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- resources (8)
- risk perception (8)
- rotation (8)
- seed dispersal (8)
- selection (8)
- sexual scripts (8)
- signal transduction (8)
- site effects (8)
- snow (8)
- soil (8)
- spatial frequencies (8)
- starch metabolism (8)
- stars: activity (8)
- stars: emission-line, Be (8)
- statistics (8)
- surface chemistry (8)
- surface modification (8)
- suspended sediment (8)
- sustainable development (8)
- technology (8)
- time-series (8)
- trends (8)
- ultrafast (8)
- ventral striatum (8)
- virtual reality (8)
- vitamin A (8)
- water quality (8)
- ADHD (7)
- Algorithms (7)
- Anisotropy (7)
- Apoptosis (7)
- Aromaticity (7)
- Austria (7)
- Biomaterial (7)
- C. elegans (7)
- Capsella (7)
- Central Europe (7)
- Competition (7)
- Complex networks (7)
- Connectivity (7)
- Conversation Analysis (7)
- Crustal structure (7)
- Cytotoxicity (7)
- DNA damage (7)
- DNA radiation damage (7)
- Decision-making (7)
- Dirac operator (7)
- E. coli (7)
- East African Rift System (7)
- Eutrophication (7)
- Fokus (7)
- Forschungsprojekte (7)
- Fredholm property (7)
- Future SOC Lab (7)
- Galaxien (7)
- Gender (7)
- Geochemistry (7)
- Geologie (7)
- Geschäftsprozessmanagement (7)
- Global change (7)
- Gravitationswellen (7)
- Greenland (7)
- Hertzsprung-Russell and C-M diagrams (7)
- Higher education (7)
- In-Memory Technologie (7)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (7)
- Interoception (7)
- Kalman filter (7)
- Kohlenstoff (7)
- LCSM (7)
- Leguminosae (7)
- LiDAR (7)
- Longitudinal study (7)
- Mekong Delta (7)
- Molecular dynamics (7)
- Molecularly imprinted polymers (7)
- Molybdenum cofactor (7)
- Monsoon (7)
- Monsun (7)
- Morphology (7)
- Multicore Architekturen (7)
- Muscle strength (7)
- NICS (7)
- Netzwerke (7)
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- Patterns (7)
- Phosphorus (7)
- Phylogeography (7)
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- Phytoplankton (7)
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- Prosodie (7)
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- Protein (7)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7)
- RIXS (7)
- Remote sensing (7)
- Seasonality (7)
- Soil (7)
- Soil moisture (7)
- Solanaceae (7)
- Spain (7)
- Sprachverarbeitung (7)
- Starch metabolism (7)
- Subduktion (7)
- Survey (7)
- Switzerland (7)
- TAVI (7)
- Tectonics (7)
- Thermokarst (7)
- Tien Shan (7)
- Uncertainty (7)
- Unsicherheit (7)
- Unsicherheiten (7)
- Vesikel (7)
- Visualisierung (7)
- Vulnerabilität (7)
- Walking (7)
- Water quality (7)
- X-rays: ISM (7)
- Youth (7)
- acquisition (7)
- adolescent (7)
- aggregation (7)
- allostatic load (7)
- amygdala (7)
- arctic (7)
- arithmetic (7)
- articulation (7)
- binaries: eclipsing (7)
- birth weight (7)
- bystander (7)
- cAMP (7)
- calibration (7)
- carbon cycle (7)
- cardiovascular diseases (7)
- catalogs (7)
- cell adhesion (7)
- cellulose (7)
- charge generation (7)
- chemistry (7)
- chemotaxis (7)
- child (7)
- circadian clock (7)
- circulation (7)
- circumstellar matter (7)
- cities (7)
- climate impacts (7)
- climate-change mitigation (7)
- cluster expansion (7)
- coastal erosion (7)
- community (7)
- community ecology (7)
- comparison (7)
- complex systems (7)
- complexes (7)
- control (7)
- convection (7)
- coronary artery disease (7)
- cortisol (7)
- cyber aggression (7)
- cytotoxicity (7)
- defense (7)
- density (7)
- diet (7)
- dietary patterns (7)
- discrepancy principle (7)
- distribution (7)
- disturbance (7)
- duplicate detection (7)
- ecological modelling (7)
- ecosystem functioning (7)
- energy (7)
- energy policy (7)
- ensemble Kalman filter (7)
- enzyme (7)
- enzyme catalysis (7)
- experiments (7)
- extinction (7)
- extraction (7)
- extreme events (7)
- extreme rainfall (7)
- fatty acids (7)
- films (7)
- first passage time (7)
- flood (7)
- flow (7)
- fluorescence microscopy (7)
- food webs (7)
- frequency (7)
- function (7)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging (7)
- galaxies (7)
- galaxies: dwarf (7)
- galaxies: starburst (7)
- gender differences (7)
- gene flow (7)
- geochemistry (7)
- geophysics (7)
- globalization (7)
- grain size (7)
- graphene (7)
- heart (7)
- heterogeneous catalysis (7)
- home range (7)
- human behaviour (7)
- human impact (7)
- imaging (7)
- imaging spectroscopy (7)
- immobilization (7)
- inference (7)
- infrared: stars (7)
- insect (7)
- insula (7)
- international organizations (7)
- interoceptive awareness (7)
- isotopes (7)
- jumping (7)
- kinematics (7)
- land-use change (7)
- last glacial maximum (7)
- lipid metabolism (7)
- low-energy electrons (7)
- malnutrition (7)
- measurement (7)
- mechanisms (7)
- memory retrieval (7)
- metaanalysis (7)
- metabolite profiling (7)
- methane (7)
- microbial ecology (7)
- minerals (7)
- mobility (7)
- modality (7)
- multilingualism (7)
- natural language processing (7)
- natural products (7)
- neuroplasticity (7)
- nuclear lamina (7)
- numerical simulations (7)
- organic matter (7)
- orthography (7)
- oscillations (7)
- pH (7)
- pain (7)
- palaeoecology (7)
- paleoecology (7)
- parafoveal processing (7)
- parameter estimation (7)
- parliamentary government (7)
- pathogens (7)
- perceptual span (7)
- planetary nebulae: general (7)
- planets and satellites: rings (7)
- plant diversity (7)
- plasmonics (7)
- policy (7)
- porous materials (7)
- predator-prey dynamics (7)
- preview benefit (7)
- pronoun resolution (7)
- prosodic boundary cues (7)
- proteasome (7)
- pulsars: general (7)
- quality (7)
- quantification (7)
- recombination (7)
- repair (7)
- representation (7)
- reproducibility (7)
- retinol (7)
- rheology (7)
- roughness (7)
- secular trend (7)
- seismic hazard (7)
- shape-memory effect (7)
- silicon (7)
- size (7)
- social rejection (7)
- solar wind (7)
- sorption (7)
- stabile Isotope (7)
- stars: late-type (7)
- sunspots (7)
- surfactants (7)
- tVNS (7)
- taxonomy (7)
- time series (7)
- transfer (7)
- transition (7)
- treeline (7)
- trunk (7)
- urbanization (7)
- verification (7)
- visualization (7)
- weather (7)
- wh-in-situ (7)
- wh-questions (7)
- working memory capacity (7)
- yellow flags (7)
- youth sports (7)
- AFM (6)
- Adipositas (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Alaska (6)
- Alps (6)
- Anisotropy effect (6)
- Anpassung (6)
- Antibiotikaresistenz (6)
- Aphasie (6)
- Arbeitsgedächtnis (6)
- Arsenolipids (6)
- BMI (6)
- Bakterien (6)
- Balance (6)
- Bayesian data analysis (6)
- Bewegungsökologie (6)
- Big Data (6)
- Bioelectrocatalysis (6)
- Biogenic amine (6)
- Biophysik (6)
- Blockcopolymere (6)
- C-reactive protein (6)
- CO2 (6)
- Chytridiomycota (6)
- Click chemistry (6)
- Colombia (6)
- Computational modelling (6)
- Coping (6)
- Copper (6)
- Data assimilation (6)
- Deep learning (6)
- Design (6)
- Design Thinking (6)
- Dezentralisierung (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- Disturbance (6)
- Dynamic NMR (6)
- EEG/ERP (6)
- Emotions (6)
- Energy (6)
- Flood risk (6)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy (6)
- Gammastrahlungsastronomie (6)
- Gene-environment interaction (6)
- Genomics (6)
- Groundwater (6)
- H II regions (6)
- HIREC (6)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- Insurance (6)
- Interaction (6)
- Interest (6)
- Israel (6)
- Japan (6)
- Judaism (6)
- Klimaänderung (6)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (6)
- Lake Van (6)
- Land use change (6)
- Language acquisition (6)
- Lasers (6)
- Levy flights (6)
- Local Group (6)
- Longitudinal (6)
- Lysiphlebus fabarum (6)
- Magnetismus (6)
- Magnetohydrodynamik (6)
- Mandarin Chinese (6)
- Massenspektrometrie (6)
- Mental arithmetic (6)
- Meta-analysis (6)
- Methane (6)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (6)
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- Mobility (6)
- Modell (6)
- Monitoring (6)
- Mortality (6)
- Movement (6)
- NASH (6)
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- PBPK (6)
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- Perception (6)
- Perceptual span (6)
- Phenotypic plasticity (6)
- Phonons (6)
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- Predictors (6)
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- Prozessmodellierung (6)
- Prunus avium L. (6)
- Pyrenees (6)
- Quasare (6)
- R&D (6)
- Raman (6)
- Reinforcement learning (6)
- Reliability (6)
- Resistance training (6)
- Return to work (6)
- Rheologie (6)
- Rheology (6)
- Ring current effect (6)
- SDS-PAGE (6)
- Schadensmodellierung (6)
- Seesedimente (6)
- Seismology (6)
- Sentinel-1 (6)
- Sexual scripts (6)
- Sexual selection (6)
- Smalltalk (6)
- Soil erosion (6)
- Speech perception (6)
- Sphingosine 1-phosphate (6)
- Stable isotopes (6)
- Sternentwicklung (6)
- Stretch-shortening cycle (6)
- Subduction zone processes (6)
- Svalbard (6)
- Synthesis (6)
- TMS (6)
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- Taxonomy (6)
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- Time reference (6)
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- Transkriptionsfaktoren (6)
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- World Bank (6)
- Zinc (6)
- acid ceramidase (6)
- admixture (6)
- age of acquisition (6)
- air pollution (6)
- alexithymia (6)
- algorithms (6)
- alignment (6)
- animal movement (6)
- anthropometry (6)
- antioxidants (6)
- attitudes (6)
- bicameralism (6)
- biodegradable polymers (6)
- black holes (6)
- bryophytes (6)
- business processes (6)
- carbon dioxide (6)
- change (6)
- change detection (6)
- chloroplast (6)
- co-limitation (6)
- coherence (6)
- colonialism (6)
- community effect (6)
- corruption (6)
- costs (6)
- crown compounds (6)
- crystal-structure (6)
- cyber victimization (6)
- cyber-physical systems (6)
- cytoskeleton (6)
- data (6)
- depressive symptoms (6)
- diabetic nephropathy (6)
- dielectrophoresis (6)
- diffuse radiation (6)
- digital education (6)
- domestication (6)
- droughts (6)
- dust (6)
- dust, extinction (6)
- dyslexia (6)
- early warning (6)
- eclogite (6)
- ecohydrology (6)
- effectiveness (6)
- efficient (6)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (6)
- electrons (6)
- electrostatic interactions (6)
- elementary particles (6)
- energy storage (6)
- engagement (6)
- english (6)
- entropy (6)
- environmental change (6)
- enzymes (6)
- exercise therapy (6)
- extension (6)
- fNIRS (6)
- fabrication (6)
- facilitation (6)
- fertilization (6)
- first passage (6)
- floodplain (6)
- fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (6)
- formal semantics (6)
- galaxies: abundances (6)
- galaxy evolution (6)
- gamma-ray astronomy (6)
- gamma-rays: general (6)
- gas (6)
- gelatin (6)
- general relativity (6)
- genes (6)
- geodynamics (6)
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- giving-up density (6)
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- history and philosophy of astronomy (6)
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- hybridization capture (6)
- hydrolysis (6)
- immigration (6)
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- infancy (6)
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- institutions (6)
- interfaces (6)
- introgression (6)
- invasive species (6)
- kosmische Strahlung (6)
- leadership (6)
- life history (6)
- linagliptin (6)
- lithosphere (6)
- macrophytes (6)
- magnetism (6)
- maximal isometric Adaptive Force (6)
- meaning (6)
- mechanism (6)
- media violence (6)
- melt inclusions (6)
- mental simulation (6)
- metabolic networks (6)
- metabolites (6)
- methods: analytical (6)
- miRNA (6)
- micelles (6)
- microbial communities (6)
- microtubules (6)
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- molecular motors (6)
- muscle (6)
- muscle power (6)
- neotectonics (6)
- neurodegeneration (6)
- next generation sequencing (6)
- nonergodicity (6)
- nuclear envelope (6)
- nucleus (6)
- numerical development (6)
- organic photovoltaics (6)
- organization (6)
- overweight (6)
- oxygen (6)
- p53 (6)
- palaeoclimate (6)
- parameters (6)
- participation (6)
- pattern formation (6)
- perturbation (6)
- phase transition (6)
- phase transitions (6)
- phenology (6)
- phonetics (6)
- phosphate (6)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (6)
- phylogenetic diversity (6)
- piezoelectricity (6)
- plant (6)
- plants (6)
- plyometric training (6)
- political equality (6)
- polyelectrolytes (6)
- polystyrene (6)
- polyzwitterions (6)
- population density (6)
- porosity (6)
- porous carbon (6)
- postural stability (6)
- pregnancy (6)
- presidential government (6)
- projections (6)
- propensity score matching (6)
- protein-protein interaction (6)
- radical polymerization (6)
- rainfall (6)
- rat (6)
- reciprocal class (6)
- reduction (6)
- reflection (6)
- reproduction (6)
- residual stress (6)
- restoration (6)
- retinol-binding protein 4 (6)
- risk factor (6)
- saccades (6)
- salinity gradient (6)
- salivary gland (6)
- scattering (6)
- scrambling (6)
- sedaDNA (6)
- sediment transport (6)
- selenium (6)
- self-concept (6)
- self-healing (6)
- self-regulation (6)
- silver nanoparticles (6)
- soccer (6)
- social comparison (6)
- social inclusion (6)
- socioeconomic status (6)
- sodium (6)
- software engineering (6)
- solar cells (6)
- speed (6)
- standardization (6)
- star formation (6)
- stars: horizontal-branch (6)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (6)
- stars: magnetic fields (6)
- stimuli-sensitive polymers (6)
- stroke (6)
- sulfite oxidase (6)
- support vector machine (6)
- systematic literature review (6)
- teaching (6)
- techniques: image processing (6)
- thaliana (6)
- therapist competence (6)
- thermokarst (6)
- thermoresponsive polymers (6)
- tomato (6)
- tomography (6)
- topography (6)
- tracking (6)
- trade-offs (6)
- training adaptation (6)
- traits (6)
- transcriptional memory (6)
- trust (6)
- ultrafast dynamics (6)
- uncertainty analysis (6)
- unemployment (6)
- uplift (6)
- user experience (6)
- variation (6)
- violence (6)
- visions of democracy (6)
- water management (6)
- weight loss (6)
- women (6)
- world literature (6)
- zebrafish (6)
- 3D point clouds (5)
- 3D visualization (5)
- AC electrokinetics (5)
- ALAN (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Ackerschmalwand (5)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Aftercare (5)
- Agency (5)
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- Algeria (5)
- Alterung (5)
- Amygdala (5)
- Ancient DNA (5)
- Animal personality (5)
- Antwortmengenprogrammierung (5)
- Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (5)
- Asian monsoon (5)
- Assessment (5)
- Asteraceae (5)
- Atmosphäre (5)
- Autocorrelation (5)
- Basketball (5)
- Bayesian inversion (5)
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- Blockcopolymer (5)
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- Boron exposure (5)
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- Cayley Graph (5)
- Cell polarity (5)
- Child (5)
- Chitooligosaccharides (5)
- Chloroplast (5)
- Cognitive control (5)
- Cold War (5)
- Community assembly (5)
- Conservation (5)
- Cost-effectiveness (5)
- Cue-based retrieval (5)
- Cultural diversity (5)
- Cyanobakterien (5)
- Cystic fibrosis (5)
- DRD4 (5)
- Data profiling (5)
- Datenassimilation (5)
- Datenbank (5)
- Decision making (5)
- Dexamethasone (5)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (5)
- Duplikaterkennung (5)
- EPR (5)
- ERA5 (5)
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- Electrical conductivity (5)
- Electropolymerization (5)
- Ellenberg indicator values (5)
- Elliptic complexes (5)
- Embodiment (5)
- Emulsion (5)
- Entwicklung (5)
- Environmental sciences (5)
- Europa (5)
- European hare (5)
- Europäische Union (5)
- Extraction (5)
- Extreme events (5)
- Eye movement (5)
- Feature selection (5)
- Fetal programming (5)
- Fire-bellied toad (5)
- Flood (5)
- Flow cytometry (5)
- Fluorescence imaging (5)
- Food quality (5)
- Frailty (5)
- Free Group (5)
- Functional ankle instability (5)
- G-protein-coupled receptor (5)
- GIS (5)
- Galaxy: center (5)
- Geodynamik (5)
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- German colonialism (5)
- Glucose (5)
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- Governance (5)
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- HVSR (5)
- Habitat fragmentation (5)
- Heart rate variability (5)
- Hebrew (5)
- Heterocycles (5)
- Holding isometric muscle action (5)
- Hypertension (5)
- IAT (5)
- IR-MALDI (5)
- ISM: jets and outflows (5)
- ISM: lines and bands (5)
- ISM: magnetic fields (5)
- Imaging (5)
- Individual-based models (5)
- Induced seismicity (5)
- Information (5)
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- Ionosphere (5)
- Janus emulsions (5)
- Jugendliche (5)
- Kant (5)
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- L2 processing (5)
- LC–MS/MS (5)
- Lactams (5)
- Lactones (5)
- Lakes (5)
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- Landslides (5)
- Langmuir monolayer (5)
- Language production (5)
- Larix (5)
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- Lonar Lake (5)
- MQTT (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Magnetotellurik (5)
- Measurement (5)
- Mechanotendography (5)
- Memory (5)
- Menderes Massif (5)
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- Moco biosynthesis (5)
- Molekulardynamik (5)
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- Nachhaltigkeit (5)
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- Navier-Stokes equations (5)
- Neo-Tethys (5)
- Nepal (5)
- Network clustering (5)
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- Northeast German Basin (5)
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- O2C spectrophotometer (5)
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- Organic solar cells (5)
- PCA (5)
- PUFA (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Paleoclimatology (5)
- Paleolimnology (5)
- Palynology (5)
- Peptides (5)
- Permian (5)
- Perturbation (5)
- Ph.D. retreat (5)
- Phase transitions (5)
- Photochemistry (5)
- Plant functional types (5)
- Plio-Pleistocene (5)
- Population dynamics (5)
- Postural control (5)
- Priming (5)
- Process (5)
- Process mining (5)
- Productivity (5)
- Proteins (5)
- Pushing isometric muscle action (5)
- Python (5)
- Quantum chemical calculations (5)
- RAFT polymerization (5)
- RNA (5)
- RNA-Seq (5)
- ROS (5)
- Residual stress (5)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Ruthenium (5)
- Röntgenbeugung (5)
- SRTM (5)
- STM (5)
- SWAT (5)
- SWIM (5)
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- Solar cells (5)
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- Stochastische Prozesse (5)
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- Systematic review (5)
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- Tarim Basin (5)
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- Temperature (5)
- TerraceM (5)
- Theorie (5)
- Thin film (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Ti-6Al-4V (5)
- Tian Shan (5)
- Trust (5)
- Turbulenz (5)
- Twitter (5)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (5)
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- carbon isotopes (4)
- carbon nitrides (4)
- carbon sequestration (4)
- catchments (4)
- categories (4)
- cell cycle (4)
- cell wall (4)
- change management (4)
- characteristics (4)
- citizenship (4)
- climate change impacts (4)
- climate extremes (4)
- climate warming (4)
- clinical sample (4)
- clone (4)
- cluster analysis (4)
- co-occurrence analysis (4)
- cod-liver (4)
- codon usage (4)
- coefficient (4)
- coevolution (4)
- cognitive enhancement (4)
- cognitive modeling (4)
- collaboration (4)
- collaborative consumption (4)
- collagen (4)
- colloids (4)
- colonization (4)
- color (4)
- combat sports (4)
- common vole (4)
- community structure (4)
- competence (4)
- complexity (4)
- compliance (4)
- composites (4)
- computer games (4)
- computer-based training (4)
- concepts (4)
- conceptualization (4)
- conduct problems (4)
- conductivity (4)
- confocal microscopy (4)
- conjugated polymers (4)
- content-addressable memory (4)
- context (4)
- contracts (4)
- conversational agents (4)
- convolutional neural network (4)
- coping strategies (4)
- copper(II) (4)
- core (4)
- coronary heart disease (4)
- corrosion (4)
- counting (4)
- covariance (4)
- creep (4)
- crop production (4)
- cross-cultural comparison (4)
- crosslinking (4)
- cultural pluralism (4)
- cyberbullying victimization (4)
- cyclic voltammetry (4)
- cylindrospermopsin (4)
- cystic fibrosis (4)
- cytochrome c (4)
- data mining (4)
- data preparation (4)
- data quality (4)
- decarbonization (4)
- deformation (4)
- degenerative disc disease (4)
- demography (4)
- deposition (4)
- design (4)
- dictator game (4)
- differentiation (4)
- digital (4)
- digital platforms (4)
- discourse production (4)
- diversification (4)
- dog (4)
- dropout (4)
- drugs (4)
- dual-process (4)
- dyadic coping (4)
- dye removal (4)
- dynamic (4)
- dynamical models (4)
- dynamical systems (4)
- eco-evolutionary experience (4)
- edge effect (4)
- effect (4)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (4)
- electron-transfer (4)
- electrostatics (4)
- emissions (4)
- emotional expression (4)
- emulsion (4)
- endophytes (4)
- enhancement (4)
- entanglement (4)
- environmental filtering (4)
- environmental policy (4)
- errata, addenda (4)
- ethnicity (4)
- eutrophication (4)
- evaluative study (4)
- evaporites (4)
- event-related brain potentials (4)
- evolutionary history (4)
- exercise intensity (4)
- experimental design (4)
- exploratory-behavior (4)
- eye-movement monitoring (4)
- face perception (4)
- family (4)
- fatty acid metabolism (4)
- fatty-acids (4)
- fault (4)
- feature selection (4)
- fence ecology (4)
- ferroelectric polymers (4)
- fiction (4)
- financial crisis (4)
- financial institutions (4)
- finger counting (4)
- firm performance (4)
- first language acquisition (4)
- first-passage (4)
- floral scent (4)
- flower development (4)
- fluctuating light (4)
- fluctuations (4)
- fluid inclusions (4)
- fluorescent dyes (4)
- formal verification (4)
- fractional dynamics (4)
- framework (4)
- frustration (4)
- functional response (4)
- fundamental frequency (4)
- fungi (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- garden-path effect (4)
- gaze-contingent displays (4)
- gene regulation (4)
- gene regulatory networks (4)
- genealogy (4)
- genetic diversity (4)
- genome-wide association (4)
- geomorphometry (4)
- geothermal energy (4)
- geovisualization (4)
- global jets (4)
- global positioning system (4)
- global sensitivity analysis (4)
- glomerular filtration rate (4)
- glucose oxidation (4)
- glucosinolates (4)
- glutathione (4)
- grammaticalization (4)
- graph theory (4)
- graph transformation (4)
- graph transformation systems (4)
- graphs (4)
- green chemistry (4)
- ground reaction force (4)
- group field theory (4)
- gut microbiota (4)
- handgrip strength (4)
- handwriting (4)
- hazard (4)
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- healthcare (4)
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- heat (4)
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- hemocompatibility (4)
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- heterostyly (4)
- heuristics (4)
- high-intensity interval training (4)
- history (4)
- holding capacity (4)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (4)
- honey bee (4)
- hospitals (4)
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- hybrid (4)
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- immunology (4)
- implicit attitude (4)
- impulsivity (4)
- in vitro (4)
- in-situ (4)
- inertial measurement unit (4)
- infinite-dimensional Brownian diffusion (4)
- inorganic perovskites (4)
- insulin signaling (4)
- interactional linguistics (4)
- interception (4)
- interest (4)
- intergovernmental relations (4)
- intersectionality (4)
- intrusion detection (4)
- ionic conductivity (4)
- ionic strength (4)
- joint Simon effect (4)
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- karst (4)
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- knickpoint (4)
- knowledge (4)
- komplexe Netzwerke (4)
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- lactate (4)
- land-use intensity (4)
- large-scale structure of Universe (4)
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- laterality (4)
- law (4)
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- lexical access (4)
- lexicon (4)
- lichens (4)
- life satisfaction (4)
- lifestyle (4)
- light variability (4)
- line: identification (4)
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- lipopolysaccharide (4)
- loading rate (4)
- local time (4)
- locomotion (4)
- locus coeruleus (4)
- locus of control (4)
- long-term effects (4)
- low-back-pain (4)
- lower critical solution temperature (4)
- machine (4)
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- mechanical tendinous oscillations (4)
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- metaphor (4)
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- moment tensor (4)
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- museum specimens (4)
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- nachhaltige Chemie (4)
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- nested graph conditions (4)
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- osteoblast (4)
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- part 1 (4)
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- recombinant inbred line (4)
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- recurrence plot (4)
- redox state (4)
- reference (4)
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- relatedness (4)
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- robustness (4)
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- salt (4)
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- shape (4)
- shape memory (4)
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- signal propagation (4)
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- data matching (3)
- data processing (3)
- data science (3)
- data security (3)
- data wrangling (3)
- deception (3)
- decision processes (3)
- decision tree (3)
- decompositon (3)
- deduplication (3)
- deep convection (3)
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- deep-sea (3)
- defense against predation (3)
- definition (3)
- deforestation (3)
- degraded DNA (3)
- dehydration (3)
- delta-D values (3)
- dendroclimatology (3)
- denitrification (3)
- density functional theory (3)
- denudation (3)
- dependence (3)
- depressive disorder (3)
- design parameters (3)
- deutsch-jüdische Geschichte (3)
- developing countries (3)
- diamond anvil cell (3)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (3)
- differential gene expression (3)
- diffraction (3)
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- digital elevation model (3)
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- drylands (3)
- dye (3)
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- dynamical model (3)
- dynamische Systeme (3)
- dysphagia (3)
- e-government (3)
- earthquake modeling (3)
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- eating behavior (3)
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- echocardiography (3)
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- electron microscopy (3)
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- elemental composition (3)
- elevated plus-maze (3)
- ellipsometry (3)
- elliptic complexes (3)
- embedded systems (3)
- emergency management (3)
- emotional intelligence (3)
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- employment services (3)
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- emulsion polymerization (3)
- encoding (3)
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- enjoyment (3)
- ensemble prediction (3)
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- envy (3)
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- evolution equation (3)
- exchange (3)
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- extremes (3)
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- fire (3)
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- functional (3)
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- functionalization (3)
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- gait analysis (3)
- galaxies: fundamental parameters (3)
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- gallbladder cancer (3)
- garnet (3)
- gas adsorption (3)
- gels (3)
- gender inequality (3)
- gene duplication (3)
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- generalizability (3)
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- glacial refugia (3)
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- globular clusters: individual: NGC 6397 (3)
- glucan (3)
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- glycopolymers (3)
- goal frames (3)
- goblet cells (3)
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- gradient boosting (3)
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- grammatical illusion (3)
- granite (3)
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- hand (3)
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- heart rate (3)
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- heath potentials (3)
- hemispheric asymmetry (3)
- heterogene Katalyse (3)
- heterogene Photokatalyse (3)
- heterogeneous photocatalysis (3)
- heterotrophic bacteria (3)
- hierarchical clustering (3)
- high temperature (3)
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- high-resolution record (3)
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- hip (3)
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- honeybee (3)
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- hoverflies (3)
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- hypothesis (3)
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- imidazolium (3)
- imitation (3)
- immigrants (3)
- impact assessment (3)
- impedance spectroscopy (3)
- implicit association test (IAT) (3)
- implicit learning (3)
- in-service teacher training (3)
- inbreeding depression (3)
- incision (3)
- incremental graph pattern matching (3)
- indirect facilitation (3)
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- individual (3)
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- individuelle Unterschiede (3)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (3)
- industry 4.0 (3)
- infant (3)
- inferences (3)
- infiltration (3)
- inflectional morphology (3)
- information integration (3)
- infrared: diffuse background (3)
- injection (3)
- inner magnetosphere (3)
- input frequency (3)
- insects (3)
- instrumental variables (3)
- intensification (3)
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- interface (3)
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- interferometry (3)
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- intermediate disturbance hypothesis (3)
- international bureaucracies (3)
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- intrinsically disordered proteins (3)
- invasion (3)
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- iterative regularization (3)
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- l-cysteine desulfurase (3)
- lactate threshold (3)
- land cover change (3)
- land-use (3)
- landscape diversity (3)
- landscape homogenization (3)
- langevin equation (3)
- language comprehension (3)
- language contact (3)
- language courses (3)
- language processing (3)
- languages (3)
- large-scale (3)
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- leaf (3)
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- learning and memory (3)
- learning factories (3)
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- life course (3)
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- light intensity (irradiance) (3)
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- line: profiles (3)
- linear mixed models (3)
- linear programming (3)
- linearized gravity (3)
- lipid (3)
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- liquid-phase catalysis (3)
- literacy acquisition (3)
- literatures of the world (3)
- liver metabolism (3)
- load (3)
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- logic (3)
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- long-distance dispersal (3)
- losses (3)
- lower (3)
- lower thermosphere (3)
- lupin (3)
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- major depression (3)
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- matching (3)
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- media (3)
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- medicine (3)
- melatonin (3)
- memory and delay (3)
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- mesocrystals (3)
- metabolic disease (3)
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- microgel (3)
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- micronutrients (3)
- microwave irradiation (3)
- migrants (3)
- military culture (3)
- minimal pairs (3)
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- minorities (3)
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- mitochondrial dysfunction (3)
- mitogenome (3)
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- mitosis (3)
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- mobile application (3)
- modal verbs (3)
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- model coupling (3)
- model transformation (3)
- model uncertainty (3)
- model-driven engineering (3)
- modellgetriebene Entwicklung (3)
- moderne jüdische Geschichte (3)
- modularity (3)
- molecular doping (3)
- molybdoenzyme (3)
- monetary incentive delay task (3)
- monomer (3)
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- mood (3)
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- morphological decomposition (3)
- morphological priming (3)
- morphological structure (3)
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- motor system (3)
- movement kinematics (3)
- mowing (3)
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- multicultural policy (3)
- multiculturalism (3)
- multilevel modelling (3)
- multiobjective calibration (3)
- multiple stressors (3)
- multiscale analysis (3)
- multispectral (3)
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- muscle action (3)
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- muscle weakness (3)
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- music cognition (3)
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- mutation (3)
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- natal dispersal (3)
- natural habitats (3)
- naturalism (3)
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- need satisfaction (3)
- net ecosystem exchange (3)
- neural (3)
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- neuromuscular functionality (3)
- neuronal networks (3)
- neuroscience (3)
- neutral endopeptidase (3)
- neutron (3)
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- niche and fitness differences (3)
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- nominalization (3)
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- non-athletes (3)
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- noun (3)
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- oarsmen (3)
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- ocean heat uptake (3)
- offspring (3)
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- online learning (3)
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- open (3)
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- operating systems (3)
- optical manipulation (3)
- optical spectroscopy (3)
- optische Fasern (3)
- organ size (3)
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- organic solar cell (3)
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- organisches Material (3)
- organosilica (3)
- origins (3)
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- orogeny (3)
- osteoclast (3)
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- parallel processing (3)
- parameterization (3)
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- pea (3)
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- perception and action (3)
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- personality traits (3)
- perspective taking (3)
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- photosensitive surfactants (3)
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- physical aggression (3)
- physical conditioning human (3)
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- piezoelectret (3)
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- plant volatiles (3)
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- plasma-membrane (3)
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- plyometrics (3)
- pneumonia (3)
- point clouds (3)
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- policy analysis (3)
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- policy-making (3)
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- poly(A) polymerase (3)
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- polyadenylation (3)
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- population growth rate (3)
- possessives (3)
- post-natal (3)
- potassium channel (3)
- potato (3)
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- power spectral analysis (3)
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- pp-wave solutions (3)
- pragmaticalisation (3)
- pre-activity (3)
- pre-natal (3)
- pre-service teachers (3)
- precaution (3)
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- predation risk (3)
- predator-prey (3)
- predator-prey model (3)
- prediction models (3)
- preference (3)
- prefixes (3)
- pressures (3)
- prevalence information (3)
- primary care (3)
- primary metabolism (3)
- primary school children (3)
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- privatization (3)
- proactive personality (3)
- probability (3)
- probability density function (3)
- probes (3)
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- proliferation (3)
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- protein binding (3)
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- protein self-assembly (3)
- protein-phenol interactions (3)
- proteomic analysis (3)
- protonation (3)
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- psycho-oncology (3)
- psychopathology (3)
- psychopower (3)
- puberty (3)
- public good (3)
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- punishment (3)
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- quantitative research (3)
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- radiogenic isotopes (3)
- rainfall gradient (3)
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- range of motion (3)
- range size (3)
- rate of torque development (3)
- reactance (3)
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- reading comprehension (3)
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- real-time (3)
- rearrangement (3)
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- recurrence quantification analysis (3)
- red meat (3)
- redox (3)
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- reference material (3)
- referential choice (3)
- refinement (3)
- reforms (3)
- refugee youth (3)
- regime shifts (3)
- regional development (3)
- regioselectivity (3)
- regression tree (3)
- relationship constellations (3)
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- religiosity (3)
- remission (3)
- remote sensing data (3)
- remote teaching (3)
- replacement (3)
- representation learning (3)
- reproducing kernel Hilbert space (3)
- requirements (3)
- research design (3)
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- resolution (3)
- resonance energy-transfer (3)
- resurrection plants (3)
- return to work (3)
- reveals (3)
- reversible measure (3)
- reward (3)
- rhizosphere (3)
- rifting (3)
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- risk communication (3)
- risk governance (3)
- risk management cycle (3)
- river (3)
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- robbery (3)
- rodent (3)
- role-play (3)
- running mechanics (3)
- runoff generation (3)
- sACC (3)
- salinity (3)
- salt diffusion (3)
- sample preparation (3)
- sanctions (3)
- satellite data (3)
- scalability (3)
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- scene perception (3)
- schwarze Löcher (3)
- science mapping (3)
- seawater (3)
- second language acquisition (3)
- second language processing (3)
- secondary metabolites (3)
- sedentary (3)
- sediment core (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sediment routing (3)
- sedimentation (3)
- sediments (3)
- seed dispersal syndrome (3)
- seismic risk (3)
- seismisches Rauschen (3)
- self threat (3)
- self-assembled monolayers (3)
- self-organisation (3)
- self-regulated learning (3)
- self-similarity (3)
- semantic (3)
- sensor data (3)
- sensorimotor control (3)
- sensorimotor training (3)
- sentence parsing (3)
- separation (3)
- serine cycle (3)
- serum (3)
- sexual assault (3)
- sexual self-esteem (3)
- sexual violence (3)
- shallow structure hypothesis (3)
- shape-memory polymer (3)
- short-read mapping (3)
- sibilant (3)
- sick leave (3)
- sickness absence (3)
- signalling (3)
- silica (3)
- similarity (3)
- similarity-based interference (3)
- simulation model (3)
- simultaneous bilingualism (3)
- singularity (3)
- situated processes (3)
- size distribution (3)
- skeletal muscle (3)
- skeletal robustness (3)
- skew Brownian motion (3)
- smart materials (3)
- smartphone (3)
- soccer players (3)
- social environment (3)
- social network analysis (3)
- social reactivity (3)
- social valuation (3)
- sociality (3)
- sociolinguistics (3)
- sociometric status (3)
- sodium hydroxide etching (3)
- soft actuators (3)
- soft robotics (3)
- software development (3)
- soil hydrology (3)
- soil landscape (3)
- soil texture (3)
- sol-gel (3)
- solar powered light-emitting diode (3)
- solubility (3)
- solute transport (3)
- somatic variables (3)
- source parameters (3)
- spatial scales (3)
- spatially explicit (3)
- spatially explicit model (3)
- speaking children (3)
- special education (3)
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- species assembly (3)
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- specific language impairment (3)
- specific surface area (3)
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- sphingosine kinase (3)
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- spin (3)
- star product (3)
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- starch granule surface (3)
- starch granules (3)
- starch morphology (3)
- starch synthase (3)
- stars: (3)
- stars: coronae (3)
- stars: distances (3)
- stars: individual (WR 6) (3)
- stars: pre-main sequence (3)
- statins (3)
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- QTL (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- Qilian mountains (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Quality of Life (2)
- Quantendraht (2)
- Quantenoptik (2)
- Quantenpunkte (2)
- Quantum Dots (2)
- Quantum dots (2)
- Quantum optics (2)
- Quartär (2)
- Quasar (2)
- Quasars (2)
- Quercus ilex (2)
- Quercus pubescens (2)
- Query optimization (2)
- R (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RAFT-Polymerisation (2)
- RCP scenarios (2)
- RCT (2)
- REDD+ (2)
- REE (2)
- REMPI (2)
- REVEALS (2)
- RGB-D cameras (2)
- RIXS (resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-seq (2)
- ROK (2)
- ROMP (2)
- ROP (2)
- RP-HPLC (2)
- RP2 (2)
- RRR (2)
- RSI (2)
- RT models (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Rainfall (2)
- Rainfall gradient (2)
- Raman imaging (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Randelementmethode (2)
- Random Forest (2)
- Randomized controlled-trails (2)
- Randwertprobleme (2)
- Ranking (2)
- Rapeseed oil (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Rapid automatized naming (2)
- Rasa (2)
- Rationality (2)
- Rattus rattus (2)
- Rauheit (2)
- Raumzeitgeometrie (2)
- Rauschinduzierte Phänomene (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (2)
- Reactive oxygen species (2)
- Real time (2)
- Realismus (2)
- Realistic Accuracy (2)
- Reanalysis (2)
- Rearing experiment (2)
- Rearrangement (2)
- Reasoning (2)
- Receiver functions (2)
- Rechenschaftspflicht (2)
- Recognition Memory (2)
- Recollection (2)
- Recombinase polymerase amplification (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Recurrence Plots (2)
- Red Cross (2)
- Redox (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redox polymer (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Redundancy (2)
- Reflectivity (2)
- Reflexion (2)
- Reflexionsseismik (2)
- Reflexives (2)
- Reflexivpronomen (2)
- Refugee Tales (2)
- Regionalization (2)
- Regularization (2)
- Regulatory focus (2)
- Regulierung (2)
- Rehearsal (2)
- Reinforcement Learning (2)
- Rekonstruktionsmethoden (2)
- Rekurrenzplot (2)
- Relapse (2)
- Relative clause (2)
- Relative clauses (2)
- Relativized Minimality (2)
- Release (2)
- Religiosity (2)
- Remote Sensing (2)
- Removable sets (2)
- Renal failure (2)
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- Renewable energy (2)
- Renewable resources (2)
- Reparaturen (2)
- Repeated sprint (2)
- Replication (2)
- Reproducibility (2)
- Reproducible benchmarking (2)
- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space (2)
- Republik Korea (2)
- ResNet (2)
- Reservoir Networks (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Resiliency (2)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (2)
- Resonances (2)
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- Ressourcenoptimierung (2)
- Resurvey (2)
- Retention (2)
- Reticulocytes (2)
- Retina (2)
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- Rheic Ocean (2)
- Rhine River (2)
- Ribosome (2)
- Ribosome profiling (2)
- Richard Schomburgk (2)
- Riemannian manifold (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Riesz continuity (2)
- Ring tensiometry (2)
- Ring-opening polymerization (2)
- Rings (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risiko (2)
- Risk factor (2)
- River Incision Model (2)
- River restoration (2)
- River-Basin (2)
- Robustness (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Rohstoffe (2)
- Role-playing (2)
- Romania (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rossby waves (2)
- Rossby-normal modes (2)
- Rotifier (2)
- Rougon-Macquart (2)
- Royden boundary (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RuBisCO (2)
- Rubisco (2)
- Rumelian Turkic (2)
- Rumpf (2)
- Run time analysis (2)
- Runge-Kutta methods (2)
- Running (2)
- Runtime analysis (2)
- Rural health (2)
- Russisch (2)
- Räuber-Beute (2)
- Röntgenstrahlung (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SAUR (2)
- SCFA (2)
- SCP (2)
- SD3 (2)
- SDG interactions (2)
- SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry (2)
- SELEX (2)
- SEPE (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SHG (2)
- SIEM (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SIO₂ (2)
- SLA (2)
- SLI (2)
- SMARC (2)
- SOA (2)
- SOEP (2)
- SOPARSE (2)
- SOV language (2)
- SPARQL (2)
- SPB (2)
- SPDEs (2)
- SRT (2)
- SSW (2)
- STG decomposition (2)
- STG-Dekomposition (2)
- SUB1A (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccade (2)
- Sahel (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Sakkadendetektion (2)
- Salt Range (2)
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- Salz (2)
- Salzschmelze-Templating (2)
- Samara (2)
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- Santa-Barbara system (2)
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- Savanne (2)
- Scalability (2)
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- Scenario (2)
- Scenarios (2)
- Scene perception (2)
- Schaum (2)
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- Schrodinger equation (2)
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- Scientific discovery learning (2)
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- Scotophilus (2)
- Se (2)
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- Secure Configuration (2)
- Sediment Flux (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
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- Sedimentary basin (2)
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- Sediments (2)
- Sedimenttransport (2)
- Seed mass (2)
- Seesediment (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
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- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Seismotektonik (2)
- Seitenverschiebung (2)
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- Selection (2)
- Selection vs. age-class forests (2)
- Selektivität (2)
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- Self-organization (2)
- Self-reflection (2)
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- Sensors (2)
- Sensory perception (2)
- Sentence-picture matching (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Sentinel-1 InSAR (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sequence analysis (2)
- Sequential instruction (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Service-Oriented Architecture (2)
- Service-Orientierte Architekturen (2)
- Service-oriented computing (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Sexual Selection (2)
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- Sexual dimorphism (2)
- Sexualization (2)
- Shadowgraphy (2)
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- Shape-memory (2)
- Shape-memory effect (2)
- Shape-memory polymer (2)
- Shear Zone (2)
- Shigella flexneri (2)
- Shockley-Queisser model (2)
- Shocks (2)
- Shona (2)
- Short‐term effect (2)
- Shotgun sequencing (2)
- Shoulder (2)
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- Signalling (2)
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- Simulation model (2)
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- Site characterization (2)
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- Skin (2)
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- Small (2)
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- Smoking (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Snow Cover Extent (SCE) (2)
- Sobo-Sise Island (2)
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- Spanish modal adverbs (2)
- Spanish verbs of cognitive attitude (2)
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- Speech Motor Control (2)
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- Sprachkontakt (2)
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- Strukturbildung (2)
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- Störungen (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
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- Subjective well-being (2)
- Submarine permafrost (2)
- Submariner Permafrost (2)
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- Subsea permafrost (2)
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- Sway (2)
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- Syntax-semantics interface (2)
- Synthesis and processing (2)
- SysML (2)
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- Säugetiere (2)
- Säuglinge (2)
- Südafrika (2)
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- TACC (2)
- TAM (2)
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- TELEMAC-2D model (2)
- TGF-beta 1 (2)
- TIN (2)
- TLR signaling (2)
- TMR (2)
- TPACK (2)
- TRLFS (2)
- TRP channels (2)
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- Temperate forest (2)
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- Temporallogik (2)
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- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Tense (2)
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- Tephrosia purpurea (2)
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- Tiredness (2)
- To learners in which of the following categories does your work apply (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomato (2)
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- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
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- a priori (2)
- aberrations (2)
- ability differentiation (2)
- aboveground biomass (2)
- absolute (2)
- absorbtion fine-structure (2)
- abstraction (2)
- abundance (2)
- abuse cycles (2)
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- academy (2)
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- acclimation (2)
- accommodation (2)
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- accounting (2)
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- acids (2)
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- acquired thermotolerance (2)
- actin polymerization (2)
- action perception (2)
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- action segmentation (2)
- activated urethane derivatives (2)
- activator–inhibitor models (2)
- active floodplain (2)
- active galactic nuclei (2)
- activism (2)
- actuator (2)
- acute (2)
- acute alcohol consumption (2)
- acute chronic workload ratio (2)
- acute coronary event (2)
- adaptability (2)
- adaptation to external force impact (2)
- adaption measure (2)
- adaptive (2)
- adaptive Systeme (2)
- adaptive estimation (2)
- adaptive holding capacity (2)
- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adaptive systems (2)
- addiction (2)
- addition (2)
- address normalization (2)
- adduct formation (2)
- adenoassociated virus (2)
- adipose tissue dysregulation (2)
- adiposity (2)
- adjustment (2)
- administrative culture (2)
- administrative literacy (2)
- adolescent growth (2)
- adolescent sport (2)
- adoption (2)
- advanced disease (2)
- aerobic exercise (2)
- aerobic metabolism (2)
- aerobic power (2)
- aerosol size distribution (2)
- aesthetics (2)
- affective learning (2)
- affective neuroscience (2)
- afforestation (2)
- aflatoxin B1 (2)
- aftercare (2)
- age differences (2)
- age differentiation (2)
- age resetting (2)
- aged (2)
- agent-based models (2)
- aggressive sexual fantasies (2)
- agitation (2)
- agreement deficit (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- agroecosystem (2)
- air-water interface (2)
- airborne (2)
- airglow (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- aldehydes (2)
- algorithm schedules (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- all-cause mortality (2)
- allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (2)
- allocation (2)
- allostatic load index (2)
- alpha-2 (2)
- alpha-stable Levy process (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- alpine (2)
- alps (2)
- altenuic acid (2)
- alteration geochemistry (2)
- alternaria group (2)
- alternative rewards (2)
- alternative-set semantics (2)
- altertoxins (2)
- alumni work (2)
- amateur soccer players (2)
- ambient noise (2)
- ambiguities (2)
- ambiguity (2)
- ambiguity resolution (2)
- ambition (2)
- aminothiophenol (2)
- ammonia (2)
- ammonia synthesis (2)
- amoeboid motion (2)
- amorphous carbon (2)
- amorphous polymers (2)
- amplitude (2)
- amöboide Bewegung (2)
- anagogy (2)
- analytical framework for Participatory Educational Practices (2)
- analytical methods (2)
- anaphoric existence presupposition (2)
- anaphoricity (2)
- anatexis (2)
- ancestral remains (2)
- anchor peptides (2)
- ancient (2)
- and prediction (2)
- angiotensin receptor blockers (2)
- animal (2)
- animal and computational models (2)
- animal behavior (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- animal models (2)
- anisotropic effects (2)
- ankles (2)
- anniversary issue (2)
- annotation (2)
- annotation projection (2)
- anomalous Brownian motion (2)
- anomaly detection (2)
- anorexia nervosa (2)
- antecedent choice (2)
- antecedents (2)
- anterior PNP (2)
- anterior cruciate ligament (2)
- anthracene (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anti-cancer drugs (2)
- anti-consumption (2)
- anti-genotoxicity (2)
- anti-inflammatory nutrition (2)
- anti-inflammatory therapy (2)
- anti-oxidant activity (2)
- anti-oxidative capacity (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibiotic inactivation (2)
- antibiotics (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- anticancer drug (2)
- anticipation (2)
- antimicrobial peptide (2)
- antimicrobial peptides (2)
- antimicrobial polymers (2)
- antimicrobial resistance (2)
- antioxidant capacity (2)
- antonymy (2)
- anxiety disorder (2)
- anxiety sensitivity (2)
- anxiety-like behavior (2)
- apatite fission track (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apodemus-agrarius (2)
- apoplast (2)
- appetite (2)
- apple replant disease (2)
- applicant reactions (2)
- applicants for international protection (2)
- approximate differentiability (2)
- approximate methods (2)
- approximate number system (2)
- approximation (2)
- aptasensors (2)
- aquaculture (2)
- aquatic (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aquifer (2)
- arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- archaeology (2)
- archipelagic studies (2)
- archipelagic theory (2)
- arctic water bodies (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- argon dating (2)
- argument structure (2)
- argumentation mining (2)
- aridification (2)
- arktische Tundra (2)
- aromaticity (2)
- array (2)
- arsenic (2)
- arsenious acid (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial intelligence for health (2)
- artificial light (2)
- artificial light at night (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- artificial transcription factor (2)
- ascorbate (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- aspiration (2)
- assault (2)
- assay (2)
- assembly factor (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assembly rules (2)
- assignments (2)
- assimilation (2)
- associative learning (2)
- associative networks (2)
- astrobiology (2)
- astrocytes (2)
- astrometry (2)
- astronomical calibration (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- astronomical databases: miscellaneous (2)
- asylum (2)
- asylum seekers (2)
- asymptotic behavior (2)
- asymptotic method (2)
- asynchronous video interviewing (2)
- athlete (2)
- athmospheric circulation (2)
- atmospheric blocking (2)
- atmospheric nitrogen deposition (2)
- atmospheric warming (2)
- atom chip (2)
- atom-surface interaction (2)
- atomic processes (2)
- atropisomerism (2)
- attachment styles (2)
- attitudes toward intimate partner violence (2)
- attitudes towards sexual coercion (2)
- attosecond phenomena (2)
- attraction errors (2)
- attribute assurance (2)
- auch (2)
- augmented-wave method (2)
- august 2002 (2)
- authentication (2)
- authoritarianism (2)
- authorship attribution (2)
- autism spectrum disorder (2)
- autogamy (2)
- automated planning (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- automatic facial expression analysis (2)
- automatic feedback (2)
- automaticity (2)
- autonomic nervous system (2)
- autonomy support (2)
- autoregressive models (2)
- avian personalities (2)
- avirulence (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- azobenzene containing polymer films (2)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (2)
- azobenzene elastomers (2)
- azobenzene surfactant (2)
- azobenzene trimethylammonium bromide (2)
- azobenzenes (2)
- back-pain screening (2)
- background variables (2)
- bacterial O-antigen (2)
- bacterial swimming strategies (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- banal nationalism (2)
- bank filtration (2)
- bank vole (2)
- bank voles (2)
- barbell velocity (2)
- basal body (2)
- base excision repair (incision activity) (2)
- basic need satisfaction and frustration (2)
- basic psychological needs (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- basin evolution (2)
- basis-sets (2)
- batch effect (2)
- batch process (2)
- batch processing (2)
- bedload transport (2)
- behavior problems (2)
- behavioral abstraction (2)
- behavioral and self-report measures (2)
- behavioral flexibility (2)
- behavioral observation (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral public administration (2)
- behavioral reasoning (2)
- behavioral type (2)
- behavioral weight loss (2)
- behavioural syndrome (2)
- benchmark (2)
- benthic food web (2)
- benzodiazepines (2)
- bet-hedging (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- beta-cell (2)
- beta-diversity (2)
- betaine (2)
- bibliometrics (2)
- bidirectional reflectance (2)
- bifurcation analysis (2)
- bifurcation theory (2)
- big data analytics (2)
- big data services (2)
- big-fish-little-pond-effect (2)
- bilingual children (2)
- bilingual infants (2)
- bilingual lexical development (2)
- bilingual processing (2)
- binary black holes (2)
- binary systems (2)
- bio-optical modeling (2)
- bioavailability (2)
- biocatalysis (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- bioelectrochemistry (2)
- bioenergetics (2)
- bioenergy (2)
- biofilm formation (2)
- biofilms (2)
- biogenesis (2)
- biogenic silica (2)
- bioindicators (2)
- biological control (2)
- biological invasion (2)
- biological maturation (2)
- biological pest control (2)
- biological soil crusts (2)
- biological transport (2)
- biomarker detection (2)
- biomechanical parameter (2)
- biomimetic mineralization (2)
- biomimetic recognition elements (2)
- bioprinting (2)
- biorefineries (2)
- bioremediation (2)
- biostimulant (2)
- biotechnology (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- birds (2)
- birefringence (2)
- birth-death-mutation-competition point process (2)
- birthweight (2)
- bisphosphonates (2)
- bistability (2)
- bitcoin (2)
- black carbon (2)
- black hole (2)
- bladder-cancer (2)
- blockchain technology (2)
- blood glucose (2)
- blood pressure (2)
- blood sample (2)
- blue stragglers (2)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (2)
- bodily self (2)
- body density (2)
- body limbs (2)
- body mass (2)
- body mass index (2)
- body proportions (2)
- body shape (2)
- body weight gain (2)
- body-mass index (2)
- body-specificity hypothesis (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- bone tissue engineering (2)
- bone–brain–nervous system interactions (2)
- book history (2)
- bootstrapping (2)
- border (2)
- boreal forests (2)
- borehole leakage (2)
- boronic acid (2)
- bottlebrush copolymers (2)
- bottom-up fabrication (2)
- botulinum toxin (2)
- bound phenolic compounds (2)
- boundary regularity (2)
- bounded model checking (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- brain development (2)
- brain health (2)
- brain insulin signaling (2)
- branched chain amino acids (2)
- break interventions (2)
- breathing (2)
- breeding (2)
- bridge (2)
- broadband and narrowband dimensions of behavior (2)
- bromeliad (2)
- brownian-motion (2)
- browser platforms (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bulk heterojunctions (2)
- bullying victimization (2)
- bumps (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- business interruption (2)
- business model innovation (2)
- business process (2)
- business process modeling (2)
- business services (2)
- butyrylcholinesterase (2)
- buy recommendations (2)
- c. elegans (2)
- cGMP (2)
- cTBS (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- calc-alkaline (2)
- calcaneal eversion (2)
- calcination (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- calcium phosphate hybrid material (2)
- callous-unemotional traits (2)
- callousness (2)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (2)
- cambs (2)
- camelid antibody (2)
- camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer chemoprevention (2)
- cancer detection (2)
- cancer epidemiology (2)
- cancer therapy (2)
- canoe racing (2)
- canonical correlations analysis (2)
- canopy height (2)
- capabilities (2)
- capacities (2)
- capacitive sensor (2)
- capstone course (2)
- capture enrichment (2)
- carbohydrate derivatives (2)
- carbohydrate interaction (2)
- carbohydrate recognition (2)
- carbohydrate‐ based (2)
- carbon budget (2)
- carbon export (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- carbon markets (2)
- carbon materials (2)
- carbon-dioxide (2)
- carbon-dioxide capture (2)
- carbon-dioxide emissions (2)
- carbonaceous aerosols (2)
- carbonate ramp (2)
- carbonates (2)
- carboxyanhydrides (2)
- carcinogen exposure (2)
- carcinoma (2)
- cardiac catheterization (CC) (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardioception (2)
- cardiology (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- cardiopulmonary exercise testing (2)
- cardiovascular-disease (2)
- career plans (2)
- career success (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- carotenoids bioavailability (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- carryover effects (2)
- cascade reactions (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- case (2)
- case-animacy (2)
- catalase (2)
- catalogues (2)
- catalyst (2)
- catastrophe climatique (2)
- catch-up growth (2)
- cathode (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cavity quantum electrodynamics (2)
- celestial mechanics (2)
- cell culture (2)
- cell division (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- cell-based in vitro assay (2)
- cell-death (2)
- cellular bioimaging (2)
- cellular signaling (2)
- cellulose fibers (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cement (2)
- cement admixtures (2)
- cement hydration (2)
- cementitious material (2)
- central Mediterranean (2)
- central Mongolia (2)
- central Poland (2)
- central administration (2)
- central and peripheral vision (2)
- central fixation bias (2)
- central south island (2)
- centralization (2)
- cerami-des (2)
- ceramides (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cereal meals (2)
- cesium lead halides (2)
- cetaceans (2)
- chains (2)
- chalcogenide (2)
- challenges (2)
- change of direction speed (2)
- change-of-direction speed (2)
- changement climatique (2)
- chaotic neural dynamics (2)
- chaperone (2)
- chaperones (2)
- charge carrier recombination (2)
- charge localisation (2)
- charge transfers (2)
- charge-carrier transport (2)
- chemical sensors (2)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (2)
- chemo-toxicity (2)
- chemoradiation therapy (2)
- chemostat experiments (2)
- chemotaxonomy (2)
- child abuse (2)
- child asylum-seekers (2)
- child second language acquisition (2)
- childcare (2)
- childhood abuse (2)
- childhood obesity (2)
- chimera (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chirality (2)
- chlorophyll (2)
- chlorophyll a (2)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (2)
- chorus waves (2)
- chromatin regulation (2)
- chromoionophore (2)
- chronic fatigue (2)
- chronic health condition (2)
- chronic low back pain (2)
- chronic psychosocial stress (2)
- chronic stress (2)
- chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) (2)
- chronology (AICC2012) (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- circulation of knowledge (2)
- circulation patterns (2)
- cirrus clouds (2)
- citizen-state interactions (2)
- citric acid (2)
- civil service (2)
- class-level effects (2)
- classical conditioning (2)
- classroom (2)
- classroom characteristics (2)
- classroom climate (2)
- classroom management (2)
- clause determiner (2)
- clauses (2)
- clay (2)
- clay mineral (2)
- cleft constructions (2)
- client preferences (2)
- climate catastrophe (2)
- climate change mitigation (2)
- climate drift (2)
- climate finance (2)
- climate politics (2)
- climate reconstructions (2)
- climate trends (2)
- climate varibility (2)
- climate visualization (2)
- climate-change policy (2)
- climatology (2)
- clinical (2)
- clinical pain research (2)
- clinical study (2)
- clinical supervision (2)
- clinopyroxenite (2)
- clonal complex (2)
- cloud security (2)
- cloud storage (2)
- cluster (2)
- cluster model (2)
- clusterin (2)
- clusters (2)
- co-creation (2)
- co-expression (2)
- co-ordination (2)
- coagulation (2)
- coarea formula (2)
- coast (2)
- coastal flood damage (2)
- coastal flooding (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coat colour (2)
- cobalt nanoparticles (2)
- cockroach salivary-glands (2)
- codifference (2)
- coefficients (2)
- coenzyme-a (2)
- coesite (2)
- coffee (2)
- cognitive (2)
- cognitive interference (2)
- cognitive linguistics (2)
- cognitive load (2)
- cognitive resources (2)
- cognitive science (2)
- cognitive training (2)
- cognitive-behavioral control (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (2)
- cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (2)
- cognitive-control (2)
- cognitive/muscular fatigue (2)
- coherent noise (2)
- coherent phonons (2)
- cohomology (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collaborative learning (2)
- collaborative work (2)
- collection types (2)
- collective motion (2)
- collision (2)
- colloid (2)
- colonial Australia (2)
- colony decline (2)
- colony viability (2)
- coloring agents (2)
- combined task and motion planning (2)
- commemorative acts of citizenship (2)
- commitment (2)
- common ground (2)
- common ownership (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community model (2)
- community theory (2)
- comorbidities (2)
- comparative (2)
- comparative subclause (2)
- comparative subclauses (2)
- comparison of devices (2)
- competencies (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- competitive inhibition (2)
- complaints (2)
- complex network (2)
- complex predicates (2)
- complex problems (2)
- complex sentence processing (2)
- complex words (2)
- composite material (2)
- composite materials (2)
- composite properties (2)
- compound (2)
- compound flood (2)
- compounds (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- compression (2)
- computational morphodynamics (2)
- computer graphics (2)
- computer science (2)
- computer-mediated therapy (2)
- concentrated solar power (2)
- concentrating solar power (2)
- concentration (2)
- concurrent checking (2)
- conditional reasoning (2)
- conditioning activity (2)
- conditioning exercise (2)
- conduct disorder (2)
- confidence intervals (2)
- confidence sets (2)
- conflict (2)
- conflict management (2)
- conflict monitoring (2)
- confocal Raman microscopy (2)
- conformance checking (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- conformational-changes (2)
- confusion (2)
- congruity effect (2)
- conjugate gradient (2)
- connections between chaos and statistical physics (2)
- conscientiousness (2)
- conservation biology (2)
- conservation laws (2)
- conservation planning (2)
- conservation targets (2)
- consonant bias (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- constraint (2)
- consultation (2)
- consumer diversity (2)
- consumer education (2)
- consumer empowerment (2)
- content (2)
- content knowledge (2)
- contentious politics (2)
- context sensitivity (2)
- continental collision (2)
- continental rifting (2)
- continuing education activities (2)
- continuous glucose monitoring (2)
- continuous integration (2)
- continuous process (2)
- continuous simulation (2)
- continuous testing (2)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (2)
- continuous-time data assimilation (2)
- contractions (2)
- contrast effect (2)
- contrast effects (2)
- control rates (2)
- controlled polymerization (2)
- controlled trial (2)
- convective available potential energy (2)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (2)
- conversational implicature (2)
- conversion (2)
- converting factor (2)
- convolutional neural networks (2)
- cooperating systems (2)
- cooperative goal interdependence (2)
- cooperative phenomena (2)
- copolymerization (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper-bearing minerals (2)
- copper-related disorders (2)
- copy number analyses (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core PG1351 (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- core strength (2)
- core-shell materials (2)
- core-shell nanostructure (2)
- coregistration (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- corona (2)
- corporate citizenship (2)
- corporate foresight (2)
- corporate leniency program (2)
- corporate social responsibility (2)
- corporeality (2)
- corpus dataset (2)
- cortical network models (2)
- cortical oscillations (2)
- cosmic background radiation (2)
- cosmic ray propagation (2)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (2)
- cosmological simulations (2)
- cosmopolitanism and nationalism (2)
- cost-effectiveness (2)
- coumarins (2)
- counter-speech (2)
- counterterms (2)
- country (2)
- coupled oscillators model (2)
- coupled surface (2)
- coupling (2)
- coupling methods (2)
- course design (2)
- course timetabling (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- cow's milk (2)
- craving and relapse (2)
- creative problem solving (2)
- creative process (2)
- criminology (2)
- crisis communication (2)
- criterial (2)
- critical fluctuations (2)
- critical meteorological condition (2)
- critical solution temperature (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross ownership (2)
- cross-cultural differences (2)
- cross-education (2)
- cross-linguistic differences (2)
- cross-linking (2)
- cross-modal generalisation (2)
- cross-modal priming (2)
- cross-national comparison (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- crowded fluids (2)
- crowdsourcing (2)
- cruciate ligament injury (2)
- crustacean zooplankton (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- cryo-electron microscopy (2)
- cryogel (2)
- cryptic species complex (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- crystal orientation (2)
- crystal structures (2)
- crystallinity (2)
- crystallization behavior (2)
- crystals (2)
- cues (2)
- culling of male chickens (2)
- cultural conceptualisations (2)
- cultural heritage (2)
- cultural minority youth (2)
- culture, identity, and inclusion (2)
- customer acceptance (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cyber-physische Systeme (2)
- cyberaggression (2)
- cybersecurity (2)
- cycle (2)
- cyclic AMP (2)
- cycling (2)
- cyclooxygenase (2)
- cysteine alkylation (2)
- cytochrome P450 17A1 (Cyp17A1) (2)
- cytoplasm (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytotype (2)
- dark ages (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data cleaning (2)
- data pipeline (2)
- data privacy (2)
- data protection (2)
- data scarcity (2)
- data sharing (2)
- data synthesis (2)
- data-driven (2)
- data-mining (2)
- database systems (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de Rham complex (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- de-concentration (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- debris flows (2)
- debt (2)
- debugging (2)
- decentralisation (2)
- decision trees (2)
- decision-theory (2)
- decline (2)
- decomposition analysis (2)
- decomposition methods (2)
- deep carbon cycle (2)
- deep reinforcement learning (2)
- defensive symbiosis (2)
- deferred choice (2)
- deficiency (2)
- definiteness (2)
- deformation monitoring (2)
- degradable polymer (2)
- degradable polymers (2)
- dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (2)
- delayed onset muscle soreness (2)
- delta-c-13 (2)
- democratic quality (2)
- democratic theory (2)
- democratization (2)
- demographic change (2)
- demographic noise (2)
- dendrimers (2)
- dendritic cell (2)
- dendrometer measurements (2)
- density dependence (2)
- density-driven flow (2)
- dentistry (2)
- dependency (2)
- dependency discovery (2)
- dependency resolution (2)
- depressive-like behavior (2)
- derivational affixes (2)
- derivational complexity (2)
- derivational morphology (2)
- desert (2)
- desiccation (2)
- design of experiment (2)
- design options (2)
- detection (2)
- detector development (2)
- determinants of plant community diversity and structure (2)
- determiners (2)
- detrital carbonate (2)
- deuterium (2)
- developing brain (2)
- development cooperation (2)
- development of minimal self (2)
- developmental canalization (2)
- developmental dyslexia (2)
- developmental language impairment (2)
- developmental plasticity (2)
- developmental trajectories (2)
- dew-point temperature (2)
- diabetes mellitus (2)
- diabetic (2)
- diachrony (2)
- diacylglycerol (2)
- diagnosis (2)
- diagnostic techniques and procedures (2)
- diagnostics (2)
- dialect (2)
- dialysis (2)
- diary study (2)
- diaspora (2)
- diazo compounds (2)
- dichotic listening (2)
- dictyostelium (2)
- dielectric (2)
- dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) (2)
- dielectric barrier discharges (2)
- dielectric properties (2)
- dielectric spectroscopy (2)
- dielectrics (2)
- dienes (2)
- dietary fibre (2)
- dietary intake (2)
- dietary quality (2)
- dietary restriction (2)
- difference operator (2)
- difference-in-difference (2)
- differential expression analysis (2)
- differential split-sample test (2)
- digestive enzymes quantification (2)
- digging-in effects (2)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (4742)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (4576)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (3181)
- Institut für Chemie (2808)
- Institut für Mathematik (1546)
- Department Psychologie (1378)
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft (992)
- Department Linguistik (901)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (819)
- Institut für Informatik und Computational Science (788)
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the production of metal structures with exceptional design freedom, of which laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) is one of the most common. In this process, a laser melts a bed of loose feedstock powder particles layer-by-layer to build a structure with the desired geometry. During fabrication, the repeated melting and rapid, directional solidification create large temperature gradients that generate large thermal stress. This thermal stress can itself lead to cracking or delamination during fabrication. More often, large residual stresses remain in the final part as a footprint of the thermal stress. This residual stress can cause premature distortion or even failure of the part in service. Hence, knowledge of the residual stress field is critical for both process optimization and structural integrity.
Diffraction-based techniques allow the non-destructive characterization of the residual stress fields. However, such methods require a good knowledge of the material of interest, as certain assumptions must be made to accurately determine residual stress. First, the measured lattice plane spacings must be converted to lattice strains with the knowledge of a strain-free material state. Second, the measured lattice strains must be related to the macroscopic stress using Hooke's law, which requires knowledge of the stiffness of the material. Since most crystal structures exhibit anisotropic material behavior, the elastic behavior is specific to each lattice plane of the single crystal. Thus, the use of individual lattice planes in monochromatic diffraction residual stress analysis requires knowledge of the lattice plane-specific elastic properties. In addition, knowledge of the microstructure of the material is required for a reliable assessment of residual stress.
This work presents a toolbox for reliable diffraction-based residual stress analysis. This is presented for a nickel-based superalloy produced by PBF-LB. First, this work reviews the existing literature in the field of residual stress analysis of laser-based AM using diffraction-based techniques. Second, the elastic and plastic anisotropy of the nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 produced by PBF-LB is studied using in situ energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. These experiments are complemented by ex situ material characterization techniques. These methods establish the relationship between the microstructure and texture of the material and its elastic and plastic anisotropy. Finally, surface, sub-surface, and bulk residual stress are determined using a texture-based approach. Uncertainties of different methods for obtaining stress-free reference values are discussed.
The tensile behavior in the as-built condition is shown to be controlled by texture and cellular sub-grain structure, while in the heat-treated condition the precipitation of strengthening phases and grain morphology dictate the behavior. In fact, the results of this thesis show that the diffraction elastic constants depend on the underlying microstructure, including texture and grain morphology. For columnar microstructures in both as-built and heat-treated conditions, the diffraction elastic constants are best described by the Reuss iso-stress model. Furthermore, the low accumulation of intergranular strains during deformation demonstrates the robustness of using the 311 reflection for the diffraction-based residual stress analysis with columnar textured microstructures. The differences between texture-based and quasi-isotropic approaches for the residual stress analysis are shown to be insignificant in the observed case. However, the analysis of the sub-surface residual stress distributions show, that different scanning strategies result in a change in the orientation of the residual stress tensor. Furthermore, the location of the critical sub-surface tensile residual stress is related to the surface roughness and the microstructure. Finally, recommendations are given for the diffraction-based determination and evaluation of residual stress in textured additively manufactured alloys.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has identified river morphological alteration and diffuse pollution as the two main pressures affecting water bodies in Europe at the catchment scale. Consequently, river restoration has become a priority to achieve the WFD's objective of good ecological status. However, little is known about the effects of stream morphological changes, such as re-meandering, on in-stream nitrate retention at the river network scale. Therefore, catchment nitrate modeling is necessary to guide the implementation of spatially targeted and cost-effective mitigation measures. Meanwhile, Germany, like many other regions in central Europe, has experienced consecutive summer droughts from 2015-2018, resulting in significant changes in river nitrate concentrations in various catchments. However, the mechanistic exploration of catchment nitrate responses to changing weather conditions is still lacking.
Firstly, a fully distributed, process-based catchment Nitrate model (mHM-Nitrate) was used, which was properly calibrated and comprehensively evaluated at numerous spatially distributed nitrate sampling locations. Three calibration schemes were designed, taking into account land use, stream order, and mean nitrate concentrations, and they varied in spatial coverage but used data from the same period (2011–2019). The model performance for discharge was similar among the three schemes, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) scores ranging from 0.88 to 0.92. However, for nitrate concentrations, scheme 2 outperformed schemes 1 and 3 when compared to observed data from eight gauging stations. This was likely because scheme 2 incorporated a diverse range of data, including low discharge values and nitrate concentrations, and thus provided a better representation of within-catchment heterogenous. Therefore, the study suggests that strategically selecting gauging stations that reflect the full range of within-catchment heterogeneity is more important for calibration than simply increasing the number of stations.
Secondly, the mHM-Nitrate model was used to reveal the causal relations between sequential droughts and nitrate concentration in the Bode catchment (3200 km2) in central Germany, where stream nitrate concentrations exhibited contrasting trends from upstream to downstream reaches. The model was evaluated using data from six gauging stations, reflecting different levels of runoff components and their associated nitrate-mixing from upstream to downstream. Results indicated that the mHM-Nitrate model reproduced dynamics of daily discharge and nitrate concentration well, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.73 for discharge and Kling-Gupta Efficiency ≥ 0.50 for nitrate concentration at most stations. Particularly, the spatially contrasting trends of nitrate concentration were successfully captured by the model. The decrease of nitrate concentration in the lowland area in drought years (2015-2018) was presumably due to (1) limited terrestrial export loading (ca. 40% lower than that of normal years 2004-2014), and (2) increased in-stream retention efficiency (20% higher in summer within the whole river network). From a mechanistic modelling perspective, this study provided insights into spatially heterogeneous flow and nitrate dynamics and effects of sequential droughts, which shed light on water-quality responses to future climate change, as droughts are projected to be more frequent.
Thirdly, this study investigated the effects of stream restoration via re-meandering on in-stream nitrate retention at network-scale in the well-monitored Bode catchment. The mHM-Nitrate model showed good performance in reproducing daily discharge and nitrate concentrations, with median Kling-Gupta values of 0.78 and 0.74, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of gross nitrate retention efficiency, which accounted for both denitrification and assimilatory uptake, were 5.1 ± 0.61% and 74.7 ± 23.2% in winter and summer, respectively, within the stream network. The study found that in the summer, denitrification rates were about two times higher in lowland sub-catchments dominated by agricultural lands than in mountainous sub-catchments dominated by forested areas, with median ± SD of 204 ± 22.6 and 102 ± 22.1 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Similarly, assimilatory uptake rates were approximately five times higher in streams surrounded by lowland agricultural areas than in those in higher-elevation, forested areas, with median ± SD of 200 ± 27.1 and 39.1 ± 8.7 mg N m-2 d-1, respectively. Therefore, restoration strategies targeting lowland agricultural areas may have greater potential for increasing nitrate retention. The study also found that restoring stream sinuosity could increase net nitrate retention efficiency by up to 25.4 ± 5.3%, with greater effects seen in small streams. These results suggest that restoration efforts should consider augmenting stream sinuosity to increase nitrate retention and decrease nitrate concentrations at the catchment scale.
Climate change fundamentally transforms glaciated high-alpine regions, with well-known cryospheric and hydrological implications, such as accelerating glacier retreat, transiently increased runoff, longer snow-free periods and more frequent and intense summer rainstorms. These changes affect the availability and transport of sediments in high alpine areas by altering the interaction and intensity of different erosion processes and catchment properties.
Gaining insight into the future alterations in suspended sediment transport by high alpine streams is crucial, given its wide-ranging implications, e.g. for flood damage potential, flood hazard in downstream river reaches, hydropower production, riverine ecology and water quality. However, the current understanding of how climate change will impact suspended sediment dynamics in these high alpine regions is limited. For one, this is due to the scarcity of measurement time series that are long enough to e.g. infer trends. On the other hand, it is difficult – if not impossible – to develop process-based models, due to the complexity and multitude of processes involved in high alpine sediment dynamics. Therefore, knowledge has so far been confined to conceptual models (which do not facilitate deriving concrete timings or magnitudes for individual catchments) or qualitative estimates (‘higher export in warmer years’) that may not be able to capture decreases in sediment export. Recently, machine-learning approaches have gained in popularity for modeling sediment dynamics, since their black box nature tailors them to the problem at hand, i.e. relatively well-understood input and output data, linked by very complex processes.
Therefore, the overarching aim of this thesis is to estimate sediment export from the high alpine Ötztal valley in Tyrol, Austria, over decadal timescales in the past and future – i.e. timescales relevant to anthropogenic climate change. This is achieved by informing, extending, evaluating and applying a quantile regression forest (QRF) approach, i.e. a nonparametric, multivariate machine-learning technique based on random forest.
The first study included in this thesis aimed to understand present sediment dynamics, i.e. in the period with available measurements (up to 15 years). To inform the modeling setup for the two subsequent studies, this study identified the most important predictors, areas within the catchments and time periods. To that end, water and sediment yields from three nested gauges in the upper Ötztal, Vent, Sölden and Tumpen (98 to almost 800 km² catchment area, 930 to 3772 m a.s.l.) were analyzed for their distribution in space, their seasonality and spatial differences therein, and the relative importance of short-term events. The findings suggest that the areas situated above 2500 m a.s.l., containing glacier tongues and recently deglaciated areas, play a pivotal role in sediment generation across all sub-catchments. In contrast, precipitation events were relatively unimportant (on average, 21 % of annual sediment yield was associated to precipitation events). Thus, the second and third study focused on the Vent catchment and its sub-catchment above gauge Vernagt (11.4 and 98 km², 1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), due to their higher share of areas above 2500 m. Additionally, they included discharge, precipitation and air temperature (as well as their antecedent conditions) as predictors.
The second study aimed to estimate sediment export since the 1960s/70s at gauges Vent and Vernagt. This was facilitated by the availability of long records of the predictors, discharge, precipitation and air temperature, and shorter records (four and 15 years) of turbidity-derived sediment concentrations at the two gauges. The third study aimed to estimate future sediment export until 2100, by applying the QRF models developed in the second study to pre-existing precipitation and temperature projections (EURO-CORDEX) and discharge projections (physically-based hydroclimatological and snow model AMUNDSEN) for the three representative concentration pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.
The combined results of the second and third study show overall increasing sediment export in the past and decreasing export in the future. This suggests that peak sediment is underway or has already passed – unless precipitation changes unfold differently than represented in the projections or changes in the catchment erodibility prevail and override these trends. Despite the overall future decrease, very high sediment export is possible in response to precipitation events. This two-fold development has important implications for managing sediment, flood hazard and riverine ecology.
This thesis shows that QRF can be a very useful tool to model sediment export in high-alpine areas. Several validations in the second study showed good performance of QRF and its superiority to traditional sediment rating curves – especially in periods that contained high sediment export events, which points to its ability to deal with threshold effects. A technical limitation of QRF is the inability to extrapolate beyond the range of values represented in the training data. We assessed the number and severity of such out-of-observation-range (OOOR) days in both studies, which showed that there were few OOOR days in the second study and that uncertainties associated with OOOR days were small before 2070 in the third study. As the pre-processed data and model code have been made publically available, future studies can easily test further approaches or apply QRF to further catchments.
Large parts of the Earth’s interior are inaccessible to direct observation, yet global geodynamic processes are governed by the physical material properties under extreme pressure and temperature conditions. It is therefore essential to investigate the deep Earth’s physical properties through in-situ laboratory experiments. With this goal in mind, the optical properties of mantle minerals at high pressure offer a unique way to determine a variety of physical properties, in a straight-forward, reproducible, and time-effective manner, thus providing valuable insights into the physical processes of the deep Earth. This thesis focusses on the system Mg-Fe-O, specifically on the optical properties of periclase (MgO) and its iron-bearing variant ferropericlase ((Mg,Fe)O), forming a major planetary building block. The primary objective is to establish links between physical material properties and optical properties. In particular the spin transition in ferropericlase, the second-most abundant phase of the lower mantle, is known to change the physical material properties. Although the spin transition region likely extends down to the core-mantle boundary, the ef-fects of the mixed-spin state, where both high- and low-spin state are present, remains poorly constrained.
In the studies presented herein, we show how optical properties are linked to physical properties such as electrical conductivity, radiative thermal conductivity and viscosity. We also show how the optical properties reveal changes in the chemical bonding. Furthermore, we unveil how the chemical bonding, the optical and other physical properties are affected by the iron spin transition. We find opposing trends in the pres-sure dependence of the refractive index of MgO and (Mg,Fe)O. From 1 atm to ~140 GPa, the refractive index of MgO decreases by ~2.4% from 1.737 to 1.696 (±0.017). In contrast, the refractive index of (Mg0.87Fe0.13)O (Fp13) and (Mg0.76Fe0.24)O (Fp24) ferropericlase increases with pressure, likely because Fe Fe interactions between adjacent iron sites hinder a strong decrease of polarizability, as it is observed with increasing density in the case of pure MgO. An analysis of the index dispersion in MgO (decreasing by ~23% from 1 atm to ~103 GPa) reflects a widening of the band gap from ~7.4 eV at 1 atm to ~8.5 (±0.6) eV at ~103 GPa. The index dispersion (between 550 and 870 nm) of Fp13 reveals a decrease by a factor of ~3 over the spin transition range (~44–100 GPa). We show that the electrical band gap of ferropericlase significantly widens up to ~4.7 eV in the mixed spin region, equivalent to an increase by a factor of ~1.7. We propose that this is due to a lower electron mobility between adjacent Fe2+ sites of opposite spin, explaining the previously observed low electrical conductivity in the mixed spin region. From the study of absorbance spectra in Fp13, we show an increasing covalency of the Fe-O bond with pressure for high-spin ferropericlase, whereas in the low-spin state a trend to a more ionic nature of the Fe-O bond is observed, indicating a bond weakening effect of the spin transition. We found that the spin transition is ultimately caused by both an increase of the ligand field-splitting energy and a decreasing spin-pairing energy of high-spin Fe2+.
The reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in an abnormal increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, contributing to the global climate crisis. In response, a rapid transition to renewable energy sources has begun, particularly lithium-ion batteries, playing a crucial role in the green energy transformation. However, concerns regarding the availability and geopolitical implications of lithium have prompted the exploration of alternative rechargeable battery systems, such as sodium-ion batteries. Sodium is significantly abundant and more homogeneously distributed in the crust and seawater, making it easier and less expensive to extract than lithium. However, because of the mysterious nature of its components, sodium-ion batteries are not yet sufficiently advanced to take the place of lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, sodium exhibits a more metallic character and a larger ionic radius, resulting in a different ion storage mechanism utilized in lithium-ion batteries. Innovations in synthetic methods, post-treatments, and interface engineering clearly demonstrate the significance of developing high-performance carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The objective of this dissertation is to present a systematic approach for fabricating efficient, high-performance, and sustainable carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. This will involve a comprehensive investigation of different chemical environments and post-modification techniques as well.
This dissertation focuses on three main objectives. Firstly, it explores the significance of post-synthetic methods in designing interfaces. A conformal carbon nitride coating is deposited through chemical vapor deposition on a carbon electrode as an artificial solid-electrolyte interface layer, resulting in improved electrochemical performance. The interaction between the carbon nitride artificial interface and the carbon electrode enhances initial Coulombic efficiency, rate performance, and total capacity. Secondly, a novel process for preparing sulfur-rich carbon as a high-performing anode material for sodium-ion batteries is presented. The method involves using an oligo-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene precursor for high sulfur content hard carbon anode to investigate the sulfur heteroatom effect on the electrochemical sodium storage mechanism. By optimizing the condensation temperature, a significant transformation in the materials’ nanostructure is achieved, leading to improved electrochemical performance. The use of in-operando small-angle X-ray scattering provides valuable insights into the interaction between micropores and sodium ions during the electrochemical processes. Lastly, the development of high-capacity hard carbon, derived from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, is examined. This carbon material exhibits exceptional performance at both low and high current densities. Extensive electrochemical and physicochemical characterizations shed light on the sodium storage mechanism concerning the chemical environment, establishing the material’s stability and potential applications in sodium-ion batteries.
The evaluation of process-oriented cognitive theories through time-ordered observations is crucial for the advancement of cognitive science. The findings presented herein integrate insights from research on eye-movement control and sentence comprehension during reading, addressing challenges in modeling time-ordered data, statistical inference, and interindividual variability. Using kernel density estimation and a pseudo-marginal likelihood for fixation durations and locations, a likelihood implementation of the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading (Engbert et al., Psychological Review, 112, 2005, pp. 777–813) is proposed. Within the broader framework of data assimilation, Bayesian parameter inference with adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques is facilitated for reliable model fitting. Across the different studies, this framework has shown to enable reliable parameter recovery from simulated data and prediction of experimental summary statistics. Despite its complexity, SWIFT can be fitted within a principled Bayesian workflow, capturing interindividual differences and modeling experimental effects on reading across different geometrical alterations of text. Based on these advancements, the integrated dynamical model SEAM is proposed, which combines eye-movement control, a traditionally psychological research area, and post-lexical language processing in the form of cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, Cognitive Science, 29, 2005, pp. 375–419), typically the purview of psycholinguistics. This proof-of-concept integration marks a significant step forward in natural language comprehension during reading and suggests that the presented methodology can be useful to develop complex cognitive dynamical models that integrate processes at levels of perception, higher cognition, and (oculo-)motor control. These findings collectively advance process-oriented cognitive modeling and highlight the importance of Bayesian inference, individual differences, and interdisciplinary integration for a holistic understanding of reading processes. Implications for theory and methodology, including proposals for model comparison and hierarchical parameter inference, are briefly discussed.
The planetary commons
(2024)
The Anthropocene signifies the start of a no- analogue trajectory of the Earth system that is fundamentally different from the Holocene. This new trajectory is characterized by rising risks of triggering irreversible and unmanageable shifts in Earth system functioning. We urgently need a new global approach to safeguard critical Earth system regulating functions more effectively and comprehensively. The global commons framework is the closest example of an existing approach with the aim of governing biophysical systems on Earth upon which the world collectively depends. Derived during stable Holocene conditions, the global commons framework must now evolve in the light of new Anthropocene dynamics. This requires a fundamental shift from a focus only on governing shared resources beyond national jurisdiction, to one that secures critical functions of the Earth system irrespective of national boundaries. We propose a new framework—the planetary commons—which differs from the global commons framework by including not only globally shared geographic regions but also critical biophysical systems that regulate the resilience and state, and therefore livability, on Earth. The new planetary commons should articulate and create comprehensive stewardship obligations through Earth system governance aimed at restoring and strengthening planetary resilience and justice.
The origin and structure of magnetic fields in the Galaxy are largely unknown. What is known is that they are essential for several astrophysical processes, in particular the propagation of cosmic rays. Our ability to describe the propagation of cosmic rays through the Galaxy is severely limited by the lack of observational data needed to probe the structure of the Galactic magnetic field on many different length scales. This is particularly true for modelling the propagation of cosmic rays into the Galactic halo, where our knowledge of the magnetic field is particularly poor.
In the last decade, observations of the Galactic halo in different frequency regimes have revealed the existence of out-of-plane bubble emission in the Galactic halo. In gamma rays these bubbles have been termed Fermi bubbles with a radial extent of ≈ 3 kpc and an azimuthal height of ≈ 6 kpc. The radio counterparts of the Fermi bubbles were seen by both the S-PASS telescopes and the Planck satellite, and showed a clear spatial overlap. The X-ray counterparts of the Fermi bubbles were named eROSITA bubbles after the eROSITA satellite, with a radial width of ≈ 7 kpc and an azimuthal height of ≈ 14 kpc. Taken together, these observations suggest the presence of large extended Galactic Halo Bubbles (GHB) and have stimulated interest in exploring the less explored Galactic halo.
In this thesis, a new toy model (GHB model) for the magnetic field and non-thermal electron distribution in the Galactic halo has been proposed. The new toy model has been used to produce polarised synchrotron emission sky maps. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the synthetic skymaps with the Planck 30 GHz polarised skymaps. The obtained constraints on the strength and azimuthal height were found to be in agreement with the S-PASS radio observations.
The upper, lower and best-fit values obtained from the above chi-squared analysis were used to generate three separate toy models. These three models were used to propagate ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This study was carried out for two potential sources, Centaurus A and NGC 253, to produce magnification maps and arrival direction skymaps. The simulated arrival direction skymaps were found to be consistent with the hotspots of Centaurus A and NGC 253 as seen in the observed arrival direction skymaps provided by the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO).
The turbulent magnetic field component of the GHB model was also used to investigate the extragalactic dipole suppression seen by PAO. UHECRs with an extragalactic dipole were forward-tracked through the turbulent GHB model at different field strengths. The suppression in the dipole due to the varying diffusion coefficient from the simulations was noted. The results could also be compared with an analytical analogy of electrostatics. The simulations of the extragalactic dipole suppression were in agreement with similar studies carried out for galactic cosmic rays.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) represent a new generation of solar cells with a range of captivating attributes including low-cost, light-weight, aesthetically pleasing appearance, and flexibility. Different from traditional silicon solar cells, the photon-electron conversion in OSCs is usually accomplished in an active layer formed by blending two kinds of organic molecules (donor and acceptor) with different energy levels together.
The first part of this thesis focuses on a better understanding of the role of the energetic offset and each recombination channel on the performance of these low-offset OSCs. By combining advanced experimental techniques with optical and electrical simulation, the energetic offsets between CT and excitons, several important insights were achieved: 1. The short circuit current density and fill-factor of low-offset systems are largely determined by field-dependent charge generation in such low-offset OSCs. Interestingly, it is strongly evident that such field-dependent charge generation originates from a field-dependent exciton dissociation yield. 2. The reduced energetic offset was found to be accompanied by strongly enhanced bimolecular recombination coefficient, which cannot be explained solely by exciton repopulation from CT states. This implies the existence of another dark decay channel apart from CT.
The second focus of the thesis was on the technical perspective. In this thesis, the influence of optical artifacts in differential absorption spectroscopy upon the change of sample configuration and active layer thickness was studied. It is exemplified and discussed thoroughly and systematically in terms of optical simulations and experiments, how optical artifacts originated from non-uniform carrier profile and interference can manipulate not only the measured spectra, but also the decay dynamics in various measurement conditions. In the end of this study, a generalized methodology based on an inverse optical transfer matrix formalism was provided to correct the spectra and decay dynamics manipulated by optical artifacts.
Overall, this thesis paves the way for a deeper understanding of the keys toward higher PCEs in low-offset OSC devices, from the perspectives of both device physics and characterization techniques.
Social institutions
(2024)
Social institutions are a system of behavioral and relationship patterns that are densely interwoven and enduring and function across an entire society. They order and structure the behavior of individuals in core areas of society and thus have a strong impact on the quality of life of individuals. Institutions regulate the following: (a) family and relationship networks carry out social reproduction and socialization; (b) institutions in the realm of education and training ensure the transmission and cultivation of knowledge, abilities, and specialized skills; (c) institutions in the labor market and economy provide for the production and distribution of goods and services; (d) institutions in the realm of law, governance, and politics provide for the maintenance of the social order; (e) while cultural, media, and religious institutions further the development of contexts of meaning, value orientations, and symbolic codes.
It is a well-attested finding in head-initial languages that individuals with aphasia (IWA) have greater difficulties in comprehending object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs) as compared to subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs). Adopting the linguistically based approach of Relativized Minimality (RM; Rizzi, 1990, 2004), the subject-object asymmetry is attributed to the occurrence of a Minimality effect in ORCs due to reduced processing capacities in IWA (Garraffa & Grillo, 2008; Grillo, 2008, 2009). For ORCs, it is claimed that the embedded subject intervenes in the syntactic dependency between the moved object and its trace, resulting in greater processing demands. In contrast, no such intervener is present in SRCs. Based on the theoretical framework of RM and findings from language acquisition (Belletti et al., 2012; Friedmann et al., 2009), it is assumed that Minimality effects are alleviated when the moved object and the intervening subject differ in terms of relevant syntactic features. For German, the language under investigation, the RM approach predicts that number (i.e., singular vs. plural) and the lexical restriction [+NP] feature (i.e., lexically restricted determiner phrases vs. lexically unrestricted pronouns) are considered relevant in the computation of Minimality. Greater degrees of featural distinctiveness are predicted to result in more facilitated processing of ORCs, because IWA can more easily distinguish between the moved object and the intervener.
This cumulative dissertation aims to provide empirical evidence on the validity of the RM approach in accounting for comprehension patterns during relative clause (RC) processing in German-speaking IWA. For that purpose, I conducted two studies including visual-world eye-tracking experiments embedded within an auditory referent-identification task to study the offline and online processing of German RCs. More specifically, target sentences were created to evaluate (a) whether IWA demonstrate a subject-object asymmetry, (b) whether dissimilarity in the number and/or the [+NP] features facilitates ORC processing, and (c) whether sentence processing in IWA benefits from greater degrees of featural distinctiveness. Furthermore, by comparing RCs disambiguated through case marking (at the relative pronoun or the following noun phrase) and number marking (inflection of the sentence-final verb), it was possible to consider the role of the relative position of the disambiguation point. The RM approach predicts that dissimilarity in case should not affect the occurrence of Minimality effects. However, the case cue to sentence interpretation appears earlier within RCs than the number cue, which may result in lower processing costs in case-disambiguated RCs compared to number-disambiguated RCs.
In study I, target sentences varied with respect to word order (SRC vs. ORC) and dissimilarity in the [+NP] feature (lexically restricted determiner phrase vs. pronouns as embedded element). Moreover, by comparing the impact of these manipulations in case- and number-disambiguated RCs, the effect of dissimilarity in the number feature was explored. IWA demonstrated a subject-object asymmetry, indicating the occurrence of a Minimality effect in ORCs. However, dissimilarity neither in the number feature nor in the [+NP] feature alone facilitated ORC processing. Instead, only ORCs involving distinct specifications of both the number and the [+NP] features were well comprehended by IWA. In study II, only temporarily ambiguous ORCs disambiguated through case or number marking were investigated, while controlling for varying points of disambiguation. There was a slight processing advantage of case marking as cue to sentence interpretation as compared to number marking.
Taken together, these findings suggest that the RM approach can only partially capture empirical data from German IWA. In processing complex syntactic structures, IWA are susceptible to the occurrence of the intervening subject in ORCs. The new findings reported in the thesis show that structural dissimilarity can modulate sentence comprehension in aphasia. Interestingly, IWA can override Minimality effects in ORCs and derive correct sentence meaning if the featural specifications of the constituents are maximally different, because they can more easily distinguish the moved object and the intervening subject given their reduced processing capacities. This dissertation presents new scientific knowledge that highlights how the syntactic theory of RM helps to uncover selective effects of morpho-syntactic features on sentence comprehension in aphasia, emphasizing the close link between assumptions from theoretical syntax and empirical research.
The biosecurity individual
(2024)
Discoveries in biomedicine and biotechnology, especially in diagnostics, have made prevention and (self)surveillance increasingly important in the context of health practices. Frederike Offizier offers a cultural critique of the intersection between health, security and identity, and explores how the focus on risk and security changes our understanding of health and transforms our relationship to our bodies. Analyzing a wide variety of texts, from life writing to fiction, she offers a critical intervention on how this shift in the medical gaze produces new paradigms of difference and new biomedically facilitated identities: biosecurity individuals.
To manage tabular data files and leverage their content in a given downstream task, practitioners often design and execute complex transformation pipelines to prepare them. The complexity of such pipelines stems from different factors, including the nature of the preparation tasks, often exploratory or ad-hoc to specific datasets; the large repertory of tools, algorithms, and frameworks that practitioners need to master; and the volume, variety, and velocity of the files to be prepared. Metadata plays a fundamental role in reducing this complexity: characterizing a file assists end users in the design of data preprocessing pipelines, and furthermore paves the way for suggestion, automation, and optimization of data preparation tasks.
Previous research in the areas of data profiling, data integration, and data cleaning, has focused on extracting and characterizing metadata regarding the content of tabular data files, i.e., about the records and attributes of tables. Content metadata are useful for the latter stages of a preprocessing pipeline, e.g., error correction, duplicate detection, or value normalization, but they require a properly formed tabular input. Therefore, these metadata are not relevant for the early stages of a preparation pipeline, i.e., to correctly parse tables out of files. In this dissertation, we turn our focus to what we call the structure of a tabular data file, i.e., the set of characters within a file that do not represent data values but are required to parse and understand the content of the file. We provide three different approaches to represent file structure, an explicit representation based on context-free grammars; an implicit representation based on file-wise similarity; and a learned representation based on machine learning.
In our first contribution, we use the grammar-based representation to characterize a set of over 3000 real-world csv files and identify multiple structural issues that let files deviate from the csv standard, e.g., by having inconsistent delimiters or containing multiple tables. We leverage our learnings about real-world files and propose Pollock, a benchmark to test how well systems parse csv files that have a non-standard structure, without any previous preparation. We report on our experiments on using Pollock to evaluate the performance of 16 real-world data management systems.
Following, we characterize the structure of files implicitly, by defining a measure of structural similarity for file pairs. We design a novel algorithm to compute this measure, which is based on a graph representation of the files' content. We leverage this algorithm and propose Mondrian, a graphical system to assist users in identifying layout templates in a dataset, classes of files that have the same structure, and therefore can be prepared by applying the same preparation pipeline.
Finally, we introduce MaGRiTTE, a novel architecture that uses self-supervised learning to automatically learn structural representations of files in the form of vectorial embeddings at three different levels: cell level, row level, and file level. We experiment with the application of structural embeddings for several tasks, namely dialect detection, row classification, and data preparation efforts estimation.
Our experimental results show that structural metadata, either identified explicitly on parsing grammars, derived implicitly as file-wise similarity, or learned with the help of machine learning architectures, is fundamental to automate several tasks, to scale up preparation to large quantities of files, and to provide repeatable preparation pipelines.
The landscape of software self-adaptation is shaped in accordance with the need to cost-effectively achieve and maintain (software) quality at runtime and in the face of dynamic operation conditions. Optimization-based solutions perform an exhaustive search in the adaptation space, thus they may provide quality guarantees. However, these solutions render the attainment of optimal adaptation plans time-intensive, thereby hindering scalability. Conversely, deterministic rule-based solutions yield only sub-optimal adaptation decisions, as they are typically bound by design-time assumptions, yet they offer efficient processing and implementation, readability, expressivity of individual rules supporting early verification. Addressing the quality-cost trade-of requires solutions that simultaneously exhibit the scalability and cost-efficiency of rulebased policy formalism and the optimality of optimization-based policy formalism as explicit artifacts for adaptation. Utility functions, i.e., high-level specifications that capture system objectives, support the explicit treatment of quality-cost trade-off. Nevertheless, non-linearities, complex dynamic architectures, black-box models, and runtime uncertainty that makes the prior knowledge obsolete are a few of the sources of uncertainty and subjectivity that render the elicitation of utility non-trivial.
This thesis proposes a twofold solution for incremental self-adaptation of dynamic architectures. First, we introduce Venus, a solution that combines in its design a ruleand an optimization-based formalism enabling optimal and scalable adaptation of dynamic architectures. Venus incorporates rule-like constructs and relies on utility theory for decision-making. Using a graph-based representation of the architecture, Venus captures rules as graph patterns that represent architectural fragments, thus enabling runtime extensibility and, in turn, support for dynamic architectures; the architecture is evaluated by assigning utility values to fragments; pattern-based definition of rules and utility enables incremental computation of changes on the utility that result from rule executions, rather than evaluating the complete architecture, which supports scalability. Second, we introduce HypeZon, a hybrid solution for runtime coordination of multiple off-the-shelf adaptation policies, which typically offer only partial satisfaction of the quality and cost requirements. Realized based on meta-self-aware architectures, HypeZon complements Venus by re-using existing policies at runtime for balancing the quality-cost trade-off.
The twofold solution of this thesis is integrated in an adaptation engine that leverages state- and event-based principles for incremental execution, therefore, is scalable for large and dynamic software architectures with growing size and complexity. The utility elicitation challenge is resolved by defining a methodology to train utility-change prediction models. The thesis addresses the quality-cost trade-off in adaptation of dynamic software architectures via design-time combination (Venus) and runtime coordination (HypeZon) of rule- and optimization-based policy formalisms, while offering supporting mechanisms for optimal, cost-effective, scalable, and robust adaptation. The solutions are evaluated according to a methodology that is obtained based on our systematic literature review of evaluation in self-healing systems; the applicability and effectiveness of the contributions are demonstrated to go beyond the state-of-the-art in coverage of a wide spectrum of the problem space for software self-adaptation.
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, began his intellectual life with the Jewish Bible and also ended it with it. He began by reading the Philippson Bible together, especially with his father Jacob Freud, and ended by studying the figure of Moses. This study systematically traces this preoccupation and shows that the Jewish Bible was a constant reference for Freud and determined his Jewish identity. This is shown by analysing family documents, religious instruction and references to the Bible in Freud's writings and correspondence.
The Central Andean region is characterized by diverse climate zones with sharp transitions between them. In this work, the area of interest is the South-Central Andes in northwestern Argentina that borders with Bolivia and Chile. The focus is the observation of soil moisture and water vapour with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote-sensing methodologies. Because of the rapid temporal and spatial variations of water vapour and moisture circulations, monitoring this part of the hydrological cycle is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that control the local climate. Moreover, GNSS-based techniques have previously shown high potential and are appropriate for further investigation. This study includes both logistic-organization effort and data analysis. As for the prior, three GNSS ground stations were installed in remote locations in northwestern Argentina to acquire observations, where there was no availability of third-party data.
The methodological development for the observation of the climate variables of soil moisture and water vapour is independent and relies on different approaches. The soil-moisture estimation with GNSS reflectometry is an approximation that has demonstrated promising results, but it has yet to be operationally employed. Thus, a more advanced algorithm that exploits more observations from multiple satellite constellations was developed using data from two pilot stations in Germany. Additionally, this algorithm was slightly modified and used in a sea-level measurement campaign. Although the objective of this application is not related to monitoring hydrological parameters, its methodology is based on the same principles and helps to evaluate the core algorithm. On the other hand, water-vapour monitoring with GNSS observations is a well-established technique that is utilized operationally. Hence, the scope of this study is conducting a meteorological analysis by examining the along-the-zenith air-moisture levels and introducing indices related to the azimuthal gradient.
The results of the experiments indicate higher-quality soil moisture observations with the new algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis using the stations in northwestern Argentina illustrates the limits of this technology because of varying soil conditions and shows future research directions. The water-vapour analysis points out the strong influence of the topography on atmospheric moisture circulation and rainfall generation. Moreover, the GNSS time series allows for the identification of seasonal signatures, and the azimuthal-gradient indices permit the detection of main circulation pathways.
The remarkable antifouling properties of zwitterionic polymers in controlled environments are often counteracted by their delicate mechanical stability. In order to improve the mechanical stabilities of zwitterionic hydrogels, the effect of increased crosslinker densities was thus explored. In a first approach, terpolymers of zwitterionic monomer 3-[N -2(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl]ammonio propane-1-sulfonate (SPE), hydrophobic monomer butyl methacrylate (BMA), and photo-crosslinker 2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl methacrylate (BPEMA) were synthesized. Thin hydrogel coatings of the copolymers were then produced and photo-crosslinked. Studies of the swollen hydrogel films showed that not only the mechanical stability but also, unexpectedly, the antifouling properties were improved by the presence of hydrophobic BMA units in the terpolymers.
Based on the positive results shown by the amphiphilic terpolymers and in order to further test the impact that hydrophobicity has on both the antifouling properties of zwitterionic hydrogels and on their mechanical stability, a new amphiphilic zwitterionic methacrylic monomer, 3-((2-(methacryloyloxy)hexyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (M1), was synthesized in good yields in a multistep synthesis. Homopolymers of M1 were obtained by free-radical polymerization. Similarly, terpolymers of M1, zwitterionic monomer SPE, and photo-crosslinker BPEMA were synthesized by free-radical copolymerization and thoroughly characterized, including its solubilities in selected solvents.
Also, a new family of vinyl amide zwitterionic monomomers, namely 3-(dimethyl(2-(N -vinylacetamido)ethyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (M2), 4-(dimethyl(2-(N-vinylacetamido)ethyl)ammonio)butane-1-sulfonate (M3), and 3-(dimethyl(2-(N-vinylacetamido)ethyl)ammonio)propyl sulfate (M4), together with the new photo-crosslinker 4-benzoyl-N-vinylbenzamide (M5) that is well-suited for copolymerization with vinylamides, are introduced within the scope of the present work. The monomers are synthesized with good yields developing a multistep synthesis. Homopolymers of the new vinyl amide zwitterionic monomers are obtained by free-radical polymerization and thoroughly characterized. From the solubility tests, it is remarkable that the homopolymers produced are fully soluble in water, evidence of their high hydrophilicity. Copolymerization of the vinyl amide zwitterionic monomers, M2, M3, and M4 with the vinyl amide photo-crosslinker M5 proved to require very specific polymerization conditions. Nevertheless, copolymers were successfully obtained by free-radical copolymerization under appropriate conditions.
Moreover, in an attempt to mitigate the intrinsic hydrophobicity introduced in the copolymers by the photo-crosslinkers, and based on the proven affinity of quaternized diallylamines to copolymerize with vinyl amides, a new quaternized diallylamine sulfobetaine photo-crosslinker 3-(diallyl(2-(4-benzoylphenoxy)ethyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (M6) is synthesized. However, despite a priori promising copolymerization suitability, copolymerization with the vinyl amide zwitterionic monomers could not be achieved.
Efficiently managing large state is a key challenge for data management systems. Traditionally, state is split into fast but volatile state in memory for processing and persistent but slow state on secondary storage for durability. Persistent memory (PMem), as a new technology in the storage hierarchy, blurs the lines between these states by offering both byte-addressability and low latency like DRAM as well persistence like secondary storage. These characteristics have the potential to cause a major performance shift in database systems.
Driven by the potential impact that PMem has on data management systems, in this thesis we explore their use of PMem. We first evaluate the performance of real PMem hardware in the form of Intel Optane in a wide range of setups. To this end, we propose PerMA-Bench, a configurable benchmark framework that allows users to evaluate the performance of customizable database-related PMem access. Based on experimental results obtained with PerMA-Bench, we discuss findings and identify general and implementation-specific aspects that influence PMem performance and should be considered in future work to improve PMem-aware designs. We then propose Viper, a hybrid PMem-DRAM key-value store. Based on PMem-aware access patterns, we show how to leverage PMem and DRAM efficiently to design a key database component. Our evaluation shows that Viper outperforms existing key-value stores by 4–18x for inserts while offering full data persistence and achieving similar or better lookup performance. Next, we show which changes must be made to integrate PMem components into larger systems. By the example of stream processing engines, we highlight limitations of current designs and propose a prototype engine that overcomes these limitations. This allows our prototype to fully leverage PMem's performance for its internal state management. Finally, in light of Optane's discontinuation, we discuss how insights from PMem research can be transferred to future multi-tier memory setups by the example of Compute Express Link (CXL).
Overall, we show that PMem offers high performance for state management, bridging the gap between fast but volatile DRAM and persistent but slow secondary storage. Although Optane was discontinued, new memory technologies are continuously emerging in various forms and we outline how novel designs for them can build on insights from existing PMem research.
Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and distinct actin-related proteins with filament-forming properties are even found in prokaryotes. Due to these commonalities, actin-modulating proteins of many species share similar structural properties and proposed functions. The polymerization and depolymerization of actin are critical processes for a cell as they can contribute to shape changes to adapt to its environment and to move and distribute nutrients and cellular components within the cell. However, to what extent functions of actin-binding proteins are conserved between distantly related species, has only been addressed in a few cases. In this work, functions of Coronin-A (CorA) and Actin-interacting protein 1 (Aip1), two proteins involved in actin dynamics, were characterized. In addition, the interchangeability and function of Aip1 were investigated in two phylogenetically distant model organisms. The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (encoding two homologs, AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) and in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (encoding one homolog, DdAip1) were chosen because the functions of their actin cytoskeletons may differ in many aspects. Functional analyses between species were conducted for AIP1 homologs as flowering plants do not harbor a CorA gene.
In the first part of the study, the effect of four different mutation methods on the function of Coronin-A protein and the resulting phenotype in D. discoideum was revealed in two genetic knockouts, one RNAi knockdown and a sudden loss-of-function mutant created by chemical-induced dislocation (CID). The advantages and disadvantages of the different mutation methods on the motility, appearance and development of the amoebae were investigated, and the results showed that not all observed properties were affected with the same intensity. Remarkably, a new combination of Selection-Linked Integration and CID could be established.
In the second and third parts of the thesis, the exchange of Aip1 between plant and amoeba was carried out. For A. thaliana, the two homologs (AIP1-1 and AIP1-2) were analyzed for functionality as well as in D. discoideum. In the Aip1-deficient amoeba, rescue with AIP1-1 was more effective than with AIP1-2. The main results in the plant showed that in the aip1-2 mutant background, reintroduced AIP1-2 displayed the most efficient rescue and A. thaliana AIP1-1 rescued better than DdAip1. The choice of the tagging site was important for the function of Aip1 as steric hindrance is a problem. The DdAip1 was less effective when tagged at the C-terminus, while the plant AIP1s showed mixed results depending on the tag position. In conclusion, the foreign proteins partially rescued phenotypes of mutant plants and mutant amoebae, despite the organisms only being very distantly related in evolutionary terms.
Relativistic pair beams produced in the cosmic voids by TeV gamma rays from blazars are expected to produce a detectable GeV-scale cascade emission missing in the observations. The suppression of this secondary cascade implies either the deflection of the pair beam by intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMFs) or an energy loss of the beam due to the electrostatic beam-plasma instability. IGMF of femto-Gauss strength is sufficient to significantly deflect the pair beams reducing the flux of secondary cascade below the observational limits. A similar flux reduction may result in the absence of the IGMF from the beam energy loss by the instability before the inverse Compton cooling. This dissertation consists of two studies about the instability role in the evolution of blazar-induced beams.
Firstly, we investigated the effect of sub-fG level IGMF on the beam energy loss by the instability. Considering IGMF with correlation lengths smaller than a few kpc, we found that such fields increase the transverse momentum of the pair beam particles, dramatically reducing the linear growth rate of the electrostatic instability and hence the energy-loss rate of the pair beam. Our results show that the IGMF eliminates beam plasma instability as an effective energy-loss agent at a field strength three orders of magnitude below that needed to suppress the secondary cascade emission by magnetic deflection. For intermediate-strength IGMF, we do not know a viable process to explain the observed absence of GeV-scale cascade emission and hence can be excluded.
Secondly, we probed how the beam-plasma instability feeds back on the beam, using a realistic two-dimensional beam distribution. We found that the instability broadens the beam opening angles significantly without any significant energy loss, thus confirming a recent feedback study on a simplified one-dimensional beam distribution. However, narrowing diffusion feedback of the beam particles with Lorentz factors less than 1e6 might become relevant even though initially it is negligible. Finally, when considering the continuous creation of TeV pairs, we found that the beam distribution and the wave spectrum reach a new quasi-steady state, in which the scattering of beam particles persists and the beam opening angle may increase by a factor of hundreds. This new intrinsic scattering of the cascade can result in time delays of around ten years, thus potentially mimicking the IGMF deflection. Understanding the implications on the GeV cascade emission requires accounting for inverse Compton cooling and simulating the beam-plasma system at different points in the IGM.
In the aftermath of the Shoah and the ostensible triumph of nationalism, it became common in historiography to relegate Jews to the position of the “eternal other” in a series of binaries: Christian/Jewish, Gentile/Jewish, European/Jewish, non-Jewish/Jewish, and so forth. For the longest time, these binaries remained characteristic of Jewish historiography, including in the Central European context. Assuming instead, as the more recent approaches in Habsburg studies do, that pluriculturalism was the basis of common experience in formerly Habsburg Central Europe, and accepting that no single “majority culture” existed, but rather hegemonies were imposed in certain contexts, then the often used binaries are misleading and conceal the complex and sometimes even paradoxical conditions that shaped Jewish life in the region before the Shoah.
The very complexity of Habsburg Central Europe both in synchronic and diachronic perspective precludes any singular historical narrative of “Habsburg Jewry,” and it is not the intention of this volume to offer an overview of “Habsburg Jewish history.” The selected articles in this volume illustrate instead how important it is to reevaluate categories, deconstruct historical narratives, and reconceptualize implemented approaches in specific geographic, temporal, and cultural contexts in order to gain a better understanding of the complex and pluricultural history of the Habsburg Empire and the region as a whole.
Enterprise solutions, specifically enterprise systems, have allowed companies to integrate enterprises’ operations throughout. The integration scope of enterprise solutions has increasingly widened, now often covering customer activities, activities along supply chains, and platform ecosystems. IS research has contributed a wide range of explanatory and design knowledge dealing with this class of IS. During the last two decades, many technological as well as managerial/organizational innovations extended the affordances of enterprise solutions—but this broader scope also challenges traditional approaches to their analysis and design. This position paper presents an enterprise-level (i.e., cross-solution) perspective on IS, discusses the challenges of complexity and coordination for IS design and management, presents selected enterprise-level insights for IS coordination and governance, and explores avenues towards a more comprehensive body of knowledge on this important level of analysis.
Navigating the unknown
(2024)
Visionary leadership is considered to be one of the most important elements of effective leadership. Among other things, it is related to followers' perceived meaningfulness of their work. However, little is known about whether uncertainty in the workplace affects visionary leadership's effects. Given that uncertainty is rising in many, if not most, workplaces, it is vital to understand whether this development influences the extent to which visionary leadership is associated with followers' perceived meaningfulness. In a two-source, lagged design field study of 258 leader-follower dyads from different settings, we show that uncertainty moderates the relation between visionary leadership and followers' perceived meaningfulness such that this relation is more strongly positive when uncertainty is high, rather than low. Moreover, we show that with increasing uncertainty, visionary leadership is more negatively related to followers' turnover intentions via perceived meaningfulness. This research broadens our understanding of how visionary leadership may be a particularly potent tool in times of increasing uncertainty.
While Information Systems Research exists at the individual and workgroup levels, research on IS at the enterprise level is less common. The potential synergies between the study of enterprise systems (ES) and related fields have been underexplored and often treated as separate entities. The ongoing challenge is to seamlessly integrate technological advances and align business processes across organizations. While systems integration within an organization is common, changes occur when industry and ecosystem perspectives come into play. The four selected papers address different facets of the future role of enterprise ecosystems, including implementation challenges, ecosystem boundaries, and B2B platform specifics.
The icosahedral non-hydrostatic large eddy model (ICON-LEM) was applied around the drift track of the Multidisciplinary Observatory Study of the Arctic (MOSAiC) in 2019 and 2020. The model was set up with horizontal grid-scales between 100m and 800m on areas with radii of 17.5km and 140 km. At its lateral boundaries, the model was driven by analysis data from the German Weather Service (DWD), downscaled by ICON in limited area mode (ICON-LAM) with horizontal grid-scale of 3 km.
The aim of this thesis was the investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer near the surface in the central Arctic during polar winter with a high-resolution mesoscale model. The default settings in ICON-LEM prevent the model from representing the exchange processes in the Arctic boundary layer in accordance to the MOSAiC observations. The implemented sea-ice scheme in ICON does not include a snow layer on sea-ice, which causes a too slow response of the sea-ice surface temperature to atmospheric changes. To allow the sea-ice surface to respond faster to changes in the atmosphere, the implemented sea-ice parameterization in ICON was extended with an adapted heat capacity term.
The adapted sea-ice parameterization resulted in better agreement with the MOSAiC observations. However, the sea-ice surface temperature in the model is generally lower than observed due to biases in the downwelling long-wave radiation and the lack of complex surface structures, like leads. The large eddy resolving turbulence closure yielded a better representation of the lower boundary layer under strongly stable stratification than the non-eddy-resolving turbulence closure. Furthermore, the integration of leads into the sea-ice surface reduced the overestimation of the sensible heat flux for different weather conditions.
The results of this work help to better understand boundary layer processes in the central Arctic during the polar night. High-resolving mesoscale simulations are able to represent temporally and spatially small interactions and help to further develop parameterizations also for the application in regional and global models.
This dissertation examines the lack of clarity in the scientific literature regarding gender and negotiation performance. It is often claimed that men negotiate better than women, yet it is simultaneously emphasized that results strongly depend on context. Through the use of qualitative methods such as content analysis and critical mixed-methods review, the research question: "Are women truly inferior negotiators compared to men?" is addressed. The study comprises a descriptive and an interpretive part. The descriptive section illuminates various interpretations of gender-specific negotiation theory among citing authors, with 67% arguing for a general superiority of men. However, given the high variance in gender-specific differences, the focus should instead be on the context-dependency of negotiation performance. Generalized statements can be made within contexts, but not across them. In the interpretive section, several factors contributing to this misinterpretation are highlighted, including discrepancies in the definition of negotiation performance and distortions in research communication.. From a scientific perspective, this study underscores the need for a nuanced sociological analysis and warns against the one-sided acceptance of inaccurate scientific interpretations. From a practical standpoint, it amplifies the voices of women affected by biased research paradigms. Overall, the dissertation clarifies the theory of gender-specific negotiation performance and advocates for the elimination of biases in scientific discourse.
With Arctic ground as a huge and temperature-sensitive carbon reservoir, maintaining low ground temperatures and frozen conditions to prevent further carbon emissions that contrib-ute to global climate warming is a key element in humankind’s fight to maintain habitable con-ditions on earth. Former studies showed that during the late Pleistocene, Arctic ground condi-tions were generally colder and more stable as the result of an ecosystem dominated by large herbivorous mammals and vast extents of graminoid vegetation – the mammoth steppe. Characterised by high plant productivity (grassland) and low ground insulation due to animal-caused compression and removal of snow, this ecosystem enabled deep permafrost aggrad-ation. Now, with tundra and shrub vegetation common in the terrestrial Arctic, these effects are not in place anymore. However, it appears to be possible to recreate this ecosystem local-ly by artificially increasing animal numbers, and hence keep Arctic ground cold to reduce or-ganic matter decomposition and carbon release into the atmosphere.
By measuring thaw depth, total organic carbon and total nitrogen content, stable carbon iso-tope ratio, radiocarbon age, n-alkane and alcohol characteristics and assessing dominant vegetation types along grazing intensity transects in two contrasting Arctic areas, it was found that recreating conditions locally, similar to the mammoth steppe, seems to be possible. For permafrost-affected soil, it was shown that intensive grazing in direct comparison to non-grazed areas reduces active layer depth and leads to higher TOC contents in the active layer soil. For soil only frozen on top in winter, an increase of TOC with grazing intensity could not be found, most likely because of confounding factors such as vertical water and carbon movement, which is not possible with an impermeable layer in permafrost. In both areas, high animal activity led to a vegetation transformation towards species-poor graminoid-dominated landscapes with less shrubs. Lipid biomarker analysis revealed that, even though the available organic material is different between the study areas, in both permafrost-affected and sea-sonally frozen soils the organic material in sites affected by high animal activity was less de-composed than under less intensive grazing pressure. In conclusion, high animal activity af-fects decomposition processes in Arctic soils and the ground thermal regime, visible from reduced active layer depth in permafrost areas. Therefore, grazing management might be utilised to locally stabilise permafrost and reduce Arctic carbon emissions in the future, but is likely not scalable to the entire permafrost region.
I need to move it, move It!
(2024)
Purpose
Student interest and learning success is an important component of teaching learning research. However, while the impact of emotions and psychological needs on students' achievements has been a focus of research, the impact of their physiological needs has been under studied. In this explorative study, I examine what impact the physiological and psychological needs of student teachers have on their feelings, motivation, and interest in different learning settings.
Approach
The research method used was the daily reconstruction method and included the Felix-App, a new digital research and feedback tool that allows the measurement of feelings, needs, motivation, and interest in real time.
Findings
The results suggest the importance of physiological needs for perceived emotions, motivation, and interest in the learning subject. The psychological needs, on the other hand, are of less importance.
Originality
The Felix-App is an innovative tool to learn more about learners' emotions and needs in real learning settings. The importance of physiological needs has been known since Maslow, but should be considered much more in the context of teaching and learning research in the future. There is a need for further research on the importance of physical aspects in learning.
In many churches nowadays, there has been a standardized approach to premarital counseling for couples involving social, pastoral, and psychological perspectives. In contrast, many rabbis and other Jewish officials still concentrate on legal aspects alone. The need for resolving important issues on the verge of wedlock is too often left to secular experts in law, psychology, or counseling. However, in recent years, this lack of formal training for marriage preparation has also been acknowledged by the Jewish clergy in order to incorporate it in the preparatory period before the bond is tied. This case study focuses on Jewish and Roman Catholic conceptions of marriage, past and present. We intend to do a comparative analysis of the prerequisites of religious marriage based on the assumption that both Judaism and the Roman Catholic Church have a distinct legal framework to assess marriage preparation.
Volcanic hydrothermal systems are an integral part of most volcanoes and typically involve a heat source, adequate fluid supply, and fracture or pore systems through which the fluids can circulate within the volcanic edifice. Associated with this are subtle but powerful processes that can significantly influence the evolution of volcanic activity or the stability of the near-surface volcanic system through mechanical weakening, permeability reduction, and sealing of the affected volcanic rock. These processes are well constrained for rock samples by laboratory analyses but are still difficult to extrapolate and evaluate at the scale of an entire volcano. Advances in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), sensor technology, and photogrammetric processing routines now allow us to image volcanic surfaces at the centimeter scale and thus study volcanic hydrothermal systems in great detail. This thesis aims to explore the potential of UAS approaches for studying the structures, processes, and dynamics of volcanic hydrothermal systems but also to develop methodological approaches to uncover secondary information hidden in the data, capable of indicating spatiotemporal dynamics or potentially critical developments associated with hydrothermal alteration. To accomplish this, the thesis describes the investigation of two near-surface volcanic hydrothermal systems, the El Tatio geyser field in Chile and the fumarole field of La Fossa di Vulcano (Italy), both of which are among the best-studied sites of their kind. Through image analysis, statistical, and spatial analyses we have been able to provide the most detailed structural images of both study sites to date, with new insights into the driving forces of such systems but also revealing new potential controls, which are summarized in conceptual site-specific models. Furthermore, the thesis explores methodological remote sensing approaches to detect, classify and constrain hydrothermal alteration and surface degassing from UAS-derived data, evaluated them by mineralogical and chemical ground-truthing, and compares the alteration pattern with the present-day degassing activity. A significant contribution of the often neglected diffuse degassing activity to the total amount of degassing is revealed and constrains secondary processes and dynamics associated with hydrothermal alteration that lead to potentially critical developments like surface sealing. The results and methods used provide new approaches for alteration research, for the monitoring of degassing and alteration effects, and for thermal monitoring of fumarole fields, with the potential to be incorporated into volcano monitoring routines.
Electricity production contributes to a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe and is thus an important driver of climate change. To fulfil the Paris Agreement, the European Union (EU) needs a rapid transition to a fully decarbonised power production system. Presumably, such a system will be largely based on renewables. So far, many EU countries have supported a shift towards renewables such as solar and wind power using support schemes, but the economic and political context is changing. Renewables are now cheaper than ever before and have become cost-competitive with conventional technologies. Therefore, European policymakers are striving to better integrate renewables into a competitive market and to increase the cost-effectiveness of the expansion of renewables. The first step was to replace previous fixed-price schemes with competitive auctions. In a second step, these auctions have become more technology-open. Finally, some governments may phase out any support for renewables and fully expose them to the competitive power market.
However, such policy changes may be at odds with the need to rapidly expand renewables and meet national targets due to market characteristics and investors’ risk perception. Without support, price risks are higher, and it may be difficult to meet an investor’s income expectations. Furthermore, policy changes across different countries could have unexpected effects if power markets are interconnected and investors able to shift their investments. Finally, in multi-technology auctions, technologies may dominate, which can be a risk for long-term power system reliability. Therefore, in my thesis, I explore the effects of phasing out support policies for renewables, of coordinating these phase-outs across countries, and of using multi-technology designs. I expand the public policy literature about investment behaviour and policy design as well as policy change and coordination, and I further develop an agent-based model.
The main questions of my thesis are what the cost and deployment effects of gradually exposing renewables to market forces would be and how coordination between countries affects investors’ decisions and market prices.. In my three contributions to the academic literature, I use different methods and come to the following results. In the first contribution, I use a conjoint analysis and market simulation to evaluate the effects of phasing out support or reintroducing feed-in tariffs from the perspective of investors. I find that a phase-out leads to investment shifts, either to other still-supported technologies or to other countries that continue to offer support. I conclude that the coordination of policy changes avoids such shifts.. In the second contribution, I integrate the empirically-derived preferences from the first contribution in to an agent-based power system model of two countries to simulate the effects of ending auctions for renewables. I find that this slows the energy transition, and that cross-border effects are relevant. Consequently, continued support is necessary to meet the national renewables targets. In the third contribution, I analyse the outcome of past multi-technology auctions using descriptive statistics, regression analysis as well as case study comparisons. I find that the outcomes are skewed towards single technologies. This cannot be explained by individual design elements of the auctions, but rather results from context-specific and country-specific characteristics. Based on this, I discuss potential implications for long-term power system reliability.
The main conclusions of my thesis are that a complete phase-out of renewables support would slow down the energy transition and thus jeopardize climate targets, and that multi-technology auctions may pose a risk for some countries, especially those that cannot regulate an unbalanced power plant portfolio in the long term. If policymakers decide to continue supporting renewables, they may consider adopting technology-specific auctions to better steer their portfolio. In contrast, if policymakers still want to phase out support, they should coordinate these policy changes with other countries. Otherwise, overall transition costs can be higher, because investment decisions shift to still-supported but more expensive technologies.
This chapter provides an overview of methods to capture developments and changes in motivational beliefs. Motivational research has recently begun to venture beyond just examining average developmental trends in motivational variables by starting to investigate how developmental changes in motivational variables differ between and within individuals in different learning situations and across contexts. Although studies have started to uncover differences in motivational changes, a systematic overview of suitable methods for capturing motivational differences in developmental processes is still missing. In this chapter, we review key methods of change modelling, bringing together variable-centred approaches, such as growth modelling and true intraindividual change (TIC) models, and person-centred approaches, such as latent transition and growth mixture models. We illustrate the value of the reviewed statistical methods for the analysis of context-specific motivational changes by reviewing recent empirical studies that identify different patterns and trajectories of such motivational beliefs across time. Our focus is thereby on research grounded in situated expectancy-value theory as a core theory in motivational research.
Motivation and Emotion in Learning and Teaching across Educational Contexts brings together current theoretical and methodological perspectives as well as examples of empirical implementations from leading international researchers focusing on the context specificity and situatedness of their core theories in motivation and emotion.
The book is compiled of two main sections. Section I covers theoretical reflections and perspectives on the main theories on emotion and motivation in learning and teaching and their transferability across different educational contexts illustrated with empirical examples. Section II addresses the methodological reflections and perspectives on the methodology that is needed to address the complexity and context specificity of motivation and emotion. In addition to general reflections and perspectives regarding methodology, concrete empirical examples are provided. All cutting-edge chapters include current empirical studies on emotions and motivation in learning and teaching across different contexts (age groups, domains, countries, etc.) making them applicable and relevant to a wide range of contexts and settings.
This high-quality volume with contributions from leading international experts will be an essential resource for researchers, students and teacher trainers interested in the vital role that motivation and emotions can play in education.
Advancing digitalization is changing society and has far-reaching effects on people and companies. Fundamental to these changes are the new technological possibilities for processing data on an ever-increasing scale and for various purposes. The availability of large and high-quality data sets, especially those based on personal data, is crucial. They are used either to improve the productivity, quality, and individuality of products and services or to develop new types of services. Today, user behavior is tracked more actively and comprehensively than ever despite increasing legal requirements for protecting personal data worldwide. That increasingly raises ethical, moral, and social questions, which have moved to the forefront of the political debate, not least due to popular cases of data misuse. Given this discourse and the legal requirements, today's data management must fulfill three conditions: Legality or legal conformity of use and ethical legitimacy. Thirdly, the use of data should add value from a business perspective. Within the framework of these conditions, this cumulative dissertation pursues four research objectives with a focus on gaining a better understanding of
(1) the challenges of implementing privacy laws,
(2) the factors that influence customers' willingness to share personal data,
(3) the role of data protection for digital entrepreneurship, and
(4) the interdisciplinary scientific significance, its development, and its interrelationships.
Assessing the impact of global change on hydrological systems is one of the greatest hydrological challenges of our time. Changes in land cover, land use, and climate have an impact on water quantity, quality, and temporal availability. There is a widespread consensus that, given the far-reaching effects of global change, hydrological systems can no longer be viewed as static in their structure; instead, they must be regarded as entire ecosystems, wherein hydrological processes interact and coevolve with biological, geomorphological, and pedological processes. To accurately predict the hydrological response under the impact of global change, it is essential to understand this complex coevolution. The knowledge of how hydrological processes, in particular the formation of subsurface (preferential) flow paths, evolve within this coevolution and how they feed back to the other processes is still very limited due to a lack of observational data.
At the hillslope scale, this intertwined system of interactions is known as the hillslope feedback cycle. This thesis aims to enhance our understanding of the hillslope feedback cycle by studying the coevolution of hillslope structure and hillslope hydrological response. Using chronosequences of moraines in two glacial forefields developed from siliceous and calcareous glacial till, the four studies shed light on the complex coevolution of hydrological, biological, and structural hillslope properties, as well as subsurface hydrological flow paths over an evolutionary period of 10 millennia in these two contrasting geologies. The findings indicate that the contrasting properties of siliceous and calcareous parent materials lead
to variations in soil structure, permeability, and water storage. As a result, different plant species and vegetation types are favored on siliceous versus calcareous parent material, leading to diverse ecosystems with distinct hydrological dynamics. The siliceous parent material was found to show a higher activity level in driving the coevolution. The soil pH resulting from parent material weathering emerges as a crucial factor, influencing vegetation development, soil formation, and consequently, hydrology. The acidic weathering of the siliceous parent material favored the accumulation of organic matter, increasing the soils’ water storage capacity and attracting acid-loving shrubs, which further promoted organic matter accumulation and ultimately led to podsolization after 10 000 years. Tracer experiments revealed that the subsurface flow path evolution was influenced by soil and vegetation development, and vice versa. Subsurface flow paths changed from vertical, heterogeneous matrix flow to finger-like flow paths over a few hundred years, evolving into macropore flow, water storage, and lateral subsurface flow after several thousand years. The changes in flow paths among younger age classes were driven by weathering processes altering soil structure, as well as by vegetation development and root activity. In the older age
class, the transition to more water storage and lateral flow was attributed to substantial organic matter accumulation and ongoing podsolization. The rapid vertical water transport in the finger-like flow paths, along with the conductive sandy material, contributed to podsolization and thus to the shift in the hillslope hydrological response.
In contrast, the calcareous site possesses a high pH buffering capacity, creating a neutral to basic environment with relatively low accumulation of dead organic matter, resulting in a lower water storage capacity and the establishment of predominantly grass vegetation. The coevolution was found to be less dynamic over the millennia. Similar to the siliceous site, significant changes in subsurface flow paths occurred between the young age classes. However, unlike the siliceous site, the subsurface flow paths at the calcareous site only altered in shape and not in direction. Tracer experiments showed that flow paths changed from vertical, heterogeneous matrix flow to vertical, finger-like flow paths after a few hundred to thousands of years, which was driven by root activities and weathering processes. Despite having a finer soil texture, water storage at the calcareous site was significantly lower than at the siliceous site, and water transport remained primarily rapid and vertical, contributing to the flourishing of grass vegetation.
The studies elucidated that changes in flow paths are predominantly shaped by the characteristics of the parent material and its weathering products, along with their complex interactions with initial water flow paths and vegetation development. Time, on the other hand, was not found to be a primary factor in describing the evolution of the hydrological response. This thesis makes a valuable contribution to closing the gap in the observations of the coevolution of hydrological processes within the hillslope feedback cycle, which is important to improve predictions of hydrological processes in changing landscapes. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary studies in addressing the hydrological challenges arising from global change.
Èto-clefts are Russian focus constructions with the demonstrative pronoun èto ‘this’ at the beginning: “Èto Mark vyigral gonku” (“It was Mark who won the race”). They are often being compared with English it-clefts, German es-clefts, as well as the corresponding focus-background structures in other languages.
In terms of semantics, èto-clefts have two important properties which are cross-linguistically typical for clefts: existence presupposition (“Someone won the race”) and exhaustivity (“Nobody except Mark won the race”). However, the exhaustivity effects are not as strong as exhaustivity effects in structures with the exclusive only and require more research.
At the same time, the question if the syntactic structure of èto-clefts matches the biclausal structure of English and German clefts, remains open. There are arguments in favor of biclausality, as well as monoclausality. Besides, there is no consistency regarding the status of èto itself.
Finally, the information structure of èto-clefts has remained underexplored in the existing literature.
This research investigates the information-structural, syntactic, and semantic properties of Russian clefts, both theoretically (supported by examples from Russian text corpora and judgments from native speakers) and experimentally. It is determined which desired changes in the information structure motivate native speakers to choose an èto-cleft and not the canonical structure or other focus realization tools. Novel syntactic tests are conducted to find evidence for bi-/monoclausality of èto-clefts, as well as for base-generation or movement of the cleft pivot. It is hypothesized that èto has a certain important function in clefts, and its status is investigated. Finally, new experiments on the nature of exhaustivity in èto-clefts are conducted. They allow for direct cross-linguistic comparison, using an incremental-information paradigm with truth-value judgments.
In terms of information structure, this research makes a new proposal that presents èto-clefts as structures with an inherent focus-background bipartitioning. Even though èto-clefts are used in typical focus contexts, evidence was found that èto-clefts (as well as Russian thetic clefts) allow for both new information focus and contrastive focus. Èto-clefts are pragmatically acceptable when a singleton answer to the implied question is expected (e.g. “It was Mark who won the race” but not “It was Mark who came to the party”). Importantly, èto in Russian clefts is neither dummy, nor redundant, but is a topic expression; conveys familiarity which triggers existence presupposition; refers to an instantiated event, or a known/perceivable situation; finally, èto plays an important role in the spoken language as a tool for speech coherency and a focus marker.
In terms of syntax, this research makes a new monoclausal proposal and shows evidence that the cleft pivot undergoes movement to the left peripheral position. Èto is proposed to be TopP.
Finally, in terms of semantics, a novel cross-linguistic evaluation of Russian clefts is made. Experiments show that the exhaustivity inference in èto-clefts is not robust. Participants used different strategies in resolving exhaustivity, falling into 2 groups: one group considered èto-clefts exhaustive, while another group considered them non-exhaustive. Hence, there is evidence for the pragmatic nature of exhaustivity in èto-clefts. The experimental results for èto-clefts are similar to the experimental results for clefts in German, French and Akan. It is concluded that speakers use different tools available in their languages to produce structures with similar interpretive properties.
The present dissertation investigates changes in lingual coarticulation across childhood in German-speaking children from three to nine years of age and adults. Coarticulation refers to the mismatch between the abstract phonological units and their seemingly commingled realization in continuous speech. Being a process at the intersection of phonology and phonetics, addressing its changes across childhood allows for insights in speech motor as well as phonological developments. Because specific predictions for changes in coarticulation across childhood can be derived from existing speech production models, investigating children’s coarticulatory patterns can help us model human speech production.
While coarticulatory changes may shed light on some of the central questions of speech production development, previous studies on the topic were sparse and presented a puzzling picture of conflicting findings. One of the reasons for this lack is the difficulty in articulatory data acquisition in a young population. Within the research program this dissertation is embedded in, we accepted this challenge and successfully set up the hitherto largest corpus of articulatory data from children using ultrasound tongue imaging. In contrast to earlier studies, a high number of participants in tight age cohorts across a wide age range and a thoroughly controlled set of pseudowords allowed for statistically powerful investigations of a process known as variable and complicated to track.
The specific focus of my studies is on lingual vocalic coarticulation as measured in the horizontal position of the highest point of the tongue dorsum. Based on three studies on a) anticipatory coarticulation towards the left, b) carryover coarticulation towards the right side of the utterance, and c) anticipatory coarticulatory extent in repeated versus read aloud speech, I deduct the following main theses:
1. Maturing speech motor control is responsible for some developmental changes in coarticulation.
2. Coarticulation can be modeled as the coproduction of articulatory gestures.
3. The developmental change in coarticulation results from a decrease of vocalic activation width.
This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of public transport subsidies on air pollution. We obtain causal estimates by leveraging a unique policy intervention in Germany that temporarily reduced nationwide prices for regional public transport to a monthly flat rate price of 9 Euros. Using DiD estimation strategies on air pollutant data, we show that this intervention causally reduced a benchmark air pollution index by more than eight percent and, after its termination, increased again. Our results illustrate that public transport subsidies – especially in the context of spatially constrained cities – offer a viable alternative for policymakers and city planers to improve air quality, which has been shown to crucially affect health outcomes.
Rapidly growing seismic and macroseismic databases and simplified access to advanced machine learning methods have in recent years opened up vast opportunities to address challenges in engineering and strong motion seismology from novel, datacentric perspectives. In this thesis, I explore the opportunities of such perspectives for the tasks of ground motion modeling and rapid earthquake impact assessment, tasks with major implications for long-term earthquake disaster mitigation.
In my first study, I utilize the rich strong motion database from the Kanto basin, Japan, and apply the U-Net artificial neural network architecture to develop a deep learning based ground motion model. The operational prototype provides statistical estimates of expected ground shaking, given descriptions of a specific earthquake source, wave propagation paths, and geophysical site conditions. The U-Net interprets ground motion data in its spatial context, potentially taking into account, for example, the geological properties in the vicinity of observation sites. Predictions of ground motion intensity are thereby calibrated to individual observation sites and earthquake locations.
The second study addresses the explicit incorporation of rupture forward directivity into ground motion modeling. Incorporation of this phenomenon, causing strong, pulse like ground shaking in the vicinity of earthquake sources, is usually associated with an intolerable increase in computational demand during probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) calculations. I suggest an approach in which I utilize an artificial neural network to efficiently approximate the average, directivity-related adjustment to ground motion predictions for earthquake ruptures from the 2022 New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. The practical implementation in an actual PSHA calculation demonstrates the efficiency and operational readiness of my model. In a follow-up study, I present a proof of concept for an alternative strategy in which I target the generalizing applicability to ruptures other than those from the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model.
In the third study, I address the usability of pseudo-intensity reports obtained from macroseismic observations by non-expert citizens for rapid impact assessment. I demonstrate that the statistical properties of pseudo-intensity collections describing the intensity of shaking are correlated with the societal impact of earthquakes. In a second step, I develop a probabilistic model that, within minutes of an event, quantifies the probability of an earthquake to cause considerable societal impact. Under certain conditions, such a quick and preliminary method might be useful to support decision makers in their efforts to organize auxiliary measures for earthquake disaster response while results from more elaborate impact assessment frameworks are not yet available.
The application of machine learning methods to datasets that only partially reveal characteristics of Big Data, qualify the majority of results obtained in this thesis as explorative insights rather than ready-to-use solutions to real world problems. The practical usefulness of this work will be better assessed in the future by applying the approaches developed to growing and increasingly complex data sets.
This dissertation examines the integration of incongruent visual-scene and morphological-case information (“cues”) in building thematic-role representations of spoken relative clauses in German.
Addressing the mutual influence of visual and linguistic processing, the Coordinated Interplay Account (CIA) describes a mechanism in two steps supporting visuo-linguistic integration (Knoeferle & Crocker, 2006, Cog Sci). However, the outcomes and dynamics of integrating incongruent thematic-role representations from distinct sources have been investigated scarcely. Further, there is evidence that both second-language (L2) and older speakers may rely on non-syntactic cues relatively more than first-language (L1)/young speakers. Yet, the role of visual information for thematic-role comprehension has not been measured in L2 speakers, and only limitedly across the adult lifespan.
Thematically unambiguous canonically ordered (subject-extracted) and noncanonically ordered (object-extracted) spoken relative clauses in German (see 1a-b) were presented in isolation and alongside visual scenes conveying either the same (congruent) or the opposite (incongruent) thematic relations as the sentence did.
1 a Das ist der Koch, der die Braut verfolgt.
This is the.NOM cook who.NOM the.ACC bride follows
This is the cook who is following the bride.
b Das ist der Koch, den die Braut verfolgt.
This is the.NOM cook whom.ACC the.NOM bride follows
This is the cook whom the bride is following.
The relative contribution of each cue to thematic-role representations was assessed with agent identification. Accuracy and latency data were collected post-sentence from a sample of L1 and L2 speakers (Zona & Felser, 2023), and from a sample of L1 speakers from across the adult lifespan (Zona & Reifegerste, under review). In addition, the moment-by-moment dynamics of thematic-role assignment were investigated with mouse tracking in a young L1 sample (Zona, under review).
The following questions were addressed: (1) How do visual scenes influence thematic-role representations of canonical and noncanonical sentences? (2) How does reliance on visual-scene, case, and word-order cues vary in L1 and L2 speakers? (3) How does reliance on visual-scene, case, and word-order cues change across the lifespan?
The results showed reliable effects of incongruence of visually and linguistically conveyed thematic relations on thematic-role representations. Incongruent (vs. congruent) scenes yielded slower and less accurate responses to agent-identification probes presented post-sentence. The recently inspected agent was considered as the most likely agent ~300ms after trial onset, and the convergence of visual scenes and word order enabled comprehenders to assign thematic roles predictively.
L2 (vs. L1) participants relied more on word order overall. In response to noncanonical clauses presented with incongruent visual scenes, sensitivity to case predicted the size of incongruence effects better than L1-L2 grouping. These results suggest that the individual’s ability to exploit specific cues might predict their weighting.
Sensitivity to case was stable throughout the lifespan, while visual effects increased with increasing age and were modulated by individual interference-inhibition levels. Thus, age-related changes in comprehension may stem from stronger reliance on visually (vs. linguistically) conveyed meaning.
These patterns represent evidence for a recent-role preference – i.e., a tendency to re-assign visually conveyed thematic roles to the same referents in temporally coordinated utterances. The findings (i) extend the generalizability of CIA predictions across stimuli, tasks, populations, and measures of interest, (ii) contribute to specifying the outcomes and mechanisms of detecting and indexing incongruent representations within the CIA, and (iii) speak to current efforts to understand the sources of variability in sentence comprehension.
Concepts and techniques for 3D-embedded treemaps and their application to software visualization
(2024)
This thesis addresses concepts and techniques for interactive visualization of hierarchical data using treemaps. It explores (1) how treemaps can be embedded in 3D space to improve their information content and expressiveness, (2) how the readability of treemaps can be improved using level-of-detail and degree-of-interest techniques, and (3) how to design and implement a software framework for the real-time web-based rendering of treemaps embedded in 3D. With a particular emphasis on their application, use cases from software analytics are taken to test and evaluate the presented concepts and techniques.
Concerning the first challenge, this thesis shows that a 3D attribute space offers enhanced possibilities for the visual mapping of data compared to classical 2D treemaps. In particular, embedding in 3D allows for improved implementation of visual variables (e.g., by sketchiness and color weaving), provision of new visual variables (e.g., by physically based materials and in situ templates), and integration of visual metaphors (e.g., by reference surfaces and renderings of natural phenomena) into the three-dimensional representation of treemaps.
For the second challenge—the readability of an information visualization—the work shows that the generally higher visual clutter and increased cognitive load typically associated with three-dimensional information representations can be kept low in treemap-based representations of both small and large hierarchical datasets. By introducing an adaptive level-of-detail technique, we cannot only declutter the visualization results, thereby reducing cognitive load and mitigating occlusion problems, but also summarize and highlight relevant data. Furthermore, this approach facilitates automatic labeling, supports the emphasis on data outliers, and allows visual variables to be adjusted via degree-of-interest measures.
The third challenge is addressed by developing a real-time rendering framework with WebGL and accumulative multi-frame rendering. The framework removes hardware constraints and graphics API requirements, reduces interaction response times, and simplifies high-quality rendering. At the same time, the implementation effort for a web-based deployment of treemaps is kept reasonable.
The presented visualization concepts and techniques are applied and evaluated for use cases in software analysis. In this domain, data about software systems, especially about the state and evolution of the source code, does not have a descriptive appearance or natural geometric mapping, making information visualization a key technology here. In particular, software source code can be visualized with treemap-based approaches because of its inherently hierarchical structure. With treemaps embedded in 3D, we can create interactive software maps that visually map, software metrics, software developer activities, or information about the evolution of software systems alongside their hierarchical module structure.
Discussions on remaining challenges and opportunities for future research for 3D-embedded treemaps and their applications conclude the thesis.
With the many challenges facing the agricultural system, such as water scarcity, loss of arable land due to climate change, population growth, urbanization or trade disruptions, new agri-food systems are needed to ensure food security in the future. In addition, healthy diets are needed to combat non-communicable diseases. Therefore, plant-based diets rich in health-promoting plant secondary metabolites are desirable. A saline indoor farming system is representing a sustainable and resilient new agrifood system and can preserve valuable fresh water. Since indoor farming relies on artificial lighting, assessment of lighting conditions is essential. In this thesis, the cultivation of halophytes in a saline indoor farming system was evaluated and the influence of cultivation conditions were assessed in favor of improving the nutritional quality of halophytes for human consumption. Therefore, five selected edible halophyte species (Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia, Cochlearia officinalis, Atriplex hortensis, Chenopodium quinoa, and Salicornia europaea) were cultivated in saline indoor farming. The halophyte species were selected for to their salt tolerance levels and mechanisms. First, the suitability of halophytes for saline indoor farming and the influence of salinity on their nutritional properties, e.g. plant secondary metabolites and minerals, were investigated. Changes in plant performance and nutritional properties were observed as a function of salinity. The response to salinity was found to be species-specific and related to the salt tolerance mechanism of the halophytes. At their optimal salinity levels, the halophytes showed improved carotenoid content. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the nitrate and chloride content of halophytes as a function of salinity. Since chloride and nitrate can be antinutrient compounds, depending on their content, monitoring is essential, especially in halophytes. Second, regional brine water was introduced as an alternative saline water resource in the saline indoor farming system. Brine water was shown to be feasible for saline indoor farming
of halophytes, as there was no adverse effect on growth or nutritional properties, e.g. carotenoids. Carotenoids were shown to be less affected by salt composition than by salt concentration. In addition, the interaction between the salinity and the light regime in indoor farming and greenhouse cultivation has been studied. There it was shown that interacting light regime and salinity alters the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls. Further, glucosinolate and nitrate content were also shown to be influenced by light regime. Finally, the influence of UVB light on halophytes was investigated using supplemental narrow-band UVB LEDs. It was shown that UVB light affects the growth, phenotype and metabolite profile of halophytes and that the UVB response is species specific. Furthermore, a modulation of carotenoid content in S. europaea could be achieved to enhance health-promoting properties and thus improve nutritional quality. This was shown to be dose-dependent and the underlying mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation were also investigated. Here it was revealed that carotenoid accumulation is related to oxidative stress.
In conclusion, this work demonstrated the potential of halophytes as alternative vegetables produced in a saline indoor farming system for future diets that could contribute to ensuring food security in the future. To improve the sustainability of the saline indoor farming system, LED lamps and regional brine water could be integrated into the system. Since the nutritional properties have been shown to be influenced by salt, light regime and UVB light, these abiotic stressors must be taken into account when considering halophytes as alternative vegetables for human nutrition.
Microalgae have been recognized as a promising green production platform for recombinant proteins. The majority of studies on recombinant protein expression have been conducted in the green microalga C. reinhardtii. While promising improvement regarding nuclear transgene expression in this alga has been made, it is still inefficient due to epigenetic silencing, often resulting in low yields that are not competitive with other expressor organisms. Other microalgal species might be better suited for high-level protein expression, but are limited in their availability of molecular tools.
The red microalga Porphyridium purpureum recently emerged as candidate for the production of recombinant proteins. It is promising in that transformation vectors are episomally maintained as autonomously replicating plasmids in the nucleus at a high copy number, thus leading to high expression values in this red alga.
In this work, we expand the genetic tools for P. purpureum and investigate parameters that govern efficient transgene expression. We provide an improved transformation protocol to streamline the generation of transgenic lines in this organism. After being able to efficiently generate transgenic lines, we showed that codon usage is a main determinant of high-level transgene expression, not only at the protein level but also at the level of mRNA accumulation. The optimized expression constructs resulted in YFP accumulation up to an unprecedented 5% of the total soluble protein. Furthermore, we designed new constructs conferring efficient transgene expression into the culture medium, simplifying purification and harvests of recombinant proteins. To further improve transgene expression, we tested endogenous promoters driving the most highly transcribed genes in P. purpureum and found minor increase of YFP accumulation.
We employed the previous findings to express complex viral antigens from the hepatitis B virus and the hepatitis C virus in P. purpureum to demonstrate its feasibility as producer of biopharmaceuticals. The viral glycoproteins were successfully produced to high levels and could reach their native confirmation, indicating a functional glycosylation machinery and an appropriate folding environment in this red alga. We could successfully upscale the biomass production of transgenic lines and with that provide enough material for immunization trials in mice that were performed in collaboration. These trials showed no toxicity of neither the biomass nor the purified antigens, and, additionally, the algal-produced antigens were able to elicit a strong and specific immune response.
The results presented in this work pave the way for P. purpureum as a new promising producer organism for biopharmaceuticals in the microalgal field.
Moss-microbe associations are often characterised by syntrophic interactions between the microorganisms and their hosts, but the structure of the microbial consortia and their role in peatland development remain unknown.
In order to study microbial communities of dominant peatland mosses, Sphagnum and brown mosses, and the respective environmental drivers, four study sites representing different successional stages of natural northern peatlands were chosen on a large geographical scale: two brown moss-dominated, circumneutral peatlands from the Arctic and two Sphagnum-dominated, acidic peat bogs from subarctic and temperate zones.
The family Acetobacteraceae represented the dominant bacterial taxon of Sphagnum mosses from various geographical origins and displayed an integral part of the moss core community. This core community was shared among all investigated bryophytes and consisted of few but highly abundant prokaryotes, of which many appear as endophytes of Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses represent habitats for archaea which were not studied in association with peatland mosses so far. Euryarchaeota that are capable of methane production (methanogens) displayed the majority of the moss-associated archaeal communities. Moss-associated methanogenesis was detected for the first time, but it was mostly negligible under laboratory conditions. Contrarily, substantial moss-associated methane oxidation was measured on both, brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses, supporting that methanotrophic bacteria as part of the moss microbiome may contribute to the reduction of methane emissions from pristine and rewetted peatlands of the northern hemisphere.
Among the investigated abiotic and biotic environmental parameters, the peatland type and the host moss taxon were identified to have a major impact on the structure of moss-associated bacterial communities, contrarily to archaeal communities whose structures were similar among the investigated bryophytes. For the first time it was shown that different bog development stages harbour distinct bacterial communities, while at the same time a small core community is shared among all investigated bryophytes independent of geography and peatland type.
The present thesis displays the first large-scale, systematic assessment of bacterial and archaeal communities associated both with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses. It suggests that some host-specific moss taxa have the potential to play a key role in host moss establishment and peatland development.
Cross-sectional associations of dietary biomarker patterns with health and nutritional status
(2024)
The increasing number of known exoplanets raises questions about their demographics and the mechanisms that shape planets into how we observe them today. Young planets in close-in orbits are exposed to harsh environments due to the host star being magnetically highly active, which results in high X-ray and extreme UV fluxes impinging on the planet. Prolonged exposure to this intense photoionizing radiation can cause planetary atmospheres to heat up, expand and escape into space via a hydrodynamic escape process known as photoevaporation. For super-Earth and sub-Neptune-type planets, this can even lead to the complete erosion of their primordial gaseous atmospheres. A factor of interest for this particular mass-loss process is the activity evolution of the host star. Stellar rotation, which drives the dynamo and with it the magnetic activity of a star, changes significantly over the stellar lifetime. This strongly affects the amount of high-energy radiation received by a planet as stars age. At a young age, planets still host warm and extended envelopes, making them particularly susceptible to atmospheric evaporation. Especially in the first gigayear, when X-ray and UV levels can be 100 - 10,000 times higher than for the present-day sun, the characteristics of the host star and the detailed evolution of its high-energy emission are of importance.
In this thesis, I study the impact of stellar activity evolution on the high-energy-induced atmospheric mass loss of young exoplanets. The PLATYPOS code was developed as part of this thesis to calculate photoevaporative mass-loss rates over time. The code, which couples parameterized planetary mass-radius relations with an analytical hydrodynamic escape model, was used, together with Chandra and eROSITA X-ray observations, to investigate the future mass loss of the two young multiplanet systems V1298 Tau and K2-198. Further, in a numerical ensemble study, the effect of a realistic spread of activity tracks on the small-planet radius gap was investigated for the first time. The works in this thesis show that for individual systems, in particular if planetary masses are unconstrained, the difference between a young host star following a low-activity track vs. a high-activity one can have major implications: the exact shape of the activity evolution can determine whether a planet can hold on to some of its atmosphere, or completely loses its envelope, leaving only the bare rocky core behind. For an ensemble of simulated planets, an observationally-motivated distribution of activity tracks does not substantially change the final radius distribution at ages of several gigayears. My simulations indicate that the overall shape and slope of the resulting small-planet radius gap is not significantly affected by the spread in stellar activity tracks. However, it can account for a certain scattering or fuzziness observed in and around the radius gap of the observed exoplanet population.
Organic-inorganic hybrids based on P3HT and mesoporous silicon for thermoelectric applications
(2024)
This thesis presents a comprehensive study on synthesis, structure and thermoelectric transport properties of organic-inorganic hybrids based on P3HT and porous silicon. The effect of embedding polymer in silicon pores on the electrical and thermal transport is studied. Morphological studies confirm successful polymer infiltration and diffusion doping with roughly 50% of the pore space occupied by conjugated polymer. Synchrotron diffraction experiments reveal no specific ordering of the polymer inside the pores. P3HT-pSi hybrids show improved electrical transport by five orders of magnitude compared to porous silicon and power factor values comparable or exceeding other P3HT-inorganic hybrids. The analysis suggests different transport mechanisms in both materials. In pSi, the transport mechanism relates to a Meyer-Neldel compansation rule. The analysis of hybrids' data using the power law in Kang-Snyder model suggests that a doped polymer mainly provides charge carriers to the pSi matrix, similar to the behavior of a doped semiconductor. Heavily suppressed thermal transport in porous silicon is treated with a modified Landauer/Lundstrom model and effective medium theories, which reveal that pSi agrees well with the Kirkpatrick model with a 68% percolation threshold. Thermal conductivities of hybrids show an increase compared to the empty pSi but the overall thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of P3HT-pSi hybrid exceeds both pSi and P3HT as well as bulk Si.
The present paper proposes a novel approach for equilibrium selection in the infinitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma where players can communicate before choosing their strategies. This approach yields a critical discount factor that makes different predictions for cooperation than the usually considered sub-game perfect or risk dominance critical discount factors. In laboratory experiments, we find that our factor is useful for predicting cooperation. For payoff changes where the usually considered factors and our factor make different predictions, the observed cooperation is consistent with the predictions based on our factor.
It is a common finding that preschoolers have difficulties in identifying who is doing what to whom in non-canonical sentences, such as (object-verb-subject) OVS and passive sentences in German. This dissertation investigates how German monolingual and German-Italian simultaneous bilingual children process German OVS sentences in Study 1 and German passives in Study 2. Offline data (i.e., accuracy data) and online data (i.e., eye-gaze and pupillometry data) were analyzed to explore whether children can assign thematic roles during sentence comprehension and processing. Executive functions, language-internal and -external factors were investigated as potential predictors for children’s sentence comprehension and processing.
Throughout the literature, there are contradicting findings on the relation between language and executive functions. While some results show a bilingual cognitive advantage over monolingual speakers, others suggest there is no relationship between bilingualism and executive functions. If bilingual children possess more advanced executive function abilities than monolingual children, then this might also be reflected in a better performance on linguistic tasks. In the current studies monolingual and bilingual children were tested by means of two executive function tasks: the Flanker task and the task-switching paradigm. However, these findings showed no bilingual cognitive advantages and no better performance by bilingual children in the linguistic tasks. The performance was rather comparable between bilingual and monolingual children, or even better for the monolingual group. This may be due to cross-linguistic influences and language experience (i.e., language input and output). Italian was used because it does not syntactically overlap with the structure of German OVS sentences, and it only overlapped with one of the two types of sentence condition used for the passive study - considering the subject-(finite)verb alignment. The findings showed a better performance of bilingual children in the passive sentence structure that syntactically overlapped in the two languages, providing evidence for cross-linguistic influences.
Further factors for children’s sentence comprehension were considered. The parents’ education, the number of older siblings and language experience variables were derived from a language background questionnaire completed by parents. Scores of receptive vocabulary and grammar, visual and short-term memory and reasoning ability were measured by means of standardized tests. It was shown that higher German language experience by bilinguals correlates with better accuracy in German OVS sentences but not in passive sentences. Memory capacity had a positive effect on the comprehension of OVS and passive sentences in the bilingual group. Additionally, a role was played by executive function abilities in the comprehension of OVS sentences and not of passive sentences. It is suggested that executive function abilities might help children in the sentence comprehension task when the linguistic structures are not yet fully mastered.
Altogether, these findings show that bilinguals’ poorer performance in the comprehension and processing of German OVS is mainly due to reduced language experience in German, and that the different performance of bilingual children with the two types of passives is mainly due to cross-linguistic influences.
Protected cultivation in greenhouses or polytunnels offers the potential for sustainable production of high-yield, high-quality vegetables. This is related to the ability to produce more on less land and to use resources responsibly and efficiently. Crop yield has long been considered the most important factor. However, as plant-based diets have been proposed for a sustainable food system, the targeted enrichment of health-promoting plant secondary metabolites should be addressed. These metabolites include carotenoids and flavonoids, which are associated with several health benefits, such as cardiovascular health and cancer protection.
Cover materials generally have an influence on the climatic conditions, which in turn can affect the levels of secondary metabolites in vegetables grown underneath. Plastic materials are cost-effective and their properties can be modified by incorporating additives, making them the first choice. However, these additives can migrate and leach from the material, resulting in reduced service life, increased waste and possible environmental release. Antifogging additives are used in agricultural films to prevent the formation of droplets on the film surface, thereby increasing light transmission and preventing microbiological contamination.
This thesis focuses on LDPE/EVA covers and incorporated antifogging additives for sustainable protected cultivation, following two different approaches. The first addressed the direct effects of leached antifogging additives using simulation studies on lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa var capitata L). The second determined the effect of antifog polytunnel covers on lettuce quality. Lettuce is usually grown under protective cover and can provide high nutritional value due to its carotenoid and flavonoid content, depending on the cultivar.
To study the influence of simulated leached antifogging additives on lettuce leaves, a GC-MS method was first developed to analyze these additives based on their fatty acid moieties. Three structurally different antifogging additives (reference material) were characterized outside of a polymer matrix for the first time. All of them contained more than the main fatty acid specified by the manufacturer. Furthermore, they were found to adhere to the leaf surface and could not be removed by water or partially by hexane.
The incorporation of these additives into polytunnel covers affects carotenoid levels in lettuce, but not flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives and chlorophylls. Specifically, carotenoids were higher in lettuce grown under polytunnels without antifog than with antifog. This has been linked to their effect on the light regime and was suggested to be related to carotenoid function in photosynthesis.
In terms of protected cultivation, the use of LDPE/EVA polytunnels affected light and temperature, and both are closely related. The carotenoid and flavonoid contents of lettuce grown under polytunnels was reversed, with higher carotenoid and lower flavonoid levels. At the individual level, the flavonoids detected in lettuce did not differ however, lettuce carotenoids adapted specifically depending on the time of cultivation. Flavonoid reduction was shown to be transcriptionally regulated (CHS) in response to UV light (UVR8). In contrast, carotenoids are thought to be regulated post-transcriptionally, as indicated by the lack of correlation between carotenoid levels and transcripts of the first enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis (PSY) and a carotenoid degrading enzyme (CCD4), as well as the increased carotenoid metabolic flux. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms and metabolite adaptation strategies could further advance the strategic development and selection of cover materials.
The African weakly electric fishes (Mormyridae) exhibit a remarkable adaptive radiation possibly due to their species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs). It is produced by a muscle-derived electric organ that is located in the caudal peduncle. Divergence in EODs acts as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism to drive species radiations. However, the mechanism behind the EOD diversification are only partially understood.
The aim of this study is to explore the genetic basis of EOD diversification from the gene expression level across Campylomormyrus species/hybrids and ontogeny. I firstly produced a high quality genome of the species C. compressirostris as a valuable resource to understand the electric fish evolution.
The next study compared the gene expression pattern between electric organs and skeletal muscles in Campylomormyrus species/hybrids with different types of EOD duration. I identified several candidate genes with an electric organ-specific expression, e.g. KCNA7a, KLF5, KCNJ2, SCN4aa, NDRG3, MEF2. The overall genes expression pattern exhibited a significant association with EOD duration in all analyzed species/hybrids. The expression of several candidate genes, e.g. KCNJ2, KLF5, KCNK6 and KCNQ5, possibly contribute to the regulation of EOD duration in Campylomormyrus due to their increasing or decreasing expression. Several potassium channel genes showed differential expression during ontogeny in species and hybrid with EOD alteration, e.g. KCNJ2.
I next explored allele specific expression of intragenus hybrids by crossing the duration EOD species C. compressirostris with the medium duration EOD species C. tshokwe and the elongated duration EOD species C. rhynchophorus. The hybrids exhibited global expression dominance of the C. compressirostris allele in the adult skeletal muscle and electric organ, as well as in the juvenile electric organ. Only the gene KCNJ2 showed dominant expression of the allele from C. rhynchophorus, and this was increasingly dominant during ontogeny. It hence supported our hypothesis that KCNJ2 is a key gene of regulating EOD duration. Our results help us to understand, from a genetic perspective, how gene expression effect the EOD diversification in the African weakly electric fish.
Optimizing power analysis for randomized experiments: Design parameters for student achievement
(2024)
Randomized trials (RTs) are promising methodological tools to inform evidence-based reform to enhance schooling. Establishing a robust knowledge base on how to promote student achievement requires sensitive RT designs demonstrating sufficient statistical power and precision to draw conclusive and correct inferences on the effectiveness of educational programs and innovations. Proper power analysis is therefore an integral component of any informative RT on student achievement. This venture critically hinges on the availability of reasonable input variance design parameters (and their inherent uncertainties) that optimally reflect the realities around the prospective RT—precisely, its target population and outcome, possibly applied covariates, the concrete design as well as the planned analysis. However, existing compilations in this vein show far-reaching shortcomings.
The overarching endeavor of the present doctoral thesis was to substantively expand available resources devoted to tweak the planning of RTs evaluating educational interventions. At the core of this thesis is a systematic analysis of design parameters for student achievement, generating reliable and versatile compendia and developing thorough guidance to support apt power analysis to design strong RTs. To this end, the thesis at hand bundles two complementary studies which capitalize on rich data of several national probability samples from major German longitudinal large-scale assessments.
Study I applied two- and three-level latent (covariate) modeling to analyze design parameters for a wide spectrum of mathematical-scientific, verbal, and domain-general achievement outcomes. Three vital covariate sets were covered comprising (a) pretests, (b) sociodemographic characteristics, and (c) their combination. The accumulated estimates were additionally summarized in terms of normative distributions.
Study II specified (manifest) single-, two-, and three-level models and referred to influential psychometric heuristics to analyze design parameters and develop concise selection guidelines for covariate (a) types of varying bandwidth-fidelity (domain-identical, cross-domain, fluid intelligence pretests; sociodemographic characteristics), (b) combinations quantifying incremental validities, and (c) time lags of 1- to 7-year-lagged pretests scrutinizing validity degradation. The estimates for various mathematical-scientific and verbal achievement outcomes were meta-analytically integrated and employed in precision simulations.
In doing so, Studies I and II addressed essential gaps identified in previous repertoires in six major dimensions: Taken together, this thesis accumulated novel design parameters and deliberate guidance for RT power analysis (1) tailored to four German student (sub)populations across the entire school career from Grade 1 to 12, (2) matched to 21 achievement (sub)domains, (3) adjusted for 11 covariate sets enriched by empirically supported guidelines, (4) adapted to six RT designs, (5) suitable for latent and manifest analysis models, (6) which were cataloged along with quantifications of their associated uncertainties. These resources are complemented by a plethora of illustrative application examples to gently direct psychological and educational researchers through pivotal steps in the process of RT design.
The striking heterogeneity of the design parameter estimates across all these dimensions constitutes the overall, joint key result of Studies I and II. Hence, this work convincingly reinforces calls for a close match between design parameters and the specific peculiarities of the target RT’s research context.
All in all, the present doctoral thesis offers a—so far unique—nuanced and extensive toolkit to optimize power analysis for sound RTs on student achievement in the German (and similar) school context. It is of utmost importance that research does not tire to spawn robust evidence on what actually works to improve schooling. With this in mind, I hope that the emerging compendia and guidance contribute to the quality and rigor of our randomized experiments in psychology and education.
Development of a CRISPR/Cas gene editing technique for the coccolithophore Chrysotila carterae
(2024)
This study focuses on William Faulkner, whose works explore the demise of the slavery-based Old South during the Civil War in a highly experimental narrative style. Central to this investigation is the analysis of the temporal dimensions of both individual and collective guilt, thus offering a new approach to the often-discussed problem of Faulkner’s portrayal of social decay. The thesis examines how Faulkner re-narrates the legacy of the Old South as a guilt narrative and argues that Faulkner uses guilt in order to corroborate his concept of time and the idea of the continuity of the past. The focus of the analysis is on three of Faulkner’s arguably most important novels: The Sound and the Fury, Absalom, Absalom!, and Go Down, Moses. Each of these novels features a main character deeply overwhelmed by the crimes of the past, whether private, familial, or societal. As a result, guilt is explored both from a domestic as well as a social perspective. In order to show how Faulkner blends past and present by means of guilt, this work examines several methods and motifs borrowed from different fields and genres with which Faulkner narratively negotiates guilt. These include religious notions of original sin, the motif of the ancestral curse prevalent in the Southern Gothic genre, and the psychological concept of trauma. Each of these motifs emphasizes the temporal dimensions of guilt, which are the core of this study, and makes clear that guilt in Faulkner’s work is primarily to be understood as a temporal rather than a moral problem.
Openness indicators for the evaluation of digital platforms between the launch and maturity phase
(2024)
In recent years, the evaluation of digital platforms has become an important focus in the field of information systems science. The identification of influential indicators that drive changes in digital platforms, specifically those related to openness, is still an unresolved issue. This paper addresses the challenge of identifying measurable indicators and characterizing the transition from launch to maturity in digital platforms. It proposes a systematic analytical approach to identify relevant openness indicators for evaluation purposes. The main contributions of this study are the following (1) the development of a comprehensive procedure for analyzing indicators, (2) the categorization of indicators as evaluation metrics within a multidimensional grid-box model, (3) the selection and evaluation of relevant indicators, (4) the identification and assessment of digital platform architectures during the launch-to-maturity transition, and (5) the evaluation of the applicability of the conceptualization and design process for digital platform evaluation.
The contribution explores how an understanding of neoliberal subjectification in socio-economic education can serve to counteract the trend marketisation of democracy. Drawing on Foucault’s lectures on biopolitics and Brown’s current analysis of neoliberalism, it lays out a sociological explanation that treats the idea of homo economicus as a structuring element of our society and outlines the threat this poses to the liberal democratic order. The second part of the contribution outlines – through immanent critique – an ideology-critical analytical competence that uses key problems to illuminate socially critical perspectives on social reality. The objective is to challenge some of the foundations of social order (Salomon, D. Kritische politische Bildung. Ein Versuch. In B. Widmaier & Overwien, B. (Hrsg.), Was heißt heute kritische politische Bildung? (S. 232–239). Wochenschau, 2013) in pursuit of the ultimate objective of an educated and assertive citizenry.
The Women, Peace and Security Agenda (WPSA) is an international framework addressing the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and girls and promoting their meaningful participation in peacebuilding efforts. The Security Council called on Member States to develop National Action Plans (NAPs) to operationalize the four pillars of the Agenda. This study looks at the relevant steps undertaken by both Germany and the European Union. The author calls for improvements on either level and makes four recommendations.
Enhancing economic efficiency in modular production systems through deep reinforcement learning
(2024)
In times of increasingly complex production processes and volatile customer demands, the production adaptability is crucial for a company's profitability and competitiveness. The ability to cope with rapidly changing customer requirements and unexpected internal and external events guarantees robust and efficient production processes, requiring a dedicated control concept at the shop floor level. Yet in today's practice, conventional control approaches remain in use, which may not keep up with the dynamic behaviour due to their scenario-specific and rigid properties. To address this challenge, deep learning methods were increasingly deployed due to their optimization and scalability properties. However, these approaches were often tested in specific operational applications and focused on technical performance indicators such as order tardiness or total throughput. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning based production control to optimize combined techno-financial performance measures. Based on pre-defined manufacturing modules that are supplied and operated by multiple agents, positive effects were observed in terms of increased revenue and reduced penalties due to lower throughput times and fewer delayed products. The combined modular and multi-staged approach as well as the distributed decision-making further leverage scalability and transferability to other scenarios.
In this paper, we study one channel through which communication may facilitate cooperative behavior – belief precision. In a prisoner’s dilemma experiment, we show that communication not only makes individuals more optimistic that their partner will cooperate but also increases the precision of this belief, thereby reducing strategic uncertainty. To disentangle the shift in mean beliefs from the increase in precision, we elicit beliefs and precision in a two-stage procedure and in three situations: without communication, before communication, and after communication. We find that the precision of beliefs increases during communication.
It has been highlighted many times how difficult it is to draw a boundary between gift and bribe, and how the same transfer can be interpreted in different ways according to the position of the observer and the narrative frame into which it is inserted. This also applied of course to Ancient Rome; in both the Republic and Principate lawgivers tried to define the limits of acceptable transfers and thus also to identify what we might call ‘corruption’. Yet, such definitions remained to a large extent blurred, and what was constructed was mostly a ‘code of conduct’, allowing Roman politicians to perform their own ‘honesty’ in public duty – while being aware at all times that their involvement in different kinds of transfer might be used by their opponents against them and presented as a case of ‘corrupt’ behaviour.
The urban heat island (UHI) effect, describing an elevated temperature of urban areas compared with their natural surroundings, can expose urban dwellers to additional heat stress, especially during hot summer days. A comprehensive understanding of the UHI dynamics along with urbanization is of great importance to efficient heat stress mitigation strategies towards sustainable urban development. This is, however, still challenging due to the difficulties of isolating the influences of various contributing factors that interact with each other. In this work, I present a systematical and quantitative analysis of how urban intrinsic properties (e.g., urban size, density, and morphology) influence UHI intensity.
To this end, we innovatively combine urban growth modelling and urban climate simulation to separate the influence of urban intrinsic factors from that of background climate, so as to focus on the impact of urbanization on the UHI effect. The urban climate model can create a laboratory environment which makes it possible to conduct controlled experiments to separate the influences from different driving factors, while the urban growth model provides detailed 3D structures that can be then parameterized into different urban development scenarios tailored for these experiments. The novelty in the methodology and experiment design leads to the following achievements of our work.
First, we develop a stochastic gravitational urban growth model that can generate 3D structures varying in size, morphology, compactness, and density gradient. We compare various characteristics, like fractal dimensions (box-counting, area-perimeter scaling, area-population scaling, etc.), and radial gradient profiles of land use share and population density, against those of real-world cities from empirical studies. The model shows the capability of creating 3D structures resembling real-world cities. This model can generate 3D structure samples for controlled experiments to assess the influence of some urban intrinsic properties in question. [Chapter 2]
With the generated 3D structures, we run several series of simulations with urban structures varying in properties like size, density and morphology, under the same weather conditions. Analyzing how the 2m air temperature based canopy layer urban heat island (CUHI) intensity varies in response to the changes of the considered urban factors, we find the CUHI intensity of a city is directly related to the built-up density and an amplifying effect that urban sites have on each other. We propose a Gravitational Urban Morphology (GUM) indicator to capture the neighbourhood warming effect. We build a regression model to estimate the CUHI intensity based on urban size, urban gross building volume, and the GUM indicator. Taking the Berlin area as an example, we show the regression model capable of predicting the CUHI intensity under various urban development scenarios. [Chapter 3]
Based on the multi-annual average summer surface urban heat island (SUHI) intensity derived from Land surface temperature, we further study how urban intrinsic factors influence the SUHI effect of the 5,000 largest urban clusters in Europe. We find a similar 3D GUM indicator to be an effective predictor of the SUHI intensity of these European cities. Together with other urban factors (vegetation condition, elevation, water coverage), we build different multivariate linear regression models and a climate space based Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model that can better predict SUHI intensity. By investigating the roles background climate factors play in modulating the coefficients of the GWR model, we extend the multivariate linear model to a nonlinear one by integrating some climate parameters, such as the average of daily maximal temperature and latitude. This makes it applicable across a range of background climates. The nonlinear model outperforms linear models in SUHI assessment as it captures the interaction of urban factors and the background climate. [Chapter 4]
Our work reiterates the essential roles of urban density and morphology in shaping the urban thermal environment. In contrast to many previous studies that link bigger cities with higher UHI intensity, we show that cities larger in the area do not necessarily experience a stronger UHI effect. In addition, the results extend our knowledge by demonstrating the influence of urban 3D morphology on the UHI effect. This underlines the importance of inspecting cities as a whole from the 3D perspective. While urban 3D morphology is an aggregated feature of small-scale urban elements, the influence it has on the city-scale UHI intensity cannot simply be scaled up from that of its neighbourhood-scale components. The spatial composition and configuration of urban elements both need to be captured when quantifying urban 3D morphology as nearby neighbourhoods also cast influences on each other. Our model serves as a useful UHI assessment tool for the quantitative comparison of urban intervention/development scenarios. It can support harnessing the capacity of UHI mitigation through optimizing urban morphology, with the potential of integrating climate change into heat mitigation strategies.
Leadership plays an important role for the efficient and fair solution of social dilemmas but the effectiveness of a leader can vary substantially. Two main factors of leadership impact are the ability to induce high contributions by all group members and the (expected) fair use of power. Participants in our experiment decide about contributions to a public good. After all contributions are made, the leader can choose how much of the joint earnings to assign to herself; the remainder is distributed equally among the followers. Using machine learning techniques, we study whether the content of initial open statements by the group members predicts their behavior as a leader and whether groups are able to identify such clues and endogenously appoint a “good” leader to solve the dilemma. We find that leaders who promise fairness are more likely to behave fairly, and that followers appoint as leaders those who write more explicitly about fairness and efficiency. However, in their contribution decision, followers focus on the leader’s first-move contribution and place less importance on the content of the leader’s statements.
Access to digital finance
(2024)
Financing entrepreneurship spurs innovation and economic growth. Digital financial platforms that crowdfund equity for entrepreneurs have emerged globally, yet they remain poorly understood. We model equity crowdfunding in terms of the relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised per pitch. We examine heterogeneity in the average amount raised per pitch that is associated with differences across three countries and seven platforms. Using a novel dataset of successful fundraising on the most prominent platforms in the UK, Germany, and the USA, we find the underlying relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised for entrepreneurs is loglinear, with a coefficient less than one and concave to the origin. We identify significant variation in the average amount invested in each pitch across countries and platforms. Our findings have implications for market actors as well as regulators who set competitive frameworks.
Nils-Hendrik Grohmann beschäftigt sich mit dem noch andauernden Stärkungsprozess der UN-Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane. Er analysiert, welche rechtlichen Befugnisse die Ausschüsse haben, ob sie von sich aus Vorschläge einbringen können und inwieweit sie ihre Verfahrensweisen bisher aufeinander abgestimmt haben. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den verschiedenen Ausschüssen und der Frage, welche Rolle das Treffen der Vorsitzenden bei der Stärkung spielen kann.
Nils-Hendrik Grohmann beschäftigt sich mit dem noch andauernden Stärkungsprozess der UN-Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane. Er analysiert, welche rechtlichen Befugnisse die Ausschüsse haben, ob sie von sich aus Vorschläge einbringen können und inwieweit sie ihre Verfahrensweisen bisher aufeinander abgestimmt haben. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Zusammenarbeit zwischen den verschiedenen Ausschüssen und der Frage, welche Rolle das Treffen der Vorsitzenden bei der Stärkung spielen kann.
Volatile supply and sales markets, coupled with increasing product individualization and complex production processes, present significant challenges for manufacturing companies. These must navigate and adapt to ever-shifting external and internal factors while ensuring robustness against process variabilities and unforeseen events. This has a pronounced impact on production control, which serves as the operational intersection between production planning and the shop- floor resources, and necessitates the capability to manage intricate process interdependencies effectively. Considering the increasing dynamics and product diversification, alongside the need to maintain constant production performances, the implementation of innovative control strategies becomes crucial.
In recent years, the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies and machine learning methods has gained prominence in addressing emerging challenges in production applications. Within this context, this cumulative thesis analyzes deep learning based production systems based on five publications. Particular attention is paid to the applications of deep reinforcement learning, aiming to explore its potential in dynamic control contexts. Analysis reveal that deep reinforcement learning excels in various applications, especially in dynamic production control tasks. Its efficacy can be attributed to its interactive learning and real-time operational model. However, despite its evident utility, there are notable structural, organizational, and algorithmic gaps in the prevailing research. A predominant portion of deep reinforcement learning based approaches is limited to specific job shop scenarios and often overlooks the potential synergies in combined resources. Furthermore, it highlights the rare implementation of multi-agent systems and semi-heterarchical systems in practical settings. A notable gap remains in the integration of deep reinforcement learning into a hyper-heuristic.
To bridge these research gaps, this thesis introduces a deep reinforcement learning based hyper- heuristic for the control of modular production systems, developed in accordance with the design science research methodology. Implemented within a semi-heterarchical multi-agent framework, this approach achieves a threefold reduction in control and optimisation complexity while ensuring high scalability, adaptability, and robustness of the system. In comparative benchmarks, this control methodology outperforms rule-based heuristics, reducing throughput times and tardiness, and effectively incorporates customer and order-centric metrics. The control artifact facilitates a rapid scenario generation, motivating for further research efforts and bridging the gap to real-world applications. The overarching goal is to foster a synergy between theoretical insights and practical solutions, thereby enriching scientific discourse and addressing current industrial challenges.
With the surging reliance on videoconferencing tools, users may find themselves staring at their reflections for hours a day. We refer to this phenomenon as self-referential information (SRI) consumption and examine its consequences and the mechanism behind them. Building on self-awareness research and the strength model of self-control, we argue that SRI consumption heightens the state of self-awareness and thereby depletes participants’ mental resources, eventually undermining virtual meeting (VM) outcomes. Our findings from a European employee sample revealed contrary effects of SRI consumption across speaker vs listener roles. Engagement with self-view is positively associated with self-awareness, which, in turn, is negatively related to satisfaction with VM process, perceived productivity, and enjoyment. Looking at the self while listening to others exhibits adverse direct and indirect (via self-awareness) effects on VM outcomes. However, looking at the self when speaking exhibits positive direct effects on satisfaction with VM process and enjoyment.
Global warming, driven primarily by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, has led to severe and detrimental environmental impacts. Rising global temperatures have triggered a cascade of adverse effects, including melting glaciers and polar ice caps, more frequent and intense heat waves disrupted weather patterns, and the acidification of oceans. These changes adversely affect ecosystems, biodiversity, and human societies, threatening food security, water availability, and livelihoods. One promising solution to mitigate the harmful effects of global warming is the widespread adoption of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. Solar cells harness sunlight to generate electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or other pollutants. By replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources, solar cells can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, a significant contributor to global warming. This transition to clean, renewable energy can help curb the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thereby slowing down the rate of global temperature rise.
Solar energy’s positive impact extends beyond emission reduction. As solar panels become more efficient and affordable, they empower individuals, communities, and even entire nations to generate electricity and become less dependent on fossil fuels. This decentralized energy generation can enhance resilience in the face of climate-related challenges. Moreover, implementing solar cells creates green jobs and stimulates technological innovation, further promoting sustainable economic growth. As solar technology advances, its integration with energy storage systems and smart grids can ensure a stable and reliable energy supply, reducing the need for backup fossil fuel power plants that exacerbate environmental degradation.
The market-dominant solar cell technology is silicon-based, highly matured technology with a highly systematic production procedure. However, it suffers from several drawbacks, such as: 1) Cost: still relatively high due to high energy consumption due to the need to melt and purify silicon, and the use of silver as an electrode, which hinders their widespread availability, especially in low-income countries. 2) Efficiency: theoretically, it should deliver around 29%; however, the efficiency of most of the commercially available silicon-based solar cells ranges from 18 – 22%. 3) Temperature sensitivity: The efficiency decreases with the increase in the temperature, affecting their output. 4) Resource constraints: silicon as a raw material is unavailable in all countries, creating supply chain challenges.
Perovskite solar cells arose in 2011 and matured very rapidly in the last decade as a highly efficient and versatile solar cell technology. With an efficiency of 26%, high absorption coefficients, solution processability, and tunable band gap, it attracted the attention of the solar cells community. It represented a hope for cheap, efficient, and easily processable next-generation solar cells. However, lead toxicity might be the block stone hindering perovskite solar cells’ market reach. Lead is a heavy and bioavailable element that makes perovskite solar cells environmentally unfriendly technology. As a result, scientists try to replace lead with a more environmentally friendly element. Among several possible alternatives, tin was the most suitable element due to its electronic and atomic structure similarity to lead.
Tin perovskites were developed to alleviate the challenge of lead toxicity. Theoretically, it shows very high absorption coefficients, an optimum band gap of 1.35 eV for FASnI3, and a very high short circuit current, which nominates it to deliver the highest possible efficiency of a single junction solar cell, which is around 30.1% according to Schockly-Quisser limit. However, tin perovskites’ efficiency still lags below 15% and is irreproducible, especially from lab to lab. This humble performance could be attributed to three reasons: 1) Tin (II) oxidation to tin (IV), which would happen due to oxygen, water, or even by the effect of the solvent, as was discovered recently. 2) fast crystallization dynamics, which occurs due to the lateral exposure of the P-orbitals of the tin atom, which enhances its reactivity and increases the crystallization pace. 3) Energy band misalignment: The energy bands at the interfaces between the perovskite absorber material and the charge selective layers are not aligned, leading to high interfacial charge recombination, which devastates the photovoltaic performance. To solve these issues, we implemented several techniques and approaches that enhanced the efficiency of tin halide perovskites, providing new chemically safe solvents and antisolvents. In addition, we studied the energy band alignment between the charge transport layers and the tin perovskite absorber.
Recent research has shown that the principal source of tin oxidation is the solvent known as dimethylsulfoxide, which also happens to be one of the most effective solvents for processing perovskite. The search for a stable solvent might prove to be the factor that makes all the difference in the stability of tin-based perovskites. We started with a database of over 2,000 solvents and narrowed it down to a series of 12 new solvents that are suitable for processing FASnI3 experimentally. This was accomplished by looking into 1) the solubility of the precursor chemicals FAI and SnI2, 2) the thermal stability of the precursor solution, and 3) the potential to form perovskite. Finally, we show that it is possible to manufacture solar cells using a novel solvent system that outperforms those produced using DMSO. The results of our research give some suggestions that may be used in the search for novel solvents or mixes of solvents that can be used to manufacture stable tin-based perovskites.
Due to the quick crystallization of tin, it is more difficult to deposit tin-based perovskite films from a solution than manufacturing lead-based perovskite films since lead perovskite is more often utilized. The most efficient way to get high efficiencies is to deposit perovskite from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which slows down the quick construction of the tin-iodine network that is responsible for perovskite synthesis. This is the most successful approach for achieving high efficiencies. Dimethyl sulfoxide, which is used in the processing, is responsible for the oxidation of tin, which is a disadvantage of this method. This research presents a potentially fruitful alternative in which 4-(tert-butyl) pyridine can substitute dimethyl sulfoxide in the process of regulating crystallization without causing tin oxidation to take place. Perovskite films that have been formed from pyridine have been shown to have a much-reduced defect density. This has resulted in increased charge mobility and better photovoltaic performance, making pyridine a desirable alternative for use in the deposition of tin perovskite films.
The precise control of perovskite precursor crystallization inside a thin film is of utmost importance for optimizing the efficiency and manufacturing of solar cells. The deposition process of tin-based perovskite films from a solution presents difficulties due to the quick crystallization of tin compared to the more often employed lead perovskite. The optimal approach for attaining elevated efficiencies entails using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a medium for depositing perovskite. This choice of solvent impedes the tin-iodine network’s fast aggregation, which plays a crucial role in the production of perovskite. Nevertheless, this methodology is limited since the utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide leads to the oxidation of tin throughout the processing stage. In this thesis, we present a potentially advantageous alternative approach wherein 4-(tert-butyl) pyridine is proposed as a substitute for dimethyl sulfoxide in regulating crystallization processes while avoiding the undesired consequence of tin oxidation. Films of perovskite formed using pyridine as a solvent have a notably reduced density of defects, resulting in higher mobility of charges and improved performance in solar applications. Consequently, the utilization of pyridine for the deposition of tin perovskite films is considered advantageous.
Tin perovskites are suffering from an apparent energy band misalignment. However, the band diagrams published in the current body of research display contradictions, resulting in a dearth of unanimity. Moreover, comprehensive information about the dynamics connected with charge extraction is lacking. This thesis aims to ascertain the energy band locations of tin perovskites by employing the kelvin probe and Photoelectron yield spectroscopy methods. This thesis aims to construct a precise band diagram for the often-utilized device stack. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis is performed to assess the energy deficits inherent in the current energetic structure of tin halide perovskites. In addition, we investigate the influence of BCP on the improvement of electron extraction in C60/BCP systems, with a specific emphasis on the energy factors involved. Furthermore, transient surface photovoltage was utilized to investigate the charge extraction kinetics of frequently studied charge transport layers, such as NiOx and PEDOT as hole transport layers and C60, ICBA, and PCBM as electron transport layers. The Hall effect, KP, and TRPL approaches accurately ascertain the p-doping concentration in FASnI3. The results consistently demonstrated a value of 1.5 * 1017 cm-3. Our research findings highlight the imperative nature of autonomously constructing the charge extraction layers for tin halide perovskites, apart from those used for lead perovskites.
The crystallization of perovskite precursors relies mainly on the utilization of two solvents. The first one dissolves the perovskite powder to form the precursor solution, usually called the solvent. The second one precipitates the perovskite precursor, forming the wet film, which is a supersaturated solution of perovskite precursor and in the remains of the solvent and the antisolvent. Later, this wet film crystallizes upon annealing into a full perovskite crystallized film. In our research context, we proposed new solvents to dissolve FASnI3, but when we tried to form a film, most of them did not crystallize. This is attributed to the high coordination strength between the metal halide and the solvent molecules, which is unbreakable by the traditionally used antisolvents such as Toluene and Chlorobenzene. To solve this issue, we introduce a high-throughput antisolvent screening in which we screened around 73 selected antisolvents against 15 solvents that can form a 1M FASnI3 solution. We used for the first time in tin perovskites machine learning algorithm to understand and predict the effect of an antisolvent on the crystallization of a precursor solution in a particular solvent. We relied on film darkness as a primary criterion to judge the efficacy of a solvent-antisolvent pair. We found that the relative polarity between solvent and antisolvent is the primary factor that affects the solvent-antisolvent interaction. Based on our findings, we prepared several high-quality tin perovskite films free from DMSO and achieved an efficiency of 9%, which is the highest DMSO tin perovskite device so far.
Classification, prediction and evaluation of graph neural networks on online social media platforms
(2024)
The vast amount of data generated on social media platforms have made them a valuable source of information for businesses, governments and researchers. Social media data can provide insights into user behavior, preferences, and opinions. In this work, we address two important challenges in social media analytics. Predicting user engagement with online content has become a critical task for content creators to increase user engagement and reach larger audiences. Traditional user engagement prediction approaches rely solely on features derived from the user and content. However, a new class of deep learning methods based on graphs captures not only the content features but also the graph structure of social media networks.
This thesis proposes a novel Graph Neural Network (GNN) approach to predict user interaction with tweets. The proposed approach combines the features of users, tweets and their engagement graphs. The tweet text features are extracted using pre-trained embeddings from language models, and a GNN layer is used to embed the user in a vector space. The GNN model then combines the features and graph structure to predict user engagement. The proposed approach achieves an accuracy value of 94.22% in classifying user interactions, including likes, retweets, replies, and quotes.
Another major challenge in social media analysis is detecting and classifying social bot accounts. Social bots are automated accounts used to manipulate public opinion by spreading misinformation or generating fake interactions. Detecting social bots is critical to prevent their negative impact on public opinion and trust in social media. In this thesis, we classify social bots on Twitter by applying Graph Neural Networks. The proposed approach uses a combination of both the features of a node and an aggregation of the features of a node’s neighborhood to classify social bot accounts. Our final results indicate a 6% improvement in the area under the curve score in the final predictions through the utilization of GNN.
Overall, our work highlights the importance of social media data and the potential of new methods such as GNNs to predict user engagement and detect social bots. These methods have important implications for improving the quality and reliability of information on social media platforms and mitigating the negative impact of social bots on public opinion and discourse.
Aging is associated with bone loss, which can lead to osteoporosis and high fracture risk. This coincides with the enhanced formation of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), suggesting a negative effect of bone marrow adipocytes on skeletal health. Increased BMAT formation is also observed in pathologies such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. However, a subset of bone marrow adipocytes forming the constitutive BMAT (cBMAT), arise early in life in the distal skeleton, contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and are thought to provide a physiological function. Regulated BMAT (rBMAT) forms during aging and obesity in proximal regions of the bone and contain a large proportion of saturated fatty acids. Paradoxically, BMAT accumulation is also enhanced during caloric restriction (CR), a life-span extending dietary intervention. This indicates, that different types of BMAT can form in response to opposing nutritional stimuli with potentially different functions.
To this end, two types of nutritional interventions, CR and high fat diet (HFD), that are both described to induce BMAT accumulation were carried out. CR markedly increased BMAT formation in the proximal tibia and led to a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, making it similar to the physiological cBMAT. Additionally, proximal and diaphyseal tibia regions displayed higher adiponectin expression. In aged mice, CR was associated with an improved trabecular bone structure. Taken together, these findings demonstrate, that the type of BMAT that forms during CR might provide beneficial effects for local bone stem/progenitor cells and metabolic health. The HFD intervention performed in this thesis showed no effect on BMAT accumulation and bone microstructure. RNA Seq analysis revealed alterations in the composition of the collagen-containing extracellular matrix (ECM).
In order to investigate the effects of glucose homeostasis on osteogenesis, differentiation capacity of immortalized multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and osteochondrogenic progenitor cells (OPCs) was analyzed. Insulin improved differentiation in both cell types, however, combination of with a high glucose concentration led to an impaired mineralization of the ECM. In the MSCs, this was accompanied by the formation of adipocytes, indicating negative effects of the adipocytes formed during hyperglycemic conditions on mineralization processes. However, the altered mineralization pattern and structure of the ECM was also observed in OPCs, which did not form any adipocytes, suggesting further negative effects of a hyperglycemic environment on osteogenic differentiation.
In summary, the work provided in this thesis demonstrated that differentiation commitment of bone-resident stem cells can be altered through nutrient availability, specifically glucose. Surprisingly, both high nutrient supply, e.g. the hyperglycemic cell culture conditions, and low nutrient supply, e.g. CR, can induce adipogenic differentiation. However, while CR-induced adipocyte formation was associated with improved trabecular bone structure, adipocyte formation in a hyperglycemic cell-culture environment hampered mineralization. This thesis provides further evidence for the existence of different types of BMAT with specific functions.
Sulfur is an important element that is incorporated into many biomolecules in humans. The incorporation and transfer of sulfur into biomolecules is, however, facilitated by a series of different sulfurtransferases. Among these sulfurtransferases is the human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) also designated as tRNA thiouridine modification protein (TUM1). The role of the human TUM1 protein has been suggested in a wide range of physiological processes in the cell among which are but not limited to involvement in Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation and generation of H2S as signaling molecule both in mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous interaction studies showed that TUM1 interacts with the L-cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 3 (MOCS3). Here, we show the roles of TUM1 in human cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically modified Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Here, we show that TUM1 is involved in the sulfur transfer for Molybdenum cofactor synthesis and tRNA thiomodification by spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of sulfite oxidase and liquid chromatography quantification of the level of sulfur-modified tRNA. Further, we show that TUM1 has a role in hydrogen sulfide production and cellular bioenergetics.
In late summer, migratory bats of the temperate zone face the challenge of accomplishing two energy-demanding tasks almost at the same time: migration and mating. Both require information and involve search efforts, such as localizing prey or finding potential mates. In non-migrating bat species, playback studies showed that listening to vocalizations of other bats, both con-and heterospecifics, may help a recipient bat to find foraging patches and mating sites. However, we are still unaware of the degree to which migrating bats depend on con-or heterospecific vocalizations for identifying potential feeding or mating opportunities during nightly transit flights. Here, we investigated the vocal responses of Nathusius’ pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, to simulated feeding and courtship aggregations at a coastal migration corridor. We presented migrating bats either feeding buzzes or courtship calls of their own or a heterospecific migratory species, the common noctule, Nyctalus noctula. We expected that during migratory transit flights, simulated feeding opportunities would be particularly attractive to bats, as well as simulated mating opportunities which may indicate suitable roosts for a stopover. However, we found that when compared to the natural silence of both pre-and post-playback phases, bats called indifferently during the playback of conspecific feeding sounds, whereas P. nathusii echolocation call activity increased during simulated feeding of N. noctula. In contrast, the call activity of P. nathusii decreased during the playback of conspecific courtship calls, while no response could be detected when heterospecific call types were broadcasted. Our results suggest that while on migratory transits, P. nathusii circumnavigate conspecific mating aggregations, possibly to save time or to reduce the risks associated with social interactions where aggression due to territoriality might be expected. This avoidance behavior could be a result of optimization strategies by P. nathusii when performing long-distance migratory flights, and it could also explain the lack of a response to simulated conspecific feeding. However, the observed increase of activity in response to simulated feeding of N. noctula, suggests that P. nathusii individuals may be eavesdropping on other aerial hawking insectivorous species during migration, especially if these occupy a slightly different foraging niche.
Its properties make copper one of the world’s most important functional metals. Numerous megatrends are increasing the demand for copper. This requires the prospection and exploration of new deposits, as well as the monitoring of copper quality in the various production steps. A promising technique to perform these tasks is Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Its unique feature, among others, is the ability to measure on site without sample collection and preparation. In this work, copper-bearing minerals from two different deposits are studied. The first set of field samples come from a volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, the second part from a stratiform sedimentary copper (SSC) deposit. Different approaches are used to analyze the data. First, univariate regression (UVR) is used. However, due to the strong influence of matrix effects, this is not suitable for the quantitative analysis of copper grades. Second, the multivariate method of partial least squares regression (PLSR) is used, which is more suitable for quantification. In addition, the effects of the surrounding matrices on the LIBS data are characterized by principal component analysis (PCA), alternative regression methods to PLSR are tested and the PLSR calibration is validated using field samples.
The African weakly electric fish genus Campylomormyrus includes 15 described species mostly native to the Congo River and its tributaries. They are considered sympatric species, because their distribution area overlaps. These species generate species-specific electric organ discharges (EODs) varying in waveform characteristics, including duration, polarity, and phase number. They exhibit also pronounced divergence in their snout, i.e. the length, thickness, and curvature. The diversifications in these two phenotypical traits (EOD and snout) have been proposed as key factors promoting adaptive radiation in Campylomormyrus. The role of EODs as a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism driving sympatric speciation by promoting assortative mating has been examined using behavioral, genetical, and histological approaches. However, the evolutionary effects of the snout morphology and its link to species divergence have not been closely examined. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of snout morphology diversification and its correlated EOD to better understand their sympatric speciation and evolutionary drivers. Moreover, I aim to utilize the intragenus and intergenus hybrids of Campylomormyrus to better understand trait divergence as well as underlying molecular/genetic mechanisms involved in the radiation scenario. To this end, I utilized three different approaches: feeding behavior analysis, diet assessment, and geometric morphometrics analysis. I performed feeding behavior experiments to evaluate the concept of the phenotype-environment correlation by testing whether Campylomormyrus species show substrate preferences. The behavioral experiments showed that the short snout species exhibits preference to sandy substrate, the long snout species prefers a stone substrate, and the species with intermediate snout size does not exhibit any substrate preference. The experiments suggest that the diverse feeding apparatus in the genus Campylomormyrus may have evolved in adaptation to their microhabitats. I also performed diet assessments of sympatric Campylomormyrus species and a sister genus species (Gnathonemus petersii) with markedly different snout morphologies and EOD using NGS-based DNA metabarcoding of their stomach contents. The diet of each species was documented showing that aquatic insects such as dipterans, coleopterans and trichopterans represent the major diet component. The results showed also that all species are able to exploit diverse food niches in their habitats. However, comparing the diet overlap indices showed that different snout morphologies and the associated divergence in the EOD translated into different prey spectra. These results further support the idea that the EOD could be a ‘magic trait’ triggering both adaptation and reproductive isolation. Geometric morphometrics method was also used to compare the phenotypical shape traits of the F1 intragenus (Campylomormyrus) and intergenus (Campylomormyrus species and Gnathonemus petersii) hybrids relative to their parents. The hybrids of these species were well separated based on the morphological traits, however the hybrid phenotypic traits were closer to the short-snouted species. In addition, the likelihood that the short snout expressed in the hybrids increases with increasing the genetic distance of the parental species. The results confirmed that additive effects produce intermediate phenotypes in F1-hybrids. It seems, therefore, that morphological shape traits in hybrids, unlike the physiological traits, were not expressed straightforward.
The chapter describes the German procedure for obtaining compensation for wrongful convictions. Besides specific cases of compensation for convictions based on subsequently repealed legislation and claims arising from general official liability, German law provides a mechanism for compensation, insofar as a conviction is eliminated or mitigated in a retrial in criminal proceedings. Still within this retrial, the criminal court is called upon to determine whether a claim exists for compensation of material and/or non-material damages on the merits. The amount of compensation is assessed in a judicial administrative procedure at the request of the person concerned. The compensation for non-material harm is calculated on the basis of a lump sum of currently €75 per day of imprisonment; the extent of material harm must be submitted and proven by the person concerned. She has the right to take legal action in the civil courts against the decision on the amount, she has the right to take legal action in the civil courts.
Networking fast and slow
(2023)
Growing interest in network dynamics has led to insights about patterns of network change, drivers of tie formation, and the temporal unfolding of the consequences of networks. To this area of inquiry, we introduce networking speed—the time that it takes for individuals to form a network tie—as an important but so far largely overlooked aspect. We develop a theory of networking speed that explains how different catalysts enable professionals to introduce variation into the speed with which they form interpersonal network ties. We discuss how such variation in the speed with which ties have been formed influences relational outcomes and the network returns that these ties generate. This discussion illustrates that high networking speed can entail advantages as well as pitfalls. We also explore temporal implications of networking speed—for instance, the persistence of the effects of speed over time. Overall, we conceptualize networking speed as a constitutive element of how interpersonal networks function in professional settings, and we propose a future research program for the integration of this novel concept into organizational network research.
Digitalization, as well as sustainability, are gaining increased relevance and have attracted significant attention in research and practice. However, the research already published about this topic examining digitalization in the retail sector does not consider the acceptance of related innovations, nor their impact on sustainability. Therefore, this article critically analyzes the acceptance of customers towards digital technologies in fashion stores as well as their impact on sustainability in the textile industry. The comprehensive analysis of the literature and the current state of research provide the basis of this paper. Theoretical models, such as the Technology-Acceptance-Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT 2) enable the evaluation of expectations and acceptance, as well as the assessment of possible inhibitory factors for the subsequent descriptive and statistical examination of the acceptance of digital technologies in fashion stores. The research on this subject was examined in a quantitative way. The key findings show that customers do accept digital technologies in fashion stores. The final part of this contribution describes the innovative Digitalization 4 Sustainability Framework which shows that digital technologies at the point of sale (PoS) in fashion stores could have a positive impact on sustainability. Overall, this paper shows that it is particularly important for fashion stores to concentrate on their individual strengths and customer needs as well as to indicate a more sustainable way by using digital technologies, in order to achieve added value for the customers and to set themselves apart from the competition while designing a more sustainable future. Moreover, fashion stores should make it a point of their honor to harness the power of digitalization for sake of sustainability and economic value creation.
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
Ribosomes decode mRNA to synthesize proteins. Ribosomes, once considered static, executing machines, are now viewed as dynamic modulators of translation. Increasingly detailed analyses of structural ribosome heterogeneity led to a paradigm shift toward ribosome specialization for selective translation. As sessile organisms, plants cannot escape harmful environments and evolved strategies to withstand. Plant cytosolic ribosomes are in some respects more diverse than those of other metazoans. This diversity may contribute to plant stress acclimation. The goal of this thesis was to determine whether plants use ribosome heterogeneity to regulate protein synthesis through specialized translation. I focused on temperature acclimation, specifically on shifts to low temperatures. During cold acclimation, Arabidopsis ceases growth for seven days while establishing the responses required to resume growth. Earlier results indicate that ribosome biogenesis is essential for cold acclimation. REIL mutants (reil-dkos) lacking a 60S maturation factor do not acclimate successfully and do not resume growth. Using these genotypes, I ascribed cold-induced defects of ribosome biogenesis to the assembly of the polypeptide exit tunnel (PET) by performing spatial statistics of rProtein changes mapped onto the plant 80S structure. I discovered that growth cessation and PET remodeling also occurs in barley, suggesting a general cold response in plants. Cold triggered PET remodeling is consistent with the function of Rei-1, a REIL homolog of yeast, which performs PET quality control. Using seminal data of ribosome specialization, I show that yeast remodels the tRNA entry site of ribosomes upon change of carbon sources and demonstrate that spatially constrained remodeling of ribosomes in metazoans may modulate protein synthesis. I argue that regional remodeling may be a form of ribosome specialization and show that heterogeneous cytosolic polysomes accumulate after cold acclimation, leading to shifts in the translational output that differs between wild-type and reil-dkos. I found that heterogeneous complexes consist of newly synthesized and reused proteins. I propose that tailored ribosome complexes enable free 60S subunits to select specific 48S initiation complexes for translation. Cold acclimated ribosomes through ribosome remodeling synthesize a novel proteome consistent with known mechanisms of cold acclimation. The main hypothesis arising from my thesis is that heterogeneous/ specialized ribosomes alter translation preferences, adjust the proteome and thereby activate plant programs for successful cold acclimation.
The Tetrarchy as Ideology
(2023)
In this paper, we show how socialist planning can be based on input-output data. We argue that the information required for this can be obtained by a central planning agency and thus dismiss Hayek’s information argument against socialism. We further show how economic planning can be made responsive to consumer demand through a feedback control mechanism. Output targets of products would be adjusted in response to observed consumer demand or based on predictions about future demand. Planners can use machine learning to make more accurate forecasts. The valuation of goods plays an important role in the feedback control mechanism. The values of goods can either be measured by the labour time necessary for their production (labour values) or through shadow prices based on linear programming.
Anchored in ink
(2023)
This book serves as a gateway to the Elementa grammaticae Huronicae, an eighteenth-century grammar of the Wendat (‘Huron’) language by Jesuit Pierre-Philippe Potier (1708–1781). The volume falls into three main parts. The first part introduces the grammar and some of its contexts, offering information about the Huron-Wendat and Wyandot, the early modern Jesuit mission in New France and the Jesuits’ linguistic output. The heart of the volume is made up by its second part, a text edition of the Elementa. The third part presents some avenues of research by way of specific case studies.
The role of biogenic carbonate producers in the evolution of the geometries of carbonate systems has been the subject of numerous research projects. Attempts to classify modern and ancient carbonate systems by their biotic components have led to the discrimination of biogenic carbonate producers broadly into Photozoans, which are characterised by an affinity for warm tropical waters and high dependence on light penetration, and Heterozoans which are generally associated with both cool water environments and nutrient-rich settings with little to no light penetration. These broad categories of carbonate sediment producers have also been recognised to dominate in specific carbonate systems. Photozoans are commonly dominant in flat-topped platforms with steep margins, while Heterozoans generally dominate carbonate ramps. However, comparatively little is known on how these two main groups of carbonate producers interact in the same system and impact depositional geometries responding to changes in environmental conditions such as sea level fluctuation, antecedent slope, sediment transport processes, etc. This thesis presents numerical models to investigate the evolution of Miocene carbonate systems in the Mediterranean from two shallow marine domains: 1) a Miocene flat-topped platform dominated by Photozoans, with a significant component of Hetrozoans in the slope and 2) a Heterozoan distally steepened ramp, with seagrass-influenced (Photozoan) inner ramp. The overarching aim of the three articles comprising this cumulative thesis is to provide a numerical study of the role of Photozoans and Heterozoans in the evolution of carbonate system geometries and how these biotas respond to changes in environmental conditions. This aim was achieved using stratigraphic forward modelling, which provides an approach to quantitatively integrate multi-scale datasets to reconstruct sedimentary processes and products during the evolution of a sedimentary system.
In a Photozoan-dominated carbonate system, such as the Miocene Llucmajor platform in Western Mediterranean, stratigraphic forward modelling dovetailed with a robust set of sensitivity tests reveal how the geometry of the carbonate system is determined by the complex interaction of Heterozoan and Photozoan biotas in response to variable conditions of sea level fluctuation, substrate configuration, sediment transport processes and the dominance of Photozoan over Heterozoan production. This study provides an enhanced understanding of the different carbonate systems that are possible under different ecological and hydrodynamic conditions. The research also gives insight into the roles of different biotic associations in the evolution of carbonate geometries through time and space. The results further show that the main driver of platform progradation in a Llucmajor-type system is the lowstand production of Heterozoan sediments, which form the necessary substratum for Photozoan production.
In Heterozoan systems, sediment production is mainly characterised by high transport deposits, that are prone to redistribution by waves and gravity, thereby precluding the development of steep margins. However, in the Menorca ramp, the occurrence of sediment trapping by seagrass led to the evolution of distal slope steepening. We investigated, through numerical modelling, how such a seagrass-influenced ramp responds to the frequency and amplitude of sea level changes, variable carbonate production between the euphotic and oligophotic zone, and changes in the configuration of the paleoslope. The study reinforces some previous hypotheses and presents alternative scenarios to the established concepts of high-transport ramp evolution. The results of sensitivity experiments show that steep slopes are favoured in ramps that develop in high-frequency sea level fluctuation with amplitudes between 20 m and 40 m. We also show that ramp profiles are significantly impacted by the paleoslope inclination, such that an optimal antecedent slope of about 0.15 degrees is required for the Menorca distally steepened ramp to develop.
The third part presents an experimental case to argue for the existence of a Photozoan sediment threshold required for the development of steep margins in carbonate platforms. This was carried out by developing sensitivity tests on the forward models of the flat-topped (Llucmajor) platform and the distally steepened (Menorca) platform. The results show that models with Photozoan sediment proportion below a threshold of about 40% are incapable of forming steep slopes. The study also demonstrates that though it is possible to develop steep margins by seagrass sediment trapping, such slopes can only be stabilized by the appropriate sediment fabric and/or microbial binding. In the Photozoan-dominated system, the magnitude of slope steepness depends on the proportion of Photozoan sediments in the system. Therefore, this study presents a novel tool for characterizing carbonate systems based on their biogenic components.
Background: The role of fatty acid (FA) intake and metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence is controversial. Some FAs are not synthesised endogenously and, therefore, these circulating FAs reflect dietary intake, for example, the trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated odd chain fatty acids (OCFAs), and linoleic acid, an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It remains unclear if intake of TFA influence T2D risk and whether industrial TFAs (iTFAs) and ruminant TFAs (rTFAs) exert the same effect. Unlike even chain saturated FAs, the OCFAs have been inversely associated with T2D risk, but this association is poorly understood. Furthermore, the associations of n-6 PUFAs intake with T2D risk are still debated, while delta-5 desaturase (D5D), a key enzyme in the metabolism of PUFAs, has been consistently related to T2D risk. To better understand these relationships, the FA composition in circulating lipid fractions can be used as biomarkers of dietary intake and metabolism. The exploration of TFAs subtypes in plasma phospholipids and OCFAs and n-6 PUFAs within a wide range of lipid classes may give insights into the pathophysiology of T2D.
Aim: This thesis aimed mainly to analyse the association of TFAs, OCFAs and n-6 PUFAs with self-reported dietary intake and prospective T2D risk, using seven types of TFAs in plasma phospholipids and deep lipidomics profiling data from fifteen lipid classes.
Methods: A prospective case-cohort study was designed within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study, including all the participants who developed T2D (median follow-up 6.5 years) and a random subsample of the full cohort (subcohort: n=1248; T2D cases: n=820). The main analyses included two lipid profiles. The first was an assessment of seven TFA in plasma phospholipids, with a modified method for analysis of FA with very low abundances. The second lipid profile was derived from a high-throughout lipid profiling technology, which identified 940 distinct molecular species and allowed to quantify OCFAs and PUFAs composition across 15 lipid classes. Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) activity was estimated as 20:4/20:3-ratio. Using multivariable Cox regression models, we examined the associations of TFA subtypes with incident T2D and class-specific associations of OCFA and n-6 PUFAs with T2D risk.
Results: 16:1n-7t, 18:1n-7t, and c9t11-CLA were positively correlated with the intake of fat-rich dairy foods. iTFA 18:1 isomers were positively correlated with margarine. After adjustment for confounders and other TFAs, higher plasma phospholipid concentrations of two rTFAs were associated with a lower incidence of T2D: 18:1n-7t and t10c12-CLA. In contrast, the rTFA c9t11-CLA was associated with a higher incidence of T2D. rTFA 16:1n-7t and iTFAs (18:1n-6t, 18:1n-9t, 18:2n-6,9t) were not statistically significantly associated with T2D risk.
We observed heterogeneous integration of OCFA in different lipid classes, and the contribution of 15:0 versus 17:0 to the total OCFA abundance differed across lipid classes. Consumption of fat-rich dairy and fiber-rich foods were positively and red meat inversely correlated to OCFA abundance in plasma phospholipid classes. In women only, higher abundances of 15:0 in phosphatidylcholines (PC) and diacylglycerols (DG), and 17:0 in PC, lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), and cholesterol esters (CE) were inversely associated with T2D risk. In men and women, a higher abundance of 15:0 in monoacylglycerols (MG) was also inversely associated with T2D. Conversely, a higher 15:0 concentration in LPC and triacylglycerols (TG) was associated with higher T2D risk in men. Women with a higher concentration of 17:0 as free fatty acids (FFA) also had higher T2D incidence.
The integration of n-6 PUFAs in lipid classes was also heterogeneous. 18:2 was highly abundant in phospholipids (particularly PC), CE, and TG; 20:3 represented a small fraction of FA in most lipid classes, and 20:4 accounted for a large proportion of circulating phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE). Higher concentrations of 18:2 were inversely associated with T2D risk, especially within DG, TG, and LPC. However, 18:2 as part of MG was positively associated with T2D risk. Higher concentrations of 20:3 in phospholipids (PC, PE, PI), FFA, CE, and MG were linked to higher T2D incidence. 20:4 was unrelated to risk in most lipid classes, except positive associations were observed for 20:4 enriched in FFA and PE. The estimated D5D activities in PC, PE, PI, LPC, and CE were inversely associated with T2D and explained variance of estimated D5D activity by genomic variation in the FADS locus was only substantial in those lipid classes.
Conclusion: The TFAs' conformation is essential in their relationship to diabetes risk, as indicated by plasma rTFA subtypes concentrations having opposite directions of associations with diabetes risk. Plasma OCFA concentration is linked to T2D risk in a lipid class and sex-specific manner. Plasma n-6 PUFA concentrations are associated differently with T2D incidence depending on the specific FA and the lipid class. Overall, these results highlight the complexity of circulating FAs and their heterogeneous association with T2D risk depending on the specific FA structure, lipid class, and sex. My results extend the evidence of the relationship between diet, lipid metabolism, and subsequent T2D risk. In addition, my work generated several potential new biomarkers of dietary intake and prospective T2D risk.
The central gas in half of all galaxy clusters shows short cooling times. Assuming unimpeded cooling, this should lead to high star formation and mass cooling rates, which are not observed. Instead, it is believed that condensing gas is accreted by the central black hole that powers an active galactic nuclei jet, which heats the cluster. The detailed heating mechanism remains uncertain. A promising mechanism invokes cosmic ray protons that scatter on self-generated magnetic fluctuations, i.e. Alfvén waves. Continuous damping of Alfvén waves provides heat to the intracluster medium. Previous work has found steady state solutions for a large sample of clusters where cooling is balanced by Alfvénic wave heating. To verify modeling assumptions, we set out to study cosmic ray injection in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of jet feedback in an idealized cluster with the moving-mesh code arepo. We analyze the interaction of jet-inflated bubbles with the turbulent magnetized intracluster medium.
Furthermore, jet dynamics and heating are closely linked to the largely unconstrained jet composition. Interactions of electrons with photons of the cosmic microwave background result in observational signatures that depend on the bubble content. Those recent observations provided evidence for underdense bubbles with a relativistic filling while adopting simplifying modeling assumptions for the bubbles. By reproducing the observations with our simulations, we confirm the validity of their modeling assumptions and as such, confirm the important finding of low-(momentum) density jets.
In addition, the velocity and magnetic field structure of the intracluster medium have profound consequences for bubble evolution and heating processes. As velocity and magnetic fields are physically coupled, we demonstrate that numerical simulations can help link and thereby constrain their respective observables. Finally, we implement the currently preferred accretion model, cold accretion, into the moving-mesh code arepo and study feedback by light jets in a radiatively cooling magnetized cluster. While self-regulation is attained independently of accretion model, jet density and feedback efficiencies, we find that in order to reproduce observed cold gas morphology light jets are preferred.
Mitochondria and plastids are organelles with an endosymbiotic origin. During evolution, many genes are lost from the organellar genomes and get integrated in the nuclear genome, in what is known as intracellular/endosymbiotic gene transfer (IGT/EGT). IGT has been reproduced experimentally in Nicotiana tabacum at a gene transfer rate (GTR) of 1 event in 5 million cells, but, despite its centrality to eukaryotic evolution, there are no genetic factors known to influence the frequency of IGT in higher eukaryotes. The focus of this work was to determine the role of different DNA repair pathways of double strand break repair (DSBR) in the integration step of organellar DNA in the nuclear genome during IGT. Here, a CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis strategy was implemented in N. tabacum, with the aim of generating mutants in nuclear genes without expected visible phenotypes. This strategy led to the generation of a collection of independent mutants in the LIG4 (necessary for non-homologous end joining, NHEJ) and POLQ genes (necessary for microhomology mediated end joining, MMEJ). Targeting of other DSBR genes (KU70, KU80, RPA1C) generated mutants with unexpectedly strong developmental phenotypes.. These factors have telomeric roles, hinting towards a possible relationship between telomere length, and strength of developmental disruption upon loss of telomere structure in plants. The mutants were made in a genetic background encoding a plastid-encoded IGT reporter, that confers kanamycin resistance upon transfer to the nucleus. Through large scale independent experiments, increased IGT from the chloroplast to the nucleus was observed in lig4 mutants, as well as lines encoding a POLQ gene with a defective polymerase domain (polqΔPol). This shows that NHEJ or MMEJ have a double-sided relationship with IGT: while transferred genes may integrate using either pathway, the presence of both pathways suppresses IGT in wild-type somatic cells, thus demonstrating for the first time the extent on which nuclear genes control IGT frequency in plants. The IGT frequency increases in the mutants are likely mediated by increased availability of double strand breaks for integration. Additionally, kinetic analysis reveals that gene transfer (GT) events accumulate linearly as a function of time spent under antibiotic selection in the experiment, demonstrating that, contrary to what was previously thought, there is no such thing as a single GTR in somatic IGT experiments. Furthermore, IGT in tissue culture experiments appears to be the result of a "race against the clock" for integration in the nuclear genome, that starts when the organellar DNA arrives to the nucleus granting transient antibiotic resistance. GT events and escapes of kanamycin selection may be two possible outcomes from this race: those instances where the organellar DNA gets to integrate are recovered as GT events, and in those cases where timely integration fails, antibiotic resistance cannot be sustained, and end up considered as escapes. In the mutants, increased opportunities for integration in the nuclear genome change the overall ratio between IGT and escape events. The resources generated here are promising starting points for future research: (1) the mutant collection, for the further study of processes that depend on DNA repair in plants (2) the collection of GT lines obtained from these experiments, for the study of the effect of DSBR pathways over integration patterns and stability of transferred genes and (3) the developed CRISPR/Cas9 workflow for mutant generation, to make N. tabacum meet its potential as an attractive model for answering complex biological questions.
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1) is acknowledged as an important mediator of estrogen signaling. Given the ubiquitous expression of GPER1, it is likely that the receptor plays a role in a variety of malignancies, not only in the classic hormonally regulated tissues (e.g., breast, ovary, and prostate), but also in the colon. As colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women worldwide and environmental factors and dietary habits are important risk factors, it is increasingly recognized that natural and synthetic hormones and their associated receptors might play a role in CRC. Through oral consumption, environmental contaminants with endocrine activity are in contact with the gastrointestinal mucosa, where they might exert their toxic effects. Although GPER1 has been shown to be engaged in physiological and pathophysiological processes, its role in CRC remains poorly understood. Thus, pro- as well as anti-tumorigenic effects are described in the literature. This thesis has uncovered novel roles of GPER1 in mediating major CRC-associated phenotypes in transformed and non-transformed colon cell lines. Exposure to the estrogens 17β-estradiol (E2), bisphenol-A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) but also the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) resulted in GPER1-dependent induction of supernumerary centrosomes, whole chromosomal instability (w-CIN) and aneuploidy. Indeed, both knockdown and inhibition of GPER1 attenuated the generation of (xeno)hormone-driven supernumerary centrosomes and karyotype instability. Mechanistically, (xeno)hormone-induced centrosome amplification was associated with transient multipolar mitosis and the generation of so called anaphase “lagging” chromosomes. The results of this thesis propose a GPER1/PKA/AKAP9-pathway in regulating centrosome numbers in colorectal cancer cells and the involvement of the centriolar protein centrin. Remarkably, exposure to (xeno)hormones resulted in atypical enlargement and unexpected phosphorylation of the centriole marker centrin in interphase. These findings provide a novel role for GPER1 in key CRC-prone lesions and shed light on underlying mechanisms that involve GPER1 function in the colon. Elucidating to what extent centrosomal proteins are involved in the GPER1-mediated aneugenic effect will be an important task for future studies. The present study was intended to lay a first foundation to understand the molecular basis and potential risk factors of CRC which might help to reduce the use of laboratory animals. Since numerous animal experiments are conducted in biomedical research, the development of alternative methods is indispensable. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) as the German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) addresses this issue by uncovering underlying mechanisms leading to colorectal cancer as necessary prerequisite in order to develop alternative methods.
This book offers a comprehensive, multidisciplinary introduction to theme parks and the field of theme park studies. It identifies and discusses relevant economic, social, and cultural as well as medial, historical, and geographical aspects of theme parks worldwide, from the big international theme park chains to smaller, regional, family-operated parks. The book also describes the theories and methods that have been used to study theme parks in various academic disciplines and reviews the major contexts in which theme parks have been studied. By providing the necessary backgrounds, theories, and methods to analyze and understand theme parks both as a business field and as a socio-cultural phenomenon, this book will be a great resource to students, academics from all disciplines interested in theme parks, and professionals and policy-makers in the leisure and entertainment as well as the urban planning sector.
The Tetrarchy as Ideology
(2023)
The 'Tetrarchy', the modern name assigned to the period of Roman history that started with the emperor Diocletian and ended with Constantine I, has been a much-studied and much-debated field of the Roman Empire. Debate, however, has focused primarily on whether it was a true 'system' of government, or rather a collection of ad-hoc measures undertaken to stabilise the empire after the troubled period of the 3rd century CE. The papers collected here aim to go beyond this question and to present an innovative approach to a fascinating period of Roman history by understanding the Tetrarchy not as a system of government, but primarily as a political language. Their focus thus lies on the language and ideology of the imperial college and court, on the performance of power in imperial ceremonies, the representation of the emperors and their enemies in the provinces of the Roman world, as well as on the afterlife of Tetrarchic power in the Constantinian period.
Photosynthesis converts light into metabolic energy which fuels plant growth. In nature, many factors influence light availability for photosynthesis on different time scales, from shading by leaves within seconds up to seasonal changes over months. Variability of light energy supply for photosynthesis can limit a plant´s biomass accumulation. Plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with strongly fluctuation light (FL). These range from long-term optimization of leaf morphology and physiology and levels of pigments and proteins in a process called light acclimation, to rapid changes in protein activity within seconds. Therefore, uncovering how plants deal with FL on different time scales may provide key ideas for improving crop yield. Photosynthesis is not an isolated process but tightly integrates with metabolism through mutual regulatory interactions. We thus require mechanistic understanding of how long-term light acclimation shapes both, dynamic photosynthesis and its interactions with downstream metabolism. To approach this, we analyzed the influence of growth light on i) the function of known rapid photosynthesis regulators KEA3 and VCCN1 in dynamic photosynthesis (Chapter 2-3) and ii) the interconnection of photosynthesis with photorespiration (PR; Chapter 4).
We approached topic (i) by quantifying the effect of different growth light regimes on photosynthesis and photoprotection by using kea3 and vccn1 mutants. Firstly, we found that, besides photosynthetic capacity, the activities of VCCN1 and KEA3 during a sudden high light phase also correlated with growth light intensity. This finding suggests regulation of both proteins by the capacity of downstream metabolism. Secondly, we showed that KEA3 accelerated photoprotective non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) kinetics in two ways: Directly via downregulating the lumen proton concentration and thereby de-activating pH-dependent NPQ, and indirectly via suppressing accumulation of the photoprotective pigment zeaxanthin.
For topic (ii), we analyzed the role of PR, a process which recycles a toxic byproduct of the carbon fixation reactions, in metabolic flexibility in a dynamically changing light environment. For this we employed the mutants hpr1 and ggt1 with a partial block in PR. We characterized the function of PR during light acclimation by tracking molecular and physiological changes of the two mutants. Our data, in contrast to previous reports, disprove a generally stronger physiological relevance of PR under dynamic light conditions. Additionally, the two different mutants showed pronounced and distinct metabolic changes during acclimation to a condition inducing higher photosynthetic activity. This underlines that PR cannot be regarded purely as a cyclic detoxification pathway for 2PG. Instead, PR is highly interconnected with plant metabolism, with GGT1 and HPR1 representing distinct metabolic modulators.
In summary, the presented work provides further insight into how energetic and metabolic flexibility is ensured by short-term regulators and PR during long-term light acclimation.
Background: The characteristics of osteoporosis are decreased bone mass and destruction towards the microarchitecture of bone tissue, which raises the risk of fracture. Psychosocialstress and osteoporosis are linked by sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and other endocrine factors. Psychosocial stress causes a series of effects on the organism, and this long-term depletion at the cellular level is considered to be mitochondrial allostatic load, including mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the mitochondrial allostatic load process and may as biomarkers in this setting. As critical participants during cell-to-cell communications, EVs serve as transport vehicles for nucleic acid and proteins, alter the phenotypic and functional characteristics of their target cells, and promote cell-to-cell contact. And hence, they play a significant role in the diagnosis and therapy of many diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Aim: This narrative review attempts to outline the features of EVs, investigate their involvement in both psychosocial stress and osteoporosis, and analyze if EVs can be potential mediators between both.
Methods: The online database from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched for keywords related to the main topic of this study, and the availability of all the selected studies was verified. Afterward, the findings from the articles were summarized and synthesized.
Results: Psychosocial stress affects bone remodeling through increased neurotransmitters such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines, as well as increased glucose metabolism. Furthermore, psychosocial stress leads to mitochondrial allostatic load, including oxidative stress, which may affect bone remodeling. In vitro and in vivo data suggest EVs might involve in the link between psychosocial stress and bone remodeling through the transfer of bioactive substances and thus be a potential mediator of psychosocial stress leading to osteoporosis.
Conclusions: According to the included studies, psychosocial stress affects bone remodeling, leading to osteoporosis. By summarizing the specific properties of EVs and the function of EVs in both psychosocial stress and osteoporosis, respectively, it has been demonstrated that EVs are possible mediators of both, and have the prospects to be useful in innovative research areas.
The light reactions of photosynthesis are carried out by a series of multiprotein complexes embedded in thylakoid membranes. Among them, photosystem I (PSI), acting as plastocyanin-ferderoxin oxidoreductase, catalyzes the final reaction. Together with light-harvesting antenna I, PSI forms a high-molecular-weight supercomplex of ~600 kDa, consisting of eighteen subunits and nearly two hundred co-factors. Assembly of the various components into a functional thylakoid membrane complex requires precise coordination, which is provided by the assembly machinery. Although this includes a small number of proteins (PSI assembly factors) that have been shown to play a role in the formation of PSI, the process as a whole, as well as the intricacy of its members, remains largely unexplored.
In the present work, two approaches were used to find candidate PSI assembly factors. First, EnsembleNet was used to select proteins thought to be functionally related to known PSI assembly factors in Arabidopsis thaliana (approach I), and second, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of tagged PSI assembly factors in Nicotiana tabacum was performed (approach II).
Here, the novel PSI assembly factors designated CO-EXPRESSED WITH PSI ASSEMBLY 1 (CEPA1) and Ycf4-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (Y4IP1) were identified. A. thaliana null mutants for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 showed a growth phenotype and pale leaves compared with the wild type. Biophysical experiments using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) revealed insufficient electron transport on the PSII acceptor side. Biochemical analyses revealed that both CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are specifically involved in PSI accumulation in A. thaliana at the post-translational level but are not essential. Consistent with their roles as factors in the assembly of a thylakoid membrane protein complex, the two proteins localize to thylakoid membranes. Remarkably, cepa1 y4ip1 double mutants exhibited lethal phenotypes in early developmental stages under photoautotrophic growth. Finally, co-IP and native gel experiments supported a possible role for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 in mediating PSI assembly in conjunction with other PSI assembly factors (e.g., PPD1- and PSA3-CEPA1 and Ycf4-Y4IP1). The fact that CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are found exclusively in green algae and higher plants suggests eukaryote-specific functions. Although the specific mechanisms need further investigation, CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are two novel assembly factors that contribute to PSI formation.