Jo Ann Banks, Tomoaki Nishiyama, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, John L. Bowman, Michael Gribskov, Claude dePamphilis, Victor A. Albert, Naoki Aono, Tsuyoshi Aoyama, Barbara A. Ambrose, Neil W. Ashton, Michael J. Axtell, Elizabeth Barker, Michael S. Barker, Jeffrey L. Bennetzen, Nicholas D. Bonawitz, Clint Chapple, Chaoyang Cheng, Luiz Gustavo Guedes Correa, Michael Dacre, Jeremy DeBarry, Ingo Dreyer, Marek Elias, Eric M. Engstrom, Mark Estelle, Liang Feng, Cedric Finet, Sandra K. Floyd, Wolf B. Frommer, Tomomichi Fujita, Lydia Gramzow, Michael Gutensohn, Jesper Harholt, Mitsuru Hattori, Alexander Heyl, Tadayoshi Hirai, Yuji Hiwatashi, Masaki Ishikawa, Mineko Iwata, Kenneth G. Karol, Barbara Koehler, Uener Kolukisaoglu, Minoru Kubo, Tetsuya Kurata, Sylvie Lalonde, Kejie Li, Ying Li, Amy Litt, Eric Lyons, Gerard Manning, Takeshi Maruyama, Todd P. Michael, Koji Mikami, Saori Miyazaki, Shin-ichi Morinaga, Takashi Murata, Bernd Müller-Röber, David R. Nelson, Mari Obara, Yasuko Oguri, Richard G. Olmstead, Naoko Onodera, Bent Larsen Petersen, Birgit Pils, Michael Prigge, Stefan A. Rensing, Diego Mauricio Riano-Pachon, Alison W. Roberts, Yoshikatsu Sato, Henrik Vibe Scheller, Burkhard Schulz, Christian Schulz, Eugene V. Shakirov, Nakako Shibagaki, Naoki Shinohara, Dorothy E. Shippen, Iben Sorensen, Ryo Sotooka, Nagisa Sugimoto, Mamoru Sugita, Naomi Sumikawa, Milos Tanurdzic, Guenter Theissen, Peter Ulvskov, Sachiko Wakazuki, Jing-Ke Weng, William W. G. T. Willats, Daniel Wipf, Paul G. Wolf, Lixing Yang, Andreas D. Zimmer, Qihui Zhu, Therese Mitros, Uffe Hellsten, Dominique Loque, Robert Otillar, Asaf Salamov, Jeremy Schmutz, Harris Shapiro, Erika Lindquist, Susan Lucas, Daniel Rokhsar, Igor V. Grigoriev

• Vascular plants appeared similar to 410 million years ago, then diverged into several lineages of which only two survive: the euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and the lycophytes. We report here the genome sequence of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii (Selaginella), the first nonseed vascular plant genome reported. By comparing gene content in evolutionarily diverse taxa, we found that the transition from a gametophyte- to a sporophyte-dominated life cycle required far fewer new genes than the transition from a nonseed vascular to a flowering plant, whereas secondary metabolic genes expanded extensively and in parallel in the lycophyte and angiosperm lineages. Selaginella differs in posttranscriptional gene regulation, including small RNA regulation of repetitive elements, an absence of the trans-acting small interfering RNA pathway, and extensive RNA editing of organellar genes.