity (7)
- selenium (7)
- self-concept (7)
- self-regulation (7)
- sensors (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- sharing economy (7)
- silicon (7)
- silver nanoparticles (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- soil organic carbon (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- speciation (7)
- speed (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- support vector machine (7)
- surfactants (7)
- surgery (7)
- tVNS (7)
- teaching (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- tomography (7)
- traits (7)
- transcriptome (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- trunk (7)
- ultrafast dynamics (7)
- uncertainty analysis (7)
- verification (7)
- water management (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Agency (6)
- Alaska (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Aphasie (6)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- Assessment (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Balance (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Big Five (6)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (6)
- Biofilm (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- Bodenfeuchte (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- CO2 (6)
- Caribbean (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Cystic fibrosis (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Datenbank (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Diversity (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Earthquake dynamics (6)
- Earthquake hazards (6)
- Electrical conductivity (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Europa (6)
- European hare (6)
- Facebook (6)
- Flood (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Geomagnetism (6)
- Geomorphology (6)
- Governance (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- Hodge theory (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Immunoassay (6)
- Induced seismicity (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Japan (6)
- Kant (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Lakes (6)
- Land use change (6)
- Language acquisition (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Late Pleistocene (6)
- Levy flights (6)
- Local Group (6)
- Longitudinal (6)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (6)
- Mandarin Chinese (6)
- Massenspektrometrie (6)
- Measurement (6)
- Mediterranean (6)
- Mental arithmetic (6)
- Methane (6)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (6)
- Microtubules (6)
- Middle East (6)
- Mobility (6)
- Modell (6)
- Monitoring (6)
- Mortality (6)
- Movement ecology (6)
- NASH (6)
- NE81 (6)
- Nachhaltigkeit (6)
- Nanostruktur (6)
- Neotektonik (6)
- Neumann problem (6)
- Neural networks (6)
- Neuroenhancement (6)
- Neurotoxicity (6)
- Nutrients (6)
- O-antigen (6)
- Oxygen heterocycles (6)
- PBPK (6)
- Paleolimnology (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phase transitions (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
- Poecilia mexicana (6)
- Polyelektrolyte (6)
- Polymerchemie (6)
- Polymers (6)
- Population genetics (6)
- Predictors (6)
- Prenatal stress (6)
- Priming (6)
- Prozessmodellierung (6)
- Prunus avium L. (6)
- Pseudo-differential operators (6)
- Pyrenees (6)
- Quasare (6)
- R&D (6)
- Reinforcement learning (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- SARS-CoV-2 (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- SWIM (6)
- Saturn (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Second World War (6)
- Sediment (6)
- Seismic tomography (6)
- Self-paced reading (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Solanum lycopersicum (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- TMS (6)
- TRMM (6)
- Temperature (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- Thermochronologie (6)
- Time reference (6)
- Toeplitz operators (6)
- Topic (6)
- Topography (6)
- Toxicity (6)
- Transformation (6)
- Twitter (6)
- Unsicherheitsanalyse (6)
- Variability (6)
- Vegetation (6)
- Vietnam (6)
- Vietnamese (6)
- Water (6)
- West Bohemia (6)
- Westerlies (6)
- Wind erosion (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- agreement (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- amino acids (6)
- anger (6)
- animacy (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antibody (6)
- apoptosis (6)
- arenes (6)
- attitudes (6)
- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- biomimetic sensors (6)
- biosensors (6)
- black holes (6)
- blockchain (6)
- brain (6)
- bryophytes (6)
- business processes (6)
- capacity (6)
- cardiorespiratory fitness (6)
- cartel (6)
- cell-free protein synthesis (6)
- change detection (6)
- characteristics (6)
- chemical modification (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- collaboration (6)
- collusion (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- composition (6)
- computed tomography (6)
- computer vision (6)
- constraints (6)
- context (6)
- contrast (6)
- conversation analysis (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crisis management (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cystic fibrosis (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- databases (6)
- decarbonization (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- digital (6)
- domestication (6)
- dopamine (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dynamic (6)
- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- economics (6)
- effectiveness (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- elementary particles (6)
- energy efficiency (6)
- engagement (6)
- english (6)
- entrepreneurship education (6)
- environmental change (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- eye movement (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- feedback (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first-passage time (6)
- floodplain (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- fragmentation (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geology (6)
- geometric Brownian motion (6)
- givenness (6)
- glacier (6)
- global (6)
- global warming (6)
- grammar (6)
- gravity (6)
- groundwater (6)
- habituation (6)
- herbivory (6)
- heterocycles (6)
- high pressure (6)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
- holding capacity (6)
- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- impacts (6)
- infancy (6)
- infection (6)
- injury (6)
- institutional change (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- knowledge transfer (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- künstliche Intelligenz (6)
- leadership (6)
- lifespan (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- locus of control (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetic nanoparticles (6)
- massive stars (6)
- maturation (6)
- meaning (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microbial diversity (6)
- mind wandering (6)
- molecular motors (6)
- moment tensor (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- network analysis (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- non-fullerene acceptors (6)
- nucleation (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organization (6)
- p53 (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perovskite (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plasma membrane (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- politics (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- presupposition (6)
- probiotics (6)
- process mining (6)
- projections (6)
- prosocial behavior (6)
- protection (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- racism (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- relative index (6)
- religion (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- running (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- salt stress (6)
- savanna (6)
- scale development (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- seismic tomography (6)
- self-healing (6)
- sensitivity analysis (6)
- sensor (6)
- sentence production (6)
- soccer (6)
- social capital (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- spectra (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stellar evolution (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stochastic differential equations (6)
- stroke (6)
- sucrose (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- teacher education (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tools (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- tundra (6)
- uncertainty quantification (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- validation study (6)
- video analysis (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- visual attention (6)
- walking (6)
- water balance (6)
- water resources (6)
- weight loss (6)
- wetlands (6)
- women (6)
- words (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 19. Jahrhundert (5)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- ARPES (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- Adolescent (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Afrika (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Age of acquisition (5)
- Air pollution (5)
- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arctic lakes (5)
- Arrayseismologie (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Artificial Intelligence (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Atiyah-Patodi-Singer theory (5)
- Aufmerksamkeit (5)
- Australien (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
- Basketball (5)
- Bayesian inversion (5)
- Bayesian networks (5)
- Bilingualism (5)
- Biodiversity Exploratories (5)
- Biodiversity exploratories (5)
- Bioinformatik (5)
- Biosensors (5)
- Black Sea (5)
- Block copolymers (5)
- Blockcopolymer (5)
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- working memory updating (4)
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- Speed (3)
- Spelling (3)
- Sphingosine kinase (3)
- Split-belt treadmill (3)
- Sprache (3)
- Sprachkontakt (3)
- Sprachproduktion (3)
- Sprachwissenschaft (3)
- Squeak (3)
- Stage-based model (3)
- Standard deviation (3)
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- Stumbling (3)
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- Subduktionszone (3)
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- Sun: atmosphere (3)
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- Surfactants (3)
- Surprisal (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Swarm constellation (3)
- Synthetic biology (3)
- Systematics (3)
- TD-DFT (3)
- TMAO reductase (3)
- TTR (3)
- Tagalog acquisition (3)
- Tailspike protein (3)
- TanDEM-X (3)
- Tandem mass spectrometry (3)
- Tanzania (3)
- Teacher education (3)
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- Teachers (3)
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- Teamwork (3)
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- Temperament (3)
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- TerraSAR-X (3)
- The Netherlands (3)
- Theory of Mind (3)
- Thin films (3)
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- Thiouracil (3)
- Tibet (3)
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- Time Series Analysis (3)
- Tomography (3)
- Tools (3)
- Total hip replacement (3)
- Total knee replacement (3)
- Tracking (3)
- Transcription (3)
- Transcription factor (3)
- Transcription factors (3)
- Transfer (3)
- Transformation semigroups (3)
- Transformation toughening (3)
- Transition metals (3)
- Transkriptom (3)
- Transport (3)
- Tree (3)
- Tree allometry (3)
- Treemaps (3)
- Treibhausgase (3)
- Trifluoromethanesulfonamide (3)
- Tripel-Graph-Grammatik (3)
- Trochaic Law (3)
- Tropen (3)
- Trunk muscle strength (3)
- Two forms of isometric muscle action (3)
- Type 1 diabetes (3)
- Türkei (3)
- U-Pb geochronology (3)
- UV (3)
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- Understanding (3)
- Ursus arctos (3)
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- Weather (3)
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- Wheat (3)
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- Wilhelm von Humboldt (3)
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- XRD (3)
- Young athletes (3)
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- Zytoskelett (3)
- [4+2] cycloaddition (3)
- ab initio (3)
- ab initio calculations (3)
- abstraction (3)
- academic (3)
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- academic performance (3)
- acceptability judgments (3)
- acceptance (3)
- accommodation (3)
- achievement emotions (3)
- acoustic emissions (3)
- actin cytoskeleton (3)
- action recognition (3)
- active layer (3)
- active transport (3)
- activity preference (3)
- acute (3)
- adaptive management (3)
- addiction (3)
- additive Fertigung (3)
- administrative culture (3)
- adolescent athletes (3)
- adolescent immigrants (3)
- adulthood (3)
- aerobic exercise (3)
- aerosol (3)
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- affective priming (3)
- age differences (3)
- agency (3)
- aggressive behavior (3)
- aggressive cognitions (3)
- aggressive peers (3)
- aging brain (3)
- aid effectiveness (3)
- albuminuria (3)
- allocation policies (3)
- alteration geochemistry (3)
- ambient noise (3)
- amitriptyline (3)
- amperometry (3)
- analytics (3)
- anaphor resolution (3)
- anaphora (3)
- anatoxin (3)
- ancient sedimentary DNA (3)
- animal behaviour (3)
- annotation (3)
- antecedent complexity (3)
- anterior cruciate ligament (3)
- anthracene (3)
- anthropogenic environment (3)
- anthropometric measures (3)
- anti-doping (3)
- anti-fouling materials (3)
- antibiotics (3)
- aphasia treatment (3)
- aphids (3)
- app (3)
- apple (3)
- application (3)
- approach (3)
- aquaporin (3)
- aquatic (3)
- arable land (3)
- area (3)
- argument mining (3)
- argumentation structure (3)
- artificial muscles (3)
- artificial neural networks (3)
- aspect (3)
- aspect ratio (3)
- assemblies (3)
- assimilation (3)
- associative (3)
- asteroseismology (3)
- astrophotonics (3)
- asymmetry (3)
- asymptotic behavior (3)
- asymptotic expansion (3)
- athlete (3)
- atmospheric deposition (3)
- atmospheric effects (3)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (3)
- attentional demand (3)
- attenuation tomography (3)
- attraction (3)
- auditory perception (3)
- authentication (3)
- authenticity (3)
- authoritarianism (3)
- authority (3)
- autism (3)
- automatic processing (3)
- auxiliary control (3)
- auxotrophy (3)
- azobenzene surfactant (3)
- bacterial production (3)
- bandgap (3)
- basal accretion (3)
- basic psychological need frustration (3)
- basic psychological needs (3)
- bat fatalities (3)
- batch effect (3)
- bats (3)
- batteries (3)
- behavioral flexibility (3)
- benchmark (3)
- benefits (3)
- beta-cell (3)
- bifurcation (3)
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- bone (3)
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- bone remodeling (3)
- boundary element method (3)
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- brain potentials (3)
- brassinosteroid (3)
- bulimia nervosa (3)
- business models (3)
- caffeine (3)
- calcite (3)
- calcium carbonate (3)
- calculation (3)
- cancer cachexia (3)
- cancer therapy (3)
- capillary recruitment (3)
- carbon dots (3)
- carbon-cycle (3)
- carbonate (3)
- caregiver (3)
- carotenoid (3)
- cartographic design (3)
- catalase (3)
- catalogues (3)
- cell (3)
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- cell division (3)
- cell migration (3)
- cell motility (3)
- cell polarity (3)
- cellular bioenergetics (3)
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- center embedding (3)
- centriole (3)
- channel (3)
- charge storage (3)
- child care (3)
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- chimera state (3)
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- chorus waves (3)
- chronic (3)
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- chronic pain (3)
- ciliates (3)
- cilium (3)
- cis-regulatory evolution (3)
- citizen participation (3)
- classical reception (3)
- classical solution (3)
- classical swine fever (3)
- clay (3)
- climate adaptation (3)
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- climate networks (3)
- climate neutrality (3)
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- cluster (3)
- co-creation (3)
- coagulation (3)
- coating (3)
- coatings (3)
- cocoa processing (3)
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- code generation (3)
- coercion (3)
- coercive strategies (3)
- coffee processing (3)
- cognitive bias (3)
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- cognitive load (3)
- cognitive module (3)
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- cognitive science (3)
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- cognitive-postural dual task (3)
- coherency (3)
- cohomology (3)
- coiled coil (3)
- cold (3)
- collective dynamics (3)
- collective memory (3)
- collective team identification (3)
- college students (3)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (3)
- community assembly (3)
- companies (3)
- compensatory dynamics (3)
- competencies (3)
- competitive growth (3)
- complementarity (3)
- complex (3)
- computational biology (3)
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- configuration (3)
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- congeneric species (3)
- conical singularities (3)
- conormal symbol (3)
- conscripts (3)
- conservation laws (3)
- consonant bias (3)
- constraint-based modeling (3)
- consumption (3)
- consumptive resistance (3)
- contact (3)
- content areas (3)
- continental lithosphere (3)
- continuous time random walk (3)
- contrastive focus (3)
- controlled radical polymerization (3)
- coping (3)
- coping styles (3)
- coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (3)
- coronary bypass grafting (3)
- corpus analysis (3)
- correlated noise (3)
- correlations (3)
- cosmology (3)
- cost-benefit analysis (3)
- cost-effectiveness (3)
- counterterrorism (3)
- counting process (3)
- coupled oscillators (3)
- coupled rotators (3)
- coupling (3)
- course design (3)
- critical avalanche dynamics (3)
- critical phenomena (3)
- crop (3)
- cross-curriculum (3)
- cross-domain priming (3)
- cross-lagged panel analysis (3)
- cross-methodological approach (3)
- crowding (3)
- crowdsourcing (3)
- crust (3)
- cryolithology (3)
- cryptic species (3)
- crystalline (3)
- cue validity (3)
- cultural conceptualisations (3)
- cultural conceptualizations (3)
- cultural identity (3)
- curvature (3)
- cybervictimization (3)
- cycloaddition (3)
- cylindrical geometry (3)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (3)
- damage estimation (3)
- damage modeling (3)
- dark ages (3)
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- data fusion (3)
- data matching (3)
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- data science (3)
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- database systems (3)
- de Rham complex (3)
- debugging (3)
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- decision tree (3)
- decline (3)
- decompositon (3)
- deduplication (3)
- deep convection (3)
- deep neural networks (3)
- defense against predation (3)
- definition (3)
- degraded DNA (3)
- dehydration (3)
- delta-D values (3)
- democratic theory (3)
- democratization (3)
- dendroclimatology (3)
- denitrification (3)
- density functional theory (3)
- denudation (3)
- dependency (3)
- depressive disorder (3)
- desiccation (3)
- design parameters (3)
- detection (3)
- developing countries (3)
- diagnostics (3)
- dialect (3)
- diamond anvil cell (3)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (3)
- differential gene expression (3)
- diffraction (3)
- diffusing diffusivity (3)
- digital elevation model (3)
- digital sovereignty (3)
- discharge (3)
- discourse analysis (3)
- discourse parsing (3)
- discourse structure (3)
- disease severity (3)
- dispersion (3)
- disposition (3)
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- divergent thinking (3)
- dormancy (3)
- downstep (3)
- drainage networks (3)
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- drought projections (3)
- drug delivery system (3)
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- drylands (3)
- dual task (3)
- duality formula (3)
- dye (3)
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- dynamic light scattering (3)
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- dynamische Systeme (3)
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- earthquake swarms (3)
- eastern south–central Andes (3)
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- echocardiography (3)
- echolocation (3)
- eco-evolutionary feedbacks (3)
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- ecoevolutionary dynamics (3)
- ecological stoichiometry (3)
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- ecosystem function (3)
- ego depletion (3)
- elastic properties (3)
- elastomers (3)
- elbow breadth (3)
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- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (3)
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- electromagnetic radiation (3)
- electron dynamics (3)
- electrophysiological evidence (3)
- elemental composition (3)
- elevated plus-maze (3)
- elite athlete (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- embedded systems (3)
- emergency management (3)
- emotional intelligence (3)
- emotional valence (3)
- employment services (3)
- empowerment (3)
- encoding (3)
- end-stage kidney disease (3)
- endoperoxides (3)
- endothelial cells (3)
- endothelin (3)
- endothelin-converting enzyme (3)
- endozoochory (3)
- endurance exercise (3)
- energy transfer (3)
- energy transition (3)
- energy-metabolism (3)
- enjoyment (3)
- ensemble prediction (3)
- enterprise systems (3)
- environmental economics (3)
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- environmental pollution (3)
- envy (3)
- enzyme immobilization (3)
- enzymology (3)
- ephrin (3)
- episodic memory (3)
- epistemic modality (3)
- epizoochory (3)
- equality (3)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (3)
- equation (3)
- equation of state (3)
- equatorial ionosphere (3)
- equi-singular connections (3)
- erythropoiesis (3)
- escherichia-coli (3)
- establishment (3)
- estimation (3)
- eta invariant (3)
- ethnic differences (3)
- ethnic identity (3)
- ethnic-racial identity (3)
- evaluative priming (3)
- evaporation (3)
- event (3)
- event-related potentials (ERP) (3)
- eventology (3)
- everyday life (3)
- evidence (3)
- evolution equation (3)
- exchange (3)
- executive personalism (3)
- exercise adherence (3)
- exercise training (3)
- expansion microscopy (3)
- experience (3)
- experimental linguistics (3)
- experimental studies (3)
- exploitation (3)
- exploration (3)
- explosives (3)
- extracellular matrix (3)
- extraction and characterization methods (3)
- extremes (3)
- eye-movements (3)
- eye-voice span (3)
- face morphing (3)
- facial feedback (3)
- factor analysis (3)
- factor structure (3)
- failure (3)
- faking (3)
- fault reactivation (3)
- faults (3)
- feminism (3)
- fermentation (3)
- fermentation-related enzymes (3)
- ferroelectrets (3)
- fibers (3)
- fibrosis (3)
- field test (3)
- field theory (3)
- fieldwork (3)
- figurative language (3)
- film (3)
- filter (3)
- financial time series (3)
- finite element modeling (3)
- first stars (3)
- first-hitting time (3)
- fiscal policy (3)
- fitness consequences (3)
- fixation locations (3)
- flavonoid (3)
- flavonoids (3)
- flood hazard (3)
- flood hazards (3)
- flood loss (3)
- flood risk analysis (3)
- floodplain sedimentation (3)
- floodplains (3)
- flowering (3)
- fluctuation-dissipation theorem (3)
- fluid flow (3)
- fluid-rock interaction (3)
- fluorescence lifetime (3)
- flux (3)
- foam (3)
- focus constructions (3)
- focus movement (3)
- food neophilia (3)
- food security (3)
- foreign policy (3)
- forest structure (3)
- forestREplot (3)
- formal languages (3)
- formale Verifikation (3)
- formate dehydrogenase (3)
- formation damage (3)
- frailty (3)
- framework (3)
- frameworks (3)
- freedom (3)
- freedom restriction (3)
- fricative (3)
- functional (3)
- functional capacity (3)
- functional dependencies (3)
- functional dependency (3)
- functional near-infrared spectroscopy (3)
- functionalization (3)
- fungal diversity (3)
- fuzzy logic (3)
- gait analysis (3)
- galaxies: individual: LMC (3)
- galaxies: magnetic fields (3)
- galaxy structure (3)
- gallbladder cancer (3)
- games (3)
- garnet (3)
- gas adsorption (3)
- gels (3)
- gender gap (3)
- gender inequality (3)
- gender pay gap (3)
- gender wage gap (3)
- gene duplication (3)
- gene family (3)
- gene regulatory network (3)
- generalizability (3)
- generalization (3)
- genetic programming (3)
- genome assembly (3)
- genome scan (3)
- genome sequence (3)
- genomic DNA conformation (3)
- genotype (3)
- geometry (3)
- geospatial data (3)
- geostatistics (3)
- geothermal (3)
- gesture (3)
- glacial erosion (3)
- glacial hazards (3)
- glacial lake outburst floods (3)
- glacial refugia (3)
- glass (3)
- global environmental change (3)
- global monsoon (3)
- global surface warming (3)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6397 (3)
- glucan (3)
- glucocorticoid receptor (3)
- glycaemic control (3)
- glycogen (3)
- glycopolymers (3)
- goal frames (3)
- goblet cells (3)
- good governance (3)
- government (3)
- gradient boosting (3)
- gradient flow (3)
- grain-size distribution (3)
- grammatical illusion (3)
- granite (3)
- granitoids (3)
- graph (3)
- graph constraints (3)
- graphite (3)
- graphomotor control (3)
- grassland (3)
- grasslands (3)
- green (3)
- green growth (3)
- green-green dilemma (3)
- grief (3)
- gross primary production (3)
- ground reaction forces (3)
- grouping (3)
- growth rate (3)
- guilt (3)
- habit formation (3)
- habitat loss (3)
- habitat selection (3)
- hand (3)
- hantavirus (3)
- hard core potential (3)
- hazards (3)
- health behavior (3)
- health policy (3)
- heart rate (3)
- heat flow (3)
- heat stress memory (3)
- heath potentials (3)
- hemoglobin (3)
- heritage speakers (3)
- heterogene Katalyse (3)
- heterogene Photokatalyse (3)
- heterogeneous photocatalysis (3)
- hierarchical clustering (3)
- high temperature (3)
- high-pressure (3)
- high-resolution record (3)
- high-sodium (3)
- hillslopes (3)
- hip (3)
- historical DNA (3)
- honey bees (3)
- honeybee (3)
- hormones (3)
- hospitalization (3)
- hostile attribution bias (3)
- housing (3)
- hoverflies (3)
- human activity recognition (3)
- human evolution (3)
- human-robot interaction (3)
- hybrid model (3)
- hydraulic fracturing (3)
- hydrogen bonds (3)
- hydrogenation (3)
- hydrogeology (3)
- hydrological processes (3)
- hyperbolic tilings (3)
- hypersound (3)
- hyporheische Zone (3)
- hypothesis (3)
- hypoxia (3)
- iCheck (3)
- ice (3)
- ice sheet (3)
- identity management (3)
- ideology (3)
- ill-posed problem (3)
- image-based representation (3)
- imidazolium (3)
- imitation (3)
- impact assessment (3)
- impairment (3)
- impedance spectroscopy (3)
- implementation (3)
- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- implicit learning (3)
- in-service teacher training (3)
- inbreeding depression (3)
- incision (3)
- incremental graph pattern matching (3)
- index of elliptic operators in subspaces (3)
- indirect facilitation (3)
- indirect tests (3)
- individual anaerobic threshold (3)
- individuelle Unterschiede (3)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
- industry 4.0 (3)
- infant (3)
- inferences (3)
- infiltration (3)
- inflammatory bowel disease (3)
- inflectional morphology (3)
- information and communication technologies (3)
- information integration (3)
- infrared: diffuse background (3)
- infrastructure (3)
- injection (3)
- injury prevention (3)
- inner magnetosphere (3)
- input frequency (3)
- insects (3)
- institutional interplay (3)
- instrumental variables (3)
- instrumentation (3)
- intensification (3)
- intentional forgetting (3)
- intercultural competence (3)
- interface engineering (3)
- interfacial recombination (3)
- interferometry (3)
- intergalaktisches Medium (3)
- interindividual differences (3)
- interleukin-8 (3)
- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (3)
- international (3)
- international bureaucracies (3)
- international comparison (3)
- international migration (3)
- intervention locality (3)
- intonation (3)
- intonation units (3)
- intracellular-transport (3)
- intraclass correlation (3)
- intraspecific variation (3)
- intrinsically disordered proteins (3)
- invasion (3)
- inverse ill-posed problem (3)
- inverse micelles (3)
- inverse theory (3)
- ionogels (3)
- ionothermal synthesis (3)
- irrigation (3)
- islands (3)
- isokinetic (3)
- isotopic composition (3)
- isotopic tiling theory (3)
- iterative regularization (3)
- job creation (3)
- job demands-resources model (3)
- job search (3)
- just transition (3)
- kana (3)
- kanji (3)
- kernel density estimation (3)
- kettle hole (3)
- kidney (3)
- kinetic instabilities (3)
- knowledge sharing (3)
- kognitive Modellierung (3)
- komplexe Systeme (3)
- komplexes Netzwerk (3)
- körperliche Fitness (3)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- labor supply (3)
- lactate threshold (3)
- lake monitoring (3)
- land cover change (3)
- land management (3)
- land-use (3)
- landing positions (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language comprehension (3)
- language courses (3)
- language proficiency (3)
- languages (3)
- larch (3)
- large-scale (3)
- last glacial period (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- late childhood (3)
- latitude (3)
- latitudinal gradient (3)
- lattice dynamics (3)
- leaf development (3)
- leaf senescence (3)
- leaking (3)
- learning and memory (3)
- learning factories (3)
- learning styles (3)
- legumes (3)
- lexical tone (3)
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- life course (3)
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- lifetime (3)
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- limits (3)
- line: profiles (3)
- linear mixed model (3)
- linear programming (3)
- linearized gravity (3)
- linked employer-employee data (3)
- lipid (3)
- liquid-phase catalysis (3)
- literacy acquisition (3)
- literatures of the world (3)
- lithium-sulfur batteries (3)
- liver metabolism (3)
- load (3)
- logarithmic source condition (3)
- logic (3)
- logic programming (3)
- lokale Anpassung (3)
- longevity (3)
- losses (3)
- lower (3)
- lower thermosphere (3)
- lupin (3)
- lutein (3)
- lysosomal storage disorders (3)
- lysosome (3)
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- magnetic reconnection (3)
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- magnitude estimation (3)
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- major depression (3)
- majority rule (3)
- manifolds with conical singularities (3)
- marine (3)
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- molybdenum (3)
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- monomer (3)
- monomers (3)
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- morpho-orthography (3)
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- nominalization (3)
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- noun (3)
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- offspring (3)
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- oligomerization (3)
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- oxygen isotopes (3)
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- palaeolimnology (3)
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- policy advice (3)
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- poly(A) polymerase (3)
- poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (3)
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- polyesters (3)
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- polymer solar cells (3)
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- polymorphism (3)
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- potassium channel (3)
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- shallow structure hypothesis (3)
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- stars: (3)
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- ) (2)
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- 1 (2)
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- 1.5 degrees C (2)
- 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (2)
- 1D (2)
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- 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase (2)
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- 31C20 (2)
- 35B09 (2)
- 35R02 (2)
- 39A12 (primary) (2)
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- 47A52 (2)
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- 65R20 (2)
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- 78A46 (2)
- A. tenuissima (2)
- ABA (2)
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- AG (2)
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- Membranproteine (2)
- Menarche (2)
- Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (2)
- Mental disorder (2)
- Mercuric mercury (2)
- Mercury (2)
- Meromorphic operator-valued symbols (2)
- Mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- Mesokristalle (2)
- Mesoporous silicon (2)
- Mesozoic (2)
- Meta-Kommunikation (2)
- Metaanalysis (2)
- Metabarcoding (2)
- Metabolismus (2)
- Metabolite (2)
- Metaboliten (2)
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- Metabolome analysis (2)
- Metacognition (2)
- Metacommunity (2)
- Metadata Discovery (2)
- Metadaten (2)
- Metagemeinschaften (2)
- Metal Metabolism (2)
- Metal complexation (2)
- Metal oxides (2)
- Metall (2)
- Metamaterials (2)
- Metanome (2)
- Metaphor (2)
- Metasprache (2)
- Metaverse (2)
- Meteorites (2)
- Meteorologie (2)
- Methan (2)
- Methanogenic archaea (2)
- Methode (2)
- Metschnikowia (2)
- MiSpEx Network (2)
- MiSpEx-network (2)
- Mice (2)
- Micelle (2)
- Michael addition (2)
- Michelin star (2)
- Micro-XRF (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Microarrays (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Microbial community (2)
- Microbial ecology (2)
- Microbiome (2)
- Microcebus berthae (2)
- Microemulsion (2)
- Microlensing (2)
- Microorganisms (2)
- Microperoxidase-11 (2)
- Micropollutants (2)
- Microsaccade (2)
- Microsatellite analysis (2)
- Microscopy (2)
- Microstructure (2)
- Microvascular blood filling (2)
- Microwave chemistry (2)
- Middle Eocene deformation (2)
- Middle Strand (2)
- Mikroalgen (2)
- Mikrokredite (2)
- Mikrolinsen (2)
- Mikrosatelliten (2)
- Mikrotubuli (2)
- Mikroökonometrie (2)
- Milchstraße (2)
- Mild cognitive impairment (2)
- Milium effusum (2)
- Milky Way (2)
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- Mimicry (2)
- Mindestlohn (2)
- Minerals (2)
- Minimalist Program (2)
- Minimalist program (2)
- Minimax convergence rates (2)
- Minimum Wage (2)
- Ministerial bureaucracy (2)
- Ministerialverwaltung (2)
- Miozän (2)
- Mirror Principle (2)
- Missions (2)
- Mitogenomes (2)
- Mitosis (2)
- Mittag-Leffler function (2)
- Mittelmeerraum (2)
- Mixed mating (2)
- Mixotrophy (2)
- Mixtures (2)
- Mizelle (2)
- Mizellen (2)
- MoVo (2)
- Moa (2)
- Mobile Health (2)
- Mobile devices (2)
- Mobile diagnostics (2)
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- Modality (2)
- Mode function (2)
- Model Synchronization (2)
- Model calibration (2)
- Model checking (2)
- Model order reduction (2)
- Model transformation (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modellprüfung (2)
- Moderation (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Mojave toxin (2)
- Molasse Basin (2)
- Molecular orientation (2)
- Molekularer Motor (2)
- Molybdopterin (2)
- Moment tensor inversion (2)
- Momententensoren (2)
- Monetary Fund (2)
- Monolayer (2)
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- Mood (2)
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- Mortalität (2)
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- Mountain basins (2)
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- Mouse (2)
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- Mozambique (2)
- MtDNA (2)
- Multi-locus phylogeny (2)
- Multi-method (2)
- Multiblock copolymer (2)
- Multilayer (2)
- Multilayers (2)
- Multilevel latent change model (2)
- Multilevel modeling (2)
- Multilingualism (2)
- Multimodal analysis (2)
- Multimodality (2)
- Multiple Spell-Out (2)
- Multiple sclerosis (2)
- Multiple zeta values (2)
- Multivariate Analyse (2)
- Multivariate data analysis (2)
- Muntjac (2)
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- Muscle twitch (2)
- Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena (2)
- Musculoskeletal injury (2)
- Museum collections (2)
- Music (2)
- Mustererkennung (2)
- MutMap (2)
- Mutation rate (2)
- Mutator locus (2)
- Myelosuppression (2)
- Myodes voles (2)
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- Myth-Activism (2)
- N ligands (2)
- N-2 reduction (2)
- N-of-1 trial (2)
- N2 (2)
- NAB (2)
- NAC (2)
- NAC transcription factor (2)
- NAFLD/MAFLD (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- NBR1 (2)
- NDVI (2)
- NETCONF (2)
- NF1 (2)
- NHCs (2)
- NLO (2)
- NMR structure (2)
- NOR (2)
- NP-completeness (2)
- NTA (2)
- NW Himalaya (2)
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- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (2)
- Nachwuchsathleten (2)
- Nahrungsnetz (2)
- Nahrungssulfonate (2)
- Namche Barwa (2)
- Nandrolone decanoate (2)
- Nanoeisen (2)
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- Nanoparticle uptake (2)
- Nanostrukturen (2)
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- Narrative (2)
- Nash equilibrium (2)
- National Socialism (2)
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- Naturgefahr (2)
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- Nearshore zone (2)
- Negative (2)
- Negotiation Performance (2)
- Neoliberalism (2)
- Neolithic period (2)
- Neoromicia (2)
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- Nest predation (2)
- Nested graph conditions (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Network analysis (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Network structure (2)
- Networked foresight (2)
- Netzwerk (2)
- Netzwerkanalyse (2)
- Netzwerke des Wissens (2)
- Neural Networks (2)
- Neuroendocrine tumors (2)
- Neuropeptide Y (2)
- Neurostimulation (2)
- Neutral tone (2)
- Neutrophils (2)
- Nevado Coropuna (2)
- New Guinea (2)
- New Public Governance (2)
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- New institutionalism (2)
- Ngizim (2)
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- Nigeria (2)
- Nighttime illumination (2)
- Niobium (2)
- Nitrat (2)
- Nitrogen deposition (2)
- Nitrogen-limitation hypothesis (2)
- Noise-induced phenomena (2)
- Non-canonical sentences (2)
- Non-independent mate choice (2)
- Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (2)
- Non-monetary valuation (2)
- Non-monotonic reasoning (2)
- Non-stationarity (2)
- Non-uniqueness (2)
- Nonlinear Laplace operator (2)
- Nonlinear coupling (2)
- Noradrenaline (2)
- Nordic catchments (2)
- Nordic walking (2)
- Nordkorea (2)
- North America (2)
- North Calabrian Unit (2)
- North Iran (2)
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- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Northwest Passage (2)
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- Norwegian (2)
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- Nostoc (2)
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- Nrf2 (2)
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- Number-space association (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Numerov's method (2)
- Nursing home (2)
- Nutrient (2)
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- Ny-Alesund (2)
- Nyctereutes procyonoides (2)
- O-antigen specific phage (2)
- OBIA (2)
- OCP-Place (2)
- OMICs tools (2)
- OSL (2)
- OSL dating (2)
- OTDR (2)
- OV–VO (2)
- Oberflächenchemie (2)
- Oberflächenprozesse (2)
- Object Shift (2)
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (2)
- Ocean acidification (2)
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- Oculomotor control (2)
- Offending (2)
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- Older adults (2)
- Oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (2)
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- Oligosaccharides (2)
- Olympic Games (2)
- Omicron (2)
- On-demand release (2)
- Online-Lernen (2)
- Onsager-Machlup functional (2)
- Ontologie (2)
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- Opalinus Clay (2)
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- OpenForecast (2)
- Ophrys (2)
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- Optics and photonics (2)
- Optimalitätstheorie (2)
- Optionality (2)
- OptoGait (2)
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- Orbital forcing (2)
- Order-preserving transformations (2)
- Organ Discharge Patterns (2)
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- Organisationstheorie (2)
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- Orogen (2)
- Orogenic wedge (2)
- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
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- Oscillator ensembles (2)
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- Oyster Crassostrea-gigas (2)
- P ligands (2)
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- P-waves (2)
- PARAFAC (2)
- PAS domain (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PCK (2)
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- PCPDTBT (2)
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- PER (2)
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- PI3K (2)
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- PLA (2)
- PLS (2)
- PLS regression (2)
- PLSR (2)
- PLV (2)
- PNIPAM (2)
- POF (2)
- POL (2)
- PPGIS (2)
- PPMS (2)
- PRISM model checker (2)
- PROGRESS/TRIPOD (2)
- PTCTL (2)
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- PTSD (2)
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- Pain screening (2)
- Pak choi (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
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- Panama (2)
- Parameterized complexity (2)
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- Paraíba (2)
- Paris agreement (2)
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- Parkinson disease (2)
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- Partial Little Square (2)
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- Path modelling (2)
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- Pattern Recognition (2)
- Patterning (2)
- Pause (2)
- Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer (2)
- Peat (2)
- Pedagogical content knowledge (2)
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- Pediastrum (2)
- Peer Assessment (2)
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- Peptid (2)
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- Pex1 (2)
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- Poincare inequality (2)
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- Politics & International Relations (2)
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- Polyadenylierung (2)
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- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
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- Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acids (2)
- Polyzwitterion (2)
- Pond (2)
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- Population density (2)
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- Porosity (2)
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- Poshtuk metapelites (2)
- Position Generator (2)
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- Postmasburg manganese field (2)
- Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (2)
- Potassium (2)
- Potsdam Grievance Statistics File (PGSF) (2)
- Pragmatik (2)
- Precipitation gradient (2)
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- Predictive processing (2)
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- Preterm birth (2)
- Price of Anarchy (2)
- Primary school children (2)
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- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Proactivity (2)
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- Problem Solving (2)
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- Progesterone (2)
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- Prominences, active (2)
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- Pronoun resolution (2)
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- Protein expression (2)
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- Protein-Engineering (2)
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- Präferenzen (2)
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- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
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- Public Management (2)
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- Public organizations (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Punch (2)
- Pupillometrie (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QCA (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL mapping (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
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- Quantendraht (2)
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- Quantenpunkt (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
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- Quartz (2)
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- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- RDF (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- ROF1 (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiative transfer (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Randwertprobleme (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realismus (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence Plots (2)
- Recurrence plots (2)
- Red Cross (2)
- Redox (2)
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- Redox polymer (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexion (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reflexivpronomen (2)
- Reform Judaism (2)
- Reformjudentum (2)
- Refugee Tales (2)
- Regime shifts (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relation historique (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
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- Remote Sensing (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
- Renal function (2)
- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
- Retinyl esters (2)
- Revenue Autonomy (2)
- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rheological modeling (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (2)
- RiPPs (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- Risk perception (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rohstoffe (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rumpf (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
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- anti-cancer drugs (2)
- anti-consumption (2)
- anti-genotoxicity (2)
- anti-inflammatory nutrition (2)
- anti-inflammatory therapy (2)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (5043)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4790)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3384)
- Institut für Chemie (2930)
- Institut für Mathematik (1890)
- Department Psychologie (1498)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (1056)
- Department Linguistik (1029)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (860)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (844)
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future.
White mica and tourmaline are the dominant hydrothermal alteration minerals at the world-class Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu deposit in Portugal. Thus, understanding the controls on their chemical composition helps to constrain ore formation processes at this deposit and determine their usefulness as pathfinder minerals for mineralization in general. We combine whole-rock geochemistry of altered and unaltered metasedimentary host rocks with in situ LA-ICP-MS measurements of tourmaline and white mica from the alteration halo. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to better identify geochemical patterns and trends of hydrothermal alteration in the datasets. The hydrothermally altered metasediments are enriched in As, Sn, Cs, Li, W, F, Cu, Rb, Zn, Tl, and Pb relative to unaltered samples. In situ mineral analyses show that most of these elements preferentially partition into white mica over tourmaline (Li, Rb, Cs, Tl, W, and Sn), whereas Zn is enriched in tourmaline. White mica has distinct compositions in different settings within the deposit (greisen, vein selvages, wall rock alteration zone, late fault zone), indicating a compositional evolution with time. In contrast, tourmaline from different settings overlaps in composition, which is ascribed to a stronger dependence on host rock composition and also to the effects of chemical zoning and microinclusions affecting the LA-ICP-MS analyses. Hence, in this deposit, white mica is the better recorder of the fluid composition. The calculated trace-element contents of the Panasqueira mineralizing fluid based on the mica data and estimates of mica-fluid partition coefficients are in good agreement with previous fluid-inclusion analyses. A compilation of mica and tourmaline trace-element compositions from Panasqueira and other W-Sn deposits shows that white mica has good potential as a pathfinder mineral, with characteristically high Li, Cs, Rb, Sn, and W contents. The trace-element contents of hydrothermal tourmaline are more variable. Nevertheless, the compiled data suggest that high Sn and Li contents are distinctive for tourmaline from W-Sn deposits.
In nature, plants are constantly exposed to many transient, but recurring, stresses. Thus, to complete their life cycles, plants require a dynamic balance between capacities to recover following cessation of stress and maintenance of stress memory. Recently, we uncovered a new functional role for macroautophagy/autophagy in regulating recovery from heat stress (HS) and resetting cellular memory of HS inArabidopsis thaliana. Here, we demonstrated that NBR1 (next to BRCA1 gene 1) plays a crucial role as a receptor for selective autophagy during recovery from HS. Immunoblot analysis and confocal microscopy revealed that levels of the NBR1 protein, NBR1-labeled puncta, and NBR1 activity are all higher during the HS recovery phase than before. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis of proteins interacting with NBR1 and comparative proteomic analysis of annbr1-null mutant and wild-type plants identified 58 proteins as potential novel targets of NBR1. Cellular, biochemical and functional genetic studies confirmed that NBR1 interacts with HSP90.1 (heat shock protein 90.1) and ROF1 (rotamase FKBP 1), a member of the FKBP family, and mediates their degradation by autophagy, which represses the response to HS by attenuating the expression ofHSPgenes regulated by the HSFA2 transcription factor. Accordingly, loss-of-function mutation ofNBR1resulted in a stronger HS memory phenotype. Together, our results provide new insights into the mechanistic principles by which autophagy regulates plant response to recurrent HS.
Induced point mutations are important genetic resources for their ability to create hypo- and hypermorphic alleles that are useful for understanding gene functions and breeding. However, such mutant populations have only been developed for a few temperate maize varieties, mainly B73 and W22, yet no tropical maize inbred lines have been mutagenized and made available to the public to date. We developed a novel Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) induced mutation resource in maize comprising 2050 independent M2 mutant families in the elite tropical maize inbred ML10. By phenotypic screening, we showed that this population is of comparable quality with other mutagenized populations in maize. To illustrate the usefulness of this population for gene discovery, we performed rapid mapping-by-sequencing to clone a fasciated-ear mutant and identify a causal promoter deletion in ZmCLE7 (CLE7). Our mapping procedure does not require crossing to an unrelated parent, thus is suitable for mapping subtle traits and ones affected by heterosis. This first EMS population in tropical maize is expected to be very useful for the maize research community. Also, the EMS mutagenesis and rapid mapping-by-sequencing pipeline described here illustrate the power of performing forward genetics in diverse maize germplasms of choice, which can lead to novel gene discovery due to divergent genetic backgrounds.
The European Alps are amongst the regions with highest glacier mass loss rates over the last decades. Under the threat of ongoing climate change, the ability to predict glacier mass balance changes for water and risk management purposes has become imperative. This raises an urgent need for reliable glacier models. The European Alps do not only host glaciers, but also numerous caves containing carbonate formations, called speleothems. Previous studies have shown that those speleothems also grew during times when the cave was covered by a warm-based glacier. In this thesis, I utilise speleothems from the European Alps as archives of local, environmental conditions related to mountain glacier evolution.
Previous studies have shown that speleothem isotope data from the Alps can be strongly affected by in-cave processes. Therefore, part of this thesis focusses on developing an isotope evolution model, which successfully reproduces differences between contemporaneous growing speleothems. The model is used to propose correction approaches for prior calcite precipitation effects on speleothem oxygen isotopes (δ18O). Applications on speleothem records from caves outside of the Alps demonstrate that corrected δ18O agrees better with other records and climate model simulations.
Existing speleothem growth histories and carbon isotope (δ13C) records from Alpine caves located at different elevations are used to infer soil vs. glacier cover and the thermal regime of the glacier over the last glacial cycle. The compatibility with glacier evolution models is statistically assessed. A general agreement between speleothem δ13C-derived information on soil vs. glacier presence and modelled glacier coverage is found. However, glacier retreat during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 seems to be underestimated by the model. Furthermore, speleothem data provides evidence of surface temperature above the freezing point which is, however, not fully reproduced by the simulations.
History of glacier cover and their thermal regime is explored for the high-elevation cave system Melchsee-Frutt in the Swiss Alps. Based on new (MIS 9b – MIS 7b, MIS 2) and available speleothem δ13C (MIS 7a – 5d) data, warm-based glacier cover is inferred for MIS 8, 7d, 6, and 2. Also a short period of cold-based ice coverage is found for early MIS 6. In a detailed multi-proxy analysis (δ18O, δ13C, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca), millennial-scale changes in the glacier-related source of the water infiltrating in the karst during MIS 8 and 7d are found and linked to Northern Hemisphere climate variability.
While speleothem records from high-elevation cave sites in the Alps exhibit huge potential for glacier reconstruction, several limitations remain, which are discussed throughout this thesis. Ultimately, recommendations are given to further leverage subglacial speleothems as an archive of glacier dynamics.
Galaxy morphology is a fossil record of how galaxies formed and evolved and can be regarded as a function of the dynamical state of a galaxy. It encodes the physical processes that dominate its evolutionary history, and is strongly aligned with physical properties like stellar mass, star formation rate and local environment. At a distance of ∼50 and 60 kpc, the Magellanic Clouds represent the nearest interacting pair of dwarf irregular galaxies to the Milky Way, rendering them an important test bed for galaxy morphology in the context of galaxy interactions and the effect of the local environment in which they reside. The Large Magellanic Cloud is classified as the prototype for Magellanic Spiral galaxies, with one prominent spiral arm, an offset bar and an inclined rotating disc while the Small Magellanic Cloud is classified as a dwarf Irregular galaxy and is known for its unstructured shape and large depth across the line–of–sight. Resolved stellar populations are powerful probes of a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, the proximity of the Magellanic Clouds allows us to resolve their stellar populations to individual stars that share coherent chemical and age distributions. The coherent properties of resolved stellar populations enable us to analyse them as a function of position within the Magellanic Clouds, offering a picture of the growth of the galaxies’ substructures over time and yielding a comprehensive view of their morphology. Furthermore, investigating the kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds offers valuable insights into their dynamics and evolutionary history. By studying the motions and velocities of stars within these galaxies, we can trace their past interactions, with the Milky Way or with each other and unravel the complex interplay of forces that have influenced the Magellanic Clouds’ formation and evolution.
In Chapter 2, the VISTA survey of the Magellanic Clouds was employed to generate unprecedented high-resolution morphological maps of the Magellanic Clouds in the near-infrared. Utilising colour-magnitude diagrams and theoretical evolutionary models to segregate stellar populations, this approach enabled a comprehensive age tomography of the galaxies. It revealed previously uncharacterised features in their central regions at spatial resolutions of 0.13 kpc (Large Magellanic Cloud) and 0.16 kpc (Small Magellanic Cloud), the findings showcased the impact of tidal interactions on their inner regions. Notably, the study highlighted the enhanced coherent structures in the Large Magellanic Cloud, shedding light on the significant role of the recent Magellanic Clouds’ interaction 200 Myr ago in shaping many of the fine structures. The Small Magellanic Cloud revealed asymmetry in younger populations and irregularities in intermediate-age ones, pointing towards the influence of past tidal interactions.
In Chapter 3, an examination of the outskirts of the Magellanic Clouds led to the identification of new substructures through the use of near-infrared photometry from the VISTA Hemisphere Survey and multi-dimensional phase-space information from Gaia. The distances and proper motions of these substructures were investigated. This analysis revealed the impact of past Magellanic Clouds’ interactions and the influence of the Milky Way’s tidal field on the morphology and kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds. A bi-modal distance distribution was identified within the luminosity function of the red clump stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, notably in its eastern regions, with the foreground substructure being attributed to the Magellanic Clouds’ interaction around 200 Myr ago. Furthermore, associations with the Counter Bridge and Old Bridge were uncovered through the detection of background and foreground structures in various regions of the SMC.
In chapter 4, a detailed kinematic analysis of the Small Magellanic Cloud was conducted using spectra from the European Southern Observatory Science Archive Facility. The study reveals distinct kinematics in the Wing and bar regions, attributed to interactions with the Large Magellanic Cloud and variations in star formation history. Notably, velocity disparities are observed in the bar’s young main sequence stars, aligning with specific star-forming episodes, and suggesting potential galactic stretching or tidal stripping, as corroborated by proper motion studies.
As followers are becoming more educated and better connected, empowering leadership has gained traction in recent times as an alternative to traditional top-down models of leadership. Several scholars have investigated the relationship between empowering leadership and other variables in different contexts. As most previous studies have focused on the positive aspects of empowering leadership, research on its potential dark side is scarce. Furthermore, no previous study has examined whether and how the transfer of workload from followers to leaders can occur over time, which I proposed can lead to emotional exhaustion and work-family conflict among leaders. Therefore, I proposed that despite the positive outcomes of empowering leadership for both followers and leaders, it may also trigger negative outcomes capable of affecting the well-being of leaders. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, Job Demand-Resources (JD-R) theory, and Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing (TMGT) effect model, I investigated this idea. Using follower workload as a moderator, I proposed that the relationship between empowering leadership and leader workload is positive when follower workload is high and negative when follower workload is low. In addition, I examined how empowering leadership interacts with follower workload to affect leader emotional exhaustion and work-family conflict, mediated by leader workload. I proposed that this interaction results in a negative relationship between empowering leadership and both outcomes when follower workload is low, and a positive relationship when it is high.
I tested these hypotheses using data from a three-wave time-lagged design field study with 65 leader-follower dyads consisting of civil servants from different administrative entities of India and Pakistan. The time lag between each study variable was four weeks. At Time 1 (T1), followers answered questions about demographic characteristics, virtual interaction with their leaders, their workload, and the extent to which their leaders practice empowering leadership. At the same time, leaders answered questions about demographic characteristics and their job satisfaction. At Time 2 (T2), leaders provided data on their own workload. Finally, at Time 3 (T3), leaders rated their emotional exhaustion and work-family conflict. A moderated mediation model was tested using PROCESS Model 7 in R. The findings of the study reveal that a significant increase in follower workload through empowering leadership will also increase the leader's workload. Consequently, this increased leader workload leads to a crossover of this interactive effect onto the level of emotional exhaustion and work-family conflict experienced by leaders.
This research offers various contributions to the leadership literature. While empowering leadership has been commonly associated with positive outcomes, my study reveals that it can also lead to negative outcomes. In addition, it shifts the focus of existing research from the effect of empowering leadership on followers to the consequences that it might have for leaders themselves. Overall, my research underscores the need for leaders to consider the potential counterproductive effects of empowering leadership and tailor their approach accordingly.
Organic-inorganic composite materials with tailored properties can be designed in the lab through bioinspired approaches.
In this context, we exploited the particle-based crystallisation process of calcium sulfate, a technologically important mineral, to hybridise inorganic and organic matter.
We identified and synthesised an organic polymer showing strong affinity to bind to the surfaces of mineral precursors as well as intrinsic tendency to self-organise. Subsequently, polymer-coated building units were allowed to self-assemble via oriented attachment, aggregation and phase transformation, which produced ordered superstructures where the organic polymer is intercalated between the subunits and surrounds the hybrid core as a shell.
This specific architecture across multiple length scales leads to unique mechanical properties, comparable to those of natural biominerals.
Thus, our results devise a straightforward pathway to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid structures via bottom-up self-assembly processes innate to the crystallisation of the inorganic phase.
This approach can likely be transferred to other inorganic minerals, affording next-generation materials for applications in the construction sector, biomedicine and beyond.
Human-induced climate change is impacting the global water cycle by, e.g., causing changes in precipitation patterns, evapotranspiration dynamics, cryosphere shrinkage, and complex streamflow trends. These changes, coupled with the increased frequency and severity of extreme hydrometeorological events like floods, droughts, and heatwaves, contribute to hydroclimatic disasters, posing significant implications for local and global infrastructure, human health, and overall productivity.
In the tropical Andes, climate change is evident through warming trends, glacier retreats, and shifts in precipitation patterns, leading to altered risks of floods and droughts, e.g., in the upper Amazon River basin. Projections for the region indicate rising temperatures, potential glacier disappearance or substantial shrinkage, and altered streamflow patterns, highlighting challenges in water availability due to these expected changes and growing human water demand. The evolving trends in hydroclimatic conditions in the tropical Andes present significant challenges to socioeconomic and environmental systems, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive understanding to guide effective adaptation policies and strategies in response to the impacts of climate change in the region.
The main objective of this thesis is to investigate current hydrological dynamics in the tropical Andes of Peru and Ecuador and their responses to climate change. Given the scarcity of hydrometeorological data in the region, this objective was accomplished through a comprehensive data preparation and analysis in combination with hydrological modeling using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) eco-hydrological model. In this context, the initial steps involved assessing, identifying, and/or generating more reliable climate input data to address data limitations.
The thesis introduces RAIN4PE, a high-resolution precipitation dataset for Peru and Ecuador, developed by merging satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based data with surface elevation through the random forest method. Further adjustments of precipitation estimates were made for catchments influenced by fog/cloud water input on the eastern side of the Andes using streamflow data and applying the method of reverse hydrology. RAIN4PE surpasses other global and local precipitation datasets, showcasing superior reliability and accuracy in representing precipitation patterns and simulating hydrological processes across the tropical Andes. This establishes it as the optimal precipitation product for hydrometeorological applications in the region.
Due to the significant biases and limitations of global climate models (GCMs) in representing key atmospheric variables over the tropical Andes, this study developed regionally adapted GCM simulations specifically tailored for Peru and Ecuador. These simulations are known as the BASD-CMIP6-PE dataset, and they were derived using reliable, high-resolution datasets like RAIN4PE as reference data. The BASD-CMIP6-PE dataset shows notable improvements over raw GCM simulations, reflecting enhanced representations of observed climate properties and accurate simulation of streamflow, including high and low flow indices. This renders it suitable for assessing regional climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, and hydrological extremes.
In addition to generating more accurate climatic input data, a reliable hydrological model is essential for simulating watershed hydrological processes. To tackle this challenge, the thesis presents an innovative multiobjective calibration framework integrating remote sensing vegetation data, baseflow index, discharge goodness-of-fit metrics, and flow duration curve signatures. In contrast to traditional calibration strategies relying solely on discharge goodness-of-fit metrics, this approach enhances the simulation of vegetation, streamflow, and the partitioning of flow into surface runoff and baseflow in a typical Andean catchment. The refined hydrological model calibration strategy was applied to conduct reliable simulations and understand current and future hydrological trajectories in the tropical Andes.
By establishing a region-suitable and thoroughly tested hydrological model with high-resolution and reliable precipitation input data from RAIN4PE, this study provides new insights into the spatiotemporal distribution of water balance components in Peru and transboundary catchments. Key findings underscore the estimation of Peru's total renewable freshwater resource (total river runoff of 62,399 m3/s), with the Peruvian Amazon basin contributing 97.7%. Within this basin, the Amazon-Andes transition region emerges as a pivotal hotspot for water yield (precipitation minus evapotranspiration), characterized by abundant rainfall and lower atmospheric water demand/evapotranspiration. This finding underlines its paramount role in influencing the hydrological variability of the entire Amazon basin.
Subsurface hydrological pathways, particularly baseflow from aquifers, strongly influence water yield in lowland and Andean catchments, sustaining streamflow, especially during the extended dry season. Water yield demonstrates an elevation- and latitude-dependent increase in the Pacific Basin (catchments draining into the Pacific Ocean), while it follows an unimodal curve in the Peruvian Amazon Basin, peaking in the Amazon-Andes transition region. This observation indicates an intricate relationship between water yield and elevation.
In Amazon lowlands rivers, particularly in the Ucayali River, floodplains play a significant role in shaping streamflow seasonality by attenuating and delaying peak flows for up to two months during periods of high discharge. This observation underscores the critical importance of incorporating floodplain dynamics into hydrological simulations and river management strategies for accurate modeling and effective water resource management.
Hydrological responses vary across different land use types in high Andean catchments. Pasture areas exhibit the highest water yield, while agricultural areas and mountain forests show lower yields, emphasizing the importance of puna (high-altitude) ecosystems, such as pastures, páramos, and bofedales, in regulating natural storage.
Projected future hydrological trajectories were analyzed by driving the hydrological model with regionalized GCM simulations provided by the BASD-CMIP6-PE dataset. The analysis considered sustainable (low warming, SSP1-2.6) and fossil fuel-based development (high-end warming, SSP5-8.5) scenarios for the mid (2035-2065) and end (2065-2095) of the century. The projected changes in water yield and streamflow across the tropical Andes exhibit distinct regional and seasonal variations, particularly amplified under a high-end warming scenario towards the end of the century. Projections suggest year-round increases in water yield and streamflow in the Andean regions and decreases in the Amazon lowlands, with exceptions such as the northern Amazon expecting increases during wet seasons. Despite these regional differences, the upper Amazon River's streamflow is projected to remain relatively stable throughout the 21st century. Additionally, projections anticipate a decrease in low flows in the Amazon lowlands and an increased risk of high flows (floods) in the Andean and northern Amazon catchments.
This thesis significantly contributes to enhancing climatic data generation, overcoming regional limitations that previously impeded hydrometeorological research, and creating new opportunities. It plays a crucial role in advancing hydrological model calibration, improving the representation of internal hydrological processes, and achieving accurate results for the right reasons. Novel insights into current hydrological dynamics in the tropical Andes are fundamental for improving water resource management. The anticipated intensified changes in water flows and hydrological extreme patterns under a high-end warming scenario highlight the urgency of implementing emissions mitigation and adaptation measures to address the heightened impacts on water resources.
In fact, the new datasets (RAIN4PE and BASD-CMIP6-PE) have already been utilized by researchers and experts in regional and local-scale projects and catchments in Peru and Ecuador. For instance, they have been applied in river catchments such as Mantaro, Piura, and San Pedro to analyze local historical and future developments in climate and water resources.
Evolutionary reduction of adult body size (miniaturization) has profound consequences for organismal biology and is an important subject of evolutionary research. Based on two individuals we describe a new, extremely miniaturized chameleon, which may be the world's smallest reptile species. The male holotype of Brookesia nana sp. nov. has a snout-vent length of 13.5 mm (total length 21.6 mm) and has large, apparently fully developed hemipenes, making it apparently the smallest mature male amniote ever recorded. The female paratype measures 19.2 mm snout-vent length (total length 28.9 mm) and a micro-CT scan revealed developing eggs in the body cavity, likewise indicating sexual maturity. The new chameleon is only known from a degraded montane rainforest in northern Madagascar and might be threatened by extinction. Molecular phylogenetic analyses place it as sister to B. karchei, the largest species in the clade of miniaturized Brookesia species, for which we resurrect Evoluticauda Angel, 1942 as subgenus name. The genetic divergence of B. nana sp. nov. is rather strong (9.914.9% to all other Evoluticauda species in the 16S rRNA gene). A comparative study of genital length in Malagasy chameleons revealed a tendency for the smallest chameleons to have the relatively largest hemipenes, which might be a consequence of a reversed sexual size dimorphism with males substantially smaller than females in the smallest species. The miniaturized males may need larger hemipenes to enable a better mechanical fit with female genitals during copulation. Comprehensive studies of female genitalia are needed to test this hypothesis and to better understand the evolution of genitalia in reptiles.
The desiccation of the Aral Sea represents one of the largest human-made environmental regional disasters. The salt- and toxin-enriched dried-out basin provides a natural laboratory for studying ecosystem functioning and rhizosphere assembly under extreme anthropogenic conditions.
Here, we investigated the prokaryotic rhizosphere communities of the native pioneer plant Suaeda acuminata (C.A.Mey.) Moq. in comparison to bulk soil across a gradient of desiccation (5, 10, and 40 years) by metagenome and amplicon sequencing combined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. The rhizosphere effect was evident due to significantly higher bacterial abundances but less diversity in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil. Interestingly, in the highest salinity (5 years of desiccation), rhizosphere functions were mainly provided by archaeal communities.
Along the desiccation gradient, we observed a significant change in the rhizosphere microbiota, which was reflected by (i) a decreasing archaeon-bacterium ratio, (ii) replacement of halophilic archaea by specific plant-associated bacteria, i.e., Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and (iii) an adaptation of specific, potentially plant-beneficial biosynthetic pathways.
In general, both bacteria and archaea were found to be involved in carbon cycling and fixation, as well as methane and nitrogen metabolism.
Analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) showed specific signatures for production of osmoprotectants, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and transport system induction.
Our results provide evidence that rhizosphere assembly by cofiltering specific taxa with distinct traits is a mechanism which allows plants to thrive under extreme conditions. Overall, our findings highlight a function-based rhizosphere assembly, the importance of plant-microbe interactions in salinated soils, and their exploitation potential for ecosystem restoration approaches.IMPORTANCE
The desertification of the Aral Sea basin in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan represents one of the most serious anthropogenic environmental disasters of the last century. Since the 1960s, the world's fourth-largest inland body of water has been constantly shrinking, which has resulted in an extreme increase of salinity accompanied by accumulation of many hazardous and carcinogenic substances, as well as heavy metals, in the dried-out basin.
Here, we investigated bacterial and archaeal communities in the rhizosphere of pioneer plants by combining classic molecular methods with amplicon sequencing as well as metagenomics for functional insights.
By implementing a desiccation gradient, we observed (i) remarkable differences in the archaeon-bacterium ratio of plant rhizosphere samples, (ii) replacement of archaeal indicator taxa during succession, and (iii) the presence of specific, potentially plant-beneficial biosynthetic pathways in archaea present during the early stages.
In addition, our results provide hitherto-undescribed insights into the functional redundancy between plant-associated archaea and bacteria.
The desertification of the Aral Sea basin in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan represents one of the most serious anthropogenic environmental disasters of the last century.
Since the 1960s, the world's fourth-largest inland body of water has been constantly shrinking, which has resulted in an extreme increase of salinity accompanied by accumulation of many hazardous and carcinogenic substances, as well as heavy metals, in the dried-out basin.
From June to August 2021, we deployed a dense seismic nodal network across the Hengill geothermal area in southwest Iceland to image and characterize faults and high-temperature zones at high resolution.
The nodal network comprised 498 geophone nodes spread across the northern Nesjavellir and southern Hverahlio geothermal fields and was complemented by an existing permanent and temporary backbone seismic network of a total of 44 short-period and broadband stations.
In addition, we recorded distributed acoustic sensing data along two fiber optic telecommunication cables near the Nesjavellir geothermal power plant with commercial interrogators.
During the time of deployment, a vibroseis survey took place around the Nesjavellir power plant.
Here, we describe the network and the recorded datasets.
Furthermore, we showsome initial results that indicate a high data quality and highlight the potential of the seismic records for various follow up studies, such as high-resolution event location to delineate faults and body- and surface-wave tomographies to image the subsurface velocity structure in great detail.
Lakes act as important sinks for inorganic and organic sediment components. However, investigations of sedimentary carbon budgets within glacial lakes are currently absent from Arctic Siberia. The aim of this paper is to provide the first reconstruction of accumulation rates, sediment and carbon budgets from a lacustrine sediment core from Lake Rauchuagytgyn, Chukotka (Arctic Siberia). We combined multiple sediment biogeochemical and sedimentological parameters from a radiocarbon-dated 6.5m sediment core with lake basin hydroacoustic data to derive sediment stratigraphy, sediment volumes and infill budgets. Our results distinguished three principal sediment and carbon accumulation regimes that could be identified across all measured environmental proxies including early Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS2) (ca. 29-23.4 ka cal BP), mid-MIS2-early MIS1 (ca. 23.4-11.69 ka cal BP) and the Holocene (ca. 11.69-present). Estimated organic carbon accumulation rates (OCARs) were higher within Holocene sediments (average 3.53 gOCm(-2) a(-1)) than Pleistocene sediments (average 1.08 gOCm(-2) a(-1)) and are similar to those calculated for boreal lakes from Quebec and Finland and Lake Baikal but significantly lower than Siberian thermokarst lakes and Alberta glacial lakes. Using a bootstrapping approach, we estimated the total organic carbon pool to be 0.26 +/- 0.02 Mt and a total sediment pool of 25.7 +/- 1.71 Mt within a hydroacoustically derived sediment volume of ca. 32 990 557m(3). The total organic carbon pool is substantially smaller than Alaskan yedoma, thermokarst lake sediments and Alberta glacial lakes but shares similarities with Finnish boreal lakes. Temporal variability in sediment and carbon accumulation dynamics at Lake Rauchuagytgyn is controlled predominantly by palaeoclimate variation that regulates lake ice-cover dynamics and catchment glacial, fluvial and permafrost processes through time. These processes, in turn, affect catchment and within-lake primary productivity as well as catchment soil development. Spatial differences compared to other lake systems at a trans-regional scale likely relate to the high-latitude, mountainous location of Lake Rauchuagytgyn.
Martian atmospheric spectral end-members retrieval from ExoMars Thermal Infrared (TIRVIM) data
(2022)
Key knowledge about planetary composition can be recovered from the study of thermal infrared spectral range datasets.
This range has a huge diagnostic potential because it contains diagnostic absorptions from a planetary surface and atmosphere. The main goal of this study is to process and interpret the dataset from the Thermal Infrared channel (TIRVIM) which is part of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite of the ExoMars2016 Trace Gas Orbiter mission to find and characterize dust and water ice clouds in the atmosphere.
The method employed here is based on the application of principal component analysis and target transformation techniques to extract the independent variable components present in the analyzed dataset. Spectral shapes of both atmospheric dust and water ice aerosols have been recovered from the analysis of TIRVIM data.
The comparison between our results with those previously obtained on Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data and with previous analysis on TIRVIM data, validates the methodology here applied, showing that it allows to correctly recover the atmospheric spectral endmembers present in the TIRVIM data.
Moreover, comparison with atmospheric retrievals on PFS, TES and IRIS data, allowed us to assess the temporal stability and homogeneity of dust and water ice components in the Martian atmosphere over a time period of almost 50 years.
Heat shock factor HSFA2 fine-tunes resetting of thermomemory via plastidic metalloprotease FtsH6
(2022)
The transcription factor HSFA2 fine-tunes a balance between prolongation and resetting of thermomemory in Arabidopsis via the regulation of both memory-supporting and memory-resetting genes.
Plants 'memorize' stressful events and protect themselves from future, often more severe, stresses. To maximize growth after stress, plants 'reset' or 'forget' memories of stressful situations, which requires an intricate balance between stress memory formation and the degree of forgetfulness.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 21 (HSP21) encodes a small heat shock protein in plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana. HSP21 functions as a key component of thermomemory, which requires a sustained elevated level of HSP21 during recovery from heat stress. A heat-induced metalloprotease, filamentation temperature-sensitive H6 (FtsH6), degrades HSP21 to its pre-stress abundance, thereby resetting memory during the recovery phase. The transcription factor heat shock factor A2 (HSFA2) activates downstream genes essential for mounting thermomemory, acting as a positive regulator in the process.
Here, using a yeast one-hybrid screen, we identify HSFA2 as an upstream transactivator of the resetting element FtsH6. Constitutive and inducible overexpression of HSFA2 increases expression of FtsH6, whereas it is drastically reduced in the hsfa2 knockout mutant. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals in planta binding of HSFA2 to the FtsH6 promoter. Importantly, overexpression of HSFA2 improves thermomemory more profoundly in ftsh6 than wild-type plants.
Thus, by activating both memory-supporting and memory-resetting genes, HSFA2 acts as a cellular homeostasis factor during thermomemory.
As cultural diversity is increasing around the globe, a more nuanced understanding of the cultural diversity climate in classroom settings is needed, including how its different aspects relate to student outcomes. We developed the Classroom Cultural Diversity Climate Scale (CCDCS), integrating theory and research from social psychology and multicultural education and including novel facets like polyculturalism, which has not been studied in the school context before. We then studied associations with intergroup relations, socio-emotional adjustment, and school achievement among students of immigrant and non-immigrant background at the individual and classroom levels. The scale includes six subscales in the two broad dimensions of equality and inclusion: contact and cooperation, (un)equal treatment, and color-evasion, and cultural pluralism: heritage and intercultural learning, critical consciousness, and polyculturalism. Using data from 1,335 secondary school students in Germany (Mage = 14.7; 51% male; 51% immigrant background), the scale demonstrated measurement invariance by immigrant background, gender, and school track, and reliability at individual and classroom levels. A more positive diversity climate, with better intercultural relations (equality and inclusion) and more opportunities to learn about cultural diversity (cultural pluralism), was associated with more positive student outcomes. Interestingly, polyculturalism was not associated with negative effects observed for other facets of cultural pluralism. Relations for different climate aspects also varied by outcome and students' immigrant background. This underscores the importance of a nuanced perspective when evaluating different approaches to cultural diversity in context.
Aim: Study aim was to investigate the effects of therapeutic phlebotomy on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with grade 1 hypertension.
Methods: In this randomized-controlled intervention study, patients with unmedicated hypertension grade 1 were randomized into an intervention group (phlebotomy group; 500 mL bloodletting at baseline and after 6 weeks) and a control group (waiting list) and followed up for 8 weeks. Primary endpoint was the 24-h ambulatory mean arterial pressure between the intervention and control groups after 8 weeks. Secondary outcome parameters included ambulatory/resting systolic/diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and selected laboratory parameters (e.g., hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, and ferritin). Resting systolic/diastolic blood pressure/heart rate and blood count were also assessed at 6 weeks before the second phlebotomy to ensure safety. A per-protocol analysis was performed.
Results: Fifty-three hypertension participants (56.7 +/- 10.5 years) were included in the analysis (n = 25 intervention group, n = 28 control group). The ambulatory measured mean arterial pressure decreased by -1.12 +/- 5.16mmHg in the intervention group and increased by 0.43 +/- 3.82mmHg in the control group (between-group difference: -1.55 +/- 4.46, p = 0.22). Hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, and ferritin showed more pronounced reductions in the intervention group in comparison with the control group, with significant between-group differences. Subgroup analysis showed trends regarding the effects on different groups classified by serum ferritin concentration, body mass index, age, and sex. Two adverse events (AEs) (anemia and dizziness) occurred in association with the phlebotomy, but no serious AEs.
Conclusions: Study results showed that therapeutic phlebotomy resulted in only minimal reductions of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement values in patients with unmedicated grade 1 hypertension. Further high-quality clinical studies are warranted, as this finding contradicts the results of other studies.
The early exhumation history of the Tauern Window in the European Eastern Alps and its surface expression is poorly dated and quantified, partly because thermochronological and provenance information are sparse from the Upper Austrian Northern Alpine Foreland Basin. For the first time, we combine a single-grain double-dating approach (Apatite Fission Track and U-Pb dating) with trace-element geochemistry analysis on the same apatites to reconstruct the provenance and exhumation history of the late Oligocene/early Miocene Eastern Alps. The results from 22 samples from the Chattian to Burdigalian sedimentary infill of the Upper Austrian Northern Alpine Foreland Basin were integrated with a 3D seismic-reflection data set and published stratigraphic reports. Our highly discriminative data set indicates an increasing proportion of apatites (from 6% to 23%) with Sr/Y values <0.1 up-section and an increasing amount of apatites (from 24% to 38%) containing >1,000 ppm light rare-earth elements from Chattian to Burdigalian time. The number of U-Pb ages with acceptable uncertainties increases from 40% to 59% up-section, with mostly late Variscan/Permian ages, while an increasing number of grains (10%-27%) have Eocene or younger apatite fission track cooling ages. The changes in the apatite trace-element geochemistry and U-Pb data mirror increased sediment input from an >= upper amphibolite-facies metamorphic source of late Variscan/Permian age - probably the otztal-Bundschuh nappe system - accompanied by increasing exhumation rates indicated by decreasing apatite fission track lag times. We attribute these changes to the surface response to upright folding and doming in the Penninic units of the future Tauern Window starting at 29-27 Ma. This early period of exhumation (0.3-0.6 mm/a) is triggered by early Adriatic indentation along the Giudicarie Fault System.
Prediction is often regarded as a central and domain-general aspect of cognition. This proposal extends to language, where predictive processing might enable the comprehension of rapidly unfolding input by anticipating upcoming words or their semantic features. To make these predictions, the brain needs to form a representation of the predictive patterns in the environment. Predictive processing theories suggest a continuous learning process that is driven by prediction errors, but much is still to be learned about this mechanism in language comprehension. This thesis therefore combined three electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to explore the relationship between prediction and implicit learning at the level of meaning.
Results from Study 1 support the assumption that the brain constantly infers und updates probabilistic representations of the semantic context, potentially across multiple levels of complexity. N400 and P600 brain potentials could be predicted by semantic surprise based on a probabilistic estimate of previous exposure and a more complex probability representation, respectively.
Subsequent work investigated the influence of prediction errors on the update of semantic predictions during sentence comprehension. In line with error-based learning, unexpected sentence continuations in Study 2 ¬– characterized by large N400 amplitudes ¬– were associated with increased implicit memory compared to expected continuations. Further, Study 3 indicates that prediction errors not only strengthen the representation of the unexpected word, but also update specific predictions made from the respective sentence context. The study additionally provides initial evidence that the amount of unpredicted information as reflected in N400 amplitudes drives this update of predictions, irrespective of the strength of the original incorrect prediction.
Together, these results support a central assumption of predictive processing theories: A probabilistic predictive representation at the level of meaning that is updated by prediction errors. They further propose the N400 ERP component as a possible learning signal. The results also emphasize the need for further research regarding the role of the late positive ERP components in error-based learning. The continuous error-based adaptation described in this thesis allows the brain to improve its predictive representation with the aim to make better predictions in the future.
The history of the so-called “New Jewish School” in music began in 1908 in St. Petersburg with the founding of the Society for Jewish Folk Music by students from the St. Petersburg Conservatory. The end of this movement came with the invasion of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, and the dissolution of the Vienna Society for the Promotion of Jewish Music later that year.
The fascinating and dramatic history of the New Jewish School is the subject of this monograph, which summarizes the author’s years of intensive international archival research. While many other national schools of music – such as the Russian, Czech or Hungarian – were able to develop freely and establish themselves in a favorable cultural environment, the Jewish school was violently suppressed. The reconstruction of its historical development in Russia and, after 1917, increasingly in other Eastern and Central European countries was first presented in German in 2004 and has since served as the basis for rediscovery of the valuable, highly original repertoire of New Jewish School composers. For this English-language publication, the entire book has been thoroughly revised and richly supplemented with extensive additional texts and materials.
The years 1953 through the 1970s in the Soviet Union have been called the era of the “Jews of silence.” And yet through various types of musical activities, certain parts of the Jewish population in the USSR were able to maintain a collective cultural identity in the public sphere. Captured as a musical community, this collectivity also extended to non-Jewish composers, musicians, and audiences. As such it thematicized, performed, represented, and received Jewishness, through Yiddish theater and songs, art music, and popular music. Concerts and works conceived for the Soviet stages demonstrate that Jewishness mattered, with music taking on new symbolism and becoming imbued with new meaning. This chapter focuses on the presence (and absence) of Jewish music in the public sphere, specifically in the concert hall and other stages in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union.
We investigate the failed partial eruption of a filament system in NOAA AR 12104 on 2014 July 5, using multiwavelength EUV, magnetogram, and H alpha observations, as well as magnetic field modeling. The filament system consists of two almost co-spatial segments with different end points, both resembling a C shape. Following an ejection and a precursor flare related to flux cancellation, only the upper segment rises and then displays a prominent twisted structure, while rolling over toward its footpoints. The lower segment remains undisturbed, indicating that the system possesses a double-decker structure. The erupted segment ends up with a reverse-C shape, with material draining toward its footpoints, while losing its twist. Using the flux rope insertion method, we construct a model of the source region that qualitatively reproduces key elements of the observed evolution. At the eruption onset, the model consists of a flux rope atop a flux bundle with negligible twist, which is consistent with the observational interpretation that the filament possesses a double-decker structure. The flux rope reaches the critical height of the torus instability during its initial relaxation, while the lower flux bundle remains in stable equilibrium. The eruption terminates when the flux rope reaches a dome-shaped quasi-separatrix layer that is reminiscent of a magnetic fan surface, although no magnetic null is found. The flux rope is destroyed by reconnection with the confining overlying flux above the dome, transferring its twist in the process.
Natural gas can be temporarily stored in a variety of underground facilities, such as depleted gas and oil fields, natural aquifers and caverns in salt rocks. Being extensively monitored during operations, these systems provide a favourable opportunity to investigate how pressure varies in time and space and possibly induces/triggers earthquakes on nearby faults. Elaborate and detailed numerical modelling techniques are often applied to study gas reservoirs. Here we show the possibilities and discuss the limitations of a flexible and easily formulated tool that can be straightforwardly applied to simulate temporal pore-pressure variations and study the relation with recorded microseismic events. We use the software POEL (POroELastic diffusion and deformation) which computes the poroelastic response to fluid injection/extraction in a horizontally layered poroelastic structure. We further develop its application to address the presence of vertical impermeable faults bounding the reservoir and of multiple injection/extraction sources. Exploiting available information on the reservoir geometry and physical parameters, and records of injection/extraction rates for a gas reservoir in southern Europe, we perform an extensive parametric study considering different model configurations. Comparing modelled spatiotemporal pore-pressure variations with in situ measurements, we show that the inclusion of vertical impermeable faults provides an improvement in reproducing the observations and results in pore-pressure accumulation near the faults and in a variation of the temporal pore-pressure diffusion pattern. To study the relation between gas storage activity and recorded local microseismicity, we applied different seismicity models based on the estimated porepressure distribution. This analysis helps to understand the spatial distribution of seismicity and its temporal modulation. The results show that the observed microseismicity could be partly linked to the storage activity, but the contribution of tectonic background seismicity cannot be excluded.
The administrative language used in imperial and city chanceries illustrates formal language use in the Early Modern period, as most evident in its syntactic complexity. Since administrative language was considered prestigious by the literate people of the time, the syntactic features in question are increasingly found in other text types as well (Lötscher 1995, Schwitalla 2002). The present paper investigates early newspapers published in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to evalute their degree of syntactic complexity and hence the extent of formal language used. Contrary to common belief (Admoni 1980, von Polenz 2013), it will be shown that early newspapers do not allow a uniform assessment in terms of their syntactic complexity, when they emerge as a new genre in the seventeenth century: some news segments display a fairly simple syntax, whereas others are of high syntactic complexity. By the end of the eighteenth century, the growing conventionalization of the new genre as well as the impact of standardization processes render newspapers much more balanced in terms of syntactic complexity. Unlike previous work on the syntactic complexity of newspaper language, the measurement of syntactic complexity takes into account not only sentence length and the relationship between independent and dependent clauses, but also the placement of adverbial clauses in relation to their associated clause.
Reservoir-triggered seismicity has been observed near dams during construction, impoundment, and cyclic filling in many parts of the earth. In Turkey, the number of dams has increased substantially over the last decade, with Ataturk Dam being the largest dam in Turkey with a total water capacity of 48.7 billion m(3). After the construction of the dam, the monitoring network has improved. Considering earthquakes above the long-term completeness magnitude of M-C = 3.5, the local seismicity rate has substantially increased after the filling of the reservoir. Recently, two damaging earthquakes of M-w 5.5 and M-w 5.1 occurred in the town of Samsat near the Ataturk Reservoir in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In this study, we analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of seismicity and its source properties in relation to the temporal water-level variations and the stresses resulting from surface loading and pore-pressure diffusion. We find that water-level and seismicity rate are anti-correlated, which is explained by the stabilization effect of the gravitational induced stress imposed by water loading on the local faults. On the other hand, we find that the overall effective stress in the seismogenic zone increased over decades due to pore-pressure diffusion, explaining the enhanced background seismicity during recent years. Additionally, we observe a progressive decrease of the Gutenberg-Richter b-value. Our results indicate that the stressing rate finally focused on the region where the two damaging earthquakes occurred in 2017 and 2018.
Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids based on the conjugated polymer P3HT and mesoporous silicon
(2022)
Organic-inorganic hybrids are a class of functional materials that combine favorable properties of their constituents to achieve an overall improved performance for a wide range of applications. This article presents the synthesis route for P3HT-porous silicon hybrids for thermoelectric applications. The conjugated polymer P3HT is incorporated into the porous silicon matrix by means of melt infiltration. Gravimetry, sorption isotherms and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping indicate that the organic molecules occupy more than 50% of the void space in the inorganic host. We demonstrate that subsequent diffusion-based doping of the confined polymer in a FeCl3 solution increases the electrical conductivity of the hybrid by five orders of magnitude compared to the empty porous silicon host.
The accelerating climatic changes and new infrastructure development across the Arctic require more robust risk and environmental assessment, but thus far there is no consistent record of human impact. We provide a first panarctic satellite-based record of expanding infrastructure and anthropogenic impacts along all permafrost affected coasts (100 km buffer, approximate to 6.2 Mio km(2)), named the Sentinel-1/2 derived Arctic Coastal Human Impact (SACHI) dataset. The completeness and thematic content goes beyond traditional satellite based approaches as well as other publicly accessible data sources. Three classes are considered: linear transport infrastructure (roads and railways), buildings, and other impacted area. C-band synthetic aperture radar and multi-spectral information (2016-2020) is exploited within a machine learning framework (gradient boosting machines and deep learning) and combined for retrieval with 10 m nominal resolution. In total, an area of 1243 km(2) constitutes human-built infrastructure as of 2016-2020. Depending on region, SACHI contains 8%-48% more information (human presence) than in OpenStreetMap. 221 (78%) more settlements are identified than in a recently published dataset for this region. 47% is not covered in a global night-time light dataset from 2016. At least 15% (180 km(2)) correspond to new or increased detectable human impact since 2000 according to a Landsat-based normalized difference vegetation index trend comparison within the analysis extent. Most of the expanded presence occurred in Russia, but also some in Canada and US. 31% and 5% of impacted area associated predominantly with oil/gas and mining industry respectively has appeared after 2000. 55% of the identified human impacted area will be shifting to above 0 C-circle ground temperature at two meter depth by 2050 if current permafrost warming trends continue at the pace of the last two decades, highlighting the critical importance to better understand how much and where Arctic infrastructure may become threatened by permafrost thaw.
This article presents inelastic thermal neutron scattering experiments probing the phonon dispersion in mesoporous silicon with pores 8 nm across. Scattering studies reveal the energy-momentum relation for transverse and longitudinal phonons along the high symmetry directions , and in the Brillouin zone. The dispersion up to phonon energies of 35 meV unambiguously proves that the phonon group velocities in highly-crystalline silicon are not modified by nanostructuring down to sub-10 nanometer length scales. On these length scales, there is apparently no effect of structuring on the elastic moduli of mesoporous silicon. No evidence can be found for phonon-softening in topologically complex, geometrically disordered mesoporous silicon putting it in contrast to silicon nanotubes and nanoribbons.
Instructional videos are widely used to study teachers' professional vision. A new technological development in video research is mobile eye-tracking (MET). It has the potential to provide fine-grained insights into teachers' professional vision in action, but has yet been scarcely employed. We addressed this research gap by using MET video feedback to examine how expert and novice teachers differed in their noticing and weighing of alternative teaching strategies. Expert and novice teachers' lessons were recorded with MET devices. Then, they commented on what they observe while watching their own teaching videos. Using a mixed methods approach, we found that expert and novice teachers did not differ in the number of classroom events they noticed and alternative teaching strategies they mentioned. However, novice teachers were more critical of their own teaching than expert teachers, particularly when they considered alternative teaching strategies. Practical implications for the field of teacher education are discussed.
We revise the conceptual model of calcite varves and present, for the first time, a dual lake monitoring study in two alkaline lakes providing new insights into the seasonal sedimentation processes forming these varves. The study lakes, Tiefer See in NE Germany and Czechowskie in N Poland, have distinct morphology and bathymetry, and therefore, they are ideal to decipher local effects on seasonal deposition. The monitoring setup in both lakes is largely identical and includes instrumental observation of (i) meteorological parameters, (ii) chemical profiling of the lake water column including water sampling, and (iii) sediment trapping at both bi-weekly and monthly intervals. We then compare our monitoring data with varve micro-facies in the sediment record. One main finding is that calcite varves form complex laminae triplets rather than simple couplets as commonly thought. Sedimentation of varve sub-layers in both lakes is largely dependent on the lake mixing dynamics and results from the same seasonality, commencing with diatom blooms in spring turning into a pulse of calcite precipitation in summer and terminating with a re-suspension layer in autumn and winter, composed of calcite patches, plant fragments and benthic diatoms. Despite the common seasonal cycle, the share of each of these depositional phases in the total annual sediment yield is different between the lakes. In Lake Tiefer See calcite sedimentation has the highest yields, whereas in Lake Czechowskie, the so far underestimated re-suspension sub-layer dominates the sediment accumulation. Even in undisturbed varved sediments, re-suspended material becomes integrated in the sediment fabric and makes up an important share of calcite varves. Thus, while the biogeochemical lake cycle defines the varves' autochthonous components and micro-facies, the physical setting plays an important role in determining the varve sub-layers' proportion.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as a consequence of overnutrition caused by high-calorie diets, results in obesity and disturbed lipid homeostasis leading to hepatic lipid droplet formation. Lipid droplets can impair hepatocellular function; therefore, it is of utmost importance to degrade these cellular structures. This requires the normal function of the autophagic-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. We demonstrated in NZO mice, a polygenic model of obesity, which were compared to C57BL/6J (B6) mice, that a high-fat diet leads to obesity and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver. This was accompanied by a loss of autophagy efficiency whereas the activity of lysosomal proteases and the 20S proteasome remained unaffected. The disturbance of cellular protein homeostasis was further demonstrated by the accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal modified proteins, which are normally prone to degradation. Therefore, we conclude that fat accumulation in the liver due to a high-fat diet is associated with a failure of autophagy and leads to the disturbance of proteostasis. This might further contribute to lipid droplet stabilization and accumulation.
Large earthquakes can increase the amount of water feeding stream flows, raise groundwater levels, and thus grant plant roots more access to water in water-limited environments. We examine growth and photosynthetic responses of Pine plantations to the Maule M-w 8.8 earthquake in headwater catchments of Chile's Coastal Range. We combine high-resolution wood anatomic (lumen area) and biogeochemical (delta 13C of wood cellulose) proxies of daily to weekly tree growth sampled from trees on floodplains and close to ridge lines. We find that, immediately after the earthquake, at least two out of six tree trees on valley floors had increased lumen area and decreased delta 13C, while trees on hillslopes had a reverse trend. Our results indicate a control of soil water on this response, largely consistent with models that predict how enhanced postseismic vertical soil permeability causes groundwater levels to rise on valley floors, but fall along the ridges. Statistical analysis with boosted regression trees indicates that streamflow discharge gained predictive importance for photosynthetic activity on the ridges, but lost importance on the valley floor after the earthquake. We infer that earthquakes may stimulate ecohydrological conditions favoring tree growth over days to weeks by triggering stomatal opening. The weak and short-lived signals that we identified, however, show that such responses are only valid under water-limited, rather than energy-limited tree, growth. Hence, dendrochronological studies targeted at annual resolution may overlook some earthquake effects on tree vitality.
The use of post-processing heat treatments is often considered a necessary approach to relax high-magnitude residual stresses (RS) formed during the layerwise additive manufacturing laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). In this work, three heat treatment strategies using temperatures of 450 degrees C, 800 degrees C, and 900 degrees C are applied to austenitic stainless steel 316L samples manufactured by LPBF. These temperatures encompass the suggested lower and upper bounds of heat treatment temperatures of conventionally processed 316L. The relaxation of the RS is characterized by neutron diffraction (ND), and the associated changes of the microstructure are analyzed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lower bound heat treatment variant of 450 degrees C for 4 hours exhibited high tensile and compressive RS. When applying subsequent heat treatments, we show that stress gradients are still observed after applying 800 degrees C for 1 hour but almost completely vanish when applying 900 degrees C for 1 hour. The observed near complete relaxation of the RS appears to be closely related to the evolution of the characteristic subgrain solidification cellular microstructure.
The vertical flux of marine snow particles significantly reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In the mesopelagic zone, a large proportion of the organic carbon carried by sinking particles dissipates thereby escaping long term sequestration. Particle associated prokaryotes are largely responsible for such organic carbon loss. However, links between this important ecosystem flux and ecological processes such as community development of prokaryotes on different particle fractions (sinking vs. non-sinking) are yet virtually unknown. This prevents accurate predictions of mesopelagic organic carbon loss in response to changing ocean dynamics. Using combined measurements of prokaryotic heterotrophic production rates and species richness in the North Atlantic, we reveal that carbon loss rates and associated microbial richness are drastically different with particle fractions. Our results demonstrate a strong negative correlation between prokaryotic carbon losses and species richness. Such a trend may be related to prokaryotes detaching from fast-sinking particles constantly enriching non-sinking associated communities in the mesopelagic zone. Existing global scale data suggest this negative correlation is a widespread feature of mesopelagic microbes.
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission carries magnetometers that are dedicated to enhance the satellite's navigation. After appropriate calibration and characterisation of artificial magnetic disturbances, these observations are valuable assets to characterise the natural variability of Earth's magnetic field. We describe the data pre-processing, the calibration, and characterisation strategy against a high-precision magnetic field model applied to the GRACE-FO magnetic data. During times of geomagnetic quiet conditions, the mean residual to the magnetic model is around 1 nT with standard deviations below 10 nT. The mean difference to data of ESA's Swarm mission, which is dedicated to monitor the Earth's magnetic field, is mainly within +/- 10 nT during conjunctions. The performance of GRACE-FO magnetic data is further discussed on selected scientific examples. During a magnetic storm event in August 2018, GRACE-FO reveals the local time dependence of the magnetospheric ring current signature, which is in good agreement with results from a network of ground magnetic observations. Also, derived field-aligned currents (FACs) are applied to monitor auroral FACs that compare well in amplitude and statistical behaviour for local time, hemisphere, and solar wind conditions to approved earlier findings from other missions including Swarm. On a case event, it is demonstrated that the dual-satellite constellation of GRACE-FO is most suitable to derive the persistence of auroral FACs with scale lengths of 180 km or longer. Due to a relatively larger noise level compared to dedicated magnetic missions, GRACE-FO is especially suitable for high-amplitude event studies. However, GRACE-FO is also sensitive to ionospheric signatures even below the noise level within statistical approaches. The combination with data of dedicated magnetic field missions and other missions carrying non-dedicated magnetometers greatly enhances related scientific perspectives.
Antarctica is the last pristine environment on Earth, its biota being adapted to the harsh and extreme polar climate. Until now, soil formation and vegetation development in continental Antarctica were considered very slow due to the extreme conditions of this polar desert. Since the austral summer 2002/2003, a long-term monitoring network of the terrestrial ecosystems (soils, vegetation, active layer thickness) has been established at Victoria Land (VL) across a > 500 km latitudinal gradient of coastal sites (73 degrees -77 degrees S). In only one decade large ecosystem changes were detected. Climate was characterized by a significant increase of thawing degree days in northern VL and of autumn air temperature. No extreme climatic events (such as hot spells) where detected in the study period. Soil chemistry suffered large quantitative changes, clearly indicating rapid pedogenetic processes. In most soils the upper layers exhibited a strong alkalinization (pH increases up to 3 units) and increases in conductivity, anions and cations (in particular of SO4 and Na). The largest changes were observed in soils with low vegetation cover. Statistically significant differences in soil chemistry were detected between soils with high and low vegetation cover, the former showing lower pH, conductivity, Na and Cl. Most plots exhibited changes of total cover, species richness and floristic composition, with vegetation expansion in soils with low vegetation cover and the largest increase recorded at Apostrophe Island (northern VL). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified the main trend of vegetation change, with a shift from lower to higher cover and a secondary trend of change associated with a gradient of water availability, consistent with an increase in water instead of snow. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified the trend of change in soil chemistry with increases in pH, conductivity, anions and cations associated with the concomitant decrease in C, N, NO3, PO4. The RDA confirmed that soil changes were associated with a gradient of vegetation change (from low to high cover) as well as of water availability, as already indirectly outlined by the PCA. Field manipulation experiments carried out at five locations of the network between 73 degrees S and 77 degrees S, simulating increases of precipitation from snow or water additions didn't induce changes in soil pH, indicating that pulse events of snow accumulation or melting could not trigger persistent soil pH changes. These data allow hypothesize the occurrence of a main ecosystem change occurring at regional scale at Victoria Land. The slight air warming and its consequences on soil chemistry and vegetation, further highlight the sensitivity of the fragile Antarctic ecosystems to the consequences of even small changes in climate.
Seafloor spreading at slow rates can be accommodated on large-offset oceanic detachment faults (ODFs), that exhume lower crustal and mantle rocks in footwall domes termed oceanic core complexes (OCCs). Footwall rocks experience large rotation during exhumation, yet important aspects of the kinematics-particularly the relative roles of solid-block rotation and flexure-are not clearly understood. Using a high-resolution numerical model, we explore the exhumation kinematics in the footwall beneath an emergent ODF/OCC. A key feature of the models is that footwall motion is dominated by solid-block rotation, accommodated by the nonplanar, concave-down fault interface. A consequence is that curvature measured along the ODF is representative of a neutral stress configuration, rather than a "bent" one. Instead, it is in the subsequent process of "apparent unbending" that significant flexural stresses are developed in the model footwall. The brittle strain associated with apparent unbending is produced dominantly in extension, beneath the OCC, consistent with earthquake clustering observed in the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
We consider sedimented at a solid wall particles that are immersed in water containing small additives of photosensitive ionic surfactants. It is shown that illumination with an appropriate wavelength, a beam intensity profile, shape and size could lead to a variety of dynamic, both unsteady and steady state, configurations of particles. These dynamic, well-controlled and switchable particle patterns at the wall are due to an emerging diffusio-osmotic flow that takes its origin in the adjacent to the wall electrostatic diffuse layer, where the concentration gradients of surfactant are induced by light. The conventional nonporous particles are passive and can move only with already generated flow. However, porous colloids actively participate themselves in the flow generation mechanism at the wall, which also sets their interactions that can be very long ranged. This light-induced diffusio-osmosis opens novel avenues to manipulate colloidal particles and assemble them to various patterns. We show in particular how to create and split optically the confined regions of particles of tunable size and shape, where well-controlled flow-induced forces on the colloids could result in their crystalline packing, formation of dilute lattices of well-separated particles, and other states.
On the effects of disorder on the ability of oscillatory or directional dynamics to synchronize
(2024)
In this thesis I present a collection of publications of my work, containing analytic results and observations in numerical experiments on the effects of various inhomogeneities, on the ability of coupled oscillators to synchronize their collective dynamics. Most of these works are concerned with the effects of Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise acting on the phase of autonomous oscillators (Secs. 2.1-2.4) or on the direction of higher dimensional state vectors (Secs. 2.5,2.6). I obtain exact and approximate solutions to the non-linear equations governing the distributions of phases, or perform linear stability analysis of the uniform distribution to obtain the transition point from a completely disordered state to partial order or more complicated collective behavior. Other inhomogeneities, that can affect synchronization of coupled oscillators, are irregular, chaotic oscillations or a complex, and possibly random structure in the coupling network. In Section 2.9 I present a new method to define the phase- and frequency linear response function for chaotic oscillators. In Sections 2.4, 2.7 and 2.8 I study synchronization in complex networks of coupled oscillators. Each section in Chapter 2 - Manuscripts, is devoted to one research paper and begins with a list of the main results, a description of my contributions to the work and a short account of the scientific context, i.e. the questions and challenges which started the research and the relation of the work to my other research projects. The manuscripts in this thesis are reproductions of the arXiv versions, i.e. preprints under the creative commons licence.
Mental health of Japanese workers: amotivation mediates self-compassion on mental health problems
(2022)
Workplace mental health is a cause for concern in many countries. Globally, 78% of the workforce experienced impairment of their mental health in 2020. In Japan, more than half of employees are mentally distressed.
Previously, research has identified that self-compassion (i.e., being kind and understanding towards oneself) and work motivation were important to their mental health.
However, how these three components relate to each other remains to be elucidated. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the relationship between mental health problems, self-compassion and work motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation).
A cross-sectional design was employed, where 165 Japanese workers completed self-report scales regarding those three components. A correlation and path analyses were conducted.
Mental health problems were positively associated with amotivation and negatively associated with age and self-compassion. While intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation did not mediate the impact of self-compassion on mental health problems, amotivation did.
The findings can help managers and organizational psychologists help identify effective approaches to improving work mental health.
Fungal biotransformation is an attractive synthetic strategy to produce highly specific compounds with chemical functionality in regions of the carbon skeleton that are not easily activated by conventional organic chemistry methods.
In this work, Cladosporium antarcticum isolated from sediments of Glacier Collins in Antarctica was used to obtain novel drimane sesquiterpenoids alcohols with activity against Candida yeast from drimendiol and epidrimendiol. These compounds were produced by the high-yield reduction of polygodial and isotadeonal with NaBH4 in methanol.
Cladosporium antarcticum produced two major products from drimendiol, identified as 9 alpha-hydroxydrimendiol (1, 41.4 mg, 19.4% yield) and 3 beta-hydroxydrimendiol (2, 74.8 mg, 35% yield), whereas the biotransformation of epidrimendiol yielded only one product, 9 beta-hydroxyepidrimendiol (3, 86.6 mg, 41.6% yield).
The products were purified by column chromatography and their structure elucidated by NMR and MS. The antifungal activity of compounds 1-3 was analyzed against Candida albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis, showing that compound 2 has a MIC lower than 15 mu g/mL against the three-pathogenic yeast.
In silico studies suggest that a possible mechanism of action for the novel compounds is the inhibition of the enzyme lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase, affecting the ergosterol synthesis.
The wetland cover is defined as the spatially homogenous region of a wetland attributed to the underlying biophysical conditions such as vegetation, turbidity, hydric soil, and the amount of water.
Here, we present a novel method to derive the wetland-cover types (WCTs) combining three commonly used multispectral indices, NDVI, MNDWI, and NDTI, in three large Ramsar wetlands located in different geomorphic and climatic settings across India. These wetlands include the Kaabar Tal, a floodplain wetland in east Ganga Plains, Chilika Lagoon, a coastal wetland in eastern India, and Nal Sarovar in semi-arid western India.
The novelty of our approach is that the derived WCTs are stable in space and time, and therefore, a given WCT across different wetlands or within different zones of a large wetland will imply similar underlying biophysical attributes.
The WCTs can therefore provide a novel tool for monitoring and change detection of wetland cover types.
We have automated the proposed WCT algorithm using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment and by developing ArcGIS tools. The method can be implemented on any wetland and using any multispectral imagery dataset with visible and NIR bands.
The proposed methodology is simple yet robust and easy to implement and, therefore, holds significant importance in wetland monitoring and management.
Introduction:
Positively conditioned Pavlovian cues tend to promote approach and negative cues promote withdrawal in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm, and the strength of this PIT effect was associated with the subsequent relapse risk in alcohol-dependent (AD) patients.
When investigating the effect of alcohol-related background cues, instrumental approach behavior was inhibited in subsequent abstainers but not relapsers. An automatic approach bias towards alcohol can be modified using a cognitive bias modification (CBM) intervention, which has previously been shown to reduce the relapse risk in AD patients. Here we examined the effects of such CBM training on PIT effects and explored its effect on the relapse risk in detoxified AD patients.
Methods:
N = 81 recently detoxified AD patients performed non-drug-related and drug-related PIT tasks before and after CBM versus placebo training. In addition, an alcohol approach/avoidance task (aAAT) was performed before and after the training to assess the alcohol approach bias. Patients were followed up for 6 months.
Results:
A stronger alcohol approach bias as well as a stronger non-drug-related PIT effect predicted relapse status in AD patients. No significant difference regarding relapse status or the number of heavy drinking days was found when comparing the CBM training group versus the placebo group.
Moreover, there was no significant modulation effect of CBM training on any PIT effect or the aAAT.
Conclusion:
A higher alcohol approach bias in the aAAT and a stronger non-drug-related PIT effect both predicted relapse in AD patients, while treatment outcome was not associated with the drug-related PIT effect. Unlike expected, CBM training did not significantly interact with the non-drug-related or the drug-related PIT effects or the alcohol approach bias.
Materials realizing the XY model in two dimensions are sparse.
Here we use neutron triple-axis spectroscopy to investigate the critical static and dynamical magnetic fluctuations in the square-lattice antiferromagnets Ca2RuO4 and Ca3Ru2O7.
We probe the temperature dependence of the antiferromagnetic Bragg intensity, the Q width, the amplitude, and the energy width of the magnetic diffuse scattering in the vicinity of the Neel temperature T-N to determine the critical behavior of the magnetic order parameter M, correlation length xi, susceptibility chi, and the characteristic energy Gamma with the corresponding critical exponents beta, nu, gamma, and z, respectively.
We find that the critical behaviors of the single-layer compound Ca2RuO4 follow universal scaling laws that are compatible with predictions of the two-dimensional (2D) XY model.
The bilayer compound Ca3Ru2O7 is only partly consistent with the 2D XY theory and best described by the three-dimensional (3D) Ising model, which is likely a consequence of the intrabilayer exchange interactions in combination with an orthorhombic single-ion anisotropy.
Hence, our results suggest that layered ruthenates are promising solid-state platforms for research on the 2D XY model and the effects of 3D interactions and additional spin-space anisotropies on the magnetic fluctuations.
Mitochondrial stress-induced GFRAL signaling controls diurnal food intake and anxiety-like behavior
(2022)
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a mitochondrial stressinduced cytokine that modulates energy balance in an endocrine manner.
However, the importance of its brainstem-restricted receptor GDNF family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) to mediate endocrine GDF15 signaling to the brain uponmitochondrial dysfunction is still unknown. Using a mouse model with muscle-specific mitochondrial dysfunction, we here show that GFRAL is required for activation of systemic energy metabolism via daytime-restricted anorexia but not responsible for muscle wasting.
We further find that muscle mitochondrial stress response involves a GFRAL-dependent induction of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, without elevated corticosterone levels.
Finally, we identify that GFRAL signaling governs an anxiety-like behavior in male mice with muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, with females showing a less robust GFRAL-dependent anxiety-like phenotype.
Together, we here provide novel evidence of a mitochondrial stress-induced muscle-brain crosstalk via the GDF15-GFRAL axis to modulate food intake and anxiogenic behavior.
In star-forming galaxies, the far-infrared (FIR) and radio-continuum luminosities obey a tight empirical relation over a large range of star-formation rates (SFR).
To understand the physics, we examine magnetohydrodynamic galaxy simulations, which follow the genesis of cosmic ray (CR) protons at supernovae and their advective and anisotropic diffusive transport.
We show that gravitational collapse of the proto-galaxy generates a corrugated accretion shock, which injects turbulence and drives a small-scale magnetic dynamo. As the shock propagates outwards and the associated turbulence decays, the large velocity shear between the supersonically rotating cool disc with respect to the (partially) pressure-supported hot circumgalactic medium excites Kelvin-Helmholtz surface and body modes.
Those interact non-linearly, inject additional turbulence and continuously drive multiple small-scale dynamos, which exponentially amplify weak seed magnetic fields.
After saturation at small scales, they grow in scale to reach equipartition with thermal and CR energies in Milky Way-mass galaxies. In small galaxies, the magnetic energy saturates at the turbulent energy while it fails to reach equipartition with thermal and CR energies.
We solve for steady-state spectra of CR protons, secondary electrons/positrons from hadronic CR-proton interactions with the interstellar medium, and primary shock-accelerated electrons at supernovae.
The radio-synchrotron emission is dominated by primary electrons, irradiates the magnetized disc and bulge of our simulated Milky Way-mass galaxy and weakly traces bubble-shaped magnetically loaded outflows.
Our star-forming and star-bursting galaxies with saturated magnetic fields match the global FIR-radio correlation (FRC) across four orders of magnitude. Its intrinsic scatter arises due to (i) different magnetic saturation levels that result from different seed magnetic fields, (ii) different radio synchrotron luminosities for different specific SFRs at fixed SFR, and (iii) a varying radio intensity with galactic inclination.
In agreement with observations, several 100-pc-sized regions within star-forming galaxies also obey the FRC, while the centres of starbursts substantially exceed the FRC.
A key in controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the assessment of the immune status of the population. We explored the utility of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs) as antigens to detect specific humoral immune reactions in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
For this purpose, SARS-CoV-2 VLPs were produced from an engineered cell line and characterized by Western blot, ELISA, and nanoparticle tracking analysis.
Subsequently, we collected 42 serum samples from before the pandemic (2014), 89 samples from healthy subjects, and 38 samples from vaccinated subjects. Seventeen samples were collected less than three weeks after infection, and forty-four samples more than three weeks after infection.
All serum samples were characterized for their reactivity with VLPs and the SARS-CoV-2 N- and S-protein.
Finally, we compared the performance of the VLP-based ELISA with a certified in vitro diagnostic device (IVD). In the applied set of samples, we determined a sensitivity of 95.5% and a specificity of 100% for the certified IVD.
There were seven samples with an uncertain outcome. Our VLP-ELISA demonstrated a superior performance, with a sensitivity of 97.5%, a specificity of 100%, and only three uncertain outcomes.
This result warrants further research to develop a certified IVD based on SARS-CoV-2 VLPs as an antigen.
Data preparation stands as a cornerstone in the landscape of data science workflows, commanding a significant portion—approximately 80%—of a data scientist's time. The extensive time consumption in data preparation is primarily attributed to the intricate challenge faced by data scientists in devising tailored solutions for downstream tasks. This complexity is further magnified by the inadequate availability of metadata, the often ad-hoc nature of preparation tasks, and the necessity for data scientists to grapple with a diverse range of sophisticated tools, each presenting its unique intricacies and demands for proficiency.
Previous research in data management has traditionally concentrated on preparing the content within columns and rows of a relational table, addressing tasks, such as string disambiguation, date standardization, or numeric value normalization, commonly referred to as data cleaning. This focus assumes a perfectly structured input table. Consequently, the mentioned data cleaning tasks can be effectively applied only after the table has been successfully loaded into the respective data cleaning environment, typically in the later stages of the data processing pipeline.
While current data cleaning tools are well-suited for relational tables, extensive data repositories frequently contain data stored in plain text files, such as CSV files, due to their adaptable standard. Consequently, these files often exhibit tables with a flexible layout of rows and columns, lacking a relational structure. This flexibility often results in data being distributed across cells in arbitrary positions, typically guided by user-specified formatting guidelines.
Effectively extracting and leveraging these tables in subsequent processing stages necessitates accurate parsing. This thesis emphasizes what we define as the “structure” of a data file—the fundamental characters within a file essential for parsing and comprehending its content. Concentrating on the initial stages of the data preprocessing pipeline, this thesis addresses two crucial aspects: comprehending the structural layout of a table within a raw data file and automatically identifying and rectifying any structural issues that might hinder its parsing. Although these issues may not directly impact the table's content, they pose significant challenges in parsing the table within the file.
Our initial contribution comprises an extensive survey of commercially available data preparation tools. This survey thoroughly examines their distinct features, the lacking features, and the necessity for preliminary data processing despite these tools. The primary goal is to elucidate the current state-of-the-art in data preparation systems while identifying areas for enhancement. Furthermore, the survey explores the encountered challenges in data preprocessing, emphasizing opportunities for future research and improvement.
Next, we propose a novel data preparation pipeline designed for detecting and correcting structural errors. The aim of this pipeline is to assist users at the initial preprocessing stage by ensuring the correct loading of their data into their preferred systems. Our approach begins by introducing SURAGH, an unsupervised system that utilizes a pattern-based method to identify dominant patterns within a file, independent of external information, such as data types, row structures, or schemata. By identifying deviations from the dominant pattern, it detects ill-formed rows. Subsequently, our structure correction system, TASHEEH, gathers the identified ill-formed rows along with dominant patterns and employs a novel pattern transformation algebra to automatically rectify errors. Our pipeline serves as an end-to-end solution, transforming a structurally broken CSV file into a well-formatted one, usually suitable for seamless loading.
Finally, we introduce MORPHER, a user-friendly GUI integrating the functionalities of both SURAGH and TASHEEH. This interface empowers users to access the pipeline's features through visual elements. Our extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our data preparation systems, requiring no user involvement. Both SURAGH and TASHEEH outperform existing state-of-the-art methods significantly in both precision and recall.
Adults' ratings of children's personality have been found to be more closely associated with academic performance than children's self-reports. However, less is known about the relevance of the unique perspectives held by specific adult observers such as teachers and parents for explaining variance in academic performance. In this study, we applied bifactor (S-1) models for 1411 elementary school children to investigate the relative merits of teacher and parent ratings of children's personalities for academic performance above and beyond the children's self-reports. We examined these associations using standardized achievement test scores in addition to grades. We found that teachers' unique views on children's openness and conscientiousness had the strongest associations with academic performance. Parents' unique views on children's neuroticism showed incremental associations above teacher ratings or self-reports. For extraversion and agreeableness, however, children's self-reports were more strongly associated with academic performance than teacher or parent ratings. These results highlight the differential value of using multiple informants when explaining academic performance with personality traits.
Rising childhood obesity with its detrimental health consequences poses a challenge to the health care system. Community-based, multi-setting interventions with the participatory involvement of relevant stakeholders are emerging as promising. To gain insights into the structural and processual characteristics of stakeholder networks, conducting a network analysis (NA) is advisable. Within the program "Family+-Healthy Living Together in Families and Schools", a network analysis was conducted in two rural model regions and one urban model region. Relevant stakeholders were identified in 2020-2021 through expert interviews and interviewed by telephone to elicit key variables such as frequency of contact and intensity of collaboration. Throughout the NA, characteristics such as density, centrality, and connectedness were analyzed and are presented graphically. Due to the differences in the number of inhabitants and the rural or urban structure of the model regions, the three networks (network#1, network#2, and network#3) included 20, 14, and 12 stakeholders, respectively. All networks had similar densities (network#1, 48%; network#2, 52%; network#3, 42%), whereas the degree centrality of network#1 (0.57) and network#3 (0.58) was one-third higher compared with network#2 (0.39). All three networks differed in the distribution of stakeholders in terms of field of expertise and structural orientation. On average, stakeholders exchanged information quarterly and were connected on an informal level. Based on the results of the NA, it appears to be useful to initialize a community health facilitator to involve relevant stakeholders from the education, sports, and health systems in projects and to strive for the goal of sustainable health promotion, regardless of the rural or urban structure of the region. Participatory involvement of relevant stakeholders can have a positive influence on the effective dissemination of information and networking with other stakeholders.
The Alpine mountains in central Europe are characterized by a heterogeneous crust accumulating different tectonic units and blocks in close proximity to sedimentary foreland basins. Centroid moment tensor inversion provides insight into the faulting mechanisms of earthquakes and related tectonic processes but is significantly aggravated in such an environment. Thanks to the dense AlpArray seismic network and our flexible bootstrap-based inversion tool Grond, we are able to test different setups with respect to the uncertainties of the obtained moment tensors and centroid locations. We evaluate the influence of frequency bands, azimuthal gaps, input data types, and distance ranges and study the occurrence and reliability of non-double-couple (DC) components. We infer that for most earthquakes (M-w >= 3.3) a combination of time domain full waveforms and frequency domain amplitude spectra in a frequency band of 0.02-0.07 Hz is suitable. Relying on the results of our methodological tests, we perform deviatoric moment tensor (MT) inversions for events with M-w > 3.0. Here, we present 75 solutions for earthquakes between January 2016 and December 2019 and analyze our results in the seismotectonic context of historical earthquakes, seismic activity of the last 3 decades, and GNSS deformation data. We study regions of comparably high seismic activity during the last decades, namely the Western Alps, the region around Lake Garda, and the eastern Southern Alps, as well as clusters further from the study region, i.e., in the northern Dinarides and the Apennines. Seismicity is particularly low in the Eastern Alps and in parts of the Central Alps. We apply a clustering algorithm to focal mechanisms, considering additional mechanisms from existing catalogs. Related to the N-S compressional regime, E-W-to-ENE-WSW-striking thrust faulting is mainly observed in the Friuli area in the eastern Southern Alps. Strike-slip faulting with a similarly oriented pressure axis is observed along the northern margin of the Central Alps and in the northern Dinarides. NW-SE-striking normal faulting is observed in the NW Alps, showing a similar strike direction to normal faulting earthquakes in the Apennines. Both our centroid depths and hypocentral depths in existing catalogs indicate that Alpine seismicity is predominantly very shallow; about 80% of the studied events have depths shallower than 10 km.
The magnitude of earthquakes on continental normal faults rarely exceeds 7.0 Mw. However, because of their vicinity to large population centers they can be highly destructive.
Long recurrence time, relatively small deformations, and limited observations hinder our understanding of the deformation patterns and mechanisms controlling the magnitude of events.
Here, this problem is addressed with 2D thermomechanical modeling of normal fault seismic cycles.
The 2020 Samos, Greece Mw7.0 earthquake is used as an example as it is one of the largest and most studied continental normal fault earthquakes. The modeling approach employs visco-elasto-plastic rheology, compressibility, free surface, and a rate-and-state friction law for the fault.
Modeling of the Samos earthquake suggests the pore fluid pressure ratio on the fault ranges from 0 to 0.7. The model demonstrates that most of the deformation during interseismic and coseismic periods, besides on the fault, occurs in the hanging wall and footwall below the seismogenic part of the fault. The largest vertical surface displacement during the earthquake is the subsidence of the hanging wall in the vicinity of the fault, while the uplift of the footwall and remote part of the hanging wall is significantly smaller.
Modeling of the seismic cycles on normal faults with different setups shows the dependency of the magnitude on the thermal profile and dipping angle of the fault; low heat flow and low dipping angle are favorable conditions for the largest events, while steep normal faults in the areas of high heat flow tend to have the smallest magnitudes.
In a warming Arctic, permafrost-related disturbances, such as retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS), are becoming more abundant and dynamic, with serious implications for permafrost stability and bio-geochemical cycles on local to regional scales. Despite recent advances in the field of earth observation, many of these have remained undetected as RTS are highly dynamic, small, and scattered across the remote permafrost region. Here, we assessed the potential strengths and limitations of using deep learning for the automatic segmentation of RTS using PlanetScope satellite imagery, ArcticDEM and auxiliary datasets. We analyzed the transferability and potential for pan-Arctic upscaling and regional cross-validation, with independent training and validation regions, in six different thaw slump-affected regions in Canada and Russia. We further tested state-of-the-art model architectures (UNet, UNet++, DeepLabv3) and encoder networks to find optimal model configurations for potential upscaling to continental scales. The best deep learning models achieved mixed results from good to very good agreement in four of the six regions (maxIoU: 0.39 to 0.58; Lena River, Horton Delta, Herschel Island, Kolguev Island), while they failed in two regions (Banks Island, Tuktoyaktuk). Of the tested architectures, UNet++ performed the best. The large variance in regional performance highlights the requirement for a sufficient quantity, quality and spatial variability in the training data used for segmenting RTS across diverse permafrost landscapes, in varying environmental conditions. With our highly automated and configurable workflow, we see great potential for the transfer to active RTS clusters (e.g., Peel Plateau) and upscaling to much larger regions.
Background Mass gatherings (MGs) such as music festivals and sports events have been associated with a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. On-site research can foster knowledge of risk factors for infections and improve risk assessments and precautionary measures at future MGs. We tested a web-based participatory disease surveillance tool to detect COVID-19 infections at and after an outdoor MG by collecting self-reported COVID-19 symptoms and tests. Methods We conducted a digital prospective observational cohort study among fully immunized attendees of a sports festival that took place from September 2 to 5, 2021 in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Participants used our study app to report demographic data, COVID-19 tests, symptoms, and their contact behavior. This self-reported data was used to define probable and confirmed COVID-19 cases for the full "study period" (08/12/2021 - 10/31/2021) and within the 14-day "surveillance period" during and after the MG, with the highest likelihood of an MG-related COVID-19 outbreak (09/04/2021 - 09/17/2021). Results A total of 2,808 of 9,242 (30.4%) event attendees participated in the study. Within the study period, 776 individual symptoms and 5,255 COVID-19 tests were reported. During the 14-day surveillance period around and after the MG, seven probable and seven PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases were detected. The confirmed cases translated to an estimated seven-day incidence of 125 per 100,000 participants (95% CI [67.7/100,000, 223/100,000]), which was comparable to the average age-matched incidence in Germany during this time. Overall, weekly numbers of COVID-19 cases were fluctuating over the study period, with another increase at the end of the study period. Conclusion COVID-19 cases attributable to the mass gathering were comparable to the Germany-wide age-matched incidence, implicating that our active participatory disease surveillance tool was able to detect MG-related infections. Further studies are needed to evaluate and apply our participatory disease surveillance tool in other mass gathering settings.
The formation of the Central Andes dates back to similar to 50 Ma, but its most pronounced episode, including the growth of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau and pulsatile tectonic shortening phases, occurred within the last 25 Ma.
The reason for this evolution remains unexplained. Using geodynamic numerical modeling we infer that the primary cause of the pulses of tectonic shortening and growth of the Central Andes is the changing geometry of the subducted Nazca plate, and particularly the steepening of the mid-mantle slab segment which results in a slowing down of the trench retreat and subsequent increase in shortening of the advancing South America plate.
This steepening first happens after the end of the flat slab episode at similar to 25 Ma, and later during the buckling and stagnation of the slab in the mantle transition zone. Processes that mechanically weaken the lithosphere of the South America plate, as suggested in previous studies, enhance the intensity of the shortening events.
These processes include delamination of the mantle lithosphere and weakening of foreland sediments.
Our new modeling results are consistent with the timing and amplitude of the deformation from geological data in the Central Andes at the Altiplano latitude.
Plain Language Summary
The Central Andes is a subduction-type orogeny that formed as a result of the interaction between the Nazca oceanic plate and the South American continental plate over the last 50 million years. Growth of the Andes is primarily the result of crustal shortening. Nevertheless, "geological" data compiled from previous studies have shown that phases of drastic pulsatile shortening occur at 15 and 5 Ma.
In this study, we used high-resolution 2D numerical geodynamic simulations to investigate the link between oceanic and continental plate dynamics and their interaction. We find that when the oceanic plate steepens in the mantle transition zone, the trench retreat is hindered. Coupled with the weakening of the continental plate through the slab flattening and subsequent delamination of the lithospheric mantle, this leads to pulsatile shortening phases of a magnitude equivalent to that suggested by the data.
Magma-filled dikes may feed erupting fissures that lead to alignments of craters developing at the surface, yet the details of activity and migrating eruptions at the crater row are difficult to monitor and are hardly understood.
The 2021 Tajogaite eruption at the Cumbre Vieja, La Palma (Spain), lasted 85 days and developed a pronounced alignment of craters that may be related to changes within the volcano edifice.
Here, we use COSMO-SkyMed satellite radar data and ground-based time-lapse photographs, offering a high-resolution dataset to explore the locations and characteristics of evolving craters.
Our results show that the craters evolve both gradually and suddenly and can be divided into three main phases. Phase 1, lasting the first 6 weeks of the eruption, was characterized by a NW-SE linear evolution of up to seven craters emerging on the growing cone.
Following two partial collapses of the cone to the northwest and a seismicity increase at depth, Phase 2 started and caused a propagation of the main activity toward the southeastern side, together with the presence of up to 11 craters along this main NW-SE trend. Associated with strong deep and shallow earthquakes, Phase 3 was initiated and continued for the final 2 weeks of the eruption, expressed by the development of up to 18 craters, which became dominant and clustered in the southeastern sector in early December 2021. In Phase 3, a second and oblique alignment and surface fracture was identified.
Our findings that crater and eruption changes coincide together with an increase in seismic activity at depth point to a deep driver leading to crater and morphology changes at the surface.
These also suggest that crater distributions might allow for improved monitoring of changes occurring at depth, and vice versa, such that strong seismicity changes at depth may herald the migration and new formation of craters, which have major implications for the assessment of tephra and lava flow hazards on volcanoes.
Drimane sesquiterpene aldehydes control Candida yeast isolated from candidemia in Chilean patients
(2022)
Drimys winteri J.R. (Winteraceae) produce drimane sesquiterpenoids with activity against Candida yeast.
In this work, drimenol, polygodial (1), isotadeonal (2), and a new drimane alpha,beta-unsaturated 1,4-dialdehyde, named winterdial (4), were purified from barks of D. winteri. The oxidation of drimenol produced the monoaldehyde drimenal (3).
These four aldehyde sesquiterpenoids were evaluated against six Candida species isolated from candidemia patients in Chilean hospitals.
Results showed that 1 displays fungistatic activity against all yeasts (3.75 to 15.0 mu g/mL), but irritant effects on eyes and skin, whereas its non-pungent epimer 2 has fungistatic and fungicide activities at 1.9 and 15.0 mu g/mL, respectively.
On the other hand, compounds 3 and 4 were less active.
Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that compounds 1-4 are capable of binding to the catalytic pocket of lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase with similar binding free energies, thus suggesting a potential mechanism of action through the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis. According to our findings, compound 2 appears as a valuable molecular scaffold to pursue the future development of more potent drugs against candidiasis with fewer side effects than polygodial.
These outcomes are significant to broaden the alternatives to treat fungal infections with increasing prevalence worldwide using natural compounds as a primary source for active compounds.
Deriving soil moisture content (SMC) at the regional scale with different spatial and temporal land cover changes is still a challenge for active and passive remote sensing systems, often coped with machine learning methods.
So far, the reference measurements of the data-driven approaches are usually based on point data, which entails a scale gap to the resolution of the remote sensing data. Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) indirectly provides SMC estimates of a soil volume covering more than 1 ha and vertical depth up to 80 cm and is thus able to narrow this scale gap.
So far, the CRNS-based SMC has only been used as validation source of remote sensing based SMC products. Its beneficial large sensing volume, especially in depth, has not been exploited yet.
However, the sensing volume of the CRNS, which is changing with hydrological conditions, bears challenges for the comparison with remote sensing observations. This study, for the fist time, aims to understand the direct linkage of optical (Sentinel 2) and SAR (Sentinel 1) data with CRNS-based SMC.
Thereby, the CRNS-based SMC is obtained by an experimental CRNS cluster that covers the high temporal and spatial SMC variability of an entire pre-alpine subcatchment. Using different Random Forest regressions, we analyze the potentials and limitations of both remote sensing sensors to follow the CRNS-based SMC signal.
Our results show that it is possible to link the CRNS-based SMC signal with SAR and optical remote sensing observations via Random Forest modelling.
We found that Sentinel 2 data is able to separate wet from dry periods with a R2 of 0.68.
It is less affected by the changing soil volume that contributes to the CRNS-based SMC signal and it is able to assign a land cover specific SMC distribution.
However, Sentinel 2 regression models are not accurate (R2 < 0.21) in mapping the CRNSbased SMC for the frequently mowed grassland areas of the study site. It requires soil type and topographical information to accurately follow the CRNS-based SMC signal with Random Forest regression.
Sentinel 1 data instead is affected by the changing soil volume that contributes to the CRNS-based SMC signal. It has reasonable model performance (R2 = 0.34) when the CRNS data correspond to surface SMC. Also for Sentinel 1 the retrieval is impacted by the mowing activities at the test site.
When separating the CRNS data set into dry and wet periods, soil properties and topography are the main drivers of SMC estimation. Sentinel 1 or Sentinel 2 data add the existing temporal variability to the regression models. The analysis underlines the need of combining optical and SAR observations (Sentinel 1, Sentinel 2) as well as soil property and topographical information to understand and follow the CRNS-based SMC signal for different hydrological conditions and land cover types.
This article explores the evolution of Cultural Linguistics, its fusion with Cognitive Linguistics and Cognitive Sociolinguistics, and its application to the study of world Englishes, emphasising the cultural dimension of language and cognition. It investigates key theoretical concepts in Cultural Linguistics such as cultural categories, schemas, conceptualisations, keywords, models and scenarios as essential analytical tools for examining the interplay between thought, language and culture. Using examples from English varieties in sub-Saharan Africa, Great Britain, Ireland, India and Hong Kong, this article demonstrates how these conceptual phenomena interact at increasing levels of conceptual complexity. The discussion also distinguishes conceptual metaphor (and metonymy) from the somewhat problematic concept of ‘cultural metaphor’, previously used in some cultural-linguistic approaches to world Englishes. Finally, the article delves into Conceptual Blending Theory as a possible extension of Cultural Linguistics that synthesises diverse cultural knowledge to interpret culture-specific expressions in contemporary multilingual settings.
Background
In cystic fibrosis (CF), acute respiratory exacerbations critically enhance pulmonary destruction. Since these mainly occur outside regular appointments, they remain unexplored. We previously elaborated a protocol for home-based upper airway (UAW) sampling obtaining nasal-lavage fluid (NLF), which, in contrast to sputum, does not require immediate processing. The aim of this study was to compare UAW inflammation and pathogen colonization during stable phases and exacerbations in CF patients and healthy controls.
Methods
Initially, we obtained NLF by rinsing 10 ml of isotonic saline/nostril during stable phases. During exacerbations, subjects regularly collected NLF at home. CF patients directly submitted one aliquot for microbiological cultures. The remaining samples were immediately frozen until transfer on ice to our clinic, where PCR analyses were performed and interleukin (IL)-1 beta/IL-6/IL-8, neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were assessed.
Results
Altogether, 49 CF patients and 38 healthy controls (HCs) completed the study, and 214 NLF samples were analyzed. Of the 49 CF patients, 20 were at least intermittently colonized with P. aeruginosa and received azithromycin and/or inhaled antibiotics as standard therapy. At baseline, IL-6 and IL-8 tended to be elevated in CF compared to controls. During infection, inflammatory mediators increased in both cohorts, reaching significance only for IL-6 in controls (p=0.047). Inflammatory responses tended to be higher in controls [1.6-fold (NE) to 4.4-fold (MMP-9)], while in CF, mediators increased only moderately [1.2-1.5-fold (IL-6/IL-8/NE/TIMP-1/MMP-9)]. Patients receiving inhalative antibiotics or azithromycin (n=20 and n=15, respectively) revealed lower levels of IL-1 beta/IL-6/IL-8 and NE during exacerbation compared to CF patients not receiving those antibiotics. In addition, CF patients receiving azithromycin showed MMP-9 levels significantly lower than CF patients not receiving azithromycin at stable phase and exacerbation. Altogether, rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected virus, detected at least once in n=24 (49.0%) of the 49 included pwCF and in n=26 (68.4%) of the 38 healthy controls over the 13-month duration of the study. Remarkably, during exacerbation, rhinovirus detection rates were significantly higher in the HC group compared to those in CF patients (65.8% vs. 22.4%; p<0.0001).
Conclusion
Non-invasive and partially home-based UAW sampling opens new windows for the assessment of inflammation and pathogen colonization in the unified airway system.
This research bibliography lists some of the hallmark works in the field of Cultural Linguistics and has an exclusive thematic focus on cultural-linguistic approaches to world Englishes. Therefore, other important and congenial works that have been published under the umbrella of, for example, Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) or deal with langauges other than English are excluded but can be found in the respective references of the individual contributions of this special issue. The research bibliography offers reference works for research strands of the world Englishes framework, such as English language teaching and language use in multicultural and multilingual contexts, as well as language use in the public space. Furthermore, with a collection of publications ranging from the 1980s to most recent state-of-the-art works from the year 2024, the authors identify trends and topical developments in the synthesized research of Cultural Linguistics and world Englishes and offer an outlook on new frontiers in this realm.
The Sea of Marmara is a tectonically active basin that straddles the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), a major strike-slip fault that separates the Eurasian and Anatolian tectonic plates. The Main Marmara Fault (MMF), which is part of the NAFZ, contains an approximately 150 km long seismotectonic segment that has not ruptured since 1766. A key question for seismic hazard and risk assessment is whether or not the next rupture along this segment is likely to produce one major earthquake or a series of smaller earthquakes. Geomechanical characteristics such as along-strike variations in rock strength may provide an important control on seismotectonic segmentation. We find that variations in lithospheric strength throughout the Marmara region control the mechanical segmentation of the MMF and help explain its long-term seismotectonic segmentation. In particular, a strong crust that is mechanically coupled to the upper mantle spatially correlates with aseismic patches, where the MMF bends and changes its strike in response to the presence of high-density lower crustal bodies. Between the bends, mechanically weaker crustal domains that are decoupled from the mantle indicate a predominance of creeping. These results are highly relevant for the ongoing debate regarding the characteristics of the Marmara seismic gap, especially in view of the seismic hazard (Mw > 7) in the densely populated Marmara region.
Simple Summary
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA) is a widely discussed biomarker for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. The gold standard for the determination of protein biomarkers in physiological samples is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, antibodies are used to detect the specific protein.
In our study, recently published urokinase aptamers were tested for their use in a sandwich assay format as alternative specific recognition elements. Different aptamer combinations were used for the detection of uPA in a sandwich-assay format and a combination of aptamers and antibodies additionally allowed the differentiation of human high and low molecular weight- (HMW- and LMW-) uPA. Hence, uPA aptamers offer a valuable alternative as specific recognition elements for analytical purposes. Since aptamers are easy to synthesize and modify, they can be used as a cost-effective alternative in sandwich assay formats for the detection of uPA in physiological samples.
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA) is a frequently discussed biomarker for prognosis, diagnosis, and recurrence of cancer.
In a previous study, we developed ssDNA aptamers that bind to different forms of human urokinase, which are therefore assumed to have different binding regions.
In this study, we demonstrate the development of aptamer-based sandwich assays that use different combinations of these aptamers to detect high molecular weight- (HMW-) uPA in a micro titer plate format.
By combining aptamers and antibodies, it was possible to distinguish between HMW-uPA and low molecular weight- (LMW-) uPA.
For the best performing aptamer combination, we calculated the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in spiked buffer and urine samples with an LOD up to 50 ng/mL and 138 ng/mL, respectively.
To show the specificity and sequence dependence of the reporter aptamer uPAapt-02-FR, we have identified key nucleotides within the sequence that are important for specific folding and binding to uPA using a fluorescent dye-linked aptamer assay (FLAA). Since uPA is a much-discussed marker for prognosis and diagnosis in various types of cancers, these aptamers and their use in a micro titer plate assay format represent a novel, promising tool for the detection of uPA and for possible diagnostic applications.
We review properties and processes of earthquake rupture zones based on field studies, laboratory observations, theoretical models and simulations, with the goal of assessing the possible dominance of different processes in different parts of the rupture and validity of commonly used models. Rupture zones may be divided into front, intermediate, and tail regions that interact to different extents. The rupture front is dominated by fracturing and granulation processes and strong dilatation, producing faulting products that are reworked by subsequent sliding behind. The intermediate region sustains primarily frictional sliding with relatively high slip rates that produce appreciable stress transfer to the propagating front. The tail region further behind is characterized by low slip rates that effectively do not influence the propagating front, although it (and the intermediate region) can spawn small offspring rupture fronts. Wave-mediated stress transfer can also trigger failures ahead of the rupture front. Earthquake ruptures are often spatially discontinuous and intermittent with a hierarchy of asperity and segment sizes that radiate waves with different tensorial compositions and frequency bands. While different deformation processes dominating parts of the rupture zones can be treated effectively with existing constitutive relations, a more appropriate analysis of earthquake processes would require a model that combines aspects of fracture, damage-breakage, and frictional frameworks.
On 12 August 2021, a > 220 s lasting complex earthquake with Mw > 8.2 hit the South Sandwich Trench. Due to its remote location and short interevent times, reported earthquake parameters varied significantly between different international agencies. We studied the complex rupture by combining different seismic source characterization techniques sensitive to different frequency ranges based on teleseismic broadband recordings from 0.001 to 2 Hz, including point and finite fault inversions and the back-projection of high-frequency signals.
We also determined moment tensor solutions for 88 aftershocks. The rupture initiated simultaneously with a rupture equivalent to a M-w 7.6 thrust earthquake in the deep part of the seismogenic zone in the central subduction interface and a shallow megathrust rupture, which propagated unilaterally to the south with a very slow rupture velocity of 1.2 km/s and varying strike following the curvature of the trench.
The slow rupture covered nearly two-thirds of the entire subduction zone length, and with M-w 8.2 released the bulk of the total moment of the whole earthquake.
Tsunami modeling indicates the inferred shallow rupture can explain the tsunami records. The southern segment of the shallow rupture overlaps with another activation of the deeper part of the megathrust equivalent to M-w 7.6. The aftershock distribution confirms the extent and curvature of the rupture. Some mechanisms are consistent with the mainshocks, but many indicate also activation of secondary faults. Rupture velocities and radiated frequencies varied strongly between different stages of the rupture, which might explain the variability of published source parameters.
Plain Language Summary
The earthquake of 12 August 2021 along the deep-sea trench of the South Sandwich Islands in the South Atlantic reached a magnitude of 8.2 and triggered a tsunami. The automatic earthquake parameter determination of different agencies showed very different results shortly after the earthquake and partially underestimated the tsunami potential of the earthquake.
A possible reason was the complex rupture process and that the tsunami was generated by a long and shallow slow slip rupture sandwiched between more conventional fast slip subevents at its northern and southern ends. In addition, the fault surface, which extended over 450 km, was highly curved striking 150 degrees-220 degrees.
We investigated the different components of the seismic wavefields in different frequency ranges and with different methods.
The analysis shows how even complex earthquakes can be deciphered by combining analyzing methods. The comparison with aftershocks and the triggered tsunami waves confirms our model that explains the South Sandwich rupture by four subevents in the plate boundary along the curved deep-sea trench. Here, the depth, rupture velocities, and slip on each segment of the rupture vary considerably.
The method can also be applied to other megathrust earthquakes and help to further improve tsunami warnings in the future.
The ambitious climate targets set by industrialized nations worldwide cannot be met without decarbonizing the building stock.
Using Germany as a case study, this paper takes stock of the extensive set of energy efficiency policies that are already in place and clarifies that they have been designed "in good faith" but lack in overall effectiveness as well as cost-efficiency in achieving these climate targets.
We map out the market failures and behavioural considerations that are potential reasons for why realized energy savings fall below expectations and why the household adoption of energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies has remained low. We highlight the pressing need for data and modern empirical research to develop targeted and cost-effective policies seeking to correct these market failures.
To this end, we identify some key research questions and identify gaps in the data required for evidence-based policy.
Hematology, hormones, inflammation, and muscle damage in elite and professional soccer players
(2021)
Background
Knowledge of the long-term effects of soccer training on hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance may help to better design strength and conditioning programs for performance development and injury prevention for the individual player and the team.
Objectives
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and discuss evidence on the long-term effects of soccer training on selected hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in elite and professional soccer players. A second goal was to investigate associations between selected physiological markers and measures of performance.
Methods
Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until August 2020 to identify articles related to soccer training effects. To be included in this systematic review, studies had to examine male elite (national level) and/or professional (international level) soccer players aged > 17 years and a soccer training period > 4 weeks, and report outcomes related to hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and performance markers.
Results
The search syntax initially identified 2420 records. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 20 eligible studies were included in this systematic review, with training durations lasting between 4 and 18 weeks in 15 studies, around 6 months in four studies, and around 1 year in one study. Effects of long-term soccer training revealed parameter-specific increases or decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance. Two studies showed a moderate increase in hematological markers such as hemoglobin (effect size [ES] = 0.67-0.93). Parameter-specific changes were noted for hormonal markers in the form of increases for total testosterone (ES = 0.20-0.67) and free testosterone (FT) (ES = 0.20-0.65) and decreases for cortisol (ES = - 0.28 to - 1.31). Finally, moderate to very large increases were found for muscle damage markers such as creatine kinase (ES = 0.94-6.80) and physical performance such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.50-1.11) and squat jump (SJ) height (ES = 0.65-1.28). After long-term periods of soccer training, significant positive correlations were found between percentage change (Delta%) in FT and Delta% in CMJ height (r = 0.94; p = 0.04) and between Delta% in total testosterone/cortisol (TT/C) ratio and Delta% in SJ (r = 0.89; p = 0.03).
Conclusions
Findings suggest that long-term soccer training induces increases/decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in male elite and professional soccer players. These fluctuations can be explained by different contextual factors (e.g., training load, duration of training, psychological factors, mood state). Interestingly, the observed changes in hormonal parameters (FT and TT/C) were related to vertical jump performance changes (e.g., CMJ and SJ). Anabolic hormones and TT/C can possibly be used as a tool to identify physical performance alteration after long-term soccer training.
Background:
The current range of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) has placed more importance on the accurate monitoring of disease progression for timely and appropriate treatment decisions. With a rising number of measurements for disease progression, it is currently unclear how well these measurements or combinations of them can monitor more mildly affected RRMS patients.
Objectives:
To investigate several composite measures for monitoring disease activity and their potential relation to the biomarker neurofilament light chain (NfL) in a clearly defined early RRMS patient cohort with a milder disease course.
Methods:
From a total of 301 RRMS patients, a subset of 46 patients being treated with a continuous first-line therapy was analyzed for loss of no evidence of disease activity (lo-NEDA-3) status, relapse-associated worsening (RAW) and progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), up to seven years after treatment initialization.
Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for time-to-event analysis. Additionally, a Cox regression model was used to analyze the effect of NIL levels on outcome measures in this cohort.
Results:
In this mildly affected cohort, both lo-NEDA-3 and PIRA frequently occurred over a median observational period of 67.2 months and were observed in 39 (84.8%) and 23 (50.0%) patients, respectively.
Additionally, 12 out of 26 PIRA manifestations (46.2%) were observed without a corresponding lo-NEDA-3 status. Jointly, either PIRA or lo-NEDA-3 showed disease activity in all patients followed-up for at least the median duration (67.2 months). NfL values demonstrated an association with the occurrence of relapses and RAW.
Conclusion:
The complementary use of different disease progression measures helps mirror ongoing disease activity in mildly affected early RRMS patients being treated with continuous first-line therapy.
This book provides a novel analysis for the syntax of the clausal left periphery, focusing on various finite clause types and especially on embedded clauses. It investigates how the appearance of multiple projections interacts with economy principles and with the need for marking syntactic information overtly. In particular, the proposed account shows that a flexible approach assuming only a minimal number of projections is altogether favourable to cartographic approaches. The main focus of the book is on West Germanic, in particular on English and German, yet other Germanic and non-Germanic languages are also discussed for comparative purposes.
Rapid innovation and proliferation of software as a medical device have accelerated the clinical use of digital technologies across a wide array of medical conditions.
Current regulatory pathways were developed for traditional (hardware) medical devices and offer a useful structure, but the evolution of digital devices requires concomitant innovation in regulatory approaches to maximize the potential benefits of these emerging technologies.
A number of specific adaptations could strengthen current regulatory oversight while promoting ongoing innovation.
New middle Miocene to Pliocene (~14–3 Ma) apatite fission track (AFT) cooling ages combined with published K–Ar/Ar–Ar and zircon fission track (ZFT) ages from the Hazara and Swat regions of Pakistan are used to explain the Oligocene to Pliocene structural evolution in the Western Himalaya. The structural model explains the distribution of K–Ar/Ar–Ar ages in three distinct age groups (Proterozoic, Paleozoic-Mesozoic, and Eocene to Oligocene). The Proterozoic to Mesozoic sequence of northern Hazara and Swat experienced elevated temperature and pressure conditions, evident by reset Eocene to Oligocene K–Ar/Ar–Ar hornblende and Eocene to Miocene muscovite ages, caused by Kohistan overthrusting the Indian margin during and after the India–Asia collision. Samples from the Indus syntaxis with Paleo to Mesoproterozoic K–Ar/Ar–Ar hornblende ages and Eocene to Oligocene Ar–Ar muscovite ages show no signs of Cenozoic metamorphism; these samples were thermally imprinted up to the Ar–Ar muscovite closure temperature. Neoproterozoic to Lower Paleozoic rocks from the southern parts of Hazara and Swat show Mesozoic to Oligocene partially reset Ar–Ar muscovite ages and preservation of Ordovician metamorphism. The combined analysis of published K–Ar/Ar–Ar (muscovite), ZFT, and new AFT ages (~14–12 Ma) suggests that the Main Central thrust/Panjal thrust was active from Oligocene to early Miocene (~30–18 Ma), and the Nathia-Gali and Main Boundary thrusts were active from the middle to late Miocene (~14–9 Ma) in the Hazara area. New and published AFT ages (~6–3 Ma) from the Indus syntaxis suggest that early Pliocene tectonic thickening in the hinterland formed the N–S trending Indus anticline, creating an erosional half window in the Main Mantle thrust, forming the Indus syntaxis, and dividing the Main Central thrust sheet into the Hazara and Swat segments.
Localized surface plasmon resonances on noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) can efficiently drive reactions of adsorbed ligand molecules and provide versatile opportunities in chemical synthesis. The driving forces of these reactions are typically elevated temperatures, hot charge carriers, or enhanced electric fields.
In the present work, dehalogenation of halogenated thiophenols on the surface of AuNPs has been studied by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a function of the photon energy to track the kinetics and identify reaction products.
Reaction rates are found to be surprisingly similar for different halothiophenols studied here, although the bond dissociation energies of the C-X bonds differ significantly. Complementary information about the electronic properties at the AuNP surface, namely, work-function and valence band states, has been determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of isolated AuNPs in the gas-phase.
In this way, it is revealed how the electronic properties are altered by the adsorption of the ligand molecules, and we conclude that the reaction rates are mainly determined by the plasmonic properties of the AuNPs. SERS spectra reveal differences in the reaction product formation for different halogen species, and, on this basis, the possible reaction mechanisms are discussed to approach an understanding of opportunities and limitations in the design of catalytical systems with plasmonic NPs.
Microviridins are a prominent family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) featuring characteristic lactone and lactam rings. Their unusual cage-like architecture renders them highly potent serine protease inhibitors of which individual variants specifically inhibit different types of proteases of pharmacological interest.
While posttranslational modifications are key for the stability and bioactivity of RiPPs, additional attractive properties can be introduced by functional tags.
To date - although highly desirable - no method has been reported to incorporate functional tags in microviridin scaffolds or the overarching class of graspetides.
In this study, a chemoenzymatic in vitro platform is used to introduce functional tags in various microviridin variants yielding biotinylated, dansylated or propargylated congeners.
This straightforward approach paves the way for customized protease inhibitors with built-in functionalities that can help to unravel the still elusive ecological roles and targets of this remarkable class of compounds and to foster applications based on protease inhibition.
Recent theories suggest a shift from model-based goal-directed to model-free habitual decision-making in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is yet unclear, whether this shift in the decision process is heritable. We investigated 32 patients with OCD, 27 unaffected siblings (SIBs) and 31 healthy controls (HCs) using the two-step task. We computed behavioral and reaction time analyses and fitted a computational model to assess the balance between model-based and model-free control. 80 subjects also underwent structural imaging. We observed a significant ordered effect for the shift towards model-free control in the direction OCD>SIB>HC in our computational parameter of interest. However less directed analyses revealed no shift towards model-free control in OCDs. Nonetheless, we found evidence for reduced model-based control in OCDs compared to HCs and SIBs via 2nd stage reaction time analyses. In this measure SIBs also showed higher levels of model-based control than HCs. Across all subjects these effects were associated with the surface area of the left medial/right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, correlations between bilateral putamen/right caudate volumes and these effects varied as a function of group: they were negative in SIBs and OCDs, but positive in HCs. Associations between fronto-striatal regions and model-based reaction time effects point to a potential endophenotype for OCD.
We propose lacunarity as a novel recurrence quantification measure and illustrate its efficacy to detect dynamical regime transitions which are exhibited by many complex real-world systems. We carry out a recurrence plot-based analysis for different paradigmatic systems and nonlinear empirical data in order to demonstrate the ability of our method to detect dynamical transitions ranging across different temporal scales. It succeeds to distinguish states of varying dynamical complexity in the presence of noise and non-stationarity, even when the time series is of short length. In contrast to traditional recurrence quantifiers, no specification of minimal line lengths is required and geometric features beyond linear structures in the recurrence plot can be accounted for. This makes lacunarity more broadly applicable as a recurrence quantification measure. Lacunarity is usually interpreted as a measure of heterogeneity or translational invariance of an arbitrary spatial pattern. In application to recurrence plots, it quantifies the degree of heterogeneity in the temporal recurrence patterns at all relevant time scales. We demonstrate the potential of the proposed method when applied to empirical data, namely time series of acoustic pressure fluctuations from a turbulent combustor. Recurrence lacunarity captures both the rich variability in dynamical complexity of acoustic pressure fluctuations and shifting time scales encoded in the recurrence plots. Furthermore, it contributes to a better distinction between stable operation and near blowout states of combustors.
Like many other regions in central Europe, Germany experienced sequential summer droughts from 2015 to 2018. As one of the environmental consequences, river nitrate concentrations have exhibited significant changes in many catchments.
However, catchment nitrate responses to the changing weather conditions have not yet been mechanistically explored.
Thus, a fully distributed, process-based catchment Nitrate model (mHM-Nitrate) was used to reveal the causal relations in the Bode catchment, of which river nitrate concentrations have experienced contrasting trends from upstream to downstream reaches. The model was evaluated using data from six gauging stations, reflecting different levels of runoff components and their associated nitrate-mixing from upstream to downstream.
Results indicated that the mHM-Nitrate model reproduced dynamics of daily discharge and nitrate concentration well, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency >= 0.73 for discharge and Kling-Gupta Efficiency >= 0.50 for nitrate concentration at most stations.
Particularly, the spatially contrasting trends of nitrate con-centration were successfully captured by the model.
The decrease of nitrate concentration in the lowland area in drought years (2015-2018) was presumably due to (1) limited terrestrial export loading (ca. 40 % lower than that of normal years 2004-2014), and (2) increased in-stream retention efficiency (20 % higher in summer within the whole river network).
From a mechanistic modelling perspective, this study provided insights into spatially heterogeneous flow and nitrate dynamics and effects of sequential droughts, which shed light on water -quality responses to future climate change, as droughts are projected to be more frequent.
An epilepsy diagnosis has large consequences for an individual but is often difficult to make in clinical practice.
Novel biomarkers are thus greatly needed. Here, we give an overview of how thousands of common genetic factors that increase the risk for epilepsy can be summarized as epilepsy polygenic risk scores (PRS).
We discuss the current state of research on how epilepsy PRS can serve as a biomarker for the risk for epilepsy. The high heritability of common forms of epilepsy, particularly genetic generalized epilepsy, indicates a promising potential for epilepsy PRS in diagnosis and risk prediction.
Small sample sizes and low ancestral diversity of current epilepsy genome-wide association studies show, however, a need for larger and more diverse studies before epilepsy PRS could be properly implemented in the clinic.
Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre of 1801/2 is considered to be the beginning of his late phase. In this phase he supposedly alters his earlier thinking and, instead of the transcendental unity of the I, conceptualizes a higher transcendent and simple unity; a unity that has been claimed to correspond to Neoplatonism. I refute these two arguments here. First, through a comparison between the Wissenschaftslehre of 1801/2 and that of 1794/5, I show that both versions contain a similar analysis of the supreme unity. Second, I show that in 1801/2 Fichte explicitly dissociates the supreme unity from transcendence and simplicity. His conception of the supreme unity in fact levels a critique upon such concept of unity. Instead of the transcendent One, which is hierarchically prior to multiplicity, Fichte formulates in both 1794/5 and 1801/2 a complicated concept of the supreme unity. On Fichte’s account, this unity “hovers” between multiplicity and unity as simplicity.
Fichte claims in Section 5 of the Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (GWL) that the absolute I contains a difference between two directions. In this paper, I argue that this specific claim complements, rather than contradicts, his general position in Section 1, according to which the absolute I is a simple identity or a point. I first show that we can identify a version of what I call Fichte’s Two-Directions Theory in texts written both before and after the GWL. I term this version his Two-Series Theory. Drawing on this reading, I demonstrate, in contrast to previous research, that Fichte consistently formulates the absolute I in a twofold manner: as a pure act that precedes any difference and as a proposition that contains a relation. I further argue that Fichte’s treatment of the absolute I as a simple unity and as a unity of two directions maps onto two stages within his philosophical investigation. On my account, Fichte seeks to comprehend the absolute I by considering the I’s activity both as it is in itself and as it presents itself to thought.
In this topical review, we give an overview of the structure and dynamics of a single polymer chain in active baths, Gaussian or non-Gaussian.
The review begins with the discussion of single flexible or semiflexible linear polymer chains subjected to two noises, thermal and active.
The active noise has either Gaussian or non-Gaussian distribution but has a memory, accounting for the persistent motion of the active bath particles. This finite persistence makes the reconfiguration dynamics of the chain slow as compared to the purely thermal case and the chain swells.
The active noise also results superdiffusive or ballistic motion of the tagged monomer. We present all the calculations in details but mainly focus on the analytically exact or almost exact results on the topic, as obtained from our group in recent years.
In addition, we briefly mention important works of other groups and include some of our new results. The review concludes with pointing out the implications of polymer chains in active bath in biologically relevant context and its future directions.
We introduce the concept of TRAP (Traces and Permutations), which can roughly be viewed as a wheeled PROP (Products and Permutations) without unit. TRAPs are equipped with a horizontal concatenation and partial trace maps.
Continuous morphisms on an infinite-dimensional topological space and smooth kernels (respectively, smoothing operators) on a closed manifold form a TRAP but not a wheeled PROP.
We build the free objects in the category of TRAPs as TRAPs of graphs and show that a TRAP can be completed to a unitary TRAP (or wheeled PROP).
We further show that it can be equipped with a vertical concatenation, which on the TRAP of linear homomorphisms of a vector space, amounts to the usual composition. The vertical concatenation in the TRAP of smooth kernels gives rise to generalised convolutions.
Graphs whose vertices are decorated by smooth kernels (respectively, smoothing operators) on a closed manifold form a TRAP. From their universal properties we build smooth amplitudes associated with the graph.
Studies investigating the effect of aboveground herbivory on plants often use clipping to simulate the effects of herbivores, for practical reasons. However, herbivore movements and transfer of oral secretions during herbivory may cause a different response in plant physiology and morphology compared to clipping.
While studies have compared effects of real herbivory vs. clipping on biomass production, plant physiology, and shoot morphology, no study has compared such effects on root morphology.
Therefore, we investigated the effect of herbivory by grasshoppers, herbivory simulated by clipping, and no herbivory on root morphological traits of ten grassland plant species. Root morphological traits were differently affected by the two herbivory treatments. Grasshopper herbivory significantly changed root morphology toward thinner roots with increased specific root length and root area, and decreased root tissue density compared to untreated control plants.
Clipping had mostly similar, but weaker effects on root morphology than grasshopper herbivory.
On the species level, grasshopper herbivory led to strongest changes in root morphology in almost all cases. In contrast, depending on the species, clipping resulted in varying root morphological trait values similar to grasshopper-damaged plants, or in some cases, more closely aligned with control plants.
Though clipping was partly able to mimic the effects of herbivory by grasshoppers, results also indicate that, depending on the species, grasshopper herbivory had different but mostly stronger effects. We, therefore, recommend that future studies apply herbivory with real herbivores to better reflect natural responses in plants and related processes that root morphological traits mediate.
In the Science of Logic, Hegel criticizes Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre for advancing from the beginning through external reflection and thus failing to understand both the nature of the beginning and the proper method to advance from it. This article shows that Fichte's advance from the beginning preempts Hegel's critique and shares Hegel's premises with respect to the method of advancing. The author first analyzes Hegel's critique of Fichte in the Science of Logic, which he follows by showing that Fichte levels a similar critique against Schelling's conception of the beginning set out in his system of 1801. Turning to the Wissenschaftslehre of 1794/5, the author then demonstrates that Fichte's method of advancing from the beginning addresses every point of Hegel's critique. He concludes by identifying the similarity and difference between Fichte's and Hegel's methods of advancing.
Symptom Checker Applications (SCA) are mobile applications often designed for the end-user to assist with symptom assessment and self-triage. SCA are meant to provide the user with easily accessible information about their own health conditions.
However, SCA raise questions regarding ethical, legal, and social aspects (ELSA), for example, regarding fair access to this new technology.
The aim of this scoping review is to identify the ELSA of SCA in the scientific literature. A scoping review was conducted to identify the ELSA of SCA. Ten databases (e.g., Web of Science and PubMed) were used. Studies on SCA that address ELSA, written in English or German, were included in the review.
The ELSA of SCA were extracted and synthesized using qualitative content analysis. A total of 25,061 references were identified, of which 39 were included in the analysis. The identified aspects were allotted to three main categories: (1) Technology; (2) Individual Level; and (3) Healthcare system.
The results show that there are controversial debates in the literature on the ethical and social challenges of SCA usage. Furthermore, the debates are characterised by a lack of a specific legal perspective and empirical data.
The review provides an overview on the spectrum of ELSA regarding SCA. It offers guidance to stakeholders in the healthcare system, for example, patients, healthcare professionals, and insurance providers and could be used in future empirical research to investigate the perspectives of those affected, such as users.
Hailed as an innovative concept in antiquity, Plotinus’ concept of the ‘we’ occupies a nuanced and somewhat elusive systematic position. On the one hand, it locates itself in the realm of the soul rather than the intellect; at the same time, however, it manifests a self-conscious dimension typically ascribed to the intellect rather than the soul. This paper attempts to resolve this ambiguity by interpreting the ‘we’ as a potential of self-consciousness, which explains why the ‘we’ can become similar to, but not identical with, the actual self-consciousness of the intellect. The proposed definition not only brings clarity to the seemingly paradoxical formulations surrounding the ‘we’ in Plotinus’ philosophy but also sheds light on the allegories that Plotinus employs.
Moreover, my analysis highlights the similarity between the Plotinian ‘we’ and the characterizations of the self within the Kantian tradition. Drawing on Cassirer’s dichotomy between concepts of substance and concepts of function, and Kant’s assertion that the ‘I think’ represents a potentiality rather than an actuality of self-consciousness, this study attempts to provide a conceptual bridge between the Plotinian and Kantian frameworks.
Cultural Linguistics
(2024)
Without a doubt, not only through numerous landmark publications (e.g., Sharifian 2003, 2011, 2015, 2017a, b), Farzad Sharifian has shaped the field of Cultural Linguistics like no one has. The success of Cultural Linguistics has been due, to a considerable extent, to the integration of previous theoretical concepts, methods, and terminologies into a unified theoretical approach. However, this process of integration, to our minds, has not been completed. In fact, the first author of this chapter, in a couple of his publications (Wolf et al. 2021; Kühmstedt and Wolf 2022) was about to enter into a terminological debate with Farzad Sharifian, when he left us too early. In this chapter, we would like to take up and systematize this debate. Primarily, as regards theory, we will focus on the relation of Cultural Linguistics to Cognitive Sociolinguistics, and as regards terminology, on the central concept of “cultural conceptualization.” By doing so, it is our hope to solidify the paradigm of Cultural Linguistics even more and to provide a further terminological refinement for “cultural conceptualization.”
The BEEHAVE model simulates the population dynamics and foraging activity of a single honey bee colony (Apis mellifera) in great detail. Although it still makes numerous simplifying assumptions, it appears to capture a wide range of empirical observations.
It could, therefore, in principle, also be used as a tool in beekeeper education, as it allows the implementation and comparison of different management options.
Here, we focus on treatments aimed at controlling the mite Varroa destructor. However, since BEEHAVE was developed in the UK, mite treatment includes the use of a synthetic acaricide, which is not part of Good Beekeeping Practice in Germany.
A practice that consists of drone brood removal from April to June, treatment with formic acid in August/September, and treatment with oxalic acid in November/December. We implemented these measures, focusing on the timing, frequency, and spacing between drone brood removals.
The effect of drone brood removal and acid treatment, individually or in combination, on a mite-infested colony was examined. We quantify the efficacy of Varroa mite control as the reduction of mites in treated bee colonies compared to untreated bee colonies. We found that drone brood removal was very effective, reducing mites by 90% at the end of the first simulation year after the introduction of mites. This value was significantly higher than the 50-67% reduction expected by bee experts and confirmed by empirical studies.
However, literature reports varying percent reductions in mite numbers from 10 to 85% after drone brood removal. The discrepancy between model results, empirical data, and expert estimates indicate that these three sources should be reviewed and refined, as all are based on simplifying assumptions.
These results and the adaptation of BEEHAVE to the Good Beekeeping Practice are a decisive step forward for the future use of BEEHAVE in beekeeper education in Germany and anywhere where organic acids and drone brood removal are utilized.
The optical properties, chemical composition, and potential chromophores of brown carbon (BrC) aerosol particles were studied during typical summertime and wintertime at a kerbside in downtown Karl-sruhe, a city in central Europe.
The average absorption coefficient and mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (Abs(365) and MAE(365)) of methanol-soluble BrC (MS-BrC) were lower in the summer period (1.6 +/- 0.5 Mm(-1), 0.5 +/- 0.2 m(2) g(-1)) than in the winter period (2.8 +/- 1.9 Mm(-1), 1.1 +/- 0.3 m(2) g(-1)). Using a parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to identify chromophores, two different groups of highly oxygenated humic-like substances (HO-HULIS) dominated in summer and contributed 96 +/- 6 % of the total fluorescence intensity.
In contrast, less-oxygenated HULIS (LO-HULIS) dominated the total fluorescence intensity in winter with 57 +/- 12 %, followed by HO-HULIS with 31 +/- 18 %. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of organic compounds detected in real time by an online aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) led to five characteristic organic compound classes.
The statistical analysis of PARAFAC components and PMF factors showed that LO-HULIS chromophores were most likely emitted from biomass burning in winter. HO-HULIS chromophores could be low-volatility oxy-genated organic aerosol from regional transport and oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in summer.
Five nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) were identified by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (C7H7O3N, C7H7O4N, C6H5O5N, C6H5O4N, and C6H5O3N), which contributed 0.03 +/- 0.01 % to the total organic mass but can explain 0.3 +/- 0.1 % of the total absorption of MS-BrC at 365 nm in winter.
Furthermore, we identified 316 potential brown carbon molecules which accounted for 2.5 +/- 0.6 % of the organic aerosol mass. Using an average mass absorption efficiency (MAE(365)) of 9.5 m(2)g(-1) for these compounds, we can es-timate their mean light absorption to be 1.2 +/- 0.2 Mm(-1), accounting for 32 +/- 15 % of the total absorption of MS-BrC at 365 nm.
This indicates that a small fraction of brown carbon molecules dominates the overall ab-sorption. The potential BrC molecules assigned to the LO-HULIS component had a higher average molecular weight (265 +/- 2 Da) and more nitrogen-containing molecules (62 +/- 1 %) than the molecules assigned to the HOHULIS components.
Our analysis shows that the LO-HULIS, with a high contribution of nitrogen-containing molecules originating from biomass burning, dominates aerosol fluorescence in winter, and HO-HULIS, with fewer nitrogen-containing molecules as low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol from regional transport and oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC), dominates in summer.
This paper examines the claim that the two final articles of Rav Kook’s book Ikvei Hatzon were written as a response to a lecture given by Hermann Cohen. It first reviews Cohen’s lecture showing that, regarding the concept of God, Cohen argues for the compatibility of Judaism and Kantianism in denying the dogmatic-mythological preoccupation with the existence of God in favor of understanding God as the basis of morality. Second, it analyzes Kook’s articles, demonstrating that he accepts the compatibility of Judaism and Kantianism together with the denial of the dogmatic relation to God as a substance.
Nevertheless, Kook is not satisfied with the critical view that denies the dogmatic relation to the substance altogether, since it formulates a merely negative relationship with God. Instead, he develops his concept of the Divine Ideals, which synthesizes the dogmatic preoccupation with substantiality and the critical denial of it. The Divine Ideals are the moral progression of man, through which man gradually becomes identical to God. Within the Divine Ideals, dogmatism becomes an emotional striving to be identical with God as a substance, while criticism is the intellectual negation of the possibility of such identity, which ensures that the process will continue indefinitely.
Background
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a significant contributor to the global burden of disease. Altered leptin levels are known to be associated with depressive symptoms, however discrepancies in the results of increased or decreased levels exist. Due to various limitations associated with commonly used antidepressant drugs, alternatives such as exercise therapy are gaining more importance. Therefore, the current study investigates whether depressed patients have higher leptin levels compared to healthy controls and if exercise is efficient to reduce these levels.
Methods
Leptin levels of 105 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD; 45.7% female, age mean ± SEM: 39.1 ± 1.0) and 34 healthy controls (HC; 61.8% female, age mean ± SEM: 36.0 ± 2.0) were measured before and after a bicycle ergometer test. Additionally, the MDD group was separated into three groups: two endurance exercise intervention groups (EX) differing in their intensities, and a waiting list control group (WL). Leptin levels were measured pre and post a 12-week exercise intervention or the waiting period.
Results
Baseline data showed no significant differences in leptin levels between the MDD and HC groups. As expected, correlation analyses displayed significant relations between leptin levels and body weight (HC: r = 0.474, p = 0.005; MDD: r = 0.198, p = 0.043) and even more with body fat content (HC: r = 0.755, p < 0.001; MDD: r = 0.675, p < 0.001). The acute effect of the bicycle ergometer test and the 12-week training intervention showed no significant changes in circulating leptin levels.
Conclusion
Leptin levels were not altered in patients with major depression compared to healthy controls and exercise, both the acute response and after 12 weeks of endurance training, had no effect on the change in leptin levels.
Trial registration
The study was registered at the German register for clinical studies (DRKS) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00008869 on 28/07/2015.
How predictable is the next move of an animal? Specifically, which factors govern the short- and long-term motion patterns and the overall dynamics of land-bound, plant-eating animals in general and ruminants in particular? To answer this question, we here study the movement dynamics of springbok antelopes Antidorcas marsupialis. We propose several complementary statistical-analysis techniques combined with machine-learning approaches to analyze—across multiple time scales—the springbok motion recorded in long-term GPS tracking of collared springboks at a private wildlife reserve in Namibia. As a result, we are able to predict the springbok movement within the next hour with a certainty of about 20%. The remaining about 80% are stochastic in nature and are induced by unaccounted factors in the modeling algorithm and by individual behavioral features of springboks. We find that directedness of motion contributes approximately 17% to this predicted fraction. We find that the measure for directedeness is strongly dependent on the daily cycle of springbok activity. The previously known daily affinity of springboks to their water points, as predicted from our machine-learning algorithm, overall accounts for only about 3% of this predicted deterministic component of springbok motion. Moreover, the resting points are found to affect the motion of springboks at least as much as the formally studied effects of water points. The generality of these statements for the motion patterns and their underlying behavioral reasons for other ruminants can be examined on the basis of our statistical-analysis tools in the future.
Adapting to a changing environment: inspiration for planetary health from east African communities
(2022)
The ability to catalyze diverse reactions with relevance for chemical and pharmaceutical research and industry has led to an increasing interest in fungal enzymes.
There is still an enormous potential considering the sheer amount of new enzymes from the huge diversity of fungi.
Most of these fungal enzymes have not been characterized yet due to the lack of high throughput synthesis and analysis methods.
This bottleneck could be overcome by means of cell-free protein synthesis. In this study, cell-free protein synthesis based on eukaryotic cell lysates was utilized to produce a functional glycoside hydrolase (GH78) from the soft-rot fungus Xylaria polymorpha (Ascomycota).
The enzyme was successfully synthesized under different reaction conditions.
We characterized its enzymatic activities and immobilized the protein via FLAG-Tag interaction. Alteration of several conditions including reaction temperature, template design and lysate supplementation had an influence on the activity of cell-free synthesized GH78.
Consequently this led to a production of purified GH78 with a specific activity of 15.4 U mg? 1.
The results of this study may be foundational for future high throughput fungal enzyme screenings, including substrate spectra analysis and mutant screenings.
Introduction
Elderly patients after hospitalisation for acute events on account of age-related diseases (eg, joint or heart valve replacement surgery) are often characterised by a remarkably reduced functional health. Multicomponent rehabilitation (MR) is considered an appropriate approach to restore the functioning of these patients. However, its efficacy in improving functioning-related outcomes such as care dependency, activities of daily living (ADL), physical function and health-related quality of life (HRQL) remains unclarified. We outline the research framework of a scoping review designed to map the available evidence of the effects of MR on the independence and functional capacity of elderly patients hospitalised for age-related diseases in four main medical specialties beyond geriatrics.
Methods and analysis
The biomedical databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, ICTRP Search Platform, ClinicalTrials) and additionally Google Scholar will be systematically searched for studies comparing centre-based MR with usual care in patients ≥75 years of age, hospitalised for common acute events due to age-related diseases (eg, joint replacement, stroke) in one of the specialties of orthopaedics, oncology, cardiology or neurology. MR is defined as exercise training and at least one additional component (eg, nutritional counselling), starting within 3 months after hospital discharge. Randomised controlled trials as well as prospective and retrospective controlled cohort studies will be included from inception and without language restriction. Studies investigating patients <75 years, other specialties (eg, geriatrics), rehabilitation definition or differently designed will be excluded. Care dependency after at least a 6-month follow-up is set as the primary outcome. Physical function, HRQL, ADL, rehospitalisation and mortality will be additionally considered. Data for each outcome will be summarised, stratified by specialty, study design and type of assessment. Furthermore, quality assessment of the included studies will be performed.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval is not required. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and/or international congresses.
Step selection analysis (SSA) is a common framework for understanding animal movement and resource selection using telemetry data. Such data are, however, inherently autocorrelated in space, a complication that could impact SSA‐based inference if left unaddressed. Accounting for spatial correlation is standard statistical practice when analysing spatial data, and its importance is increasingly recognized in ecological models (e.g. species distribution models). Nonetheless, no framework yet exists to account for such correlation when analysing animal movement using SSA.
Here, we extend the popular method integrated step selection analysis (iSSA) by including a Gaussian field (GF) in the linear predictor to account for spatial correlation. For this, we use the Bayesian framework R‐INLA and the stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) technique.
We show through a simulation study that our method provides accurate fixed effects estimates, quantifies their uncertainty well and improves the predictions. In addition, we demonstrate the practical utility of our method by applying it to three wolverine (Gulo gulo) tracks.
Our method solves the problems of assuming spatially independent residuals in the SSA framework. In addition, it offers new possibilities for making long‐term predictions of habitat usage.
Protist grazing pressure plays a major role in controlling aquatic bacterial populations, affecting energy flow through the microbial loop and biogeochemical cycles. Predator-escape mechanisms might play a crucial role in energy flow through the microbial loop, but are yet understudied. For example, some bacteria can use planktonic as well as surface-associated habitats, providing a potential escape mechanism to habitat-specific grazers.
We investigated the escape response of the marine bacterium Marinobacter adhaerens in the presence of either planktonic (nanoflagellate: Cafeteria roenbergensis) or surface-associated (amoeba: Vannella anglica) protist predators, following population dynamics over time.
In the presence of V. anglica, M. adhaerens cell density increased in the water, but decreased on solid surfaces, indicating an escape response towards the planktonic habitat. In contrast, the planktonic predator C. roenbergensis induced bacterial escape to the surface habitat. While C. roenbergensis cell numbers dropped substantially after a sharp initial increase, V. anglica exhibited a slow, but constant growth throughout the entire experiment.
In the presence of C. roenbergensis, M. adhaerens rapidly formed cell clumps in the water habitat, which likely prevented consumption of the planktonic M. adhaerens by the flagellate, resulting in a strong decline in the predator population.
Our results indicate an active escape of M. adhaerens via phenotypic plasticity (i.e., behavioral and morphological changes) against predator ingestion.
This study highlights the potentially important role of behavioral escape mechanisms for community composition and energy flow in pelagic environments, especially with globally rising particle loads in aquatic systems through human activities and extreme weather events.
The present-day structure of the Eastern Cordillera in NW Argentina is governed by structural and lithological heterogeneities inherited from preceding deformation phases, which influence the localization of newly-formed faults and the inversion of pre-existing structures.
The Salta Rift Basin formed during a Late Jurassic-Cretaceous extensional phase and created a dominant structural and stratigraphic imprint in NW Argentina that is partic-ularly evident within the Eastern Cordillera, where uplift and exhumation have exposed the Salta Group syn-rift succession.
Although in general, the Salta Group rests upon Paleozoic rocks, locally the Tacuru Group forms an intermediate succession, consisting of interfingering eolian sandstones and proximal fault-related conglomerates with a Jurassic maximum depositional age. This succession might be the key to unraveling the Mesozoic history of NW Argentina, prior to the deposition of the Salta Group.
The conglomerates represent the earliest deposits related to extension in the western Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin, which is also documented in predominantly Jurassic zircon (U-Th-Sm)/He cooling ages of the rift shoulders. The detrital zircon U-Pb age signature and sandstone provenance of the Tacuru Group conglomerates differs strongly from the Salta Group syn-rift strata, which show a more regional signal.
These variations and the angularity of the unconformity may be connected to a rotation of the extension direction in the western Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin.