Refine
Year of publication
- 2022 (130) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (99)
- Doctoral Thesis (19)
- Postprint (9)
- Monograph/Edited Volume (2)
- Review (1)
Language
- English (130) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (130)
Keywords
- permafrost (5)
- climate change (4)
- machine learning (3)
- ocean color remote sensing (3)
- Andes (2)
- Arctic ocean (2)
- Argentina (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- ERA5 (2)
- GEDI (2)
- ICESat-2 (2)
- Landsat (2)
- Magnetotellurics (2)
- Opalinus Clay (2)
- Opalinuston (2)
- PHREEQC (2)
- Sentinel 2 (2)
- Vertical flux (2)
- analysis (2)
- bat fatalities (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- canopy height (2)
- diffusion (2)
- floods (2)
- food web (2)
- geodynamics (2)
- green-green dilemma (2)
- hydraulic fracturing (2)
- lidar (2)
- modelling (2)
- monitoring (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- numerical modelling (2)
- numerische Modellierung (2)
- radiation belts (2)
- reactive transport (2)
- reaktiver Transport (2)
- renewable energy (2)
- savanna (2)
- subduction (2)
- surface processes (2)
- suspended sediment (2)
- wind energy production (2)
- 2D Numerical Modelling (1)
- ASPECT (1)
- Active tectonics (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Alexander von Humboldt (1)
- Analog historical seismograms (1)
- Andean back-arc; (1)
- Anden (1)
- Arctic (1)
- Arctic Ocean (1)
- Arctic lakes (1)
- Arctic nearhore zone (1)
- Argentinien (1)
- Asia (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- Baryt (1)
- Bayesian inference (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Best management practice (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Blattverschiebung (1)
- Bocono (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Bruchausbreitung (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- CMIP6 (1)
- CO2 emissions (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Central Andes (1)
- Chain structure (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Chilean Coastal Cordillera (1)
- Climate (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Cluster analysis moment (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Conductive channel (1)
- Continental Rifts (1)
- Cost-benefit (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DOC (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Data-Mining (1)
- Deep carbon cycle (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformationsmechanismen (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- EMIC waves (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Earthquake loss modelling (1)
- Earthquake scenario (1)
- Earthquake source observations (1)
- Earthquake swarm (1)
- Eastern Alps (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Egypt (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Endlagerung nuklearer Abfälle (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Epistemic uncertainty (1)
- Erdbeben (1)
- Erosion (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Etna (1)
- European Alps (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extremereignisse (1)
- Faceted taxonomy (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- FastScape (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid/magma reservoir (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Formationsschaden (1)
- Fourier analysis (1)
- Functional connectivity (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gashydrate (1)
- Generalized Extreme Value distribution (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Geochronology (1)
- Geodynamic Modelling (1)
- Geodynamics (1)
- Geodynamik (1)
- Geodynamische Modellierung (1)
- Geomorphic systems (1)
- Geothermie (1)
- Germany (1)
- Gewässerfernerkundung (1)
- Global inversion (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Gorkha earthquake (1)
- Grabenbrüche (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Graph theory (1)
- Greek Islands (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Grundgestein (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Himalaya (1)
- Hochwasserrisiko (1)
- Homo sapiens (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Horizontal flux (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Iceland (1)
- Image processing (1)
- India (1)
- Indian monsoon (1)
- Indian summer monsoon (1)
- Induzierte Seismizität (1)
- Injektion (1)
- Injektionsschema (1)
- Intermediate-deep earthquakes (1)
- International policy (1)
- Isotopenfraktionierung (1)
- Joint Inversion (1)
- Kenya Rift (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- L-moments estimation (1)
- LP (1)
- Lacustrine sediment (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslides (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Limnology (1)
- Lithosphäre (1)
- Lokalisierung von Deformation (1)
- Low impact development (1)
- Lu-Hf (1)
- Magma-Entgasung (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Merida Andes (1)
- Methane (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Mikroplatte (1)
- Mikrostrukturelle (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modellierung der Wassertrübung (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NSGA-II (1)
- Nd isotopic composition (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Neotektonik (1)
- Nepal (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (1)
- Numerische 2D Modellierung (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- Oberflächenprozesse (1)
- Ohre Rift (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orinoco River system (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2, PM1 (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- Palaeoclimate (1)
- Paleoseismologie (1)
- Paläoklimatologie (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Permafrostsedimente (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Precipitation (1)
- Probabilistic exposure modelling (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Raman-Spektroskopie (1)
- Reaktivierung von Störungszonen (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rift (1)
- Risstransmissivität (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- SIMS (1)
- Salzgestein (1)
- Sava River (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Schadensmodellierung (1)
- Schallemissionen (1)
- Scheme (1)
- Sediment characterization (1)
- Sediment reuse (1)
- Seesystemreaktionen (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic nest (1)
- Seismic noise (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismicity and tectonics (1)
- Semiarid (1)
- Sensitivity analysis (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Soil (1)
- Sorption (1)
- Spannungsmessung (1)
- Spatially cross-correlated ground motion (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- StorAge Selection function (1)
- Storm water management model (1)
- Strain Localisation (1)
- Strike-slip faults (1)
- Strukturgeologie (1)
- Subduktion (1)
- Surface (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tauern Window; (1)
- Thick-skinned tectonics (1)
- Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Time-series analysis (1)
- Torsion Experiments (1)
- Torsionsexperimente (1)
- Tropical lake (1)
- Trujillo Block (1)
- Uran (1)
- VLP (1)
- VT events and tremor (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wasser-Gesteins-Wechselwirkungen (1)
- Waveform inversion (1)
- Windböen (1)
- Winderosion (1)
- Wirtsgesteinsskala (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yedoma (1)
- Zentral Asien (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- air pollution (1)
- ambient noise (1)
- anaerobe Inkubationensexperimente (1)
- anaerobic incubation experiments (1)
- andean geology (1)
- apatite geochemistry and U-Pb dating (1)
- aquatic carbon cycle (1)
- arctic (1)
- arktischer Nahküstenbereich (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial diversity (1)
- bacterial-community structure (1)
- barite (1)
- basement rock (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- biogeography (1)
- black carbon (1)
- body waves (1)
- bond strength (1)
- carbon cycle (1)
- catchment (1)
- catchment nitrate export (1)
- catchment response (1)
- change (1)
- characteristics (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- city district (1)
- clay (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climat change (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change adaptation (1)
- climate gradient (1)
- climate modeling (1)
- climate time series analysis (1)
- climate transition (1)
- computational geosciences (1)
- conflict (1)
- covalency (1)
- crustal structure (1)
- damage modelling (1)
- data-mining (1)
- deep biosphere (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deformation (1)
- degradation (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- deposition (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deterministic (1)
- diamond anvil cell (1)
- dichtegetriebene Strömung (1)
- digital elevation models (1)
- directivity analysis (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- discharge time series (1)
- earth system sciences (1)
- earthquake (1)
- earthquake damage (1)
- earthquake hydrology (1)
- earthquakes (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- emergency management (1)
- empirical (1)
- enhanced geothermal system (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmentalism (1)
- erosion (1)
- eruption (1)
- event characteristics (1)
- expedition (1)
- extensional tectonics (1)
- extreme events (1)
- extreme seasons (1)
- fault network (1)
- fault reactivation (1)
- faults (1)
- fields (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood risk (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- flux (1)
- forecasting (1)
- forecasting (1922, 4315, 7924, 7964) (1)
- formation damage (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- fracture transmissivity (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- gas flux (1)
- gas hydrate (1)
- gas hydrates (1)
- generative model (1)
- geochronology (1)
- geogenic degassing (1)
- geoinformatics (1)
- geomodeling (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geostatistics (1)
- geothermal energy (1)
- geyser (1)
- grain size (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- ground motion modeling (1)
- habitat (1)
- heavy tail behavior (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high-pressure (1)
- historical geography (1)
- hominid (1)
- horizontaler Fluss (1)
- host rock scale (1)
- human evolution (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydraulische Risserzeugung (1)
- hydraulisches Aufbrechen (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- ice complex (1)
- imaging (1)
- impact (1)
- incommensurate modulation (1)
- induced seismicity (1)
- injection (1)
- injection scheme (1)
- intercultural understanding (1)
- interdisciplinarity (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- ionic liquids (1)
- iron (1)
- isotopic fractionation (1)
- knickpoints (1)
- lake system responses (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- level (1)
- lithosphere (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- machine learning (0555) (1)
- magma degassing (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- mapping (1)
- maschinelles Lernen (1)
- mathematical geology (1)
- mesoscale heterogeneous catchment (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- methane (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microplate (1)
- microstructural deformation mechanisms (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- mining sciences (1)
- model (1)
- modeling; (1)
- molecular biomarkers (1)
- molekulare Biomarker (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- multiperspective reception of AvH (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- near-surface monitoring (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- normal faults (1)
- nuclear waste disposal (1)
- numerical simulation (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- offene Daten (1)
- online (1)
- open data (1)
- organic carbon stabilization (1)
- organic matter (1)
- organisches Material (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleoseismology (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- permafost (1)
- permafrost sediments (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- petrothermales System (EGS) (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plasma density (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- pollen (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation (1)
- provenance (1)
- quartäre Geochronologie (1)
- radial flow (1)
- radiale Strömung (1)
- radiocarbon (1)
- radiocarbon dating (1)
- reactive transport simulation (1)
- reaktive Transportsimulation (1)
- redox processes (1)
- reduction (1)
- regional flood frequency analysis (1)
- relaxation (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reservoirs (1)
- rheology (1)
- rift (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rifts (1)
- risk management (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river incision (1)
- rotational sensor (1)
- russische Arktis (1)
- salt rock (1)
- sediment (1)
- sediment dynamics (1)
- sediment routing system (1)
- seismic monitoring (1)
- seismic tomography (1)
- seismicity (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- sensitivity (1)
- slope aspect (1)
- soil formation (1)
- sorption (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- spin (1)
- stabile Isotope (1)
- stable carbon isotopes (1)
- stable isotopes (1)
- statistics (1)
- steric factors (1)
- stress measurement (1)
- strike-slip (1)
- subcatchment response (1)
- subduction zone (1)
- submarine gas vents (1)
- subsurface life (1)
- sulfate reduction (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface wave (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- tensor inversion (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- thaw (1)
- thermodynamic and kinetic properties (1)
- thermodynamische und kinetische Eigenschaften (1)
- thermokarst (1)
- thermokarst lakes (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- tourmaline (1)
- transition (1)
- travel time distribution (1)
- triaxial deformation experiments (1)
- triaxiale Deformationsexperimente (1)
- turbidity modelling (1)
- twin domains (1)
- ultra-relativistic electrons (1)
- uranium (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- varved lake sediments (1)
- verbesserte geothermische Systeme (1)
- vertikaler Fluss (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- volcanoseismology (1)
- warvierte Seesedimente (1)
- water quality (1)
- water rock interactions (1)
- wetland (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind gusts (1)
- winderosion (1)
- yedoma (1)
- yedoma ice complex (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (130) (remove)
The origin of the First Bend of the Yangtze River is key to understanding the birth of the modern Yangtze River. Despite considerable efforts, the timing and mechanism of formation of the First Bend remain highly debated. Inverse river-profile modeling of three tributaries (Chongjiang, Lima, and Gudu) of the Jinsha River, integrated with regional tectonic and geomorphic interpretations, allows the onset of incision at the First Bend to be constrained to 28-20 Ma. The spatio-temporal coincidence of initial river incision and activity of Yulong Thrust Belt in southeastern Tibet highlights thrusting to be fundamental in reshaping the pre-existing stream network at the First Bend. These results enable us to reinterpret a change in sedimentary environment from a braided river to a swamp-like lake in the Jianchuan Basin south of the First Bend, recording the destruction of the hypothesized southwards-flowing paleo-Jinsha and Shuiluo Rivers at ~36-35 Ma by magmatism. During the late Oligoceneearly Miocene, the paleo-Shuiluo River was diverted to the north by focused rock uplift due to thrusting along the Yulong Thrust Belt, which also led to exhumation of the Jianchuan Basin. Diversion of the paleo-Shuiluo River can be explained by capture from a downstream river in the footwall of the Yulong Thrust Belt. Subsequent rapid headward erosion, that was caused by thrusting-induced drop of local base level, is recorded by upstream younging ages for the onset of incision and led to the formation of the First Bend. The combination of new ages for the onset of incision at 28-20 Ma at the First Bend and younger ages upstream indicates northwards expansion of the Jinsha River at a rate of 62 +/- 18 mm/yr. Our results suggest that the origin of the First Bend was likely triggered by thrusting at 28-20 Ma, after which the Yangtze River formed.
Ground motion with strong-velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering.
However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood.
In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (M-w 6-7) and characterize ground- motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static-offset effects.
We confirm that the within-event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike-slip-like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the freq uency-wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike-slip earthquakes.
We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations.
Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect.
We finally quantify and discuss within- and between-event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.
Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication.
It is widely recognized that collisional mountain belt topography is generated by crustal thickening and lowered by river bedrock erosion, linking climate and tectonics(1-4). However, whether surface processes or lithospheric strength control mountain belt height, shape and longevity remains uncertain. Additionally, how to reconcile high erosion rates in some active orogens with long-term survival of mountain belts for hundreds of millions of years remains enigmatic. Here we investigate mountain belt growth and decay using a new coupled surface process(5,6) and mantle-scale tectonic model(7). End-member models and the new non-dimensional Beaumont number, Bm, quantify how surface processes and tectonics control the topographic evolution of mountain belts, and enable the definition of three end-member types of growing orogens: type 1, non-steady state, strength controlled (Bm > 0.5); type 2, flux steady state(8), strength controlled (Bm approximate to 0.4-0.5); and type 3, flux steady state, erosion controlled (Bm < 0.4). Our results indicate that tectonics dominate in Himalaya-Tibet and the Central Andes (both type 1), efficient surface processes balance high convergence rates in Taiwan (probably type 2) and surface processes dominate in the Southern Alps of New Zealand (type 3). Orogenic decay is determined by erosional efficiency and can be subdivided into two phases with variable isostatic rebound characteristics and associated timescales. The results presented here provide a unified framework explaining how surface processes and lithospheric strength control the height, shape, and longevity of mountain belts.
Understanding the key factors influencing the water quality of large river systems forms an important basis for the assessment and protection of cross-regional ecosystems and the implementation of adapted water management concepts. However, identifying these factors requires in-depth comprehension of the unique environmental systems, which can only be achieved by detailed water quality monitoring.
Within the scope of the joint science and sports event "Elbschwimmstaffel" (swimming relay on the river Elbe) in June/July 2017 organized by the German Ministry of Education and Research, water quality data were acquired along a 550 km long stretch of the Elbe River in Germany. During the survey, eight physiochemical water quality parameters were recorded in high spatial and temporal resolution with the BIOFISH multisensor system. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to identify and delineate processes influencing the water quality.
The BIOFISH dataset revealed that phytoplankton activity has a major impact on the water quality of the Elbe River in the summer months. The results suggest that phytoplankton biomass constitutes a substantial proportion of the suspended particles and that photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton is closely related to significant temporal changes in pH and oxygen saturation.
An evaluation of the BIOFISH data based on the combination of statistical analysis with weather and discharge data shows that the hydrological and meteorological history of the sampled water body was the main driver of phytoplankton dynamics. This study demonstrates the capacity of longitudinal river surveys with the BIOFISH or similar systems for water quality assessment, the identification of pollution sources and their utilization for online in situ monitoring of rivers.
On 7 January 2020, an M-w 6.4 earthquake occurred in the northeastern Caribbean, a few kilometers offshore of the island of Puerto Rico. It was the mainshock of a complex seismic sequence, characterized by a large number of energetic earthquakes illuminating an east-west elongated area along the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico. Deformation fields constrained by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Navigation Satellite System data indicate that the coseismic movements affected only the western part of the island. To assess the mainshock's source fault parameters, we combined the geodetically derived coseismic deformation with teleseismic waveforms using Bayesian inference. The results indicate a roughly east-west oriented fault, dipping northward and accommodating similar to 1.4 m of transtensional motion. Besides, the determined location and orientation parameters suggest an offshore continuation of the recently mapped North Boqueron Bay-Punta Montalva fault in southwest Puerto Rico. This highlights the existence of unmapped faults with moderate-to-large earthquake potential within the Puerto Rico region.
The SiDroForest (Siberian drone-mapped forest inventory) data collection is an attempt to remedy the scarcity of forest structure data in the circumboreal region by providing adjusted and labeled tree-level and vegetation plot-level data for machine learning and upscaling purposes. We present datasets of vegetation composition and tree and plot level forest structure for two important vegetation transition zones in Siberia, Russia; the summergreen-evergreen transition zone in Central Yakutia and the tundra-taiga transition zone in Chukotka (NE Siberia). The SiDroForest data collection consists of four datasets that contain different complementary data types that together support in-depth analyses from different perspectives of Siberian Forest plot data for multi-purpose applications. i. Dataset 1 provides unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne data products covering the vegetation plots surveyed during fieldwork (Kruse et al., 2021, ). The dataset includes structure-from-motion (SfM) point clouds and red-green-blue (RGB) and red-green-near-infrared (RGN) orthomosaics. From the orthomosaics, point-cloud products were created such as the digital elevation model (DEM), canopy height model (CHM), digital surface model (DSM) and the digital terrain model (DTM). The point-cloud products provide information on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the forest at each plot. Dataset 2 contains spatial data in the form of point and polygon shapefiles of 872 individually labeled trees and shrubs that were recorded during fieldwork at the same vegetation plots (van Geffen et al., 2021c, ). The dataset contains information on tree height, crown diameter, and species type. These tree and shrub individually labeled point and polygon shapefiles were generated on top of the RGB UVA orthoimages. The individual tree information collected during the expedition such as tree height, crown diameter, and vitality are provided in table format. This dataset can be used to link individual information on trees to the location of the specific tree in the SfM point clouds, providing for example, opportunity to validate the extracted tree height from the first dataset. The dataset provides unique insights into the current state of individual trees and shrubs and allows for monitoring the effects of climate change on these individuals in the future. Dataset 3 contains a synthesis of 10 000 generated images and masks that have the tree crowns of two species of larch ( and ) automatically extracted from the RGB UAV images in the common objects in context (COCO) format (van Geffen et al., 2021a, ). As machine-learning algorithms need a large dataset to train on, the synthetic dataset was specifically created to be used for machine-learning algorithms to detect Siberian larch species. Larix gmeliniiLarix cajanderiDataset 4 contains Sentinel-2 (S-2) Level-2 bottom-of-atmosphere processed labeled image patches with seasonal information and annotated vegetation categories covering the vegetation plots (van Geffen et al., 2021b, ). The dataset is created with the aim of providing a small ready-to-use validation and training dataset to be used in various vegetation-related machine-learning tasks. It enhances the data collection as it allows classification of a larger area with the provided vegetation classes. The SiDroForest data collection serves a variety of user communities. <br /> The detailed vegetation cover and structure information in the first two datasets are of use for ecological applications, on one hand for summergreen and evergreen needle-leaf forests and also for tundra-taiga ecotones. Datasets 1 and 2 further support the generation and validation of land cover remote-sensing products in radar and optical remote sensing. In addition to providing information on forest structure and vegetation composition of the vegetation plots, the third and fourth datasets are prepared as training and validation data for machine-learning purposes. For example, the synthetic tree-crown dataset is generated from the raw UAV images and optimized to be used in neural networks. Furthermore, the fourth SiDroForest dataset contains S-2 labeled image patches processed to a high standard that provide training data on vegetation class categories for machine-learning classification with JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) labels provided. The SiDroForest data collection adds unique insights into remote hard-to-reach circumboreal forest regions.
The Altiplano-Puna plateau, in Central Andes, is the second-largest continental plateau on Earth, extending between 22 degrees and 27 degrees S at an average altitude of 4400 m. The Puna plateau has been formed in consequence of the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the continental South American plate, which has an average crustal thickness of 50 km at this location. A large seismicity cluster, the Jujuy cluster, is observed at depth of 150-250 km beneath the central region of the Puna plateau. The cluster is seismically very active, with hundreds of earthquakes reported and a peak magnitude MW 6.6 on 25th August 2006. The cluster is situated in one of three band of intermediate-depth focus seismicity, which extend parallel to the trench roughly North to South. It has been hypothesized that the Jujuy cluster could be a seismic nest, a compact seismogenic region characterized by a high stationary activity relative to its surroundings. In this study, we collected more than 40 years of data from different catalogs and proof that the cluster meets the three conditions of a seismic nest. Compared to other known intermediate depth nests at Hindu Kush (Afganisthan) or Bucaramanga (Colombia), the Jujuy nest presents an outstanding seismicity rate, with more than 100 M4+ earthquakes per year. We additionally performed a detailed analysis of the rupture process of some of the largest earthquakes in the nest, by means of moment tensor inversion and directivity analysis. We focused on the time period 2017-2018, where the seismic monitoring was the most extended. Our results show that earthquakes in the nest take place within the eastward subducting oceanic plate, but rupture along sub-horizontal planes dipping westward. We suggest that seismicity at Jujuy nest is controlled by dehydration processes, which are also responsible for the generation of fluids ascending to the crust beneath the Puna volcanic region. We use the rupture plane and nest geometry to provide a constraint to maximal expected magnitude, which we estimate as MW -6.7.
The main Marmara fault (MMF) extends for 150 km through the Sea of Marmara and forms the only portion of the North Anatolian fault zone that has not ruptured in a large event (Mw >7) for the last 250 yr. Accordingly, this portion is potentially a major source contributing to the seismic hazard of the Istanbul region. On 26 September 2019, a sequence of moderate-sized events started along the MMF only 20 km south of Istanbul and were widely felt by the population. The largest three events, 26 September Mw 5.8 (10:59 UTC), 26 September 2019 Mw 4.1 (11:26 UTC), and 20 January 2020 Mw 4.7 were recorded by numerous strong-motion seismic stations and the resulting ground motions were compared to the predicted means resulting from a set of the most recent ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The estimated residuals were used to investigate the spatial variation of ground motion across the Marmara region. Our results show a strong azimuthal trend in ground-motion residuals, which might indicate systematically repeating directivity effects toward the eastern Marmara region.