570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
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- Orthologous Matrix (OMA) Project (2)
- Outcrossing (2)
- Outcrossing rate (2)
- Outdoor enclosure (2)
- PBPK (2)
- PC-3 cells (2)
- PEI coating (2)
- PKS (2)
- PUFA (2)
- Palaeogenetics (2)
- Paläoökologie (2)
- Parasit (2)
- Parasitoid wasp (2)
- Partial Little Square (2)
- Partnership (2)
- Paternity analysis (2)
- Pathway design (2)
- Periphyton (2)
- Personality (2)
- Pex1 (2)
- Pex6 (2)
- Pflanze (2)
- Pflanzengemeinschaften (2)
- Pflanzenwachstum (2)
- Pflanzenökologie (2)
- Phase variation (2)
- Phosphat (2)
- Photosynthesis (2)
- Phylogenetics (2)
- Phylogenie (2)
- Phylogenomics (2)
- Pichia pastoris (2)
- Pipistrellus nathusii (2)
- Plankton (2)
- Plant community model (2)
- Plant development (2)
- Plant-soil feedback (2)
- Plants (2)
- Plasma membrane (2)
- Poecilia formosa (2)
- Poecilia latipinna (2)
- Polyadenylierung (2)
- Polyelektrolyt-Multischichten (2)
- Polysaccharide (2)
- Population dynamics (2)
- Predator-prey interactions (2)
- Pregnancy (2)
- Priming (2)
- Promiscuous enzymes (2)
- Protein (2)
- Proteinaggregation (2)
- Proteins (2)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2)
- Pseudomonas syringae (2)
- Puumala virus seroprevalence (2)
- QDs (2)
- QTL mapping (2)
- R Shiny (2)
- RNA (2)
- RNA interference (2)
- RNA virus (2)
- RNA-guided Cas9 (2)
- RUNX2 (2)
- Randomized-controlled trial (2)
- Raphidiopsis (2)
- Recombination (2)
- Redox marker (2)
- Redoxreaktion (2)
- Rhizophagus irregularis (2)
- Rice (2)
- Riesenvesikel (2)
- Rodent (2)
- Roridula gorgonias (2)
- Rotifera (2)
- RpoS (2)
- RubisCO (2)
- Russia (2)
- S-XRF (2)
- SELEX (2)
- SERS enhancement factor (2)
- SFON (2)
- SIMS techniques (2)
- SPB (2)
- SWL (2)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2)
- Sailfin molly (2)
- Salmonella (2)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (2)
- Saprolegnia (2)
- Saprolegniaceae (2)
- Savannas (2)
- Savanne (2)
- Schwefel (2)
- Scopoletin (2)
- Seasonality (2)
- Sediment (2)
- Senescence (2)
- Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation (2)
- Serine cycle (2)
- Sexual selection (2)
- Siberian tree line (2)
- Sibirien (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Smpd1 (2)
- Soil function (2)
- Solanaceae (2)
- Solanum lycopersicum (2)
- Solanum tuberosum (2)
- Space use (2)
- Specific wood density (2)
- Strategic growth adjustment (2)
- Stress (2)
- Sundaland (2)
- Sus scrofa (2)
- Systems Biology (2)
- Säugetiere (2)
- TEM (2)
- TMS (2)
- TTR (2)
- Tailspike protein (2)
- Tanzania (2)
- Temperate forest (2)
- Tenebrio molitor larvae (2)
- Toll and Imd pathways (2)
- Tomato (2)
- Transcription factors (2)
- Transcriptional memory (2)
- Transcriptome assembly (2)
- Transporters (2)
- Tree allometry (2)
- Turkey (2)
- TusA (2)
- Type 2 Diabetes (2)
- UV radiation (2)
- Ulcerative colitis (2)
- Urbanization (2)
- Ursus arctos (2)
- Venom proteins (2)
- Verkhoyansk mountains (2)
- Virus (2)
- Walker A motif (2)
- Wastewater (2)
- Weakly electric fish (2)
- Weißstorch (2)
- Wildschwein (2)
- Wind (2)
- Wood specific gravity (2)
- Woody aboveground biomass (2)
- X-ray structure (2)
- XMRV (2)
- Xpr1 (2)
- Yap1/Wwtr1 (Taz) (2)
- Zebrafish (2)
- Zellweger (2)
- Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder (ZSSD) (2)
- Zinypr-1 (2)
- Zytoskelett (2)
- aberrations (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- acclimation (2)
- acid mine drainage (2)
- acoustic communication (2)
- actin polymerization (2)
- activated carbon (2)
- activator–inhibitor models (2)
- adaptive introgression (2)
- adaptive processes (2)
- adaptive radiation (2)
- adiponectin (2)
- adiposity (2)
- age (2)
- agricultural landscape (2)
- agrin (2)
- agro-infiltration (2)
- agroecology (2)
- aldehyde oxidoreductase (2)
- alignment (2)
- alignment sensitivity / specificity (2)
- alkylphospholipids (2)
- all-cause mortality (2)
- allocation (2)
- alphaherpesvirus (2)
- alternative splicing (2)
- amino acid (2)
- amino acids (2)
- amphibians (2)
- animal cognition (2)
- animal migration (2)
- anthropogenic environment (2)
- anthropogenic food subsidies (2)
- anthropometric measures (2)
- anti-oxidative response (2)
- antibody producing cell selection (2)
- antioxidant capacity (2)
- anxiety-like behavior (2)
- aphids (2)
- apis mellifera (2)
- apple (2)
- aquatic ecosystems (2)
- aqueous dispersion (2)
- aqueous-solution (2)
- arable land (2)
- arable weeds (2)
- arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (2)
- archival DNA (2)
- area-based conservation (2)
- arsenic (2)
- arthropod (2)
- artificial light at night (ALAN) (2)
- ascorbate peroxidase (2)
- assembly (2)
- assembly processes (2)
- assembly rules (2)
- atomic force microscopy (2)
- autocorrelation (2)
- automated radio telemetry (2)
- axillary bud (2)
- baltic sea (2)
- basal body (2)
- base excision repair (incision activity) (2)
- bat fatalities (2)
- behavioral plasticity (2)
- behavioral type (2)
- behaviour (2)
- behavioural syndrome (2)
- beta diversity (2)
- bias (2)
- bifurcation (2)
- bifurcation theory (2)
- biodiversity conservation (2)
- biodiversity decline (2)
- biodiversity exploratories (2)
- biodiversity facets (2)
- biofortification (2)
- biogenic amine (2)
- biological age (2)
- biological control (2)
- biological invasions (2)
- biological soil crusts (2)
- biomarker detection (2)
- biomaterials (2)
- biomimetic sensors (2)
- biophysics (2)
- biosensors (2)
- biosignatures (2)
- biostimulant (2)
- biosynthesis (2)
- biotic filtering (2)
- biotin sulfoxide reductase (2)
- bird migration (2)
- bisphosphonates (2)
- body composition (2)
- body proportions (2)
- bone mineral density (2)
- bone pathologies (2)
- brackish waters (2)
- brain insulin signaling (2)
- branched chain amino acids (2)
- branching (2)
- breeding (2)
- buffer zones (2)
- bush encroachment (2)
- cTBS (2)
- cadmium-free (2)
- caffeine (2)
- calcination (2)
- calcite (2)
- calcium (2)
- calcium carbonate inclusions (2)
- calcium influx (2)
- canalization (2)
- cancer epidemiology (2)
- capture enrichment (2)
- carbohydrates (2)
- carbon dots (2)
- carbon isotopes (2)
- carbon labeling (2)
- cardiac development (2)
- cardiomyocyte (2)
- cardiomyogenic differentiation (2)
- carotenoid biosynthesis (2)
- carrion ecology (2)
- cascading effects (2)
- catalase (2)
- cave fish (2)
- cell shape (2)
- cells (2)
- cellular bioenergetics (2)
- cellular bioimaging (2)
- cellular signalling (2)
- cellulose polymeric organic matter (2)
- cerami-des (2)
- ceramides (2)
- cereal leaf beetle (2)
- cereal meals (2)
- child growth (2)
- chimeric transcription factors (2)
- chlamydomonas (2)
- chlorophyll a (2)
- chloroplast (2)
- chronic diseases (2)
- chytridiomycota (2)
- cis-regulatory evolution (2)
- climate adaptation (2)
- climate dynamics (2)
- climate extremes (2)
- climate warming (2)
- co-expression (2)
- co-limitation (2)
- codon usage (2)
- coefficient (2)
- coffee by-products (2)
- cold stress (2)
- collagen (2)
- colony viability (2)
- common‐garden experiment (2)
- community composition (2)
- community model (2)
- community structure (2)
- community theory (2)
- competition–defense trade‐off (2)
- comprehensive analysis (2)
- concepts (2)
- confocal microscopy (2)
- conformational change (2)
- conformational rearrangement (2)
- congeneric species (2)
- conscripts (2)
- constitutive activity (2)
- constraint-based modeling (2)
- converting factor (2)
- copper complex (2)
- copper(II) (2)
- copper-related disorders (2)
- cord blood (2)
- core shell UCNP (2)
- cori cycle (2)
- cortisol (2)
- counting (2)
- coviability analysis (2)
- crop diversity (2)
- cropping system (2)
- cross-species capture (2)
- cryolithology (2)
- cryptomycota (2)
- cyanobacterial bloom (2)
- cyanobacterial sucrose-phosphatase (2)
- cyclic AMP (2)
- cytochrome c (2)
- cytoplasmic polyadenylation (2)
- cytosine methylation (2)
- cytosolic tRNA thiolation (2)
- cytotoxicity (2)
- dark virus (2)
- data integration (2)
- ddRAD (2)
- de novo genome assembly (2)
- dead Cas9 (2)
- decline (2)
- defense against predation (2)
- defensive symbiosis (2)
- degraded DNA (2)
- dehydration (2)
- demographic noise (2)
- depressive-like behavior (2)
- desiccation (2)
- design of experiment (2)
- developing brain (2)
- developmental canalization (2)
- developmental dyslexia (2)
- developmental plasticity (2)
- diacylglycerol (2)
- dietary patterns (2)
- dietary restriction (2)
- differential expression analysis (2)
- digestive enzymes quantification (2)
- dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (2)
- dispersal filtering (2)
- diversity profiles (2)
- dominance effect (2)
- droughts (2)
- drug delivery (2)
- drug metabolism (2)
- drug release (2)
- dynamic equilibrium (2)
- eastern continental Asia (2)
- eavesdropping (2)
- echolocation (2)
- ecophysiology (2)
- ecosystem services provisioning (2)
- education (2)
- effectors (2)
- egg ratio (2)
- eicosapentaenoic acid (2)
- electric fish (2)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (2)
- electron paramagnetic resonance (2)
- electronic tool integration (2)
- emotional imagery (2)
- emotions (2)
- endocardium (2)
- endotoxin (2)
- energy expenditure (2)
- enrichment experiments (2)
- entropy (2)
- environmental DNA (2)
- environmental genomics (2)
- environmental noise (2)
- enzymology (2)
- epidemiology (2)
- epigenetic variation (2)
- epiphytes (2)
- epithionitrile (2)
- epitope prediction (2)
- epizoochory (2)
- equalizing and stabilizing mechanisms (2)
- error reduction (2)
- establishment (2)
- event coincidence analysis (2)
- evolutionary ecology (2)
- evolutionary rescue (2)
- exploitation (2)
- expression profile (2)
- extinction (2)
- extinction drivers (2)
- extra-cytoplasmic pockets (2)
- extracellular DNA (2)
- extracellular enzymes (2)
- extracellular matrix (2)
- extracellular signaling (2)
- eye-tracking (2)
- facilitation (2)
- fatty acid changes (2)
- feeding (2)
- feeding behaviour (2)
- fence interaction (2)
- fertilization (2)
- fetal origins hypothesis (2)
- fisheries (2)
- fitness gradient (2)
- fitness response (2)
- floating mat (2)
- flooded grasslands (2)
- floral scent (2)
- fluorescent probe (2)
- food frequency questionnaire (2)
- food web dynamics (2)
- food webs (2)
- forage availability (2)
- forage gaps (2)
- foraging (2)
- foraging behaviour (2)
- forebrain (2)
- forest management (2)
- forestREplot (2)
- formaldehyde assimilation (2)
- formate dehydrogenase (2)
- fractionation (2)
- fractionation factors (2)
- free zinc (2)
- freshwater algae (2)
- freshwater heterotrophic bacteria (2)
- functional complementation (2)
- functional inhibitors of acid sphin-gomyelinase (2)
- functional response (2)
- functional richness (2)
- fungal diversity (2)
- fungal pathogens (2)
- funktionelle Diversität (2)
- gamma diversity (2)
- gas-production (2)
- gene delivery (2)
- gene regulation (2)
- generalized dissimilarity modelling (2)
- genetic accommodation (2)
- genetic adaptation (2)
- genetic rescue (2)
- genetic screen (2)
- genetischer Screen (2)
- genome (2)
- genome scan (2)
- genomic prediction (2)
- geo-bio interaction (2)
- geographic distribution (2)
- glacial maximum (2)
- global and regional change (2)
- glucocorticoid receptor (2)
- glucose (2)
- glucosinolate hydrolysis (2)
- glutathione (2)
- glutathione peroxidase (2)
- glycine cleavage system (2)
- governance (2)
- gross primary production (2)
- groundwater (2)
- groundwater recharge (2)
- growth behavior (2)
- growth restriction (2)
- guard cell (2)
- gwas (2)
- habitat (2)
- habitat selection (2)
- habitat use (2)
- habituation (2)
- hantavirus (2)
- heart regeneration (2)
- heat (2)
- heat shock protein (2)
- heliozoa (2)
- hepcidin-25 (2)
- hilly loes plateau (2)
- histone modification (2)
- holding capability (2)
- holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (2)
- holocene (2)
- honey bees (2)
- hoverflies (2)
- human aldehyde oxidase (2)
- human endotoxemia (2)
- human excised skin (2)
- human introduction (2)
- human-wildlife conflict (2)
- hybridoma (2)
- hydrogels (2)
- hyena (2)
- hyperoxia (2)
- hypertension (2)
- hyperthermia (2)
- hypoxia (2)
- identification (2)
- immunoassay (2)
- immunogenicity (2)
- in silico (2)
- in vitro intestinal model (2)
- in-vitro-synthesis (2)
- inbreeding depression (2)
- indirect facilitation (2)
- individual based modeling (2)
- individual-based modeling (2)
- infancy (2)
- infiltration (2)
- inhibition (2)
- inner-mongolia (2)
- insects (2)
- integrated assessments (2)
- inter-brain synchronization (2)
- inter-muscle-brain synchronization (2)
- interpersonal muscle action (2)
- interspecific interactions (2)
- intestinal mucins (2)
- intestinal zinc resorption (2)
- intra-organ-communication (2)
- intraguild predation (2)
- intraspecific variation (2)
- invasibility (2)
- invasion success (2)
- invasive species (2)
- ion mobility spectrometry (2)
- ion-exchange chromatography (2)
- ionic liquid (2)
- ionic strength (2)
- ionogel (2)
- iron-sulfur clusters (2)
- island biogeography (2)
- island disharmony (2)
- island syndromes (2)
- islands (2)
- isomerization (2)
- jasmonate (2)
- kelp (2)
- l-cysteine desulfurase (2)
- lake monitoring (2)
- lake periphyton (2)
- land sharing vs. land sparing (2)
- land use change (2)
- land-use change (2)
- landscape diversity (2)
- landscape generator (2)
- landscape homogenization (2)
- late pleistocene (2)
- later health (2)
- lichens (2)
- life cycle (2)
- life‐history traits (2)
- ligand exchange (2)
- light adaptation (2)
- light variability (2)
- limits (2)
- lipid classes (2)
- lipid limitation thresholds (2)
- lipid membranes (2)
- lipidomics (2)
- lipid–lipid interactions (2)
- lipoplexes (2)
- loci (2)
- lokale Anpassung (2)
- longitudinal (2)
- low-energy electrons (2)
- luminescence (2)
- lysosomal hydrolases (2)
- lysosomal storage disorders (2)
- lysosome (2)
- mRNA degradation (2)
- magnitude estimation (2)
- maintenance (2)
- maintenance of functional diversity (2)
- maintenance of genomic integrity (2)
- major histocompatibility complex (2)
- male Daphnia (2)
- maltooligosaccharides (2)
- mammalian-cells (2)
- manganese (2)
- manual muscle test (2)
- many-to-one genotype–phenotype map (2)
- mapping (2)
- mass conservation (2)
- mass index (2)
- mate-pairs (2)
- mathematical modelling (2)
- mathematical precursor (2)
- maturation (2)
- meal timing (2)
- mechanical (2)
- mechanical strength (2)
- mechanisms (2)
- mechanomyography (MMG) (2)
- mediated delivery (2)
- membrane biophysics (2)
- membrane fusion (2)
- membrane microdomains (2)
- membrane protein (2)
- membrane stabilization (2)
- memory (2)
- mercaptocarboxylic acids (2)
- mesenchymal stem cells (2)
- mesophyll cell (2)
- messenger-rna polyadenylation (2)
- meta-analysis (2)
- metabolic syndrome (2)
- metabolic-profiling (2)
- metabolische Netzwerke (2)
- metagenome (2)
- metagenomic analysis (2)
- metagenomics 2.0 (2)
- metal complex (2)
- metal peptide (2)
- metallopeptide (2)
- metalloprotein (2)
- methane (2)
- methane oxidation (2)
- methylotrophy (2)
- microarrays (2)
- microbial activity (2)
- microbial communities (2)
- microbiome (2)
- microbiota (2)
- microclimate (2)
- microcomputed tomography (2)
- microeukaryotes (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- microstructure (2)
- microtubule-organization (2)
- mining lakes (2)
- mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) (2)
- mitogenomes (2)
- mixed cultures (2)
- model (2)
- model integration (2)
- model limitations (2)
- models (2)
- modern coexistence theory (2)
- mojave desert (2)
- molecular dynamics simulations (2)
- molecular evolution (2)
- molecular species identification (2)
- molecularly imprinted polymers (2)
- molybdoenzyme (2)
- molybdopterin synthase (2)
- morphology (2)
- mouse (2)
- movement speed (2)
- mowing (2)
- mucus layer (2)
- multidrug resistance (2)
- multiple sclerosis (2)
- multishell (2)
- multivalence (2)
- multi‐ year flooding cycle (2)
- musicality (2)
- mutation (2)
- mutual information (2)
- myocardial infarction (2)
- myocardium (2)
- myoglobin (2)
- n-alkanes (2)
- n-oxide reductase (2)
- nachhaltige Landnutzung (2)
- nanoelectrodes (2)
- nanogels (2)
- native American ancestry (2)
- nature conservation (2)
- necrobiome (2)
- neophilia (2)
- neophobia (2)
- net primary productivity (2)
- network analysis (2)
- network reconstruction (2)
- neurodegeneration (2)
- neurodegenerative diseases (2)
- neuroendocrine (2)
- neuromuscular adaptation (2)
- niche and fitness differences (2)
- niche width (2)
- nickel (2)
- nitrile (2)
- nitrogen fixation (2)
- nitrogen limitation (2)
- nitrous-oxide (2)
- noise color (2)
- non-linear dynamics (2)
- nonlinear waves (2)
- nuclear pore complex (2)
- nucleolus (2)
- nucleoporins (2)
- nucleus-associated body (2)
- number knowledge (2)
- nutrient (2)
- nutrient availability (2)
- nutrient spike (2)
- nutrient transport (2)
- octopamine (2)
- odd chain fatty acids (2)
- oil palm (2)
- omics (2)
- ontogeny (2)
- ordinary differential equation (2)
- organ size (2)
- organic compounds adsorption (2)
- organic matter (2)
- organic–inorganic hybrid (2)
- organisches Material (2)
- osmotic-pressure (2)
- osteoporosis (2)
- other-race effect (2)
- outbreeding depression (2)
- overhunting (2)
- overweight (2)
- oxidase (2)
- oxidative stress tolerance (2)
- pH (2)
- pace-of-life syndrome (2)
- paleoenvironmental records (2)
- parameter estimation (2)
- parameters (2)
- paraquat (2)
- parasites (2)
- parasitoid (2)
- parchment (2)
- parentage (2)
- partial correlation (2)
- participatory research (2)
- pathogens (2)
- pathway engineering (2)
- pattern formation (2)
- performance (2)
- perialpine lakes (2)
- periphyton (2)
- periplasmic nitrate reductase (2)
- phagocytosis (2)
- phase transfer (2)
- phenotypic phase plane (2)
- phenotyping (2)
- phloem (2)
- phloem proteins (2)
- phonotaxis (2)
- phosphate (2)
- phosphatidylserine (2)
- phosphoglucan (2)
- photoresponse (2)
- physical and physiological dormancy (2)
- physiology (2)
- phytoplankton host (2)
- plant Mediator (2)
- plant adaptation (2)
- plant clonality (2)
- plant ecology (2)
- plant invasion (2)
- plant macro-fossils (2)
- plant macrofossil data (2)
- plant naturalization (2)
- plant strategies (2)
- plant–soil feedback (2)
- plasma measurements (2)
- plastic-associated biofilms (2)
- plastid transformation (2)
- plastidial phosphorylase (2)
- platelets (2)
- playback (2)
- pleasant and unpleasant imagery (2)
- polarization (2)
- poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (2)
- poly(a)-binding protein (2)
- polyadenylation (2)
- polyamide (2)
- polyethylene (2)
- polymer degradation (2)
- polyphenols (2)
- polysulfide (2)
- population delimitation (2)
- population genetics (2)
- population viability analysis (2)
- population-specific risk marker (2)
- positive selection (2)
- postglacial recolonization (2)
- potential-functions (2)
- pre-school (2)
- preadaptation (2)
- precuneus (2)
- predator (2)
- predator–prey cycles (2)
- pregnancy (2)
- preterm infants (2)
- primary metabolism (2)
- prior knowledge (2)
- probiotics (2)
- production (2)
- progenitor cells (2)
- proline (2)
- promiscuous (2)
- properties (2)
- prostaglandin E2 (2)
- protein aggregation (2)
- protein restriction (2)
- protein-carbohydrate interactions (2)
- protein-protein interaction (2)
- proteostasis (2)
- provitamin A (2)
- psychosocial stress (2)
- pubertal timing (2)
- public health (2)
- pulse perturbation (2)
- purifying selection (2)
- purity (2)
- pushing isometric muscle action (PIMA) (2)
- pyridoxal-50-phosphate (2)
- pyruvate (2)
- quality (2)
- quantification (2)
- quantum dots (2)
- questioning solutions (2)
- racemization (2)
- radiocarbon (2)
- radiocarbon dating (2)
- rain event depth (2)
- random forest (2)
- range size (2)
- rat (2)
- reaction norms (2)
- reciprocal transplant experiment (2)
- recombinant inbred line population (2)
- redfield ratio (2)
- redox (2)
- redox polymer (2)
- reference material (2)
- regime shift (2)
- regulate gene expression (2)
- reliability (2)
- repetition (2)
- repetitive elements (2)
- reproducibility (2)
- reserve design (2)
- resistin (2)
- resonance energy transfer (2)
- resource-tracking (2)
- respiration (2)
- responses (2)
- reveals (2)
- reversed-phase chromatography (2)
- reversible shape-memory actuator (2)
- rhizopods (2)
- rhodobacter-capsulatus (2)
- rhythm perception (2)
- rhythmic grouping (2)
- risk management cycle (2)
- robustness (2)
- rodent (2)
- root morphology (2)
- rooting depth (2)
- salicylic-acid (2)
- saliva (2)
- sarcopenia (2)
- scaffolding (2)
- scale-dependency (2)
- scaled mass index (2)
- scaling (2)
- school mathematics (2)
- seawater (2)
- secondary metabolites (2)
- secular changes (2)
- seed mass (2)
- selection (2)
- selenium (2)
- selenoneine (2)
- selfing syndrome (2)
- semi-closed mitosis (2)
- senescence (2)
- sequence dependence (2)
- sequence-structure-function relationship (2)
- sequencing error (2)
- serine palmitoyltransferase (2)
- serum (2)
- sex (2)
- sexual selection (2)
- sexual species (2)
- shoot apical meristem (2)
- shrub size (2)
- shrub-encroachment (2)
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Significant seasonal variation in size at settlement has been observed in newly settled larvae of Dreissena polymorpha in Lake Constance. Diet quality, which varies temporally and spatially in freshwater habitats, has been suggested as a significant factor influencing life history and development of freshwater invertebrates. Accordingly, experiments were conducted with field-collected larvae to test the hypothesis that diet quality can determine planktonic larval growth rates, size at settlement and subsequent post-metamorphic growth rates. Larvae were fed one of two diets or starved. One diet was composed of cyanobacterial cells which are deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the other was a mixed diet rich in PUFAs. Freshly metamorphosed animals from the starvation treatment had a carbon content per individual 70% lower than that of larvae fed the mixed diet. This apparent exhaustion of larval internal reserves resulted in a 50% reduction of the postmetamorphic growth rates. Growth was also reduced in animals previously fed the cyanobacterial diet. Hence, low food quantity or low food quality during the larval stage of D. polymorpha lead to irreversible effects for postmetamorphic animals, and is related to inferior competitive abilities.
Each organ of a multicellular organism is unique at the level of its tissues and cells. Furthermore, responses to environmental stimuli or developmental signals occur differentially at the single cell or tissue level. This underlines the necessity of precise investigation of the “building block of life” -the individual cell. Although recently large amount of data concerning different aspects of single cell performance was accumulated, our knowledge about development and differentiation of individual cell within specialized tissue are still far from being complete. To get more insight into processes that occur in certain individual cell during its development and differentiation changes in gene expression during life cycle of A. thaliana leaf hair cell (trichome) were explored in this work. After onset of trichome development this cell changes its cell cycle: it starts endoreduplication (a modified cell cycle in which DNA replication continues in the absence of mitosis and cytokinesis). This makes trichomes a suitable model for studying cell cycle regulation, regulation of cell development and differentiation. Cells of interest were sampled by puncturing them with glass microcapillaries. Each sample contained as few as ten single cells. At first time trichomes in initial stage of trichome development were investigated. To allow their sampling they were specifically labelled by green fluorescent protein (GFP). In total three cell types were explored: pavement cells, trichome initials and mature trichomes. Comparison of gene expression profiles of these cells allowed identification of the genes differentially expressed in subsequent stages of trichome development. Bioinformatic analysis of genes preferentially expressed in trichome initials showed their involvement in hormonal, metal, sulphur response and cell-cycle regulation. Expression pattern of three selected candidate genes, involved in hormonal response and early developmental processes was confirmed by independent method. Effects of mutations in these genes on both trichome and plant development as well as on plant metabolism were analysed. As an outcome of this work novel components in the sophisticated machinery of trichome development and cell cycle progression were identified. These factors could integrate hormone stimuli and network interactions between characterized and as yet unknown members of this machinery. I expect findings presented in this work to enhance and complement our current knowledge about cell cycle progression and trichome development, as well as about performance of the individual cell in general.
The factors that determine the efficiency of energy transfer in aquatic food webs have been investigated for many decades. The plant-animal interface is the most variable and least predictable of all levels in the food web. In order to study determinants of food quality in a large lake and to test the recently proposed central importance of the long-chained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at the pelagic producer-grazer interface, we tested the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at the pelagic producerconsumer interface by correlating sestonic food parameters with somatic growth rates of a clone of Daphnia galeata. Daphnia growth rates were obtained from standardized laboratory experiments spanning one season with Daphnia feeding on natural seston from Lake Constance, a large pre-alpine lake. Somatic growth rates were fitted to sestonic parameters by using a saturation function. A moderate amount of variation was explained when the model included the elemental parameters carbon (r2 = 0.6) and nitrogen (r2 = 0.71). A tighter fit was obtained when sestonic phosphorus was incorporated (r2 = 0.86). The nonlinear regression with EPA was relatively weak (r2 = 0.77), whereas the highest degree of variance was explained by three C18-PUFAs. The best (r2 = 0.95), and only significant, correlation of Daphnia's growth was found with the C18-PUFA α-linolenic acid (α-LA; C18:3n-3). This correlation was weakest in late August when C:P values increased to 300, suggesting that mineral and PUFA-limitation of Daphnia's growth changed seasonally. Sestonic phosphorus and some PUFAs showed not only tight correlations with growth, but also with sestonic α-LA content. We computed Monte Carlo simulations to test whether the observed effects of α-LA on growth could be accounted for by EPA, phosphorus, or one of the two C18-PUFAs, stearidonic acid (C18:4n-3) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6). With >99 % probability, the correlation of growth with α-LA could not be explained by any of these parameters. In order to test for EPA limitation of Daphnia's growth, in parallel with experiments on pure seston, growth was determined on seston supplemented with chemostat-grown, P-limited Stephanodiscus hantzschii, which is rich in EPA. Although supplementation increased the EPA content 80-800x, no significant changes in the nonlinear regression of the growth rates with α-LA were found, indicating that growth of Daphnia on pure seston was not EPA limited. This indicates that the two fatty acids, EPA and α-LA, were not mutually substitutable biochemical resources and points to different physiological functions of these two PUFAs. These results support the PUFA-limitation hypothesis for sestonic C:P < 300 but are contrary to the hypothesis of a general importance of EPA, since no evidence for EPA limitation was found. It is suggested that the resource ratios of EPA and α-LA rather than the absolute concentrations determine which of the two resources is limiting growth.
Functional analysis of selected DOF transcription factors in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana
(2007)
Transcription factors (TFs) are global regulators of gene expression playing essential roles in almost all biological processes, and are therefore of great scientific and biotechnological interest. This project focused on functional characterisation of three DNA-binding-with-one-zinc-finger (DOF) TFs from the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, namely OBP1, OBP2 and AtDOF4;2. These genes were selected due to severe growth phenotypes conferred upon their constitutive over-expression. To identify biological processes regulated by OBP1, OBP2 and AtDOF4;2 in detail molecular and physiological characterization of transgenic plants with modified levels of OBP1, OBP2 and AtDOF4;2 expression (constitutive and inducible over-expression, RNAi) was performed using both targeted and profiling technologies. Additionally expression patterns of studied TFs and their target genes were analyzed using promoter-GUS lines and publicly available microarray data. Finally selected target genes were confirmed by chromatin immuno-precipitation and electrophoretic-mobility shift assays. This combinatorial approach revealed distinct biological functions of OBP1, OBP2 and AtDOF4;2. Specifically OBP2 controls indole glucosinolate / auxin homeostasis by directly regulating the enzyme at the branch of these pathways; CYP83B1 (Skirycz et al., 2006). Glucosinolates are secondary compounds important for defence against herbivores and pathogens in the plants order Caparales (e.g. Arabidopsis, canola and broccoli) whilst auxin is an essential plant hormone. Hence OBP2 is important for both response to biotic stress and plant growth. Similarly to OBP2 also AtDOF4;2 is involved in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism and affects production of various phenylpropanoid compounds in a tissue and environmental specific manner. It was found that under certain stress conditions AtDOF4;2 negatively regulates flavonoid biosynthetic genes whilst in certain tissues it activates hydroxycinnamic acid production. It was hypothesized that this dual function is most likely related to specific interactions with other proteins; perhaps other TFs (Skirycz et al., 2007). Finally OBP1 regulates both cell proliferation and cell expansion. It was shown that OBP1 controls cell cycle activity by directly targeting the expression of core cell cycle genes (CYCD3;3 and KRP7), other TFs and components of the replication machinery. Evidence for OBP1 mediated activation of cell cycle during embryogenesis and germination will be presented. Additionally and independently on its effects on cell proliferation OBP1 negatively affects cell expansion via reduced expression of cell wall loosening enzymes. Summing up this work provides an important input into our knowledge on DOF TFs function. Future work will concentrate on establishing exact regulatory networks of OBP1, OBP2 and AtDOF4;2 and their possible biotechnological applications.
[1-14C]-N-Acetyldopamine (NADA) was oxidized in the presence of methyl [3-3H]-β-alanate with mushroom tyrosinase. The complex mixture of reaction products was partly resolved by chromatographic procedures and analyzed by spectroscopic methods. Methyl-β-alanate is incorporated to only a small extent into oxidation products of NADA which inter alia are presumed to be oligomeric hydroxyquinones. After oxidation of [1-14C, 2-3H]-NADA with preparations from tanning Manduca sexta pupal cuticle, N-acetylnoradrenalin was identified as one of the products. Binding of radioactivity to melanin-like material was also observed. These results suggest that oxidation products different from those formulated usually for the crosslinkages between protein amino groups and N-acetyldopaquinone are deposited in darkly brown coloured insect cuticles during sclerotization.
1) During orthograde perfusion of rat liver human anaphylatoxin C3a caused an increase in glucose and lactate output and reduction of flow. These effects could be enhanced nearly twofold by co-infusion of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor MERGETPA, which reduced inactivation of C3a to C3adesArg. 2) During retrograde perfusion C3a caused a two- to threefold larger increase in glucose and lactate output and reduction of flow than in orthograde perfusions. These actions tended to be slightly enhanced by MERGETPA. 3) The elimination of C3a plus C3adesArg immunoreactivity during a single liver passage was around 67%, irrespective of the perfusion direction and the presence of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor MERGETPA; however, less C3adesArg and more intact C3a appeared in the perfusate in the presence of MERGETPA in orthograde and retrogade perfusions It is concluded that rat liver inactivated human anaphylatoxin C3a by conversion to C3adesArg and moreover eliminated it by an additional process. The inactivation to C3adesArg seemed to be located predominantly in the proximal periportal region of the liver sinusoid, since C3a was less effective in orthograde perfusions, when C3a first passed the proximal periportal region before reaching the predominant mass of parenchyma as its site of action, than in retrograde perfusions, when it first passed the perivenous area. These data may be evidence for a periportal scavenger mechanism, by which the liver protects itself from systemically released mediators of inflammation that interfere with the local regulation of liver metabolism and hemodynamics.
The complement fragments C3a and C5a were purified from zymosan-activated human serum by column chromatographic procedures after the bulk of the proteins had been removed by acidic polyethylene glycol precipitation. In the isolated in situ perfused rat liver C3a increased glucose and lactate output and reduced flow. Its effects were enhanced in the presence of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor DL-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthio-propanoic acid (MERGETPA) and abolished by preincubation of the anaphylatoxin with carboxypeptidase B or with Fab fragments of an anti-C3a monoclonal antibody. The C3a effects were partially inhibited by the thromboxane antagonist BM13505. C5a had no effect. It is concluded that locally but not systemically produced C3a may play an important role in the regulation of local metabolism and hemodynamics during inflammatory processes in the liver.
In the isolated rat liver perfused in situ stimulation of the nerve bundles around the portal vein and the hepatic artery caused an increase of urate formation that was inhibited by the α1-blocker prazosine and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. Moreover, nerve stimulation increased glucose and lactate output and decreased perfusion flow. Infusion of noradrenaline had similar effects. Compared to nerve stimulation infusion of glucagon led to a less pronounced increase of urate formation and a twice as large increase in glucose output but a decrease in lactate release without affecting the flow rate. Insulin had no effect on any of the parameters studied.
Increase in prostanoid formation in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) by human anaphylatoxin C3a
(1993)
Human anaphylatoxin C3a increases glycogenolysis in perfused rat liver. This action is inhibited by prostanoid synthesis inhibitors and prostanoid antagonists. Because prostanoids but not anaphylatoxin C3a can increase glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, it has been proposed that prostanoid formation in nonparenchymal cells represents an important step in the C3a-dependent increase in hepatic glycogenolysis. This study shows that (a) human anaphylatoxin C3a (0.1 to 10 mug/ml) dose-dependently increased prostaglandin D2, thromboxane B, and prostaglandin F2alpha formation in rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells); (b) the C3a-mediated increase in prostanoid formation was maximal after 2 min and showed tachyphylaxis; and (c) the C3a-elicited prostanoid formation could be inhibited specifically by preincubation of C3a with carboxypeptidase B to remove the essential C-terminal arginine or by preincubation of C3a with Fab fragments of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. These data support the hypothesis that the C3a-dependent activation of hepatic glycogenolysis is mediated by way of a C3a-induced prostanoid production in Kupffer cells.
Prostaglandins, released from Kupffer cells, have been shown to mediate the increase in hepatic glycogenolysis by various stimuli such as zymosan, endotoxin, immune complexes, and anaphylotoxin C3a involving prostaglandin (PG) receptors coupled to phospholipase C via a G(0) protein. PGs also decreased glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis in hepatocytes by a different signal chain involving PGE(2) receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase via a G(i) protein (EP(3) receptors). The source of the prostaglandins for this latter glucagon-antagonistic action is so far unknown. This study provides evidence that Kupffer cells may be one source: in Kupffer cells, maintained in primary culture for 72 hours, glucagon (0.1 to 10 nmol/ L) increased PGE(2), PGF(2 alpha), and PGD(2) synthesis rapidly and transiently. Maximal prostaglandin concentrations were reached after 5 minutes. Glucagon (1 nmol/L) elevated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and inositol triphosphate (InsP(3)) levels in Kupffer cells about fivefold and twofold, respectively. The increase in glyco gen phosphorylase activity elicited by 1 nmol/L glucagon was about twice as large in monocultures of hepatocytes than in cocultures of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells with the same hepatocyte density. Treatment of cocultures with 500 mu mol/L acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to irreversibly inhibit cyclooxygenase (PGH-synthase) 30 minutes before addition of glucagon abolished this difference. These data support the hypothesis that PGs produced by Kupffer cells in response to glucagon might participate in a feedback loop inhibiting glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis in hepatocytes.