Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (2692)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (2692) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (2692) (remove)
Keywords
- Holocene (35)
- climate change (27)
- erosion (18)
- Earthquake source observations (17)
- Himalaya (17)
- Pollen (17)
- Climate change (16)
- Tibetan Plateau (16)
- Seismicity and tectonics (14)
- permafrost (14)
- Site effects (11)
- Time-series analysis (11)
- Chile (10)
- Climate (10)
- climate (10)
- Arctic (9)
- Body waves (9)
- Central Asia (9)
- Germany (9)
- Siberia (9)
- Wave propagation (9)
- Erosion (8)
- Europe (8)
- Ostracoda (8)
- Paleoclimate (8)
- Pamir (8)
- cosmogenic nuclides (8)
- landslides (8)
- Diatoms (7)
- Geochronology (7)
- Himalayas (7)
- Inverse theory (7)
- Palaeoclimate (7)
- Quaternary (7)
- Water quality (7)
- earthquake (7)
- exhumation (7)
- induced seismicity (7)
- landscape evolution (7)
- landslide (7)
- modelling (7)
- precipitation (7)
- remote sensing (7)
- stable isotopes (7)
- Andes (6)
- Central Andes (6)
- China (6)
- Ecosystem services (6)
- Geochemistry (6)
- Iran (6)
- Lake sediments (6)
- Land use change (6)
- PHREEQC (6)
- Permafrost (6)
- Principal component analysis (6)
- Theoretical seismology (6)
- deep biosphere (6)
- reactive transport (6)
- subduction (6)
- tectonics (6)
- African Humid Period (5)
- Asia (5)
- Crustal structure (5)
- Earthquake (5)
- Earthquake hazards (5)
- Flood risk (5)
- Groundwater (5)
- InSAR (5)
- Indian summer monsoon (5)
- Landslides (5)
- Last Glacial Maximum (5)
- Late Pleistocene (5)
- Magnetostratigraphy (5)
- Monsoon (5)
- Palaeolimnology (5)
- Paleolimnology (5)
- Precipitation (5)
- Pyrenees (5)
- Remote sensing (5)
- Seismic tomography (5)
- Soil moisture (5)
- South America (5)
- Strontium isotope stratigraphy (5)
- Subduction zone processes (5)
- Throughfall (5)
- Topography (5)
- Turkey (5)
- Uncertainty (5)
- Wind erosion (5)
- Younger Dryas (5)
- connectivity (5)
- flood risk (5)
- floods (5)
- geochronology (5)
- grain size (5)
- melt inclusions (5)
- modeling (5)
- monsoon (5)
- numerical modeling (5)
- paleoclimate (5)
- pollen (5)
- subduction zone (5)
- thermochronology (5)
- time series analysis (5)
- Biostratigraphy (4)
- Brazil (4)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (4)
- East Africa (4)
- East African Rift System (4)
- Eclogite (4)
- Electrical conductivity (4)
- Flood (4)
- GPS (4)
- Geostatistics (4)
- Ground-penetrating radar (4)
- India-Asia collision (4)
- Indian Summer Monsoon (4)
- Induced seismicity (4)
- Inversion (4)
- Lakes (4)
- Land use (4)
- Landslide (4)
- Late Holocene (4)
- LiDAR (4)
- Lonar Lake (4)
- MATLAB (4)
- Maule earthquake (4)
- Mekong Delta (4)
- NW Argentina (4)
- Neo-Tethys (4)
- Oman (4)
- Palynology (4)
- Seismic attenuation (4)
- Seismic noise (4)
- Structural geology (4)
- TRMM (4)
- Temperature (4)
- Thermochronology (4)
- Thermokarst (4)
- Transfer function (4)
- Tropical forest (4)
- Tso Moriri Lake (4)
- WA-PLS (4)
- biodiversity (4)
- evapotranspiration (4)
- hydrology (4)
- isotopes (4)
- magnetostratigraphy (4)
- model (4)
- natural hazards (4)
- palaeoecology (4)
- partial melting (4)
- runoff (4)
- soil erosion (4)
- suspended sediment (4)
- trend analysis (4)
- uplift (4)
- water quality (4)
- wetland (4)
- Adaptation (3)
- Alaska (3)
- Alborz Mountains (3)
- Aleatory variability (3)
- Algeria (3)
- Anatolia (3)
- Array seismology (3)
- Asian monsoon (3)
- Benzene (3)
- Beringia (3)
- Biomarkers (3)
- Biosilicification (3)
- Bolboschoenus maritimus (3)
- Cenozoic (3)
- Chironomids (3)
- Climate variability (3)
- Complex networks (3)
- Computational seismology (3)
- Connectivity (3)
- Controlled source seismology (3)
- Deformation (3)
- Early warning (3)
- Earthquake dynamics (3)
- Earthquake ground motions (3)
- Earthworms (3)
- Ebro basin (3)
- Edough (3)
- Electromagnetics (3)
- Eocene (3)
- Event synchronization (3)
- Extreme rainfall (3)
- Fluid-rock interaction (3)
- Fluorescence imaging (3)
- Fourier analysis (3)
- Geomorphology (3)
- Geothermobarometry (3)
- Glaciation (3)
- Ground penetrating radar (3)
- Ground-motion prediction equation (3)
- Human impact (3)
- Interferometry (3)
- Ionic liquids (3)
- Ionosphere (3)
- Italy (3)
- Kamchatka (3)
- Kenya Rift (3)
- KiK-net (3)
- Kyrgyzstan (3)
- Lake Van (3)
- Lake sediment (3)
- Landsat (3)
- MTBE (3)
- Marine terraces (3)
- Mediterranean (3)
- Menderes Massif (3)
- Metamorphism (3)
- Methane (3)
- Monitoring (3)
- Multifunctionality (3)
- Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (3)
- Neogene (3)
- Neotethys (3)
- Nepal (3)
- New Zealand (3)
- Northeast German Basin (3)
- Northern Andes (3)
- Overland flow (3)
- Pacific Ocean (3)
- Paleoclimatology (3)
- Paleogene (3)
- Paleoseismology (3)
- Pleistocene (3)
- Raman spectroscopy (3)
- Rhizosphere (3)
- Russia (3)
- SWAT (3)
- Sediment budget (3)
- Sediment connectivity (3)
- Sediment load (3)
- Seismic cycle (3)
- Seismicity (3)
- Sentinel-1 (3)
- Shallow-water carbonates (3)
- Soil (3)
- Soil hydrology (3)
- South American Monsoon (3)
- Stable isotopes (3)
- Statistical methods (3)
- Statistical seismology (3)
- Subduction (3)
- Surface waves and free oscillations (3)
- Suspended sediment (3)
- Tarim Basin (3)
- Tectonics (3)
- Tephrostratigraphy (3)
- TerraceM (3)
- Tian Shan (3)
- Time series analysis (3)
- Triassic (3)
- Variscan (3)
- Volcano seismology (3)
- Water depth (3)
- Weathering (3)
- Westerlies (3)
- XRD (3)
- XRF (3)
- adaptation (3)
- agriculture (3)
- analysis (3)
- biostratigraphy (3)
- body waves (3)
- carbon cycle (3)
- change detection (3)
- climate change adaptation (3)
- coastal erosion (3)
- convection (3)
- damage (3)
- deposition (3)
- diatoms (3)
- dust (3)
- early warning (3)
- evaporites (3)
- extension (3)
- floodplain (3)
- fluid inclusions (3)
- geochemistry (3)
- geomorphology (3)
- geomorphometry (3)
- glacier (3)
- governance (3)
- heterogeneity (3)
- human impact (3)
- hydropower (3)
- imaging spectroscopy (3)
- lake sediments (3)
- lakes (3)
- late Holocene (3)
- machine learning (3)
- models (3)
- nitrogen (3)
- numerical simulations (3)
- olivine (3)
- organic matter (3)
- pH (3)
- paleoaltimetry (3)
- paleomagnetism (3)
- permeability (3)
- plume (3)
- river incision (3)
- sediment (3)
- sediment dynamics (3)
- sedimentology (3)
- snow (3)
- soil moisture (3)
- streamflow (3)
- sulfate reduction (3)
- surface processes (3)
- tectonic geomorphology (3)
- temperature (3)
- thermal modeling (3)
- thermokarst (3)
- treeline (3)
- uncertainty (3)
- upper mantle (3)
- vertical coupling (3)
- vulnerability (3)
- water (3)
- water balance (3)
- Acadian (2)
- Acidification (2)
- Affordability (2)
- Agricultural field (2)
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) (2)
- Alborz range (2)
- Alkylpyridinium salts (2)
- Alpine Fault (2)
- Andean Plateau (2)
- Anisotropy (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 (2)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 dating (2)
- Arctic Ocean (2)
- Argentina (2)
- Atlantic Ocean (2)
- Australia (2)
- Autocorrelation (2)
- Badlands (2)
- Baltic Sea (2)
- Barasona Reservoir (2)
- Barents Sea (2)
- Baseline shift (2)
- Batch experiments (2)
- Bayesian inference (2)
- Bayesian logistic regression (2)
- Bayesian networks (2)
- Be-10 (2)
- Biodegradation (2)
- Biogenic silica (2)
- Biomarker (2)
- Black shales (2)
- Blueschist (2)
- Boosted regression trees (2)
- CO2 (2)
- Carbon (2)
- Carbon colloid (2)
- Caribbean (2)
- Catchment classification (2)
- Central Chile (2)
- Central Europe (2)
- Central Pontides (2)
- Chaiten volcano (2)
- Chinese loess (2)
- Cladocera (2)
- Clay mineralogy (2)
- Climate dynamics (2)
- Climate reconstruction (2)
- Coastal erosion (2)
- Coastal uplift (2)
- Compression (2)
- Computational fluid dynamics (2)
- Congo Air Boundary (2)
- Conservation management (2)
- Continental margins: convergent (2)
- Continental neotectonics (2)
- Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform (2)
- Correlation (2)
- Coulomb failure stress (2)
- Cretaceous (2)
- DFT (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Database (2)
- Dead Sea Transform (2)
- Dead Sea basin (2)
- Deep carbon cycle (2)
- Degradation (2)
- Denudation (2)
- Deposition (2)
- Digital Elevation Model (2)
- Drought indices (2)
- Dynamics: seismotectonics (2)
- ECHSE (2)
- ENSO (2)
- EXAFS (2)
- Earthquakes (2)
- East European Craton (2)
- Eastern Alps (2)
- Eastern Cordillera (2)
- Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (2)
- Ecology (2)
- Eger Rift (2)
- Electromagnetic theory (2)
- Element mobility (2)
- EnMAP (2)
- Environmental magnetism (2)
- Epistemic uncertainty (2)
- Evapotranspiration (2)
- Exhumation (2)
- Export regime (2)
- Extreme event (2)
- Fish (2)
- Flooding (2)
- Floods (2)
- Foraminifera (2)
- Forest (2)
- Fracture and flow (2)
- Fuzzy logic (2)
- GIS (2)
- GMPE (2)
- GNSS Reflectometry (2)
- Garnet (2)
- Gas diffusion layer (2)
- Glacial geomorphology (2)
- Global change (2)
- Global inversion (2)
- Gondwana (2)
- Grain size (2)
- Graph theory (2)
- Grassland (2)
- Ground-motion prediction equations (2)
- Gyttja (2)
- HVSR (2)
- Hazard (2)
- High-pressure metamorphism (2)
- Human evolution (2)
- Hydrology (2)
- Hydrothermal carbonization (2)
- Hyperion (2)
- INOPEX (2)
- Iceland (2)
- Image processing (2)
- Indian monsoon (2)
- Indicators (2)
- Indus (2)
- Insurance (2)
- Integrated modelling (2)
- Interaction (2)
- Interception (2)
- Inundation (2)
- Jurassic (2)
- Kettle holes (2)
- Kinetics (2)
- LGM (2)
- Lacustrine sediment (2)
- Lake (2)
- Lake Malombe (2)
- Land-cover change (2)
- Land-use change (2)
- Landsat-8 (2)
- Larger Foraminifera (2)
- Larger foraminifera (2)
- Larix gmelinii (2)
- Late Cretaceous (2)
- Late Quaternary (2)
- Lateglacial (2)
- Levant (2)
- Limnology (2)
- Lithospheric structure (2)
- Loess (2)
- Lower crust (2)
- Lu-Hf (2)
- Luingo caldera (2)
- MASW (2)
- MAT (2)
- Magnetotellurics (2)
- Makran (2)
- Maule (2)
- Mean July temperature (2)
- Meerfelder Maar (2)
- Metasomatism (2)
- Microbial abundance (2)
- Miocene (2)
- Model-data comparison (2)
- Modeling (2)
- Modelling (2)
- Modern analogue technique (2)
- Mongolia (2)
- Mont Terri (2)
- Mountain basins (2)
- NW Iran (2)
- Natural hazards (2)
- Near East (2)
- Neural networks (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- North America (2)
- North Tabriz Fault (2)
- Northern Asia (2)
- Numerical experiment (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Nutrients (2)
- Open source (2)
- Organic carbon (2)
- Organic geochemistry (2)
- Organic matter (2)
- Ostracods (2)
- P-waves (2)
- Palaeoecology (2)
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- Paleoceanography (2)
- Paleoenvironment (2)
- Paleogeography (2)
- Paleohydrology (2)
- Panama (2)
- Paris-Edinburgh press (2)
- Pasture (2)
- Patagonia (2)
- Peat (2)
- Permian (2)
- Phase transitions (2)
- Phragmites australis (2)
- Plant macrofossils (2)
- Plate tectonics (2)
- Plio-Pleistocene (2)
- Pollen record (2)
- Precise Point Positioning (2)
- Preferential flow (2)
- Probability distributions (2)
- Procrustes rotation (2)
- Provenance (2)
- Proxy (2)
- Puna Plateau (2)
- Qaidam Basin (2)
- REE (2)
- Radiogenic isotopes (2)
- Raman microspectroscopy (2)
- Random Forest (2)
- Random forests (2)
- Rayleigh waves (2)
- Recurrence plot (2)
- Remediation (2)
- Resilience (2)
- Rio Grande (2)
- Risk reduction (2)
- River (2)
- River restoration (2)
- Rock magnetism (2)
- S receiver functions (2)
- SAMT (2)
- SRTM (2)
- SSW (2)
- SWIM (2)
- Salinity (2)
- Sampling (2)
- Satellite geodesy (2)
- Saturated hydraulic conductivity (2)
- Sclerochronology (2)
- Sediment Transport (2)
- Sediment fingerprinting (2)
- Sediment geochemistry (2)
- Sediment yield (2)
- Sedimentology (2)
- Sediments (2)
- Seismic interferometry (2)
- Seismic monitoring and test-ban treaty verification (2)
- Seismotectonic segmentation (2)
- Seismotectonics (2)
- Semi-arid (2)
- Sensitivity analysis (2)
- Sentinel-2 (2)
- Sesia Zone (2)
- Si fractions (2)
- Silicon isotopes (2)
- Site characterization (2)
- Slope (2)
- Soil erosion (2)
- Soil heterogeneity (2)
- South American Monsoon System (2)
- South American monsoon system (2)
- Southeast Asia (2)
- Southern Italy (2)
- Space geodetic surveys (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spatial scale (2)
- Species distribution models (2)
- Spectroscopy (2)
- Stemflow (2)
- Stress pattern (2)
- Strong-motion (2)
- Structure elucidation (2)
- Subarctic North Pacific (2)
- Subduction zone (2)
- Subsurface biosphere (2)
- Suguta Valley (2)
- Sumatra (2)
- Surface roughness (2)
- Svalbard (2)
- Swarm constellation (2)
- Talik (2)
- TanDEM-X (2)
- Tectonic geomorphology (2)
- Terrestrial Si cycle (2)
- The Netherlands (2)
- Thermal field (2)
- Tibet (2)
- Tien Shan (2)
- Tight integration (2)
- Tomography (2)
- Total organic carbon (2)
- Trace element geochemistry (2)
- Trans-European Suture Zone (2)
- Transform faults (2)
- Transhimalaya (2)
- Tropical lake (2)
- U-Pb geochronology (2)
- UAV (2)
- UV femtosecond laser ablation (2)
- Uncertainties (2)
- Upper Cretaceous (2)
- VIIRS DNB (2)
- Validation (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vegetation dynamics (2)
- Volatilization (2)
- Volcano monitoring (2)
- Vulnerability (2)
- Walvis Ridge (2)
- Water management (2)
- Waveform inversion (2)
- Western Central Africa (2)
- Western Europe (2)
- X-ray absorption (2)
- Zooplankton (2)
- ambient noise (2)
- anatexis (2)
- arctic (2)
- argon dating (2)
- assessment (2)
- basal accretion (2)
- basin analysis (2)
- biomarker (2)
- biomass (2)
- calcium phosphate (2)
- carbon (2)
- carbon dioxide (2)
- carbonate (2)
- catchment (2)
- cell enumeration (2)
- change (2)
- climate change impact (2)
- climate-change (2)
- clustering (2)
- coastal geomorphology (2)
- coastal wetland (2)
- coherency (2)
- collision (2)
- composition (2)
- compound flood (2)
- correlation (2)
- cosmic-ray neutron sensing (2)
- crust (2)
- crustal thickness (2)
- debris flow (2)
- decomposition (2)
- denudation (2)
- diamond anvil cell (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- digital elevation model (2)
- digital rock physics (2)
- diversity (2)
- drainage networks (2)
- drainage of the catchment area (2)
- dynamics (2)
- earthquake source observations (2)
- earthquakes (2)
- eclogite (2)
- ecohydrology (2)
- ecosystem services (2)
- edge-driven convection (2)
- elastic properties (2)
- electrical resistivity (2)
- electrochemistry (2)
- eolian dust (2)
- equatorial electrojet (2)
- equatorial ionosphere (2)
- equifinality (2)
- exposure (2)
- extensional tectonics (2)
- extinction (2)
- extreme rainfall (2)
- facies (2)
- flood loss (2)
- flood risk management (2)
- flooding (2)
- floodplain sedimentation (2)
- fluid migration (2)
- fluid-induced seismicity (2)
- fluid-rock interaction (2)
- fluids (2)
- fluvial geomorphology (2)
- forecasting (2)
- formation damage (2)
- frequency analysis (2)
- garnet (2)
- gas hydrate (2)
- geodynamics (2)
- geomagnetic observatories (2)
- geophysics (2)
- geothermal (2)
- geothermal energy (2)
- geyser (2)
- glacial erosion (2)
- glacial hazards (2)
- glacial lake outburst floods (2)
- global change (2)
- grain-size distribution (2)
- granitoids (2)
- ground motion (2)
- ground-penetrating radar (2)
- groundwater flow (2)
- heavy rainfall (2)
- helium-4 (2)
- high pressure (2)
- high-pressure (2)
- hillslopes (2)
- human activity (2)
- hydrological drought (2)
- hyporheic zone (2)
- hysteresis (2)
- imaging (2)
- impact (2)
- incision (2)
- inclination shallowing (2)
- insurance (2)
- invasive species (2)
- ionic liquids (2)
- knickpoint (2)
- knickpoints (2)
- land cover change (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- late Quaternary (2)
- lidar (2)
- lithosphere (2)
- management effects (2)
- mantle transition zone (2)
- marine terraces (2)
- mass (2)
- maximum magnitude (2)
- methane (2)
- mica (2)
- micro-CT (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- migration (2)
- minerals (2)
- moment tensor (2)
- monitoring (2)
- n-Alkanes (2)
- nanogranites (2)
- nearshore zone (2)
- normal faults (2)
- numerical model (2)
- numerical simulation (2)
- ocean color remote sensing (2)
- organic carbon (2)
- oroclinal bending (2)
- orogenic peridotite (2)
- orogenic processes (2)
- orogeny (2)
- overland flow (2)
- palaeoenvironmental proxies (2)
- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction (2)
- paleolimnology (2)
- paleovegetation (2)
- patterns (2)
- peatlands (2)
- permafrost degradation (2)
- permafrost thaw (2)
- phenotypic plasticity (2)
- phosphorus (2)
- photogrammetry (2)
- phreeqc (2)
- plateau (2)
- playa (2)
- pluvial floods (2)
- pollution (2)
- pore pressure (2)
- preferential flow (2)
- preparedness (2)
- preprocessing (2)
- radial flow (2)
- radiogenic isotopes (2)
- rainfall (2)
- ray tracing (2)
- reactive oxygen species (2)
- receiver function (2)
- record (2)
- remagnetization (2)
- repository far-field (2)
- reservoir characterization (2)
- resilience (2)
- retrogressive thaw slumps (2)
- rheology (2)
- rifting (2)
- risk reduction (2)
- river networks (2)
- salt diffusion (2)
- salt pan (2)
- salt structures (2)
- satellite data (2)
- scaling (2)
- sea level rise (2)
- seasonality (2)
- sediment routing (2)
- sediment storage (2)
- sediment supply (2)
- sediment yield (2)
- seismic hazard (2)
- seismicity (2)
- seismology (2)
- semi-arid (2)
- semi-arid hydrology (2)
- sensitivity (2)
- sensor alignment (2)
- sensor fusion (2)
- shrub encroachment (2)
- signal propagation (2)
- silicon (2)
- site effects (2)
- soil organic carbon (2)
- sorption (2)
- source parameters (2)
- speleothems (2)
- spin transition (2)
- stable carbon isotopes (2)
- strain localization (2)
- subsea permafrost (2)
- subsurface life (2)
- suspended sediments (2)
- sustainable development (2)
- synthesis (2)
- system analysis (2)
- systems (2)
- tectonophysics (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermodynamic modeling (2)
- thorium (2)
- time series (2)
- torsion (2)
- tourmaline (2)
- trace elements (2)
- vegetation (2)
- water management (2)
- water resources (2)
- wave-particle interactions (2)
- weathering (2)
- westerlies (2)
- wetlands (2)
- wind speed (2)
- zircon (2)
- "Little Ice Age' (LIA) (1)
- "Medieval Warm Period' (MWP) (1)
- (CS)-C-137 and Pb-210 dating (1)
- (Ex-ante) impact assessment (1)
- (U-Th) (1)
- (U-Th)/He (1)
- (compliant) cracks (1)
- 0 (1)
- 10-Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- 2-D numerical model (1)
- 239+240 Plutonium (1)
- 2D numerical experiments (1)
- 3-D effects (1)
- 3D CAVE (1)
- 3D geomechanical numerical model (1)
- 3D map (1)
- 3D mesh generator (1)
- 3D modeling (1)
- 3D root (1)
- 3D thermal modelling (1)
- ABSH-system (1)
- AFT (1)
- AHP (1)
- ALMaSS (1)
- ALOS World 3D (1)
- ALS (1)
- AMOC (1)
- AMSR-E (1)
- AMSR2 (1)
- ANN (1)
- ASTER GDEM (1)
- AVHRR (1)
- Abrupt events (1)
- Absolute age dating (1)
- Absolute shear-wave velocity (1)
- Absorption feature parameters (1)
- Abundance from Large Sites) model (1)
- Acanthocyclops (1)
- Accelerometer records (1)
- Accretion, underplating and exhumation processes (1)
- Accuracy Asseessment (1)
- Accuracy Assessment (1)
- Acheulian (1)
- Acidithiobacillus (1)
- Acidobacteriaceae (1)
- Acidothermus (1)
- Active fault (1)
- Active seismic (1)
- Active tectonics (1)
- Active volcanism (1)
- Actual evapotranspiration (1)
- Adana Basin (1)
- Adaptation process (1)
- Adaptation to climate change (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Adaptive value (1)
- Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data (1)
- Advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) (1)
- Advection (1)
- Aerosols (1)
- African humid period (1)
- Aftershocks (1)
- Afyon Zone (1)
- Afyon volcanics (1)
- Afyon zone (1)
- AgI (1)
- Age-depth modelling (1)
- Agent-based modeling (1)
- Agent-based models (1)
- Agglutinated foraminifera (1)
- Agricultural fields (1)
- Agricultural landscape (1)
- Agricultural management (1)
- Agricultural soils (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Agro-meteorological data (1)
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1)
- Ahr (1)
- Ahr River (1)
- Air conditioners (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Airborne lidar (1)
- Alanya (1)
- Alas (1)
- Alberta (1)
- Albite-amphibolite facies (1)
- Algorithm (1)
- Alkaline igneous rocks (1)
- Alkalinity (1)
- Alkalization (1)
- Allee effect (1)
- Allometry (1)
- Alpine geology (1)
- Alpine hazards (1)
- Alps (1)
- Altai (1)
- Altai Mountains (1)
- Altiplano (1)
- Alto de Las Lagunas Ignimbrite (1)
- Altyn Tagh Fault (1)
- Amazon (1)
- Amazonia (1)
- Ambient noise tomography (1)
- Ambient seismic noise (1)
- Ambient seismic vibrations (1)
- Ambient vibration analysis (1)
- Ambient vibrations (1)
- Amides (1)
- Amino acid (1)
- Amoebal silicon (1)
- Amorphous silica (1)
- Amphibole geothermobarometry (1)
- Amphibolites (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Amplitude and waveform analysis of PcP (1)
- Amplitude ratio (1)
- Anaerobic digestion (1)
- Analog material (1)
- Analogue quality (1)
- Analogue seismic records (1)
- Anatexis (1)
- Anatolia westward motion (1)
- Anatolide-Tauride Block (1)
- Ancient DNA (1)
- Ancient Gneiss Complex (1)
- Ancient forest (1)
- Andean plateau (1)
- Andean retroarc (1)
- Angastaco Formation (1)
- Angkor (1)
- Animal personalities (1)
- Anisotropy of magnetic remanence (1)
- Annual 30-day minimum flow (1)
- Annual laminae (1)
- Anoxia (1)
- Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1)
- Antarctic glaciology (1)
- Antarctic ice (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Antecedent conditions (1)
- Apatite (U-TH)/HE (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (1)
- Apennine Carbonate Platform (ACP) (1)
- Appalachian Mountains (1)
- Applied geophysics (1)
- Aptian (1)
- Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (1)
- Aquatic macrophytes (1)
- Aquifer (1)
- Aquifer systems (1)
- Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) (1)
- Ar dating (1)
- Ar-39 (1)
- Ar-40 (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 age (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 laser ablation (1)
- Ar-40/Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Ar-Ar white-mica dating (1)
- Arabia-Eurasia collision (1)
- Arabian Sea (1)
- Arabian carbonate platform (1)
- Aragonite (1)
- Aral Sea (1)
- Arauco Bay (1)
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (1)
- Arc accretion (1)
- Arc magmatism (1)
- Archaean SCLM (1)
- Archaeolithoporella (1)
- Archaeology (1)
- Archean (1)
- Archeology (1)
- Arctic lakes (1)
- Arctic limnology (1)
- Arctic ocean (1)
- Argentine margine (1)
- Argentinean broken foreland (1)
- Argon-Argon dating (1)
- Arid Central Asia (1)
- Arid central Asia (1)
- Aridity (1)
- Aridity gradient (1)
- Arkose (1)
- Armenia (1)
- Array measurements (1)
- Artifact (1)
- Artificial catchment (1)
- Artificial mixture (1)
- Artificial neuronal network (1)
- Artificial water catchment (1)
- Ashmura (1)
- Asian Summer Monsoon (1)
- Asset estimation (1)
- Assimilation-fractional crystallization (1)
- Asteroid (1)
- Asthenospheric fluid (1)
- Asymmetric basin (1)
- Asymmetric rifting (1)
- Ataturk Dam Lake (1)
- Atlas Mountains (1)
- Atmospheric CO2 concentration (1)
- Attenuation (1)
- August 2002 flood (1)
- Authigenic carbonates (1)
- Authigenic mineral formation (1)
- Authigenic mineral transformation (1)
- Automatic detection (1)
- Availability (1)
- Avalanche forecasting (1)
- Avalonia (1)
- Aymara (1)
- B-isotopes (1)
- BNDVI (1)
- Babassu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. synonym: Orbignya phalerata Mart.) (1)
- Back-arc basin (1)
- Backbone model (1)
- Bagging (1)
- Baiu (1)
- Bajgan Complex (1)
- Bajgan/Durkan (1)
- Baladeh earthquake (1)
- Balanced cross section (1)
- Baldeggersee (1)
- Baltic Sea Coast (1)
- Baltic Sea coast (1)
- Band (1)
- Baraba forest-steppe (1)
- Baragoi (1)
- Barasona reservoir (1)
- Barberton Greenstone Belt (1)
- Barite concretion (1)
- Barremian-Aptian (1)
- Barrovian metamorphism (1)
- Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- Basaltic ash-fall deposits (1)
- Basanite (1)
- Baseline error (1)
- Basement-cored ranges (1)
- Basement-involved thrusts (1)
- Basilika formation (1)
- Basin analysis (1)
- Basin axial submarine channel (1)
- Basomtso (1)
- Bavaria (1)
- Bayesian Network (1)
- Bayesian hierarchical model (1)
- Bayesian modeling (1)
- Bayesian non-parametrics (1)
- Bayesianism (1)
- Be-10 depth-profiles (1)
- Beacon fire (1)
- Beaufort Sea (1)
- Bedded chert (1)
- Benefits (1)
- Beni Suef Basin (1)
- Bentheim sandstone (1)
- Bet-hedging germination (1)
- Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp czerepanovii (1)
- Big Naryn complex (1)
- Binalud Mountains (1)
- Biodiversity (1)
- Biodiversity experiments (1)
- Biodiversity hotspot (1)
- Biodiversity theory (1)
- Biogas fermentation residues (1)
- Biogeochemical Si cycle (1)
- Biogeography (1)
- Biological indicator (1)
- Biomass water (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomisation (1)
- Biotic interactions (1)
- Bioturbation (1)
- Bitlis complex (1)
- Bitterfeld (1)
- Bivalvia (1)
- Bivariate flood quantile (1)
- Black Sea (1)
- Blueschist metamorphism (1)
- Bohemian Massif (1)
- Boldness (1)
- Bolivia (1)
- Boosted regression trees (BRT) (1)
- Boostrap aggregation (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Boreal ecosystems (1)
- Borehole image logs (1)
- Borneo (1)
- Borrelia afzelii (1)
- Borrelia lusitaniae (1)
- Bosumtwi (1)
- Botanic gardens (1)
- Boundary line analysis (1)
- Brachypodium hybridum (1)
- Brahmaputra River (1)
- Brain injuries (1)
- Braunsbach (1)
- Bray-Curtis (1)
- Brazilian Earth System Model (1)
- Brilliant blue (1)
- Britholite (1)
- British Columbia (1)
- Brittle deformation (1)
- Brittle fault analysis (1)
- Brittle precursors (1)
- Broad-band seismometers (1)
- Bryophytes (1)
- Buckingham-Darcy law (1)
- Building exposure modelling (1)
- Bulfat (1)
- Bulk compressibility (1)
- Burned areas (1)
- Bushveld Complex (1)
- Bykovsky Peninsula (1)
- C and O K-edge spectra (1)
- C isotopes (1)
- C sequestration (1)
- C-13 and O-18 chemostratigraphy (1)
- C-13-glucose (1)
- C-14 (1)
- C-14 analyses (1)
- C-14 bomb peak (1)
- C-14-derived chronology (1)
- C-Q relationship (1)
- C3 and C4 grasses (1)
- CAOB (1)
- CDOM (1)
- CMIP5 (1)
- CMIP5 models (1)
- COH fluid (1)
- COH-fluid (1)
- CPC-uni (1)
- CU (1)
- Caatinga (1)
- Calabria (1)
- Caledonian (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (1)
- Can Tho (1)
- Canada (1)
- Canadian Beaufort Sea (1)
- Canary Islands (1)
- Canopy storage capacity (1)
- Canopy structure (1)
- Cantera (1)
- Cape Verde (1)
- Cappadocia (1)
- Carbo-Iron (R) (1)
- Carbon 14 (1)
- Carbon and oxygen isotopes (1)
- Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon cycle (1)
- Carbon isotope ratio (delta C-13(TOC)) (1)
- Carbon isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbon sequestration (1)
- Carbon stable isotopes (1)
- Carbon-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Carbonate and mudrock facies (1)
- Carbonate contourite drift (1)
- Carbonate platform response (1)
- Carbonate platforms (1)
- Carbonates (1)
- Carbonation (1)
- Carboniferous (1)
- Carboniferous magmatism (1)
- Carnian Pluvial Event (1)
- Carpholite (1)
- Catabolic genes (1)
- Catastrophic valley infill (1)
- Catchment (1)
- Catchment characteristics (1)
- Catchment geomorphology (1)
- Catchment order (1)
- Catchment scale (1)
- Catchment wetness (1)
- Cation-exchange capacity (1)
- Cave (1)
- Cell counts (1)
- Cellulose (1)
- Cenozoic basins (1)
- Central Alps (1)
- Central Anatolia (1)
- Central Anatolian Plateau (1)
- Central Anatolian plateau (1)
- Central India (1)
- Central Iranian micro-continent (CIM) (1)
- Central Myanmar Basin (1)
- Central Tertiary Basin (1)
- Central Yakutia (1)
- Central andes (1)
- Central-Asia (1)
- Central-western Mongolia (1)
- Cerrado (1)
- Cerro Machin Volcano (1)
- Changbai mountains (1)
- Change detection (1)
- Change point analysis (1)
- Change points (1)
- Change-point regression model (1)
- Changes in fluvial systems (1)
- Channel island (1)
- Chao (1)
- Chara/Characeae (1)
- Characteristic pollen source area (1)
- Chemeron Formation (1)
- Chemical fractionation (1)
- Chew Bahir (1)
- Chile subduction zone (1)
- Chinese Loess Plateau (1)
- Chironomidae (1)
- Chloritoid (1)
- Chota formation (1)
- Cignana (1)
- Circular statistics (1)
- City boundaries (1)
- City population (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Cladocoropsis (1)
- Classification trees (1)
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (1)
- Climate Change (1)
- Climate adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation (1)
- Climate change adaptation Saxony (1)
- Climate feedback (1)
- Climate governance (1)
- Climate modelling (1)
- Climate prediction (1)
- Climate warming (1)
- Climatic variations (1)
- Clockwise P-T path (1)
- Clogging (1)
- Closed chamber measurements (1)
- Closure temperature (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Coastal Cordillera (Chile) (1)
- Coastal hazards (1)
- Coastal regions (1)
- Coastal sedimentation (1)
- Coastal zone (1)
- Coda waves (1)
- Code_Aster (1)
- Coesite-bearing eclogite (1)
- Cold air surges (1)
- Collision (1)
- Collision zone (1)
- Colloid transport (1)
- Cologne (1)
- Colombia (1)
- Colombian Andes (1)
- Colorado mineral belt (1)
- Combin (1)
- Combine (1)
- Comets (1)
- Common garden experiments (1)
- Common vole (1)
- Community dynamics (1)
- Comparative study (1)
- Competition (1)
- Complex network (1)
- Complexity (1)
- Composition of the mantle (1)
- Compositional data analysis (1)
- Compound flood event (1)
- Compound-specific carbon isotope (1)
- Compound-specific isotope (1)
- Compound-specific stable isotopic (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Computational models (1)
- Computational neuroscience (1)
- Computed tomography (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationship (1)
- Concentration-discharge relationships (1)
- Concept (1)
- Concept of differentiated land use (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Conductive thermal field (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Conductivity depth model (1)
- Confidence interval (1)
- Coniacian (1)
- Coniacian-Santonian boundary (1)
- Conservation (1)
- Conservation genetics (1)
- Conservation planning (1)
- Consumption (1)
- Contact model (1)
- Contamination (1)
- Continental biomarkers (1)
- Continental margins: transform (1)
- Continental tectonics: compressional (1)
- Continuity (1)
- Continuous temperature logging (1)
- Controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) (1)
- Controlling factors (1)
- Convection (1)
- Convective storms (1)
- Convergent margins (1)
- Cooling and unroofing history (1)
- Cooling rates (1)
- Coordination failure (1)
- Copernicus (1)
- Copernicus DEM (1)
- Coping appraisal (1)
- Copulas (1)
- Coral reef terraces (1)
- Corbicula (1)
- Core complex (1)
- Core-mantle boundary (1)
- Corestone (1)
- Coseismic coastal uplift (1)
- Coseismic rupture (1)
- Coseismic slip distribution (1)
- Cosmic-ray (1)
- Cosmic-ray neutrons (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 erosion rates (1)
- Cosmogenic Be-10 exposure dating (1)
- Cosmogenic-nuclide geochronology (1)
- Costs (1)
- Cotentin and Western Europe (1)
- Coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- Crack opening and closure (1)
- Cratons (1)
- Creep (1)
- Creep and deformation (1)
- Cristobalite (1)
- Critical taper wedge (1)
- Critical zone (1)
- Crop rotation (1)
- Crop type mapping (1)
- Cross-dating (1)
- Cross-scale interaction (1)
- Cross-validation (1)
- Crosshole tomography (1)
- Crustal density (1)
- Crustal earthquakes (1)
- Crustal stretching style (1)
- CryoGRID (1)
- Cryolithology (1)
- Cryospheric science (1)
- Cryostratigraphy (1)
- Crystal nucleation (1)
- Cs-137 (1)
- Cuesta de la chilca (1)
- Cultural ecosystem services (1)
- Culture growth dynamics (1)
- Cumbres Calchaquies (1)
- Cuora (1)
- Cyanobacteria (1)
- Cyanobium (1)
- Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS) (1)
- Cyprus (1)
- D-enrichment (1)
- DBH (1)
- DCB (1)
- DDM simulation (1)
- DEM (1)
- DEM analysis (1)
- DEM generation (1)
- DEM noise (1)
- DIN EN 1998-1/NA (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DOC vs. DIC (1)
- Dairy cow (1)
- Dam engineering (1)
- Damage modeling (1)
- Damage reduction (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles (1)
- Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations (1)
- Danube (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data fusion (1)
- Database model (1)
- Databases (1)
- Dead Sea Basin (1)
- Death Valley (1)
- Debris avalanche deposit (1)
- Debris flow (1)
- Debris flows (1)
- Decision-making (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Deconvolution (1)
- Deep biosphere (1)
- Deep fluids (1)
- Deep ocean redox condition (1)
- Deep percolation flux (1)
- Deep-marine sedimentology (1)
- Deep-sea records (1)
- Deforestation (1)
- Deglaciation (1)
- Denali (1)
- Denitrification (1)
- Density (1)
- Density dependence (1)
- Depositional origin (1)
- Depth perception (1)
- Desert wetland ecosystems (1)
- Desertification (1)
- Detrital layers (1)
- Deuterium excess (1)
- Developing countries (1)
- Devonian transpression (1)
- Diagenesis (1)
- Diagenetic barium cycling (1)
- Diatexites (1)
- Diatom frustule (1)
- Diffuse pollution (1)
- Digital Elevation Models (1)
- Digital elevation model (1)
- Digital terrain analysis (1)
- Dinosterol (1)
- Diol (1)
- Direct economic loss (1)
- Direct push (1)
- Directivity (1)
- Disaster impact analysis (1)
- Disaster loss databases (1)
- Discontinuity surfaces (1)
- Dispersion curve (1)
- Dispersion curves (1)
- Dissolution precipitation replacement (1)
- Distachyapites (1)
- Distributed acoustic sensing (1)
- Distribution patterns (1)
- Disturbance index (1)
- Diurnal fluctuations (1)
- Divergent mantle flow (1)
- Dolomites (1)
- Dominant link directions (1)
- Dora-Maira (1)
- Dormancy (1)
- Downholemethods (1)
- Downscaling socio-economic scenarios (1)
- Drainage capture (1)
- Drainage morphometry (1)
- Drainage network (1)
- Drainage networks (1)
- Drill-core reorientation (1)
- Drinking water quality (1)
- Driving forces (1)
- Drought (1)
- Droughts (1)
- Dry land degradation (1)
- Dryland (1)
- Drylands (1)
- Duplex (1)
- Duricrusts (1)
- Dust (1)
- Dust deposition (1)
- Dynamic behavior (1)
- Dynamic bulk modulus (1)
- Dynamic input-output model (1)
- Dynamic landscapes (1)
- Dynamic vegetation models (1)
- Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (1)
- Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle (1)
- Décollement (1)
- E Anatolia (1)
- EDX (1)
- ELA (1)
- EMI sensors (1)
- EMMA (1)
- ENSO/IOD (1)
- ERA5 (1)
- ERV model (1)
- EU Floods Directive (1)
- Earliest Cambrian (1)
- Early Eocene (1)
- Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (1)
- Early Paleogene (1)
- Early Pleistocene (1)
- Early cretaceous (1)
- Early pleistocene; (1)
- Early warning system (1)
- Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective (1)
- Earth materials (1)
- Earth tides (1)
- Earthquake rates (1)
- East African Rift (1)
- East African rift system (1)
- East Asian summer monsoon (1)
- Eastern Africa (1)
- Eastern Dharwar craton (1)
- Eastern Himalaya (1)
- Eastern Mediterranean (1)
- Eastern Tibet (1)
- Eastern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Eastern hemisphere (1)
- Eccentricity (1)
- Eclogites (1)
- Ecogeomorphology (1)
- Ecohydrology (1)
- Ecological competition (1)
- Ecological health (1)
- Economic network (1)
- Ecosystem dissimilarity (1)
- Ecosystem dynamics (1)
- Ecosystem functions and services (1)
- Ecosystem research (1)
- Ecuador (1)
- Education (1)
- Eemian (1)
- Effective dimensionality (1)
- Effective number of species (1)
- Effectiveness (1)
- Egypt (1)
- Eifel maar (1)
- Eisenbuhl (1)
- El Hierro (1)
- El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (1)
- Elastic response (1)
- Elbe estuary (1)
- Electrical and electronic engineering (1)
- Electrical resistivity (1)
- Electrical resistivity imaging (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (1)
- Electricity generation by source (1)
- Element partitioning (1)
- Ellenberg indicator values (1)
- Elymus trachycaulus (1)
- Emergence time (1)
- Emergent macrophytes (1)
- Emission scenarios (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Empirical Mode Decomposition (1)
- Empirical ground-motion models (1)
- Empirical site amplification functions (1)
- EnGeoMAP 2 (1)
- End-member modeling (1)
- Endemism (1)
- Endosulfan (1)
- Energy and society (1)
- Energy crops (1)
- Energy security (1)
- Enrichment factor (1)
- Ensemble (1)
- Ensembles (1)
- Enstatite (1)
- Environmental (1)
- Environmental change (1)
- Environmental drivers (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Environmental isotopes (1)
- Environmental sciences (1)
- Eocene deformation (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene (1)
- Eocene-Oligocene transition (1)
- Ephedripites (1)
- Epiphytic foraminifera (1)
- Equant (stiff) pores (1)
- Equatorial Pacific (1)
- Equatorial plasma irregularities (1)
- Equilibrium phase modeling (1)
- Eroded soil types (1)
- Erodium cicutarium (1)
- Erosion processes (1)
- Erosion rate reconstructions (1)
- Error (1)
- Error propagation (1)
- Eruptive recurrence (1)
- Ethiopia rift (1)
- Euglyphida (1)
- Euler-Liouville (1)
- Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) (1)
- Europa (1)
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (1)
- European Vegetation Archive (EVA) (1)
- European air quality (1)
- European basin system (1)
- European beech forest (1)
- European strong motion data (1)
- Eutrophication (1)
- Evaporites (1)
- Evaporitic varves (1)
- Event-based modeling (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Evolutionary ecology (1)
- Ex ante assessment (1)
- Ex situ/in situ population genetic comparison (1)
- Excavation plan (1)
- Exchangeable Ca (1)
- Expectation maximisation (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Experimental petrology (1)
- Expert judgment (1)
- Expert study (1)
- Expression (1)
- Extended R-Value model (1)
- Extension (1)
- Extensional duplex (1)
- Extent (1)
- Extracellular DNA (1)
- Extraction (1)
- Extreme (1)
- Extreme discharge data (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme habitats (1)
- Extreme value statistics (1)
- Extremophiles (1)
- Extremwertstatistik (1)
- Exudates (1)
- F-test (1)
- FAIR (1)
- FEM (1)
- FEM models (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FT-ICR-MS (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Facies (1)
- Facies modeling (1)
- Fagradalsfjall (1)
- Famatina belt (1)
- Famatinian (1)
- Fault core and damage zone (1)
- Fault healing (1)
- Fault linkage and interaction (1)
- Fault-rock microstructures (1)
- Faults (1)
- Fauna (1)
- Fe-C composite (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Federal Water Act (1)
- Feldspar zoning (1)
- Felsic volcanism (1)
- Fen stratigraphy (1)
- Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (1)
- Ferric iron (1)
- Ferrous iron (1)
- Fiber analysis (1)
- Field analogue (1)
- Field aquifer (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Final run (1)
- Firmicutes (1)
- First ovulation (1)
- Fiscal costs (1)
- Fission track (zircon) (1)
- Fission-track thermochronology (1)
- Flash flood (1)
- Flash flood analysis (1)
- Flash floods (1)
- Flood damage potential (1)
- Flood duration (1)
- Flood forecasting (1)
- Flood frequency (1)
- Flood generating processes (1)
- Flood impacts (1)
- Flood loss (1)
- Flood losses (1)
- Flood magnitude (1)
- Flood regimes (1)
- Flood risk management (1)
- Flood timing (1)
- Floods Directive (1)
- Flora (1)
- Flow regime (1)
- Flow velocity (1)
- Flowback (1)
- Flower structure (1)
- Fluid (1)
- Fluid Flow (1)
- Fluid inclusion geochemistry (1)
- Fluid inclusions (1)
- Fluid mixing (1)
- Fluid processes (1)
- Flume channel (1)
- Fluvial Incision (1)
- Fluvial longitudinal profile (1)
- Fluvial terrace (1)
- Focal mechanism (1)
- Fold and thrust belt (1)
- Food security (1)
- Foragers (1)
- Forearc (1)
- Forearc dewatering (1)
- Forecasting (1)
- Forecasting Framework (1)
- Foreland (1)
- Foreland basin fragmentation (1)
- Forensic disaster analysis (1)
- Forest change (1)
- Forest disturbance (1)
- Forest ecosystem (1)
- Forest management (1)
- Forest mineral topsoil (1)
- Forest regeneration (1)
- Forest soils (1)
- Forest-savannah (1)
- Formalised scenario analysis (1)
- Forschungsmethodik (1)
- Fossil DNA (1)
- Fourier transformation (1)
- Fractional cover (1)
- Fractionation (1)
- Fracture sealing (1)
- Fracture wall offset (1)
- Fractured carbonate geothermal reservoirs (1)
- France (1)
- Frequency-magnitude distribution (1)
- Freshwater ecosystem (1)
- Frost-cracking (1)
- Fukushima Prefecture (1)
- Full-waveform (1)
- Functional averaging (1)
- Functional traits (1)
- Functional types (1)
- Functions (1)
- Futaba fault (1)
- Fuzzy (1)
- Fuzzy classification (1)
- GAIA (1)
- GEDI (1)
- GEO BON (1)
- GEOMAGIA50 (1)
- GEOTRACES compliant (1)
- GLDAS (1)
- GNSS forward scatterometry (1)
- GNSS reflectometry (1)
- GNSS-integrated water vapour (1)
- GPM (1)
- GPR (1)
- GPS and GLONASS (1)
- GRACE (1)
- Gabbro (1)
- Gabbroic rocks (1)
- Gadot Formation (1)
- Ganga River (1)
- Ganymede (1)
- Garnet schist (1)
- Garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (1)
- Gas sparging (1)
- Gastropods (1)
- Gaussian Process regression (1)
- Gefahrenkarten (1)
- Gehyra variegata (1)
- Gemmatimonadetes (1)
- Generalization error (1)
- Generalized additive models (1)
- Generalized linear models (1)
- Generalized linear models (GLMs) (1)
- Genetic model (1)
- Geo-Visualisation (1)
- Geobiology (1)
- Geochemical indices (1)
- Geochemical modelling (1)
- Geochemical records (1)
- Geodynamic modelling (1)
- Geographic information systems (1)
- Geoinformation Science (1)
- Geologic mapping (1)
- Geology (1)
- Geomagnetism (1)
- Geomechanical Model (1)
- Geomechanics (1)
- Geomorphic coupling (1)
- Geomorphic indices (1)
- Geomorphological mapping (1)
- Geophysical methods (1)
- Geophysical prospecting (1)
- Geophysics (1)
- Geopotential theory (1)
- Geosciences (1)
- Geotechnical parameters (1)
- Geothermal (1)
- Geothermal applications in Oman (1)
- Geothermal water (1)
- Germanic Basin (1)
- Gerris (1)
- Ghana (1)
- Glacial (1)
- Glacial buzzsaw (1)
- Glacial lake (1)
- Glacial lake outbursts (1)
- Glacial landscape history (1)
- Glacial refugia (1)
- Glacier Mass Balances (1)
- Glacier foreland (1)
- Glacierized basins (1)
- Glaciers (1)
- Glaucophane (1)
- Glaucophane schist (1)
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) (1)
- Global climate change (1)
- Global monsoon (1)
- Global precipitation measurement (1)
- Global sensitivity analysis (1)
- Global warming (1)
- Global warming potential (1)
- Glueckstadtgraben (1)
- Gnetaceaepollenites (1)
- Gokceada Island (1)
- Gondwana break-up (1)
- Gondwanaoberh (1)
- Gongjue basin (1)
- Grain for Green Project (1)
- Grain-size (1)
- Grain-size end-member modelling (1)
- Granitoid magmas (1)
- Granular materials (1)
- Granulite enclaves (1)
- Graphitization (1)
- GrassPlot (1)
- Gravel-bed (1)
- Gravitational potential energy (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Gravity inversion (1)
- Gravity modelling (1)
- Great Himalayan earthquakes (1)
- Green investment (1)
- Green surge (1)
- Greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- Greenhouse gas source (1)
- Greenland ice cores (1)
- Gridded rainfall (1)
- Ground Motion Prediction Equation (1)
- Ground motion (1)
- Ground motion and GPS (1)
- Ground motion prediction equation (1)
- Ground squirrel nest (1)
- Ground vegetation (1)
- Ground-motion models (1)
- Ground-motion-model (1)
- Groundwater quality (1)
- Groundwater remediation (1)
- Groundwater-stream water interactions (1)
- Growth zoning (1)
- Groß beta Schönebeck (1)
- Grt-Pyx exsolution (1)
- Grundwasser-Oberflächenwasser-Interaktion (1)
- Guajira Peninsula (1)
- Guaymas Basin (1)
- Gulf of Mexico (1)
- Gutenberg-Richter relationship (1)
- Gypsum (1)
- Gypsum quantification (1)
- H/V method (1)
- H/V ratio (1)
- H/V ratio technique (1)
- H/V spectral ratio (1)
- HP and UHP metamorphism (1)
- HP metamorphism (1)
- HP-LT metamorphic rocks (1)
- HP-LT rocks (1)
- HP-experiments (1)
- HP-granulite (1)
- HP-metamorphism (1)
- HP/LT metamorphism (1)
- HT/LP metamorphism (1)
- HTC biochar (1)
- Habitat fragmentation (1)
- Habitat management (1)
- Habitat suitability (1)
- Hadley-Walker Circulation (1)
- Haida Gwaii (1)
- Hail (1)
- Haimantas (1)
- Halobacteria (1)
- Hangrutschungen (1)
- Harran Plain (1)
- He (1)
- He thermochronology (1)
- Heat flow (1)
- Heat flux (1)
- Heating and cooling electricity consumption (1)
- Heating energy demand (1)
- Heavy metals (1)
- Heinrich event (1)
- Heinrich events (1)
- Hemispherical photography (1)
- Hepatic enzyme (1)
- Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (1)
- Hf isotopes (1)
- Hiatus (1)
- Hidden Markov model (1)
- Hierarchical clustering (1)
- Hierarchical model (1)
- Hierarchical partitioning (1)
- High Arctic Large Igneous Province (1)
- High Asia (1)
- High frequency back-projection (1)
- High mountain ecology (1)
- High pressure (1)
- High rate GPS (1)
- High-Grade Metamorphism (1)
- High-pressure (1)
- High-rate GPS (1)
- High-rateGPS (1)
- High-temperature experiments (1)
- High-temperature shear zones (1)
- Higher-order effects (1)
- Hillslope pedosequence (1)
- Hillslope thermokarst (1)
- Himalayan hydroclimate (1)
- Himalayan rivers (1)
- Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) (1)
- Hindu Kush-Karakoram (1)
- Historic natural hazards (1)
- Historical events (1)
- Historical seismogram reproductions (1)
- Hochwasser (1)
- Hochwassergefährdung (1)
- Hochwasserrisikomanagementrichtlinie (1)
- Holocene Climate (1)
- Holocene Thermal Maximum (1)
- Holocene thermal maximum (1)
- Hominin evolution (1)
- Hominins (1)
- Horizontal (1)
- Hotspot (1)
- Huisman-Olff-Fresco models (1)
- Hula Basin (1)
- Humahuaca Basin (1)
- Humic layer (1)
- Humidity (1)
- Humification (1)
- Humus forms (1)
- Hunter-gatherers (1)
- Hutchinson niche (1)
- Hydraulic aperture (1)
- Hydraulic connectivity (1)
- Hydraulic fracture (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing (1)
- Hydraulic loading rate (1)
- Hydraulics (1)
- Hydro-mechanical coupling (1)
- Hydro-meteorological indices (1)
- HydroGeoSphere (1)
- Hydroclimate (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogen (1)
- Hydrogen isotopes (1)
- Hydrogeomorphic type (1)
- Hydrological balance (1)
- Hydrological flowpaths (1)
- Hydrological model (1)
- Hydrological modelling (1)
- Hydrological monitoring (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hydrometric networks (1)
- Hydromorphologic alteration (1)
- Hydropedology (1)
- Hydrophobic treatment (1)
- Hydrostratigraphic model (1)
- Hydrothermal veins (1)
- Hydrus-1D (1)
- Hydrus-2D (1)
- Hyetograph classification (1)
- Hypersaline lake (1)
- Hyperspectral (1)
- Hyperspectral remote sensing (1)
- Hypolimnetic oxygen (1)
- Hyporheic zone (1)
- Hypsometry analysis (1)
- Hysteresis index (1)
- IAPETUS suture (1)
- IBM (1)
- ICDP (1)
- ICDP Dead Sea deep drilling (1)
- ICESat-2 (1)
- IGP (1)
- IMPRESSIONS (1)
- IODP (1)
- IPCC (1)
- IPCC AR5 scenarios (1)
- IRD (1)
- ISSR (1)
- Iberian Basin (1)
- Iberian Peninsula (1)
- Ice sheet dynamics (1)
- Ice wedges (1)
- Ice-wedge polygon (1)
- Identifiability (1)
- Idiosomic Si pool (1)
- Illitization (1)
- Image classification (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Imaging spectroscopy (1)
- Immigration by air (1)
- Impact assessment (1)
- Impacts (1)
- In situ C-14 (1)
- In situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- In situ stress field (1)
- In-situ Laser Ablation Split Stream ICPMS (1)
- In-situ cosmogenic Be-10 (1)
- In-situ degradation rates (1)
- In-situ remediation (1)
- In-stream geomorphological structures (1)
- In-stream processes (1)
- Incentives (1)
- Incomplete inventories (1)
- Index of connectivity (1)
- Index of dispersion (1)
- India (1)
- Indian Monsoon (1)
- Indian Ocean (1)
- Indian ocean dipole (1)
- Indicator species (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Indonesian throughflow (1)
- Inference model (1)
- Infiltrability (1)
- Inflow and outflow (1)
- Informative prior (1)
- Infrared (1)
- Infrared observations (1)
- Infrared spectroscopy (1)
- Initial ecosystem (1)
- Inner Mongolia (1)
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (1)
- Integration (1)
- Inter-Andean valley (1)
- Inter-annual glacier elevation change (1)
- Inter-phase mass transfer (1)
- Interdisciplinarity (1)
- Interior Alaska (1)
- International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (1)
- International policy (1)
- International unions (1)
- Intertidal organisms (1)
- Intra-oceanic subduction (1)
- Intracellular DNA (1)
- Intraplate earthquakes (1)
- Intraplate processes (1)
- Intraplate seismicity (1)
- Inverse Theory (1)
- Inverse filtering (1)
- Inversion for moment tensors (1)
- Invertebrates (1)
- Inylchek Glacier (1)
- Ion-Beam (FIB) (1)
- Ionospheric scale lengths (1)
- Iraq (1)
- Irrawaddy River (1)
- Irrigation (1)
- Irrigation experiment (1)
- Isabena river (1)
- Island (1)
- Island arc (1)
- Isochrones (1)
- Isomap (1)
- Isometric feature mapping (1)
- Isotope (1)
- Isotope proxy (1)
- Isotope-hydrological integrated modeling (1)
- Isotopes (1)
- Israel (1)
- Issyk Kul (1)
- Issyk-Kul (1)
- Ivrea Zone (1)
- JULIA (1)
- Jaccard (1)
- Jafnayn formation (1)
- Jaguaribe Basin (1)
- Japan (1)
- Japan subduction zone (1)
- Joint inversion (1)
- June 2013 flood (1)
- Jurassic arc (1)
- Jwalamukhi Thrust (1)
- K-Ar system (1)
- K-means technique (1)
- Kaghan (1)
- Kaghan Valley (1)
- Kalahari (1)
- Kalakuli Lake (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kameng River section (1)
- Kanas Lake (1)
- Kappa (1)
- Karaburun (1)
- Karelian Isthmus (1)
- Kashmir earthquake (1)
- Kaya Identity (1)
- Kazakhstan (1)
- Kenya (1)
- Kernel occurrence rate (1)
- Kerogen petrography (1)
- Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (1)
- Khatanga (1)
- Khatanga river (1)
- Kinematics of crustal (1)
- Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knickzones (1)
- Kobresia meadow (1)
- Kokchetavite (1)
- Kp index (1)
- Ksat (1)
- Kuilyu Complex (1)
- Kuilyu complex (1)
- Kumdykolite (1)
- Kurils (1)
- Kurpsai dam (1)
- Kwajalein (1)
- L-Asterisk (1)
- LAI (1)
- LANDSAT (1)
- LIA (1)
- LLSVPs (1)
- LM (1)
- LPJ-GUESS (1)
- La Pampa (1)
- Lacustrine carbonates (1)
- Lacustrine record (1)
- Lacustrine sediments (1)
- Lacustrine surface samples (1)
- Lake Bayan Nuur (1)
- Lake Chiuta (1)
- Lake Issyk‐ Kul (1)
- Lake Kinneret (1)
- Lake Magadi (1)
- Lake Malawi basin (1)
- Lake Mead (1)
- Lake Medvedevskoe (1)
- Lake Stechlin (1)
- Lake Turkana (1)
- Lake deposits (1)
- Lake level (1)
- Lake model (1)
- Lake-area (1)
- Lake-ice cover (1)
- Lake-surfaces variability (1)
- Lamina thickness (1)
- Laminated lake sediments (1)
- Land and water (1)
- Land cover change (1)
- Land cover maps (1)
- Land reform (1)
- Land use conception (1)
- Land-use planning (1)
- Landfill (1)
- Landform assemblages (1)
- Landsat 8 (1)
- Landsat time-series (1)
- Landscape Response (1)
- Landscape aesthetics (1)
- Landscape change (1)
- Landscape dynamics (1)
- Landscape planning (1)
- Landscape preferences (1)
- Landscape structure (1)
- Landscape values (1)
- Landscape visualisation (1)
- Landslide chronosequences (1)
- Landslide dam (1)
- Landslide inventory (1)
- Landslide susceptibility (1)
- Large basins (1)
- Larger benthic foraminifera (1)
- Larix (1)
- Larix cajanderi (1)
- Larix larch (1)
- Las Chacras-Potrerillos (1)
- Laser ICP-MS (1)
- Laser fluorination (1)
- Last Interglacial (1)
- Last cold stage (1)
- Last interglacial-glacial transition (1)
- Late Cenozoic (1)
- Late Devonian (1)
- Late Triassic (1)
- Late cretaceous (1)
- Late pleistocene (1)
- Late-Holocene (1)
- Latemar (1)
- Laurentide Ice Sheet (1)
- Lawsonite (1)
- Leaf area index (1)
- Leaf wax (1)
- Lech catchment (1)
- Leeuwin Current (1)
- Legitimacy (1)
- Lehmann discontinuity (1)
- Lena Delta (1)
- Leones Glacier (1)
- Lesser Himalayan Duplex (1)
- Leucocratic tourmaline orthogneisses (1)
- Levee (1)
- Level of confidence (1)
- Leveling data (1)
- Li-F granite (1)
- Lichenometry (1)
- Life history (1)
- Liguride Complex (1)
- Limestone assimilation in basanite (1)
- Linking (1)
- Lipid (1)
- Lipid biomarker (1)
- Lipid biomarkers (1)
- Lipids (1)
- Liquid water distribution (1)
- Lithosphere (1)
- Lithosphereasthenosphere boundary (1)
- Little Ice Age (1)
- Liver function (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Local knowledge (1)
- Local magnitude scale (1)
- Local structure Yttrium, Strontium, Lanthanum (1)
- Local-to-regional scale (1)
- Logic tree (1)
- Logic trees (1)
- Logistic regression (1)
- Lonar Crater Lake (1)
- Long-Term (1)
- Long-range transport (1)
- Loop-loop systems (1)
- Loppa High (1)
- Loss modeling (1)
- Loss modelling (1)
- Lotus corniculatus (1)
- Low flow indicator (1)
- Low-centred polygon (1)
- Lower Cretaceous (1)
- Lower Palaeolithic (1)
- Lower Paleolithic (1)
- Lower crustal flow (1)
- Lowland catchment (1)
- Lu-Hf in garnet (1)
- Lu-Hf system (1)
- Lu/Hf dating of garnet (1)
- Luminescence dating (1)
- Lupinus albus (1)
- Lut Blocks (1)
- Luxury tourism (1)
- Lyme disease (1)
- Lysimeter control systems (1)
- M(w)8.8 Maule earthquake (1)
- MALDI imaging (1)
- MARS (1)
- MAT(mr) paleothermometer (1)
- MC-ICP-MS (1)
- MCA (1)
- MHT (1)
- MIT (1)
- MNDWI (1)
- MO (1)
- MODFLOW (1)
- MODIS (1)
- MODIS ET (1)
- MRD (1)
- MUSLE (1)
- MWAC (1)
- Macerals (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Macrolepidoptera (1)
- Macrophytes (1)
- Madeira island (1)
- Mafic Rocks (1)
- Magma migration and fragmentation (1)
- Magma mixing (1)
- Magnetic field variations through time (1)
- Magnetic hydrochar (1)
- Magnetic properties (1)
- Magnetic susceptibility (1)
- Magnetic+Susceptibility (1)
- Magnitude and frequency (1)
- Mahneshan Metamorphic Complex (1)
- Maiella Mountains (1)
- Major and trace elements (1)
- Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny (1)
- Mallik (1)
- Management (1)
- Manifold (1)
- Mann-Kendall test (1)
- Mantle processes (1)
- Mantle rheology (1)
- Mantle source (1)
- Mapping (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 13 (1)
- Marine Isotope Stage 3 (1)
- Marine terrace (1)
- Markov Blanket (1)
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion (1)
- Marmara Sea (1)
- Martian regolith analogs (1)
- Mass balance approach (1)
- Mass extinction (1)
- Mass transport (1)
- Mathematical formulation (1)
- Mato Grosso (1)
- Matrix diffusion (1)
- Maturity (1)
- Maule megathrust (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum magnitude of earthquake (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Mechanical aperture (1)
- Medieval Climate Anomaly (1)
- Mediterranean Basin (1)
- Mediterranean Sea (1)
- Mediterranean fluvial systems (1)
- Mediterranean rivers (1)
- Mediterranean shallow lake (1)
- Mediterranean shrubland (1)
- Mediterranean-mountainous (1)
- Mekong delta (1)
- Melt (1)
- Merensky Reef (1)
- Mermia ichnofacies (1)
- Mesh convergence (1)
- Mesorbitolina (1)
- Mesoscale (1)
- Mesoscale systems (1)
- Messinian Erosional Surface (1)
- Messinian Salinity Crisis (1)
- Meta-plagiogranite (1)
- Meta-trachyandesite (1)
- Metabarcoding (1)
- Metamorphic evolution (1)
- Metamorphic sole (1)
- Metapelites (1)
- Metapelitic rock (1)
- Metasedimentary succession (1)
- Metasediments (1)
- Meteorites (1)
- Metering (1)
- Methane leakage (1)
- Methanogenic archaea (1)
- Method comparison (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Mexico (1)
- Mg/Ca (1)
- Micro-Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Micro-XRF (1)
- Micro-aggregates (1)
- Micro-fades (1)
- Microalgae assemblages (1)
- Microbial community analysis (1)
- Microbial mounds (1)
- Microbial processes (1)
- Microcontinent (1)
- Microcrack (1)
- Microcystis aeruginosa (1)
- Microfacies (1)
- Microhabitats (1)
- Micromechanical model (1)
- Microscopy (1)
- Microseismic monitoring (1)
- Microseismicity (1)
- Microtremors (1)
- Mid-late Holocene (1)
- Middle East (1)
- Middle Eocene deformation (1)
- Middle Holocene (1)
- Middle Palaeolithic (1)
- Middle Strand (1)
- Middle Tianshan (1)
- Middle-Upper Permian (1)
- Migration (1)
- Milankovitch (1)
- Military conversion (1)
- Millennial-scale variability (1)
- Mineral composition (1)
- Mineral soil (1)
- Mineralization (1)
- Mineralogy (1)
- Minimum mortality temperature (1)
- Minor (1)
- Miocene deformation (1)
- Miocene volcanism (1)
- Misho complex (1)
- Mitigation (1)
- Mitigation measures (1)
- Mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland (1)
- Mixed-effects regression (1)
- Mixing model (1)
- Mixing models (1)
- Mixture model (1)
- Miyakejima intrusion (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Model availability (1)
- Model comparison (1)
- Model complexity (1)
- Model coupling (1)
- Model development (1)
- Model landscape (1)
- Model selection (1)
- Modeling framework (1)
- Modeling tools for decision-making (1)
- Modern analogues (1)
- Modern pollen/vegetation relationships (1)
- Moisture availability (1)
- Moisture evolution (1)
- Moisture reconstructions (1)
- Moisture-advection feedback (1)
- Molasse Basin (1)
- Molecular design (1)
- Molybdenum mineralization (1)
- Moment tensor inversion (1)
- Monitoring programmes (1)
- Moodies Group (1)
- Moon (1)
- Moraine landscape (1)
- Morisita (1)
- Morisita-Horn (1)
- Morphotectonics (1)
- Mosha Fault (1)
- Moss samples (1)
- Mossbauer spectroscopy (1)
- Moulouya river basin (1)
- Mountain building (1)
- Mountain hydrology (1)
- Mountain lake (1)
- Mozambique Ocean (1)
- Mt. Quincan (1)
- Mudrock analyses (1)
- Multi-angular model-based decomposition (1)
- Multi-attribute decision-making (1)
- Multi-proxy record (1)
- Multi-site study (1)
- Multi-temporal (1)
- Multi-variables (1)
- Multicomponent ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data (1)
- Multidimensionality (1)
- Multilevel model (1)
- Multiple regression (1)
- Multivariate (1)
- Multivariate adaptive regression splines (1)
- Multivariate regression trees (1)
- Multivariate statistical analysis (1)
- Mycotoxins (1)
- N (1)
- N isotopes (1)
- N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) (1)
- N-butylpyridinium bromide (1)
- NAC transcription factor ATAF1 (1)
- NAO (1)
- NDVI temporal profiles (1)
- NE Spain (1)
- NESS (1)
- NFSA (1)
- NMDS (1)
- NOR (1)
- NW Himalaya (1)
- NW Morocco (1)
- NW Turkey (1)
- NW-Argentine Andes (1)
- Na-pyrophosphate soluble organic matter (1)
- Najd aquifer (1)
- Namche Barwa (1)
- Namche Barwa syntaxis (1)
- Namibia (1)
- Namibian passive margin (1)
- Nanogranites (1)
- Nanogranitoids (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanorocks (1)
- Narrow (1)
- Natura 2000 monitoring (1)
- Natural dam (1)
- Natural hazard (1)
- Nature protection (1)
- Near surface geophysics (1)
- Near+Surface (1)
- Near-surface geophysics (1)
- Nearshore zone (1)
- Neoacadian orogenic cycles (1)
- Neodymium isotopes (1)
- Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift (1)
- Neotectonics (1)
- Neotethys Ocean (1)
- Neotropics (1)
- Nested scenarios (1)
- Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) (1)
- Net precipitation (1)
- Networks (1)
- Neural circuits (1)
- Neural networks, fuzzy logic (1)
- Neutron radiography (1)
- Nevado Coropuna (1)
- Nianbaoyeze Mountains (1)
- Niche stability (1)
- Niger River Basin (1)
- Nitrate (1)
- Nitrate retention (1)
- NlpR (1)
- Nocardioides alcanivorans (1)
- Non-ergodic PSHA (1)
- Non-marine (1)
- Non-monetary valuation (1)
- Non-parametric regression (1)
- Non-scalar input factors (1)
- Non-uniqueness (1)
- Nonlinear site response (1)
- Nonparametric statistics (1)
- Nordeste (1)
- Nordic catchments (1)
- Norfolk Island (1)
- Normal (1)
- Normal fault evolution (1)
- North (1)
- North Africa (1)
- North Anatolian Fault (1)
- North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) (1)
- North Atlantic (1)
- North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (1)
- North Atlantic Oscillation (1)
- North Atlantic forcing (1)
- North Calabrian Unit (1)
- North Pacific (1)
- North Pacific Ocean (1)
- North Tehran Fault (1)
- North-Western Pacific (1)
- North-eastern Germany (1)
- North-eastern Morocco (1)
- North-eastern Spain (1)
- Northeast Iran (1)
- Northeast Spain (1)
- Northeast of Brazil (1)
- Northeastern China (1)
- Northern Europe (1)
- Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (1)
- Northern Makran (1)
- Northern Patagonian Icefield (1)
- Northern Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Northern Tibetan Plateau (1)
- Northern Zagros Suture Zone (NZSZ) (1)
- Northwestern Anatolia (1)
- Northwestern Turkey (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norway rat (1)
- Nothofagus (1)
- Nuclear explosions (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (1)
- Numerical model (1)
- Numerical modeling (1)
- Numerical study (1)
- Numerische Modellierung (1)
- Nutrient export (1)
- O horizon (1)
- O ligands (1)
- O-2 (1)
- OAE-2 (1)
- OBIA (1)
- ODD model description (1)
- ODP 659 (1)
- ODP 721/722 (1)
- ODP 967 (1)
- OLCI (1)
- OLI (1)
- OSL (1)
- OSL and C-14 geochronology (1)
- OSL dating (1)
- Ocean acidification (1)
- Ocean color remote sensing (1)
- Ocean sciences (1)
- Ocean tidal model (1)
- Oceanic anoxic event 1a (1)
- Oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- Ohalo Site (1)
- Oil sands (1)
- Old Red Sandstone (1)
- Olduvai Subchron (1)
- Omphacite (1)
- Ooid shoals (1)
- Opal-A (1)
- Opal-CT (1)
- Open tropical rain forest (1)
- OpenFOAM (1)
- OpenForecast (1)
- OpenGeosys (1)
- OpenLayers 3 (1)
- Operational and environmental effects (1)
- Operational use (1)
- Ophiolite (1)
- Ophiolite obduction (1)
- Optical absorption spectroscopy (1)
- Optical methods (1)
- Optical sensors (1)
- Optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- Optimal city size distribution (1)
- Orai1 (1)
- Orbital forcing (1)
- Orbitoides (1)
- Ordination (1)
- Ordovician (1)
- Ore (1)
- Orfento Formation (1)
- Organic chemistry (1)
- Organic matter degradation (1)
- Organic matter stabilization (1)
- Organic pollutants (1)
- Orogen-parallel lateral extrusion (1)
- Orogenic Plateaus (1)
- Orogenic wedge (1)
- Orogenic wedges (1)
- Orographic barrier (1)
- Orographicprecipitation (1)
- Orthotropy (1)
- Ostseeküste (1)
- Out-of-sequence thrust (1)
- Output uncertainty (1)
- Overland Bow (1)
- Overland flow generation (1)
- Oxygen and carbon isotopes (1)
- Oxygen isotope compositions (1)
- Oxygen mapping (1)
- Oyster (1)
- Ozone (1)
- P-T-d-tpaths (1)
- P-n tomography (1)
- PAHs (1)
- PAN (1)
- PCA (1)
- PDO (1)
- PETM (1)
- PGE (1)
- PGM (1)
- PM balances (1)
- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations (1)
- POL (1)
- PT estimates (1)
- PT path (1)
- PT pseudosection (1)
- PTMEs (1)
- Pace-of-life (1)
- Pacific-Asia convergence (1)
- Palaeo-Tethys (1)
- Palaeo-lake sediments (1)
- Palaeo-landslides (1)
- Palaeo-seismicity (1)
- Palaeo-shorelines (1)
- Palaeo-vegetation (1)
- Palaeoceanography (1)
- Palaeoclimate proxy (1)
- Palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- Palaeoclimatology (1)
- Palaeodrainage (1)
- Palaeoenvironments (1)
- Palaeofloods (1)
- Palaeogene (1)
- Palaeogeography (1)
- Palaeomagnetism (1)
- Palaeotemperature (1)
- Palaeotropics (1)
- Palaeovegetation (1)
- Paleo (1)
- Paleo-ecology (1)
- Paleo-productivity (1)
- Paleo-tethys (1)
- Paleoarchean (1)
- Paleobiogeography (1)
- Paleoclimate dynamics (1)
- Paleocurrent (1)
- Paleoecology (1)
- Paleoenvironmental (1)
- Paleoenvironmental change (1)
- Paleolake Lorenyang (1)
- Paleomagnetism (1)
- Paleosol (1)
- Paleotethys (1)
- Palygorskite (1)
- Palynostratigraphy (1)
- Pamir Mountains (1)
- Pamir mountains (1)
- Pan-African (1)
- Pan-African magmatism (1)
- Panama Canal watershed (1)
- Panasqueira (1)
- Panjal Traps (1)
- Parana-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (1)
- Paratethys (1)
- Pargasite (1)
- Paris Agreement (1)
- Parlung River (1)
- Partial melt (1)
- Participation (1)
- Particle flow code (1)
- Particle mobility (1)
- Particle swarm optimization (1)
- Particle-size fractions (1)
- Passive Microwave (1)
- Passive seismic (1)
- Pastoralism (1)
- Patagonian Ice Sheet (1)
- Pattern-oriented modelling (1)
- Patterns (1)
- Pb ages (1)
- Peak flow trends (1)
- Peak-over-threshold (1)
- Peat properties (1)
- Pebas/Acre system (1)
- Peclet number (1)
- Pedestal moraine (1)
- Pediastrum (1)
- Pedogenic carbonate nodules (1)
- Pedotransfer function (1)
- Pentacyclic triterpene methyl ethers (1)
- Per capita growth rate (1)
- Perchlorate (1)
- Perennial frozen ground (1)
- Performance (1)
- Peri-urban agriculture (1)
- Peridotites (1)
- Peridotitic melts (1)
- Permafrost coasts (1)
- Permafrost degradation (1)
- Permafrost ecosystem (1)
- Permafrost peatlands (1)
- Permanent uplift (1)
- Permian-Triassic boundary (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Perumytilus mussels (1)
- Peruvian fore arc (1)
- Pesticide transport (1)
- Petrogenesis (1)
- Petrography (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phase angle (1)
- Phenological correction (1)
- Phenotypic plasticity (1)
- Phosphates (1)
- Phosphogenesis (1)
- Phosphorus (1)
- Phylogeny (1)
- Physical environment (1)
- Physical rock properties (1)
- Phytolith dissolution (1)
- Phytolith morphotypes (1)
- Phytoplankton (1)
- Piedmont Zone (1)
- Pierson-Moskowitz spectra (1)
- Pigments (1)
- Pilot-scale constructed wetland (1)
- Pine (1)
- Pinus pinaster (1)
- Pitzer (1)
- Plan oblique relief (1)
- Planetary cartography (1)
- Plant macro-remains (1)
- Plant n-alkanes (1)
- Plant phenology (1)
- Plasma convection (1)
- Plateau margins (1)
- Pleistocene and Holocene climate (1)
- Pleistocene/Holocene transition (1)
- Plio-Pleistocene transition (1)
- Plio-pleistocene transition (1)
- Pliocene (1)
- Poaceae (1)
- Pohang (Korea) (1)
- Point cloud (1)
- Polarisation analysis (1)
- Pollen size (1)
- Pollen source area (1)
- Pollen trap (1)
- Pollen-climate calibration (1)
- Pollen-climate relationship (1)
- Pollen-climate transfer function (1)
- Pollinator conservation (1)
- Polymerization (1)
- Polymorphs (1)
- Ponds (1)
- Pontides (1)
- Population density (1)
- Pore analysis (1)
- Pore network modeling (1)
- Porous sandstone (1)
- Portugal (1)
- Poshtuk (1)
- Poshtuk metapelites (1)
- Post-glacial landscape (1)
- Posterior estimation (1)
- Potamogeton/Stuckenia (1)
- Potassic white mica (1)
- Potassium (1)
- Precambrain (1)
- Precaution (1)
- Precession (1)
- Precipitation events (1)
- Precipitation pattern (1)
- Precipitation reconstruction (1)
- Precipitation variability (1)
- Precise point positioning (1)
- Predation (1)
- Predictive models (1)
- Preparedness (1)
- Primitive island-arc (1)
- Probabilistic forecasting (1)
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and Bayesian inference (1)
- Process domains (1)
- Process models (1)
- Procrustes analysis (1)
- Project monitoring (1)
- Proportional population growth rate (1)
- Proto-North Atlantic (1)
- Protolith (1)
- Provenance analysis (1)
- Provenance studies (1)
- Proximal soil sensing (1)
- Pseudo-binary phase diagrams (1)
- Pseudoleucite (1)
- Pseudotachylyte (1)
- Pu239+240 (1)
- Public good game (1)
- Public policy (1)
- Public-private partnerships (1)
- Pull-Apart (1)
- Pull-Apart Basin (1)
- Pull-apart basin (1)
- Puna (1)
- Punishment (1)
- Push factor (1)
- Q(10) (1)
- QBO (1)
- Qilian mountains (1)
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) (1)
- Quantification of runoff components (1)
- Quantile Regression Forest model (1)
- Quantile regression (1)
- Quantile regression forests (1)
- Quantitative reconstruction (1)
- Quantitative regional plant abundance (1)
- Quarter-wavelength principle (1)
- Quaternary climate (1)
- Quaternary climate change (1)
- Quaternary geochronology (1)
- Quaternary maar volcanism (1)
- Quaternary terraces (1)
- Quercus brantii (1)
- Quercus ilex (1)
- Quercus pubescens (1)
- RCP scenarios (1)
- RCP4.5 (1)
- RCP8.5 (1)
- RETC (1)
- REVEALS (1)
- REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation (1)
- REVEALS model (1)
- RHA1 (1)
- RSCM thermometry (1)
- Rac-metalaxyl (1)
- Radar rainfall data (1)
- Radioactivity (1)
- Radiocarbon (1)
- Radiocarbon age dating (1)
- Radiocarbon and OSL dating (1)
- Radioisotope disequilibria dating (1)
- Radiolaria (1)
- Radon (1)
- Rain gauges (1)
- Rainfall (1)
- Rainfall event (1)
- Rainfall floods (1)
- Rainfall interception (1)
- Rainfall network (1)
- Rainfall simulation (1)
- Rainfall-triggered landslide (1)
- Rainforest (1)
- Raman (1)
- Random Forests (1)
- Rangeland (1)
- Rangeland management (1)
- Rangifer tarandus (1)
- Raoult's law (1)
- Rapid exhumation/cooling (1)
- RapidEye (1)
- Rare common comparison (1)
- Rare earth element (REE) distribution (1)
- Rasa (1)
- Rate of compositional change (1)
- Rattus norvegicus (1)
- Raw observation (1)
- Rayleigh test (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochron (1)
- Rb-Sr mineral isochrons (1)
- Reactive transport (1)
- Reactive transport modelling (1)
- Real Estate Portal (1)
- Real time (1)
- Receiver functions (1)
- Recent forest (1)
- Recharge (1)
- Reclamation (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Recovery (1)
- Red River (1)
- Redox potential (1)
- Redox reaction (1)
- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD plus ) (1)
- Reduction targets (1)
- Redundancy analysis (1)
- Reefs (1)
- Reference site (1)
- Reference station (1)
- Reflectance spectroscopy (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Regime shifts (1)
- Regional climate models (1)
- Regional cooperation (1)
- Regional ecosystem service management (1)
- Regional forcings (1)
- Regional objectives (1)
- Regional scale (1)
- Regional-dependence (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regolith (1)
- Relative dating (1)
- Renovation (1)
- Rental Prize (1)
- Reproductive performance (1)
- Reptile (1)
- Reservoir (1)
- Reservoir Networks (1)
- Reservoir network (1)
- Reservoir temperature (1)
- Reservoirs (1)
- Residential building stock (1)
- Residual analysis (1)
- Residual maximum likelihood (1)
- Respiration rate (1)
- Response function (1)
- Retention (1)
- Review (1)
- Reykjanes (1)
- Rheic Ocean (1)
- Rheology: crust and (1)
- Rhine basin (1)
- Rhodococcus (1)
- Rifted continental margin (1)
- Ring complex (1)
- Riparian vegetation (1)
- Riparian zone (1)
- Risk assessment (1)
- Risk dominance (1)
- Risk perception (1)
- Risk zoning (1)
- Riskspreading (1)
- River Esera (1)
- River Incision Model (1)
- River Isabena (1)
- River basin (1)
- River bed sediment (1)
- River discharge (1)
- River flow (1)
- River incision (1)
- River-groundwater exchange (1)
- River-groundwater-interaction (1)
- Riverine floods (1)
- Roach (1)
- Rock glacier (1)
- Rock-Eval pyrolysis (1)
- Rocky deserts (1)
- Rodinia (1)
- Role-play (1)
- Romania (1)
- Root morphology (1)
- Root respiration (1)
- Root water uptake (1)
- Rooting depth (1)
- Roots (1)
- Rossby waves (1)
- Rotifers (1)
- Roughness (1)
- Rover station (1)
- Runoff modeling (1)
- Russian Arctic (1)
- Russian Arctic region (1)
- Rutile mineral chemistry (1)
- Ryukyu Group (1)
- Ryukyu Islands (1)
- S-receiver functions (1)
- S-type granite (1)
- S-wave velocity (1)
- S-waves (1)
- SAFIRA II (1)
- SAR (1)
- SEBAL (1)
- SEM (1)
- SH waves (1)
- SIMS (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SN(A)15 (1)
- SPEI (1)
- SPI (1)
- SPM (1)
- SRTM improvements (1)
- SSMI/S (1)
- SW Africa (1)
- Sabzevar (1)
- Salento (1)
- Salinic (1)
- Salt Range (1)
- Salt diapir (1)
- Salt pan (1)
- Samara (1)
- Sambagawa (1)
- Sampling strategy (1)
- Sanabria Lake (1)
- Sand dune steppe and grassland vegetation (1)
- Sandstone detrital modes (1)
- Santa Cruz Island (1)
- Santa-Barbara system (1)
- Sarmentofascis (1)
- Satellite magnetics (1)
- Saturated zone (1)
- Savanna (1)
- Scaling (1)
- Scenario (1)
- Scenario study (1)
- Scenarios (1)
- Schadensprozesse (1)
- Schleswig-Holstein (1)
- Scotland (1)
- Sea level (1)
- Sea of Galilee (1)
- Sea of Marmara (1)
- Sea-level change (1)
- Sea-level changes (1)
- Seagrasses (1)
- Seasonal forecasting (1)
- Seawater intrusion (1)
- Secondary forest (1)
- Sectoral emissions (1)
- Sediment (1)
- Sediment Flux (1)
- Sediment cascade (1)
- Sediment cascades (1)
- Sediment distribution (1)
- Sediment magnetism (1)
- Sediment monitoring (1)
- Sediment production (1)
- Sediment recycling (1)
- Sediment redistribution (1)
- Sediment retention (1)
- Sediment storage (1)
- Sediment supply (1)
- Sediment tails (1)
- Sediment transfer (1)
- Sediment transport (1)
- Sedimentary basin (1)
- Sedimentary facies (1)
- Sedimentary rocks (1)
- Sedimentation rate (1)
- Seed competition (1)
- Seismic anisotropy (1)
- Seismic damage assessment (1)
- Seismic gap (1)
- Seismic hazard (1)
- Seismic hazard assessment (1)
- Seismic investigations (1)
- Seismic load parameters (1)
- Seismic refraction (1)
- Seismic risk (1)
- Seismic slip distribution (1)
- Seismic source parameters (1)
- Seismicity and tectonic (1)
- Seismo-tectonics (1)
- Seismo-volcanic activity (1)
- Seismogenic sources (1)
- Seismology (1)
- Self-organizing map (1)
- Self-propping fracture (1)
- Semi-arid savanna (1)
- Semiarid (1)
- Semiarid catchment (1)
- Sensitive areas (1)
- Sentinel 2 (1)
- Sentinel 3 (1)
- Sequence stratigraphy (1)
- Sequences (1)
- Sequential extraction (1)
- Shale gas (1)
- Shallow borehole sensors (1)
- Shallow lakes (1)
- Shallow marine deposits (1)
- Shallow subsurface (1)
- Shan (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shape detection (1)
- Shear Zone (1)
- Shear wave splitting (1)
- Shear wave velocity (1)
- Shear zones (1)
- Shell Bar (1)
- Shire River basin (1)
- Shore vegetationa (1)
- Short-lived climate pollutants (1)
- Shrubland regeneration (1)
- Si cycling (1)
- Si extraction (1)
- SiO(2)Molecular dynamics (1)
- SiO2-H2O (1)
- Siberian arctic (1)
- Siderite (1)
- Sierra de Aconquija (1)
- Sierra de San Luis (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas (1)
- Sierras Pampeanas Orientales (1)
- Sigmoid model (1)
- Signal enhancement (1)
- Signal propagation (1)
- Silica (1)
- Silicate weathering (1)
- Silicate- carbonate melts/glasses (1)
- Silk Road (1)
- Simulated Mars-like conditions (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulation model (1)
- Single station sigma (1)
- Single-station sigma (1)
- Singular value decomposition (1)
- Sinkholes (1)
- Site amplification (1)
- Site characterisation (1)
- Site classification (1)
- Site proxy (1)
- Site response (1)
- Site-adequate land use (1)
- Site-condition proxies (1)
- Site-specific agricultural land-use (1)
- Siurana Reservoir (1)
- Siwalik (1)
- Siwalik Group (1)
- Siwaliks (1)
- Size distribution (1)
- Slip Distribution (1)
- Slip deficit (1)
- Slip distribution (1)
- Slip rate (1)
- Slip-rate (1)
- Slope exposure (1)
- Slope-area plot (1)
- Sm-Nd (1)
- Smallholder (1)
- Snow avalanche recognition (1)
- Snow-Water Equivalent (1)
- Snow-cover (1)
- Snowmelt floods (1)
- Social-ecological systems (1)
- Socio-economics (1)
- Socio-economy (1)
- Sociocultural valuation (1)
- Socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- Soil C leaching (1)
- Soil C- and N stocks (1)
- Soil carbon (1)
- Soil catena (1)
- Soil contamination (1)
- Soil development (1)
- Soil microorganisms (1)
- Soil moisture measurement comparison (1)
- Soil moisture patterns (1)
- Soil moisture regimes (1)
- Soil moisture time series (1)
- Soil monitoring (1)
- Soil organic carbon stocks (1)
- Soil organic carbon storage (1)
- Soil organic matter (1)
- Soil process modelling (1)
- Soil reaction (1)
- Soil redoximorphic feature (1)
- Soil respiration (1)
- Soil stratification (1)
- Soil texture (1)
- Soil thin-section (1)
- Soil tillage (1)
- Soil water balance (1)
- Soil water balance simulation (1)
- Soil water variability (1)
- Soil-environmental relationships (1)
- Soil-water salinity (1)
- Soils (1)
- Solid Earth sciences (1)
- Solute evolution (1)
- Sommer et al. 2006 (1)
- Source (1)
- Source longevity (1)
- Source mechanism (1)
- South Africa (1)
- South Asia (1)
- South Atlantic (1)
- South Central Andes (1)
- South Korea (1)
- South Pacific Gyre (1)
- South-America (1)
- Southern Apennines (1)
- Southern Caspian Basin (1)
- Southern Central Volcanic Zone (1)
- Southern Ethiopian Rift (1)
- Southern Kyrgyzstan (1)
- Southern Levant (1)
- Southern Norway (1)
- Southern Oscillation (1)
- Southern Pamir (1)
- Soybean (1)
- Soziale Medien (1)
- Spatial Modeling (1)
- Spatial analysis (1)
- Spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT) (1)
- Spatial and temporal denudation rate (1)
- Spatial autocorrelation (1)
- Spatial coherence (1)
- Spatial distribution (1)
- Spatial patterns (1)
- Spatial policy (1)
- Spatial structure (1)
- Spatially explicit modelling (1)
- Spatially explicit models (1)
- Spatially explicit prediction (1)
- Spatio-temporal variability (1)
- Species conservation (1)
- Species distribution modelling (1)
- Species range shift (1)
- Species richness (1)
- Spectral analysis (1)
- Spectral clustering analysis (1)
- Spectral decomposition (1)
- Spectral intensity (1)
- Spectral unmixing (1)
- Spectrometry (1)
- Spectrophotometry (1)
- Speleoseismology (1)
- Speleothems (1)
- Spin transition (1)
- Spitzbergen (1)
- Sponge spicule (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Sporopollenin (1)
- Spreewald wetland (1)
- Sr-87/Sr-86 (1)
- Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes (1)
- Sr-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stability properties (1)
- Stable carbon isotope (1)
- Stable isotope fractionation analysis (1)
- Stable oxygen isotopes (1)
- Stable water isotopes (1)
- Stag hunt (1)
- Stage-discharge (1)
- Stakeholder (1)
- Stakeholder participation (1)
- Stalagmite (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Standardized precipitation index (1)
- Starkregen (1)
- Static bulk modulus (1)
- Statistical Methods (1)
- Statistical analysis (1)
- Statistical downscaling (1)
- Statistical modeling (1)
- Statistical significance (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Steppe (1)
- Steppe-desert (1)
- Stimulation fluids (1)
- Stochastic gradient boosting (1)
- Stochastic model (1)
- Stockholm-convention (1)
- Storm (1)
- Strain (1)
- Strain localization Carrara marble (1)
- Stratal cyclicity (1)
- Strategic uncertainty (1)
- Stratigraphy (1)
- Stream length gradient (1)
- Stream network (1)
- Streamfiow (1)
- Stress field (1)
- Stress measurement (1)
- Stress parameter (1)
- Strong motion (1)
- Strong-motion data (1)
- Strong-motion records (1)
- Strontium-isotope stratigraphy (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structural inheritance (1)
- Structural models (1)
- Structure effect (1)
- Structure-from-motion (1)
- Sturmhochwasser (1)
- Sturzflut (1)
- Style of faulting (1)
- Subaerial exposure (1)
- Subantarctic Front (1)
- Subduction Zone (1)
- Subduction earthquakes (1)
- Subduction fluids (1)
- Subduction input (1)
- Subduction interface (1)
- Subduction zone structure (1)
- Subfreezing temperatures (1)
- Subjective well-being (1)
- Submarine channel (1)
- Submarine sediments (1)
- Submerged macrophytes (1)
- Submerged vegetation composition (1)
- Substrate (1)
- Subterranean environment (1)
- Subtropical cyclones (1)
- Sulfate (1)
- Sumatran fault (1)
- Sumba Island (1)
- Summer and winter temperature (1)
- Supercontinent breakup (1)
- Supercontinent cycle (1)
- Support vector machine regression (1)
- Supra-subduction zone (1)
- Surface Exposure Age (1)
- Surface composition (1)
- Surface floods (1)
- Surface roughness parameters (1)
- Surface waves (1)
- Surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (1)
- Surface-wave methods (1)
- Susceptibility (1)
- Suspended sediment transport (1)
- Suspended-sediment yield (1)
- Sustainable cities (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable land use (1)
- Sustainable natural hazard management (1)
- Sutlej River (1)
- Swarm earthquakes (1)
- Symbology (1)
- Syn-eruptive Hyaloclastic deposits (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synchrotron X-ray (1)
- Synchrotron tomography (1)
- Syntectonic sedimentation (1)
- Synthetic pyroxene (1)
- Syria (1)
- System (1)
- Systematics (1)
- TDS-1 (1)
- TL of feldspar (1)
- TL-thermochronology (1)
- TLS (1)
- TOC (1)
- TRMM satellite data (1)
- Tailings ponds (1)
- Tajik Basin (1)
- Takab (1)
- TanDEM-X DEM (1)
- Tananao Complex (1)
- Taphonomy (1)
- Taranaki Basin (1)
- Tarim Basin, NW China (1)
- Tarim basin (1)
- Tasseled Cap transformation (1)
- Tauride (1)
- Taurus petroleum system (1)
- Team (1)
- TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) (1)
- Tectonic Evolution (1)
- Tectonic Geomorphology (1)
- Tectonic deformation (1)
- Tectonic reconstruction (1)
- Tectonic stress (1)
- Tectonic uplift (1)
- Tectonic-climate coupling (1)
- Tectonics and climatic interactions (1)
- Temperate deciduous forest (1)
- Temperature reconstruction (1)
- Temperature sensitivity (1)
- Temperature time series (1)
- Temporal clustering (1)
- Temporal dynamics (1)
- Temporal sensitivity (1)
- Temporal spread (1)
- Temporal stability of soil water fluxes (1)
- Temporal variability (1)
- TerraSAR-X (1)
- Terrace reoccupation (1)
- Terraces (1)
- Terrain maps (1)
- Terrestrial ecosystem development (1)
- Testate amoeba shell (1)
- Testate amoebae (1)
- Testudines (1)
- Teteriv (1)
- Tetrahymanol (1)
- Th-232 (1)
- Th-U-Pb monazite age (1)
- Thaw lakes (1)
- The Geysers (1)
- The northern margin of the South China Sea (1)
- Theriak/Domino (1)
- Thermal electricity production (1)
- Thermal evolution (1)
- Thermo-mechanical modeling (1)
- Thermo-sensitive tracers (1)
- Thermobarometry (1)
- Thermodynamic modeling (1)
- Tholeiite (1)
- Tholeiitic basalts (1)
- Thorichnus-Vatnaspor ichnoassemblage (1)
- Three-dimensional (1)
- Threshold (1)
- Thrombolites (1)
- Tian (1)
- Tian Shan piedmont (1)
- Tian shan (1)
- Tianshan orogenic belt (1)
- Tibetan plateau (1)
- Tidal marsh vegetation (1)
- Tien Shan (western Central Asia) (1)
- Tien Shan Mountains (1)
- Tile drain (1)
- Tillage (1)
- Tillage erosion (1)
- Time-lag effects (1)
- Time-lapse imaging (1)
- Tonian–Cryogenian (1)
- Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) (1)
- Topography reconstruction (1)
- Trace elements (1)
- Trace metals (1)
- Tracer (1)
- Tracers (1)
- Transbaikalia (1)
- Transfer functions (1)
- Transform fault (1)
- Transformation of hydrological signals (1)
- Transpression (1)
- Tree age distribution (1)
- Tree line (1)
- Tree species effect (1)
- Tree-based pursuit (1)
- Tree-ring (1)
- Tree-ring software (1)
- Tremp basin (1)
- Triaxial deformation (1)
- Triphylite (1)
- Tristan mantle plume (1)
- Triticum aestivum L (1)
- Trophic interactions (1)
- Tropical dry deciduous forests (1)
- Tropical high mountains (1)
- Tropical montane forests (1)
- Tropical rainforest (1)
- Tropical storms (1)
- Tropics (1)
- Trout Lake (1)
- Tso Morari (1)
- Tsunami effect (1)
- Tsunamis (1)
- Tundra (1)
- Tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- Tungsten–tin deposits (1)
- Tuning (1)
- Turbidite (1)
- Turbidity retrieval (1)
- Turkana depression (1)
- Tuscany (1)
- Tuz Golu Basin (1)
- Twitter (1)
- Type-I error (1)
- U (1)
- U/Pb dating of titanite (1)
- UAS (1)
- UAVs (1)
- UHP eclogites (1)
- UHP edogites and felsic gneisses (1)
- UHP exhumation (1)
- UHP metamorphism (1)
- UNESCO (1)
- UNFCCC (1)
- USLE (1)
- Uk'37 (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Ultra-high pressure (UHP) (1)
- Ultra-low velocity zones (1)
- Ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- Uncertainty Processor (1)
- Uncertainty analysis (1)
- Uncertainty estimation (1)
- Unconventional gas (1)
- Unconventional gas production (1)
- Unconventional reservoir potential (1)
- Ungauged catchments (1)
- Uniformitarianism (1)
- Unsaturated zone (1)
- Unterrichtsmethoden (1)
- Uplift (1)
- Uplift Rate (1)
- Uplift rate (1)
- Upper Cambrian (1)
- Upper Indus Basin (1)
- Upper Permian Zechstein Group Northern Germany (1)
- Urban CO2 emissions (1)
- Urban Kaya relation (1)
- Urban ecosystem analysis (1)
- Urban energy (1)
- Urban learning lab (1)
- Urban scaling (1)
- Urban sprawl (1)
- Urban water cycle (1)
- V-S,V-30 (1)
- V-p (1)
- V-s profiles (1)
- V-s ratios (1)
- V-s,V-30 (1)
- VI (1)
- VLBI analysis (1)
- VOCs (1)
- Vadose zone (1)
- Valais ocean (1)
- Valley fill (1)
- Valley fills (1)
- Values (1)
- Van Krevelen diagram (1)
- Variability (1)
- Varve (1)
- Varve chronologies (1)
- Varve chronology (1)
- Varve counting (1)
- Varved lake sediments (1)
- Varved sediments (1)
- Varves (1)
- Vascular plants (1)
- Vegetation change (1)
- Vegetation composition (1)
- Vegetation diversity indices (1)
- Vegetation driver (1)
- Vegetation structure (1)
- Vegetation-climate disequilibrium (1)
- Vegetative reproduction (1)
- Vermicompost (1)
- Versalzung (1)
- Vertical flow filters (1)
- Vertical flux (1)
- Vertical pollen dispersal and deposition (1)
- Vertical resolution (1)
- Vertical-flow soil filter (1)
- Vertisol genesis (1)
- Vietnam (1)
- Vinoren (1)
- Virtual active seismic (1)
- Viscous blocking (1)
- Visitors (1)
- Visual system (1)
- Visualisation tool (1)
- Visualization (1)
- Volatiles (1)
- Volcan de Colima (1)
- Volcanic activity (1)
- Volcanic arc processes (1)
- Volcanic collapse (1)
- Volcanic disturbances (1)
- Volcanic rift zone (1)
- Volcanic rocks (1)
- Volcaniclastics (1)
- Volcanology (1)
- Volta Basin (1)
- Volume reconstruction (1)
- Vrica Subchron (1)
- Vulnerability mapping (1)
- W Cantabrian coast (1)
- WAPLS (1)
- WASA-SED (1)
- WGHM (1)
- WRF (1)
- WRF-Chem (1)
- WaSiM-ETH (1)
- Walker circulation (1)
- Wall paintings (1)
- Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (1)
- Water (1)
- Water Availability (1)
- Water balance (1)
- Water balance model (1)
- Water chemistry (1)
- Water demand (1)
- Water distribution (1)
- Water quality modelling (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Water stable isotope (1)
- Water storage (1)
- Water storage dynamic (1)
- Water transport (1)
- Water yield (1)
- Watershed (1)
- Wave (1)
- Wave scattering and diffraction (1)
- Wave-built terraces (1)
- Wavelet power spectrum (1)
- Wavelet transform (1)
- Wavelet transformation (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weather patterns (1)
- Weather radar (1)
- Weathering indices (1)
- Web maps (1)
- WebGL (1)
- Weighted model ensembles (1)
- Weighted-average partial least squares (1)
- Weights-of-Evidence (1)
- Well productivity (1)
- West Africa (1)
- West Bohemia (1)
- Western Africa (1)
- Western Alps (1)
- Western Bug (1)
- Western Interior Basin (1)
- Western Qaidam Basin (1)
- Wetlands (1)
- Wheat (1)
- White mica Ar-40/ Ar-39 spot ages (1)
- Wide-angle seismic (1)
- Wild bees (1)
- Willingness to pay (1)
- Willow tree (1)
- Wind model (1)
- Wind modelling (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Within-field variation (1)
- Woodchips (1)
- Woody coverage (1)
- WorldDEM (1)
- WorldView-2 (1)
- Wuchiapingian (1)
- X-radiography (1)
- X-ray Raman scattering (1)
- X-ray fluorescence (1)
- X-ray mapping (1)
- XRF analysis (1)
- XRF data (1)
- Xigaze ophiolite (1)
- Xining Basin (1)
- Xinjiang (1)
- Yakutia (1)
- Yamal (1)
- Yangtze River (1)
- Yarlung Tsangpo (1)
- Yedoma Ice Complex (1)
- Yucatan Peninsula (1)
- Yukon (1)
- Yuli belt (1)
- Yurtus Formation (1)
- Z-P approach (1)
- ZHe tracer thermochronology (1)
- Zagros forests (1)
- Zanskar (1)
- Zechstein salt (1)
- Zechstein-Buntsandstein interval (1)
- Zelezna hurka (1)
- Zeolites (1)
- Zermatt-Saas (1)
- Ziphiidae (1)
- Zircon U-Pb age (1)
- Zircon U-Pb dating (1)
- Zircon U/Pb and Pb-Pb ages (1)
- Zircon age (1)
- Zircon dating (1)
- Zooxanthellate corals (1)
- aboveground biomass (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptability (1)
- accessory minerals (1)
- accommodation-space (1)
- accountability (1)
- accretionary complex (1)
- accretionary prism (1)
- accumulation in soils (1)
- acidophilic microorganisms (1)
- acoustic emission (1)
- acoustic emissions (1)
- action plan (1)
- active continental margin (1)
- actively growing bacteria (AGB) (1)
- adaption measure (1)
- adaptive management (1)
- administrative units (1)
- adsorption (1)
- advection (1)
- aeolian (1)
- aeolian input (1)
- aerobic respiration (1)
- aerosols (1)
- afforestation (1)
- age class forest (1)
- age resetting (1)
- age-depth model (1)
- age-elevation relationships (1)
- agent-based models (1)
- agglomeration (1)
- aggradation-incision cycles (1)
- agricultural productivity (1)
- agricultural soils (1)
- agroecosystem (1)
- aillikite (1)
- airborne (1)
- airborne geophysics (1)
- airglow (1)
- albedo (1)
- algorithms (1)
- alkaline granites (1)
- alkaline lake (1)
- alluvial fans (1)
- alluvial-fan sedimentation (1)
- alpine (1)
- alpine environment (1)
- alpine grassland degradation (1)
- alps (1)
- alteration geochemistry (1)
- altitudinal zonation (1)
- alveolinaceans (1)
- ammonia (1)
- ammonia volatilization (1)
- amphibole (1)
- amplicon sequencing (1)
- analog experiment (1)
- analog modeling (1)
- analog models (1)
- and Granite Magmatism (1)
- anhydrite inclusions (1)
- animal calories (1)
- anorthite (1)
- anoxia (1)
- ant mounds (1)
- apatite (1)
- apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (1)
- apatite fission track (1)
- apatite fission-track (1)
- apatite fission-track thermochronology (1)
- apatite helium thermochronology (1)
- aquifer-river interface (1)
- archaeology (1)
- architecture (1)
- arctic tundra (1)
- arctic water bodies (1)
- arctic-alpine environments (1)
- area-average snow monitoring (1)
- aridification (1)
- artefact avoidance (1)
- artificial light (1)
- artificial light at night (1)
- artificial neural networks (1)
- artificially drained lowland (1)
- assimilation (1)
- asthenosphere (1)
- astronomical calibration (1)
- asymmetric rifting (1)
- atlantic (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atmosphere-only climate model simulations (1)
- atmospheric aerosols (1)
- atmospheric circulation (1)
- atmospheric deposition (1)
- attenuation (1)
- attitudes (1)
- attitudinal transects (1)
- attraction (1)
- attributes (1)
- attribution (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- automated monitoring (1)
- automatic chambers (1)
- automatic lineament extraction (1)
- automatic processing (1)
- autotrophic respiration (1)
- back arc basin (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial community composition (1)
- bandgap (1)
- bank infiltration (1)
- base-level fall (1)
- baseflow (1)
- basin modeling (1)
- bat fatalities (1)
- beaver (1)
- bed disturbance (1)
- bedload transport (1)
- bedrock-alluvial channels (1)
- behavioral adaptation (1)
- belowground biomass (1)
- bentonite (1)
- berylium-10 (1)
- beryllium (1)
- best practices (1)
- biodiversity decline (1)
- biofilm (1)
- biogas (1)
- biogeochemistry (1)
- biogeographic provinces (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- biological invasion (1)
- biomanipulation (1)
- biomarkers (1)
- biomaterial (1)
- biomineralization (1)
- biosynthetic fractionation (1)
- black carbon (1)
- blueSeis-3A sensors (1)
- body condition (1)
- body growth rate (1)
- bond strength (1)
- bonding transition (1)
- boosting (1)
- boreal forests (1)
- borehole leakage (1)
- boundary element modeling (1)
- boundary exchange (1)
- boundary scavenging (1)
- box turtles (1)
- brackish marsh (1)
- braided alluvial rivers (1)
- branched GDGTs (1)
- breaches (1)
- breccia (1)
- broadband seismometer (1)
- bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry (1)
- brown (1)
- brushite (1)
- bubble trap (1)
- bulk chemistry (1)
- burning (1)
- calc-alkaline (1)
- calcium (1)
- caldera collapse (1)
- calderas (1)
- calibration (1)
- canopy height (1)
- capacitive sensors (1)
- captive breeding (1)
- carbon burial (1)
- carbon capture and storage (CCS) (1)
- carbon capture and utilization (CCU) (1)
- carbon export (1)
- carbon fluxes (1)
- carbon isotopes (1)
- carbon sequestration (1)
- carbon stabilization (1)
- carbon-cycle (1)
- carbonate precipitation (1)
- carbonate ramp (1)
- carbonates (1)
- carbonatites (1)
- carnallite (1)
- carnivora (1)
- cartography (1)
- case history (1)
- cash crops (1)
- cataclasite (1)
- catchment connectivity (1)
- catchment scale (1)
- catchments (1)
- cell separation (1)
- cellulose (1)
- cement (1)
- cementation (1)
- central Andean foreland (1)
- central Mediterranean (1)
- central Mongolia (1)
- central Poland (1)
- central south island (1)
- channel geometry (1)
- channel migration (1)
- channel projection (1)
- channel steepness (1)
- channel transmission losses (1)
- channel width (1)
- characteristics (1)
- charcoal (1)
- chemical weathering (1)
- chemical-mechanical interaction (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chemocline (1)
- chlorite (1)
- chloritoid micaschist (1)
- chloritoid stability (1)
- cholecalciferol (1)
- choppering (1)
- chronological construction (1)
- chronology (AICC2012) (1)
- chronostratigraphy (1)
- chronostratigrapy (1)
- circulation (1)
- city district (1)
- classification (1)
- clay organic coating (1)
- clay sediments (1)
- climate action (1)
- climate adaptation (1)
- climate change co-operation (1)
- climate clubs (1)
- climate extremes (1)
- climate instability (1)
- climate networks (1)
- climate reconstructions (1)
- climate transition (1)
- climate warming (1)
- climate-carbon cycle feedbacks (1)
- climate-change mitigation (1)
- climate-change policy (1)
- climate-tectonic feedback processes (1)
- climate-tectonic feedbacks (1)
- climatic and tectonic forcing (1)
- climatology (1)
- clinopyroxenite (1)
- clockwise P-T path (1)
- clonal growth (1)
- closed forest (1)
- club goods (1)
- cluster analysis (1)
- co-benefits (1)
- coastal flooding (1)
- coastal floods (1)
- coastal sand dunes (1)
- coesite (1)
- coexistence (1)
- coexisting phases (1)
- coherence (1)
- coherent noise (1)
- cold surges (1)
- companies (1)
- competition (1)
- competition-defense trade-off (1)
- complexes (1)
- components (1)
- composite properties (1)
- compositional gap (1)
- compositional map (1)
- compositional species turnover (1)
- computational fluid dynamics (1)
- concentration (1)
- conditional commitments (1)
- conductivity map (1)
- conservation planning (1)
- conservation units (1)
- conservative (1)
- continental breakup (1)
- continental collision (1)
- continental lithosphere (1)
- continental neotectonics (1)
- continental rifting (1)
- continental rifts (1)
- continental shelf (1)
- continuous modelling (1)
- continuous snowpack monitoring (1)
- controlled drainage (1)
- convective available potential energy (1)
- convective available potential energy (CAPE) (1)
- convective rainfall (1)
- coordination transformation (1)
- coral (1)
- core flow (1)
- core-shell (1)
- coregistration (1)
- correlation skill (1)
- correlations (1)
- corridors (1)
- cosmogenic burial dating (1)
- cosmogenic erosion rates (1)
- cosmogenic nuclide-dating (1)
- cosmogenic radionuclides (1)
- cost of electricity (COE) (1)
- costs of infrastructure (1)
- coumatetralyl (1)
- coupled fluid and heat transport (1)
- covalency (1)
- critical infrastructure resilience (1)
- critical meteorological condition (1)
- crop products (1)
- cross-calibration (1)
- crown roots (1)
- crustal anatexis (1)
- crustal density structure (1)
- crustal fault (1)
- crustal magma chamber (1)
- cryostratigraphy (1)
- crystal growth rate (1)
- crystal nucleation (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cuticle (1)
- cycle (1)
- cyclic stratigraphy (1)
- daily-discharge time (1)
- damage assessment (1)
- damage estimation (1)
- damage model (1)
- damage surveys (1)
- damaging processes (1)
- dams (1)
- data (1)
- data archeology (1)
- data fusion (1)
- data scarcity (1)
- data science (1)
- data-based (1)
- data-mining (1)
- debris avalanche (1)
- debris flows (1)
- debris-flow topography (1)
- decision making (1)
- decision tree (1)
- decompression (1)
- deep carbon cycle (1)
- deep convection (1)
- deep long-period earthquakes (1)
- deep low-frequency earthquakes (1)
- deep-level mining (1)
- deep-marine sedimentary processes (1)
- defense against predation (1)
- deforestation (1)
- deformation monitoring (1)
- deglaciation (1)
- degradation (1)
- dehydration (1)
- delayed fluorescence (1)
- delta O-18 (1)
- delta drift (1)
- delta-c-13 (1)
- dendroclimatology (1)
- dendroecology (1)
- dendrometer measurements (1)
- denitrification (1)
- density dependence (1)
- density-driven (1)
- density-driven flow (1)
- density-functional theory (1)
- dependence (1)
- depletion amplitude (1)
- depositional environment (1)
- derived flood frequency (1)
- derived flood risk analysis (1)
- deshadowing (1)
- design (1)
- detachment folds (1)
- deterministic (1)
- detrital carbonate (1)
- detrital geochronology and thermochronology (1)
- detrital zircons (1)
- deuterium (1)
- dew-point temperature (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diamond (1)
- diatom indicator species (1)
- diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes (1)
- differential split-sample test (1)
- diffusion (1)
- digital core reconstruction (1)
- digital grain sizing (1)
- digital terrain analysis (1)
- dike (1)
- dike intrusion (1)
- dike propagation (1)
- dike-induced seismicity (1)
- dike-induced stresses (1)
- diorite (1)
- direct georeferencing (1)
- disaster risk (1)
- disaster risk reduction (1)
- discharge pattern (1)
- discharge variability (1)
- discontinuity surfaces (1)
- disinfection (1)
- dislocation creep (1)
- dispersion maxima (1)
- dissolution properties (1)
- dissolved silica concentration (1)
- distal turbidites (1)
- distributed volcanic fields (1)
- distribution (1)
- disturbance tracking (1)
- ditch irrigation (1)
- ditch system (1)
- diurnal signal (1)
- dolerite (1)
- doming (1)
- double diffusive convection (1)
- downscaling (1)
- downstream fining (1)
- drainage (1)
- drainage network expansion (1)
- drained lake basins (1)
- drought stress (1)
- dryland rivers (1)
- drylands (1)
- dumortierite (1)
- duplex (1)
- dust emission and deposition (1)
- dust sources (1)
- dynamic topography (1)
- dynamical seasonal prediction (1)
- eDNA (1)
- early Holocene (1)
- early eocene (1)
- earth surface processes (1)
- earth system model (1)
- earthflow (1)
- earthquake cycle (1)
- earthquake deformation (1)
- earthquake hazard analysis (1)
- earthquake hydrology (1)
- earthquake modeling (1)
- earthquake nucleation (1)
- earthquake sequences (1)
- earthquake source (1)
- earthworm ecological types (1)
- east Africa (1)
- east African rift (1)
- eastern Mediterranean (1)
- eastern Qiangtang terrane (1)
- eastern asia (1)
- eastern south–central Andes (1)
- eclogites (1)
- eco-hydrology (1)
- ecohydrological modelling (1)
- ecological indication (1)
- ecological niche modelling (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- ecology (1)
- economics (1)
- ecosystem change (1)
- ecosystem service cascade (1)
- ecosystem-based adaptation (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- effectiveness (1)
- efficient method (1)
- elastic geobarometry (1)
- elastic rock properties (1)
- elastic waves (1)
- elastin-like recombinamers (1)
- electric fields and currents (1)
- electrical resistivity tomography (1)
- electricity generation (1)
- electromagnetic (1)
- electromagnetic imaging (1)
- electromagnetic scattering (1)
- electromagnetics (1)
- electron lifetime (1)
- electron microprobe (1)
- electron transport (1)
- electronic structure (1)
- electrons (1)
- elevated CO2 (1)
- emergency (1)
- emergency management (1)
- emergency preparedness (1)
- emergency response (1)
- empirical (1)
- end-member mixing (1)
- energy security (1)
- energy transfer (1)
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) (1)
- ensemble modeling (1)
- environmental change (1)
- environmental remediation (1)
- environmental seismology (1)
- eocene thermal maximum (1)
- epistemic (1)
- epsilon Nd (1)
- equations (1)
- equatorial electrojet (EEJ) (1)
- equatorial plasma depletion (1)
- equilibrium assemblage (1)
- erosion rate (1)
- erosion rates (1)
- erosion-climate link (1)
- eruption (1)
- eruptions (1)
- eruptive cycle (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evaporite minerals (1)
- event coincidence analysis (1)
- events (1)
- ex-ante impact assessment (1)
- exhumation and uplift (1)
- experimental catchments (1)
- experimental design (1)
- experimental petrology (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploration (1)
- exsolution microstructures (1)
- exsolution textures (1)
- extent of rhizosphere (1)
- extinction event (1)
- extreme discharge (1)
- extreme events (1)
- extremes (1)
- facilitation (1)
- falling sphere viscosimetry (1)
- fallout radionuclides (1)
- farmland biodiversity (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fatty acids (1)
- fault bend (1)
- fault bend fold (1)
- fault creep (1)
- fault interaction (1)
- fault linkage (1)
- fault network (1)
- faulting behavior (1)
- faults (1)
- feedback (1)
- feeding trait (1)
- fenite (1)
- fens (1)
- ferropicrite magmas (1)
- fine fraction (1)
- finite element modeling (1)
- fire (1)
- fire history (1)
- fission track thermochronology (1)
- fission-track (1)
- flash flood (1)
- flat-slab (1)
- flat-slab subduction (1)
- flexible model (1)
- flood (1)
- flood damage (1)
- flood events (1)
- flood generating processes (1)
- flood hazard (1)
- flood hazard mapping; (1)
- flood loss estimation (1)
- flood loss model transfer (1)
- flood modelling; (1)
- flood risk analysis (1)
- flood seasonality (1)
- floodplain wetlands (1)
- floodplains (1)
- flow regime (1)
- flow velocity (1)
- flow-through experiment (1)
- flowering time (1)
- fluid flow and thermal modelling (1)
- fluid injection (1)
- fluid regime (1)
- fluorescence imaging (1)
- fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (1)
- fluvial (1)
- fluvial floods (1)
- fluvial response (1)
- fluvial strath terraces (1)
- fluvial terrace (1)
- fluvial terraces (1)
- flux (1)
- flux tracking (1)
- focal mechanisms (1)
- folds (1)
- food grain policies (1)
- food security (1)
- food systems (1)
- food web (1)
- fore arc (1)
- forearc (1)
- forecast (1)
- foreland basin (1)
- foreland-basin stratigraphy (1)
- forest change (1)
- forest structure (1)
- fossil pollen (1)
- fracking (1)
- fractional snow cover (1)
- fracture aperture (1)
- fracture growth (1)
- freeze-thaw cycling (1)
- frequency-domain electromagnetics (1)
- freshwater biodiversity (1)
- freshwater ecosystems (1)
- freshwater ostracods (1)
- frictional melt (1)
- frictional properties (1)
- frontal accretion (1)
- frost‐ cracking (1)
- frozen soil (1)
- full (1)
- functional response (1)
- functional trait correlations (1)
- functional traits (1)
- fundamental frequency (1)
- fuzzy logic (1)
- gabbros (1)
- gap analysis (1)
- gas partial pressure (1)
- gas supply conditions (1)
- gas-solid (1)
- gaylussite (1)
- gender (1)
- generic sampling (1)
- geo-bio interaction (1)
- geochemical cycling (1)
- geodynamic evolution of SE Anatolia (1)
- geodynamic modeling (1)
- geologic hazards (1)
- geologic versus geodetic rates (1)
- geomagnetic indices (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetism (1)
- geomorphic connectivity (1)
- geomorphic markers (1)
- geo–bio interaction (1)
- giant earthquakes (1)
- glacial buzzsaw (1)
- glacial equilibrium (1)
- glacial geomorphology (1)
- glacial lakes (1)
- glacial-interglacial cycles (1)
- glacier chemistry (1)
- glacier flow (1)
- glacier melt (1)
- glacier variation (1)
- glacierized basins (1)
- glaciers (1)
- glaciolacustrine sediment (1)
- glaciological instruments and methods (1)
- glass (1)
- glasses (1)
- global (1)
- global Si cycle (1)
- global climate (1)
- global environmental change (1)
- global microbial biomass (1)
- global monsoon (1)
- global sensitivity analysis (1)
- gneiss domes (1)
- gold (1)
- grain (1)
- grain boundary sliding (1)
- grain storage (1)
- granite (1)
- granite melts (1)
- granulite (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grassland vegetation (1)
- grasslands (1)
- gravitational collapse (1)
- gravity modeling (1)
- gravity observations (1)
- gravity-driven slope deformation (1)
- grazing (1)
- grazing defence (1)
- green algae (1)
- green infrastructure (1)
- green-green dilemma (1)
- greenhouse gas emissions (1)
- gridded data (1)
- ground ice (1)
- ground motion models (1)
- ground motion prediction equations (1)
- ground response analysis (1)
- ground-motion modelling (1)
- groundwater (1)
- groundwater age (1)
- groundwater dynamics (1)
- groundwater flow modeling (1)
- groundwater level (1)
- groundwater lysimeter (1)
- groundwater surface water interaction (1)
- groundwater table (1)
- groundwater vulnerability (1)
- groundwater-surface water (1)
- groundwater-surface water exchange (1)
- groundwater-surface water interaction (1)
- growth rate (1)
- growth response (1)
- growth strata (1)
- growth structures (1)
- guano (1)
- gulf coastal plain (1)
- habitat modeling (1)
- habitat suitability models (1)
- hafnium analysis (1)
- hafnon (1)
- hanging wall (1)
- hardgrounds (1)
- heat flow (1)
- heat tracing (1)
- heat-stress (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heavy-tailed distributions (1)
- hemolysins (1)
- herd composition (1)
- heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties (1)
- heterotrophic respiration (1)
- heuristic analysis (1)
- hexadecane (1)
- high mountain environments (1)
- high pressure and temperature (1)
- high pressure research (1)
- high spatial resolution (1)
- high temperature (1)
- high temporal resolution (1)
- high-Pmetamorphism (1)
- high-density reservoir network (1)
- high-frequency data (1)
- high-precision gravimeter (1)
- high-pressure and Barrovian-type metamorphism (1)
- high-pressure incubation system (1)
- high-pressure metamorphism (1)
- high-resolution biomarkers (1)
- high-resolution record (1)
- higher education (1)
- hillslope (1)
- hiss waves (1)
- historical floods (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- historische Hochwasser (1)
- hominin (1)
- hominins (1)
- hotspot (1)
- huddle test (1)
- human evolution (1)
- human settlement (1)
- human-environment system (1)
- hummocky (1)
- hybrid (1)
- hybrid modelling (1)
- hydrate formation (1)
- hydrate formation process (1)
- hydraulic conductivity (1)
- hydraulic fracturing (1)
- hydro-geological system (1)
- hydro-meterological hazards (1)
- hydrocarbon field (1)
- hydrocarbons (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydroclimatology (1)
- hydrodynamic interactions (1)
- hydrodynamic level (1)
- hydrogen stable isotopes (1)
- hydrogenase (1)
- hydrogeology (1)
- hydrograph partitioning curves (1)
- hydrologic modeling (1)
- hydrological behaviour (1)
- hydrological conditioning (1)
- hydrological modeling (1)
- hydrological modelling (1)
- hydrological signatures (1)
- hydrometric network design (1)
- hydrothermal alteration (1)
- hydrothermal system; (1)
- hydrothermal systems (1)
- hydrous melt (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- hydroyxapatite (1)
- hyperaridity (1)
- hypersaline lake (1)
- hyperspectral (1)
- hypothetical trend (1)
- hysteresis pattern (1)
- ice (1)
- ice dynamics (1)
- ice sheet (1)
- ice-grain mixture (1)
- ice-rafted debris (1)
- ice-sheet modelling (1)
- ice-shelf tributary glaciers (1)
- identifiability analysis (1)
- identifying influential nodes (1)
- igneous texture (1)
- ilmenite (1)
- image enhancement (1)
- immersive 3D geovisualization (1)
- immobilization (1)
- impact forecasting (1)
- impacts (1)
- impoundment rate (1)
- in (1)
- in situ stress (1)
- in-flight (1)
- in-stream gravel bar (1)
- inclusions (1)
- indigenous people (1)
- indirect facilitation (1)
- individual-based model (1)
- industrial ecology (1)
- inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- inelastic properties (1)
- inference (1)
- infiltration (1)
- infiltration patterns (1)
- infrared spectroscopy (1)
- inheritance (1)
- injections (1)
- injectivity (1)
- inner magnetosphere (1)
- innovation (1)
- input-output (I-O) analysis (1)
- insects (1)
- insights (1)
- intangible impacts (1)
- integrated modelling (1)
- integrated river basin management (1)
- integrated river basin modelling (1)
- integrative modelling framework (1)
- intensification (1)
- interaction (1)
- interannual variability (1)
- interdisciplinary research (1)
- interferometric SAR (InSAR) (1)
- intermontane basins (1)
- intermontane valleys (1)
- internal structure (1)
- interpretation (1)
- intrabasinal faulting (1)
- intracontinental deformation (1)
- intraplate deformation (1)
- inundation (1)
- inundation simulation (1)
- inverse analysis (1)
- inverse modeling (1)
- inverse modelling (1)
- inverse problem (1)
- inversion (1)
- inversion tectonics (1)
- ionic conductivity (1)
- ionospheric irregularities (1)
- iron (1)
- iron feature depth (IFD) (1)
- irrigation (1)
- irrigation runoff (1)
- isotopic analysis (1)
- kettle hole (1)
- kinematic analysis (1)
- knickzone (1)
- kokchetavite (1)
- kumdykolite (1)
- lacustrine primary productivity (LPP) (1)
- lagoon (1)
- lake (1)
- lake Donggi Cona (1)
- lake catchments (1)
- lake change (1)
- lake drainage (1)
- lake dynamics (1)
- lake eutrophication (1)
- lake monitoring (1)
- lake shoreline (1)
- lake stratification (1)
- lake-level changes (1)
- laminography (1)
- land conversion (1)
- land degradation (1)
- land restoration; NDVI (1)
- land use (1)
- land use and land cover change (1)
- land use functions (1)
- land-use (1)
- land-use intensity (1)
- landsat (1)
- landscape connectivity (1)
- landscape effect (1)
- landscape evolution modeling (1)
- landscape response to climate change (1)
- landscape transience (1)
- lanthanides (1)
- lanthanoid migration (1)
- larger foraminifera (1)
- last glacial (1)
- last glacial period (1)
- lateglacial (1)
- lateral erosion (1)
- lateral fluxes (1)
- lateral spread (1)
- laterally constrained inversion (1)
- latitude (1)
- lattice preferred orientations (1)
- lava dome (1)
- layered mafic intrusion (1)
- leading edge (1)
- leaf water evaporative H-2-enrichment (1)
- leaf wax delta D (1)
- leaf wax n-alkanes (1)
- leaf-wax n-alkane delta D (1)
- learning success (1)
- legume-grass mixture (1)
- length measurements (1)
- length of day (1)
- level (1)
- life-history strategy (1)
- light pollution (1)
- limestone (1)
- lipid metabolism (1)
- liquid structure (1)
- liquids (1)
- lithic technology development (1)
- lithium pegmatites (1)
- lithium-ion battery electrolyte (1)
- lithofacies proportion modeling (1)
- lithology (1)
- lithosphere dynamics (1)
- lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (1)
- lithosphere-mantle wind interactions (1)
- littoral zone (1)
- livestock (1)
- livestock feed (1)
- lizard (1)
- load stress (1)
- loading conditions (1)
- local adaptation (1)
- local food (1)
- localization (1)
- localized flooding (1)
- location (1)
- location of scatterers (1)
- locking degree (1)
- lonar lake (1)
- loss and damage (1)
- low molecular weight organic acids (1)
- low temperature chronology (1)
- low velocity zone (1)
- low-frequency (1)
- low-grade metamorphism (1)
- low-relief (1)
- lower crustal bodies (1)
- luminescence dating (1)
- lumped parameter model (1)
- lunar tide (1)
- lunar tide of EEJ (1)
- lupin (1)
- machine-learning (1)
- macroecology (1)
- macropore flow (1)
- macropores (1)
- mafic migmatite (1)
- magma evolution (1)
- magma ocean (1)
- magma plumbing system (1)
- magma reservoirs (1)
- magma-poor (1)
- magmatic arc (1)
- magmatic underplating (1)
- magmatic-hydrothermal systems (1)
- magmatism (1)
- magnesiodumortierite (1)
- magnesium silicate skarn (1)
- magnetic fabric (1)
- magnetic parameters (1)
- magnetic surveying (1)
- magnetics (1)
- magnetosphere (1)
- magnetospheric convection (1)
- magnetotellurics (1)
- magnitude & frequency (1)
- maize (1)
- majorite (1)
- mantle convection (1)
- mantle deformation (1)
- mantle discontinuities (1)
- mantle flow modeling (1)
- mantle plume (1)
- mapping (1)
- marble (1)
- margins (1)
- marine-controlled source electromagnetic method (1)
- mass exchange (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- mass wasting (1)
- maximum (1)
- maximum entropy (MaxEnt) (1)
- meadow (1)
- mean transit time (1)
- measurement frequency (1)
- mechanical pressure (1)
- mechanism (1)
- mega-monsoon (1)
- megathrust (1)
- megathrust earthquake (1)
- melilitite (1)
- melt inclusions; nanocarbonatites (1)
- melt-melt immiscibility (1)
- melting (1)
- melts (1)
- memory (1)
- meridional overturning circulation (1)
- meso-scale ecosystems (1)
- mesoscale convective systems (1)
- meta-ophiolites (1)
- meta-pelites (1)
- metagenomic analysis (1)
- metal recycling plants (1)
- metal- organic frameworks (1)
- metal-containing ionic (1)
- metal-containing ionic liquids; (1)
- metaophiolite (1)
- metapelitic rock (1)
- metasomatism (1)
- meteoric 10Be (1)
- meteoric diagenesis (1)
- meteorological drought (1)
- meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (1)
- methane hydrate (1)
- methanol (1)
- micro-CT scan (1)
- microbes (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- microbial lipid (1)
- microbialite (1)
- microbiology (1)
- microdiamond (1)
- microfossil (1)
- microporous materials (1)
- microsatellites (1)
- microseisms (1)
- mid-latitude Westerlies (1)
- mid-latitudes flow (1)
- mid-lithospheric discontinuity (1)
- midlatitude nighttime magnetic fluctuation (1)
- mine waste (1)
- mineral deposits (1)
- mineral mapping (1)
- mineralization (1)
- minimum gradient support regularization (1)
- minirhizotron (1)
- mire (1)
- miscibility gap (1)
- mitigation (1)
- mixed cropping (1)
- mixed gas hydrates (1)
- mobile Raman-microprobe (1)
- model calibration (1)
- model enhancement (1)
- model selection (1)
- model structure (1)
- model validation (1)
- modelling systems (1)
- modern pollen (1)
- modern surface pollen (1)
- modern surface sediments (1)
- mofette systems (1)
- moisture variations in India (1)
- monitoring network (1)
- monsoon onset (1)
- monsoon river hydrology (1)
- moraine (1)
- moraine landscape (1)
- morphological adaptation (1)
- morphological traits (1)
- morphometric indices (1)
- morphometry (1)
- morphotypes (1)
- mosaicking (1)
- motivation theory (1)
- mountain birch (1)
- mountain geomorphology (1)
- mountains (1)
- mountains near cities (1)
- movement (1)
- mu RF (1)
- multi-attribute (1)
- multi-proxy reconstructions (1)
- multi-scale (MA-MS) proportion calibration (1)
- multi-slab (1)
- multi-spectral analysis (1)
- multi-stage diagenesis (1)
- multi-taxon (1)
- multi-temporal RapidEye satellite data (1)
- multi-thermochronometer (1)
- multi-year insurance (1)
- multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (1)
- multilevel probabilistic flood loss model (1)
- multiobjective calibration (1)
- multiparameter (1)
- multisensor (1)
- multisensor system (1)
- multispectral (1)
- multitemporal (1)
- multivariable (1)
- multivariate regression (1)
- multivariate statistics (1)
- multiyear drought (1)
- multi‐ temporal analyses (1)
- municipality (1)
- mylonite (1)
- n-Alkane (1)
- n-alkanes (1)
- nanocomposite material (1)
- nanogranite (1)
- nanogranitoids (1)
- natural dams (1)
- natural hazard (1)
- natural hazard management (1)
- nature conservation (1)
- nature-based solutions (NBS) (1)
- near surface (1)
- neotectonics (1)
- nested catchments (1)
- nested plot (1)
- network analysis (1)
- neutron imaging (1)
- neutron radiography (1)
- neutron simulations (1)
- neutron tomography (1)
- night lights (1)
- nightlights (1)
- nighttime MSTID (1)
- nitrate export dynamic (1)
- nitrogen biogeochemistry (1)
- noise cross (1)
- non-double-couple components (1)
- non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- non-state actors (1)
- nonstationarity (1)
- nontidal ocean loading (1)
- normal-fault evolution (1)
- north-atlantic (1)
- north-eastern Brazil (1)
- north-western Argentina (1)
- northern Kenya Rift (1)
- northern Puna (1)
- northern high latitudes (1)
- northwestern Europe (1)
- northwestern Iran (1)
- numerical (1)
- numerical models (1)
- numerical solution (1)
- numerics (1)
- nutrient retention (1)
- nutrient status (1)
- object-based damage modeling (1)
- object-based image analysis (1)
- ocean acidification (1)
- ocean bottom seismology (1)
- ocean circulation (1)
- ocean surface (1)
- oceanic lithosphere (1)
- oceanic lithosphere and mantle (1)
- oceanic transform and fracture zone processes (1)
- offscraping (1)
- oligocene climate (1)
- ongonite (1)
- online (1)
- open (1)
- open data (1)
- operational service (1)
- ophiolite (1)
- opinion (1)
- optical cell (1)
- optical data (1)
- optical remote sensing (1)
- optical sensors (1)
- optically stimulated luminescence (1)
- optimization (1)
- optimum temperature (1)
- orbital forcing (1)
- ordination (1)
- organic layer (1)
- origination (1)
- orogen-parallel extension (1)
- orogenic plateau evolution (1)
- orogenic wedge (1)
- orographic barrier (1)
- orographic barrier uplift (1)
- ostracod shells (1)
- outburst flood (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxidizer (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen dynamics (1)
- oxygen fractionation model (1)
- oxygen isotopes (1)
- pH dynamics (1)
- pH mapping (1)
- palaeoclimate reconstruction (1)
- palaeoclimate records (1)
- palaeoclimatology (1)
- palaeolimnology (1)
- paleo-delta (1)
- paleo-erosion rate (1)
- paleo-erosion rates (1)
- paleo-sediment (1)
- paleoaltimetry proxies (1)
- paleoceanography (1)
- paleoclimatic reconstructions (1)
- paleoclimatology (1)
- paleoelevation (1)
- paleoenvironment (1)
- paleohydrology (1)
- paleomagnetism and rock magnetism (1)
- paleomagnetism applied to tectonics (1)
- paleoreservoir age (1)
- paleosol (1)
- paleosol sequence (1)
- parallel evolution (1)
- parameter emulation (1)
- parameter estimation (1)
- parametric and nonparametric comparison (1)
- parametric georeferencing (1)
- parathyroid hormone (1)
- pargasite (1)
- part 1 (1)
- part I (1)
- participation (1)
- particle size (1)
- particulate organic carbon (1)
- passive continental margin (1)
- passive microwave (1)
- passive seismic monitoring (1)
- past circulation (1)
- pastoral abandonment (1)
- pasture (1)
- patched vegetation cover (1)
- pathogens (1)
- patterned ground (1)
- peak discharge (1)
- peak-temperature pattern (1)
- peat characterization (1)
- peatland carbon storage (1)
- peatland geomorphology (1)
- peatland hydrology (1)
- pebblecounts (1)
- pegmatite (1)
- pelitic migmatite (1)
- peperite (1)
- peralkalinity (1)
- peraluminosity (1)
- perception (1)
- perennial crop (1)
- peri-urban agriculture (1)
- periglacial landscapes (1)
- peritectic phase (1)
- permafrost carbon feedback (1)
- permafrost disturbances (1)
- permafrost ecosystems (1)
- permafrost lowlands (1)
- permafrost region (1)
- permafrost regions (1)
- permeability test (1)
- permeability-porosity relationship (1)
- permutation entropy (1)
- pesticides (1)
- petrography (1)
- petrostructural analysis (1)
- phase space time delay embedding reconstruction (1)
- phase symmetry (1)
- phlogopite (1)
- phosphate (1)
- phreatophytes (1)
- phycocyanin (1)
- physical experiments (1)
- physical stratigraphy (1)
- phytogenic silica (1)
- phytolith (1)
- phytoplankton (1)
- picocyanobacteria diversity (1)
- picoseismicity (1)
- piggyback basin (1)
- pioneer zone (1)
- pipe detection (1)
- pitch angle diffusion coefficient (1)
- pixel-level fusion (1)
- plan oblique relief (1)
- planetary waves (1)
- plankton (1)
- planning indicators (1)
- plant transformation (1)
- plant water relations (1)
- plant wax biomarker (1)
- plant-animal-soil-system (1)
- plant-plant interactions (1)
- plasma drifts (1)
- plastic degradation (1)
- plastisphere (1)
- plate boundary fault (1)
- plate coupling force (1)
- plate tectonics (1)
- platinum (1)
- playa-lake (1)
- plume-induced (1)
- pockmark (1)
- point cloud (1)
- point clouds (1)
- polarimetric SAR (1)
- polarization analysis (1)
- policy (1)
- pollen accumulation rates (1)
- pollen mapping (1)
- pollen morphology (1)
- pollen productivity (1)
- pollen taxa (1)
- pollination (1)
- pollution indices (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polyammonium salt (1)
- polycarboxylate (1)
- polymorphism (1)
- polymorphs (1)
- polyzwitterion (1)
- population density (1)
- population dynamics (1)
- population growth (1)
- population recovery (1)
- population size (1)
- pore-scale (1)
- porous media (1)
- porphyry Cu-Au deposit (1)
- post-collision (1)
- post-collisional setting (1)
- postmidnight (1)
- postseismic deformation (1)
- potentially affected areas (PAA) (1)
- potentially toxic elements (1)
- pre-Maya settlement (1)
- pre-Siwalik (1)
- pre-monsoon (1)
- precaution (1)
- precipitation anomaly (1)
- precipitation reconstruction (1)
- precursor (1)
- predator-prey cycles (1)
- predator-prey model (1)
- prediction (1)
- prediction uncertainty (1)
- preferences (1)
- preferences in land management (1)
- pressure solution (1)
- pressures (1)
- principal component analysis (1)
- principal component analysis (PCA) (1)
- prior derivation (1)
- private governance (1)
- probabilistic (1)
- probabilistic approaches (1)
- probabilistic discrimination (1)
- probabilistic modeling (1)
- process based (1)
- process life cycle assessment (1)
- process simulation (1)
- processes and landforms of glacial erosion (1)
- production rate (1)
- prograding lobes (1)
- project database (1)
- prolonged droughts (1)
- propagation (1)
- protactinium (1)
- protection (1)
- protection motivation theory (PMT) (1)
- protists (1)
- proto-Paratethys (1)
- protozoa (1)
- provenance (1)
- proxy calibration (1)
- pseudomorphism (1)
- pseudosection (1)
- pseudotachylyte (1)
- psychrotolerant (1)
- pull-apart basin (1)
- pulsed climate variability framework (1)
- quality (1)
- quantitative precipitation estimation (1)
- quantitative research (1)
- quarternary channels (1)
- quartz (1)
- quartz sandstone (1)
- radar imaging (1)
- radar interferometry (1)
- radiation belts (1)
- radiation-damage (1)
- radio science (1)
- radio wave propagation (1)
- radio-echo sounding (1)
- radiocarbon (1)
- radiogenic heat-production (1)
- radiometric alignment (1)
- railway transportation (1)
- rain attenuation (1)
- rain detection (1)
- rain effect (1)
- rain splash (1)
- rainfall events (1)
- rainfall partitioning (1)
- rainfall simulation (1)
- rainfall-runoff (1)
- rainforest (1)
- rainforest crisis (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- ramp (1)
- random vibration (1)
- range shifts (1)
- rangeland management (1)
- rapid damage mapping (1)
- reaction (1)
- reactivation (1)
- reactive transport model (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- receiver functions (1)
- recovery (1)
- recruitment (1)
- redox processes (1)
- redox reactions (1)
- reduction (1)
- reef (1)
- reflection seismic (1)
- reforms (1)
- refuge (1)
- regimes (1)
- regional deformation (1)
- regional development (1)
- regional mapping (1)
- regionalisation (1)
- regression (1)
- regression tree (1)
- regulation (1)
- reindeer (1)
- relative pollen productivity (1)
- relative sea-level (1)
- relevant pollen source area (1)
- relict landscape (1)
- relief (1)
- relief development (1)
- relief map (1)
- remote (1)
- remote sensing data (1)
- remotely sensed evapotranspiration (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- renya Rift (1)
- reproductive success (1)
- repulsion (1)
- required minimum runoff (1)
- resampling (1)
- reservoir (1)
- reservoir volume (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- resistance (1)
- response (1)
- response time (1)
- return flow (1)
- reversible scavenging (1)
- rheological weakening (1)
- rhizosphere (1)
- rhizosphere biogeochemistry (1)
- rhizosphere hydraulic properties (1)
- rhyolites (1)
- rift transfer zone (1)
- rift variability (1)
- rifts (1)
- rigorous geocoding (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring faulting (1)
- riparian zone (1)
- riparian zones (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk communication (1)
- risk management (1)
- risk management cycle (1)
- risk mitigation (1)
- risk modeling (1)
- risk perception (1)
- river (1)
- river discharge (1)
- river dynamics (1)
- river erosion (1)
- river floods (1)
- river plume (1)
- river restoration (1)
- river sediment (1)
- river terraces (1)
- river transport (1)
- riveraquifer interaction (1)
- rivers (1)
- rock and mineral magnetism (1)
- rock exhumation (1)
- rock glacier (1)
- rock glaciers (1)
- rock magnetism (1)
- rock strength (1)
- rock uplift (1)
- rock uplift-relief scaling (1)
- rockfalls (1)
- rodent control (1)
- root activity (1)
- root biomass (1)
- root density (1)
- root depth distribution (1)
- root distribution (1)
- root exudation (1)
- root lengths density (1)
- root penetration (1)
- root respiration (1)
- root system (1)
- root water uptake (1)
- root-soil interaction (1)
- rotation (1)
- rotational seismology (1)
- run-on (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- sPlot (1)
- saline groundwater (1)
- saline lake (1)
- saline pan (1)
- saline pan cycle (1)
- saline permafrost (1)
- salinization (1)
- salmon (1)
- salt dissolution (1)
- sampling bias (1)
- sampling locations (1)
- san andreas fault (1)
- savanna (1)
- savannah (1)
- savannas (1)
- scale (1)
- scale-dependence (1)
- scaling relation (1)
- scenario (1)
- scientific drilling (1)
- sea (1)
- sea floor morphology (1)
- sea level (1)
- sea level change (1)
- sea level trends (1)
- sea surface height (1)
- sea surface temperature reconstructions (1)
- sea turtle (1)
- sea-level projections (1)
- seafloor sediment failure (1)
- sealevel (1)
- seasonal forecast (1)
- seasonal precipitation (1)
- seasonality effect (1)
- security and economy (1)
- sediment budget (1)
- sediment delivery processes (1)
- sediment flux (1)
- sediment flux hysteresis (1)
- sediment input (1)
- sediment mobility (1)
- sediment output (1)
- sediment production (1)
- sediment source fingerprinting (1)
- sediment thickness (1)
- sediment transit time (1)
- sediment transport (1)
- sediment-routing system connectivity (1)
- sediment-supply ratio (A /S) (1)
- sediment-transport model (1)
- sedimentary DNA (1)
- sedimentary ancient DNA (1)
- sedimentary basins (1)
- sedimentary contact (1)
- sedimentary cycles (1)
- sedimentary loading and unloading cycles (1)
- sedimentation pattern (1)
- segregating oceanic crust (1)
- seismic anisotropy (1)
- seismic moment release (1)
- seismic monitoring (1)
- seismic risk (1)
- seismic tomography (1)
- seismic waves (1)
- seismicity and tectonics (1)
- seismicity model (1)
- seismomechanics (1)
- seismotectonic segmentation (1)
- self-similarity (1)
- semi-arid area (1)
- semiarid grassland (1)
- sensing (1)
- sensitivity analyses (1)
- sentinel-1 (1)
- sentinel-2 (1)
- sequestration (1)
- series ERA-interim (1)
- serpentinite carbonation (1)
- service sectors (1)
- shaking (1)
- shallow earthquakes (1)
- shallow groundwater (1)
- shallow groundwater tables (1)
- shallow translational landslides (1)
- shallow-water chemostratigraphy (1)
- shear localization (1)
- shell-architecture (1)
- shoreline movement direction (1)
- shoreline movement rate (1)
- shortening (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- shrub expansion (1)
- shrub thinning (1)
- shrubline (1)
- siderite (1)
- signal-to-noise ratio (1)
- silica concentration (1)
- silica gel (1)
- sill (1)
- silvopastoral systems (1)
- simulation (1)
- simulation model (1)
- simulation-based (1)
- singleslab (1)
- site amplification (1)
- situ Raman spectroscopy (1)
- size fractions (1)
- skill (1)
- slab-mantle decoupling (1)
- slab-mantle interface (1)
- slags (1)
- slip model (1)
- slip partitioning (1)
- slope failure (1)
- slow slip (1)
- small baseline subset (SBAS) (1)
- snow characteristics (1)
- snow grain size (1)
- snow hydrology (1)
- snow melt (1)
- social (1)
- social justice (1)
- social valuation (1)
- social vulnerability (1)
- socioeconomic scenarios (1)
- soft law (1)
- software (1)
- soil (1)
- soil CO2 sampling tubes (1)
- soil Si pools (1)
- soil aggregates (1)
- soil heterogeneity (1)
- soil horizonation (1)
- soil landscape (1)
- soil moisture dynamics (1)
- soil moisture profile (1)
- soil organic matter (1)
- soil parameters (1)
- soil texture (1)
- soil water distribution (1)
- soil-adjusted vegetation index (1)
- soil-root interaction (1)
- soils (1)
- solar radiation (1)
- solid solution (1)
- source (1)
- source array design (1)
- source direction (1)
- source rock evaluation (1)
- source time function (1)
- source-to-sink (1)
- southern Central Andes (1)
- southern hemisphere oceans (1)
- soya beans (1)
- soybean cultivation (1)
- spatial autocorrelation (1)
- spatial correlation (1)
- spatial extent (1)
- spatial heterogeneity (1)
- spatial parameterization (1)
- spatial sampling (1)
- spatial scales (1)
- spatially and temporally explicit modelling macroecology (1)
- spatially explicit agent-based modeling (1)
- spatially explicit model (1)
- special sensor microwave imager (1)
- special sensor microwave imager/sounder (1)
- speciation (1)
- species distribution model (1)
- species distribution modelling (1)
- species richness (1)
- species-area relationship (SAR) (1)
- specific stream power (1)
- specific surface area (1)
- specific yield (1)
- spectral adjustment (1)
- spectral analysis (1)
- spectrogram (1)
- speleothem (1)
- spin (1)
- spinel (1)
- splay fault (1)
- splay faults (1)
- splitting parameters (1)
- stable (1)
- stable craton (1)
- stakeholder participation (1)
- stalagmite (1)
- stand structure (1)
- standards (1)
- static stress change (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- statistical seismology (1)
- statistics (1)
- steady state topography (1)
- steepness index (1)
- stemflow (1)
- steppe soils (1)
- stick slip (1)
- stochastic dynamical systems (1)
- storage-discharge relationship (1)
- storm flood (1)
- storm surge (1)
- stormflow (1)
- stormflow generation (1)
- strain transient (1)
- strainmeter data (1)
- strath terraces (1)
- stratification (1)
- stratigraphy (1)
- stream (1)
- stream power (1)
- stream profile (1)
- stream water (1)
- streamflow probabilistic forecasting (1)
- streamflow response (1)
- streamwater chemistry (1)
- stress (1)
- stress field (1)
- stress state (1)
- structural (1)
- structural mapping (1)
- structure from motion (1)
- structured additive model (1)
- student survey (1)
- sub-sampling (1)
- subaerial exposure (1)
- subalkaline to alkaline magmatism (1)
- subarctic (1)
- subarctic Pacific stratification (1)
- subduction accretion (1)
- subduction and exhumation (1)
- subduction erosion (1)
- subduction history (1)
- subduction initiation (1)
- subduction initiation (PISI) (1)
- subduction interface (1)
- subduction zone earthquakes (1)
- subduction-collision (1)
- subfossil Cladocera (1)
- submarine permafrost (1)
- submerged cave (1)
- subsidence (1)
- subsidence analysis (1)
- subsurface heterogeneities (1)
- subsurface microbiology (1)
- sulfur solubility (1)
- sulfur speciation (1)
- sulphate metasomatism (1)
- summer (1)
- summer monsoon (1)
- supercontinent Nuna (1)
- supergene ores (1)
- superplasticity (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- surface inflation (1)
- surface reflectance (1)
- surface runoff (1)
- surface sealing (1)
- surface type-function-concept (1)
- surface uplift (1)
- surface water flooding (1)
- surface water groundwater interaction (1)
- surface water levels (1)
- surface wave, inversion, near surface (1)
- surprise (1)
- surveys (1)
- survival (1)
- suspended particulate matter (1)
- suspended sediment transport (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustained casing pressure (1)
- swarm LP (1)
- swarms (1)
- switzerland (1)
- symplectite (1)
- synchronization (1)
- synthesis gas (1)
- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (1)
- synthetic flood events (1)
- system architecture (1)
- system boundary (1)
- table-top experiment (1)
- tabular mining (1)
- taiga forest (1)
- talik (1)
- tantalum (1)
- target (1)
- techno-economic model (1)
- tectonic evolution (1)
- tectonic inheritance (1)
- tectonic inversion (1)
- tectonic reconstruction (1)
- tectonic shortening (1)
- tectonism (1)
- teleseismic tomography (1)
- temperature coefficient (1)
- temperature extremes (1)
- temperature response (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- temperature time series (1)
- temporal disaggregation (1)
- temporal evolution (1)
- tensile opening (1)
- tensile strength (1)
- tephra (1)
- terrain map (1)
- terrestrial (1)
- terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- terrestrial higher plant waxes (1)
- tetrahalido metallates (1)
- tetrahalidometallates (1)
- tetrahedral boron (1)
- thaw (1)
- the Ogooue Delta (1)
- theory (1)
- thermal effect (1)
- thermal field (1)
- thermal overprint (1)
- thermal properties (1)
- thermo-erosion (1)
- thermobarometry (1)
- thermochemical modeling (1)
- thermodynamic equilibrium (1)
- thermodynamic modelling (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermohaline processes (1)
- thermokarst lake (1)
- thermokarst lake dynamics (1)
- thermokarst lakes (1)
- thermomechanical modeling (1)
- thermophiles; (1)
- thermoregulation (1)
- thick-skinned deformation (1)
- thickness of the lithosphere (1)
- thickness-displacement relationships (1)
- thrust tectonics (1)
- tibetan plateau (1)
- tide gauge (1)
- tide gauge observations (1)
- tillage (1)
- tilt (1)
- time-scale (1)
- time-series (1)
- time-series mapping (1)
- tin (1)
- titanite (1)
- tomato (1)
- tomography (1)
- topographic analysis (1)
- topographic asymmetry (1)
- topography (1)
- trace element transport (1)
- trait-based approaches (1)
- trait-based neighbourhood model (1)
- trajectories (1)
- transdisciplinary research (1)
- transfer (1)
- transfer functions (1)
- transferability (1)
- transform fault (1)
- transform faults (1)
- transient (1)
- transient erosion (1)
- transient response (1)
- transit-time (1)
- transition (1)
- transitions (1)
- transport processes (1)
- travel time distribution (1)
- travel time distributions (1)
- tree line alteration (1)
- tremor (1)
- trench advance (1)
- trench-parallel extension (1)
- trend detection (1)
- trend significance (1)
- triggered earthquake (1)
- tritium assay (1)
- tropic state index (1)
- tropical biodiversity (1)
- tropical inland water bodies (1)
- tropical lowland rainforest (1)
- tropical montane forest (1)
- tropical peatlands (1)
- tropical speleothems (1)
- tropical swamp (1)
- truncation error estimate (1)
- tsunami (1)
- tsunami hazards (1)
- tundra (1)
- tundra-taiga ecotone (1)
- turbidites (1)
- turbidity (1)
- turbidity currents (1)
- two phase aggregates (1)
- typical steppe (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (1)
- ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) (1)
- ultramafic granulites (1)
- ultrasonication (1)
- uncertainty analysis (1)
- underground coal gasification (1)
- underground coal gasification (UCG) (1)
- underplating (1)
- ungauged basins (1)
- unmanaged forest (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- uplift and erosion (1)
- uplift rate changes (1)
- upper tail behaviour (1)
- uranium speciation (1)
- urban green (1)
- urban green spaces (1)
- urban infill development (1)
- urban planning practice (1)
- urbanization (1)
- vadose zone (1)
- validation (1)
- valley distribution (1)
- van Genuchten-Mualem (1)
- variability (1)
- variable selection (1)
- variance (1)
- variogram (1)
- varved sediments (1)
- vegetation change (1)
- vegetation cover (1)
- vegetation degradation (1)
- vegetation dynamics (1)
- vegetation expansion (1)
- vegetation history (1)
- vegetation model (1)
- vegetation reconstruction (1)
- vegetation states (1)
- vegetation trajectories (1)
- vegetation-climate-fire-soil feedbacks (1)
- vegetation-plot database (1)
- vertical water flux (1)
- very high resolution imagery (1)
- very low-low-grade metamorphism (1)
- virulence (1)
- viscosity (1)
- visualisation (1)
- viverridae (1)
- volcanic deformation (1)
- volcanic earthquakes (1)
- volcanic eruption (1)
- volcanic glass (1)
- volcanic island (1)
- volcanism (1)
- volcano-seismology (1)
- voring basin (1)
- wasting (1)
- water age (1)
- water availability (1)
- water balance model (1)
- water budget (1)
- water demand (1)
- water distribution (1)
- water fluxes (1)
- water height-area-volume curve (1)
- water isotopes (1)
- water resources management (1)
- water rock interaction (1)
- water scarcity (1)
- water security (1)
- water storage (1)
- water yield (1)
- water-energy-food nexus (1)
- water-extractable elements (1)
- water-limited environment (1)
- watersheds (1)
- wave number (1)
- waveform (1)
- waveform inversion (1)
- waves and tides (1)
- weakening mechanisms (1)
- weather (1)
- weather pattern (1)
- weathering indices (1)
- weathering inputs (1)
- welfare (1)
- westernmost Tibetan Plateau (1)
- wet meadow (1)
- wetland hydrology (1)
- white mica (1)
- whole Earth images (1)
- wildfire (1)
- wildflower mixture (1)
- wind (1)
- wind energy production (1)
- wind energy-biodiversity conflict (1)
- wind erosion (1)
- wireline logs (1)
- woody encroachment (1)
- yedoma (1)
- ytterbian xenotime-(Y) (1)
- zinc (1)
- zircon U-Pb geochronology (1)
- zircon fission tracks (1)
- zircon fission-track dating (1)
- zircon provenance (1)
- zircon uranium-thorium-helium (1)
- zoogeomorphology (1)
- zooprophylaxis (1)
- Überflutungssimulation (1)
Institute
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (2692) (remove)
Quantitative estimates of sea-level rise in the Mediterranean Basin become increasingly accurate thanks to detailed satellite monitoring. However, such measuring campaigns cover several years to decades, while longer-term sea-level records are rare for the Mediterranean. We used a data archeological approach to reanalyze monthly mean sea-level data of the Antalya-I (1935–1977) tide gauge to fill this gap. We checked the accuracy and reliability of these data before merging them with the more recent records of the Antalya-II (1985–2009) tide gauge, accounting for an eight-year hiatus. We obtain a composite time series of monthly and annual mean sea levels spanning some 75 years, providing the longest record for the eastern Mediterranean Basin, and thus an essential tool for studying the region's recent sea-level trends. We estimate a relative mean sea-level rise of 2.2 ± 0.5 mm/year between 1935 and 2008, with an annual variability (expressed here as the standard deviation of the residuals, σresiduals = 41.4 mm) above that at the closest tide gauges (e.g., Thessaloniki, Greece, σresiduals = 29.0 mm). Relative sea-level rise accelerated to 6.0 ± 1.5 mm/year at Antalya-II; we attribute roughly half of this rate (~3.6 mm/year) to tectonic crustal motion and anthropogenic land subsidence. Our study highlights the value of data archeology for recovering and integrating historic tide gauge data for long-term sea-level and climate studies.
In this study, the spatial and temporal impacts of the Ataturk Dam on agro-meteorological aspects of the Southeastern Anatolia region have been investigated. Change detection and environmental impacts due to water-reserve changes in Ataturk Dam Lake have been determined and evaluated using multi-temporal Landsat satellite imageries and meteorological datasets within a period of 1984-2011. These time series have been evaluated for three time periods. Dam construction period constitutes the first part of the study. Land cover/use changes especially on agricultural fields under the Ataturk Dam Lake and its vicinity have been identified between the periods of 1984-1992. The second period comprises the 10-year period after the completion of filling up the reservoir in 1992. At this period, Landsat and meteorological time-series analyses are examined to assess the impact of the Ataturk Dam Lake on selected irrigated agricultural areas. For the last 9-year period from 2002 to 2011, the relationships between seasonal water-reserve changes and irrigated plains under changing climatic factors primarily driving vegetation activity (monthly, seasonal, and annual fluctuations of rainfall rate, air temperature, humidity) on the watershed have been investigated using a 30-year meteorological time series. The results showed that approximately 368 km(2) of agricultural fields have been affected because of inundation due to the Ataturk Dam Lake. However, irrigated agricultural fields have been increased by 56.3% of the total area (1552 of 2756 km(2)) on Harran Plain within the period of 1984-2011.
Sub-seasonal thaw slump mass wasting is not consistently energy limited at the landscape scale
(2018)
Predicting future thaw slump activity requires a sound understanding of the atmospheric drivers and geomorphic controls on mass wasting across a range of timescales. On sub-seasonal timescales, sparse measurements indicate that mass wasting at active slumps is often limited by the energy available for melting ground ice, but other factors such as rainfall or the formation of an insulating veneer may also be relevant. To study the sub-seasonal drivers, we derive topographic changes from single-pass radar interferometric data acquired by the TanDEM-X satellites. The estimated elevation changes at 12m resolution complement the commonly observed planimetric retreat rates by providing information on volume losses. Their high vertical precision (around 30 cm), frequent observations (11 days) and large coverage (5000 km(2)) allow us to track mass wasting as drivers such as the available energy change during the summer of 2015 in two study regions. We find that thaw slumps in the Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, Canada, are not energy limited in June, as they undergo limited mass wasting (height loss of around 0 cm day 1) despite the ample available energy, suggesting the widespread presence of early season insulating snow or debris veneer. Later in summer, height losses generally increase (around 3 cm day 1), but they do so in distinct ways. For many slumps, mass wasting tracks the available energy, a temporal pattern that is also observed at coastal yedoma cliffs on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Russia. However, the other two common temporal trajectories are asynchronous with the available energy, as they track strong precipitation events or show a sudden speed-up in late August respectively. The observed temporal patterns are poorly related to slump characteristics like the headwall height. The contrasting temporal behaviour of nearby thaw slumps highlights the importance of complex local and temporally varying controls on mass wasting.
Empirical species distribution models (SDMs) constitute often the tool of choice for the assessment of rapid climate change effects on species vulnerability. Conclusions regarding extinction risks might be misleading, however, because SDMs do not explicitly incorporate dispersal or other demographic processes. Here, we supplement SDMs with a dynamic population model 1) to predict climate-induced range dynamics for black grouse in Switzerland, 2) to compare direct and indirect measures of extinction risks, and 3) to quantify uncertainty in predictions as well as the sources of that uncertainty. To this end, we linked models of habitat suitability to a spatially explicit, individual-based model. In an extensive sensitivity analysis, we quantified uncertainty in various model outputs introduced by different SDM algorithms, by different climate scenarios and by demographic model parameters. Potentially suitable habitats were predicted to shift uphill and eastwards. By the end of the 21st century, abrupt habitat losses were predicted in the western Prealps for some climate scenarios. In contrast, population size and occupied area were primarily controlled by currently negative population growth and gradually declined from the beginning of the century across all climate scenarios and SDM algorithms. However, predictions of population dynamic features were highly variable across simulations. Results indicate that inferring extinction probabilities simply from the quantity of suitable habitat may underestimate extinction risks because this may ignore important interactions between life history traits and available habitat. Also, in dynamic range predictions uncertainty in SDM algorithms and climate scenarios can become secondary to uncertainty in dynamic model components. Our study emphasises the need for principal evaluation tools like sensitivity analysis in order to assess uncertainty and robustness in dynamic range predictions. A more direct benefit of such robustness analysis is an improved mechanistic understanding of dynamic species responses to climate change.
Ecologists carry a well-stocked toolbox with a great variety of sampling methods, statistical analyses and modelling tools, and new methods are constantly appearing. Evaluation and optimisation of these methods is crucial to guide methodological choices. Simulating error-free data or taking high-quality data to qualify methods is common practice. Here, we emphasise the methodology of the 'virtual ecologist' (VE) approach where simulated data and observer models are used to mimic real species and how they are 'virtually' observed. This virtual data is then subjected to statistical analyses and modelling, and the results are evaluated against the 'true' simulated data. The VE approach is an intuitive and powerful evaluation framework that allows a quality assessment of sampling protocols, analyses and modelling tools. It works under controlled conditions as well as under consideration of confounding factors such as animal movement and biased observer behaviour. In this review, we promote the approach as a rigorous research tool, and demonstrate its capabilities and practical relevance. We explore past uses of VE in different ecological research fields, where it mainly has been used to test and improve sampling regimes as well as for testing and comparing models, for example species distribution models. We discuss its benefits as well as potential limitations, and provide some practical considerations for designing VE studies. Finally, research fields are identified for which the approach could be useful in the future. We conclude that VE could foster the integration of theoretical and empirical work and stimulate work that goes far beyond sampling methods, leading to new questions, theories, and better mechanistic understanding of ecological systems.
During the period 750-600 Ma ago, prior to the final break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia, the crust of both the North American Craton and Baltica was intruded by significant amounts of rift-related magmas originating from the mantle. In the Proterozoic crust of Southern Norway, the 580 Ma old Fen carbonatite-ultramafic complex is a representative of this type of rocks. In this paper, we report the occurrence of an ultramafic lamprophyre dyke which possibly is linked to the Fen complex, although Ar-40/Ar-39 data from phenocrystic phlogopite from the dyke gave an age of 686 +/- 9 Ma. The lamprophyre dyke was recently discovered in one of the Kongsberg silver mines at Vinoren, Norway. Whole rock geochemistry, geochronological and mineralogical data from the ultramafic lamprophyre dyke are presented aiming to elucidate its origin and possible geodynamic setting. From the whole-rock composition of the Vinoren dyke, the rock could be recognized as transitional between carbonatite and kimberlite-II (orangeite). From its diagnostic mineralogy, the rock is classified as aillikite. The compositions and xenocrystic nature of several of the major and accessory minerals from the Vinoren aillikite are characteristic for diamondiferous rocks (kimberlites/lamproites/UML): Phlogopite with kinoshitalite-rich rims, chromite-spinel-ulvospinel series, Mg- and Mn-rich ilmenites, rutile and lucasite-(Ce). We suggest that the aillikite melt formed during partial melting of a MARID (mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside)-like source under CO2 fluxing. The pre-rifting geodynamic setting of the Vinoren aillikite before the Rodinia supercontinent breakup suggests a relatively thick SCLM (Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle) during this stage and might indicate a diamond-bearing source for the parental melt. This is in contrast to the about 100 Ma younger Fen complex, which were derived from a thin SCLM.
During eruptive activity of andesitic stratovolcanoes, the extrusion of lava domes, their collapse and intermittent explosions are common volcanic hazards. Many lava domes grow in a preferred direction, in turn affecting the direction of lava flows and pyroclastic density currents. Access to active lava domes is difficult and hazardous, so detailed data characterizing lava dome growth are typically limited, keeping the processes controlling the directionality of extrusions unclear. Here we combine TerraSAR-X satellite radar observations with high-resolution airborne photogrammetry to assess morphological changes, and perform finite element modeling to investigate the impact of loading stress on shallow magma ascent directions associated with lava dome extrusion and crater formation at Volcan de Colima, Mexico. The TerraSAR-X data, acquired in similar to 1-m resolution spotlight mode, enable us to derive a chronology of the eruptive processes from intensity-based time-lapse observations of the general crater and dome evolution. The satellite images are complemented by close-range airborne photos, processed by the Structure-from-Motion workflow. This allows the derivation of high-resolution digital elevation models, providing insight into detailed loading and unloading features. During the observation period from Jan-2013 to Feb-2016, we identify a dominantly W-directed dome growth and lava flow production until Jan-2015. In Feb-2015, following the removal of the active summit dome, the surface crater widened and elongated along a NE-SW axis. Later in May-2015, a new dome grew toward the SW of the crater while a separate vent developed in the NE of the crater, reflecting a change in the direction of magma ascent and possible conduit bifurcation. Finite element models show a significant stress change in agreement with the observed magma ascent direction changes in response to the changing surface loads, both for loading (dome growth) and unloading (crater forming excavation) cases. These results allow insight into shallow dome growth dynamics and the migration of magma ascent in response to changing volcano summit morphology. They further highlight the importance of detailed volcano summit morphology surveillance, as changes in direction or location of dome extrusion may have major implications regarding the directions of potential volcanic hazards, such as pyroclastic density currents generated by dome collapse.
The sidi Mohamed peridotites (Edough Massif, NE Algeria) - evidence for an upper mantle origin
(2013)
The Hercynian Edough massif is the easternmost crystalline massif of the Algerian coast. It consists of two tectonically superposed units composed of micaschists, gneisses, and peridotite. This study concentrates on the small and isolated Sidi Mohamed peridotite outcrop area (0.03 km(2)). The Sidi Mohamed peridotite is composed mainly of harzburgites (Mg-rich olivine and orthopyroxene as major minerals). The Ni (2051-2920 ppm), Cr (2368-5514 ppm) and MgO (similar to 28-35 wt.%) whole-rock composition and the relative depletion in Nb make these harzburgites comparable to depleted peridotites related to a subduction zone. We suggest that the Sidi Mohamed ultramafic body was derived directly from the upper mantle and tectonically incorporated into the gneiss units of the Edough metamorphic core complex in a subduction environment.
Determination of the source rocks for the diatexites from the Edough Massif, Annaba, NE Algeria
(2012)
The crystalline Edough Massif is located in the oriental part of the Algerian coastline. It consists of two tectonically superposed units of gneisses, augen-gneisses and migmatitic gneisses in the lower unit and micaschists in the upper unit. The crystalline rocks underwent a low to moderate degree of metamorphism; the gneisses suffered partial melting. They display migmatitic features such as nebulitic structures with contorted leucosome layers and K-feldspar porphyroblasts and thus can be classified as diatexites. The mineralogical composition of these rocks is very homogenous and consists of K-feldspar, micas and quartz. The feldspar-rich, arkosic nature of the outcrop implies a granitic source rock. High K2O/Na2O ratios and high A/CNK > 1.1 indicate an S-type granite source and a peraluminous composition of the protolith respectively. Chondrite normalized REE distribution patterns of the Edough diatexites show gently inclined patterns with a minor negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.36-0.49), which points to a very slightly differentiated granitic source. The REE pattern and trace element data of the diatexites are similar to those of average Proterozoic upper continental crust, which suggests that they are derived mainly from upper continental crust and were deposited in continental margins.
The study presents the first evidence of metamorphosed submarine ashes in the Edough Massif, in northeastern Algeria. It occurs below the greenschist-facies Tellian units that represent the thrusted Mesozoic to Eocene passive paleomargin of northern Africa deposited on thinned continental crust. The metamorphic complex consists of tectonically superposed units composed of gneisses (lower unit) and micaschists (upper unit). At the Cap de Garde, these units enclose an "intermediate unit" composed of micaschists and meter-thick layers of marbles, which are sometimes intercalated with amphibolites. The latter occur as discontinuous small lenses and layers. The amphibolites are parallel to the primary bedding of the marbles and the main foliation. Chemical markers and field observations indicate that they are metamorphic equivalents of basic igneous rocks. The lenticular character, low thickness and multiple intercalations with marine sediments and the unusual high lithium concentrations suggest subaqueous near-source basaltic ash-fall deposits in a marine environment. (C) 2014 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
The Fram Strait is an area with a relatively low and irregular distribution of diatom microfossils in surface sediments, and thus microfossil records are scarce, rarely exceed the Holocene, and contain sparse information about past richness and taxonomic composition. These attributes make the Fram Strait an ideal study site to test the utility of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding. Amplifying a short, partial rbcL marker from samples of sediment core MSM05/5-712-2 resulted in 95.7% of our sequences being assigned to diatoms across 18 different families, with 38.6% of them being resolved to species and 25.8% to genus level. Independent replicates show a high similarity of PCR products, especially in the oldest samples. Diatom sedaDNA richness is highest in the Late Weichselian and lowest in Mid- and Late Holocene samples. Taxonomic composition is dominated by cold-water and sea-ice-associated diatoms and suggests several reorganisations - after the Last Glacial Maximum, after the Younger Dryas, and after the Early and after the Mid-Holocene. Different sequences assigned to, amongst others, Chaetoceros socialis indicate the detectability of intra-specific diversity using sedaDNA. We detect no clear pattern between our diatom sedaDNA record and the previously published IP25 record of this core, although proportions of pennate diatoms increase with higher IP25 concentrations and proportions of Nitzschia cf. frigida exceeding 2% of the assemblage point towards past sea-ice presence.
Organic matter deposited in ancient, ice-rich permafrost sediments is vulnerable to climate change and may contribute to the future release of greenhouse gases; it is thus important to get a better characterization of the plant organic matter within such sediments. From a Late Quaternary permafrost sediment core from the Buor Khaya Peninsula, we analysed plant-derived sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) to identify the taxonomic composition of plant organic matter, and undertook palynological analysis to assess the environmental conditions during deposition. Using sedaDNA, we identified 154 taxa and from pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs we identified 83 taxa. In the deposits dated between 54 and 51 kyr BP, sedaDNA records a diverse low-centred polygon plant community including recurring aquatic pond vegetation while from the pollen record we infer terrestrial open-land vegetation with relatively dry environmental conditions at a regional scale. A fluctuating dominance of either terrestrial or swamp and aquatic taxa in both proxies allowed the local hydrological development of the polygon to be traced. In deposits dated between 11.4 and 9.7 kyr BP (13.4-11.1 cal kyr BP), sedaDNA shows a taxonomic turnover to moist shrub tundra and a lower taxonomic richness compared to the older samples. Pollen also records a shrub tundra community, mostly seen as changes in relative proportions of the most dominant taxa, while a decrease in taxonomic richness was less pronounced compared to sedaDNA. Our results show the advantages of using sedaDNA in combination with palynological analyses when macrofossils are rarely preserved. The high resolution of the sedaDNA record provides a detailed picture of the taxonomic composition of plant-derived organic matter throughout the core, and palynological analyses prove valuable by allowing for inferences of regional environmental conditions.
Soils in various places of the Panama Canal Watershed feature a low saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) at shallow depth, which promotes overland-flow generation and associated flashy catchment responses. In undisturbed forests of these areas, overland flow is concentrated in flow lines that extend the channel network and provide hydrological connectivity between hillslopes and streams. To understand the dynamics of overland-flow connectivity, as well as the impact of connectivity on catchment response, we studied an undisturbed headwater catchment by monitoring overland-flow occurrence in all flow lines and discharge, suspended sediment, and total phosphorus at the catchment outlet. We find that connectivity is strongly influenced by seasonal variation in antecedent wetness and can develop even under light rainfall conditions. Connectivity increased rapidly as rainfall frequency increased, eventually leading to full connectivity and surficial drainage of entire hillslopes. Connectivity was nonlinearly related to catchment response. However, additional information on factors such as overland-flow volume would be required to constrain relationships between connectivity, stormflow, and the export of suspended sediment and phosphorus. The effort to monitor those factors would be substantial, so we advocate applying the established links between rain event characteristics, drainage network expansion by flow lines, and catchment response for predictive modeling and catchment classification in forests of the Panama Canal Watershed and in similar regions elsewhere.
What is the most appropriate sampling scheme to estimate event-based average throughfall? A satisfactory answer to this seemingly simple question has yet to be found, a failure which we attribute to previous efforts' dependence on empirical studies. Here we try to answer this question by simulating stochastic throughfall fields based on parameters for statistical models of large monitoring data sets. We subsequently sampled these fields with different sampling designs and variable sample supports. We evaluated the performance of a particular sampling scheme with respect to the uncertainty of possible estimated means of throughfall volumes. Even for a relative error limit of 20%, an impractically large number of small, funnel-type collectors would be required to estimate mean throughfall, particularly for small events. While stratification of the target area is not superior to simple random sampling, cluster random sampling involves the risk of being less efficient. A larger sample support, e.g., the use of trough-type collectors, considerably reduces the necessary sample sizes and eliminates the sensitivity of the mean to outliers. Since the gain in time associated with the manual handling of troughs versus funnels depends on the local precipitation regime, the employment of automatically recording clusters of long troughs emerges as the most promising sampling scheme. Even so, a relative error of less than 5% appears out of reach for throughfall under heterogeneous canopies. We therefore suspect a considerable uncertainty of input parameters for interception models derived from measured throughfall, in particular, for those requiring data of small throughfall events.
In the humid tropics, continuing high deforestation rates are seen alongside an increasing expansion of secondary forests. In order to understand and model the consequences of these dynamic land-use changes for regional water cycles, the response of soil hydraulic properties to forest disturbance and recovery has to be quantified.At a site in the Brazilian Amazonia, we annually monitored soil infiltrability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) at 12.5, 20 cm, and 50 cm soil depth after manual forest conversion to pasture (year zero to four after pasture establishment), and during secondary succession after pasture abandonment (year zero to seven after pasture abandonment). We evaluated the hydrological consequences of the detected changes by comparing the soil hydraulic properties with site-specific rainfall intensities and hydrometric observations. Within one year after grazing started, infiltrability and K-s at 12.5 and 20 cm depth decreased by up to one order of magnitude to levels which are typical for 20-year-old pasture. In the three subsequent monitoring years, infiltrability and K-s remained stable. Land use did not impact on subsoil permeability. Whereas infiltrability values are large enough to allow all rainwater to infiltrate even after the conversion, the sudden decline of near-surface K-s is of hydrological relevance as perched water tables and overland flow occur more often on pastures than in forests at our study site. After pasture abandonment and during secondary succession, seven years of recovery did not suffice to significantly increase infiltrability and K-s at 12.5 depth although a slight recovery is obvious. At 20 cm soil depth, we detected a positive linear increase within the seven-year time frame but annual means did not differ significantly. Although more than a doubling of infiltrability and K-s is still required to achieve pre-disturbance levels, which will presumably take more than a decade, the observed slight increases of K-s might already decrease the probability of perched water table generation and overland flow development well before complete recovery.
Changes in rainfall interception along a secondary forest succession gradient in lowland Panama
(2013)
Secondary forests are rapidly expanding in tropical regions. Yet, despite the importance of understanding the hydrological consequences of land-cover dynamics, the relationship between forest succession and canopy interception is poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is unfortunate because rainfall interception plays an important role in regional water cycles and needs to be quantified for many modeling purposes. To help close this knowledge gap, we designed a throughfall monitoring study along a secondary succession gradient in a tropical forest region of Panama. The investigated gradient comprised 20 forest patches 3 to 130 yr old. We sampled each patch with a minimum of 20 funnel-type throughfall collectors over a continuous 2month period that had nearly 900 mm of rain. During the same period, we acquired forest inventory data and derived several forest structural attributes. We then applied simple and multiple regression models (Bayesian model averaging, BMA) and identified those vegetation parameters that had the strongest influence on the variation of canopy interception. Our analyses yielded three main findings. First, canopy interception changed rapidly during forest succession. After only a decade, throughfall volumes approached levels that are typical for mature forests. Second, a parsimonious (simple linear regression) model based on the ratio of the basal area of small stems to the total basal area outperformed more complex multivariate models (BMA approach). Third, based on complementary forest inventory data, we show that the influence of young secondary forests on interception in realworld fragmented landscapes might be detectable only in regions with a substantial fraction of young forests. Our re-sults suggest that where entire catchments undergo forest regrowth, initial stages of succession may be associated with a substantial decrease of streamflow generation. Our results further highlight the need to study hydrological processes in all forest succession stages, including early ones.
A wide range of basic and applied problems in water resources research requires high-quality estimates of the spatial mean of throughfall. Many throughfall sampling schemes, however, are not optimally adapted to the system under study. The application of inappropriate sampling schemes may partly reflect the lack of generally applicable guidelines on throughfall sampling strategies. In this study we conducted virtual sampling experiments using simulated fields which are based on empirical throughfall data from three structurally distinct forests (a 12-year old teak plantation, a 5-year old young secondary forest, and a 130-year old secondary forest). In the virtual sampling experiments we assessed the relative error of mean throughfall estimates for 38 different throughfall sampling schemes comprising a variety of funnel- and trough-type collectors and a large range of sample sizes. Moreover, we tested the performance of each scheme for both event-based and accumulated throughfall data. The key findings of our study are threefold. First, as errors of mean throughfall estimates vary as a function of throughfall depth, the decision on which temporal scale (i.e. event-based versus accumulated data) to sample strongly influences the required sampling effort. Second, given a chosen temporal scale throughfall estimates can vary considerably as a function of canopy complexity. Accordingly, throughfall sampling in simply structured forests requires a comparatively modest effort, whereas heterogeneous forests can be extreme in terms of sampling requirements, particularly if the focus is on reliable data of small events. Third, the efficiency of trough-type collectors depends on the spatial structure of throughfall. Strong, long-ranging throughfall patterns decrease the efficiency of troughs substantially. Based on the results of our virtual sampling experiments, which we evaluated by applying two contrasting sampling approaches simultaneously, we derive readily applicable guidelines for throughfall monitoring. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
estimating mean throughfall
(2016)
The selection of an appropriate spatial extent of a sampling plot is one among several important decisions involved in planning a throughfall sampling scheme. In fact, the choice of the extent may determine whether or not a study can adequately characterize the hydrological fluxes of the studied ecosystem. Previous attempts to optimize throughfall sampling schemes focused on the selection of an appropriate sample size, support, and sampling design, while comparatively little attention has been given to the role of the extent. In this contribution, we investigated the influence of the extent on the representativeness of mean throughfall estimates for three forest ecosystems of varying stand structure. Our study is based on virtual sampling of simulated throughfall fields. We derived these fields from throughfall data sampled in a simply structured forest (young tropical forest) and two heterogeneous forests (old tropical forest, unmanaged mixed European beech forest). We then sampled the simulated throughfall fields with three common extents and various sample sizes for a range of events and for accumulated data. Our findings suggest that the size of the study area should be carefully adapted to the complexity of the system under study and to the required temporal resolution of the throughfall data (i.e. event-based versus accumulated). Generally, event-based sampling in complex structured forests (conditions that favor comparatively long autocorrelations in throughfall) requires the largest extents. For event-based sampling, the choice of an appropriate extent can be as important as using an adequate sample size. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Numerous studies investigated the influence of abiotic (meteorological conditions) and biotic factors (tree characteristics) on stemflow generation. Although these studies identified the variables that influence stemflow volumes in simply structured forests, the combination of tree characteristics that allows a robust prediction of stemflow volumes in species-rich forests is not well known. Many hydrological applications, however, require at least a rough estimate of stemflow volumes based on the characteristics of a forest stand. The need for robust predictions of stemflow motivated us to investigate the relationships between tree characteristics and stemflow volumes in a species-rich tropical forest located in central Panama. Based on a sampling setup consisting of ten rainfall collectors, 300 throughfall samplers and 60 stemflow collectors and cumulated data comprising 26 rain events, we derive three main findings. Firstly, stemflow represents a minor hydrological component in the studied 1-ha forest patch (1.0% of cumulated rainfall). Secondly, in the studied species-rich forest, single tree characteristics are only weakly related to stemflow volumes. The influence of multiple tree parameters (e.g. crown diameter, presence of large epiphytes and inclination of branches) and the dependencies among these parameters require a multivariate approach to understand the generation of stemflow. Thirdly, predicting stemflow in species-rich forests based on tree parameters is a difficult task. Although our best model can capture the variation in stemflow to some degree, a critical validation reveals that the model cannot provide robust predictions of stemflow. A reanalysis of data from previous studies in species-rich forests corroborates this finding. Based on these results and considering that for most hydrological applications, stemflow is only one parameter among others to estimate, we advocate using the base model, i.e. the mean of the stemflow data, to quantify stemflow volumes for a given study area. Studies in species-rich forests that wish to obtain predictions of stemflow based on tree parameters probably need to conduct a much more extensive sampling than currently implemented by most studies. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) is an important soil characteristic affecting soil water storage, runoff generation and erosion processes. In some areas where high-intensity rainfall coincides with low K-s values at shallow soil depths, frequent overland flow entails dense drainage networks. Consequently, linear structures such as flowlines alternate with inter-flowline areas. So far, investigations of the spatial variability of K-s mainly relied on isotropic covariance models which are unsuitable to reveal patterns resulting from linear structures. In the present study, we applied two sampling approaches so as to adequately characterize K-s spatial variability in a tropical forest catchment that features a high density of flowlines: A classical nested sampling survey and a purposive sampling strategy adapted to the presence of flowlines. The nested sampling approach revealed the dominance of small-scale variability, which is in line with previous findings. Our purposive sampling, however, detected a strong spatial gradient: surface K-s increased substantially as a function of distance to flowline; 10 m off flowlines, values were similar to the spatial mean of K-s. This deterministic trend can be included as a fixed effect in a linear mixed modeling framework to obtain realistic spatial fields of K-s. In a next step we used probability maps based on those fields and prevailing rainfall intensities to assess the hydrological relevance of the detected pattern. This approach suggests a particularly good agreement between the probability statements of K-s exceedance and observed overland flow occurrence during wet stages of the rainy season.
Forests seem to represent low-erosion systems, according to most, but not all, studies of suspended-sediment yield. We surmised that this impression reflects an accidental bias in the selection of monitoring sites towards those with prevailing vertical hydrological flowpaths, rather than a tight causal link between vegetation cover and erosion alone. To evaluate this conjecture, we monitored, over a 2-year period, a 3.3 ha old-growth rainforest catchment prone to frequent and widespread overland flow. We sampled stream flow at two and overland flow at three sites in a nested arrangement on a within-event basis, and monitored the spatial and temporal frequency of overland flow. Suspended-sediment concentrations were modeled with Random Forest and Quantile Regression Forest to be able to estimate the annual yields for the 2 years, which amounted to 1 t ha(-1) and 2 t ha(-1) in a year with below-average and with average precipitation, respectively. These estimates place our monitoring site near the high end of reported suspended-sediment yields and lend credence to the notion that low yields reflect primarily the dominance of vertical flowpaths and not necessarily and exclusively the kind of vegetative cover. Undisturbed forest and surface erosion are certainly no contradiction in terms even in the absence of mass movements.
The 10th edition of the International Congress on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology (RAA2019) was held in Potsdam (Germany) from 3 to 7 September 2019, with eight keynote lectures, 35 oral presentations and 18 Poster Presentations. The number of active participants was 68 delegates from 20 countries among the 236 authors that presented at least one work.
Thermobarometrical and mineral-chemical investigations by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS on a sillimanite- bearing pegmatoid from the Reinbolt Hills provide important constraints on the P-T-X-age relations of part of East Antarctica during Pan-African tectonism. U-Th-total Pb ages of monazite imply that the pegmatoid of originally Grenvillan age (zircon U-Pb age of ca. 900 Ma) underwent a major, late Pan-African (Cambrian) regional, granulite-facies metamorphism between 500 and 550 Ma. Most of the monazite formed during this event, as result of apatite metasomatism owing to infiltration of high-grade metamorphic fluids. Apatite-biotite and other mineral thermobarometers define the peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures with 850-950 degrees C and 0.8-1.0 GPa. The F-Cl-OH relations in apatite, and biotite, the chemistry of fluid inclusions and the presence of K-feldspar microveins suggest that the metasomatising fluid was a CO2-bearing, diluted KCl brine. The pegmatoid is the first record of monazite-(Ce) formed from fluorapatite that is rich in U (up to 2.6 Wt% UO2) and possesses Th/U ratios <1 (0.09 on average). These chemical signatures are direct reflection of the U and Th concentration patterns in the parental fluorapatite
Questions of identity and provenance of minerals that are parts of masterpieces in museums have become increasingly important in mineralogical and historical studies. Detailed investigations of valuable and unique objects require on-site, nondestructive and noninvasive methods because touching or removing them may cause irreparable damage. A mobile Raman-microprobe has been used to meet these demands for truly in situ mineralogical studies of the large collection of minerals and rocks of the Prussian kings in the Grotto Hall (Grottensaal) of the New Palace (Neues Palais), Park Sanssouci in Potsdam. Minerals on the walls of the Grotto Hall were analyzed to identify them and thereby to complete the data bank of the collection. Fluid and solid inclusions in the interior of a large quartz crystal have been studied to provide evidence of the provenance of the crystal. The fluid inclusions contain aqueous saline solutions, whereas the solid inclusions are needles of anhydrite with a length of about 1.5 mm. The quartz probably originated from an area in the eastern Alps, from the surroundings of Bad Gastein, Austria. This is the first on-site and in situ study of inclusions below the surface of a mineral with a mobile Raman-microprobe outside a laboratory.
The seismicity of the Kenya rift is characterized by high-frequency low-magnitude events concentrated along the rift axis. Its seismic character is typical for magmatically active continental rifts, where igneous material at a shallow depth causes extensive grid faulting and geothermal activity. Thermal overprinting and dike intrusion prohibit the buildup of large elastic strains, therefore prohibiting the generation of large-magnitude earthquakes. On 6 January 1928, the M-S 6.9 Subukia earthquake occurred on the Laikipia-Marmanet fault, the eastern rift-bounding structure of the central Kenya rift. It is the largest instrumentally recorded seismic event in the Kenya rift, standing in contrast to the current model of the rift's seismic character in which large earthquakes are not anticipated. Furthermore, the proximity of the ruptured fault and the rift axis is intriguing: The rift-bounding structure that ruptured in 1928 remains seismically active, capable of generating large-magnitude earthquakes, even though thermally weakened crust and better oriented structures are present along the rift axis nearby, prohibiting any significant buildup of elastic strain. We excavated the surface rupture of the 1928 Subukia earthquake to find evidence for preceding ground-rupturing earthquakes. We also made a total station survey of the site topography and mapped the site geology. We show that the Laikipia-Marmanet fault was repeatedly activated during the late Quaternary. We found evidence for six ground-rupturing earthquakes, including the 1928 earthquake. The topographic survey around the trench site revealed a degraded fault scarp of approximate to 7.5 m in height, offsetting a small debris slide. Using scarp-diffusion modeling, we estimated an uplift rate of U = 0.09-0.15 mm/yr, constraining the scarp age to 50-85 ka. Assuming an average fault dip of 55 degrees-75 degrees, the preferred uplift rate (0.15 mm/yr) accommodates approximately 10%-20% of the recent rate of extension (0.5 mm/yr) across the Kenya rift.
On 27 December 2007, a 1.9 seismic event occurred within a dyke in the deep-level Mponeng Gold Mine, South Africa. From the seismological network of the mine and the one from the Japanese-German Underground Acoustic Emission Research in South Africa (JAGUARS) group, the hypocentral depth (3,509 m), focal mechanism and aftershock location were estimated. Since no mining activity took place in the days before the event, dynamic triggering due to blasting can be ruled out as the cause. To investigate the hypothesis that stress transfer, due to excavation of the gold reef, induced the event, we set up a small-scale high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical numerical model. The model consisted of the four different rock units present in the mine: quartzite (footwall), hard lava (hanging wall), conglomerate (gold reef) and diorite (dykes). The numerical solution was computed using a finite-element method with a discretised mesh of approximately elements. The initial stress state of the model is in agreement with in situ data from a neighbouring mine, and the step-wise excavation was simulated by mass removal from the gold reef. The resulting 3D stress tensor and its changes due to mining were analysed based on the Coulomb failure stress changes on the fault plane of the event. The results show that the seismic event was induced regardless of how the Coulomb failure stress changes were calculated and of the uncertainties in the fault plane solution. We also used the model to assess the seismic hazard due to the excavation towards the dyke. The resulting curve of stress changes shows a significant increase in the last in front of the dyke, indicating that small changes in the mining progress towards the dyke have a substantial impact on the stress transfer.
Iceland is located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which is the plate boundary between the Eurasian and the North American plates. It is one of the few places on earth where an active spreading centre is located onshore but the stress pattern has not been extensively investigated so far. In this paper we present a comprehensive compilation of the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (S-Hmax). In particular we interpret borehole breakouts and drilling induced fractures from borehole image logs in 57 geothermal wells onshore Iceland. The borehole results are combined with other stress indicators including earthquake focal mechanism solutions, geological information and overcoring measurements resulting in a dataset with 495 data records for the S-Hmax orientation. The reliability of each indicator is assessed according to the quality criteria of the World Stress Map project The majority of S-Hmax orientation data records in Iceland is derived from earthquake focal mechanism solutions (35%) and geological fault slip inversions (26%). 20% of the data are borehole related stress indicators. In addition minor shares of S-Hmax orientations are compiled, amongst others, from focal mechanism inversions and the alignment of fissure eruptions. The results show that the S-Hmax orientations derived from different depths and stress indicators are consistent with each other.
The resulting pattern of the present-day stress in Iceland has four distinct subsets of S-Hmax orientations. The S-Hmax orientation is parallel to the rift axes in the vicinity of the active spreading regions. It changes from NE-SW in the South to approximately N-S in central Iceland and NNW-SSE in the North. In the Westfjords which is located far away from the ridge the regional S-Hmax rotates and is parallel to the plate motion. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rotations of the principal stress axes are observed as a result of fluid injection into reservoirs. We use a generic, fully coupled 3-D thermo-hydro-mechanical model to investigate systematically the dependence of this stress rotation on different reservoir properties and injection scenarios. We find that permeability, injection rate, and initial differential stress are the key factors, while other reservoir properties only play a negligible role. In particular, we find that thermal effects do not significantly contribute to stress rotations. For reservoir types with usual differential stress and reservoir treatment the occurrence of significant stress rotations is limited to reservoirs with a permeability of less than approximately 10(-12)m(2). Higher permeability effectively prevents stress rotations to occur. Thus, according to these general findings, the observed principal stress axes rotation can be used as a proxy of the initial differential stress provided that rock permeability and fluid injection rate are known a priori.
Applying conservation of energy to estimate earthquake frequencies from strain rates and stresses
(2020)
Estimating earthquake occurrence rates from the accumulation rate of seismic moment is an established tool of seismic hazard analysis. We propose an alternative, fault-agnostic approach based on the conservation of energy: the Energy-Conserving Seismicity Framework (ENCOS). Working in energy space has the advantage that the radiated energy is a better predictor of the damage potential of earthquake waves than the seismic moment release. In a region, ENCOS balances the stationary power available to cause earthquakes with the long-term seismic energy release represented by the energy-frequency distribution's first moment. Accumulation and release are connected through the average seismic efficiency, by which we mean the fraction of released energy that is converted into seismic waves. Besides measuring earthquakes in energy, ENCOS differs from moment balance essentially in that the energy accumulation rate depends on the total stress in addition to the strain rate tensor. To validate ENCOS, we exemplarily model the energy-frequency distribution around Southern California. We estimate the energy accumulation rate due to tectonic loading assuming poroelasticity and hydrostasis. Using data from the World Stress Map and assuming the frictional limit to estimate the stress tensor, we obtain a power of 0.8 GW. The uncertainty range, 0.3-2.0GW, originates mainly from the thickness of the seismogenic crust, the friction coefficient on preexisting faults, and models of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain rates. Based on a Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency distribution, this power can be distributed over a range of energies consistent with historical earthquake rates and reasonable bounds on the seismic efficiency.
The spatial and temporal variability of a low-centred polygon on the eastern floodplain area of the lower Anabar River (72.070 degrees N, 113.921 degrees E; northern Yakutia, Siberia) has been investigated using a multi-method approach. The present-day vegetation in each square metre was analysed, revealing a community of Larix, shrubby Betula, and Salix on the polygon rim, a dominance of Carex and Andromeda polifolia in the rim-to-pond transition zone, and a predominantly monospecific Scorpidium scorpioides coverage within the pond. The total organic carbon (TOC) content, TOC/TN (total nitrogen) ratio, grain size, vascular plant macrofossils, moss remains, diatoms, and pollen were analysed for two vertical sections and a sediment core from a transect across the polygon. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the formation of the polygon started at least 1500 yr ago; the general positions of the pond and rim have not changed since that time. Two types of pond vegetation were identified, indicating two contrasting development stages of the polygon. The first was a well-established moss association, dominated by submerged or floating Scorpidium scorpioides and/or Drepanocladus spp. and overgrown by epiphytic diatoms such as Tabellaria flocculosa and Eunotia taxa. This stage coincides temporally with a period in which the polygon was only drained by lateral subsurface water flow, as indicated by mixed grain sizes. A different moss association occurred during times of repeated river flooding (indicated by homogeneous medium-grained sand that probably accumulated during the annual spring snowmelt), characterized by an abundance of Meesia triquetra and a dominance of benthic diatoms (e. g. Navicula vulpina), indicative of a relatively high pH and a high tolerance of disturbance. A comparison of the local polygon vegetation (inferred from moss and macrofossil spectra) with the regional vegetation (inferred from pollen spectra) indicated that the moss association with Scorpidium scorpioides became established during relatively favourable climatic conditions, while the association dominated by Meesia triquetra occurred during periods of harsh climatic conditions. Our study revealed a strong riverine influence (in addition to climatic influences) on polygon development and the type of peat accumulated.
QuestionHow important is the effect of micro-relief and vegetation type on the characteristics of vascular plants and bryophytes in low-centred polygons? LocationSiberian Arctic, Russia. MethodsEight low-centred polygons in northern Siberia were surveyed for vegetation along transects running from the rim to the pond via the rim-pond transition of each polygon and across a vegetation type gradient from open forest to tundra. ResultsThe cover of vascular plants and bryophytes displays no significant differences between the rim and rim-pond transition but is significantly lower in the pond section of the polygons. Alpha-diversity of vascular plants decreases strongly from rim to pond, whereas bryophyte diversity in pond plots is significantly distinct from the rim and the rim-pond transition. There is no clear trend in cover for either plant group along the vegetation type transect and only a weak trend in -diversity. However, both gradients are reflected in the compositional turnover. The applied indicator species analysis identified taxa characteristic of certain environmental conditions. Among others, we found vascular plants primarily characteristic of the rim and bryophyte taxa characteristic of each micro-relief level and vegetation type. ConclusionsThe observed gradual pattern in -diversity and composition of polygonal vegetation suggests that micro-relief is the main driver of changes in the vegetation composition, while vegetation type and the related forest cover change are of subordinate importance for polygonal vegetation patterns along the Siberian tree line.
Understanding the geologic evolution of Northern Tibetan Plateau with multiple thermochronometers
(2018)
The early onset of deformation following the India-Asia collision, Neogene expanse of uplift, and complex systems that comprise strike-slip faults, thrust faults, and intermontane basins characterize the Cenozoic tectonism of Northern Tibetan Plateau and raise two prominent questions in orogenic geodynamics: 1) What mechanism(s) control(s) the transfer of stress related to the India-Asia collision across the distance of >2000 km; and 2) Why the development of high topography was delayed in the Northern Tibetan Plateau and what does it reveal about how the internal forces and external boundary conditions evolved. To address these two questions, we reconstruct a holistic spatial-temporal deformation history of the Northern Tibetan Plateau by using a range of thermochronometers, with closure temperature spanning from 350 degrees C to-60-70 degrees C. This multi-thermochronometer study reveals three stages of faulting related cooling, in the early Cretaceous, in Paleocene-Eocene and in middle-late Miocene. We observe that Paleocene-Eocene deformation was spatially restricted and mostly occurred on reactivated Cretaceous structures, indicating a control of pre-existing weakness on early Cenozoic deformation. Extensive Neogene deformation contrasts with restricted Paleocene-Eocene deformation and relatively quiescent shortening during the Oligocene-early Miocene, which implies a change in the regional tectonics regime. Global plate reconstructions show that this tectonic reorganization is coeval with an increase in Pacific-Asia plate convergence rates. We argue that this change in regional tectonics is a result of increasing constrictive environment of the eastern plate boundary, which changed the behavior of the Altyn Tagh fault the boundary fault of Northern Tibetan Plateau, causing it to change from feeding slip into structures out of the plateau to feeding slip into structures at plateau margins.
Whistler mode exohiss are the structureless hiss waves observed outside the plasma pause with featured equatorward Poynting flux. An event of the amplification of exohiss as well as chorus waves was recorded by Van Allen Probes during the recovery phase of a weak geomagnetic storm. Amplitudes of both types of the waves showed a significant increase at the regions of electron density enhancements. It is found that the electrons resonant with exohiss and chorus showed moderate pitch angle anisotropies. The ratio of the number of electrons resonating with exohiss to total electron number presented in-phase correlation with density variations, which suggests that exohiss can be amplified due to electron density enhancement in terms of cyclotron instability. The calculation of linear growth rates further supports above conclusion. We suggest that exohiss waves have potential to become more significant due to the background plasma fluctuation.
In this paper we report a rare and fortunate event of fast magnetosonic (MS, also called equatorial noise) waves modulated by compressional ultralow frequency (ULF) waves measured by Van Allen Probes. The characteristics of MS waves, ULF waves, proton distribution, and their potential correlations are analyzed. The results show that ULF waves can modulate the energetic ring proton distribution and in turn modulate the MS generation. Furthermore, the variation of MS intensities is attributed to not only ULF wave activities but also the variation of background parameters, for example, number density. The results confirm the opinion that MS waves are generated by proton ring distribution and propose a new modulation phenomenon.
Evaluation of a novel application of earthquake HVSR in site-specific amplification estimation
(2020)
Ground response analyses (GRA) model the vertical propagations of SH waves through flat-layered media (1DSH) and are widely carried out to evaluate local site effects in practice. Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique is a cost-effective approach to extract certain site-specific information, e.g., site fundamental frequency (f(0)), but HVSR values cannot be directly used to approximate the levels of S-wave amplifications. Motivated by the work of Kawase et al. (2019), we propose a procedure to correct earthquake HVSR amplitudes for direct amplification estimations. The empirical correction compensates HVSR by generic vertical amplification spectra categorized by the vertical fundamental frequency (f(0v)) via kappa-means clustering. In this investigation, we evaluate the effectiveness of the corrected HVSR in approximating observed linear amplifications in comparison with 1DSH modellings. We select a total of 90 KiK-net (Kiban Kyoshin network) surface-downhole sites which are found to have no velocity contrasts below their boreholes and thus of which surface-to-borehole spectral ratios (SBSRs) can be taken as their empirical transfer functions (ETFs). 1DSH-based theoretical transfer functions (TTFs) are computed in the linear domain considering uncertainties in Vs profiles through randomizations. Five goodness-of-fit metrics are adopted to gauge the closeness between observed (ETF) and predicted (i.e., TTF and corrected HVSR) amplifications in both amplitude and spectral shape over frequencies from f(0) to 25 Hz. We find that the empirical correction to HVSR is highly effective and achieves a "good match" in both spectral shape and amplitude at the majority of the 90 KiK-net sites, as opposed to less than one-third for the 1DSH modelling. In addition, the empirical correction does not require a velocity model, which GRAs require, and thus has great potentials in seismic hazard assessments.
This study aims to identify the best-performing site characterization proxy alternative and complementary to the conventional 30 m average shear-wave velocity V-S30, as well as the optimal combination of proxies in characterizing linear site response. Investigated proxies include T-0 (site fundamental period obtained from earthquake horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios), V-Sz (measured average shear-wave velocities to depth z, z = 5, 10, 20 and 30 m), Z(0.8) and Z(1.0) (measured site depths to layers having shear-wave velocity 0.8 and 1.0 km/s, respectively), as well as Z(x-infer) (inferred site depths from a regional velocity model, x = 0.8 and 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 km/s). To evaluate the performance of a site proxy or a combination, a total of 1840 surface-borehole recordings is selected from KiK-net database. Site amplifications are derived using surface-to-borehole response-, Fourier- and cross-spectral ratio techniques and then are compared across approaches. Next, the efficacies of 7 single-proxies and 11 proxy-pairs are quantified based on the site-to-site standard deviation of amplification residuals of observation about prediction using the proxy or the pair. Our results show that T-0 is the best-performing single-proxy among T-0, Z(0.8), Z(1.0) and V-Sz. Meanwhile, T-0 is also the best-performing proxy among T-0, Z(0.8), Z(1.0) and Z(x-infer) complementary to V-S30 in accounting for the residual amplification after V-S30-correction. Besides, T-0 alone can capture most of the site effects and should be utilized as the primary site indicator. Though (T-0, V-S30) is the best-performing proxy pair among (V-S30, T-0), (V-S30, Z(0.8)), (V-S30, Z(1.0)), (V-S30, Z(x-infer)) and (T-0, V-Sz), it is only slightly better than (T-0, V-S20). Considering both efficacy and engineering utility, the combination of T-0 (primary) and V-S20 (secondary) is recommended. Further study is needed to test the performances of various proxies on sites in deep sedimentary basins.
In this investigation, we examine the uncertainties using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique on earthquake recordings to detect site resonant frequencies at 207 KiK-net sites. Our results show that the scenario dependence of response (pseudospectral acceleration) spectral ratio could bias the estimates of resonant frequencies for sites having multiple significant peaks with comparable amplitudes. Thus, the Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) should be preferred in computing HVSR. For more than 80% of the investigated sites, the first peak (in the frequency domain) on the average HVSR curve over multiple sites coincides with the highest peak. However, for sites with multiple peaks, the highest peak frequency (f(p)) is less susceptible to the selection criteria of significant peaks and the extent of smoothing to spectrum than the first peak frequency (f(0)). Meanwhile, in comparison to the surface-to-borehole spectral ratio, f(0) tends to underestimate the predominant frequency (at which the largest amplification occurs) more than f(p). In addition, in terms of characterizing linear site response, f(p) shows a better overall performance than f(0). Based on these findings, we thus recommend that seismic network operators provide f(p) on the average HVSRFAS curve as a priority, ideally together with the average HVSRFAS curve in site characterization.
In the Next Generation Attenuation West2 (NGA-West2) project, a 3D subsurface structure model (Japan Seismic Hazard Information Station [J-SHIS]) was queried to establish depths to 1.0 and 2.5 km/s velocity isosurfaces for sites without depth measurement in Japan. In this article, we evaluate the depth parameters in the J-SHIS velocity model by comparing them with their corresponding site-specific depth measurements derived from selected KiK-net velocity profiles. The comparison indicates that the J-SHIS model underestimates site depths at shallow sites and overestimates depths at deep sites. Similar issues were also identified in the southern California basin model. Our results also show that these underestimations and over-estimations have a potentially significant impact on ground-motion prediction using NGA-West2 ground-motion models (GMMs). Site resonant period may be considered as an alternative to depth parameter in the site term of a GMM.
Barite concretions and bands are widely distributed in black shale-chert horizons in the Yurtus Formation of Lower Cambrian in Aksu area, northwestern Tarim Basin, NW China. They mainly consist of coarse-grained anhedral to euhedral barite crystals with minor dolomites and pyrites. Petrological features indicate these concretions grew from the porewater in unconsolidated sediments at shallow burial below sediment-water interface. The slight deviation of Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (0.7083 to 0.7090) and significant elevated delta S-34 values (56.8-76.4 parts per thousand CDT) of barite samples with respect to those of the Early Cambrian seawater further support that barite deposits precipitated from the enclosed porewater in sediment column, which evolved from the penecontemporaneous seawater with weak interaction with the host fine-grained siliciclastic sediments and highly-depleted sulfate in response to prolonged strong bacterial sulfate reduction without necessary renewal. The abundant organic matters in the basal Yurtus Formation should have facilitated developing sulfate-depleted methanogenesis zone and sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) slightly after deposition. Therefore, barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation most likely resulted from diagenetic barium cycling and persistently grew from the porewater in the static SMTZ with a low sedimentation rate in the Early Cambrian. In comparison with the distribution of sedimentary barites in geological records, we tentatively proposed that a transition in diagenetic barium cycling and associated mineralization may have occurred from the Precambrian to Cambrian periods; this scenario may be causally linked to the changes in marine ecology (the advent of mesozooplankton and associated faecal pellet) and geochemistry (the increase of seawater sulfate concentration). Thus, the occurrence of diagenetic barite deposits in the Yurtus Formation implies that diagenetic barium cycling and more effective scavenging of barium from CH4- and Ba-rich porewaters within sediments might have become an nonnegligible process in continental margin areas, at least, since the earliest Cambrian, which could have significantly impacted the marine barium cycling. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Puna Plateau, adjacent Eastern Cordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas of the central Andes are largely characterized by thick-skinned, basement-involved deformation. The Puna Plateau hosts similar to N-S trending bedrock ranges bounded by deep-seated reverse faults and sedimentary basins. We contribute to the understanding of thick-skinned dynamics in the Puna Plateau by constraining regional kinematics of the poorly understood southern Puna Plateau through a multidisciplinary approach. On the southeastern plateau, sandstone modal composition and detrital zircon U-Pb and apatite fission-track data from Cenozoic strata indicate basin accumulation during the late Eocene to early Oligocene (similar to 38-28 Ma). Provenance analysis reveals the existence of a regional-scale basin covering the southern Puna Plateau during late Eocene to early Oligocene time (similar to 38-28 Ma) that was sourced from both the western plateau and the eastern plateau margin and had a depocenter located to the west. Petrographic and detrital zircon U-Pb data reveal erosion of proximal western and eastern sources after 12 Ma, in mid-late Miocene time. This indicates that the regional basin was compartmentalized into small-scale depocenters by the growth of basement-cored ranges continuing into the late Miocene (similar to 12-8 Ma). We suggest that the Cenozoic history of the southern Puna Plateau records the formation of a regional basin that was possibly driven by lithospheric flexure during the late Eocene to early Oligocene, before the growth of distributed basement-cored ranges starting as early as the late Oligocene. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Indus Molasse records orogenic sedimentation associated with uplift and erosion of the southern margin of Asia in the course of ongoing India-Eurasia collision. Detailed field investigation clarifies the nature and extent of the depositional contact between this molasse and the underlying basement units. We report the first dataset on detrital zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopes and apatite U-Pb ages for the autochthonous molasse in the Indus Suture Zone. A latest Oligocene depositional age is proposed on the basis of the youngest detrital zircon U-Pb age peak and is consistent with published biostratigraphic data. Multiple provenance indicators suggest exclusively northerly derivation with no input from India in the lowermost parts of the section. The results provide constraints on the uplift and erosion history of the Ladakh Range following the initial India-Asia collision.
We perform a systematic study of all cities in Europe to assess the Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity by means of remotely sensed land surface temperature data. Defining cities as spatial clusters of urban land cover, we investigate the relationships of the UHI intensity, with the cluster size and the temperature of the surroundings. Our results show that in Europe, the UHI intensity in summer has a strong correlation with the cluster size, which can be well fitted by an empirical sigmoid model. Furthermore, we find a novel seasonality of the UHI intensity for individual clusters in the form of hysteresis-like curves. We characterize the shape and identify apparent regional patterns.
Urban climate is determined by a variety of factors, whose knowledge can help to attenuate heat stress in the context of ongoing urbanization and climate change. We study the influence of city size and urban form on the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Europe and find a complex interplay between UHI intensity and city size, fractality, and anisometry. Due to correlations among these urban factors, interactions in the multi-linear regression need to be taken into account. We find that among the largest 5,000 cities, the UHI intensity increases with the logarithm of the city size and with the fractal dimension, but decreases with the logarithm of the anisometry. Typically, the size has the strongest influence, followed by the compactness, and the smallest is the influence of the degree to which the cities stretch. Accordingly, from the point of view of UHI alleviation, small, disperse, and stretched cities are preferable. However, such recommendations need to be balanced against e.g. positive agglomeration effects of large cities. Therefore, trade-offs must be made regarding local and global aims.
This paper assesses the seasonality of the urban heat island (UHI) effect in the Greater London area (United Kingdom). Combining satellite-based observations and urban boundary layer climate modeling with the UrbClim model, the authors are able to address the seasonality of UHI intensity, on the basis of both land surface temperature (LST) and 2-m air temperature, for four individual times of the day (0130, 1030, 1330, and 2230 local time) and the daily means derived from them. An objective of this paper is to investigate whether the UHI intensities that are based on both quantities exhibit a similar hysteresis-like trajectory that is observed for LST when plotting the UHI intensity against the background temperature. The results show that the UrbClim model can satisfactorily reproduce both the observed urban rural LSTs and 2-m air temperatures as well as their differences and the hysteresis in the surface UHI. The hysteresis-like seasonality is largely absent in both the observed and modeled 2-m air temperatures, however. A sensitivity simulation of the UHI intensity to incoming solar radiation suggests that the hysteresis of the LST can mainly be attributed to the seasonal variation in incoming solar radiation.
This article offers a reconstruction of the vegetation and climate of the south-western Siberian Baraba forest-steppe area during the last ca. 8000 years. The analysis of palynological data from the sediment core of Lake Bolshie Toroki using quantitative methods has made it possible to reconstruct changes of the dominant types of vegetation and mean July air temperatures. Coniferous forests grew in the vicinity of the lake, and mean July air temperatures were similar to present-day ones between 7.9 and 7.0 kyr BP. The warmest and driest climate occurred at 7.0-5.0 kyr BP. At that time, the region had open steppe landscapes; birch groves began to spread. A cooling trend is seen after 5.5 kyr BP, when forest-steppe began to emerge. Steppe communities started to dominate again after 1.5 kyr BP. Mean July air temperatures lower than now are reconstructed for the period of 1.9-1 kyr BP, and then the temperatures became similar to present-day ones. Comparing the archaeological data on the types of economy of the population which inhabited the Baraba forest-steppe with the data on changes in the natural environment revealed a connection between the gradual transition from hunting and fishing to livestock breeding and the development of forest-steppe landscapes with a decrease in the area covered by forests. The development of the forest-steppe as an ecotonic landscape starting around 5 kyr BP might have contributed to the coexistence of several archaeological cultures with different types of economy on the same territory. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Kp index is a measure of the midlatitude global geomagnetic activity and represents short-term magnetic variations driven by solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field. The Kp index is one of the most widely used indicators for space weather alerts and serves as input to various models, such as for the thermosphere and the radiation belts. It is therefore crucial to predict the Kp index accurately. Previous work in this area has mostly employed artificial neural networks to nowcast Kp, based their inferences on the recent history of Kp and on solar wind measurements at L1. In this study, we systematically test how different machine learning techniques perform on the task of nowcasting and forecasting Kp for prediction horizons of up to 12 hr. Additionally, we investigate different methods of machine learning and information theory for selecting the optimal inputs to a predictive model. We illustrate how these methods can be applied to select the most important inputs to a predictive model of Kp and to significantly reduce input dimensionality. We compare our best performing models based on a reduced set of optimal inputs with the existing models of Kp, using different test intervals, and show how this selection can affect model performance.
We use a data set of 35 surface pollen samples from lake sediments, moss polsters and top soils on the north- eastern Tibetan Plateau to explore the relationship between modern pollen assemblages and contemporary vegetation patterns. The surface pollen transect spanned four vegetation zones--alpine meadow, steppe, steppe desert and desert-- under different climatic/elevational conditions. Relative representation (R (rel)) values and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to determine the relationships between modern pollen and vegetation and regional climate gradients. The results show that the main vegetation zones along the regional and elevational transects can be distinguished by their modern pollen spectra. Relative to Poaceae, a high representation of Artemisia, Nitraria and Chenopodiaceae was found, while Cyperaceae and Gentiana showed values in the middle range, and Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Ephedra and Fabaceae had low relative representation values. PCA results indicate a high correlation between the biogeoclimatic zones and annual precipitation and annual temperature and July temperature. The Artemisia/ Chenopodiaceae ratio and the Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio are useful tools for qualitative and semi-quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Surface lake sediments are found to have different palynomorph spectra from moss cushion and soil samples, reflecting the larger pollen source area in the contemporary vegetation for lakes.
Our study presents the results of a moment tensor inversion of 19 microseismic events with M-L between 2.0 and 3.4, associated with the stimulation operation of an enhanced geothermal reservoir in Basel, Switzerland, in 2006. We adopt a three-step procedure to retrieve point source solution parameters based on full waveform inversion. The inversion is performed by fitting displacement amplitude spectra and displacement seismograms in the first and second step, respectively, assuming a double couple source model and thus obtaining focal solutions for all 19 events. Our results are in agreement with focal mechanisms from a previous study, which employed P wave first-motion polarities from more than 40 stations, whereas our solutions are achieved using full waveform data recorded by less than 10 surface stations. In the last step, a full moment tensor inversion is performed. The results from the moment tensor inversion show an improvement on the waveform fitting compared to the double couple models, which is verified by an F-test. We investigate the stability of the moment tensor solutions by employing different velocity models. The isotropic components of the moment tensor solutions of some events are not negligible, suggesting source volume changes due to fluid injection. Events with significant isotropic components occurred mainly during the stimulation phase and close to the injection well. On the other hand, events that occurred in the post-stimulation phase are predominantly pure shear failure and located further away from the well bore. These spatio-temporal patterns can be explained by the influence of pore pressure variations during and after the hydraulic stimulation at the geothermal site. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In order to identify the areas in the Xilingele grassland which are sensitive to wind erosion, a computational fluid dynamics model (CFD-WEM) was used to simulate the wind fields over a region of 37 km(2) which contains different topography and land use types. Previous studies revealed the important influences of topography and land use on wind erosion in the Xilingele grassland. Topography influences wind fields at large scale, and land use influences wind fields near the ground. Two steps were designed to implement the CFD wind simulation, and they were respectively to simulate the influence of topography and surface roughness on the wind. Digital elevation model (DEM) and surface roughness length were the key inputs for the CFD simulation. The wind simulation by CFD-WEM was validated by a wind data set which was measured simultaneously at six positions in the field. Three scenarios with different wind velocities were designed based on observed dust storm events, and wind fields were simulated according to these scenarios to predict the sensitive areas to wind erosion. General assumptions that cropland is the most sensitive area to wind erosion and heavily and moderately grazed grasslands are both sensitive etc. can be refined by the modelling of CFD-WEM. Aided by the results of this study, the land use planning and protection measures against wind erosion can be more efficient. Based on the case study in the Xilingele grassland, a method of regional wind erosion assessment aided by CFD wind simulation is summarized. The essence of this method is a combination of CFD wind simulation and determination of threshold wind velocity for wind erosion. Because of the physically-based simulation and the flexibility of the method, it can be generalised to other regions.
The open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind model (CFD-WEM) for wind erosion research in the Xilingele grassland in Inner Mongolia (autonomous region, China) is compared with two open source CFD models Gerris and OpenFOAM. The evaluation of these models was made according to software technology, implemented methods, handling, accuracy and calculation speed. All models were applied to the same wind tunnel data set. Results show that the simplest CFD-WEM has the highest calculation speed with acceptable accuracy, and the most powerful OpenFOAM produces the simulation with highest accuracy and the lowest calculation speed. Gerris is between CFD-WEM and OpenFOAM. It calculates faster than OpenFOAM, and it is capable to solve different CFD problems. CFD-WEM is the optimal model to be further developed for wind erosion research in Inner Mongolia grassland considering its efficiency and the uncertainties of other input data. However, for other applications using CFD technology, Gerris and OpenFOAM can be good choices. This paper shows the powerful capability of open source CFD software in wind erosion study, and advocates more involvement of open source technology in wind erosion and related ecological researches.
To provide physically based wind modelling for wind erosion research at regional scale, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind model was developed. The model was programmed in C language based on the Navier-Stokes equations, and it is freely available as open source. Integrated with the spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT), the wind model has convenient input preparation and powerful output visualization. To validate the wind model, a series of experiments was conducted in a wind tunnel. A blocking inflow experiment was designed to test the performance of the model on simulation of basic fluid processes. A round obstacle experiment was designed to check if the model could simulate the influences of the obstacle on wind field. Results show that measured and simulated wind fields have high correlations, and the wind model can simulate both the basic processes of the wind and the influences of the obstacle on the wind field. These results show the high reliability of the wind model. A digital elevation model (DEM) of an area (3800 m long and 1700 m wide) in the Xilingele grassland in Inner Mongolia (autonomous region, China) was applied to the model, and a 3D wind field has been successfully generated. The clear implementation of the model and the adequate validation by wind tunnel experiments laid a solid foundation for the prediction and assessment of wind erosion at regional scale.
The Upper Cambrian Lower Qiulitag Group in the Tarim Basin, NW China, is overwhelmingly composed of cyclic dolomites. Based on extensive field investigations and facies analysis from four outcrop sections in the Bachu-Keping area, northwestern Tarim Basin, four main types of facies are recognized: open-marine subtidal, restricted shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal facies, and these are further subdivided into ten lithofacies. In general, these facies are vertically arranged into shallowing-upward, metre-scale cycles. These cycles are commonly composed of a thin basal horizon reflecting abrupt deepening, and a thicker upper succession showing gradual shallowing upwards. Based on the vertical facies arrangements and changes across boundary surfaces, two types of cycle: peritidal and shallow subtidal cycle, are further identified. The peritidal cycles, predominating over the lower-middle Lower Qiulitag Group, commence with shallow subtidal to lower intertidal facies and are capped by inter-supratidal facies. In contrast, the shallow subtidal cycles, dominating the upper Lower Qiulitag Group, are capped by shallow-subtidal facies. Based on vertical lithofacies variations, cycle stacking patterns, and accommodation variations revealed by Fischer plots, six larger-scale third-order depositional sequences (Sq1-Sq6) are recognized. These sequences generally consist of a lower transgressive and an upper regressive systems tract. The transgressive tracts are dominated by thicker-than-average cycles, indicating an overall accommodation increase, whereas the regressive tracts are characterized by thinner-than-average peritidal cycles, indicating an overall accommodation decrease. The sequence boundaries are characterized by transitional zones of stacked thinner-than-average cycles, rather than by a single surface. These sequences can further be grouped into lower-order sequence sets: the lower and upper sequence sets. The lower sequence set, including Sq1-Sq3, is characterized by peritidal facies-dominated sequences and a progressive decrease in accommodation space, indicating a longer-term fall in sea level. In contrast, the upper sequence set (Sq4-Sq6) is characterized by subtidal facies-dominated sequences and a progressive increase in accommodation space, indicating a longer-term rise in sea level.
Paleogeographic reconstructions of terranes can greatly benefit from the provenance analysis of sediments. A series of Cenozoic basins provide key sedimentary archives for investigating the growth of the Tibetan Plateau, yet the provenance of the sediments in these basins has never been constrained robustly. Here we report sedimentary petrological and detrital zircon geochronological data from the Paleocene-Eocene Nangqian-Xialaxiu and Gongjue basins. Sandstone detrital modes and zircon morphology suggest that the samples collected in these two basins were sourced from recycled orogen. Detrital zircon geochronology indicates that sediments in the Nangqian-Xialaxiu Basin are characterized by two distinct age populations at 220-280 Ma and 405-445 Ma. In contrast, three predominant age populations of 207-256 Ma, 423-445 Ma, and 1851-1868 Ma, and two subordinate age populations of similar to 50 Ma and similar to 2500 Ma, are recognized in the Gongjue Basin. Comparison with detrital zircon ages from the surrounding terranes suggests that sediments in the Nangqian-Xialaxiu Basin come from the neighboring thrust belts, whereas sediments from the Gongjue Basin are predominantly derived from the distant Songpan-Ganzi Terrane with minor contribution from the surrounding areas. A three-stage Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is proposed. During the Paleocene, the Nangqian-Xialaxiu Basin appeared as a set of small intermontane sub-basins and received plentiful sediments from the neighboring mountain belts; during the Eocene, the Gongjue Basin kept a relatively low altitude and was a depression at the edge of a proto-Plateau; since the Oligocene, the Tibetan Plateau further uplifted and the marginal Gongjue Basin was involved in the Tibetan interior orogeny, indicating the eastward propagation of the Tibetan Plateau.
The Gongjue basin from the eastern Qiangtang terrane is located in the transition region where the regional structural lineation curves from east-west-oriented in Tibet to north-south-oriented in Yunnan. In this study, we sampled the red beds in the basin from the lower Gongjue to upper Ranmugou formations for the first time covering the entire stratigraphic profile. The stratigraphic ages are bracketed within 53-43Ma by new detrital zircon U-Pb ages constraining the maximum deposition age to 52.51.5Ma. Rock magnetic and petrographic studies indicate that detrital magnetite and hematite are the magnetic carriers. Positive reversals and fold tests demonstrate that the characteristic remanent magnetization has a primary origin. The Gongjue and Ranmugou formations yield mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions of D-s/I-s=31.0 degrees/21.3 degrees and D-s/I-s=15.9 degrees/22.0 degrees, respectively. The magnetic inclination of these characteristic remanent magnetizations is significantly shallowed compared to the expected inclination for the locality. However, the elongation/inclination correction method does not provide a meaningful correction, likely because of syn-depositional rotation. Rotations relative to the Eurasian apparent polar wander path occurred in three stages: Stage I, 33.33.4 degrees clockwise rotation during the deposition of the Gongjue and lower Ranmugou formations; Stage II, 26.93.7 degrees counterclockwise rotation during deposition of the lower and middle Ranmugou formation; and Stage III, 17.73.3 degrees clockwise rotation after 43Ma. The complex rotation history recorded in the basin is possibly linked to sinistral shear along the Qiangtang block during India indentation into Asia and the early stage of the extrusion of the northwestern Indochina blocks away from eastern Tibet.
Increasingly available high-frequency data during storm events, when hydrological dynamics most likely activate nitrate storage-flux exchanges, reveal insights into catchment nitrate dynamics. In this study, we explored impacts of seasonality and landscape gradients on nitrate concentration-discharge (C-Q) hysteresis patterns in the Selke catchment, central Germany, which has heterogeneous combinations of meteorological, hydrogeological and land use conditions. Three nested gauging stations established along the main Selke River captured flow and nitrate export dynamics from the uppermost subcatchment (mixed forest and arable land), middle subcatchment (pure steep forest) and lowermost subcatchment (arable and urban land). We collected continuous high-frequency (15-min) discharge and nitrate concentration data from 2012 to 2017 and analyzed the 223 events detected at all three stations. A dominant hysteresis pattern in the uppermost and middle subcatchments was counter-clockwise and combined with an accretion effect, indicating many proximal and mobilized distal nitrate sources. However, 66% of all events at the catchment outlet experienced a dilution effect, possibly due to mechanisms that vary seasonally. During wetting/wet periods (October-March), it was combined mainly with a counter-clockwise pattern due to the dominance of event runoff volume from the uppermost and middle subcatchments. During drying/dry periods (April-September), however, it was combined mainly with a clockwise pattern due to occasional quick surface flows from lowland near-stream urban areas. In addition, the clockwise hysteresis occurred mainly from May-October during mostly drying/dry periods at all three sites, indicating little distal nitrate transport in response to the low terrestrial hydrological connectivity, especially in the lowermost dry and flat sub-catchment. This comprehensive analysis (i.e., clockwise vs. counter-clockwise, accretion vs. dilution) enables in-depth analysis of nitrate export mechanisms during certain periods under different landscape conditions. Specific combination of C-Q relationships could identify target locations for agricultural management actions that decrease nitrate output. Therefore, we strongly encourage long-term multisite and high-frequency monitoring strategies in heterogeneous nested catchment(s), which can help understand process mechanisms, generate data for physical-based water-quality modeling and provide guidance for water and agricultural management.
Ostracod distribution and habitat relationships in the Kunlun Mountains, northern Tibetan Plateau
(2013)
Surface sediment samples were collected from the lakes Heihai, Kusai, Haiding Nuur and Yan Hu, and from streams and ponds in the Kunlun Mountains at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau to investigate the sub-fossil ostracod (micro-crustacean) fauna of the region. Among 65 collected samples, 46 ostracod shell-rich samples were used to study the relationship between the ostracod distribution and specific conductivity (SC) of the water, which ranged from 0.6 to 53.0 mS cm(-1). A total of eleven ostracod species was identified from this region, with about half of the species restricted to the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent mountain areas, and the other half representing Holarctic taxa. Tonnacypris cf. estonica and Tonnacypris tonnensis are reported from the Tibetan Plateau for the first time. Leucocythere sp. is the dominant species and Ilyocypris cf. bradyi is also relatively abundant. The other seven species were recorded with limited abundances apparently due to lower SC tolerances. Leucocythere sp. was recorded over the full SC range from 0.6 to 53 mS cm(-1). Eucypris mareotica is a typical brackish and saline water species, which was found at sample sites with high SC (2.8-53.0 mS cm(-1)). In contrast, Leucocythere dorsotuberosa, Candona candida and Eucypris afghanistanensis prefer freshwater to slightly oli-gohaline waters with SC < 1.8 mS cm(-1). The SC optimum and tolerance range for each species were determined and compared to earlier reported data from other regions of Central Asia. The results indicate that species assemblage data from fossil ostracod shells have a large potential to provide information on past SC levels and more general climate-determined moisture conditions. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
Pollen influx (number of pollen grains cm−2 year−1) can objectively reflect the dispersal and deposition features of pollen within a certain time and space, and is often used as a basis for the quantitative reconstruction of palaeovegetation; however, little is known about the features and mechanisms of vertical dispersal of pollen. Here we present the results from a 5 year (2006–2010) monitoring program using pollen traps placed at different heights from ground level up to 60 m and surface soil samples in a mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved woodland in the Changbai mountains, northeastern China. The pollen percentages and pollen influx from the traps have very similar characteristics to the highest values for Betula, Fraxinus, Quercus and Pinus, among the tree taxa and Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae among the herb taxa. Pollen influx values vary significantly with height and show major differences between three distinct layers, above-canopy (≥32 m), within the trunk layer (8 ≤ 32 m) and on the ground (0 m). These differences in pollen influx are explained by differences in (i) the air flows in each of these layers and (ii) the fall speed of pollen of the various taxa. We found that the pollen recorded on the ground surface is a good representation of the major part of the pollen transported in the trunk space of the woodland. Comparison of the pollen influx values with the theoretical, calculated “characteristic pollen source area” (CPSA) of 12 selected taxa indicates that the pollen deposited on the ground surface of the woodland is a fair representation with 85–90 % of the total pollen deposited at a wind speed of 2.4 m s−1 coming from within ca. 1–5 km for Pinus and Quercus, ca. 5–10 km for Ulmus, Tilia, Oleaceae and Betula, ca. 20–40 km for Fraxinus, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Populus and Salix, and ca. 30–60 km for Artemisia; it is also a good representation with 90–98 % of the total pollen deposited coming from within 60 km at a wind speed of 2.4 m s−1, or 100 km at a wind speed: 6 m s−1, for the 12 selected taxa used in the CPSA calculation. Furthermore, comparison with the vegetation map of the area around the sampling site shows that the pollen deposited on the ground represents all plant communities which grow in the study area within 70 km radius of the sampling site. In this study, the pollen percentages obtained from the soil surface samples are significantly biased towards pollen taxa with good preservation due to thick and robust pollen walls. Therefore, if mosses are available instead, soil samples should be avoided for pollen studies, in particular for the study of pollen-vegetation relationships, the estimation of pollen productivities and quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation. The results also indicate that the existing model of pollen dispersal and deposition, Prentice’s model, provides a fair description of the actual pollen dispersal and deposition in this kind of woodland, which suggests that the application of the landscape reconstruction algorithm would be relevant for reconstruction of this type of woodland in the past.
A number of sedimentary provenance studies have been undertaken in order to determine whether the palaeo-Red River was once a river of continental proportions into which the upper reaches of the Yangtze, Salween, Mekong, Irrawaddy, and Yarlung drained. We have assessed the evidence that the Yarlung originally flowed into the palaeo-Red river, and then sequentially into the Irrawaddy and Brahmaputra, connecting to the latter first via the Lohit and then the Siang. For this river system, we have integrated our new data from the Paleogene-Recent Irrawaddy drainage basin (detrital zircon U-Pb with Hf and fission track, rutile U-Pb, mica Ar-Ar, bulk rock Sr-Nd, and petrography) with previously published data, to produce a palaeodrainage model that is consistent with all datasets. In our model, the Yarlung never flowed into the Irrawaddy drainage: during the Paleogene, the Yarlung suture zone was an internally drained basin, and from Neogene times onwards the Yarlung drained into the Brahmaputra in the Bengal Basin. The Central Myanmar Basin, through which the Irrawaddy River flows today, received predominantly locally-derived detritus until the Middle Eocene, the Irrawaddy initiated as a through-going river draining the Mogok Metamorphic Belt and Bomi-Chayu granites to the north sometime in the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene, and the river was dominated by a stable MMB-dominated drainage throughout the Neogene to present day. Existing evidence does not support any connection between the Yarlung and the Red River in the past, but there is a paucity of suitable palaeo-Red River deposits with which to make a robust comparison. We argue that this limitation also precludes a robust assessment of a palaeo-connection between the Yangtze/ Salween/Mekong and the Red River; it is difficult to unequivocally interpret the recorded provenance changes as the result of specific drainage reorganisations. We highlight the palaeo-Red River deposits of the Hanoi Basin as a potential location for future research focus in view of the near-complete Cenozoic record of palaeo-Red River deposits at this location. A majority of previous studies consider that if a major continental-scale drainage ever existed at all, it fragmented early in the Cenozoic. Such a viewpoint would agree with the growing body of evidence from palaeoaltitude studies that large parts of SE Tibet were uplifted by this period. This then leads towards the intriguing question as to the mechanisms which caused the major period of river incision in the Miocene in this region.
The Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) transition of Late Devonian was a critical episode in geological history, recording a major mass extinction event. In this study, we focus on an F-F succession from a deep marine context in Bancheng, southern Guangxi, South China, to investigate coeval changes in pelagic environments of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The studied succession is exclusively composed of bedded cherts intercalated with multiple siliceous volcanic ash beds. A SIMS zircon U-Pb Concordia age of 367.8 +/- 2.5 Ma is reported for a tuffaceous layer slightly above the F-F boundary. Geochemical ratios of Al/(Al + Fe + Mn), Ce/Ce*, Y/Ho, and Al, Fe contents in bedded cherts indicate that they are of predominantly biogenic/chemical origin with some terrigenous inputs. Negligible enrichment of redox sensitive elements (Mo, U, V) and low V/Cr ratios (<2) suggest persistently oxic conditions existed in the deep pelagic basin at Bancheng, South China during the F-F transition. These findings call into question the widely held hypothesis that marine anoxia was the primary killing mechanism for the F-F crisis. In contrast, multiple tuffaceous layers throughout the F-F boundary succession indicate frequent volcanic activity, which could have released massive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, inducing climate warming. This scenario may have increased continental weathering and riverine fluxes into the ocean, reconciling the increases in Al2O3 content and Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) ratio across the F-F boundary. Documentation of persistently oxic conditions and frequent volcanic activitiy provides new perspectives on the inter-relationship between volcanism, climate, and oceanic redox fluctuation during the F-F biotic crisis.
The origin of the First Bend of the Yangtze River is key to understanding the birth of the modern Yangtze River. Despite considerable efforts, the timing and mechanism of formation of the First Bend remain highly debated. Inverse river-profile modeling of three tributaries (Chongjiang, Lima, and Gudu) of the Jinsha River, integrated with regional tectonic and geomorphic interpretations, allows the onset of incision at the First Bend to be constrained to 28-20 Ma. The spatio-temporal coincidence of initial river incision and activity of Yulong Thrust Belt in southeastern Tibet highlights thrusting to be fundamental in reshaping the pre-existing stream network at the First Bend. These results enable us to reinterpret a change in sedimentary environment from a braided river to a swamp-like lake in the Jianchuan Basin south of the First Bend, recording the destruction of the hypothesized southwards-flowing paleo-Jinsha and Shuiluo Rivers at ~36-35 Ma by magmatism. During the late Oligoceneearly Miocene, the paleo-Shuiluo River was diverted to the north by focused rock uplift due to thrusting along the Yulong Thrust Belt, which also led to exhumation of the Jianchuan Basin. Diversion of the paleo-Shuiluo River can be explained by capture from a downstream river in the footwall of the Yulong Thrust Belt. Subsequent rapid headward erosion, that was caused by thrusting-induced drop of local base level, is recorded by upstream younging ages for the onset of incision and led to the formation of the First Bend. The combination of new ages for the onset of incision at 28-20 Ma at the First Bend and younger ages upstream indicates northwards expansion of the Jinsha River at a rate of 62 +/- 18 mm/yr. Our results suggest that the origin of the First Bend was likely triggered by thrusting at 28-20 Ma, after which the Yangtze River formed.
A multi-proxy study including analyses of delta C-13(org) for the lake sediment core GN-02 and grain size, TOC. CaCO3 content, delta C-13(carb) and delta O-18(carb) of bulk carbonate, and the mineralogy of the parallel core GN-04 from Gun Nuur was performed to reconstruct the Holocene hydrology and climate on the northern Mongolian Plateau. The chronology was established using 40 C-14 dates of bulk organic matter in addition to nine previously published radiocarbon dates for core GN-02, and further five C-14 dates for the new core GN-04. A lake reservoir effect of 1060 C-14 years was determined as the intercept of the high-resolution GN-02 age-depth model at the modern sediment surface. The size of the reservoir effect is supported by the age of the core-top sample (1200 +/- 40 C-14 years) and the determined difference between a wood-derived radiocarbon age from the GN-02 core base and the age-model inferred age for bulk organic matter at the same stratigraphic level (1000 C-14 years). Low lake level and prevailing aeolian sediment deposition at Gun Nuur under dry conditions were recorded during the earliest Holocene (> 10,800-10,300 cal a BP). Gun Nuur expanded under significantly wetter conditions between 10,300 and 7000 cal a BP. Unstable climate conditions existed in the mid Holocene (7000-2500 cal a BP) and three periods of low lake-levels and significantly drier conditions were recorded between 7000-5700, 4100-3600 and 3000-2500 cal a BP. Intermediate lake levels were inferred for the intervening periods. Around 2500 cal a BP, the climate change and wetter conditions were established again. As a consequence, the lake level of Gun Nuur rose again due to higher effective moisture and the relatively wet present conditions were achieved ca. 1600 cal a BP. Our results suggest that the initial Holocene climate change on the northern Mongolian Plateau was not accompanied by a rapid increase in precipitation as on the Tibetan Plateau. The establishment of wetter conditions in northern Mongolia lagged behind the early Holocene moisture increase on the Tibetan Plateau by ca. 1000 years. Subsiding dry air in the north of the Tibetan Plateau resulted from the strengthened summer monsoon on the Tibetan Plateau during the period of maximum summer insolation and probably inhibited a significant precipitation increase in Mongolia. The significant moisture increase in the Gun Nuur region at ca. 10.3 cal ka BP is probably not related to the northward shift of the present summer monsoon boundary or the moisture delivery from the northern Atlantic through the westerlies. Instead, water from melting snow, ice and frozen ground and the generation of precipitation from the local recycling of moisture are discussed as possible moisture source for the early onset of wetter conditions on the Mongolian Plateau.
Surface lake sediments, 28 from Hoh Xil, 24 from northeastern China, 99 from Lake Bosten, 31 from Ulungur and 26 from Heihai were collected to determine C-13 and O-18 values. Considering the impact factors, conductivity, alkalinity, pH, TOC, C/N and carbonate-content in the sediments, Cl, P, S, and metal element ratios of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Fe/Mn of bulk sediments as environmental variables enable evaluation of their influences on C-13 and O-18 using principal component analysis (PCA) method. The closure and residence time of lakes can influence the correlation between C-13 and O-18. Lake water will change from fresh to brackish with increasing reduction and eutrophication effects. Mg/Ca in the bulk sediment indicates the characteristic of residence time, Sr/Ca and Fe/Mn infer the salinity of lakes. Carbonate formation processes and types can influence the C-13-O-18 correlation. O-18 will be heavier from Mg-calcite and aragonite formed in a high-salinity water body than calcite formed in freshwater conditions. When carbonate content is less than 30%, there is no relationship with either C-13 or O-18, and also none between C-13 and O-18. More than 30%, carbonate content, however, co-varies highly to C-13 and O-18, and there is also a high correlation between C-13 and O-18. Vegetation conditions and primary productivity of lakes can influence the characteristics of C-13 and O-18, and their co-variance. Total organic matter content (TOC) in the sediments is higher with more terrestrial and submerged plants infilling. In northeastern and northwestern China, when organic matter in the lake sediments comes from endogenous floating organisms and algae, the C-13 value is high. C-13 is in the range of -4%o to 0 parts per thousand when organic matter comes mainly from floating organisms (C/N<6); in the range of -4 parts per thousand to 8 parts per thousand when organic matter comes from diatoms (C/N=6 to 8); and -8 parts per thousand to -4 parts per thousand when organic matter comes from aquatic and terrestrial plants (C/N>8).
This study presents an application of an innovative sampling strategy to assess soil moisture dynamics in a headwater of the Weisseritz in the German eastern Ore Mountains. A grassland site and a forested site were instrumented with two Spatial TDR clusters (STDR) that consist of 39 and 32 coated TDR probes of 60 cm length. Distributed time series of vertically averaged soil moisture data from both sites/ensembles were analyzed by statistical and geostatistical methods. Spatial variability and the spatial mean at the forested site were larger than at the grassland site. Furthermore, clustering of TDR probes in combination with long-term monitoring allowed identification of average spatial covariance structures at the small field scale for different wetness states. The correlation length of soil water content as well as the sill to nugget ratio at the grassland site increased with increasing average wetness and but, in contrast, were constant at the forested site. As soil properties at both the forested and grassland sites are extremely variable, this suggests that the correlation structure at the forested site is dominated by the pattern of throughfall and interception. We also found a very strong correlation between antecedent soil moisture at the forested site and runoff coefficients of rainfall-runoff events observed at gauge Rehefeld. Antecedent soil moisture at the forest site explains 92% of the variability in the runoff coefficients. By combining these results with a recession analysis we derived a first conceptual model of the dominant runoff mechanisms operating in this catchment. Finally, we employed a physically based hydrological model to shed light on the controls of soil- and plant morphological parameters on soil average soil moisture at the forested site and the grassland site, respectively. A homogeneous soil setup allowed, after fine tuning of plant morphological parameters, most of the time unbiased predictions of the observed average soil conditions observed at both field sites. We conclude that the proposed sampling strategy of clustering TDR probes is suitable to assess unbiased average soil moisture dynamics in critical functional units, in this case the forested site, which is a much better predictor for event scale runoff formation than pre-event discharge. Long term monitoring of such critical landscape elements could maybe yield valuable information for flood warning in headwaters. We thus think that STDR provides a good intersect of the advantages of permanent sampling and spatially highly resolved soil moisture sampling using mobile rods.
According to Dooge (1986) intermediate-scale catchments are systems of organized complexity, being too organized and yet too small to be characterized on a statistical/conceptual basis, but too large and too heterogeneous to be characterized in a deterministic manner. A key requirement for building structurally adequate models precisely for this intermediate scale is a better understanding of how different forms of spatial organization affect storage and release of water and energy. Here, we propose that a combination of the concept of hydrological response units (HRUs) and thermodynamics offers several helpful and partly novel perspectives for gaining this improved understanding. Our key idea is to define functional similarity based on similarity of the terrestrial controls of gradients and resistance terms controlling the land surface energy balance, rainfall runoff transformation, and groundwater storage and release. This might imply that functional similarity with respect to these specific forms of water release emerges at different scales, namely the small field scale, the hillslope, and the catchment scale. We thus propose three different types of "functional units" - specialized HRUs, so to speak - which behave similarly with respect to one specific form of water release and with a characteristic extent equal to one of those three scale levels. We furthermore discuss an experimental strategy based on exemplary learning and replicate experiments to identify and delineate these functional units, and as a promising strategy for characterizing the interplay and organization of water and energy fluxes across scales. We believe the thermodynamic perspective to be well suited to unmask equifinality as inherent in the equations governing water, momentum, and energy fluxes: this is because several combinations of gradients and resistance terms yield the same mass or energy flux and the terrestrial controls of gradients and resistance terms are largely independent. We propose that structurally adequate models at this scale should consequently disentangle driving gradients and resistance terms, because this optionally allow sequifinality to be partly reduced by including available observations, e. g., on driving gradients. Most importantly, the thermodynamic perspective yields an energy-centered perspective on rainfall-runoff transformation and evapotranspiration, including fundamental limits for energy fluxes associated with these processes. This might additionally reduce equifinality and opens up opportunities for testing thermodynamic optimality principles within independent predictions of rainfall-runoff or land surface energy exchange. This is pivotal to finding out whether or not spatial organization in catchments is in accordance with a fundamental organizing principle.
Millennial-scale palaeoclimate variability has been documented in various terrestrial and marine palaeoclimate proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere for the last glacial cycle. Its clear expression and rapid shifts between different states of climate (Greenland Interstadials and Stadials) represents a correlation tool beyond the resolution of e.g. luminescence dating, especially relevant for terrestrial deposits. Usually, comparison of terrestrial proxy datasets and the Greenland ice cores indicates a complex expression of millennial-scale climate variability as recorded in terrestrial geoarchives including loess. Loess is the most widespread terrestrial geoarchive of the Quaternary and especially widespread over Eurasia. However, loess often records a smoothed representation of millennial-scale variability without all fidelity when compared to the Greenland data, this being a relevant limiting feature in integrating loess with other palaeoclimate records. To better understand the loess proxy-response to millennial-scale climate variability, we simulate a proxy signal smoothing by natural processes through application of low-pass filters of delta O-18 data from Greenland, a high-resolution palaeoclimate reference record, alongside speleothem isotope records from the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. We show that low-pass filters represent rather simple models for better constraining the expression of millennial-scale climate variability in low sedimentation environments, and in sediments where proxy-response signals are most likely affected by natural smoothing (by e.g. bioturbation). Interestingly, smoothed datasets from Greenland and the Black Sea-Mediterranean region are most similar in the last similar to 15 ka and between similar to 50-30 ka. Between similar to 30-15 ka, roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation, the records show dissimilarities, challenging the construction of robust correlative time-scales in this age range. From our analysis it becomes apparent that patterns of palaeoclimate signals in loess-palaeosol sequences often might be better explained by smoothed Greenland reference data than the original high-resolution Greenland dataset, or other reference data. This opens the possibility to better assess the temporal resolution and palaeoclimate potential of loess-palaeosol sequences in recording supra-regional climate patterns, as well as to securely integrate loess with other chronologically better-resolved palaeoclimate records.
Marked along-strike changes in stratigraphy, mountain belt morphology, basement exhumation, and deformation styles characterize the Andean retroarc; these changes have previously been related to spatiotemporal variations in the subduction angle. We modeled new apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data from nine ranges located between 26 degrees S and 28 degrees S. Using new and previously published data, we constructed a Cretaceous to Pliocene paleogeographic model that delineates a four-stage tectonic evolution: extensional tectonics during the Cretaceous (120-75 Ma), the formation of a broken foreland basin between 55 and 30 Ma, reheating due to burial beneath sedimentary rocks (18-13 Ma), and deformation, exhumation, and surface uplift during the Late Miocene and the Pliocene (13-3 Ma). Our model highlights how preexisting upper plate structures control the deformation patterns of broken foreland basins. Because retroarc deformation predates flat-slab subduction, we propose that slab anchoring may have been the precursor of Eocene-Oligocene compression in the Andean retroarc. Our model challenges models which consider broken foreland basins and retroarc deformation in the NW Argentinian Andes to be directly related to Miocene flat subduction.
We present new U-Pb LA-ICP-MS data from the Central Andean foreland basins combined with new and published stratigraphic information in order to reconstruct the Miocene fragmentation of the Andean foreland between 26 and 28 degrees S. The disruption of this foreland basin and the subsequent development of elevated intermountain basins have been the focus of several studies. However, the absence of temporal constraints in the Miocene to Pliocene sedimentary record of the low elevation Choromoro and Tucuman foreland basins has presented an obstacle for precise paleogeographic reconstructions. We describe 11 discontinuous stratigraphic sections and use the U-Pb LA-ICP-MS method to date 10 pyroclastic-bearing sediments in order to reconstruct the stratigraphic evolution of the Choromoro and Tucuman basins. We combine our results with published strati graphic and thermochronologic data from adjacent basins to present a refined Miocene paleogeographic model. In a first stage, a continuous Early Miocene foreland lacustrine basin developed, filling up the preexisting Paleogene topography. The second stage is characterized by basin unroofing around similar to 12 Ma; the easily eroded sedimentary cover was removed, leading to the uplift of the underlying basement rocks and the segmentation of the lacustrine system. In the third stage, relief increase took place after similar to 6 Ma due to the low erodibility of the basement blocks; as a result, stable fluvial systems developed. Progressive relief development caused pronounced unconformities in the basins and the development of proximal fluvial-gravitational depositional systems after 3 Ma. This model emphasizes on the relations between tectonics, climate, and erodibility, and their control on the evolution of the depositional systems and relief.
The Cretaceous units exposed in the northwestern segment of the Colombian Andes preserve the record of extensional and compressional tectonics prior to the collision with Caribbean oceanic terranes. We integrated field, stratigraphic, sedimentary provenance, whole rock geochemistry, Nd isotopes and U-Pb zircon data to understand the Cretaceous tectonostratigraphic and magmatic record of the Colombian Andes. The results suggest that several sedimentary successions including the Abejorral Fm. were deposited on top of the continental basement in an Early Cretaceous backarc basin (150-100 Ma). Between 120 and 100 Ma, the appearance of basaltic and andesitic magmatism (similar to 115-100 Ma), basin deepening, and seafloor spreading were the result of advanced stages of backarc extension. A change to compressional tectonics took place during the Late Cretaceous (100-80 Ma). During this compressional phase, the extended blocks were reincorporated into the margin, closing the former Early Cretaceous backarc basin. Subsequently, a Late Cretaceous volcanic arc was built on the continental margin: as a result, the volcanic rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex were unconformably deposited on top of the faulted and folded rocks of the Abejorral Fm. Between the Late Cretaceous and the Paleocene (80-60 Ma), an arc-continent collision between the Caribbean oceanic plateau and the South-American continental margin deformed the rocks of the Quebradagrande Complex and shut-down the active volcanic arc. Our results suggest an Early Cretaceous extensional event followed by compressional tectonics prior to the collision with the Caribbean oceanic plateau. (C) 2019 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Today, diverse communities of zooxanthellate corals thrive, but do not build reef, under a wide range of environmental conditions. In these settings they inhabit natural bottom communities, sometimes forming patch-reefs, coral carpets and knobs. Episodes in the fossil record, characterized by limited coral-reef development but widespread occurrence of coral-bearing carbonates, may represent the fossil analogs of these non-reef building, zooxanthellate coral communities. If so, the study of these corals could have valuable implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Here we focus on the evolution of early Paleogene corals as a fossil example of coral communities mainly composed by zooxanthellate corals (or likely zooxanthellate), commonly occurring within carbonate biofacies and with relatively high diversity but with a limited bioconstructional potential as testified by the reduced record of coral reefs. We correlate changes of bioconstructional potential and community compositions of these fossil corals with the main ecological/environmental conditions at that time. The early Paleogene greenhouse climate was characterized by relatively short pulses of warming with the most prominent occurring at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (PETM event), associated with high weathering rates, nutrient fluxes, and pCO(2) levels. A synthesis of coral occurrences integrated with our data from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (SW Slovenia) and the Minervois region (SW France), provides evidence for temporal changes in the reef-building capacity of corals associated with a shift in community composition toward forms adapted to tolerate deteriorating sea-water conditions. During the middle Paleocene coral-algal patch reefs and barrier reefs occurred from shallow-water settings, locally with reef-crest structures. A first shift can be traced from middle Paleocene to late Paleocene, with small coral-algal patch reefs and coral-bearing mounds development in shallow to intermediate water depths. In these mounds corals were highly subordinated as bioconstructors to other groups tolerant to higher levels of trophic resources (calcareous red algae, encrusting foraminifera, microbes, and sponges). A second shift occurred at the onset of the early Eocene with a further reduction of coral framework-building capacity. These coral communities mainly formed knobs in shallow-water, turbid settings associated with abundant foraminiferal deposits. We suggest that environmental conditions other than high temperature determined a combination of interrelated stressors that limited the coral-reef construction. A continuous enhancement of sediment load/nutrients combined with geochemical changes of ocean waters likely displaced corals as the main bioconstructors during the late Paleocene-early Eocene times. Nonetheless, these conditions did not affect the capacity of some corals to colonize the substrate, maintain biodiversity, and act as locally important carbonate-sediment producers, suggesting broad environmental tolerance limits of various species of corals. The implications of this study include clues as to how both ancient and modern zooxanthellate corals could respond to changing climate.
The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum represents one of the most rapid and extreme warming events in the Cenozoic. Shallow-water stratigraphic sections from the Adriatic carbonate platform offer a rare opportunity to learn about the nature of Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and the effects on shallow-water ecosystems. We use carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy, in conjunction with detailed larger benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, to establish a high-resolution paleoclimatic record for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. A prominent negative excursion in delta C-13 curves of bulk-rock (similar to 1 parts per thousand-3 parts per thousand), matrix (similar to 4 parts per thousand), and foraminifera (similar to 6 parts per thousand) is interpreted as the carbon isotope excursion during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. The strongly C-13-depleted delta(1)d(3)C record of our shallow-marine carbonates compared to open-marine records could result from organic matter oxidation, suggesting intensified weathering, runoff, and organic matter flux.
The Ilerdian larger benthie foraminiferal turnover is documented in detail based on high-resolution correlation with the carbon isotopic excursion. The turnover is described as a two-step process, with the first step (early Ilerdian) marked by a rapid diversification of small alveolinids and nummulitids with weak adult dimorphism, possibly as adaptations to fluctuating Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum nutrient levels, and a second step (middle Ilerdian) characterized by a further specific diversification, increase of shell size, and well-developed adult dimorphism. Within an evolutionary scheme controlled by long-term biological processes, we argue that high seawater temperatures could have stimulated the early Ilerdian rapid specific diversification. Together, these data help elucidate the effects of global warming and associated feedbacks in shallow-water ecosystems, and by inference, could serve as an assessment analog for future changes.
Upper Thanetian microbialite-coral mounds from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (SW Slovenia) are described herein for the first time, representing an important case study of extensively microbially-cemented boundstones in the Early Paleogene. The mounds are constructed primarily by microbialites associated to small-sized coral colonies, forming metric bioconstructions in a mid-ramp setting. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic studies show that microbes are the major framework builders, playing a prominent role in the stabilization and growth of the mounds, with corals being the second most important component. Microbial carbonates represent up to 70% of the mounds, forming centimetric-thick crusts alternating with coral colonies. The microbial nature of the crusts is demonstrated by their growth form and internal microfabrics, showing accretionary, binding, and encrusting growth fabrics, often with gravity-defying geometries. Thin sections and polished slabs reveal a broad range of mesofabrics, with dense, structureless micrite (leiolite), laminated crusts (stromatolites), and clotted micritic masses (thrombolites). A first layer of micro- encrusters, including leiolites and thrombolites, occurs in cryptic habitats, whereas discontinuous stromatolites encrust the upper surface of corals. A second encrustation, the major mound construction phase, follows and is dominated by thrombolites, encrusting corals and other micro-encrusters. This sequence represents the basic constructional unit horizontally and vertically interlocked, in an irregular pattern, to form the mounds. The processes, which favored the deposition of these microbial carbonates, were mainly related to in situ precipitation, with minor evidences for grain agglutination and trapping processes. Scleractinian corals comprise moderately diversified community of small (centimetric) colonial, massive, platy encrusting, and branching forms. Coral colonies are distributed uniformly throughout the mounds without developing any ecological zonation. These features indicate that coral development remained at the pioneer stage throughout the mound growth. The spatial relationships between corals and microbialites, as well as the characteristics of microbial crusts and coral colonies, indicate a strong ecological competition between corals and microbes. A model for the evolution of the trophic structures during the mound growth is proposed, with changes in the paleoecology of the main bioconstructors triggered by frequent environmental perturbations. Turbidity and nutrient pressure, interpreted here as related to frequent recurrences of wet phases during the warm, humid climate of the Uppermost Thanetian, might have promoted temporary dominance of microbes over corals, causing rapid environmentally- driven "phase shifts" in the dominant biota.
Records from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) are highly contaminated by noise, which is much stronger compared to data from most land stations, especially on the horizontal components. As a consequence, the high energy of the oceanic noise at frequencies below 1 Hz considerably complicates the analysis of the teleseismic earthquake signals recorded by OBSs.
Previous studies suggested different approaches to remove low-frequency noises from OBS recordings but mainly focused on the vertical component. The records of horizontal components, which are crucial for the application of many methods in passive seismological analysis of body and surface waves, could not be much improved in the teleseismic frequency band. Here we introduce a noise reduction method, which is derived from the harmonic–percussive separation algorithms used in Zali et al. (2021), in order to separate long-lasting narrowband signals from broadband transients in the OBS signal. This leads to significant noise reduction of OBS records on both the vertical and horizontal components and increases the earthquake signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without distortion of the broadband earthquake waveforms. This is demonstrated through tests with synthetic data. Both SNR and cross-correlation coefficients showed significant improvements for different realistic noise realizations. The application of denoised signals in surface wave analysis and receiver functions is discussed through tests with synthetic and real data.
Volcanic tremor extraction and earthquake detection using music information retrieval algorithms
(2021)
Volcanic tremor signals are usually observed before or during volcanic eruptions and must be monitored to evaluate the volcanic activity. A challenge in studying seismic signals of volcanic origin is the coexistence of transient signal swarms and long-lasting volcanic tremor signals. Separating transient events from volcanic tremors can, therefore, contrib-ute to improving upon our understanding of the underlying physical processes. Exploiting the idea of harmonic-percussive separation in musical signal processing, we develop a method to extract the harmonic volcanic tremor signals and to detect tran-sient events from seismic recordings. Based on the similarity properties of spectrogram frames in the time-frequency domain, we decompose the signal into two separate spec-trograms representing repeating (harmonic) and nonrepeating (transient) patterns, which correspond to volcanic tremor signals and earthquake signals, respectively. We reconstruct the harmonic tremor signal in the time domain from the complex spectrogram of the repeating pattern by only considering the phase components for the frequency range in which the tremor amplitude spectrum is significantly contribut-ing to the energy of the signal. The reconstructed signal is, therefore, clean tremor signal without transient events. Furthermore, we derive a characteristic function suitable for the detection of tran-sient events (e.g., earthquakes) by integrating amplitudes of the nonrepeating spectro-gram over frequency at each time frame. Considering transient events like earthquakes, 78% of the events are detected for signal-to-noise ratio = 0.1 in our semisynthetic tests. In addition, we compared the number of detected earthquakes using our method for one month of continuous data recorded during the Holuhraun 2014-2015 eruption in Iceland with the bulletin presented in Agustsdottir et al. (2019). Our single station event detection algorithm identified 84% of the bulletin events. Moreover, we detected a total of 12,619 events, which is more than twice the number of the bulletin events.
The task of downloading comprehensive datasets of event-based seismic waveforms has been made easier through the development of standardized webservices but is still highly nontrivial because the likelihood of temporary network failures or subtle data errors naturally increases when the amount of requested data is in the order of millions of relatively short segments. This is even more challenging because the typical workflow is not restricted to a single massive download but consists of fetching all possible available input data (e.g., with several repeated download executions) for a processing stage producing any desired user-defined output. Here, we present stream2segment, a highly customizable Python 2+3 package helping the user in the entire workflow of downloading, inspecting, and processing event-based seismic data by means of a relational database management system as archiving storage, which has clear performance and usability advantages, and an integrated processing subroutine requiring a configuration file and a single Python function to produce user-defined output. Stream2segment can also produce diagnostic maps or user-defined plots, which, unlike existing tools, do not require external software dependencies and are not static images but instead are interactive browser-based applications ideally suited for data inspection or annotation tasks and subsequent training of classifiers in foreseen supervised machine-learning applications. Stream2segment has already been used as a data quality tool for datasets within the European Integrated Data Archive and to create a weak-motion database (in the form of a so-called flat file) for the stable continental region of Europe in the context of the European Ground Shaking Intensity Model service, in turn an important building block for seismic hazard studies.
The marine sedimentary record contains unique information about the history of erosion, uplift and climate of the adjacent continent. Inverting this record has been the purpose of many numerical studies. However, limited attention has been given to linking continental erosion to marine sediment transport and deposition in large-scale surface process evolution models. Here we present a new numerical method for marine sediment transport and deposition that is directly coupled to a landscape evolution algorithm solving for the continental fluvial and hillslope erosion equations using implicit and O(N) algorithms. The new method takes into account the sorting of grain sizes (e.g., silt and sand) in the marine domain using a non-linear multiple grain-size diffusion equation and assumes that the sediment flux exported from the continental domain is proportional to the bathymetric slope. Specific transport coefficients and compaction factors are assumed for the two different grain sizes to simulate the stratigraphic architecture. The resulting set of equations is solved using an efficient (O(N) and implicit) algorithm. It can thus be used to invert stratigraphic geometries using a Bayesian approach that requires a large number of simulations. This new method is used to invert the sedimentary geometry of a natural example, the Ogooue Delta (Gabon), over the last similar to 5 Myr. The objective is to unravel the set of erosional histories of the adjacent continental domain compatible with the observed geometry of the offshore delta. For this, we use a Bayesian inversion scheme in which the misfit function is constructed by comparing four geometrical parameters between the natural and the simulated delta: the volume of sediments stored in the delta, the surface slope, the initial and the final shelf lengths. We find that the best-fit values of the transport coefficients for silt in the marine domain are in the range of 300 - 500 m(2)/yr, in agreement with previous studies on offshore diffusion. We also show that, in order to fit the sedimentary geometry, erosion rate on the continental domain must have increased by a factor of 6 to 8 since 5.3 Ma. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of Mw 9.3 triggered a massive tsunami in the Indian Ocean. We here report on observations of the Indian Ocean tsunami at broadband seismic stations located on islands in the area. The tsunami induces long-period (> 1000 s) signals on the horizontal components of the sensor. Frequency-time analysis shows that the long-period signals cannot be due to seismic surface waves, but that it arrives at the expected time of the tsunami. The waveforms are well correlated to tide gauge observations at a location where both observations are available. To explain the signals we favour tilt due to coastal loading but we cannot at the present stage exclude gravitational effects. The density of broadband stations is expected to increase rapidly in the effort of building an earthquake monitoring system. They may unexpectedly become useful tsunami detectors as well
Subduction and collision processes in the Central Andes constrained by converted seismic phases
(2000)
Surface uplift at the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) is integrally tied to the evolution of the Central Pontides (CP), between the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and the Black Sea. Our regional morphometric and plate kinematic analyses reveal topographic anomalies, steep channel gradients, and local high relief areas as indicators of ongoing differential surface uplift, which is higher in the western CP compared to the eastern CP and fault-normal components of geodetic slip vectors and the character of tectonic activity of the NAF suggest that stress is accumulated in its broad restraining bend. Seismic reflection and structural field data show evidence for a deep structural detachment horizon responsible for the formation of an actively northward growing orogenic wedge with a positive flower-structure geometry across the CP and the NAF. Taken together, the tectonic, plate kinematic, and geomorphic observations imply that the NAF is the main driving mechanism for wedge tectonics and uplift in the CP. In addition, the NAF Zone defines the boundary between the extensional CAP and the contractional CP. The syntectonic deposits within inverted intermontane basins and deeply incised gorges suggest that the formation of relief, changes in sedimentary dynamics, and > 1 km fluvial incision resulted from accelerated uplift starting in the early Pliocene. The Central Pontides thus provide an example of an accretionary wedge with surface-breaking faults that play a critical role in mountain building processes, sedimentary basin development, and ensuing lateral growth of a continental plateau since the end of the Miocene.
We document Quaternary fluvial incision driven by fault-controlled surface deformation in the inverted intermontane Gökirmak Basin in the Central Pontide mountains along the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau. In-situ-produced Be-10, Ne-21, and Cl-36 concentrations from gravel-covered fluvial terraces and pediment surfaces along the trunk stream of the basin (the Gökirmak River) yield model exposure ages ranging from 71ka to 34645ka and average fluvial incision rates over the past similar to 350ka of 0.280.01mm a(-1). Similarities between river incision rates and coastal uplift rates at the Black Sea coast suggest that regional uplift is responsible for the river incision. Model exposure ages of deformed pediment surfaces along tributaries of the trunk stream range from 605ka to 110 +/- 10ka, demonstrating that the thrust faults responsible for pediment deformation were active after those times and were likely active earlier as well as explaining the topographic relief of the region. Together, our data demonstrate cumulative incision that is linked to active internal shortening and uplift of similar to 0.3mm a(-1) in the Central Pontide orogenic wedge, which may ultimately contribute to the lateral growth of the northern Anatolian Plateau.
Emerged marine terraces and paleoshorelines along plate margins are prominent geomorphic markers that can be used to quantify the rates and patterns of crustal deformation. The northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau has been interpreted as an actively deforming orogenic wedge between the North Anatolian Fault and the Black Sea. Here we use uplifted marine terraces across principal faults on the Sinop Peninsula at the central northern side of the Pontide orogenic wedge to unravel patterns of Quaternary faulting and orogenic wedge behavior. We leveled the present-day elevations of paleoshorelines and dated marine terrace deposits using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to determine coastal uplift. The elevations of the paleoshorelines vary between 4 +/- 0.2 and 67 +/- 1.4 m above sea level and OSL ages suggest terrace formation episodes during interglacial periods at ca 125, 190, 400 and 570 ka, corresponding to marine isotopic stages (MIS) 5e, 7a, 11 and 15. Mean apparent vertical displacement rates (without eustatic correction) deduced from these terraces range between 0.02 and 0.18 mm/a, with intermittent faster rates of up to 0.26 mm/a. We obtained higher rates at the eastern and southern parts of the peninsula, toward the hinterland, indicating non-uniform uplift across the different morphotectonic segments of the peninsula. Our data are consistent with active on- and offshore faulting across the Sinop Peninsula. When integrated with regional tectonic observations, the faulting pattern reflects shortening distributed over a broad region of the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau during the Quaternary.
A new view of Ecuador's complex geodynamics has been developed in the course of modeling seismic source zones for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This study focuses on two aspects of the plates' interaction at a continental scale: (a) age-related differences in rheology between Farallon and Nazca plates—marked by the Grijalva rifted margin and its inland projection—as they subduct underneath central Ecuador, and (b) the rapidly changing convergence obliquity resulting from the convex shape of the South American northwestern continental margin. Both conditions satisfactorily explain several characteristics of the observed seismicity and of the interseismic coupling. Intermediate-depth seismicity reveals a severe flexure in the Farallon slab as it dips and contorts at depth, originating the El Puyo seismic cluster. The two slabs position and geometry below continental Ecuador also correlate with surface expressions observable in the local and regional geology and tectonics. The interseismic coupling is weak and shallow south of the Grijalva rifted margin and increases northward, with a heterogeneous pattern locally associated to the Carnegie ridge subduction. High convergence obliquity is responsible for the North Andean Block northeastward movement along localized fault systems. The Cosanga and Pallatanga fault segments of the North Andean Block-South American boundary concentrate most of the seismic moment release in continental Ecuador. Other inner block faults located along the western border of the inter-Andean Depression also show a high rate of moderate-size earthquake production. Finally, a total of 19 seismic source zones were modeled in accordance with the proposed geodynamic and neotectonic scheme.
The Tian Shan range is an inherited intracontinental structure reactivated by the far-field effects of the India-Asia collision. A growing body of thermochronology and magnetostratigraphy datasets shows that the range grew through several tectonic pulses since similar to 25 Ma, however the early Cenozoic history remains poorly constrained. The time-lag between the Eocene India-Asia collision and the Miocene onset of Tian Shan exhumation is particularly enigmatic. This peculiar period is potentially recorded along the southwestern Tian Shan piedmont. There, late Eocene marine deposits of the proto-Paratethys epicontinental sea transition to continental foreland basin sediments of unknown age were recently dated. We provide magnetostratigraphic dating of these continental sediments from the 1700-m-thick Mine section integrated with previously published detrital apatite fission track and U/Pb zircon ages. The most likely correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale indicates an age span from 20.8 to 13.3 Ma with a marked increase in accumulation rates at 19-18 Ma. This implies that the entire Oligocene period is missing between the last marine and first continental sediments, as suggested by previous southwestern Tian Shan results. This differs from the southwestern Tarim basin where Eocene marine deposits are continuously overlain by late Eocene-Oligocene continental sediments. This supports a simple evolution model of the western Tarim basin with Eocene-Oligocene foreland basin activation to the south related to northward thrusting of the Kunlun Shan, followed by early Miocene activation of northern foreland basin related to overthrusting of the south Tian Shan. Our data also support southward propagation of the Tian Shan piedmont from 20 to 18 Ma that may relate to motion on the Talas Fergana Fault. The coeval activation of a major right-lateral strike-slip system allowing indentation of the Pamir Salient into the Tarim basin, suggests far-field deformation from the India-Asia collision zone affected the Tian Shan and the Talas Fergana fault by early Miocene. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Understanding the variability of the ionosphere is important for the prediction of space weather and climate. Recent studies have shown that forcing from the lower atmosphere plays a significant role for the short-term (day-to-day) variability of the low-latitude ionosphere. The present study aims to assess the importance of atmospheric forcing for the variability of the daytime equatorial ionospheric electric field on the interannual (year-to-year) time scale. Magnetic field measurements from Huancayo (12.05 degrees S, 75.33 degrees W) are used to augment the equatorial vertical plasma drift velocity (V-Z) measurements from the Jicamarca Unattended Long-term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere radar during 2001-2016. V-Z can be regarded as a measure of the zonal electric field. After removing the seasonal variation of similar to 10m/s, midday values of V-Z show an interannual variation of similar to 2m/s with an oscillation period of 2-3years. No evidence of solar cycle influence is found. The Ground-to-topside Atmosphere-Ionosphere model for Aeronomy, which takes into account realistic atmospheric variability below 30km, reproduces the pattern of the observed interannual variation without having to include variable forcing from the magnetosphere. The results indicate that lower atmospheric forcing plays a dominant role for the observed interannual variability of V-Z at 1200 local time.
The equatorial electrojet is an enhanced eastward current in the dayside E region ionosphere flowing along the magnetic equator. The equatorial electrojet is highly variable as it is subject to various forcing mechanisms including atmospheric waves from the lower layers of the atmosphere. There are occasionally times when the intensity of the equatorial electrojet at a fixed longitude shows an oscillatory variation with a period of approximately 6days. We present case studies of such events based on the equatorial electrojet measurements from the CHAMP and Swarm satellites. The spatial and temporal variability of the equatorial electrojet intensity during these events reveals characteristics of a westward propagating wave with zonal wavenumber 1, consistent with the effect of the quasi-6-day planetary wave. Analyses of the geopotential height data from the Aura satellite confirm the presence of the quasi-6-day planetary wave in the lower thermosphere during the events. The amplitude of the quasi-6-day variation in the equatorial electrojet intensity depends on longitude, but no systematic longitudinal dependence is found for different events. During the event of August 2010, quasi-6-day variations are also observed by ground-based magnetometers and a radar in the Peruvian sector. The effect of the quasi-6-day wave accounts for up to +/- 5.9m/s in the equatorial vertical plasma velocity at noon, which is much larger than previously predicted by a numerical model. These results suggest that the quasi-6-day planetary wave is an important source of short-term variability in the equatorial ionosphere.
Coupling land-use change and hydrologic models for quantification of catchment ecosystem services
(2018)
Representation of land-use and hydrologic interactions in respective models has traditionally been problematic. The use of static land-use in most hydrologic models or that of the use of simple hydrologic proxies in land-use change models call for more integrated approaches. The objective of this study is to assess whether dynamic feedback between land-use change and hydrology can (1) improve model performances, and/or (2) produce a more realistic quantification of ecosystem services. To test this, we coupled a land-use change model and a hydrologic mode. First, the land-use change and the hydrologic models were separately developed and calibrated. Then, the two models were dynamically coupled to exchange data at yearly time-steps. The approach is applied to a catchment in South Africa. Performance of coupled models when compared to the uncoupled models were marginal, but the coupled models excelled at the quantification of catchment ecosystem services more robustly.
Badlands have long been considered as model landscapes due to their perceived close relationship between form and process. The often intense features of erosion have also attracted many geomorphologists because the associated high rates of erosion appeared to offer the opportunity for studying surface processes and the resulting forms. Recently, the perceived simplicity of badlands has been questioned because the expected relationships between driving forces for erosion and the resulting sediment yield could not be observed. Further, a high variability in erosion and sediment yield has been observed across scales. Finally, denudation based on currently observed erosion rates would have lead to the destruction of most badlands a long time ago. While the perceived simplicity of badlands has sparked a disproportional (compared to the land surface they cover) amount of research, our increasing amount of information has not necessarily increased our understanding of badlands in equal terms. Overall, badlands appear to be more complex than initially assumed. In this paper, we review 40 years of research in the Zin Valley Badlands in Israel to reconcile some of the conflicting results observed there and develop a perspective on the function of badlands as model landscapes. While the data collected in the Zin Valley clearly confirm that spatial and temporal patterns of geomorphic processes and their interaction with topography and surface properties have to be understood, we still conclude that the process of realizing complexity in the "simple" badlands has a model function both for our understanding as well as perspective on all landscape systems.
The Relative Pollen Productivities (RPPs) of common steppe species are estimated using Extended R-value (ERV) model based on pollen analysis and vegetation survey of 30 surface soil samples from typical steppe area of northern China. Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Asteraceae are the dominant pollen types in pollen assemblages, reflecting the typical steppe communities well. The five dominant pollen types and six common types (Thalictrum, Iridaceae, Potentilla, Ephedra, Brassicaceae, and Ulmus) have strong wind transport abilities; the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen (RSAP) is ca. 1000 m when the sediment basin radius is set at 0.5 m. Ulmus, Artemisia, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Thalictrum have relative high RPPs; Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Potentilla, and Ephedra pollen have moderate RPPs; Asteraceae and Iridaceae have low RPPs. The reliability test of RPPs revealed that most of the RPPs are reliable in past vegetation reconstruction. However, the RPPs of Asteraceae and Iridaceae are obviously underestimated, and those of Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Ephedra are either slightly underestimated or slightly overestimated, suggesting that those RPPs should be considered with caution. These RPPs were applied to estimating plant abundances for two fossil pollen spectra (from the Lake Bayanchagan and Lake Haoluku) covering the Holocene in typical steppe area, using the "Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites" (REVEALS) model. The RPPs-based vegetation reconstruction revealed that meadow-steppe dominated by Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Artemisia plants flourished in this area before 6500-5600 cal yr BP, and then was replaced by present typical steppe.
By using 3-year global positioning system (GPS) measurements from December 2013 to November 2016, we provide in this study a detailed survey on the climatology of the GPS signal loss of Swarm onboard receivers. Our results show that the GPS signal losses prefer to occur at both low latitudes between +/- 5 and +/- 20 degrees magnetic latitude (MLAT) and high latitudes above 60 degrees MLAT in both hemispheres. These events at all latitudes are observed mainly during equinoxes and December solstice months, while totally absent during June solstice months. At low latitudes the GPS signal losses are caused by the equatorial plasma irregularities shortly after sunset, and at high latitude they are also highly related to the large density gradients associated with ionospheric irregularities. Additionally, the high-latitude events are more often observed in the Southern Hemisphere, occurring mainly at the cusp region and along nightside auroral latitudes. The signal losses mainly happen for those GPS rays with elevation angles less than 20 degrees, and more commonly occur when the line of sight between GPS and Swarm satellites is aligned with the shell structure of plasma irregularities. Our results also confirm that the capability of the Swarm receiver has been improved after the bandwidth of the phase-locked loop (PLL) widened, but the updates cannot radically avoid the interruption in tracking GPS satellites caused by the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Additionally, after the PLL bandwidth increased larger than 0.5 Hz, some unexpected signal losses are observed even at middle latitudes, which are not related to the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Our results suggest that rather than 1.0 Hz, a PLL bandwidth of 0.5 Hz is a more suitable value for the Swarm receiver.
In this study, we investigated the scale sizes of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) using measurements from the Swarm satellites during its early mission and final constellation phases. We found that with longitudinal separation between Swarm satellites larger than 0.4 degrees, no significant correlation was found any more. This result suggests that EPI structures include plasma density scale sizes less than 44 km in the zonal direction. During the Swarm earlier mission phase, clearly better EPI correlations are obtained in the northern hemisphere, implying more fragmented irregularities in the southern hemisphere where the ambient magnetic field is low. The previously reported inverted-C shell structure of EPIs is generally confirmed by the Swarm observations in the northern hemisphere, but with various tilt angles. From the Swarm spacecrafts with zonal separations of about 150 km, we conclude that larger zonal scale sizes of irregularities exist during the early evening hours (around 1900 LT).
The central Andes
(2018)
The Central Andes and the Atacama Desert represent a unique geological, climatic, and magmatic setting on our planet. It is the only place on Earth where subduction of an oceanic plate below an active continental margin has led to an extensive mountain chain and an orogenic plateau that is second in size only to the Tibetan Plateau, which resulted from continental collision. In this article, we introduce the history of the Central Andes and the evolution of its landscape. We also discuss links between tectonic forces, magmatism, and the extreme hyperarid climate of this land that, in turn, has led to rich deposits of precious ores and minerals.
Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication.
Dumortierite was synthesized in piston-cylinder experiments at 2.5-4.0 GPa, 650-700 degrees C in the Al2O3 -B2O3-SiO2-H2O (ABSH) system. Electron-microprobe (EMP) analyses reveal significant boron-excess (up to 0.26 B-[4] per formula unit, pfu) and silicon-deficiency relative to the ideal anhydrous dumortierite stoichiometry Al7BSi3O18 . The EMP data in conjunction with results from single-crystal Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction provide evidence that silicon at the tetrahedral site is replaced by excess boron via the substitution Si-[4] <--> B-[4] + H. The Raman spectrum of synthetic dumortierite in the frequency region 2000 4000 cm(-1) comprises eight bands, of which six are located at frequencies below 3400 cm(-1). This points to strong hydrogen bonding, most likely O2-H center dot center dot center dot O7 and O7-H center dot center dot center dot O2, arising from a high number of octahedral vacancies at the All site and substitution of trivalent Al3+ and B3+ for Si4+ at Si1 and Si2 sites, causing decreasing acceptor-donor distances and lower incident valence at the acceptor oxygen. Contrary to the synthetic high-pressure ABSH-dumortierite, magnesiodumortierite from the Dora-Maira Massif, which is assumed to have formed at similar conditions (2.5-3.0 GPa, 700 degrees C), does not show any B-excess. Tourmaline shows an analogous behaviour in that magnesium-rich (e.g., dravitic) tourmaline formed at high pressure shows no or only minor amounts of tetrahedral boron, whereas natural aluminum-rich tourmaline and synthetic olenitic tourmaline formed at high pressures can incorporate significant amounts of tetrahedral boron. Two mechanisms might account for this discrepancy: (i) Structural avoidance of Mg-[6]-(OR3+)-R-[4] configurations in magnesiodumortierite due to charge deficieny at the oxygens O2 and O7 and strong local distortion of M1 due to decreased O2-O7 bond length, and/or (ii) decreasing fluid mobility of boron in Al-rich systems at high pressures.