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- outflows (8)
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- persistence (8)
- phosphorylation (8)
- plankton (8)
- polarization (8)
- polyelectrolyte (8)
- polyunsaturated fatty acids (8)
- productivity (8)
- professional development (8)
- pronouns (8)
- proteomics (8)
- public administration (8)
- public health (8)
- quantum dots (8)
- quasars: general (8)
- reanalysis (8)
- rehabilitation (8)
- resources (8)
- restoration (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- seed dispersal (8)
- selection (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- site effects (8)
- snow (8)
- social inclusion (8)
- soil (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- statistics (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- technology (8)
- time-series (8)
- trends (8)
- ultrafast (8)
- ventral striatum (8)
- virtual reality (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- ADHD (7)
- Algorithms (7)
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- Austria (7)
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- DNA damage (7)
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- Dirac operator (7)
- E. coli (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
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- Galaxien (7)
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- Gravitationswellen (7)
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- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- In-Memory Technologie (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Kalman filter (7)
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- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
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- binaries: eclipsing (7)
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- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
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- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
- cellulose (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
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- coastal erosion (7)
- community (7)
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- comparison (7)
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- complexes (7)
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- cortisol (7)
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- density (7)
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- dietary patterns (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- disturbance (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- dust (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- energy policy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- experiments (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fatty acids (7)
- films (7)
- first passage time (7)
- flood (7)
- flow (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- frequency (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geochemistry (7)
- geophysics (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- graphene (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
- human behaviour (7)
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- imaging (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- immobilization (7)
- inference (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- insula (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
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- last glacial maximum (7)
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- low-energy electrons (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- measurement (7)
- mechanisms (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
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- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- pathogens (7)
- perceptual span (7)
- phase transition (7)
- phase transitions (7)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- policy (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- presidential government (7)
- preview benefit (7)
- production control (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- recombination (7)
- repair (7)
- representation (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- sharing economy (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- standardization (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- surveillance (7)
- tVNS (7)
- techniques: image processing (7)
- thermokarst (7)
- time series (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- urbanization (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
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- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- youth sports (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Alaska (6)
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- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Anpassung (6)
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- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- BMI (6)
- Bakterien (6)
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- Blockcopolymere (6)
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- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
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- Data assimilation (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Design Thinking (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Israel (6)
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- Künstliche Intelligenz (6)
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- Lasers (6)
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- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
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- Movement (6)
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- Raman (6)
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- Reliability (6)
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- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Seismology (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
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- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
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- Sternentwicklung (6)
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- acid ceramidase (6)
- administration (6)
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- age of acquisition (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- animal movement (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antioxidants (6)
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- bias (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- black holes (6)
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- change (6)
- change detection (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- coherence (6)
- colonialism (6)
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- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
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- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
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- extension (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
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- invasive species (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
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- linagliptin (6)
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- nucleus (6)
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- organic photovoltaics (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- oxygen (6)
- p53 (6)
- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perturbation (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- pollution (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
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- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- programming (6)
- projections (6)
- propensity score matching (6)
- protection (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
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- radical polymerization (6)
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- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- reflection (6)
- reproduction (6)
- residual stress (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scale development (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- selenium (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
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- solar cells (6)
- speed (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stroke (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- teaching (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tomography (6)
- topography (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- trust (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- uncertainty analysis (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- variation (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- walking (6)
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- weight loss (6)
- women (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 3D point clouds (5)
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- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
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- Age of acquisition (5)
- Agency (5)
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- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
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- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Assessment (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Atmosphäre (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
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- Cayley Graph (5)
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- Chitooligosaccharides (5)
- Chloroplast (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Cold War (5)
- Community assembly (5)
- Conservation (5)
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- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data profiling (5)
- Datenassimilation (5)
- Datenbank (5)
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- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Duplikaterkennung (5)
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- European hare (5)
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- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flood (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Fokker-Planck equation (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
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- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heart rate variability (5)
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- Heterocycles (5)
- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- IAT (5)
- IR-MALDI (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
- Induced seismicity (5)
- Information (5)
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- Janus emulsions (5)
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- L2 processing (5)
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- Landslides (5)
- Langmuir monolayer (5)
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- Measurement (5)
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- PCA (5)
- PUFA (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
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- Palynology (5)
- Peptides (5)
- Permian (5)
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- Ph.D. retreat (5)
- Phase transitions (5)
- Photochemistry (5)
- Plant functional types (5)
- Plio-Pleistocene (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Postural control (5)
- Priming (5)
- Process (5)
- Process mining (5)
- Productivity (5)
- Proteins (5)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (5)
- Python (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RAFT polymerization (5)
- RNA (5)
- RNA-Seq (5)
- ROS (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- Röntgenbeugung (5)
- SRTM (5)
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- Simulations (5)
- Solanum lycopersicum (5)
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- architecture (4)
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- compliance (4)
- composites (4)
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- concepts (4)
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- conductivity (4)
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- context (4)
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- correlations (3)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (3)
- cosmology (3)
- cost-benefit analysis (3)
- counting process (3)
- coupled oscillators (3)
- coupled rotators (3)
- course design (3)
- critical avalanche dynamics (3)
- critical phenomena (3)
- crop (3)
- cross-curriculum (3)
- cross-domain priming (3)
- cross-lagged panel analysis (3)
- cross-methodological approach (3)
- cross-national (3)
- crowding (3)
- crust (3)
- cryolithology (3)
- cryptic species (3)
- crystalline (3)
- cue validity (3)
- cultural identity (3)
- curriculum framework (3)
- curvature (3)
- cyberhate (3)
- cybervictimization (3)
- cycloaddition (3)
- cylindrical geometry (3)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (3)
- damage estimation (3)
- damage modeling (3)
- dark matter theory (3)
- dark triad (3)
- data fusion (3)
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- data processing (3)
- data science (3)
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- data wrangling (3)
- database systems (3)
- deception (3)
- decision processes (3)
- decision tree (3)
- decompositon (3)
- deduplication (3)
- deep convection (3)
- deep neural networks (3)
- deep-sea (3)
- defense against predation (3)
- definition (3)
- deforestation (3)
- degraded DNA (3)
- dehydration (3)
- delta-D values (3)
- democratic theory (3)
- democratization (3)
- dendroclimatology (3)
- denitrification (3)
- density functional theory (3)
- denudation (3)
- dependence (3)
- dependency (3)
- depressive disorder (3)
- design parameters (3)
- deutsch-jüdische Geschichte (3)
- developing countries (3)
- diabetes mellitus (3)
- diamond anvil cell (3)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (3)
- differential gene expression (3)
- diffraction (3)
- diffusing diffusivity (3)
- digital elevation model (3)
- digital interventions (3)
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- disability (3)
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- dye (3)
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- dynamical model (3)
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- e-government (3)
- earthquake modeling (3)
- earthquake source observations (3)
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- eating disorders (3)
- echocardiography (3)
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- embedded systems (3)
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- emotional intelligence (3)
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- employment services (3)
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- emulsion polymerization (3)
- encoding (3)
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- endothelial cells (3)
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- enjoyment (3)
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- evaporation (3)
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- extremes (3)
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- fire (3)
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- frameworks (3)
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- functional (3)
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- functionalization (3)
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- gait analysis (3)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (3)
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- gallbladder cancer (3)
- garnet (3)
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- gels (3)
- gender inequality (3)
- gene duplication (3)
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- generalizability (3)
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- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6397 (3)
- glucan (3)
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- heterotrophic bacteria (3)
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- immigrants (3)
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- impedance spectroscopy (3)
- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- implicit learning (3)
- in-service teacher training (3)
- inbreeding depression (3)
- incision (3)
- incremental graph pattern matching (3)
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- individual (3)
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- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
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- infiltration (3)
- inflectional morphology (3)
- information integration (3)
- infrared: diffuse background (3)
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- international (3)
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- kana (3)
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- kettle hole (3)
- kidney (3)
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- kognitive Modellierung (3)
- komplexe Systeme (3)
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- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- lactate threshold (3)
- land cover change (3)
- land-use (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language comprehension (3)
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- large-scale (3)
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- leaf (3)
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- linear programming (3)
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- lipid (3)
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- liquid-phase catalysis (3)
- literacy acquisition (3)
- literatures of the world (3)
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- load (3)
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- logic (3)
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- losses (3)
- lower (3)
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- lupin (3)
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- lysosomal storage disorders (3)
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- major depression (3)
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- matching (3)
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- melatonin (3)
- memory and delay (3)
- mental imagery (3)
- mesocrystals (3)
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- methods: statistical (3)
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- micro degree (3)
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- microgel (3)
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- micronutrients (3)
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- migrants (3)
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- minimal pairs (3)
- minimax convergence rates (3)
- minorities (3)
- missing-VP effect (3)
- mitochondrial dysfunction (3)
- mitogenome (3)
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- mitosis (3)
- mittlere Kindheit (3)
- mobile application (3)
- modal verbs (3)
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- model coupling (3)
- model transformation (3)
- model uncertainty (3)
- model-driven engineering (3)
- modellgetriebene Entwicklung (3)
- moderne jüdische Geschichte (3)
- modularity (3)
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- molecular dynamics simulations (3)
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- monetary incentive delay task (3)
- monoclonal antibodies (3)
- monomer (3)
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- morphological decomposition (3)
- morphological priming (3)
- morphological structure (3)
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- multicultural policy (3)
- multiculturalism (3)
- multilevel modelling (3)
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- natural habitats (3)
- naturalism (3)
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- nearshore zone (3)
- need satisfaction (3)
- net ecosystem exchange (3)
- neural (3)
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- neuromuscular functionality (3)
- neuronal networks (3)
- neuroscience (3)
- neutral endopeptidase (3)
- neutron (3)
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- new public management (3)
- niche and fitness differences (3)
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- self-regulated learning (3)
- self-similarity (3)
- semantic (3)
- sensor data (3)
- sensorimotor control (3)
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- separation (3)
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- shape-memory polymer (3)
- short-read mapping (3)
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- simulation model (3)
- simultaneous bilingualism (3)
- singularity (3)
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- size distribution (3)
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- skew Brownian motion (3)
- smart materials (3)
- smartphone (3)
- soccer players (3)
- social capital (3)
- social environment (3)
- social network analysis (3)
- social reactivity (3)
- social valuation (3)
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- Primary school children (2)
- Primates (2)
- Primula (2)
- Prisoner's Dilemma (2)
- Privatsphäre (2)
- Proactive/reactive balance (2)
- Proactivity (2)
- Probability (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Process Enactment (2)
- Process Modelling (2)
- Process model (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Progesterone (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Programming (2)
- Projection (2)
- Projektion (2)
- Proliferation (2)
- Prominences, active (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Pronomen (2)
- Pronoun resolution (2)
- Propensity Score Matching (2)
- Prosodic boundaries (2)
- Prosody-syntax interface (2)
- Prospective (2)
- Proteasome (2)
- Protective factors (2)
- Protein expression (2)
- Protein oxidation (2)
- Protein restriction (2)
- Protein secondary structure (2)
- Protein-Engineering (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Protein–protein interaction (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Prozessausführung (2)
- Präferenzen (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Psychodiagnostics (2)
- Psycholinguistics (2)
- Psychological functioning (2)
- Psychometric evaluation (2)
- Psychopathology (2)
- Psychophysiology (2)
- Psychosocial stress (2)
- Psychotherapeutic competencies (2)
- Psychotherapie (2)
- Public Management (2)
- Public Service Motivation (2)
- Public administration (2)
- Public organizations (2)
- Pull-Apart (2)
- Pulling isometric muscle action (2)
- Pump-probe (2)
- Punch (2)
- Pupillometrie (2)
- Push-pull character (2)
- Push-pull effect (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quality of Life (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenoptik (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quartz (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Quasars (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
- Quercus pubescens (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Random Forest (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Randwertprobleme (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realismus (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence Plots (2)
- Red Cross (2)
- Redox (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexion (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reflexivpronomen (2)
- Refugee Tales (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
- Religiosity (2)
- Remote Sensing (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
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- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
- Resource Competition (2)
- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
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- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riemannian manifold (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
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- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
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- Risk factor (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
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- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
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- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rumpf (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
- Russisch (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Röntgenstrahlung (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SCFA (2)
- SCP (2)
- SD3 (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
- SLI (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPARQL (2)
- SPB (2)
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- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccade (2)
- Sahel (2)
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- Sakkadendetektion (2)
- Salt Range (2)
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- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
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- Santa-Barbara system (2)
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- Scenario (2)
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- Scene perception (2)
- Schaum (2)
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- Seismotektonik (2)
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- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selektivität (2)
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- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Service-Oriented Architecture (2)
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- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
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- Sexual dimorphism (2)
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- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
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- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
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- Smpd1 (2)
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- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
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- Speech Motor Control (2)
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- Sprachkontakt (2)
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- Style modification (2)
- Störungen (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subject-verb agreement (2)
- Subjective well-being (2)
- Submarine permafrost (2)
- Submariner Permafrost (2)
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- Subsea permafrost (2)
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- Sun: UV radiation (2)
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- Synchrotron (2)
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- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthesis and processing (2)
- SysML (2)
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- Säugetiere (2)
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- Südafrika (2)
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- TACC (2)
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- TELEMAC-2D model (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIN (2)
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- TMR (2)
- TPACK (2)
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- Temperate forest (2)
- Temperature reconstruction (2)
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- Tense (2)
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- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
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- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
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- WASA-SED (2)
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- X-ray computed tomography (CT) (2)
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- X-rays: general (2)
- XES (2)
- XMCD (2)
- XMRV (2)
- XRF analysis (2)
- XopJ (2)
- Xpr1 (2)
- Xylanase (2)
- Yamabe operator (2)
- Yamal (2)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
- Yedoma uplands (2)
- Yellow flags (2)
- YouTube (2)
- Young adulthood (2)
- Young swimmers (2)
- Yttria stabilized zirconia (2)
- Yucatecan Spanish (2)
- Zaremba problem (2)
- Zea mays (2)
- Zebris (2)
- Zechstein salt (2)
- Zellmotilität (2)
- Zellproliferation (2)
- Zellweger (2)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (2)
- Zinc homeostasis (2)
- Zinypr-1 (2)
- Zionism (2)
- Zootoca vivipara (2)
- Zugriffskontrolle (2)
- Zuweisung thematischer Rollen (2)
- Zwei-Prozess Modelle (2)
- Zwitterionen (2)
- a priori (2)
- aberrations (2)
- ability differentiation (2)
- aboveground biomass (2)
- absolute (2)
- absorbtion fine-structure (2)
- abstraction (2)
- abundance (2)
- abuse cycles (2)
- academic performance (2)
- academic-achievement (2)
- academy (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- acclimation (2)
- accommodation (2)
- accountability dynamics (2)
- accountability mechanism (2)
- accounting (2)
- accretion discs (2)
- accretionary prism (2)
- accumulation rates (2)
- achievement (2)
- acid mine drainage (2)
- acidophile (2)
- acidophilic microorganisms (2)
- acids (2)
- acinar-cells (2)
- acoustic communication (2)
- acoustic emissions (2)
- acoustic variability (2)
- acoustic waves (2)
- acquired thermotolerance (2)
- actin polymerization (2)
- action perception (2)
- action problems (2)
- action segmentation (2)
- activated urethane derivatives (2)
- activator–inhibitor models (2)
- active floodplain (2)
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- acute (2)
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- adaptability (2)
- adaptation to external force impact (2)
- adaption measure (2)
- adaptive (2)
- adaptive Systeme (2)
- adaptive estimation (2)
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- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adaptive radiation (2)
- adaptive systems (2)
- addiction (2)
- addition (2)
- address normalization (2)
- adduct formation (2)
- adenoassociated virus (2)
- adipose tissue dysregulation (2)
- adiposity (2)
- adjustment (2)
- administrative culture (2)
- administrative literacy (2)
- adolescent growth (2)
- adolescent sport (2)
- adoption (2)
- advanced disease (2)
- aerobic exercise (2)
- aerobic metabolism (2)
- aerobic power (2)
- aerosol size distribution (2)
- aesthetics (2)
- affective learning (2)
- affective neuroscience (2)
- afforestation (2)
- aflatoxin B1 (2)
- aftercare (2)
- age differences (2)
- age differentiation (2)
- age resetting (2)
- aged (2)
- agent-based models (2)
- aggressive sexual fantasies (2)
- agitation (2)
- agreement deficit (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- agroecosystem (2)
- air-water interface (2)
- airborne (2)
- airglow (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- aldehydes (2)
- algorithm schedules (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- all-cause mortality (2)
- allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (2)
- allocation (2)
- allostatic load index (2)
- alpha-2 (2)
- alpha-stable Levy process (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- alpine (2)
- alps (2)
- altenuic acid (2)
- alteration geochemistry (2)
- alternaria group (2)
- alternative rewards (2)
- alternative-set semantics (2)
- altertoxins (2)
- alumni work (2)
- amateur soccer players (2)
- ambient noise (2)
- ambiguities (2)
- ambiguity (2)
- ambiguity resolution (2)
- ambition (2)
- amino acid (2)
- aminothiophenol (2)
- ammonia (2)
- ammonia synthesis (2)
- amoeboid motion (2)
- amorphous carbon (2)
- amorphous polymers (2)
- amplitude (2)
- amöboide Bewegung (2)
- anagogy (2)
- analytical framework for Participatory Educational Practices (2)
- analytical methods (2)
- anaphoric existence presupposition (2)
- anaphoricity (2)
- anatexis (2)
- ancestral remains (2)
- anchor peptides (2)
- ancient (2)
- and prediction (2)
- angiotensin receptor blockers (2)
- animal (2)
- animal and computational models (2)
- animal behavior (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- animal models (2)
- anisotropic effects (2)
- ankles (2)
- anniversary issue (2)
- annotation (2)
- annotation projection (2)
- anomalous Brownian motion (2)
- anomaly detection (2)
- anorexia nervosa (2)
- antecedent choice (2)
- antecedents (2)
- anterior PNP (2)
- anterior cruciate ligament (2)
- anthracene (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anti-cancer drugs (2)
- anti-consumption (2)
- anti-genotoxicity (2)
- anti-inflammatory nutrition (2)
- anti-inflammatory therapy (2)
- anti-oxidant activity (2)
- anti-oxidative capacity (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibiotic inactivation (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- anticancer drug (2)
- anticipation (2)
- antimicrobial peptide (2)
- antimicrobial peptides (2)
- antimicrobial polymers (2)
- antimicrobial resistance (2)
- antioxidant capacity (2)
- antonymy (2)
- anxiety disorder (2)
- anxiety sensitivity (2)
- anxiety-like behavior (2)
- apatite fission track (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apodemus-agrarius (2)
- apoplast (2)
- appetite (2)
- apple replant disease (2)
- applicant reactions (2)
- applicants for international protection (2)
- approximate differentiability (2)
- approximate methods (2)
- approximate number system (2)
- approximation (2)
- aptasensors (2)
- aquaculture (2)
- aquatic (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aquifer (2)
- arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- archaeology (2)
- archipelagic studies (2)
- archipelagic theory (2)
- arctic water bodies (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- argon dating (2)
- argument structure (2)
- argumentation mining (2)
- aridification (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- aromaticity (2)
- array (2)
- arsenic (2)
- arsenious acid (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial intelligence for health (2)
- artificial light (2)
- artificial light at night (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- artificial transcription factor (2)
- ascorbate (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- aspiration (2)
- assault (2)
- assay (2)
- assembly factor (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assembly rules (2)
- assignments (2)
- assimilation (2)
- associative learning (2)
- associative networks (2)
- astrobiology (2)
- astrocytes (2)
- astrometry (2)
- astronomical calibration (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- astronomical databases: miscellaneous (2)
- asylum (2)
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- asymptotic behavior (2)
- asymptotic method (2)
- asynchronous video interviewing (2)
- athmospheric circulation (2)
- atmospheric blocking (2)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (2)
- atmospheric warming (2)
- atom chip (2)
- atom-surface interaction (2)
- atomic processes (2)
- atropisomerism (2)
- attachment styles (2)
- attitudes toward intimate partner violence (2)
- attitudes towards sexual coercion (2)
- attosecond phenomena (2)
- attraction errors (2)
- attribute assurance (2)
- auch (2)
- augmented-wave method (2)
- august 2002 (2)
- authentication (2)
- authoritarianism (2)
- authorship attribution (2)
- autism spectrum disorder (2)
- autogamy (2)
- automated planning (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- automatic facial expression analysis (2)
- automatic feedback (2)
- automaticity (2)
- autonomic nervous system (2)
- autonomy support (2)
- autoregressive models (2)
- avian personalities (2)
- avirulence (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- azobenzene containing polymer films (2)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (2)
- azobenzene elastomers (2)
- azobenzene surfactant (2)
- azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (2)
- azobenzenes (2)
- back-pain screening (2)
- background variables (2)
- bacterial O-antigen (2)
- bacterial swimming strategies (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- banal nationalism (2)
- bank filtration (2)
- bank vole (2)
- bank voles (2)
- barbell velocity (2)
- basal body (2)
- base excision repair (incision activity) (2)
- basic need satisfaction and frustration (2)
- basic psychological needs (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- basin evolution (2)
- basis-sets (2)
- batch effect (2)
- batch process (2)
- batch processing (2)
- bedload transport (2)
- behavior problems (2)
- behavioral abstraction (2)
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- behavioral flexibility (2)
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- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral public administration (2)
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- behavioural syndrome (2)
- benchmark (2)
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- benzodiazepines (2)
- bet-hedging (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- beta-cell (2)
- beta-diversity (2)
- betaine (2)
- bibliometrics (2)
- bidirectional reflectance (2)
- bifurcation analysis (2)
- bifurcation theory (2)
- big data analytics (2)
- big data services (2)
- big-fish-little-pond-effect (2)
- bilingual children (2)
- bilingual infants (2)
- bilingual lexical development (2)
- bilingual processing (2)
- binary black holes (2)
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- bio-optical modeling (2)
- bioavailability (2)
- biocatalysis (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- bioelectrochemistry (2)
- bioenergetics (2)
- bioenergy (2)
- biofilm formation (2)
- biofilms (2)
- biogenesis (2)
- biogenic silica (2)
- bioindicators (2)
- biological control (2)
- biological invasion (2)
- biological maturation (2)
- biological pest control (2)
- biological soil crusts (2)
- biological transport (2)
- biomarker detection (2)
- biomechanical parameter (2)
- biomimetic mineralization (2)
- biomimetic recognition elements (2)
- bioprinting (2)
- biorefineries (2)
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- biostimulant (2)
- biotechnology (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- birds (2)
- birefringence (2)
- birth-death-mutation-competition point process (2)
- birthweight (2)
- bisphosphonates (2)
- bistability (2)
- bitcoin (2)
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- bladder-cancer (2)
- blockchain technology (2)
- blood glucose (2)
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- blue stragglers (2)
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- bodily self (2)
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- body mass (2)
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- body proportions (2)
- body shape (2)
- body weight gain (2)
- body-mass index (2)
- body-specificity hypothesis (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- bone tissue engineering (2)
- bone–brain–nervous system interactions (2)
- book history (2)
- bootstrapping (2)
- border (2)
- boreal forests (2)
- borehole leakage (2)
- boronic acid (2)
- bottlebrush copolymers (2)
- bottom-up fabrication (2)
- botulinum toxin (2)
- bound phenolic compounds (2)
- boundary regularity (2)
- bounded model checking (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- brain development (2)
- brain health (2)
- brain insulin signaling (2)
- branched chain amino acids (2)
- break interventions (2)
- breathing (2)
- breeding (2)
- bridge (2)
- broadband and narrowband dimensions of behavior (2)
- bromeliad (2)
- brownian-motion (2)
- browser platforms (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bulk heterojunctions (2)
- bullying victimization (2)
- bumps (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- business incubators (2)
- business interruption (2)
- business model innovation (2)
- business process (2)
- business process modeling (2)
- business services (2)
- butyrylcholinesterase (2)
- buy recommendations (2)
- c. elegans (2)
- cGMP (2)
- cTBS (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- calc-alkaline (2)
- calcaneal eversion (2)
- calcination (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (2)
- callous-unemotional traits (2)
- callousness (2)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (2)
- cambs (2)
- camelid antibody (2)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer chemoprevention (2)
- cancer detection (2)
- cancer epidemiology (2)
- canoe racing (2)
- canonical correlations analysis (2)
- canopy height (2)
- capabilities (2)
- capacities (2)
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- capture enrichment (2)
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- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
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- cardiovascular-disease (2)
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- carrion ecology (2)
- carryover effects (2)
- cascade reactions (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- case (2)
- case-animacy (2)
- catalase (2)
- catalogues (2)
- catalyst (2)
- catastrophe climatique (2)
- catch-up growth (2)
- cathode (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cavity quantum electrodynamics (2)
- celestial mechanics (2)
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- cell division (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
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- cell-death (2)
- cellular bioimaging (2)
- cellular signaling (2)
- cellular uptake (2)
- cellulose fibers (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cement (2)
- cement admixtures (2)
- cement hydration (2)
- cementitious material (2)
- central Mediterranean (2)
- central Mongolia (2)
- central Poland (2)
- central administration (2)
- central and peripheral vision (2)
- central fixation bias (2)
- central south island (2)
- centralization (2)
- cerami-des (2)
- ceramides (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cereal meals (2)
- cesium lead halides (2)
- cetaceans (2)
- chains (2)
- chalcogenide (2)
- challenges (2)
- change of direction speed (2)
- change-of-direction speed (2)
- changement climatique (2)
- chaotic neural dynamics (2)
- chaperone (2)
- chaperones (2)
- charge carrier recombination (2)
- charge localisation (2)
- charge transfers (2)
- charge-carrier transport (2)
- chemical sensors (2)
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- chemotaxonomy (2)
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- childcare (2)
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- childhood obesity (2)
- chimera (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chirality (2)
- chlorophyll (2)
- chlorophyll a (2)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (2)
- chromatin regulation (2)
- chromoionophore (2)
- chronic fatigue (2)
- chronic health condition (2)
- chronic low back pain (2)
- chronic psychosocial stress (2)
- chronic stress (2)
- chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) (2)
- chronology (AICC2012) (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- circulation of knowledge (2)
- circulation patterns (2)
- cirrus clouds (2)
- citizen-state interactions (2)
- citric acid (2)
- civil service (2)
- class-level effects (2)
- classical conditioning (2)
- classroom (2)
- classroom characteristics (2)
- classroom climate (2)
- classroom management (2)
- clause determiner (2)
- clauses (2)
- clay mineral (2)
- cleft constructions (2)
- client preferences (2)
- climate catastrophe (2)
- climate change mitigation (2)
- climate drift (2)
- climate finance (2)
- climate politics (2)
- climate reconstructions (2)
- climate trends (2)
- climate varibility (2)
- climate visualization (2)
- climate-change policy (2)
- climatology (2)
- clinical (2)
- clinical pain research (2)
- clinical study (2)
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- clinopyroxenite (2)
- clonal complex (2)
- cloud security (2)
- cloud storage (2)
- cluster (2)
- cluster model (2)
- clusterin (2)
- clusters (2)
- co-expression (2)
- co-nonsolvency (2)
- co-ordination (2)
- coagulation (2)
- coarea formula (2)
- coast (2)
- coastal flood damage (2)
- coastal flooding (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coat colour (2)
- cobalt nanoparticles (2)
- cockroach salivary-glands (2)
- codifference (2)
- coefficients (2)
- coenzyme-a (2)
- coesite (2)
- coffee (2)
- cognitive (2)
- cognitive interference (2)
- cognitive linguistics (2)
- cognitive load (2)
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- cognitive science (2)
- cognitive training (2)
- cognitive-behavioral control (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (2)
- cognitive-control (2)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (2)
- coherent noise (2)
- coherent phonons (2)
- cohomology (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collaborative learning (2)
- collaborative work (2)
- collection types (2)
- collective consumption context (2)
- collective motion (2)
- collision (2)
- colloid (2)
- colonial Australia (2)
- colony decline (2)
- colony viability (2)
- coloring agents (2)
- combined task and motion planning (2)
- commemorative acts of citizenship (2)
- commitment (2)
- committee governance (2)
- common ground (2)
- common ownership (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community model (2)
- community theory (2)
- comorbidities (2)
- comparative (2)
- comparative subclause (2)
- comparative subclauses (2)
- comparison of devices (2)
- competencies (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- competitive inhibition (2)
- complaints (2)
- complex network (2)
- complex predicates (2)
- complex problems (2)
- complex sentence processing (2)
- complex words (2)
- composite material (2)
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- compound (2)
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- comprehensive analysis (2)
- compression (2)
- computational model (2)
- computational morphodynamics (2)
- computer graphics (2)
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- computer-mediated therapy (2)
- concentrated solar power (2)
- concentrating solar power (2)
- concentration (2)
- concurrent checking (2)
- conditional reasoning (2)
- conditioning activity (2)
- conditioning exercise (2)
- conduct disorder (2)
- confidence intervals (2)
- confidence sets (2)
- conflict (2)
- conflict management (2)
- conflict monitoring (2)
- confocal Raman microscopy (2)
- conformance checking (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- conformational-changes (2)
- confusion (2)
- congruity effect (2)
- conjugate gradient (2)
- connections between chaos and statistical physics (2)
- conscientiousness (2)
- conservation biology (2)
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- constraint (2)
- consultation (2)
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- content (2)
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- context factors (2)
- context sensitivity (2)
- continental collision (2)
- continental rifting (2)
- continuing education activities (2)
- continuity (2)
- continuous glucose monitoring (2)
- continuous integration (2)
- continuous process (2)
- continuous simulation (2)
- continuous testing (2)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (2)
- continuous-time data assimilation (2)
- contract workers (2)
- contractions (2)
- contrast effect (2)
- contrast effects (2)
- control rates (2)
- controlled polymerization (2)
- controlled trial (2)
- convective available potential energy (2)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (2)
- conversational implicature (2)
- conversion (2)
- converting factor (2)
- convolutional neural networks (2)
- cooperating systems (2)
- cooperative goal interdependence (2)
- cooperative phenomena (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper-bearing minerals (2)
- copper-related disorders (2)
- copy number analyses (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core PG1351 (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- core strength (2)
- core-shell materials (2)
- core-shell nanostructure (2)
- coregistration (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- corona (2)
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- corporate foresight (2)
- corporate leniency program (2)
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- corporeality (2)
- corpus dataset (2)
- cortical network models (2)
- cortical oscillations (2)
- cosmic background radiation (2)
- cosmic ray propagation (2)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (2)
- cosmological simulations (2)
- cosmopolitanism and nationalism (2)
- cost-effectiveness (2)
- cost-effectiveness analysis (2)
- coumarins (2)
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- counterterms (2)
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- country (2)
- coupled oscillators model (2)
- coupled surface (2)
- coupling (2)
- coupling methods (2)
- course timetabling (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- cow's milk (2)
- coworking spaces (2)
- craving and relapse (2)
- creative problem solving (2)
- creative process (2)
- criminology (2)
- crisis communication (2)
- criterial (2)
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- cropping system (2)
- cross ownership (2)
- cross-cultural differences (2)
- cross-education (2)
- cross-linguistic differences (2)
- cross-linking (2)
- cross-modal generalisation (2)
- cross-modal priming (2)
- cross-national comparison (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- crowded fluids (2)
- crowdsourcing (2)
- cruciate ligament injury (2)
- crustacean zooplankton (2)
- crustal structure (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- cryogel (2)
- cryptic species complex (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- crystal orientation (2)
- crystal structures (2)
- crystallinity (2)
- crystallization behavior (2)
- crystals (2)
- cues (2)
- culling of male chickens (2)
- cultural conceptualisations (2)
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- cultural minority youth (2)
- culture, identity, and inclusion (2)
- curriculum development (2)
- customer acceptance (2)
- customization (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cyber-physische Systeme (2)
- cyberaggression (2)
- cybersecurity (2)
- cycle (2)
- cyclic AMP (2)
- cycling (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
- cysteine alkylation (2)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (2)
- cytoplasm (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytotype (2)
- dark ages (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data cleaning (2)
- data pipeline (2)
- data privacy (2)
- data protection (2)
- data scarcity (2)
- data sharing (2)
- data synthesis (2)
- data-driven (2)
- data-mining (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de Rham complex (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- de-concentration (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- debris flows (2)
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Institut
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (4761)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4587)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3199)
- Institut für Chemie (2817)
- Institut für Mathematik (1547)
- Department Psychologie (1383)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (998)
- Department Linguistik (903)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (824)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (788)
Motivation: Full-length DNA and protein sequences that span the entire length of a gene are ideally used for multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) and the subsequent inference of their relationships. Frequently, however, MSAs contain a substantial amount of missing data. For example, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which are partial sequences of expressed genes, are the predominant source of sequence data for many organisms. The patterns of missing data typical for EST-derived alignments greatly compromise the accuracy of estimated phylogenies. Results: We present a statistical method for inferring phylogenetic trees from EST-based incomplete MSA data. We propose a class of hierarchical models for modeling pairwise distances between the sequences, and develop a fully Bayesian approach for estimation of the model parameters. Once the distance matrix is estimated, the phylogenetic tree may be constructed by applying neighbor-joining (or any other algorithm of choice). We also show that maximizing the marginal likelihood from the Bayesian approach yields similar results to a pro. le likelihood estimation. The proposed methods are illustrated using simulated protein families, for which the true phylogeny is known, and one real protein family.
We discuss an efficient Hierarchical Effective Mode (HEM) representation of a high-dimensional harmonic oscillator bath, which describes phonon-driven vibrational relaxation of an adsorbate-surface system, namely, deuterium adsorbed on Si(100). Starting from the original Hamiltonian of the adsorbate-surface system, the HEM representation is constructed via iterative orthogonal transformations, which are efficiently implemented with Householder matrices. The detailed description of the HEM representation and its construction are given in the second quantization representation. The hierarchical nature of this representation allows access to the exact quantum dynamics of the adsorbate-surface system over finite time intervals, controllable via the truncation order of the hierarchy. To study the convergence properties of the effective mode representation, we solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation of the truncated system-bath HEM Hamiltonian, with the help of the multilayer extension of the Multiconfigurational Time-Dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) method. The results of the HEM representation are compared with those obtained with a quantum-mechanical tier-model. The convergence of the HEM representation with respect to the truncation order of the hierarchy is discussed for different initial conditions of the adsorbate-surface system. The combination of the HEM representation with the ML-MCTDH method provides information on the time evolution of the system (adsorbate) and multiple effective modes of the bath (surface). This permits insight into mechanisms of vibration-phonon coupling of the adsorbate-surface system, as well as inter-mode couplings of the effective bath.
A short and convenient synthesis of metallochlorin-C-60 dyads based on a Heck-type hetero coupling at the 3(2) position of a chlorin is described. p-Bromobenzaldehyde was treated with Zn-metalated 13(2)- demethoxycarbonylmethylpheophorbide a, using a palladium acetate/LiCl catalyst mixture under phase-transfer conditions in DMF at 70 degrees C. The resulting asymmetric olefin was obtained in a high trans/cis ratio. The desired trans isomer was separated and subsequently transformed into a donor-acceptor dyad by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to C-60 in the presence of sarcosine in refluxing toluene. The resulting dyads are expected to undergo efficient photoinduced electron transfer and can potentially be utilized in solar energy conversion devices.
A holistic design and verification environment to investigate driving assistance systems is presented, with an emphasis on system-on-chip architectures for video applications. Starting with an executable specification of a driving assistance application, subsequent transformations are performed across different levels of abstraction until the final implementation is achieved. The hardware/software partitioning is facilitated through the integration of OpenCV and SystemC in the same design environment, as well as OpenCV and Linux in the run-time system. We built a rapid prototyping, FPGA-based camera system, which allows designs to be explored and evaluated in realistic conditions. Using lane departure and the corresponding performance speedup, we show that our platform reduces the design time, while improving the verification efforts.
Reliable hydrological monitoring is the basis for sound water management in drained wetlands. Since statistical methods cannot be employed for unobserved or sparsely monitored areas, the primary design (first set-up) may be arbitrary in most instances. The objective of this paper is therefore to provide a guideline for designing the initial hydrological monitoring network. A scheme is developed that handles different parts of monitoring and hydrometry in wetlands, focusing on the positioning of surface water and groundwater gauges. For placement of the former, control units are used which correspond to areas whose water levels can be regulated separately. The latter are arranged depending on hydrological response units, defined by combinations of soil type and land use, and the chosen surface water monitoring sites. A practical application of the approach is shown for an investigation area in the Spreewald region in north-east Germany. The presented scheme leaves a certain degree of freedom to its user, allowing the inclusion of expert knowledge or special concerns. Based on easily obtainable data, the developed hydrological network serves as a first step in the iterative procedure of monitoring network optimisation. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular polymers or fibers are non-covalent assemblies of unimeric building blocks connected by secondary interactions such as hydrogen bonds or pi-pi interactions. Such structures hold enormous potential in the development of future materials, as their non-covalent nature makes them highly modular and adaptive. Within this review we aim to provide a broad overview over the area of linear supramolecular polymers including the different mechanisms of their polymerization as well as methods essential for their characterization. The different non-covalent interactions able to form supramolecular polymers are discussed, and key examples for each species are shown. Particular emphasis is laid on the development of living supramolecular polymerization able to produce fibers with a controlled length and low length dispersity, and even enable the production of supramolecular block copolymers. Another important and very recent field is the development of out-of-equilibrium supramolecular polymers, where the polymerization process can be temporally controlled enabling access to highly adaptive materials.
Growing attention to phytoplankton mixotrophy as a trophic strategy has led to significant revisions of traditional pelagic food web models and ecosystem functioning. Although some empirical estimates of mixotrophy do exist, a much broader set of in situ measurements are required to (i) identify which organisms are acting as mixotrophs in real time and to (ii) assess the contribution of their heterotrophy to biogeochemical cycling. Estimates are needed through time and across space to evaluate which environmental conditions or habitats favour mixotrophy: conditions still largely unknown. We review methodologies currently available to plankton ecologists to undertake estimates of plankton mixotrophy, in particular nanophytoplankton phago-mixotrophy. Methods are based largely on fluorescent or isotopic tracers, but also take advantage of genomics to identify phylotypes and function. We also suggest novel methods on the cusp of use for phago-mixotrophy assessment, including single-cell measurements improving our capacity to estimate mixotrophic activity and rates in wild plankton communities down to the single-cell level. Future methods will benefit from advances in nanotechnology, micromanipulation and microscopy combined with stable isotope and genomic methodologies. Improved estimates of mixotrophy will enable more reliable models to predict changes in food web structure and biogeochemical flows in a rapidly changing world.
To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind biomass accumulation, it is important to study plant growth behavior. Manually phenotyping large sets of plants requires important human resources and expertise and is typically not feasible for detection of weak growth phenotypes. Here, we established an automated growth phenotyping pipeline for Arabidopsis thaliana to aid researchers in comparing growth behaviors of different genotypes.
The analysis pipeline includes automated image analysis of two-dimensional digital plant images and evaluation of manually annotated information of growth stages. It employs linear mixed-effects models to quantify genotype effects on total rosette area and relative leaf growth rate (RLGR) and ANOVAs to quantify effects on developmental times.
Using the system, a single researcher can phenotype up to 7000 plants d(-1). Technical variance is very low (typically < 2%). We show quantitative results for the growth-impaired starch-excessmutant sex4-3 and the growth-enhancedmutant grf9.
We show that recordings of environmental and developmental variables reduce noise levels in the phenotyping datasets significantly and that careful examination of predictor variables (such as d after sowing or germination) is crucial to avoid exaggerations of recorded phenotypes and thus biased conclusions.
The study reports a group-randomized trial of a theatre-based intervention to prevent sexual abuse targeting first and second grade primary school children in Germany. A sample of 148 first and second graders saw a live performance of a play designed to promote skills in dealing with abuse-prone interactions with adults, watched a recording of the play on DVD or were assigned to a no intervention control group. Both the live performance and the DVD groups showed significant increases in the target variables (distinguishing good/bad touch and secrets, getting help, rejecting unwanted touch) from baseline to post-intervention and a follow-up after 2 weeks, while the control group did not show changes. The live performance and DVD groups participated in a further follow-up 30 weeks post-intervention, which showed sustained effects of the intervention. The findings indicate that with appropriately culture-sensitive measures, Sexual abuse prevention programmes can have Sustainable effects with young primary school children.
A ground motion logic tree for seismic hazard analysis in the stable cratonic region of Europe
(2020)
Regions of low seismicity present a particular challenge for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis when identifying suitable ground motion models (GMMs) and quantifying their epistemic uncertainty. The 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model adopts a scaled backbone approach to characterise this uncertainty for shallow seismicity in Europe, incorporating region-to-region source and attenuation variability based on European strong motion data. This approach, however, may not be suited to stable cratonic region of northeastern Europe (encompassing Finland, Sweden and the Baltic countries), where exploration of various global geophysical datasets reveals that its crustal properties are distinctly different from the rest of Europe, and are instead more closely represented by those of the Central and Eastern United States. Building upon the suite of models developed by the recent NGA East project, we construct a new scaled backbone ground motion model and calibrate its corresponding epistemic uncertainties. The resulting logic tree is shown to provide comparable hazard outcomes to the epistemic uncertainty modelling strategy adopted for the Eastern United States, despite the different approaches taken. Comparison with previous GMM selections for northeastern Europe, however, highlights key differences in short period accelerations resulting from new assumptions regarding the characteristics of the reference rock and its influence on site amplification.
In the present study, the effects of ionic liquids (ILs) on the stability of nanoparticles in several IL compositions were investigated. In this context, we examined the primary role of ILs in the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles and their dispersions extensively. However, the focus of the discussion in this communication centers mainly on the effect of EMIM Ethyl Sulfate on growth and stability of nanoparticles. The dispersion properties of ILs based on their ability to aid the synthesis of uniformly dispersed nanoparticles have been further explored to produce nanoparticles of an effective catalyst useful in water purification, soil remediation and battery applications. Two independent protocols were developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles, namely (a) one pot process via chemical reduction (b) dispersion of the inorganic material in ILs. The protocols are simple, sustainable and environmentally friendly because the processes are conducted in ILs as harmless non-toxic green solvent materials. The catalysts were analyzed by x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, UV visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering as the main methodologies.
Plants located adjacent to agricultural fields are important for maintaining biodiversity in semi-natural landscapes. To avoid undesired impacts on these plants due to herbicide application on the arable fields, regulatory risk assessments are conducted prior to registration to ensure proposed uses of plant protection products do not present an unacceptable risk. The current risk assessment approach for these non-target terrestrial plants (NTTPs) examines impacts at the individual-level as a surrogate approach for protecting the plant community due to the inherent difficulties of directly assessing population or community level impacts. However, modelling approaches are suitable higher tier tools to upscale individual-level effects to community level. IBC-grass is a sophisticated plant community model, which has already been applied in several studies. However, as it is a console application software, it was not deemed sufficiently user-friendly for risk managers and assessors to be conveniently operated without prior expertise in ecological models. Here, we present a user-friendly and open source graphical user interface (GUI) for the application of IBC-grass in regulatory herbicide risk assessment. It facilitates the use of the plant community model for predicting long-term impacts of herbicide applications on NTTP communities. The GUI offers two options to integrate herbicide impacts: (1) dose responses based on current standard experiments (acc. to testing guidelines) and (2) based on specific effect intensities. Both options represent suitable higher tier options for future risk assessments of NTTPs as well as for research on the ecological relevance of effects.
A grammar of authority?
(2021)
Directive Speech Acts (dsas) are a major feature of historical pragmatics, specifically in research on historical (im)politeness. However, for Classical French, there is a lack of research on related phenomena. In our contribution, we present two recently constructed corpora covering the period of Classical French, sermo and apwcf. We present these corpora in terms of their genre characteristics on a communicative-functional and socio-pragmatic level. Based on the observation that, both in sermo and apwcf, dsas frequently occur together with terms of address, we analyse and manually code a sample based on this co-occurrence, and we compare the results with regard to special features in the individual corpora. The emerging patterns show a clear correspondence between socio-pragmatic factors and the linguistic means used to realise dsas. We propose that these results can be interpreted as signs of an underlying "grammar of authority".
Our goal was to reconstruct the late eighteenth century forest vegetation of the Prignitz region (NE Germany) at a scale of 1:50,000. We also wanted to relate the historical forest vegetation to the actual and potential natural vegetation. For these purposes, we selected 15 woody species and transferred relevant data found in historical records from various sources together with the recent localities of (very) old individuals belonging to these woody species into ArcView GIS. Following multi-step data processing including the generation of a point density layer using a moving window with kernel estimation and derivation of vegetation units applying Boolean algebra rules together with information on site conditions, we derived 17 forest communities corresponding to the potential natural vegetation. We were able to reconstruct the historical forest vegetation for 90% of the forest area ca. 1780. Only two of the 17 forest communities covered large parts of the forested area. The oak forest with Agrostis capillaris covered about 44% of the total forest area, and alder forests on fenland made up about 37%. Oak-hornbeam forests with Stellaria holostea comprised slightly less than 6% of the forest area, while all other forest communities comprised less than 1%. The historical forest vegetation is more similar to the potential forest vegetation and quite different from the actual forest vegetation because coniferous tree species currently cover approximately two-thirds of the actual forest area. The most beneficial result of this study is the map of high-resolution historical vegetation units that may serve as the basis for various further studies, e.g., modelling long-term changes in biodiversity at the landscape scale.
Deep hydrothermal Mo, W, and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine (Detroit City portal) formed in response to magmatic activity during the Oligocene. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions trapped in greisen quartz and fluorite suggest that the early-stage mineralization at the Sweet Home mine precipitated from low- to medium-salinity (1.5-11.5 wt% equiv. NaCl), CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures between 360 and 415 degrees C and at depths of at least 3.5 km. Stable isotope and noble gas isotope data indicate that greisen formation and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine was related to fluids of different origins. Early magmatic fluids were the principal source for mantle-derived volatiles (CO2, H2S/SO2, noble gases), which subsequently mixed with significant amounts of heated meteoric water. Mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water is constrained by delta H-2(w)-delta O-18(w) relationships of fluid inclusions. The deep hydrothermal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine shows features similar to deep hydrothermal vein mineralization at Climax-type Mo deposits or on their periphery. This suggests that fluid migration and the deposition of ore and gangue minerals in the Sweet Home mine was triggered by a deep-seated magmatic intrusion. The findings of this study are in good agreement with the results of previous fluid inclusion studies of the mineralization of the Sweet Home mine and from Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits in the Colorado Mineral Belt.
Ophiostomatoid fungi are vectored by their bark-beetle associates and colonize different host tree species. To survive and proliferate in the host, they have evolved mechanisms for detoxification and elimination of host defence compounds, efficient nutrient sequestration, and, in pathogenic species, virulence towards plants. Here, we assembled a draft genome of the spruce pathogen Ophiostoma bicolor. For our comparative and phylogenetic analyses, we mined the genomes of closely related species (Ophiostoma piceae, Ophiostoma ulmi, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, and Grosmannia clavigera). Our aim was to acquire a genomic and evolutionary perspective of gene families important in host colonization. Genome comparisons showed that both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in our assembly were largely complete. Our O. bicolor 25.3 Mbp draft genome had 10 018 predicted genes, 6041 proteins with gene ontology (GO) annotation, 269 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 559 peptidases and inhibitors, and 1373 genes likely involved in pathogen-host interactions. Phylogenetic analyses of selected protein families revealed core sets of cytochrome P450 genes, ABC transporters and backbone genes involved in secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis (polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal synthases), and species-specific gene losses and duplications. Phylogenetic analyses of protein families of interest provided insight into evolutionary adaptations to host biochemistry in ophiostomatoid fungi.
Liverwort Blasia pusilla L. recruits soil nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of genus Nostoc as symbiotic partners. In this work we compared Nostoc community composition inside the plants and in the soil around them from two distant locations in Northern Norway. STRR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA phylogeny reconstruction showed a remarkable local diversity among isolates assigned to several Nostoc clades. An extensive web of negative allelopathic interactions was recorded at an agricultural site, but not at the undisturbed natural site. The cell extracts of the cyanobacteria did not show antimicrobial activities, but four isolates were shown to be cytotoxic to human cells. The secondary metabolite profiles of the isolates were mapped by MALDI-TOF MS, and the most prominent ions were further analyzed by Q-TOF for MS/MS aided identification. Symbiotic isolates produced a great variety of small peptide-like substances, most of which lack any record in the databases. Among identified compounds we found microcystin and nodularin variants toxic to eukaryotic cells. Microcystin producing chemotypes were dominating as symbiotic recruits but not in the free-living community. In addition, we were able to identify several novel aeruginosins and banyaside-like compounds, as well as nostocyclopeptides and nosperin.
Liverwort Blasia pusilla L. recruits soil nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of genus Nostoc as symbiotic partners. In this work we compared Nostoc community composition inside the plants and in the soil around them from two distant locations in Northern Norway. STRR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA phylogeny reconstruction showed a remarkable local diversity among isolates assigned to several Nostoc clades. An extensive web of negative allelopathic interactions was recorded at an agricultural site, but not at the undisturbed natural site. The cell extracts of the cyanobacteria did not show antimicrobial activities, but four isolates were shown to be cytotoxic to human cells. The secondary metabolite profiles of the isolates were mapped by MALDI-TOF MS, and the most prominent ions were further analyzed by Q-TOF for MS/MS aided identification. Symbiotic isolates produced a great variety of small peptide-like substances, most of which lack any record in the databases. Among identified compounds we found microcystin and nodularin variants toxic to eukaryotic cells. Microcystin producing chemotypes were dominating as symbiotic recruits but not in the free-living community. In addition, we were able to identify several novel aeruginosins and banyaside-like compounds, as well as nostocyclopeptides and nosperin.
Advances in the field of seismic interferometry have provided a basic theoretical interpretation to the full spectrum of the microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio [H/V(f)]. The interpretation has been applied to ambient seismic noise data recorded both at the surface and at depth. The new algorithm, based on the diffuse wavefield assumption, has been used in inversion schemes to estimate seismic wave velocity profiles that are useful input information for engineering and exploration seismology both for earthquake hazard estimation and to characterize surficial sediments. However, until now, the developed algorithms are only suitable for on land environments with no offshore consideration. Here, the microtremor H/V(z, f) modelling is extended for applications to marine sedimentary environments for a 1-D layered medium. The layer propagator matrix formulation is used for the computation of the required Green’s functions. Therefore, in the presence of a water layer on top, the propagator matrix for the uppermost layer is defined to account for the properties of the water column. As an application example we analyse eight simple canonical layered earth models. Frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 50 Hz are considered as they cover a broad wavelength interval and aid in practice to investigate subsurface structures in the depth range from a few meters to a few hundreds of meters. Results show a marginal variation of 8 per cent at most for the fundamental frequency when a water layer is present. The water layer leads to variations in H/V peak amplitude of up to 50 per cent atop the solid layers.
The present study proposes a General Probabilistic Framework (GPF) for uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis of deterministic models in which, in addition to scalar inputs, non-scalar and correlated inputs can be considered as well. The analysis is conducted with the variance-based approach of Sobol/Saltelli where first and total sensitivity indices are estimated. The results of the framework can be used in a loop for model improvement, parameter estimation or model simplification. The framework is applied to SWAP, a 113 hydrological model for the transport of water, solutes and heat in unsaturated and saturated soils. The sources of uncertainty are grouped in five main classes: model structure (soil discretization), input (weather data), time-varying (crop) parameters, scalar parameters (soil properties) and observations (measured soil moisture). For each source of uncertainty, different realizations are created based on direct monitoring activities. Uncertainty of evapotranspiration, soil moisture in the root zone and bottom fluxes below the root zone are considered in the analysis. The results show that the sources of uncertainty are different for each output considered and it is necessary to consider multiple output variables for a proper assessment of the model. Improvements on the performance of the model can be achieved reducing the uncertainty in the observations, in the soil parameters and in the weather data. Overall, the study shows the capability of the GPF to quantify the relative contribution of the different sources of uncertainty and to identify the priorities required to improve the performance of the model. The proposed framework can be extended to a wide variety of modelling applications, also when direct measurements of model output are not available.
We consider the problem of representing arbitrary preferences in causal reasoning and planning systems. In planning, a preference may be seen as a goal or constraint that is desirable, but not necessary, to satisfy. To begin, we define a very general query language for histories, or interleaved sequences of world states and actions. Based on this, we specify a second language in which preferences are defined. A single preference defines a binary relation on histories, indicating that one history is preferred to the other. From this, one can define global preference orderings on the set of histories, the maximal elements of which are the preferred histories. The approach is very general and flexible; thus it constitutes a base language in terms of which higher-level preferences may be defined. To this end, we investigate two fundamental types of preferences that we call choice and temporal preferences. We consider concrete strategies for these types of preferences and encode them in terms of our framework. We suggest how to express aggregates in the approach, allowing, e.g. the expression of a preference for histories with lowest total action costs. Last, our approach can be used to express other approaches and so serves as a common framework in which such approaches can be expressed and compared. We illustrate this by indicating how an approach due to Son and Pontelli can be encoded in our approach, as well as the language PDDL3.
A 741-cm-long laminated sediment core, covering the last 10,800 years was collected from Lake Zigetang, central Tibetan Plateau (90.9 degrees E, 32.0 degrees N, 4560m a.s.l.), and analysed palynologically at 69 horizons. Biome reconstruction suggests a dominance of temperate steppe vegetation (mainly Artemisia and Poaceae) on the central Tibetan Plateau during the first half of the Holocene (10.8-4.4 cal. ka BP), while alpine steppes with desert elements (mainly Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and characteristic high-alpine herb families) tend to dominate the second half (4.4-0 cal. ka BP). The Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio-a semi-quantitative measure for summer temperature-indicates a general cooling trend throughout the Holocene. Dense temperate steppe vegetation and maximum desert plant withdrawal, however, indicate that a suitable balance of wet and warm conditions for optimum vegetation growth likely occurred during the middle Holocene (7.3-4.4 cal. ka BP). Severe Early Holocene cold events have been reconstructed for 8.7-8.3 and similar to 7.4 cal. ka BP. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
P>The onset and progression of senescence are under genetic and environmental control. The Arabidopsis thaliana NAC transcription factor ANAC092 (also called AtNAC2 and ORE1) has recently been shown to control age-dependent senescence, but its mode of action has not been analysed yet. To explore the regulatory network administered by ANAC092 we performed microarray-based expression profiling using estradiol-inducible ANAC092 overexpression lines. Approximately 46% of the 170 genes up-regulated upon ANAC092 induction are known senescence-associated genes, suggesting that the NAC factor exerts its role in senescence through a regulatory network that includes many of the genes previously reported to be senescence regulated. We selected 39 candidate genes and confirmed their time-dependent response to enhanced ANAC092 expression by quantitative RT-PCR. We also found that the majority of them (24 genes) are up-regulated by salt stress, a major promoter of plant senescence, in a manner similar to that of ANAC092, which itself is salt responsive. Furthermore, 24 genes like ANAC092 turned out to be stage-dependently expressed during seed growth with low expression at early and elevated expression at late stages of seed development. Disruption of ANAC092 increased the rate of seed germination under saline conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in respective overexpression plants. We also detected a delay of salinity-induced chlorophyll loss in detached anac092-1 mutant leaves. Promoter-reporter (GUS) studies revealed transcriptional control of ANAC092 expression during leaf and flower ageing and in response to salt stress. We conclude that ANAC092 exerts its functions during senescence and seed germination through partly overlapping target gene sets.
Background: Very recently a gene marker panel that allows the mutational analysis of APC, CTNNB1, B-RAF and K-RAS was conceived. The aim of the present study was to use the 4-gene marker panel covering the Wnt and Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK signalling pathways to determine the percentage of sporadic colorectal carcinomas (CRC) carrying at least one of the four above-mentioned genes in a mutated form alone and/or in combination with microsatellite instability (MSI) and to compare the sensitivity of the gene marker panel used in this study with that of gene marker panels previously reported in the scientific literature. Methods: CTNNB1 and B-RAF were screened by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and K-RAS gene mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. For the mutational analysis of the APC gene mutation cluster region (codons 1243–1567) direct DNA sequencing was performed. The U.S. National Cancer Institute microsatellite panel (BAT25, BAT26, D2S123, D5S346 and D17S250) was used for MSI analysis. Results: It could be shown that about 80% of early stage CRC (UICC stages I and II) and over 90% of CRC in the UICC stage IV carried at least one mutated gene and/or showed MSI. No significant increase in the gene mutation frequencies could be determined when comparing tumours in the UICC stage I with those in UICC stage IV. Conclusions: When compared with previously published gene marker panels the 4-gene marker panel used in the present study shows an excellent performance, allowing to detect genetic alterations in 80–90% of human sporadic CRC samples analyzed.
Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA genes (rDNA) were amplified by PCR from a hot pool environmental DNA sample using Bacteria- or Archaea-specific rDNA primers. Unique rDNA types were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and representative sequences were determined. Family 10 glycoside hydrolase consensus PCR primers were used to explore the occurrence and diversity of xylanase genes in the hot pool environmental DNA sample. Partial sequences for three different xylanases were obtained and genomic walking PCR (GWPCR), in combination with nested primer pairs, was used to obtained a unique 1,741-bp nucleotide sequence. Analysis of this sequence identified a putative XynA protein encoded by the xynA open reading frame. The single module novel xylanase shared sequence similarity to the family 10 glycoside hydrolases. The purified recombinant enzyme, XynA expressed in E. coli exhibited optimum activity at 100 degrees C and pH 6.0, and was extremely thermostable at 90 degrees C. The enzyme showed high specificity toward different xylans and xylooligosaccharides.
Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39), the most abundant protein in nature, catalyzes the assimilation of CO(2) (worldwide about 10(11) t each year) by carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. It is a hexadecamer consisting of eight large and eight small subunits. Although the Rubisco large subunit (rbcL) is encoded by a single gene on the multicopy chloroplast genome, the Rubisco small subunits (rbcS) are encoded by a family of nuclear genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the rbcS gene family comprises four members, that is, rbcS-1a, rbcS-1b, rbcS-2b, and rbcS-3b. We sequenced all Rubisco genes in 26 worldwide distributed A. thaliana accessions. In three of these accessions, we detected a gene duplication/loss event, where rbcS-1b was lost and substituted by a duplicate of rbcS-2b (called rbcS-2b*). By screening 74 additional accessions using a specific polymerase chain reaction assay, we detected five additional accessions with this duplication/loss event. In summary, we found the gene duplication/loss in 8 of 100 A. thaliana accessions, namely, Bch, Bu, Bur, Cvi, Fei, Lm, Sha, and Sorbo. We sequenced an about 1-kb promoter region for all Rubisco genes as well. This analysis revealed that the gene duplication/loss event was associated with promoter alterations (two insertions of 450 and 850 bp, one deletion of 730 bp) in rbcS-2b and a promoter deletion (2.3 kb) in rbcS-2b* in all eight affected accessions. The substitution of rbcS-1b by a duplicate of rbcS-2b (i.e., rbcS-2b*) might be caused by gene conversion. All four Rubisco genes evolve under purifying selection, as expected for central genes of the highly conserved photosystem of green plants. We inferred a single positive selected site, a tyrosine to aspartic acid substitution at position 72 in rbcS-1b. Exactly the same substitution compromises carboxylase activity in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. In A. thaliana, this substitution is associated with an inferred recombination. Functional implications of the substitution remain to be evaluated.
We generalize the popular ensemble Kalman filter to an ensemble transform filter, in which the prior distribution can take the form of a Gaussian mixture or a Gaussian kernel density estimator. The design of the filter is based on a continuous formulation of the Bayesian filter analysis step. We call the new filter algorithm the ensemble Gaussian-mixture filter (EGMF). The EGMF is implemented for three simple test problems (Brownian dynamics in one dimension, Langevin dynamics in two dimensions and the three-dimensional Lorenz-63 model). It is demonstrated that the EGMF is capable of tracking systems with non-Gaussian uni- and multimodal ensemble distributions.
A Gateway to the World
(2017)
In the second half of the 19th century, the French École centrale des arts et manufactures became one of the engineering schools that enjoyed a worldwide reputation. There were many foreigners among its students. This article focuses on the graduates born in the Ottoman Empire, particularly on Jews and Armenians. It analyses their backgrounds, their common features and their professional careers, tracing their links with other centraliens. The patterns in the Ottoman centraliens’ professional trajectories help us picture a world full of opportunities where highly qualified men could cross borders and build careers with ease, but where, at the same time, origins, allegiances, contacts and credentials mattered greatly.
We present a catalogue of white dwarf candidates selected from the second data release of Gaia (DR2). We used a sample of spectroscopically confirmed white dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to map the entire space spanned by these objects in the Gaia Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. We then defined a set of cuts in absolute magnitude, colour, and a number of Gaia quality flags to remove the majority of contaminating objects. Finally, we adopt a method analogous to the one presented in our earlier SDSS photometric catalogues to calculate a probability of being a white dwarf (PWD) for all Gaia sources that passed the initial selection. The final catalogue is composed of 486641 stars with calculated PWD from which it is possible to select a sample of ≃260000 high-confidence white dwarf candidates in the magnitude range 8 < G < 21. By comparing this catalogue with a sample of SDSS white dwarf candidates, we estimate an upper limit in completeness of 85 per cent for white dwarfs with G ≤ 20 mag and Teff >7000 K, at high Galactic latitudes (|b| > 20°). However, the completeness drops at low Galactic latitudes, and the magnitude limit of the catalogue varies significantly across the sky as a function of Gaia’s scanning law. We also provide the list of objects within our sample with available SDSS spectroscopy. We use this spectroscopic sample to characterize the observed structure of the white dwarf distribution in the H–R diagram.
A Fuzzy Rule-Based Model for Remote Monitoring of Preterm in the Intensive Care Unit of Hospitals
(2019)
The use of Remote patient monitoring (RPM) systems to monitor critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has enabled quality and real-time healthcare management. Fuzzy logic as an approach to designing RPM systems provides a means for encapsulating the subjective decision-making process of medical experts in an algorithm suitable for computer implementation. In this paper, a remote monitoring system for preterm in neonatal ICU incubators is modeled and simulated. The model was designed with 4 input variables (body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen level saturation), and 1 output variable (action performed represented as ACT). ACT decides whether-an alert is generated or not and also determines the message displayed when a notification is required. ACT classifies the clinical priority of the monitored preterm into 5 different fields: code blue, code red, code yellow, code green, and-code black. The model was simulated using a fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB R2015A. About 216 IF_THEN rules were formulated to monitor the inputs data fed into the model. The performance of the model was evaluated using-the confusion matrix to determine the model’s accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and false alarm rate. The-experimental results obtained shows that the fuzzy-based system is capable of producing satisfactory results when used for monitoring and classifying the clinical statuses of neonates in ICU incubators.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long-chain (i.e., >= 20 carbons) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), are fundamental to the health and survival of marine and terrestrial organisms. Therefore, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of their origin, abundance, and transfer between and within these ecosystems. We evaluated the natural variation in PUFA distribution and abundance that exists between and within these ecosystems by amassing and analyzing, using multivariate and analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods, >3000 fatty acid (FA) profiles from marine and terrestrial organisms. There was a clear dichotomy in LC-PUFA abundance between organisms in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, mainly driven by the C-18 PUFA in terrestrial organisms and omega-3 (n-3) LC-PUFA in marine organisms. The PUFA content of an organism depended on both its biome (marine vs terrestrial) and taxonomic group. Within the marine biome, the PUFA content varied among taxonomic groups. PUFA content of marine organisms was dependent on both geographic zone (i.e., latitude, and thus broadly related to temperature) and trophic level (a function of diet). The contents of n-3 LC-PUFA were higher in polar and temperate marine organisms than those from the tropics. Therefore, we conclude that, on a per capita basis, high latitude marine organisms provide a disproportionately large global share of these essential nutrients to consumers, including terrestrial predators. Our analysis also hints at how climate change, and other anthropogenic stressors, might act to negatively impact the global distribution and abundance of n-3 LC-PUFA within marine ecosystems and on the terrestrial consumers that depend on these subsidies.
Sphingolipids are major components of the plasma membrane. In particular, ceramide serves as an essential building hub for complex sphingolipids, but also as an organizer of membrane domains segregating receptors and signalosomes. Sphingomyelin breakdown as a result of sphingomyelinase activation after ligation of a variety of receptors is the predominant source of ceramides released at the plasma membrane. This especially applies to T lymphocytes where formation of ceramide-enriched membrane microdomains modulates TCR signaling. Because ceramide release and redistribution occur very rapidly in response to receptor ligation, novel tools to further study these processes in living T cells are urgently needed. To meet this demand, we synthesized nontoxic, azido-functionalized ceramides allowing for bio-orthogonal click-reactions to fluorescently label incorporated ceramides, and thus investigate formation of ceramide-enriched domains. Azido-functionalized C-6-ceramides were incorporated into and localized within plasma membrane microdomains and proximal vesicles in T cells. They segregated into clusters after TCR, and especially CD28 ligation, indicating efficient sorting into plasma membrane domains associated with T cell activation; this was abolished upon sphingomyelinase inhibition. Importantly, T cell activation was not abrogated upon incorporation of the compound, which was efficiently excluded from the immune synapse center as has previously been seen in Ab-based studies using fixed cells. Therefore, the functionalized ceramides are novel, highly potent tools to study the subcellular redistribution of ceramides in the course of T cell activation. Moreover, they will certainly also be generally applicable to studies addressing rapid stimulation-mediated ceramide release in living cells.
Background/Aims: Cortisol plays an important role during pregnancy. It controls maternal glucose metabolism and fetal development. Cortisol metabolism is partially controlled by the 11b-HSD2. This enzyme is expressed in the kidney and human placenta. The activity of the enzyme is partially controlled by functional polymorphisms: the HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphism. The impact of this functional gene polymorphism on cortisol metabolism and potential effects on the newborn's is unknown so far. Methods: In the current prospective birth cohort study in southern Asia, we analyzed the association of the HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphisms in 187 mothers and their newborn's on maternal and newborn's serum cortisol concentrations. Results: Using multivariable regression analyses considering known confounding ( gestational age, newborn's gender, the labor uterine contraction states and the timing during the day of blood taking), we showed that the fetal HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphisms in the first intron was related to maternal cortisol concentration ( R2=0.26, B=96.27, p=0.007), whereas as the newborn's cortisol concentrations were independent of fetal and maternal HSD11B2[CA] n microsatellite polymorphism. Conclusions: Our study showed for the first time that the fetal HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphism of the HSD11B2 gene in healthy uncomplicated human pregnancy is associated with maternal cortisol concentration. This indicates that fetal genes controlling cortisol metabolism may affect maternal cortisol concentration and hence physiology in healthy pregnant women.
In this paper we evaluate different methods to predict soil erosion processes. We derived different layers of predictor variables for the study area in the Northern Chianti, Italy, describing the soil-lithologic complex, land use, and topographic characteristics. For a subcatchment of the Orme River, we mapped erosion processes by interpreting aerial photographs and field observations. These were classified as erosional response units (ERU), i.e. spatial areas of homogeneous erosion processes. The ERU were used as the response variable in the soil erosion modelling process. We applied two models i) bootstrap aggregation (Random Forest: RF), and ii) stochastic gradient boosting (TreeNet: TN) to predict the potential spatial distribution of erosion processes for the entire Orme River catchment. The models are statistically evaluated using training data and a set of performance parameters such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Cohen's Kappa, and pseudo R2. Variable importance and response curves provide further insight into controlling factors of erosion. Both models provided good performance in terms of classification and calibration; however, TN outperformed RF. Similar classes such as active and inactive landslides can be discriminated and well interpreted by considering response curves and relative variable importance. The spatial distribution of the predicted erosion susceptibilities generally follows topographic constraints and is similar for both models. Hence, the model-based delineation of ERU on the basis of soil and terrain information is a valuable tool in geomorphology; it provides insights into factors controlling erosion processes and may allow the extrapolation and prediction of erosion processes in unsurveyed areas.
Image feature detection is a key task in computer vision. Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is a prevalent and well known algorithm for robust feature detection. However, it is computationally demanding and software implementations are not applicable for real-time performance. In this paper, a versatile and pipelined hardware implementation is proposed, that is capable of computing keypoints and rotation invariant descriptors on-chip. All computations are performed in single precision floating-point format which makes it possible to implement the original algorithm with little alteration. Various rotation resolutions and filter kernel sizes are supported for images of any resolution up to ultra-high definition. For full high definition images, 84 fps can be processed. Ultra high definition images can be processed at 21 fps.
Climate change and its impacts already pose considerable challenges for societies that will further increase with global warming (IPCC, 2014a, b). Uncertainties of the climatic response to greenhouse gas emissions include the potential passing of large-scale tipping points (e.g. Lenton et al., 2008; Levermann et al., 2012; Schellnhuber, 2010) and changes in extreme meteorological events (Field et al., 2012) with complex impacts on societies (Hallegatte et al., 2013). Thus climate change mitigation is considered a necessary societal response for avoiding uncontrollable impacts (Conference of the Parties, 2010). On the other hand, large-scale climate change mitigation itself implies fundamental changes in, for example, the global energy system. The associated challenges come on top of others that derive from equally important ethical imperatives like the fulfilment of increasing food demand that may draw on the same resources. For example, ensuring food security for a growing population may require an expansion of cropland, thereby reducing natural carbon sinks or the area available for bio-energy production. So far, available studies addressing this problem have relied on individual impact models, ignoring uncertainty in crop model and biome model projections. Here, we propose a probabilistic decision framework that allows for an evaluation of agricultural management and mitigation options in a multi-impact-model setting. Based on simulations generated within the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), we outline how cross-sectorally consistent multi-model impact simulations could be used to generate the information required for robust decision making.
Using an illustrative future land use pattern, we discuss the trade-off between potential gains in crop production and associated losses in natural carbon sinks in the new multiple crop-and biome-model setting. In addition, crop and water model simulations are combined to explore irrigation increases as one possible measure of agricultural intensification that could limit the expansion of cropland required in response to climate change and growing food demand. This example shows that current impact model uncertainties pose an important challenge to long-term mitigation planning and must not be ignored in long-term strategic decision making.
Climate change and its impacts already pose considerable challenges for societies that will further increase with global warming (IPCC, 2014a, b). Uncertainties of the climatic response to greenhouse gas emissions include the potential passing of large-scale tipping points (e.g. Lenton et al., 2008; Levermann et al., 2012; Schellnhuber, 2010) and changes in extreme meteorological events (Field et al., 2012) with complex impacts on societies (Hallegatte et al., 2013). Thus climate change mitigation is considered a necessary societal response for avoiding uncontrollable impacts (Conference of the Parties, 2010). On the other hand, large-scale climate change mitigation itself implies fundamental changes in, for example, the global energy system. The associated challenges come on top of others that derive from equally important ethical imperatives like the fulfilment of increasing food demand that may draw on the same resources. For example, ensuring food security for a growing population may require an expansion of cropland, thereby reducing natural carbon sinks or the area available for bio-energy production. So far, available studies addressing this problem have relied on individual impact models, ignoring uncertainty in crop model and biome model projections. Here, we propose a probabilistic decision framework that allows for an evaluation of agricultural management and mitigation options in a multi-impact-model setting. Based on simulations generated within the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP), we outline how cross-sectorally consistent multi-model impact simulations could be used to generate the information required for robust decision making.
Using an illustrative future land use pattern, we discuss the trade-off between potential gains in crop production and associated losses in natural carbon sinks in the new multiple crop-and biome-model setting. In addition, crop and water model simulations are combined to explore irrigation increases as one possible measure of agricultural intensification that could limit the expansion of cropland required in response to climate change and growing food demand. This example shows that current impact model uncertainties pose an important challenge to long-term mitigation planning and must not be ignored in long-term strategic decision making.
We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, & Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short Time Out regressions (Mitchell, Shen, Green, & Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control.
As resources are valuable assets, organizations have to decide which resources to allocate to business process tasks in a way that the process is executed not only effectively but also efficiently. Traditional role-based resource allocation leads to effective process executions, since each task is performed by a resource that has the required skills and competencies to do so. However, the resulting allocations are typically not as efficient as they could be, since optimization techniques have yet to find their way in traditional business process management scenarios. On the other hand, operations research provides a rich set of analytical methods for supporting problem-specific decisions on resource allocation. This paper provides a novel framework for creating transparency on existing tasks and resources, supporting individualized allocations for each activity in a process, and the possibility to integrate problem-specific analytical methods of the operations research domain. To validate the framework, the paper reports on the design and prototypical implementation of a software architecture, which extends a traditional process engine with a dedicated resource management component. This component allows us to define specific resource allocation problems at design time, and it also facilitates optimized resource allocation at run time. The framework is evaluated using a real-world parcel delivery process. The evaluation shows that the quality of the allocation results increase significantly with a technique from operations research in contrast to the traditional applied rule-based approach.
The outermost cell layer of plants, the epidermis, and its outer (lateral) membrane domain facing the environment are continuously challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, the epidermis and the outer membrane domain provide important selective and protective barriers. However, only a small number of specifically outer membrane-localized proteins are known. Similarly, molecular mechanisms underlying the trafficking and the polar placement of outer membrane domain proteins require further exploration. Here, we demonstrate that ACTIN7 (ACT7) mediates trafficking of the PENETRATION3 (PEN3) outer membrane protein from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and that actin function contributes to PEN3 endocytic recycling. In contrast to such generic ACT7-dependent trafficking from the TGN, the EXOCYST84b (EXO84b) tethering factor mediates PEN3 outer-membrane polarity. Moreover, precise EXO84b placement at the outer membrane domain itself requires ACT7 function. Hence, our results uncover spatially and mechanistically distinct requirements for ACT7 function during outer lateral membrane cargo trafficking and polarity establishment. They further identify an exocyst tethering complex mediator of outer lateral membrane cargo polarity.
The outermost cell layer of plants, the epidermis, and its outer (lateral) membrane domain facing the environment are continuously challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, the epidermis and the outer membrane domain provide important selective and protective barriers. However, only a small number of specifically outer membrane-localized proteins are known. Similarly, molecular mechanisms underlying the trafficking and the polar placement of outer membrane domain proteins require further exploration. Here, we demonstrate that ACTIN7 (ACT7) mediates trafficking of the PENETRATION3 (PEN3) outer membrane protein from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and that actin function contributes to PEN3 endocytic recycling. In contrast to such generic ACT7-dependent trafficking from the TGN, the EXOCYST84b (EXO84b) tethering factor mediates PEN3 outer-membrane polarity. Moreover, precise EXO84b placement at the outer membrane domain itself requires ACT7 function. Hence, our results uncover spatially and mechanistically distinct requirements for ACT7 function during outer lateral membrane cargo trafficking and polarity establishment. They further identify an exocyst tethering complex mediator of outer lateral membrane cargo polarity.
Nowadays, graph data models are employed, when relationships between entities have to be stored and are in the scope of queries. For each entity, this graph data model locally stores relationships to adjacent entities. Users employ graph queries to query and modify these entities and relationships. These graph queries employ graph patterns to lookup all subgraphs in the graph data that satisfy certain graph structures. These subgraphs are called graph pattern matches. However, this graph pattern matching is NP-complete for subgraph isomorphism. Thus, graph queries can suffer a long response time, when the number of entities and relationships in the graph data or the graph patterns increases.
One possibility to improve the graph query performance is to employ graph views that keep ready graph pattern matches for complex graph queries for later retrieval. However, these graph views must be maintained by means of an incremental graph pattern matching to keep them consistent with the graph data from which they are derived, when the graph data changes. This maintenance adds subgraphs that satisfy a graph pattern to the graph views and removes subgraphs that do not satisfy a graph pattern anymore from the graph views.
Current approaches for incremental graph pattern matching employ Rete networks. Rete networks are discrimination networks that enumerate and maintain all graph pattern matches of certain graph queries by employing a network of condition tests, which implement partial graph patterns that together constitute the overall graph query. Each condition test stores all subgraphs that satisfy the partial graph pattern. Thus, Rete networks suffer high memory consumptions, because they store a large number of partial graph pattern matches. But, especially these partial graph pattern matches enable Rete networks to update the stored graph pattern matches efficiently, because the network maintenance exploits the already stored partial graph pattern matches to find new graph pattern matches. However, other kinds of discrimination networks exist that can perform better in time and space than Rete networks. Currently, these other kinds of networks are not used for incremental graph pattern matching.
This thesis employs generalized discrimination networks for incremental graph pattern matching. These discrimination networks permit a generalized network structure of condition tests to enable users to steer the trade-off between memory consumption and execution time for the incremental graph pattern matching. For that purpose, this thesis contributes a modeling language for the effective definition of generalized discrimination networks. Furthermore, this thesis contributes an efficient and scalable incremental maintenance algorithm, which updates the (partial) graph pattern matches that are stored by each condition test. Moreover, this thesis provides a modeling evaluation, which shows that the proposed modeling language enables the effective modeling of generalized discrimination networks. Furthermore, this thesis provides a performance evaluation, which shows that a) the incremental maintenance algorithm scales, when the graph data becomes large, and b) the generalized discrimination network structures can outperform Rete network structures in time and space at the same time for incremental graph pattern matching.
Text displayed in a video is an essential part for the high-level semantic information of the video content. Therefore, video text can be used as a valuable source for automated video indexing in digital video libraries. In this paper, we propose a workflow for video text detection and recognition. In the text detection stage, we have developed a fast localization-verification scheme, in which an edge-based multi-scale text detector first identifies potential text candidates with high recall rate. Then, detected candidate text lines are refined by using an image entropy-based filter. Finally, Stroke Width Transform (SWT)- and Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based verification procedures are applied to eliminate the false alarms. For text recognition, we have developed a novel skeleton-based binarization method in order to separate text from complex backgrounds to make it processible for standard OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software. Operability and accuracy of proposed text detection and binarization methods have been evaluated by using publicly available test data sets.
The termprocess modelis widely used, but rarely agreed upon. This paper proposes a framework for characterizing and building cognitive process models. Process models model not only inputs and outputs but also model the ongoing information transformations at a given level of abstraction. We argue that the following dimensions characterize process models: They have a scope that includes different levels of abstraction. They specify a hypothesized mental information transformation. They make predictions not only for the behavior of interest but also for processes. The models' predictions for the processes can be derived from the input, without reverse inference from the output data. Moreover, the presumed information transformation steps are not contradicting current knowledge of human cognitive capacities. Lastly, process models require a conceptual scope specifying levels of abstraction for the information entering the mind, the proposed mental events, and the behavior of interest. This framework can be used for refining models before testing them or after testing them empirically, and it does not rely on specific modeling paradigms. It can be a guideline for developing cognitive process models. Moreover, the framework can advance currently unresolved debates about which models belong to the category of process models.
When sampling animal movement paths, the frequency at which location measurements are attempted is a critical feature for data analysis. Important quantities derived from raw data, e.g. travel distance or sinuosity, can differ largely based on the temporal resolution of the data. Likewise, when movement models are fitted to data, parameter estimates have been demonstrated to vary with sampling rate. Thus, biological statements derived from such analyses can only be made with respect to the resolution of the underlying data, limiting extrapolation of results and comparison between studies. To address this problem, we investigate whether there are models that are robust against changes in temporal resolution. First, we propose a mathematically rigorous framework, in which we formally define robustness as a model property. We then use the framework for a thorough assessment of a range of basic random walk models, in which we also show how robustness relates to other probabilistic concepts. While we found robustness to be a strong condition met by few models only, we suggest a new method to extend models so as to make them robust. Our framework provides a new systematic, mathematically founded approach to the question if, and how, sampling rate of movement paths affects statistical inference.
A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.
A form-function mismatch?
(2019)
Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) show extremely low enzymatic activity and no commonly accepted endogenous substrate is known today. Increasing evidence suggests that these enzymes exert their effect rather through molecular recognition of acetylated proteins and recruiting other proteins like HDAC3 to the desired target location. Accordingly, class IIa HDACs like bromodomains have been suggested to act as “Readers” of acetyl marks, whereas enzymatically active HDACs of class I or IIb are called “Erasers” to highlight their capability to remove acetyl groups from acetylated histones or other proteins. Small-molecule ligands of class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) have gained tremendous attention during the last decade and have been suggested as pharmaceutical targets in several indication areas such as cancer, Huntington's disease and muscular atrophy. Up to now, only enzyme activity assays with artificial chemically activated trifluoroacetylated substrates are in use for the identification and characterization of new active compounds against class IIa HDACs. Here, we describe the first binding assay for this class of HDAC enzymes that involves a simple mix-and-measure procedure and an extraordinarily robust fluorescence lifetime readout based on [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]benzodioxole-based ligand probes. The principle of the assay is generic and can also be transferred to class I HDAC8.
High-throughput assays for drug screening applications have to fulfill particular specifications. Besides the capability to identify even compounds with low potency, one of the major issues is to minimize the number of false-positive hits in a screening campaign in order to reduce the logistic effort for the subsequent cherry picking and confirmation procedure. In this respect, fluorescence lifetime (FLT) appears as an ideal readout parameter that is supposed to be robust against autofluorescent and light-absorbing compounds, the most common source of systematic false positives. The extraordinary fluorescence features of the recently discovered [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f][1,3]benzodioxole dyes were exploited to develop an FLT-based binding assay with exceptionally robust readout. The assay setup was comprehensively validated and shown to comply not only with all requirements for a powerful high-throughput screening assay but also to be suitable to determine accurate binding constants for inhibitors against enzymes of the histone deacetylase family. Using the described binding assay, the first inhibitors against three members of this enzyme family from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified. The compounds were characterized in terms of potency and selectivity profile. The novel ligand probe should also be applicable to other homologues of the histone deacetylase family that are inhibited by N-hydroxy-N'-phenyloctandiamide.
This work reviews the literature on an alleged global warming 'pause' in global mean surface temperature (GMST) to determine how it has been defined, what time intervals are used to characterise it, what data are used to measure it, and what methods used to assess it. We test for 'pauses', both in the normally understood meaning of the term to mean no warming trend, as well as for a 'pause' defined as a substantially slower trend in GMST. The tests are carried out with the historical versions of GMST that existed for each pause-interval tested, and with current versions of each of the GMST datasets. The tests are conducted following the common (but questionable) practice of breaking the linear fit at the start of the trend interval ('broken' trends), and also with trends that are continuous with the data bordering the trend interval. We also compare results when appropriate allowance is made for the selection bias problem. The results show that there is little or no statistical evidence for a lack of trend or slower trend in GMST using either the historical data or the current data. The perception that there was a 'pause' in GMST was bolstered by earlier biases in the data in combination with incomplete statistical testing.
This work reviews the literature on an alleged global warming 'pause' in global mean surface temperature (GMST) to determine how it has been defined, what time intervals are used to characterise it, what data are used to measure it, and what methods used to assess it. We test for 'pauses', both in the normally understood meaning of the term to mean no warming trend, as well as for a 'pause' defined as a substantially slower trend in GMST. The tests are carried out with the historical versions of GMST that existed for each pause-interval tested, and with current versions of each of the GMST datasets. The tests are conducted following the common (but questionable) practice of breaking the linear fit at the start of the trend interval ('broken' trends), and also with trends that are continuous with the data bordering the trend interval. We also compare results when appropriate allowance is made for the selection bias problem. The results show that there is little or no statistical evidence for a lack of trend or slower trend in GMST using either the historical data or the current data. The perception that there was a 'pause' in GMST was bolstered by earlier biases in the data in combination with incomplete statistical testing.
Winter cereals require prolonged cold to transition from vegetative to reproductive development. This process, referred to as vernalization, has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In Arabidopsis, a key flowering repressor called FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) quantitatively controls the vernalization requirement. By contrast, in cereals, the vernalization response is mainly regulated by the VERNALIZATION genes, VRN1 and VRN2. Here, we characterize ODDSOC2, a recently identified FLC ortholog in monocots, knowing that it belongs to the FLC lineage. By studying its expression in a diverse set of Brachypodium accessions, we find that it is a good predictor of the vernalization requirement. Analyses of transgenics demonstrated that BdODDSOC2 functions as a vernalization-regulated flowering repressor. In most Brachypodium accessions BdODDSOC2 is down-regulated by cold, and in one of the winter accessions in which this down-regulation was evident, BdODDSOC2 responded to cold before BdVRN1. When stably down-regulated, the mechanism is associated with spreading H3K27me3 modifications at the BdODDSOC2 chromatin. Finally, homoeolog-specific gene expression analyses identify TaAGL33 and its splice variant TaAGL22 as the FLC orthologs in wheat (Triticum aestivum) behaving most similar to Brachypodium ODDSOC2. Overall, our study suggests that ODDSOC2 is not only phylogenetically related to FLC in eudicots but also functions as a flowering repressor in the vernalization pathway of Brachypodium and likely other temperate grasses. These insights could prove useful in breeding efforts to refine the vernalization requirement of temperate cereals and adapt varieties to changing climates.
The investigation of metabolic fluxes and metabolite distributions within cells by means of tracer molecules is a valuable tool to unravel the complexity of biological systems. Technological advances in mass spectrometry (MS) technology such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) coupled with high resolution (HR), not only allows for highly sensitive analyses but also broadens the usefulness of tracer-based experiments, as interesting signals can be annotated de novo when not yet present in a compound library. However, several effects in the APCI ion source, i.e., fragmentation and rearrangement, lead to superimposed mass isotopologue distributions (MID) within the mass spectra, which need to be corrected during data evaluation as they will impair enrichment calculation otherwise. Here, we present and evaluate a novel software tool to automatically perform such corrections. We discuss the different effects, explain the implemented algorithm, and show its application on several experimental datasets. This adjustable tool is available as an R package from CRAN.
We present a general framework for integrating annotations from different tools and tag sets. When annotating corpora at multiple linguistic levels, annotators may use different expert tools for different phenomena or types of annotation. These tools employ different data models and accompanying approaches to visualization, and they produce different output formats. For the purposes of uniformly processing these outputs, we developed a pivot format called PAULA, along with converters to and from tool formats. Different annotations are not only integrated at the level of data format, but are also joined on the level of conceptual representation. For this purpose, we introduce OLiA, an ontology of linguistic annotations that mediates between alternative tag sets that cover the same class of linguistic phenomena. All components are integrated in the linguistic information system ANNIS : Annotation tool output is converted to the pivot format PAULA and read into a database where the data can be visualized, queried, and evaluated across multiple layers. For cross-tag set querying and statistical evaluation, ANNIS uses the ontology of linguistic annotations. Finally, ANNIS is also tied to a machine learning component for semiautomatic annotation.
A flexible approach to assess fluorescence decay functions in complex energy transfer systems
(2015)
Background: Time-correlated Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes molecular distances with greater accuracy than intensity-based calculation of FRET efficiency and provides a powerful tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-correlated photon count measurements bear additional information on the variety of donor surroundings allowing more detailed differentiation between distinct structural geometries which are typically inaccessible to general fitting solutions.
Results: Here we develop a new approach based on Monte Carlo simulations of time-correlated FRET events to estimate the time-correlated single photon counts (TCSPC) histograms in complex systems. This simulation solution assesses the full statistics of time-correlated photon counts and distance distributions of fluorescently labeled biomolecules. The simulations are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the dye behavior in FRET systems with defined dye distances and measurements of randomly distributed dye solutions. We validate the simulation results using a highly heterogeneous aggregation system and explore the conditions to use this tool in complex systems.
Conclusion: This approach is powerful in distinguishing distance distributions in a wide variety of experimental setups, thus providing a versatile tool to accurately distinguish between different structural assemblies in highly complex systems.
A flexible approach to assess fluorescence decay functions in complex energy transfer systems
(2015)
Background: Time-correlated Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes molecular distances with greater accuracy than intensity-based calculation of FRET efficiency and provides a powerful tool to study biomolecular structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-correlated photon count measurements bear additional information on the variety of donor surroundings allowing more detailed differentiation between distinct structural geometries which are typically inaccessible to general fitting solutions.
Results: Here we develop a new approach based on Monte Carlo simulations of time-correlated FRET events to estimate the time-correlated single photon counts (TCSPC) histograms in complex systems. This simulation solution assesses the full statistics of time-correlated photon counts and distance distributions of fluorescently labeled biomolecules. The simulations are consistent with the theoretical predictions of the dye behavior in FRET systems with defined dye distances and measurements of randomly distributed dye solutions. We validate the simulation results using a highly heterogeneous aggregation system and explore the conditions to use this tool in complex systems.
Conclusion: This approach is powerful in distinguishing distance distributions in a wide variety of experimental setups, thus providing a versatile tool to accurately distinguish between different structural assemblies in highly complex systems.
We present a new numerical algorithm to solve the recently derived equations of two-moment cosmic ray hydrodynamics (CRHD). The algorithm is implemented as a module in the moving mesh AREPO code. Therein, the anisotropic transport of cosmic rays (CRs) along magnetic field lines is discretized using a path-conservative finite volume method on the unstructured time-dependent Voronoi mesh of AREPO. The interaction of CRs and gyroresonant Alfven waves is described by short time-scale source terms in the CRHD equations. We employ a custom-made semi-implicit adaptive time stepping source term integrator to accurately integrate this interaction on the small light-crossing time of the anisotropic transport step. Both the transport and the source term integration step are separated from the evolution of the magnetohydrodynamical equations using an operator split approach. The new algorithm is tested with a variety of test problems, including shock tubes, a perpendicular magnetized discontinuity, the hydrodynamic response to a CR overpressure, CR acceleration of a warm cloud, and a CR blast wave, which demonstrate that the coupling between CR and magnetohydrodynamics is robust and accurate. We demonstrate the numerical convergence of the presented scheme using new linear and non-linear analytic solutions.
The application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) for subsurface remediation of groundwater contaminants is a promising new technology, which can be understood as alternative to the permeable reactive barrier technique using granular iron. Dechlorination of organic contaminants by zero-valent iron seems promising. Currently, one limitation to widespread deployment is the fast agglomeration and sedimentation of nZVI in colloidal suspensions, even more so when in soils and sediments, which limits the applicability for the treatment of sources and plumes of contamination. Colloid-supported nZVI shows promising characteristics to overcome these limitations. Mobility of Carbo-Iron Colloids (CIC) - a newly developed composite material based on finely ground activated carbon as a carrier for nZVI - was tested in a field application: In this study, a horizontal dipole flow field was established between two wells separated by 53 m in a confined, natural aquifer. The injection/extraction rate was 500 L/h. Approximately 12 kg of CIC was suspended with the polyanionic stabilizer carboxymethyl cellulose. The suspension was introduced into the aquifer at the injection well. Breakthrough of CIC was observed visually and based on total particle and iron concentrations detected in samples from the extraction well. Filtration of water samples revealed a particle breakthrough of about 12% of the amount introduced. This demonstrates high mobility of CIC particles and we suggest that nZVI carried on CIC can be used for contaminant plume remediation by in-situ formation of reactive barriers. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Evidence for an approximate analog system of numbers has been provided by the finding that the comparison of two numerals takes longer and is more error-prone if the semantic distance between the numbers becomes smaller (so-called numerical distance effect). Recent embodied theories suggest that analog number representations are based on previous sensory experiences and constitute therefore a common magnitude metric shared by multiple domains. Here we demonstrate the existence of a cross-modal semantic distance effect between symbolic and tactile numerosities. Participants received tactile stimulations of different amounts of fingers while reading Arabic digits and indicated verbally whether the amount of stimulated fingers was different from the simultaneously presented digit or not. The larger the semantic distance was between the two numerosities, the faster and more accurate participants made their judgments. This cross-modal numerosity distance effect suggests a direct connection between tactile sensations and the concept of numerical magnitude. A second experiment replicated the interaction between symbolic and tactile numerosities and showed that this effect is not modulated by the participants' finger counting habits. Taken together, our data provide novel evidence for a shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities as an instance of an embodied representation of numbers.
This study examines a natural, rapid, fivefold increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in a temperate shallow lake, describing the processes by which increased DOC resulted in anoxic conditions and altered existing carbon cycling pathways. High precipitation for two consecutive years led to rising water levels and the flooding of adjacent degraded peatlands. Leaching from the flooded soils provided an initial increase in DOC concentrations (from a 2010 mean of 12 +/- 1 mg L-1 to a maximum concentration of 53 mg L-1 by June 2012). Increasing water levels, DOC, and phytoplankton concentrations reduced light reaching the sediment surface, eliminating most benthic primary production and promoting anoxia in the hypolimnion. From January to June 2012 there was a sudden increase in total phosphorus (from 57 mg L-1 to 216 mg L-1), DOC (from 24.6 mg L-1 to 53 mg L-1), and iron (from 0.12 mg L-1 to 1.07 mg L-1) concentrations, without any further large fluxes in water levels. We suggest that anoxic conditions at the sediment surface and flooded soils produced a dramatic release of these chemicals that exacerbated brownification and eutrophication, creating anoxic conditions that persisted roughly 6 months below a water depth of 1 m and extended periodically to the water surface. This brownification-anoxia feedback loop resulted in a near-complete loss of macroinvertebrate and fish populations, and increased surface carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by an order of magnitude relative to previous years.
Biogenic greenhouse gas emissions, e.g., of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters, contribute substantially to global warming. In aquatic systems, dissolved greenhouse gases are highly heterogeneous in both space and time. To better understand the biological and physical processes that affect sources and sinks of both CH4 and CO2, their dissolved concentrations need to be measured with high spatial and temporal resolution. To achieve this goal, we developed the Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for real-time in situ measurement of dissolved CH4 and CO2 concentrations at the water surface and in the water column. FaRAGE can achieve an exceptionally short response time (t(95%) = 12 s when including the response time of the gas analyzer) while retaining an equilibration ratio of 62.6% and a measurement accuracy of 0.5% for CH4. A similar performance was observed for dissolved CO2 (t(95%) = 10 s, equilibration ratio 67.1 %). An equilibration ratio as high as 91.8% can be reached at the cost of a slightly increased response time (16 s). The FaRAGE is capable of continuously measuring dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations in the nM-to-submM (10(-9)-10(-3) mol L-1) range with a detection limit of subnM (10(-10) mol L-1), when coupling with a cavity ring-down greenhouse gas analyzer (Picarro GasScouter). FaRAGE allows for the possibility of mapping dissolved concentration in a "quasi" three-dimensional manner in lakes and provides an inexpensive alternative to other commercial gas equilibrators. It is simple to operate and suitable for continuous monitoring with a strong tolerance for suspended particles. While the FaRAGE is developed for inland waters, it can be also applied to ocean waters by tuning the gas-water mixing ratio. The FaRAGE is easily adapted to suit other gas analyzers expanding the range of potential applications, including nitrous oxide and isotopic composition of the gases.
A new efficient algorithm is presented for joint diagonalization of several matrices. The algorithm is based on the Frobenius-norm formulation of the joint diagonalization problem, and addresses diagonalization with a general, non- orthogonal transformation. The iterative scheme of the algorithm is based on a multiplicative update which ensures the invertibility of the diagonalizer. The algorithm's efficiency stems from the special approximation of the cost function resulting in a sparse, block-diagonal Hessian to be used in the computation of the quasi-Newton update step. Extensive numerical simulations illustrate the performance of the algorithm and provide a comparison to other leading diagonalization methods. The results of such comparison demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is a viable alternative to existing state-of-the-art joint diagonalization algorithms. The practical use of our algorithm is shown for blind source separation problems
A familial congenital heart disease with a possible multigenic origin involving a mutation in BMPR1A
(2019)
The genetics of many congenital heart diseases (CHDs) can only unsatisfactorily be explained by known chromosomal or Mendelian syndromes. Here, we present sequencing data of a family with a potentially multigenic origin of CHD. Twelve of nineteen family members carry a familial mutation [NM_004329.2:c.1328 G > A (p.R443H)] which encodes a predicted deleterious variant of BMPR1A. This mutation co-segregates with a linkage region on chromosome 1 that associates with the emergence of severe CHDs including Ebstein’s anomaly, atrioventricular septal defect, and others. We show that the continuous overexpression of the zebrafish homologous mutation bmpr1aap.R438H within endocardium causes a reduced AV valve area, a downregulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling at the AV canal, and growth of additional tissue mass in adult zebrafish hearts. This finding opens the possibility of testing genetic interactions between BMPR1A and other candidate genes within linkage region 1 which may provide a first step towards unravelling more complex genetic patterns in cardiovascular disease aetiology.
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) have shaped the discussion about Industry 4.0 (I4.0) for some time. To ensure the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises the vision for the future figures out cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) as a core component of a modern factory. Adaptability and coping with complexity are (among others) potentials of this new generation of production management. The successful transformation of this theoretical construct into practical implementation can only take place with regard to the conditions characterizing the context of a factory. The subject of this contribution is a concept that takes up the brownfield character and describes a solution for extending existing (legacy) systems with CPS capabilities.
An unconventional but easily accessible precursor route involving the thermal treatment of hybrid precursors containing an ampholytic polymer matrix is developed to prepare multimetallic oxides of catalytic interest such as transition metal molybdates. A copolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and a functionalized maleamic acid bearing an amine group suited for cation complexation was designed, synthesized and used as a matrix to stabilize inorganic species generated in solution from Ni(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O, Co(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O and/or Mn(NO3)(2)center dot 4H(2)O together with (NH4)(6)Mo(7)O(24)center dot 4H(2)O. UV-vis-NIR as well as C-13-NMR studies suggest that the interactions between the cations and the polymer in solution are mainly electrostatic. Only minor complexation interactions take place under certain conditions. Homogeneous hybrid blends were prepared from these solutions. The presence of a complexing amine group in addition to the charged betaine moieties in the polymer permits stabilization of more than stoichiometric amounts of the metal species in the blends. XRD measurements suggest that the homogeneity in the solid state can be kept up to about 1.5 mol of each metal that is incorporated ( anionic as well as cationic) per mol of repeat units of the copolymer. The blends were calcined under air at 600 degrees C to produce the simple as well as mixed nickel, cobalt and manganese molybdates. Characterization of the final phases by XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicates that the alpha- as well as the beta-molybdate phases can be prepared, and that the mixed structures are solid solutions of the simple NiMoO4, MnMoO4 and CoMoO4. If the precursors engaged are homogeneous, the pH of the precursor solution, the amount of metal that is incorporated in the matrix, and the nature of the polymer matrix seem to exert only a minor influence on the nature of the final phase, which demonstrates the versatility and facile applicability of the method
A fast and sensitive method for the continuous determination of methane (CH4) and its stable carbon isotopic values (delta C-13-CH4) in surface waters was developed by applying a vacuum to a gas/liquid exchange membrane and measuring the extracted gases by a portable cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyser (M-CRDS). The M-CRDS was calibrated and characterized for CH4 concentration and delta C-13-CH4 with synthetic water standards. The detection limit of the M-CRDS for the simultaneous determination of CH4 and delta C-13-CH4 is 3.6 nmol L-1 CH4. A measurement precision of CH4 concentrations and delta C-13-CH4 in the range of 1.1%, respectively, 1.7 parts per thousand (1 sigma) and accuracy (1.3%, respectively, 0.8 parts per thousand [1 sigma]) was achieved for single measurements and averaging times of 10 min. The response time tau of 57 +/- 5 s allow determination of delta C-13-CH4 values more than twice as fast than other methods. The demonstrated M-CRDS method was applied and tested for Lake Stechlin (Germany) and compared with the headspace-gas chromatography and fast membrane CH4 concentration methods. Maximum CH4 concentrations (577 nmol L-1) and lightest delta C-13-CH4 (-35.2 parts per thousand) were found around the thermocline in depth profile measurements. The M-CRDS-method was in good agreement with other methods. Temporal variations in CH4 concentration and delta C-13-CH4 obtained in 24 h measurements indicate either local methane production/oxidation or physical variations in the thermocline. Therefore, these results illustrate the need of fast and sensitive analyses to achieve a better understanding of different mechanisms and pathways of CH4 formation in aquatic environments.
We consider the problem of discrete time filtering (intermittent data assimilation) for differential equation models and discuss methods for its numerical approximation. The focus is on methods based on ensemble/particle techniques and on the ensemble Kalman filter technique in particular. We summarize as well as extend recent work on continuous ensemble Kalman filter formulations, which provide a concise dynamical systems formulation of the combined dynamics-assimilation problem. Possible extensions to fully nonlinear ensemble/particle based filters are also outlined using the framework of optimal transportation theory.
A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing
(2002)
Wages and wage dynamics directly affect individuals' and families' daily lives. In this article, we show how major theoretical branches of research on wages and inequality-that is, cumulative advantage (CA), human capital theory, and the lifespan perspective-can be integrated into a coherent statistical framework and analyzed with multilevel dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). This opens up a new way to empirically investigate the mechanisms that drive growing inequality over time. We demonstrate the new approach by making use of longitudinal, representative U.S. data (NLSY-79). Analyses revealed fundamental between-person differences in both initial wages and autoregressive wage growth rates across the lifespan. Only 0.5% of the sample experienced a "strict" CA and unbounded wage growth, whereas most individuals revealed logarithmic wage growth over time. Adolescent intelligence and adult educational levels explained substantial heterogeneity in both parameters. We discuss how DSEM may help researchers study CA processes and related developmental dynamics, and we highlight the extensions and limitations of the DSEM framework.
This work analyzes the saving and consumption behavior of agents faced with the possibility of unemployment in a dynamic and stochastic life cycle model. The intertemporal optimization is based on Dynamic Programming with a backward recursion algorithm. The implemented uncertainty is not based on income shocks as it is done in traditional life cycle models but uses Markov probabilities where the probability for the next employment status of the agent depends on the current status. The utility function used is a CRRA function (constant relative risk aversion), combined with a CES function (constant elasticity of substitution) and has several consumption goods, a subsistence level, money and a bequest function.
A dust cloud around Ganymede Maintained by hypervelocity impacts of interplanetary micrometeoroids
(2000)
Past climatic change can be reconstructed from sedimentary archives by a number of proxies. However, few methods exist to directly estimate hydrological changes and even fewer result in quantitative data, impeding our understanding of the timing, magnitude and mechanisms of hydrological changes.
Here we present a novel approach based on delta H-2 values of sedimentary lipid biomarkers in combination with plant physiological modeling to extract quantitative information on past changes in relative humidity. Our initial application to an annually laminated lacustrine sediment sequence from western Europe deposited during the Younger Dryas cold period revealed relative humidity changes of up to 15% over sub-centennial timescales, leading to major ecosystem changes, in agreement with palynological data from the region. We show that by combining organic geochemical methods and mechanistic plant physiological models on well characterized lacustrine archives it is possible to extract quantitative ecohydrological parameters from sedimentary lipid biomarker delta H-2 data.
Past climatic change can be reconstructed from sedimentary archives by a number of proxies. However, few methods exist to directly estimate hydrological changes and even fewer result in quantitative data, impeding our understanding of the timing, magnitude and mechanisms of hydrological changes. Here we present a novel approach based on delta H-2 values of sedimentary lipid biomarkers in combination with plant physiological modeling to extract quantitative information on past changes in relative humidity. Our initial application to an annually laminated lacustrine sediment sequence from western Europe deposited during the Younger Dryas cold period revealed relative humidity changes of up to 15% over sub-centennial timescales, leading to major ecosystem changes, in agreement with palynological data from the region. We show that by combining organic geochemical methods and mechanistic plant physiological models on well characterized lacustrine archives it is possible to extract quantitative ecohydrological parameters from sedimentary lipid biomarker delta H-2 data.
A cationic surfactant containing a spiropyrane unit is prepared exhibiting a dual-responsive adjustability of its surface-active characteristics. The switching mechanism of the system relies on the reversible conversion of the non-ionic spiropyrane (SP) to a zwitterionic merocyanine (MC) and can be controlled by adjusting the pH value and via light, resulting in a pH-dependent photoactivity: While the compound possesses a pronounced difference in surface activity between both forms under acidic conditions, this behavior is suppressed at a neutral pH level. The underlying switching processes are investigated in detail, and a thermodynamic explanation based on a combination of theoretical and experimental results is provided. This complex stimuli-responsive behavior enables remote-control of colloidal systems. To demonstrate its applicability, the surfactant is utilized for the pH-dependent manipulation of oil-in-water emulsions.
A drop of immunity
(2021)
Background Soy protein is effective in lowering plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. It has not been conclusively answered, whether and to what extent other soy constituents may also contribute to this effect. Objective To investigate the change in blood lipid levels after application of two soy-based supplements containing soy protein either without (SuproSoy(R)) or with (Abacor(R)) soy fiber and phospholipids in a randomized placebo-controlled triple-armed study. Methods 121 hypercholesterolemic adults ( 66 females, 55 males) were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Over 8 weeks they received daily either 25 g soy protein ( as a component of the supplements Abacor(R) or SuproSoy(R)) or 25 g milk protein ( as a component of placebo). Serum lipids were measured at baseline and after 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Results After 8 weeks of supplementation total cholesterol levels were reduced by 8.0 +/- 9.6% (Abacor(R)) and 3.4 +/- 8.3% (SuproSoy(R)); LDL cholesterol levels by 9.7 +/- 11.7% ( Abacor(R)) and 5.4 +/- 11.6% ( SuproSoy(R)); and Apolipoprotein B levels by 6.9 +/- 14.6% (Abacor(R)) and 4.0 +/- 12.4 % (SuproSoy(R)). Serum levels of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides remained unchanged. Conclusions A preparation combining isolated soy protein with soy fibers and phospholipids showed twice the lipid-lowering effect of a preparation containing isolated soy protein alone. Therefore, such soy-based supplements can be useful in reducing the cardiovascular risk
There is an increasing interest in fusing data from heterogeneous sources. Combining data sources increases the utility of existing datasets, generating new information and creating services of higher quality. A central issue in working with heterogeneous sources is data migration: In order to share and process data in different engines, resource intensive and complex movements and transformations between computing engines, services, and stores are necessary.
Muses is a distributed, high-performance data migration engine that is able to interconnect distributed data stores by forwarding, transforming, repartitioning, or broadcasting data among distributed engines' instances in a resource-, cost-, and performance-adaptive manner. As such, it performs seamless information sharing across all participating resources in a standard, modular manner. We show an overall improvement of 30 % for pipelining jobs across multiple engines, even when we count the overhead of Muses in the execution time. This performance gain implies that Muses can be used to optimise large pipelines that leverage multiple engines.
Background
High blood glucose and diabetes are amongst the conditions causing the greatest losses in years of healthy life worldwide. Therefore, numerous studies aim to identify reliable risk markers for development of impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. However, the molecular basis of impaired glucose metabolism is so far insufficiently understood. The development of so called 'omics' approaches in the recent years promises to identify molecular markers and to further understand the molecular basis of impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. Although univariate statistical approaches are often applied, we demonstrate here that the application of multivariate statistical approaches is highly recommended to fully capture the complexity of data gained using high-throughput methods.
Methods
We took blood plasma samples from 172 subjects who participated in the prospective Metabolic Syndrome Berlin Potsdam follow-up study (MESY-BEPO Follow-up). We analysed these samples using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and measured 286 metabolites. Furthermore, fasting glucose levels were measured using standard methods at baseline, and after an average of six years. We did correlation analysis and built linear regression models as well as Random Forest regression models to identify metabolites that predict the development of fasting glucose in our cohort.
Results
We found a metabolic pattern consisting of nine metabolites that predicted fasting glucose development with an accuracy of 0.47 in tenfold cross-validation using Random Forest regression. We also showed that adding established risk markers did not improve the model accuracy. However, external validation is eventually desirable. Although not all metabolites belonging to the final pattern are identified yet, the pattern directs attention to amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and redox homeostasis.
Conclusions
We demonstrate that metabolites identified using a high-throughput method (GC-MS) perform well in predicting the development of fasting plasma glucose over several years. Notably, not single, but a complex pattern of metabolites propels the prediction and therefore reflects the complexity of the underlying molecular mechanisms. This result could only be captured by application of multivariate statistical approaches. Therefore, we highly recommend the usage of statistical methods that seize the complexity of the information given by high-throughput methods.
The uptake of resources from the environment is a vital process for all organisms. Many experimental studies have revealed that the rate at which this process occurs depends critically on the resource concentration, a relationship called "functional response." However, whether the concentration of the consumer normally affects the functional response has been the subject of a long-standing, predominantly theoretical, debate in ecology. Here we present an experimental test between the alternative hypotheses that food uptake depends either only on the resource concentration or on both the resource and the consumer concentrations. In short-term laboratory experiments, we measured the uptake of radioactively labeled, unicellular green algae (Monoraphidium minutum, resource) by the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (a consumer) for varying combinations of resource and consumer concentrations. We found that the food uptake by Brachionus depended on the algal concentration with the relationship best described by a Holling type 3 functional response. We detected significant consumer effects on the functional response only at an extraordinarily high Brachionus density (similar to 125 rotifers/mL), which by far exceeds concentrations normally encountered in the field. We conclude that con sumer-dependent food uptake by planktonic rotifers is a phenomenon that can occur under extreme conditions, but probably plays a minor role in natural environments