530 Physik
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (955) (remove)
Keywords
- diffusion (25)
- anomalous diffusion (22)
- gamma rays: general (20)
- ISM: supernova remnants (12)
- cosmic rays (12)
- stars: massive (11)
- organic solar cells (9)
- stars: atmospheres (9)
- astroparticle physics (8)
- perovskite solar cells (8)
- acceleration of particles (7)
- methods: numerical (7)
- stars: early-type (7)
- Magellanic Clouds (6)
- X-rays: binaries (6)
- galaxies: active (6)
- galaxies: evolution (6)
- galaxies: formation (6)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (6)
- stochastic processes (6)
- turbulence (6)
- Residual stress (5)
- dynamics (5)
- fractional Brownian motion (5)
- galaxies: high-redshift (5)
- gamma rays: ISM (5)
- gamma rays: galaxies (5)
- intergalactic medium (5)
- stars: evolution (5)
- stars: neutron (5)
- Galaxy: halo (4)
- ISM: abundances (4)
- X-rays: stars (4)
- binaries: close (4)
- binaries: general (4)
- binaries: spectroscopic (4)
- catalogs (4)
- charge transport (4)
- chemotaxis (4)
- first-passage time (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- instabilities (4)
- methods: data analysis (4)
- model (4)
- non-fullerene acceptors (4)
- organic photovoltaics (4)
- photochemistry (4)
- quasars: absorption lines (4)
- residual stress (4)
- stars: winds, outflows (4)
- subdwarfs (4)
- synchronization (4)
- techniques: imaging spectroscopy (4)
- techniques: spectroscopic (4)
- Aluminum alloys (3)
- Fokker-Planck equation (3)
- Galaxy: evolution (3)
- ISM: clouds (3)
- Langevin equation (3)
- Lasers (3)
- Levy walk (3)
- Neutron diffraction (3)
- Phonons (3)
- Solar cells (3)
- Ti-6Al-4V (3)
- X-ray (3)
- X-ray refraction (3)
- additive manufacturing (3)
- astrophysical plasmas (3)
- dark ages, reionization, first stars (3)
- density (3)
- dust (3)
- electrons (3)
- first passage time (3)
- first-passage (3)
- galaxies: interactions (3)
- galaxies: jets (3)
- gamma rays: stars (3)
- gamma-ray burst: general (3)
- geometric Brownian motion (3)
- hysteresis (3)
- magnetic fields (3)
- magnetosphere (3)
- methods: observational (3)
- networks (3)
- neutrinos (3)
- neutron diffraction (3)
- nonergodicity (3)
- photocurrent generation (3)
- photoluminescence (3)
- photovoltaics (3)
- polymer solar cells (3)
- pulsars: general (3)
- quasars: general (3)
- recombination (3)
- shock waves (3)
- solar wind (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: abundances (3)
- stochastic resetting (3)
- superstatistics (3)
- techniques: image processing (3)
- transport (3)
- 2D perovskites (2)
- 4 (2)
- ARPES (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (2)
- Blocking (2)
- Boltzmann distribution (2)
- Bragg peak (2)
- Brownian motion (2)
- Comb model (2)
- Computed tomography (2)
- Crystal lattices (2)
- Curie transition (2)
- Doping (2)
- Dynamical systems (2)
- Energy (2)
- Equilibrium-line altitudes (2)
- FLASH (2)
- Gaussian processes (2)
- Genetic programming (2)
- H II regions (2)
- Heterostructures (2)
- Hilbert transform (2)
- Holocene (2)
- Hysteresis (2)
- ISM (2)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- ISM: magnetic fields (2)
- ISM: structure (2)
- Kuramoto (2)
- Kuramoto model (2)
- Levy flights (2)
- Levy walks (2)
- Löschkurve (2)
- MHD (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Molecules (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer (2)
- Perovskites (2)
- Radiation belts (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Resonanzenergietransfer (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Statistical and Nonlinear Physics (2)
- Sun: activity (2)
- Sun: chromosphere (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- Theorie von Förster (2)
- Thermal effects (2)
- Thin films (2)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (2)
- Wechselwirkungsabstand (2)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- XPS (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- behavior (2)
- biological physics (2)
- biological transport (2)
- bumps (2)
- charge generation (2)
- charge-transfer (2)
- climate (2)
- collective motion (2)
- comets: general (2)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (2)
- conductivity (2)
- control (2)
- convection (2)
- coupled rotators (2)
- creep (2)
- crystal structure (2)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (2)
- diffusing diffusivity (2)
- dwarfs galaxies (2)
- electrostatic interactions (2)
- entanglement (2)
- first passage (2)
- first-hitting time (2)
- flexibility (2)
- galaxies (2)
- galaxies: ISM (2)
- galaxies: abundances (2)
- galaxies: haloes (2)
- galaxies: nuclei (2)
- galaxies: starburst (2)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (2)
- genomic DNA conformation (2)
- global surface warming (2)
- globular clusters: general (2)
- graphene (2)
- graphs (2)
- gravitational waves (2)
- group field theory (2)
- impact (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- interaction distance (2)
- interface recombination (2)
- iron (2)
- memory effects (2)
- morphology (2)
- nanoparticles (2)
- neural networks (2)
- neutron (2)
- noise (2)
- noisy systems (2)
- non-Langevin recombination (2)
- nonfullerene acceptors (2)
- numerical relativity (2)
- ocean heat uptake (2)
- oscillations (2)
- outflows (2)
- physics (2)
- planets and satellites: rings (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmas (2)
- power spectral analysis (2)
- processing (2)
- professional knowledge (2)
- quantum field theory (2)
- quantum thermodynamics (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- quenching curve (2)
- radiation belts (2)
- random diffusivity (2)
- relativistic processes (2)
- resonant energy transfer (2)
- scattering (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- solar cells (2)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (2)
- stars: activity (2)
- stars: black holes (2)
- stars: chemically peculiar (2)
- stars: emission-line, Be (2)
- stars: fundamental parameters (2)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- stars: low-mass (2)
- stars: magnetic field (2)
- stars: mass-loss (2)
- stars: rotation (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: winds (2)
- statistical models (2)
- statistische Modelle (2)
- subdiffusion (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- sulfur (2)
- surface (2)
- surveys (2)
- synchronization transition (2)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (2)
- systems (2)
- theory of Förster (2)
- thermal (2)
- thermodynamics (2)
- thick junctions (2)
- time-series analysis (2)
- transient chaos (2)
- ultrafast dynamics (2)
- ultraviolet: ISM (2)
- voltage losses (2)
- waves (2)
- work function (2)
- (TSNMRS) (1)
- (high-)voltage measurements (1)
- (magnetohydrodynamics) MHD (1)
- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (1)
- 15 (1)
- 16 (1)
- 30S subunit (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D tomography (1)
- AG (1)
- AI (1)
- APCI (1)
- ARTOF (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Accelerator mass spectrometry (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton dynamics (1)
- Adam-Delbruck scenario (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Aggregate states (1)
- All-polymer heterojunctions (1)
- Alternating copolymers (1)
- Amazon rainforest (1)
- Ambipolar charge transport (1)
- Ambipolar materials (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Annealing (metallurgy) (1)
- Annealing treatment (1)
- Anomalous diffusion (1)
- Anomalous diffusion exponent (1)
- Anomalous transport (1)
- Answer Set Programming (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Approximation algorithms (1)
- Aqueous solution (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Aromatic compounds (1)
- Array Seismology (1)
- Array design (1)
- Asia (1)
- Astroparticle physics (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asymmetric warming (1)
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (1)
- Auger decay (1)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (1)
- Auger–Meitner (1)
- BESSY II (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (BL Lacertae = VER J2202+422) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (HESS J1943+213, VER J1943+213) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (TXS 0506+056, VER J0509+057) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Markarian 501 (1)
- Backbone modifications (1)
- Bayesian Model Averaging (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Bessel functions (1)
- Beta-eucryptite (1)
- Big Data (1)
- Bilayer solar cells (1)
- Biological Physics (1)
- Biomimetic sensors (1)
- Black– Scholes model (1)
- Bloch-Torrey equation (1)
- Boolean model (1)
- Booster cavity (1)
- Boundary value problem (1)
- Breathing chimera states (1)
- Brownian motors (1)
- Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (1)
- C-13 chemical shift (1)
- C60 (1)
- CDA (1)
- CH3NH3SnI3 (1)
- CMAS (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caccioppoli inequality (1)
- Capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- Carrier dynamics (1)
- Cassini (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cations (1)
- Cattaneo equation (1)
- Ce/Zr (1)
- Cellular polypropylene (PP) (1)
- Central asia (1)
- Ceramics (1)
- Chaos synchronization (1)
- Charge separation (1)
- Charge-transfer state (1)
- Chebyshev inequality (1)
- Chorus waves (1)
- Chromosphere (1)
- Chromosphere, quiet (1)
- Climate modeling (1)
- Coherence-incoherence (1)
- Cohesive finite elements (1)
- Colorimetric analysis (1)
- Comb-lattice model (1)
- Comets (1)
- Comets composition (1)
- Comets nucleus (1)
- Communications/decision making (1)
- Complementarity (1)
- Complete asymptotics (1)
- Complexity theory (1)
- Computational chemistry (1)
- Concentrating solar power (CSP) (1)
- Conducting polymers (1)
- Conformational disorder (1)
- Continuum (1)
- Convolutional neural networks (1)
- Cosmogenic isotopes (1)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- Coster–Kronig (1)
- Coupled oscillators (1)
- Covalent interaction (1)
- Creep (1)
- Crystalline phases (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuI (1)
- Curie-transition (1)
- Cw electron beam (1)
- Cyclones (1)
- Cylindrical comb (1)
- DIC (1)
- DLR equations (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA-PAINT (1)
- Damage (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data-driven modelling (1)
- Debye screening (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Defects (1)
- Dehnung (1)
- Deimos (1)
- Detergent (1)
- Dictyostelium (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Dielectric hysteresis (1)
- Diffraction (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Diffusion NMR (1)
- Diffusion coefficients (1)
- Dislocation motion (1)
- Disorder (1)
- Disperse dyes (1)
- Dispersion force (1)
- Distributed (1)
- DoS (1)
- Donor-Acceptor (DA) interface (1)
- Donor-acceptor copolymers (1)
- Doped semiconductors (1)
- Double-jet (1)
- Druck-Volumen-Änderung (1)
- Drude model (1)
- Dye transfer (1)
- Dynamic loading (1)
- Dynamical invariants (1)
- E-ring (1)
- E.coli (1)
- EMIC (1)
- Earth System trajectories (1)
- Econophysics (1)
- Edwards-Anderson order parameter (1)
- Electrets (1)
- Electric polarization (1)
- Electric potential (1)
- Electrical properties and parameters (1)
- Electron back-scattered diffraction (1)
- Electron populations (1)
- Electron traps (1)
- Electronic properties and materials (1)
- Electronics, photonics and device physics (1)
- Elektrostatische Wechselwirkung (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emergency response (1)
- Energetic disorder (1)
- Energy science and technology (1)
- Energy-level alignment (1)
- Epidemic spreading models (1)
- Epoxy resin (1)
- Epoxy resins (1)
- Equatorial ionosphere (1)
- Equilibrium (1)
- Essential spectrum (1)
- European storm-time model (1)
- Excited-state calculations; (1)
- Experimental techniques (1)
- Explainable AI (1)
- External quantum efficiency (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme precipitation (1)
- False negative (1)
- False positive (1)
- Fe2TiO5 (1)
- Femtosecond lasers (1)
- Fermi-level alignment (1)
- Fermi-level pinning (1)
- Field emission (1)
- Field experiments (1)
- Flashing ratchets (1)
- Flims (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fokker– Planck equation (1)
- Forcemyography (1)
- Fortuin-Kasteleyn representation (1)
- Fox H-function (1)
- Fox H-functions (1)
- Fractal (1)
- Fractal dimension (1)
- Fractional Brownian motion (1)
- Frank-Condon analysis (1)
- Free-electron-laser science (1)
- Functional dependencies (1)
- Functional scaffolds (1)
- GEANT4 modeling (1)
- GMR sensors (1)
- Galaxies: high-redshift (1)
- Galaxies: interactions (1)
- Galaxy: center (1)
- Galaxy: general (1)
- Galaxy: structure (1)
- Gardner equation (1)
- Gas phase (1)
- Generalized Langevin equation (1)
- Geomagnetic secular variation (1)
- Gibbs point process (1)
- Ginzburg-Landau lattice (1)
- Glaciation (1)
- Glaciation Central Asia (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold@polydopamine (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granulation (1)
- Gravitation (1)
- Green function (1)
- Green's function (1)
- Greenland (1)
- Green’ s functions (1)
- HALS (1)
- HRTEM (1)
- HTL (1)
- Haake-Lewenstein-Wilkens approach (1)
- Heat Transfer (1)
- Hermite polynomial expansion (1)
- Heterogeneous (1)
- Hexagonal grid (1)
- High specific surface area (1)
- Hodge theory (1)
- Hofmeister effect (1)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hydraulic models (1)
- Hydraulic networks (1)
- Hydrocarbons (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogels (1)
- Hydrogen activation (1)
- Hypernetwork (1)
- IACT (1)
- IMD (1)
- IMPTAM (1)
- IN718 (1)
- IR ellipsometry (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISM : supernova remnants (1)
- ISM: general (1)
- ISM: individual objects (RX J1713.7-3946, G347.3-0.5) (1)
- ISM: jets and outflows (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- ISOS-L-1I protocol (1)
- IZO (1)
- Impurity segregation (1)
- In-situ (1)
- India (1)
- Inner magnetosphere (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Instrumentation and data management (1)
- Insulators (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interdisciplinary Physics (1)
- Interface dipole (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interfacial strength (1)
- Interlayer (1)
- Intermittency (1)
- Internal stress (1)
- Interstellar medium (1)
- Intrachain order (1)
- Intragap states (1)
- Ir(111) (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Junction model (1)
- Kalman filtering (1)
- Kelvin probe (1)
- Khalerchinskaya tundra (1)
- Kp index (1)
- LIBS (1)
- LLG equation (1)
- Laboratory astrophysics (1)
- Lakes (1)
- Land-sea thermal contrast (1)
- Laplace-type operator (1)
- Large deviation statistics (1)
- Laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Lattice dynamics (1)
- Lehrerbildung (1)
- Levy flight (1)
- Ligand-field state (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Localization regime (1)
- Localized chaos (1)
- Low carbon steel (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- Längsschnittstudie (1)
- Lévy flights (1)
- Lévy walks (1)
- MATROSHKA-R (1)
- MO (1)
- Machine learning control (1)
- Magellanic Cloud (1)
- Magnetic field (1)
- Magnetic fields (1)
- Magnetic stray field (1)
- Magnetooptical effects (1)
- Markov additive processes (1)
- Mars (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum likelihood estimation (1)
- Memory effects (1)
- Metal matrix composite (1)
- Metal oxides (1)
- Metals (1)
- Microcracked ceramics (1)
- Micromechanical modeling (1)
- Micromechanical schemes (1)
- Microscopic morphology (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microstructure and (1)
- Microstructure and texture (1)
- Mid-temperature transition (1)
- Mittag-Leffler function (1)
- Mittag-Leffler functions (1)
- MoS2 (1)
- Mobility imbalance (1)
- Mobility relaxation (1)
- Mode function (1)
- Model structural error (1)
- Molar water content (1)
- Molecular structure (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- Monomers (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Monte Carlo simulation (1)
- Moonlight (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Multi-dimensional Markovian embedding of non-Markovian dynamics (1)
- Multiphase composites (1)
- Multiple trapping model (1)
- NEXAFS (1)
- NLP (1)
- NTCM (1)
- NTF (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoreactor (1)
- Near-Field Optics (1)
- Network inference (1)
- Neumann problem (1)
- Neurooscillators (1)
- Ni (1)
- Nickel-based (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Node degree distribution (1)
- Non-Markovian processes (1)
- Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- Non-perturbative analysis (1)
- Nonlinear analysis (1)
- Nonlinearity (1)
- Nonradiative recombination (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- OFET (1)
- OSSS inequality (1)
- Observing methods (1)
- Oligomers (1)
- Open-circuit voltage (1)
- Optoelectronic devices and components (1)
- Optoelectronic properties (1)
- Optoelectronics (1)
- Organic LEDs (1)
- Organic electronics (1)
- Organic thermoelectrics (1)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (1)
- Ott - Antonsen reduction (1)
- Ott-Antonsen equation (1)
- Ott-Antonsen reduction (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) (1)
- PBLG (1)
- PEDOT (1)
- PEDOT:PSS (1)
- PNIPAm (1)
- Paleoclimate modeling (1)
- Parametric drift estimation (1)
- Pareto law (1)
- Partial synchrony (1)
- Partial wavelet coherence (1)
- Partially alternating copolymers (1)
- Performanztest (1)
- Periodic solutions (1)
- Perovskite solar cell (1)
- Perovskite solar cells (1)
- Phase dynamics (1)
- Phase modulation (1)
- Phase reconstruction (1)
- Phase transitions (1)
- Photo-CELIV (1)
- Photoconductivity (1)
- Photocurrent (1)
- Photoexcitations (1)
- Photon density wave spectroscopy (1)
- Photonic devices (1)
- Photosphere (1)
- Photothermal conversion (1)
- Photovoltaic gap (1)
- Physik (1)
- Pipe networks (1)
- Plasma Physics (1)
- Plasmonics (1)
- Plastibodies (1)
- Polarization (1)
- Polaron (1)
- Polycrystals (1)
- Polyetlioxysiloxane (1)
- Polymer intermixing (1)
- Probabilistic projections (1)
- Probability (1)
- Process analytical technology (1)
- Professionswissen (1)
- Prominences (1)
- Prominences, magnetic field (1)
- Prominences, quiescent (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Pseudo-Voigt fit function (1)
- Pulse induced transparency (1)
- PyTorch (1)
- Python (1)
- Quantum optics (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quasimodes (1)
- Quiescent (1)
- Quiet (1)
- RF gun (1)
- RIXS (1)
- RIXS at FELs (1)
- Radiation dose calculation (1)
- Radiation on the ISS (1)
- Radiation protection (1)
- Raman imaging (1)
- Random cluster model (1)
- Random feature maps (1)
- Randomised tree algorithm (1)
- Rashba effect (1)
- Reaction mechanisms (1)
- Reactive adsorption (1)
- Reactive coupling (1)
- Recombination losses (1)
- Recurrence plots (1)
- Recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- Reflective writing (1)
- Reflexion (1)
- Reflexionsmodell (1)
- Reflexionsqualität (1)
- Reflexionstiefe (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric (RF) fluoropolymers (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (1)
- Residual stresses (1)
- Residue (1)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (1)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- Robin boundary condition (1)
- Rock (1)
- Rocks (1)
- RsgA (1)
- SCAPS-1D (1)
- SEM (1)
- SHPB (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SIR model (1)
- SLM (1)
- STM (1)
- Saddle Point (1)
- Saturn (1)
- Scaling exponents (1)
- Scan strategies (1)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering breakdown (1)
- Schottky junction (1)
- Schrödinger equation (1)
- Science education (1)
- Seebeck coefficient (1)
- Seismicity modelling (1)
- Semantics (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shnol theorem (1)
- Shockley-Queisser model (1)
- Shockley-Read-Hall (1)
- Shocks (1)
- Silica source (1)
- Silicification (1)
- Silicon (1)
- Sinai diffusion (1)
- Skalarprodukt von Kraft und Weg (1)
- Small (1)
- Societal impacts (1)
- Solar Cycle, observations (1)
- Solar cycle (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solar energy and photovoltaic technology (1)
- Solvents (1)
- South-America (1)
- Space plasmas (1)
- Space radiation (1)
- Spectral diffusion (1)
- Spectral gap (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spin-echo (1)
- Stability (1)
- Stars: individual: 4U2206+54, BD+53 2790 (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistical copolymers (1)
- Statistical inference (1)
- Steppest Descend method (1)
- Stern-Gerlach effect (1)
- Stille-type cross-coupling (1)
- Stimulated scattering (1)
- Stimuli-responsive materials (1)
- Stochastic reaction– diffusion (1)
- Strain hardening (1)
- Strain measurement (1)
- Stratosphere (1)
- Stress-strain relations (1)
- Structure-performance relationship (1)
- Structure-property relationships (1)
- Sub-gamma random variable (1)
- Subdiffusion (1)
- Sun (1)
- Sun: Chromosphere (1)
- Sun: corona (1)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (1)
- Sun: flares (1)
- Sun: heliosphere (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sun: photosphere (1)
- Supernova remnants (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface treatment (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- TCOs (1)
- TD-DFT (1)
- TRMM (1)
- Teleconnection patterns (1)
- Tensile load (1)
- Tension (1)
- Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (1)
- Thermal Radiation (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermoclectrics (1)
- Thermodynamic efficiency (1)
- Thermodynamic properties (1)
- Thiouracil (1)
- Time delay (1)
- Time series (1)
- Time-dependent mobility (1)
- Time-of-flight (TOF) (1)
- Topological matter (1)
- Transient photocurrent (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transition-metal ion (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Tunneling (1)
- UV cross-linking (1)
- UV nanoimprint lithography (1)
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy (1)
- Ultrafast X-rays (1)
- Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- University physics (1)
- Unterrichtsplanung (1)
- Uracil (1)
- V*V884 Sco (1)
- V-OC loss (1)
- VERB (1)
- VERB code (1)
- VERITAS (1)
- Vacuum fields (1)
- Vacuum-level alignment (1)
- Van Allen Probes (1)
- Vector bundle (1)
- Viscoelasticity (1)
- WAAM (1)
- WKB-expansion (1)
- Washing fastness (1)
- Water Vapor (1)
- Water distribution systems (1)
- Water-assisted crystallization (1)
- Wave Propagation (1)
- Wavelets (1)
- Wealth and income distribution (1)
- Weather regimes (1)
- X-ray absorption (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray and (1)
- X-ray computed (1)
- X-ray emission (1)
- X-ray refraction; (1)
- X-ray scattering (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray synchrotron diffraction (1)
- X-rays (1)
- X-rays : stars (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Circinus X-1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: GRS 1915+105 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: V4641 Sgr (1)
- Yield strength (1)
- Zeolite synthesis (1)
- absorption (1)
- absorption lines (1)
- absorption measurements (1)
- acceleration (1)
- acceptance (1)
- acidic crosslinking (1)
- actin (1)
- actin waves (1)
- active matter (1)
- active particles (1)
- activity (1)
- actuators (1)
- adaptation and mitigation (1)
- additive (1)
- additive manufacturing (AM) (1)
- ageing (1)
- aggregation (1)
- air pollution (1)
- aluminium alloys (1)
- amphiphilic side chains (1)
- analysis (1)
- analytical model (1)
- analyzer-based imaging (1)
- anatomical connectivity (1)
- and governance (1)
- and surface diffusion (1)
- anomalous (1)
- anomalous (or non-Fickian) diffusion (1)
- anomalous heat conduction (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antireflection (1)
- applications (1)
- approximate methods (1)
- aspect ratio (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- astronomy (1)
- astroparticle physic (1)
- asymmetric Levy flights (1)
- asymptotic analysis (1)
- asynchronous design (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (1)
- attosecond phenomena (1)
- authentication (1)
- authentication protocol (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- autocorrelation function (1)
- autocorrelations (1)
- autoregressive models (1)
- axial next nearest neighbour Ising chains (1)
- azobenzene (1)
- azobenzene containing polymers (1)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (1)
- azobenzene-containing molecules (1)
- background (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial swimming strategies (1)
- ball mill (1)
- bandgap (1)
- barrier escape (1)
- basis-sets (1)
- battery (1)
- battery-depletion attack (1)
- beam splitter (1)
- bifurcation analysis (1)
- binaries: eclipsing (1)
- binary neutron stars (1)
- biochemical oscillators (1)
- biohybrid microsystems (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- bioreceptors (1)
- biosensing (1)
- biosphere feedbacks (1)
- bismuth (1)
- bismuthene (1)
- black carbon (1)
- blade (1)
- block copolymer films (1)
- blue stragglers (1)
- boron-10 (1)
- boundary local time (1)
- brownian motion (1)
- brushes (1)
- bubbles (1)
- built-in potential (1)
- bulk (1)
- bulk heterojunction (1)
- bulk heterojunctions (1)
- bulk-heterojunction solar cells (1)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (1)
- cambs (1)
- cancer diagnosis (1)
- capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- carbene electron deficiency (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- carrier density (1)
- cascading regime (1)
- cataclysmic variables (1)
- catalysis (1)
- catanionic vesicles (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell nucleus (1)
- cell polarity (1)
- cell-cell (1)
- cellular signalling (1)
- cesium lead halides (1)
- chains (1)
- channel (1)
- chaos (1)
- characterization (1)
- charge (1)
- charge carrier density (1)
- charge carrier extraction (1)
- charge collection (1)
- charge density (1)
- charge generation yield (1)
- charge injection across hybrid interfaces (1)
- charge recombination yield (1)
- charge repulsion (1)
- charge shielding (1)
- charge storage (1)
- charge transfers (1)
- charge transport layers (1)
- charge-carrier transport (1)
- charge-transfer states (1)
- chemical (1)
- chemical interface damping (1)
- chemical modification (1)
- chemical oxidative polymerization (1)
- chemomechanical coupling (1)
- chimera (1)
- chimera state (1)
- chimera states (1)
- chirality (1)
- chloroplast ribosome (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chromosphere (1)
- circulation (1)
- circumstellar matter (1)
- classification (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change (1)
- clustering (1)
- coarse-grained order parameter (1)
- code (1)
- codifference (1)
- coefficient (1)
- coefficients (1)
- cohomology (1)
- collective dynamics (1)
- colloidal particles (1)
- coloured (1)
- coloured and quantum noise (1)
- coma (1)
- comets (1)
- compacton (1)
- complementarity (1)
- complex (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- complexes (1)
- composites (1)
- computed tomography (1)
- configuration (1)
- confinement (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformational and hydrodynamic characteristics (1)
- conformational changes (1)
- conjugated polymers (1)
- consequences (1)
- conservation laws (1)
- conservative random walks (1)
- contact resistance (1)
- continuous distribution model (1)
- continuous symmetries (1)
- continuous time random (1)
- continuous time random walk (1)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (1)
- contraction (1)
- convolutional neural networks (1)
- cooperation (1)
- coordinate measurement machine (1)
- copper iodide (1)
- copper minerals (1)
- correlated noise (1)
- correlation functions (1)
- correlations (1)
- cortical network (1)
- costs (1)
- coupled initial boundary value problem (1)
- coupling (1)
- coupling function (1)
- covariance (1)
- craters (1)
- critical adsorption (1)
- critical avalanche dynamics (1)
- critical phenomena (1)
- cross layer chip (1)
- crossover anomalous diffusion dynamics (1)
- crossover dynamics (1)
- cryolithology (1)
- crystal (1)
- crystal growth (1)
- crystal orientation (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cylindrical geometry (1)
- damage (1)
- dark matter (1)
- dark matter detectors (1)
- dark matter experiments (1)
- dark matter theory (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data assimilation (1)
- data based NARMAX modeling (1)
- data behind figure (1)
- data cleansing (1)
- data profiling (1)
- databases (1)
- de Rham complex (1)
- decomposing anomalous diffusion (1)
- deep learning (1)
- defect detection (1)
- defects (1)
- delay differential equation (1)
- delay faults (1)
- delayed feedback (1)
- denial-of-service attack (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- dependent velocity (1)
- dermis (1)
- design for Testability (1)
- detector (1)
- diamagnetic currents (1)
- dielectric (1)
- dielectric barrier discharges (1)
- dielectric hysteresis (1)
- dielectrics (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- diffraction (1)
- diffraction enhanced imaging (1)
- diffraction-elastic constants (1)
- diffuse radiation (1)
- diffusion coefficients (1)
- diffusion exponent (1)
- diffusion-controlled reactions (1)
- diffusion-influenced (1)
- diffusion-wave equation (1)
- dimension independent bound (1)
- dimensional reduction (1)
- direction of optomechanical stress (1)
- diselenide (1)
- dislocations (1)
- dispatchable renewable electricity (1)
- dispersion (1)
- dispersion force (1)
- doctor-blade coating (1)
- domain purity (1)
- domino effect (1)
- donor (1)
- donor-acceptor interfaces (1)
- doping (1)
- doubly transient chaos (1)
- driven (1)
- driving force (1)
- droughts (1)
- dynamic light scattering (1)
- dynamic loading (1)
- dynamical cluster (1)
- dynamical systems (1)
- dynamics simulation (1)
- dynamo (1)
- early warning indicators (1)
- ecological (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- econophysics (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- efficiency (1)
- ejecta (1)
- electret polymers (1)
- electrets (1)
- electrical breakdown (1)
- electrical polarization hysteresis (1)
- electro-electrets (1)
- electro-fused zirconia (1)
- electro-modulation microscopy (1)
- electroanalysis (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (1)
- electromagnetic radiation (1)
- electron flux (1)
- electron flux forecasts (1)
- electron lifetimes (1)
- electron localization (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron spectroscopy (1)
- electron-transfer (1)
- electrostatic (1)
- electrostatic interaction (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elevated-temperature effects on the operation of dielectric-elastomer (1)
- ellipsometry (1)
- elongation (1)
- emic waves (1)
- emission factor (1)
- empirical modeling (1)
- empirical prediction (1)
- enacted PCK (1)
- energetic disorder (1)
- energetic disorders (1)
- energetic offset (1)
- energetic particle (1)
- energy (1)
- energy decarbonization (1)
- energy gradients (1)
- energy system modeling (1)
- energy-level alignments (1)
- england (1)
- ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacement (1)
- ensemble methods (1)
- entrance test (1)
- entropy production (1)
- epidermis (1)
- equation (1)
- equation approach (1)
- equation of state; (1)
- equatorial ionization anomaly (1)
- equatorial ionosphere (1)
- equatorial plasma bubbles (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- ergodicity (1)
- exact results (1)
- excited-state proton-transfer (1)
- exciton dynamics (1)
- exciton plasmon coupling (1)
- excitonic materials (1)
- exclusion process (1)
- exclusion processes (1)
- expanding medium (1)
- expectation maximisation algorithm (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploit (1)
- external generation efficiency (1)
- external quantum efficiency (1)
- extremal values (1)
- extreme statistics (1)
- extrusion (1)
- fastest first-passage time of N walkers (1)
- femtosecond laser spectroscopy (1)
- ferro- and piezoelectrets (1)
- ferroelectric semiconductors (1)
- ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in polymers (1)
- fiber-electrophoresis chip (1)
- field experience (1)
- field-effect transistor (1)
- figure of merit (1)
- fill factor (1)
- fill factor losses (1)
- film sensor (1)
- films (1)
- filter (1)
- financial time series (1)
- finite-size effects (1)
- first-arrival density (1)
- first-passage time distribution (1)
- first-passage times (1)
- first-reaction time (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flashover (1)
- flexible (1)
- flow network (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorinated organic spacer (1)
- fluorination (1)
- fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) copolymer (1)
- force methods (1)
- forcing from below (1)
- forecast (1)
- formal specification (1)
- formal verification (1)
- formation (1)
- fractal (1)
- fractal dimension (1)
- fractional diffusion (1)
- fractional dynamic equations (1)
- fractional dynamics (1)
- free-electron laser (1)
- friction (1)
- fullerenes (1)
- functional connectivity (1)
- functional materials (1)
- functionalization (1)
- fungus (1)
- galaxies: clusters: general (1)
- galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD (1)
- galaxies: individual (1)
- galaxies: individual: NGC 4038, NGC 4039 (1)
- galaxies: individual: Small Magellanic Cloud (1)
- galaxies: star clusters (1)
- galaxy evolution (1)
- gamma ray detectors (1)
- gamma rays: (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse background (1)
- gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 150323A) (1)
- gamma-ray bursts: general (1)
- gamma-rays: general (1)
- gas (1)
- gas chromatography (1)
- gene regulatory networks (1)
- general relativity (1)
- generalised langevin equation (1)
- generalized diffusion equation (1)
- generalized eigenfunction (1)
- generalized eigenfunctions (1)
- generational comparison (1)
- genetic networks (1)
- geomagnetic activity (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetic storms (1)
- geometrical deformations (1)
- geostationary orbit (1)
- glass (1)
- glassy systems (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 2808 (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 3201 (1)
- gold cluster (1)
- gold nanoflowers (1)
- gradient boosting (1)
- gradients (1)
- grafted polymers (1)
- granite (1)
- gravitation (1)
- gravitational lensing: strong (1)
- gravitational-wave astronomy (1)
- gravity (1)
- green solvents (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- ground state (1)
- group-subgroup relationships (1)
- guided self assembly (1)
- healing (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- helium-3 alternative (1)
- heteroatoms (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion process (1)
- heterogeneous ensemble of Brownian particles (1)
- heterogeneous media (1)
- heterojunction silicon solar cells (1)
- heterostructures (1)
- high dimensional (1)
- high impact polystyrene (1)
- high-frequency force (1)
- high-redshift (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (1)
- hole (1)
- hole extraction (1)
- hole selective materials (1)
- hopping dynamics (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- humidity (1)
- hybrid manufacturing (1)
- hybrid material (1)
- hybrid metal oxides (1)
- hybrid nanoparticles (1)
- hybrid synthesis (1)
- hydration layer (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydrodynamic model (1)
- hydrogels (1)
- hydrogen bonds (1)
- hyperbolic attractor (1)
- ice harboring (1)
- image registration (1)
- imaging (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- implantable medical device (1)
- implants (1)
- imprinted electrodes (1)
- in situ (1)
- in situ monitoring (1)
- incoherent light (1)
- incoherent radiation (1)
- individual (1)
- individual: CU Vir (1)
- influence of weak magnetic fields on living systems (1)
- information (1)
- information theory (1)
- infrared: galaxies (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- infrared: planetary systems (1)
- infrared: stars (1)
- inorganic perovskites (1)
- instability (1)
- instructional (1)
- instructional explanation (1)
- instrumentation: adaptive optics (1)
- interactions (1)
- interface engineering (1)
- interfaces (1)
- intermittency (1)
- intermolecular force (1)
- intersystem crossing (1)
- inversion (1)
- ion beam (1)
- ion channels (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- ion optics (1)
- ionic crosslinking (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- iron cyanides (1)
- irreversible volume-change (1)
- irreversible work share (1)
- jump detection (1)
- kinetic of cis-trans isomerization (1)
- laboratory x-ray diffraction (1)
- land use (1)
- large area devices (1)
- large deviation function (1)
- large-deviation statistic (1)
- large-scale structure of Universe (1)
- laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- laser pulses (1)
- laser-based additive manufacturing (1)
- lattice gas (1)
- layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- lead halide perovskite films (1)
- leakage scheme (1)
- lesson planning (1)
- light emission (1)
- light management (1)
- light photocontrol (1)
- linear stability analysis (1)
- linearized gravity (1)
- lipid bilayer membrane dynamics (1)
- living cells (1)
- local equilibrium (1)
- localisation (1)
- localization microscopy (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- loss mechanisms (1)
- low (1)
- low donor content (1)
- low-frequency force (1)
- lunar exploration (1)
- machine learning (1)
- magnetic microstructures (1)
- magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- magnetic pressure (1)
- magnetic proximity effect (1)
- magnetic stray field (1)
- magnetisation (1)
- magnetostriction (1)
- manipulation (1)
- manufacturing (AM) (1)
- mass (1)
- master (1)
- material (1)
- matrix composites (1)
- maximum and range (1)
- maximum entropy analysis (1)
- mean residence time (1)
- mean versus most probable reaction times (1)
- mean-field model (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- melt-quench-anneal (1)
- membrane (1)
- membrane channel (1)
- memory and delay (1)
- memory kernel (1)
- mesoporous silicon (1)
- metal (1)
- metal halide perovskites (1)
- metal optics (1)
- metal species (1)
- methane localization (1)
- methods (1)
- methods: Data analysis (1)
- methods: MHD (1)
- methods: Observational (1)
- methods: statistical (1)
- micro computed tomography (XCT) (1)
- microcracking (1)
- microfluidic paper analytic device (mu PAD) (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microstructure-property relations (1)
- microtransport and -assembly (1)
- mid-temperature transition(s) (1)
- milton rd (1)
- miscellaneous (1)
- mixed boundary conditions (1)
- mixed domains (1)
- mobile ions (1)
- mobile-immobile model (1)
- mobility (1)
- modeling (1)
- modelling (1)
- models (1)
- modified electrode (1)
- modular logic programs (1)
- mold (1)
- molecular bottle brushes (1)
- molecular brushes (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular crystals (1)
- molecular hydrodynamics and (1)
- molecular overcrowding (1)
- molecular weight (1)
- molecules (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monolayer (1)
- monsoon (1)
- monte-carlo (1)
- motion registration (1)
- movement data (1)
- multi-messenger astrophysics (1)
- multichannel (1)
- multidimensional fractional diffusion equation (1)
- multiple (1)
- myosin II (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanofiber (1)
- nanoscale energy transports (1)
- nanoscale heat transfer (1)
- nanoscale modeling (1)
- narrow escape problem (1)
- natriuretic peptide system (1)
- natural resources (biological and non-biological) (1)
- near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- nebulae: general (1)
- negative thermal expansion (1)
- network dynamics (1)
- neural (1)
- neuronal networks (1)
- neutron powder diffraction (1)
- neutron resonance spin-echo spectroscopy (1)
- neutron spin-echo (1)
- neutron stars (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- nitride materials (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- non-Gaussian (1)
- non-Gaussian diffusion (1)
- non-Gaussian distribution (1)
- non-Gaussian probability (1)
- non-Gaussianity (1)
- non-Langevin reduction factors (1)
- non-contact heat transfer (1)
- non-destructive evaluation (1)
- non-equilibrium (1)
- non-equilibrium steady state (1)
- non-exponential relaxation (1)
- non-exponential statistics (1)
- non-extensive statistics (1)
- non-integer dimension (1)
- non-radiative recombination (1)
- non-repudiation (1)
- nonequilibrium physics (1)
- nonequilibrium stationary state (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nonlinear frequency conversion (1)
- nonlinear lattice (1)
- nonlocal coupled oscillators (1)
- nonlocal coupling (1)
- nonradiative voltage losses (1)
- nonstationary diffusivity (1)
- novae (1)
- nucleobase (1)
- nucleobases (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- on-farm evaluation (1)
- onshore wind (1)
- opacity (1)
- open quantum systems (1)
- open-circuit voltage (1)
- optical manipulation (1)
- optical simulations (1)
- optical spectroscopy (1)
- optical tomography (1)
- optics (1)
- option pricing (1)
- optoplasmonic (1)
- organic (1)
- organic field-effect transistors (1)
- organic interfaces (1)
- organic semiconductors; (1)
- organic solar cell (1)
- organohalide lead perovskites (1)
- orientation approaches (1)
- origins (1)
- osmotic-pressure (1)
- overdamped brownian systems (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen plasma (1)
- p-type (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter inference (1)
- part I (1)
- particle morphology (1)
- passivation (1)
- patterning glass microfiber (1)
- patterns (1)
- peptides (1)
- percolation (1)
- percolation threshold (1)
- performance assessment (1)
- period doubling (1)
- periodically poled material (1)
- perovskite semiconductors (1)
- perovskite solar cell (1)
- perovskites (1)
- persistence (1)
- perturbation approach (1)
- phase approximation (1)
- phase behavior (1)
- phase diffusion (1)
- phase field model (1)
- phase oscillators (1)
- phase purity (1)
- phase response curve (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- phase-transition boundary (1)
- phospholipid membranes (1)
- photocontrol (1)
- photodissociation region (PDR) (1)
- photoelectron (1)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- photoexcited hole transfer (1)
- photofragmentation (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photoluminescence quenching (1)
- photon recycling (1)
- photon statistics (1)
- photonic crystal fibers (1)
- photosensitive polymers (1)
- photosensitive surfactants (1)
- photostability (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- physical chemistry (1)
- physical hydrogels (1)
- physics education (1)
- picosecond ultrasonics (1)
- piezoelectret (1)
- piezoelectrets (1)
- pitch angle (1)
- pitch angle scattering (1)
- planetary (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual: SwSt1 (1)
- planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability (1)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (1)
- planning constraints (1)
- plasma flows (1)
- plasma pressure (1)
- plasmaspheric hiss (1)
- plasmaspheric plume (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonics (1)
- polarization (1)
- policies (1)
- politics (1)
- poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (1)
- poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) (1)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (1)
- polyelectrolytes (1)
- polymer (1)
- polymer ferroelectrets (1)
- polymer-foam films (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1)
- polypyrrole (1)
- polysulfobetaines (1)
- polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (1)
- polyurethanes (1)
- polyzwitterions (1)
- populations (1)
- pore orientation (1)
- porosity (1)
- porous carbon materials (1)
- porphyrin (1)
- positioning (1)
- positive solutions (1)
- posttranslational protein translocation (1)
- potential ene rgy surface (1)
- power conversion efficiency (1)
- power spectral density (1)
- power spectrum (1)
- pp-wave solutions (1)
- practicum (1)
- pre-service teachers (1)
- precipitation (1)
- prediction (1)
- preferred orientation (1)
- preparedness (1)
- pressure-volume change (1)
- pressures (1)
- printed electroacoustic thin-film transducers (1)
- printing (1)
- probabilistic inference (1)
- probability density function (1)
- process (1)
- process inference (1)
- process monitoring (1)
- projections (1)
- proteasome (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein search (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- proteins (1)
- protocols (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0656+14 (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (1)
- pulsars: individual: SXP 1062 (1)
- pulse compression (1)
- pulse front matching (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- purification (1)
- quality (1)
- quantum (1)
- quantum correlations (1)
- quantum gravity (1)
- quantum mechanics (1)
- quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- quasar: absorption line (1)
- quasars: (1)
- quasars: emission lines (1)
- quasars: individual: 3C 279 (1)
- quasars: individual: LBQS 0302-0018 (1)
- quasi-Fermi level (1)
- quasi-particles (1)
- quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorptions (1)
- radiation belt (1)
- radiation belt electrons (1)
- radiation belt forecasts (1)
- radiation pressure (1)
- radiative limit (1)
- radiative transfer (1)
- radio continuum: stars (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- random forest (1)
- random search processes (1)
- random walk (1)
- random-walk (1)
- random-walks (1)
- rare events (1)
- ratchets (1)
- reaction cascade (1)
- reaction-diffusion models (1)
- reactions (1)
- readout electronics (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- recombination losses (1)
- recombination order (1)
- recombinations (1)
- rectification (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- reflected Brownian motion (1)
- reflecting boundary conditions (1)
- regional equity (1)
- regression (1)
- relationships (1)
- relative total electron content (1)
- relativistic electron precipitation (1)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (1)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymers (1)
- remote monitoring (1)
- repertory grid (1)
- research priorities (1)
- resetting (1)
- residual stress analysis (1)
- resolution matrix (1)
- resonant X-ray scattering (1)
- resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- resource assessments (1)
- reversible binding (1)
- reversible work share (1)
- reversible-share-theorem (1)
- ribosome assembly (1)
- right limits (1)
- ring (1)
- ring current (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring current model (1)
- rock (1)
- rotation curves of galaxies (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- royal soc chemistry (1)
- run and tumble (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- scalability (1)
- scalar product of force and displacement (1)
- scaled Brownian motion (1)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (1)
- scanning tunneling spectroscopy (1)
- school internship (1)
- science park (1)
- screen (1)
- search dynamics (1)
- search efficiency (1)
- segmentations (1)
- selective contact (1)
- selective laser melting (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- self-sufficiency (1)
- self-sustained oscillations (1)
- sensors and actuators (1)
- seperation (1)
- sequence-controlled polymers (1)
- shell-like geometries (1)
- shifts (1)
- silicon (1)
- silver (1)
- single chain folding (1)
- single trajectories (1)
- single trajectory analysis (1)
- single-molecule (1)
- single-particle tracking (1)
- single-stranded-dna (1)
- single-trajectory analysis (1)
- sintering (1)
- skutterudite (1)
- small molecules (1)
- smart card (1)
- social acceptance (1)
- soft X-ray (1)
- soft X-ray absorption (1)
- soft X-ray beamline (1)
- soft X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- soft electro-active materials (1)
- soft matter (1)
- soil moisture (1)
- solar coronal mass ejections (1)
- solar storm (1)
- solid-state nanopores (1)
- solitary wave (1)
- soliton (1)
- solvation (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- space charge (1)
- space-charge effects (1)
- space-charge stability (1)
- space-dependent diffusivity (1)
- space-time fractional diffusion equation (1)
- spacing (1)
- spark plasma (1)
- spatial (1)
- spatial poisson distribution (1)
- specific ion effects (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectrometry (1)
- spectroscopic (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
- spin (1)
- spin foam models (1)
- spin glass (1)
- spin state (1)
- spin- and angle-resolved photoemission (1)
- spin-crossover (1)
- spin-dependent forces (1)
- spin-orbit coupling (1)
- spin-orbit interaction (1)
- spin-related factors (1)
- spin-resolved (1)
- spiro-OMeTAD (1)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (1)
- splitting (1)
- spontaneous parametric down-conversion (1)
- spread F (1)
- sputtering (1)
- stability analysis (1)
- stability and accuracy (1)
- stable water isotopes (1)
- stars (1)
- stars : Wolf-Rayet (1)
- stars : atmospheres (1)
- stars : early-type (1)
- stars : evolution (1)
- stars : individual : xi Per (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Oph (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Ori (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Pup (1)
- stars : mass-loss (1)
- stars : winds, outflows (1)
- stars evolution (1)
- stars: Wolft-Rayet (1)
- stars: circumstellar matter (1)
- stars: early-typeP (1)
- stars: flare (1)
- stars: formation (1)
- stars: horizontal branch (1)
- stars: horizontal-branch (1)
- stars: individual (PHL 457, EQ Psc) (1)
- stars: individual: 4U1700-37 (1)
- stars: individual: DGCVn-gamma rays: stars (1)
- stars: individual: HD 137366 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 93129A (1)
- stars: individual: HR 5907 (1)
- stars: individual: PG 1610+062 (1)
- stars: individual: R 145 (1)
- stars: individual: SMC AB 6 (1)
- stars: individual: WR 7 (1)
- stars: late-type (1)
- stars: magnetars (1)
- stars: oscillations (1)
- stars: oscillations (including pulsations) (1)
- stars: variables: general (1)
- state space modelling (1)
- stationary stochastic process (1)
- statistical physics (1)
- statistics (1)
- stellar content (1)
- stellar coronal mass ejections (1)
- stimuli-responsive structured polymer films (1)
- stochastic dynamics (1)
- stochastic models (1)
- stochastic process (1)
- stochastic resonance (1)
- stochastic thermodynamics (1)
- stochastic time series (1)
- stochastics (1)
- strain-free lattice (1)
- stress exponent (1)
- stress recovery (1)
- stress-relaxation (1)
- strong coupling (1)
- structure (1)
- structure of water (1)
- structure-property (1)
- structured polynucleotides (1)
- structures (1)
- stuck-at faults (1)
- subgrain structure (1)
- summer (1)
- sunspots (1)
- superalloys (1)
- superdiffusion and (1)
- superluminescent diodes (1)
- supernovae: general (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- support vector machines (1)
- surface band bending (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface cracks (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface morphology (1)
- surface photovoltage (1)
- surface reactivity (1)
- surface recombination (1)
- surface reconstruction (1)
- surface states (1)
- surface tension (1)
- surface treatment (1)
- surface wetting (1)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (1)
- surface-roughened (1)
- susceptibility (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (1)
- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- synthesis (1)
- system-immanent forces (1)
- systemimmanente Kräfte (1)
- systems subjected to parameter drift (1)
- table-top sources (1)
- tandem solar cells (1)
- tau proteins (1)
- teacher education (1)
- techniques (1)
- techniques: Image processing (1)
- techniques: radial velocities (1)
- telegrapher's equation (1)
- telluride (1)
- tellurium (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature dependence (1)
- ternary blends (1)
- texture (1)
- thermal barrier coatings (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal energy storage (1)
- thermal expansion (1)
- thermal stimulation of (1)
- thermally enhanced actuators (1)
- thermally stimulated depolarization current (1)
- thermoactivational spectroscopy (1)
- thermodynamic control (1)
- thermodynamic length (1)
- thermoelectric materials (1)
- thermoelectric properties (1)
- thermoelectrics (1)
- theta neurons (1)
- thickness insensitive active layers (1)
- thin films (1)
- thin-film solar cells (1)
- thiouracil (1)
- thomas graham house (1)
- threshold voltages (1)
- through space NMR shieldings (1)
- time (1)
- time averaging (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- time-averaged mean squared displacement (1)
- time-fractional Schrödinger equation (1)
- time-resolved X-ray probing (1)
- time-resolved photoemission (1)
- timing resilient design (1)
- tipping cascade (1)
- tipping elements (1)
- tipping interactions (1)
- titanium dioxide (1)
- tomography (XCT) (1)
- topological community (1)
- total work (1)
- tracking (1)
- trade (1)
- tranfer excited-state (1)
- transfer dynamics (1)
- transient absorption spectroscopy (1)
- transient grating spectroscopy (1)
- transient spectroscopy (1)
- transmission (1)
- transparent conductors (1)
- transport layer (1)
- transport layers (1)
- transports (1)
- transversal instabilities (1)
- traveling waves (1)
- triple-axis spectroscopy (1)
- triple-cation perovskite (1)
- truncated power-law correlated noise (1)
- twisted state (1)
- ultrafast molecular dynamics (1)
- ultrafast optics (1)
- ultrafast phenomena (1)
- ultrafast photoacoustics (1)
- ultrafast spectroscopy (1)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (1)
- ultrarelativistic electrons (1)
- ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- ultraviolet: galaxies (1)
- ultraviolet: stars (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- utility-scale batteries (1)
- vacuum fields (1)
- van allen probes (RBSP) (1)
- van allen probes; (1)
- verb (1)
- verb simulations; (1)
- vibrational resonance (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- viscoelastic effects and anomalous diffusion (1)
- viscosity (1)
- walks (1)
- water (1)
- water diffusion in the brain (1)
- water ice (1)
- water-interface (1)
- water-methane films (1)
- wave particle interaction (1)
- wave structure (1)
- wave-particle interactions (1)
- waveguides (1)
- weak ergodicity breaking (1)
- wearable (1)
- weather (1)
- weighted (1)
- whispering gallery modes (1)
- wurtzite type (1)
- x-ray free-electron lasers (1)
- x-ray photoemission (1)
- x-ray spectroscopies and phenomena (1)
- x-ray-absorption (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zero-power defense (1)
- zwitterions (1)
- иперболический аттрактор (1)
- когомологии (1)
- комплекс де Рама (1)
- оллективная динамика (1)
- проблема Неймана (1)
- синхронизация (1)
- теория Ходжа (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (879)
- Institut für Chemie (37)
- Institut für Mathematik (15)
- Extern (8)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (6)
- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (6)
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (5)
- Fachgruppe Politik- & Verwaltungswissenschaft (4)
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering gGmbH (3)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (3)
A rigorous construction of the supersymmetric path integral associated to a compact spin manifold
(2022)
We give a rigorous construction of the path integral in N = 1/2 supersymmetry as an integral map for differential forms on the loop space of a compact spin manifold. It is defined on the space of differential forms which can be represented by extended iterated integrals in the sense of Chen and Getzler-Jones-Petrack. Via the iterated integral map, we compare our path integral to the non-commutative loop space Chern character of Guneysu and the second author. Our theory provides a rigorous background to various formal proofs of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem for twisted Dirac operators using supersymmetric path integrals, as investigated by Alvarez-Gaume, Atiyah, Bismut and Witten.
A search for new supernova remnants (SNRs) has been conducted using TeV gamma-ray data from the H.E.S.S. Galactic plane survey. As an identification criterion, shell morphologies that are characteristic for known resolved TeV SNRs have been used. Three new SNR candidates were identified in the H.E.S.S. data set with this method. Extensive multiwavelength searches for counterparts were conducted. A radio SNR candidate has been identified to be a counterpart to HESS J1534-571. The TeV source is therefore classified as a SNR. For the other two sources, HESS J1614-518 and HESS J1912 + 101, no identifying counterparts have been found, thus they remain SNR candidates for the time being. TeV-emitting SNRs are key objects in the context of identifying the accelerators of Galactic cosmic rays. The TeV emission of the relativistic particles in the new sources is examined in view of possible leptonic and hadronic emission scenarios, taking the current multiwavelength knowledge into account.
A Search for Pulsed Very High-energy Gamma-Rays from 13 Young Pulsars in Archival VERITAS Data
(2019)
We conduct a search for periodic emission in the very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray band (E > 100 GeV) from a total of 13 pulsars in an archival VERITAS data set with a total exposure of over 450 hr. The set of pulsars includes many of the brightest young gamma-ray pulsars visible in the Northern Hemisphere. The data analysis resulted in nondetections of pulsed VHE gamma-rays from each pulsar. Upper limits on a potential VHE gamma-ray flux are derived at the 95% confidence level above three energy thresholds using two methods. These are the first such searches for pulsed VHE emission from each of the pulsars, and the obtained limits constrain a possible flux component manifesting at VHEs as is seen for the Crab pulsar.
Context. Microquasars are potential gamma-ray emitters. Indications of transient episodes of gamma-ray emission were recently reported in at least two systems: Cyg X-1 and Cyg X-3. The identification of additional gamma-ray-emitting microquasars is required to better understand how gamma-ray emission can be produced in these systems. Aims. Theoretical models have predicted very high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission from microquasars during periods of transient outburst. Observations reported herein were undertaken with the objective of observing a broadband flaring event in the gamma-ray and X-ray bands. Methods. Contemporaneous observations of three microquasars, GRS 1915+105, Circinus X-1, and V4641 Sgr, were obtained using the High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) telescope array and the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite. X-ray analyses for each microquasar were performed and VHE gamma-ray upper limits from contemporaneous H.E.S.S. observations were derived. Results. No significant gamma-ray signal has been detected in any of the three systems. The integral gamma-ray photon flux at the observational epochs is constrained to be I(>560 GeV) < 7.3 x 10(-13) cm(-2) S-1, I(>560 GeV) < 1.2 x 10-(12) cm s(-1), and I(>240 GeV) < 4.5 x 10(-12) cm(-2) s(-1) for GRS 1915+105, Circinus X-1, and V4641 Sgr, respectively. Conclusions. The gamma-ray upper limits obtained using H.E.S.S. are examined in the context of previous Cherenkov telescope observations of microquasars. The effect of intrinsic absorption is modelled for each target and found to have negligible impact on the flux of escaping gamma-rays. When combined with the X-ray behaviour observed using RXTE, the derived results indicate that if detectable VHE gamma-ray emission from microquasars is commonplace, then it is likely to be highly transient.
Fixational eye movements show scaling behaviour of the positional mean-squared displacement with a characteristic transition from persistence to antipersistence for increasing time-lag. These statistical patterns were found to be mainly shaped by microsaccades (fast, small-amplitude movements). However, our re-analysis of fixational eye-movement data provides evidence that the slow component (physiological drift) of the eyes exhibits scaling behaviour of the mean-squared displacement that varies across human participants. These results suggest that drift is a correlated movement that interacts with microsaccades. Moreover, on the long time scale, the mean-squared displacement of the drift shows oscillations, which is also present in the displacement auto-correlation function. This finding lends support to the presence of time-delayed feedback in the control of drift movements. Based on an earlier non-linear delayed feedback model of fixational eye movements, we propose and discuss different versions of a new model that combines a self-avoiding walk with time delay. As a result, we identify a model that reproduces oscillatory correlation functions, the transition from persistence to antipersistence, and microsaccades.
A Shockley-Type polymer
(2018)
Charge extraction rate in solar cells made of blends of electron donating/accepting organic semiconductors is typically slow due to their low charge carrier mobility. This sets a limit on the active layer thickness and has hindered the industrialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, charge transport and recombination properties of an efficient polymer (NT812):fullerene blend are investigated. This system delivers power conversion efficiency of >9% even when the junction thickness is as large as 800 nm. Experimental results indicate that this material system exhibits exceptionally low bimolecular recombination constant, 800 times smaller than the diffusion-controlled electron and hole encounter rate. Comparing theoretical results based on a recently introduced modified Shockley model for fill factor, and experiments, clarifies that charge collection is nearly ideal in these solar cells even when the thickness is several hundreds of nanometer. This is the first realization of high-efficiency Shockley-type organic solar cells with junction thicknesses suitable for scaling up.
Solar wind observations show that geomagnetic storms are mainly driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and corotating or stream interaction regions (C/SIRs). We present a binary classifier that assigns one of these drivers to 7,546 storms between 1930 and 2015 using ground‐based geomagnetic field observations only. The input data consists of the long‐term stable Hourly Magnetospheric Currents index alongside the corresponding midlatitude geomagnetic observatory time series. This data set provides comprehensive information on the global storm time magnetic disturbance field, particularly its spatial variability, over eight solar cycles. For the first time, we use this information statistically with regard to an automated storm driver identification. Our supervised classification model significantly outperforms unskilled baseline models (78% accuracy with 26[19]% misidentified interplanetary coronal mass ejections [corotating or stream interaction regions]) and delivers plausible driver occurrences with regard to storm intensity and solar cycle phase. Our results can readily be used to advance related studies fundamental to space weather research, for example, studies connecting galactic cosmic ray modulation and geomagnetic disturbances. They are fully reproducible by means of the underlying open‐source software (Pick, 2019, http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.3.2019.003)
This is the first of a series of papers presenting the results from our survey of 25 Galactic globular clusters with the MUSE integral-field spectrograph. In combination with our dedicated algorithm for source deblending, MUSE provides unique multiplex capabilities in crowded stellar fields and allows us to acquire samples of up to 20 000 stars within the half-light radius of each cluster. The present paper focuses on the analysis of the internal dynamics of 22 out of the 25 clusters, using about 500 000 spectra of 200 000 individual stars. Thanks to the large stellar samples per cluster, we are able to perform a detailed analysis of the central rotation and dispersion fields using both radial profiles and two-dimensional maps. The velocity dispersion profiles we derive show a good general agreement with existing radial velocity studies but typically reach closer to the cluster centres. By comparison with proper motion data, we derive or update the dynamical distance estimates to 14 clusters. Compared to previous dynamical distance estimates for 47 Tuc, our value is in much better agreement with other methods. We further find significant (>3 sigma) rotation in the majority (13/22) of our clusters. Our analysis seems to confirm earlier findings of a link between rotation and the ellipticities of globular clusters. In addition, we find a correlation between the strengths of internal rotation and the relaxation times of the clusters, suggesting that the central rotation fields are relics of the cluster formation that are gradually dissipated via two-body relaxation.
A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: A spectral catalogue of emission-line sources
(2019)
Aims. Globular clusters produce many exotic stars due to a much higher frequency of dynamical interactions in their dense stellar environments. Some of these objects were observed together with several hundred thousand other stars in our MUSE survey of 26 Galactic globular clusters. Assuming that at least a few exotic stars have exotic spectra (i.e. spectra that contain emission lines), we can use this large spectroscopic data set of over a million stellar spectra as a blind survey to detect stellar exotica in globular clusters. Methods. To detect emission lines in each spectrum, we modelled the expected shape of an emission line as a Gaussian curve. This template was used for matched filtering on the di fferences between each observed 1D spectrum and its fitted spectral model. The spectra with the most significant detections of H alpha emission are checked visually and cross-matched with published catalogues. Results. We find 156 stars with H alpha emission, including several known cataclysmic variables (CV) and two new CVs, pulsating variable stars, eclipsing binary stars, the optical counterpart of a known black hole, several probable sub-subgiants and red stragglers, and 21 background emission-line galaxies. We find possible optical counterparts to 39 X-ray sources, as we detected H alpha emission in several spectra of stars that are close to known positions of Chandra X-ray sources. This spectral catalogue can be used to supplement existing or future X-ray or radio observations with spectra of potential optical counterparts to classify the sources.
We utilise multi-epoch MUSE spectroscopy to study binary stars in the core of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 3201. Our sample consists of 3553 stars with 54 883 spectra in total comprising 3200 main-sequence stars up to 4 magnitudes below the turn-off. Each star in our sample has between 3 and 63 (with a median of 14) reliable radial velocity measurements within five years of observations. We introduce a statistical method to determine the probability of a star showing radial velocity variations based on the whole inhomogeneous radial velocity sample. Using HST photometry and an advanced dynamical MOCCA simulation of this specific cluster we overcome observational biases that previous spectroscopic studies had to deal with. This allows us to infer a binary frequency in the MUSE field of view and enables us to deduce the underlying true binary frequency of (6.75 +/- 0.72)% in NGC 3201. The comparison of the MUSE observations with the MOCCA simulation suggests a large portion of primordial binaries. We can also confirm a radial increase in the binary fraction towards the cluster centre due to mass segregation. We discovered that in the core of NGC 3201 at least (57.5 +/- 7.9)% of blue straggler stars are in a binary system. For the first time in a study of globular clusters, we were able to fit Keplerian orbits to a significant sample of 95 binaries. We present the binary system properties of eleven blue straggler stars and the connection to SX Phoenicis-type stars. We show evidence that two blue straggler formation scenarios, the mass transfer in binary (or triple) star systems and the coalescence due to binary-binary interactions, are present in our data. We also describe the binary and spectroscopic properties of four sub-subgiant (or red straggler) stars. Furthermore, we discovered two new black hole candidates with minimum masses (M sin i) of (7.68 +/- 0.50)M-circle dot, (4.4 +/- 2.8)M-circle dot, and refine the minimum mass estimate on the already published black hole to (4.53 +/- 0.21)M-circle dot, These black holes are consistent with an extensive black hole subsystem hosted by NGC 3201.
Context. Galactic globular clusters (GCs) are now known to host multiple populations displaying particular abundance variations. The different populations within a GC can be well distinguished following their position in the pseudo two-colors diagrams, also referred to as "chromosome maps". These maps are constructed using optical and near-UV photometry available from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) UV survey of GCs. However, the chemical tagging of the various populations in the chromosome maps is hampered by the fact that HST photometry and elemental abundances are both only available for a limited number of stars. Aims. The spectra collected as part of the MUSE survey of globular clusters provide a spectroscopic counterpart to the HST photometric catalogs covering the central regions of GCs. In this paper, we use the MUSE spectra of 1115 red giant branch (RGB) stars in NGC 2808 to characterize the abundance variations seen in the multiple populations of this cluster. Methods. We used the chromosome map of NGC 2808 to divide the RGB stars into their respective populations. We then combined the spectra of all stars belonging to a given population, resulting in one high signal-to-noise ratio spectrum representative of each population. Results. Variations in the spectral lines of O, Na, Mg, and Al are clearly detected among four of the populations. In order to quantify these variations, we measured equivalent width differences and created synthetic populations spectra that were used to determine abundance variations with respect to the primordial population of the cluster. Our results are in good agreement with the values expected from previous studies based on high-resolution spectroscopy. We do not see any significant variations in the spectral lines of Ca, K, and Ba. We also do not detect abundance variations among the stars belonging to the primordial population of NGC 2808. Conclusions. We demonstrate that in spite of their low resolution, the MUSE spectra can be used to investigate abundance variations in the context of multiple populations.
On 2015 March 23, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) responded to a Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detection of a gamma-ray burst, with observations beginning 270 s after the onset of BAT emission, and only 135 s after the main BAT emission peak. No statistically significant signal is detected above 140 GeV. The VERITAS upper limit on the fluence in a 40-minute integration corresponds to about 1% of the prompt fluence. Our limit is particularly significant because the very-high-energy (VHE) observation started only similar to 2 minutes after the prompt emission peaked, and Fermi-Large Area Telescope observations of numerous other bursts have revealed that the high-energy emission is typically delayed relative to the prompt radiation and lasts significantly longer. Also, the proximity of GRB 150323A (z = 0.593) limits the attenuation by the extragalactic background light to similar to 50% at 100-200 GeV. We conclude that GRB 150323A had an intrinsically very weak high-energy afterglow, or that the GeV spectrum had a turnover below similar to 100 GeV. If the GRB exploded into the stellar wind of a massive progenitor, the VHE non-detection constrains the wind density parameter to be A greater than or similar to 3 x 10(11) g . cm(-1), consistent with a standard Wolf-Rayet progenitor. Alternatively, the VHE emission from the blast wave would be weak in a very tenuous medium such as the interstellar medium, which therefore cannot be ruled out as the environment of GRB 150323A.
Both ground- and satellite-based airglow imaging have significantly contributed to understanding the low-latitude ionosphere, especially the morphology and dynamics of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). The NASA Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission focuses on far-ultraviolet airglow images from a geostationary orbit at 47.5 degrees W. This region is of particular interest at low magnetic latitudes because of the high magnetic declination (i.e., about -20 degrees) and proximity of the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly. In this study, we characterize an exciting feature of the nighttime EIA using GOLD observations from October 5, 2018 to June 30, 2020. It consists of a wavelike structure of a few thousand kilometers seen as poleward and equatorward displacements of the EIA-crests. Initial analyses show that the synoptic-scale structure is symmetric about the dip equator and appears nearly stationary with time over the night. In quasi-dipole coordinates, maxima poleward displacements of the EIA-crests are seen at about +/- 12 degrees latitude and around 20 and 60 degrees longitude (i.e., in geographic longitude at the dip equator, about 53 degrees W and 14 degrees W). The wavelike structure presents typical zonal wavelengths of about 6.7 x 10(3) km and 3.3 x 10(3) km. The structure's occurrence and wavelength are highly variable on a day-to-day basis with no apparent dependence on geomagnetic activity. In addition, a cluster or quasi-periodic wave train of equatorial plasma depletions (EPDs) is often detected within the synoptic-scale structure. We further outline the difference in observing these EPDs from FUV images and in situ measurements during a GOLD and Swarm mission conjunction.
The high resolution near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum of nitrogen displays the vibrational structure of the core-excited states. This makes nitrogen well suited for assessing the accuracy of different electronic structure methods for core excitations. We report high resolution experimental measurements performed at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. These are compared with theoretical spectra calculated using coupled cluster theory and algebraic diagrammatic construction theory. The coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples model known as CC3 is shown to accurately reproduce the experimental excitation energies as well as the spacing of the vibrational transitions. The computational results are also shown to be systematically improved within the coupled cluster hierarchy, with the coupled cluster singles, doubles, triples, and quadruples method faithfully reproducing the experimental vibrational structure. Published by AIP Publishing.
We introduce a thermofield-based formulation of the multilayer multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method to study finite temperature effects on non-adiabatic quantum dynamics from a non-stochastic, wave function perspective. Our approach is based on the formal equivalence of bosonic many-body theory at zero temperature with a doubled number of degrees of freedom and the thermal quasi-particle representation of bosonic thermofield dynamics (TFD). This equivalence allows for a transfer of bosonic many-body MCTDH as introduced by Wang and Thoss to the finite temperature framework of thermal quasi-particle TFD. As an application, we study temperature effects on the ultrafast internal conversion dynamics in pyrazine. We show that finite temperature effects can be efficiently accounted for in the construction of multilayer expansions of thermofield states in the framework presented herein. Furthermore, we find our results to agree well with existing studies on the pyrazine model based on the pMCTDH method.
We demonstrate a tilted pulse-front transient grating (TG) technique that allows to optimally utilize time resolution as well as TG line density while probing under grazing incidence as typically done in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or soft x-ray (SXR) experiments. Our optical setup adapts the pulse front tilt of the two pulses that create the TG to the grazing incident pulse. We demonstrate the technique using all 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses for TG generation on a vanadium dioxide film. We probe that grating via diffraction of a third 800 nm pulse. The time resolution of 90 fs is an improvement by a factor of 30 compared to our previous experiments on the same system. The scheme paves the way for EUV and SXR probing of optically induced TGs on any material.
We present results from deep observations toward the Cygnus region using 300 hr of very high energy (VHE)gamma-ray data taken with the VERITAS Cerenkov telescope array and over 7 yr of high-energy.-ray data taken with the Fermi satellite at an energy above 1 GeV. As the brightest region of diffuse gamma-ray emission in the northern sky, the Cygnus region provides a promising area to probe the origins of cosmic rays. We report the identification of a potential Fermi-LAT counterpart to VER J2031+415 (TeV J2032+4130) and resolve the extended VHE source VER J2019+368 into two source candidates (VER J2018+367* and VER J2020+368*) and characterize their energy spectra. The Fermi-LAT morphology of 3FGL J2021.0+4031e (the Gamma Cygni supernova remnant) was examined, and a region of enhanced emission coincident with VER J2019+407 was identified and jointly fit with the VERITAS data. By modeling 3FGL J2015.6+3709 as two sources, one located at the location of the pulsar wind nebula CTB 87 and one at the quasar QSO J2015+371, a continuous spectrum from 1 GeV to 10 TeV was extracted for VER J2016+371 (CTB 87). An additional 71 locations coincident with Fermi-LAT sources and other potential objects of interest were tested for VHE gamma-ray emission, with no emission detected and upper limits on the differential flux placed at an average of 2.3% of the Crab Nebula flux. We interpret these observations in a multiwavelength context and present the most detailed gamma-ray view of the region to date.
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief flashes of gamma-rays and are considered to be the most energetic explosive phenomena in the Universe(1). The emission from GRBs comprises a short (typically tens of seconds) and bright prompt emission, followed by a much longer afterglow phase. During the afterglow phase, the shocked outflow-produced by the interaction between the ejected matter and the circumburst medium-slows down, and a gradual decrease in brightness is observed(2). GRBs typically emit most of their energy via.-rays with energies in the kiloelectronvolt-to-megaelectronvolt range, but a few photons with energies of tens of gigaelectronvolts have been detected by space-based instruments(3). However, the origins of such high-energy (above one gigaelectronvolt) photons and the presence of very-high-energy (more than 100 gigaelectronvolts) emission have remained elusive(4). Here we report observations of very-high-energy emission in the bright GRB 180720B deep in the GRB afterglow-ten hours after the end of the prompt emission phase, when the X-ray flux had already decayed by four orders of magnitude. Two possible explanations exist for the observed radiation: inverse Compton emission and synchrotron emission of ultrarelativistic electrons. Our observations show that the energy fluxes in the X-ray and gamma-ray range and their photon indices remain comparable to each other throughout the afterglow. This discovery places distinct constraints on the GRB environment for both emission mechanisms, with the inverse Compton explanation alleviating the particle energy requirements for the emission observed at late times. The late timing of this detection has consequences for the future observations of GRBs at the highest energies.
The nitrogen and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of aqueous 2-thiopyridone, a model system for excited-state proton transfer in several recent time-resolved measurements, have been simulated from ab initio molecular dynamics. Spectral signatures of the local intra- and inter-molecular structure are identified and rationalized, which facilitates experimental interpretation and optimization. In particular, comparison of aqueous and gas phase spectrum simulations assesses the previously unquantified solvatization effects, where hydrogen bonding is found to yield solvatochromatic shifts up to nearly 1 eV of the main peak positions. Thereby, while each K-edge can still decisively determine the local protonation of its core-excited site, only their combined, complementary fingerprints allow separating all of the three relevant molecular forms, giving a complete picture of the proton transfer.
For hybrid organic-inorganic as well as all-inorganic lead halide perovskites a Rashba effect has been invoked to explain the high efficiency in energy conversion by prohibiting direct recombination. Both a bulk and surface Rashba effect have been predicted. In the valence band of methylammonium (MA) lead bromide a Rashba effect has been reported by angle-resolved photoemission and circular dichroism with giant values of 7-11 eV angstrom. We present band dispersion measurements of MAPbBr(3) and spin-resolved photoemission of CsPbBr3 to show that a large Rashba effect detectable by photoemission or circular dichroism does not exist and cannot be the origin of the high effciency.
We study the diffusive motion of a particle in a subharmonic potential of the form U(x) = |x|( c ) (0 < c < 2) driven by long-range correlated, stationary fractional Gaussian noise xi ( alpha )(t) with 0 < alpha <= 2. In the absence of the potential the particle exhibits free fractional Brownian motion with anomalous diffusion exponent alpha. While for an harmonic external potential the dynamics converges to a Gaussian stationary state, from extensive numerical analysis we here demonstrate that stationary states for shallower than harmonic potentials exist only as long as the relation c > 2(1 - 1/alpha) holds. We analyse the motion in terms of the mean squared displacement and (when it exists) the stationary probability density function. Moreover we discuss analogies of non-stationarity of Levy flights in shallow external potentials.
Absorption Tails of Donor
(2017)
In disordered organic semiconductors, the transfer of a rather localized charge carrier from one site to another triggers a deformation of the molecular structure quantified by the intramolecular relaxation energy. A similar structural relaxation occurs upon population of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states formed at organic electron donor (D)-acceptor (A) interfaces. Weak CT absorption bands for D A complexes occur at photon energies below the optical gaps of both the donors and the C-60 acceptor as a result of optical transitions from the neutral ground state to the ionic CT state. In this work, we show that temperature-activated intramolecular vibrations of the ground state play a major role in determining the line shape of such CT absorption bands. This allows us to extract values for the relaxation energy related to the geometry change from neutral to ionic CT complexes. Experimental values for the relaxation energies of 20 D:C-60 CT complexes correlate with values calculated within density functional theory. These results provide an experimental method for determining the polaron relaxation energy in solid-state organic D-A blends and show the importance of a reduced relaxation energy, which we introduce to characterize thermally activated CT processes.
Earth’s surface temperature will continue to rise for another 20 to 30 years even with the strongest carbon emission reduction currently considered. The associated changes in rainfall patterns can result in an increased flood risk worldwide. We compute the required increase in flood protection to keep high-end fluvial flood risk at present levels. The analysis is carried out worldwide for subnational administrative units. Most of the United States, Central Europe, and Northeast and West Africa, as well as large parts of India and Indonesia, require the strongest adaptation effort. More than half of the United States needs to at least double their protection within the next two decades. Thus, the need for adaptation to increased river flood is a global problem affecting industrialized regions as much as developing countries.
Chemotactic motion in a chemical gradient is an essential cellular function that controls many processes in the living world. For a better understanding and more detailed modelling of the underlying mechanisms of chemotaxis, quantitative investigations in controlled environments are needed. We developed a setup that allows us to separately address the dependencies of the chemotactic motion on the average background concentration and on the gradient steepness of the chemoattractant. In particular, both the background concentration and the gradient steepness can be kept constant at the position of the cell while it moves along in the gradient direction. This is achieved by generating a well-defined chemoattractant gradient using flow photolysis. In this approach, the chemoattractant is released by a light-induced reaction from a caged precursor in a microfluidic flow chamber upstream of the cell. The flow photolysis approach is combined with an automated real-time cell tracker that determines changes in the cell position and triggers movement of the microscope stage such that the cell motion is compensated and the cell remains at the same position in the gradient profile. The gradient profile can be either determined experimentally using a caged fluorescent dye or may be alternatively determined by numerical solutions of the corresponding physical model. To demonstrate the function of this adaptive microfluidic gradient generator, we compare the chemotactic motion of Dictyostelium discoideum cells in a static gradient and in a gradient that adapts to the position of the moving cell. Published by AIP Publishing.
We report on the adsorption kinetics of azoben-zene-containing surfactants on solid surfaces of different hydrophobicity. The understanding of this processes is of great importance for many interfacial phenomena that can be actuated and triggered by light, since the surfactant molecules contain a photoresponsive azobenzene group in their hydrophobic tail. Three surfactant types are studied, differing in the spacer connecting the headgroup and the azobenzene unit by between 6 and 10 CH2 groups. Under irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength, the azobenzene undergoes reversible photoisomerization between two states, a nonpolar trans-state and a highly polar cis-state. Consequently, the surfactant molecule changes its hydrophobicity and thus affinity to a surface depending on the photoisomerization state of the azobenzene. The adsorption behavior on hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic (TeflonAF) surfaces is analyzed using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and zeta-potential measurements. At equilibrium, the adsorbed surfactant amount is almost twice as large on glass compared to TeflonAF for both isomers. The adsorption rate for the trans-isomers on both surfaces is similar, but the desorption rate of the trans-isomers is faster at the glass-water interface than at the Teflon-water interface. This result demonstrates that the trans-isomers have higher affinity for the glass surface, so the trans-to-cis ratios on glass and TeflonAF are 80/1 and 2/1, respectively, with similar trends for all three surfactant types.
The quantitative analysis of microstructural features is a key to understanding the micromechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs), which is a premise for their use in practice. Herein, a 3D microstructural characterization of a five-phase MMC is performed by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT). A workflow for advanced deep learning-based segmentation of all individual phases in SXCT data is shown using a fully convolutional neural network with U-net architecture. High segmentation accuracy is achieved with a small amount of training data. This enables extracting unprecedently precise microstructural parameters (e.g., volume fractions and particle shapes) to be input, e.g., in micromechanical models.
We investigate both analytically and by computer simulations the ensemble- and time-averaged, nonergodic, and aging properties of massive particles diffusing in a medium with a time dependent diffusivity. We call this stochastic diffusion process the (aging) underdamped scaled Brownian motion (UDSBM). We demonstrate how the mean squared displacement (MSD) and the time-averaged MSD of UDSBM are affected by the inertial term in the Langevin equation, both at short, intermediate, and even long diffusion times. In particular, we quantify the ballistic regime for the MSD and the time-averaged MSD as well as the spread of individual time-averaged MSD trajectories. One of the main effects we observe is that, both for the MSD and the time-averaged MSD, for superdiffusive UDSBM the ballistic regime is much shorter than for ordinary Brownian motion. In contrast, for subdiffusive UDSBM, the ballistic region extends to much longer diffusion times. Therefore, particular care needs to be taken under what conditions the overdamped limit indeed provides a correct description, even in the long time limit. We also analyze to what extent ergodicity in the Boltzmann-Khinchin sense in this nonstationary system is broken, both for subdiffusive and superdiffusive UDSBM. Finally, the limiting case of ultraslow UDSBM is considered, with a mixed logarithmic and power-law dependence of the ensemble-and time-averaged MSDs of the particles. In the limit of strong aging, remarkably, the ordinary UDSBM and the ultraslow UDSBM behave similarly in the short time ballistic limit. The approaches developed here open ways for considering other stochastic processes under physically important conditions when a finite particle mass and aging in the system cannot be neglected.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor acceptor copolymers have gained a significant amount of research interest in the organic electronics community because of their high charge carrier mobilities in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and their ability to harvest near-infrared (NIR) photons in solar cells. In this study, we have synthesized four DPP based donor-acceptor copolymers with variations in the donor unit and the branching point of the solubilizing alkyl chains (at the second or sixth carbon position). Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) results suggest that moving the branching point further away from the polymer backbone increases the tendency for aggregation and yields polymer phases with a higher degree of crystallinity (DoC). The polymers were blended with PC70BM and used as active layers in solar cells. A careful analysis of the energetics of the neat polymer and blend films reveals that the charge-transfer state energy (E-CT) of the blend films lies exceptionally close to the singlet energy of the donor (E-D*), indicating near zero electron transfer losses. The difference between the optical gap and open-circuit voltage (V-OC) is therefore determined to be due to rather high nonradiative 418 +/- 13 mV) and unavoidable radiative voltage losses (approximate to 255 +/- 8 mV). Even though the four materials have similar optical gaps, the short-circuit current density (J(SC)) covers a vast span from 7 to 18 mA cm(-2) for the best performing system. Using photoluminescence (PL) quenching and transient charge extraction techniques, we quantify geminate and nongeminate losses and find that fewer excitons reach the donor-acceptor interface in polymers with further away branching points due to larger aggregate sizes. In these material systems, the photogeneration is therefore mainly limited by exciton harvesting efficiency.
Flexible all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics open up new opportunities for application compared to rigid devices, yet their performance lags behind. Now, researchers show that molecule-bridged interfaces mitigate charge recombination and crack formation, improving the efficiency and mechanical reliability of flexible devices.
Alone but not lonely
(2020)
Context. Hot subdwarfs are core-helium burning stars that show lower masses and higher temperatures than canonical horizontal branch stars. They are believed to be formed when a red giant suffers an extreme mass-loss episode. Binary interaction is suggested to be the main formation channel, but the high fraction of apparently single hot subdwarfs (up to 30%) has prompted single star formation scenarios to be proposed.Aims. We investigate the possibility that hot subdwarfs could form without interaction by studying wide binary systems. If single formation scenarios were possible, there should be hot subdwarfs in wide binaries that have undergone no interaction.Methods. Angular momentum accretion during interaction is predicted to cause the hot subdwarf companion to spin up to the critical velocity. The effect of this should still be observable given the timescales of the hot subdwarf phase. To study the rotation rates of companions, we have analysed light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite for all known hot subdwarfs showing composite spectral energy distributions indicating the presence of a main sequence wide binary companion. If formation without interaction were possible, that would also imply the existence of hot subdwarfs in very wide binaries that are not predicted to interact. To identify such systems, we have searched for common proper motion companions with projected orbital distances of up to 0.1 pc to all known spectroscopically confirmed hot subdwarfs using Gaia DR2 astrometry.Results. We find that the companions in composite hot subdwarfs show short rotation periods when compared to field main sequence stars. They display a triangular-shaped distribution with a peak around 2.5 days, similar to what is observed for young open clusters. We also report a shortage of hot subdwarfs with candidate common proper motion companions. We identify only 16 candidates after probing 2938 hot subdwarfs with good astrometry. Out of those, at least six seem to be hierarchical triple systems, in which the hot subdwarf is part of an inner binary.Conclusions. The observed distribution of rotation rates for the companions in known wide hot subdwarf binaries provides evidence of previous interaction causing spin-up. Additionally, there is a shortage of hot subdwarfs in common proper motion pairs, considering the frequency of such systems among progenitors. These results suggest that binary interaction is always required for the formation of hot subdwarfs.
We trace the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of massive star-forming galaxies (greater than or similar to 10(10)M(circle dot)) from z similar to 2 to 7. Our method is substantially different from previous analyses, as it does not rely on direct estimates of star formation rate, but on the differential evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF). We show the reliability of this approach by means of semianalytical and hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We then apply it to real data, using the SMFs derived in the COSMOS and CANDELS fields. We find that the sSFR is proportional to (1 + z)(1.1) (+/-) (0.2) at z > 2, in agreement with other observations but in tension with the steeper evolution predicted by simulations from z similar to 4 to 2. We investigate the impact of several sources of observational bias, which, however, cannot account for this discrepancy. Although the SMF of high-redshift galaxies is still affected by significant errors, we show that future large-area surveys will substantially reduce them, making our method an effective tool to probe the massive end of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies.
Droughts in tropical South America have an imminent and severe impact on the Amazon rainforest and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. Extremely dry conditions in Amazonia have been previously linked to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the adjacent tropical oceans. Although the sources and impacts of such droughts have been widely studied, establishing reliable multi-year lead statistical forecasts of their occurrence is still an ongoing challenge. Here, we further investigate the relationship between SST and rainfall anomalies using a complex network approach. We identify four ocean regions which exhibit the strongest overall SST correlations with central Amazon rainfall, including two particularly prominent regions in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic. Based on the time-dependent correlation between SST anomalies in these two regions alone, we establish a new early-warning method for droughts in the central Amazon basin and demonstrate its robustness in hindcasting past major drought events with lead-times up to 18 months.
In this study, we present an empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in the outer radiation belt based on the full data set collected by the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instrument onboard the Van Allen Probes in 2012-2019. The PADs are fitted with a combination of the first, third and fifth sine harmonics. The resulting equation resolves all PAD types found in the outer radiation belt (pancake, flat-top, butterfly and cap PADs) and can be analytically integrated to derive omnidirectional flux. We introduce a two-step modeling procedure that for the first time ensures a continuous dependence on L, magnetic local time and activity, parametrized by the solar wind dynamic pressure. We propose two methods to reconstruct equatorial electron flux using the model. The first approach requires two uni-directional flux observations and is applicable to low-PA data. The second method can be used to reconstruct the full equatorial PADs from a single uni- or omnidirectional measurement at off-equatorial latitudes. The model can be used for converting the long-term data sets of electron fluxes to phase space density in terms of adiabatic invariants, for physics-based modeling in the form of boundary conditions, and for data assimilation purposes.
We develop an encounter-based approach for describing restricted diffusion with a gradient drift toward a partially reactive boundary. For this purpose, we introduce an extension of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and use its eigenbasis to derive a spectral decomposition for the full propagator, i.e. the joint probability density function for the particle position and its boundary local time. This is the central quantity that determines various characteristics of diffusion-influenced reactions such as conventional propagators, survival probability, first-passage time distribution, boundary local time distribution, and reaction rate. As an illustration, we investigate the impact of a constant drift onto the boundary local time for restricted diffusion on an interval. More generally, this approach accesses how external forces may influence the statistics of encounters of a diffusing particle with the reactive boundary.
Accurate and precise characterization of cirrus cloud geometrical and optical properties is essential for better constraining their radiative footprint. A lidar-based retrieval scheme is proposed here, with its performance assessed on fine spatio-temporal observations over the Arctic site of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Two contributions related to cirrus geometrical (dynamic Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT)) and optical properties (constrained Klett) are reported. The dynamic WCT rendered cirrus detection more robust, especially for thin cirrus layers that frequently remained undetected by the classical WCT method. Regarding optical characterization, we developed an iterative scheme for determining the cirrus lidar ratio (LRci) that is a crucial parameter for aerosol - cloud discrimination. Building upon the Klett-Fernald method, the LRci was constrained by an additional reference value. In established methods, such as the double-ended Klett, an aerosol-free reference value is applied. In the proposed constrained Klett, however, the reference value was approximated from cloud-free or low cloud optical depth (COD up to 0.2) profiles and proved to agree with independent Raman estimates. For optically thin cirrus, the constrained Klett inherent uncertainties reached 50% (60-74%) in terms of COD (LRci). However, for opaque cirrus COD (LRci) uncertainties were lower than 10% (15%). The detection method discrepancies (dynamic versus static WCT) had a higher impact on the optical properties of low COD layers (up to 90%) compared to optically thicker ones (less than 10%). The constrained Klett presented high agreement with two established retrievals. For an exemplary cirrus cloud, the constrained Klett estimated the COD355 (LRci355) at 0.28 +/- 0.17 (29 +/- 4 sr), the double-ended Klett at 0.27 +/- 0.15 (32 +/- 4 sr) and the Raman retrievals at 0.22 +/- 0.12 (26 +/- 11 sr). Our approach to determine the necessary reference value can also be applied in established methods and increase their accuracy. In contrast, the classical aerosol-free assumption led to 44 sr LRci overestimation in optically thin layers and 2-8 sr in thicker ones. The multiple scattering effect was corrected using Eloranta (1998) and accounted for 50-60% extinction underestimation near the cloud base and 20-30% within the cirrus layers.
The unidentified very-high-energy (VHE; E > 0.1 TeV) gamma -ray source, HESS J1826-130, was discovered with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in the Galactic plane. The analysis of 215 h of HESS data has revealed a steady gamma -ray flux from HESS J1826-130, which appears extended with a half-width of 0.21 degrees +/- 0.02 <br /> (stat)degrees <br /> stat degrees +/- 0.05 <br /> (sys)degrees sys degrees . The source spectrum is best fit with either a power-law function with a spectral index Gamma = 1.78 +/- 0.10(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) and an exponential cut-off at 15.2 <br /> (+5.5)(-3.2) -3.2+5.5 TeV, or a broken power-law with Gamma (1) = 1.96 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.20(sys), Gamma (2) = 3.59 +/- 0.69(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) for energies below and above E-br = 11.2 +/- 2.7 TeV, respectively. The VHE flux from HESS J1826-130 is contaminated by the extended emission of the bright, nearby pulsar wind nebula, HESS J1825-137, particularly at the low end of the energy spectrum. Leptonic scenarios for the origin of HESS J1826-130 VHE emission related to PSR J1826-1256 are confronted by our spectral and morphological analysis. In a hadronic framework, taking into account the properties of dense gas regions surrounding HESS J1826-130, the source spectrum would imply an astrophysical object capable of accelerating the parent particle population up to greater than or similar to 200 TeV. Our results are also discussed in a multiwavelength context, accounting for both the presence of nearby supernova remnants, molecular clouds, and counterparts detected in radio, X-rays, and TeV energies.
The addition of nano-Al2O3 has been shown to enhance the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin, but its flashover results appeared with disputation. This work concentrates on the surface charge variation and dc flashover performance of epoxy resin with nano-Al2O3 doping. The dispersion of nano-Al2O3 in epoxy is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dc flashover voltages of samples under either positive or negative polarity are measured with a finger-electrode system, and the surface charge variations before and after flashovers were identified from the surface potential mapping. The results evidence that nano-Al2O3 would lead to a 16.9% voltage drop for the negative flashovers and a 6.8% drop for positive cases. It is found that one-time flashover clears most of the accumulated surface charges, regardless of positive or negative. As a result, the ground electrode is neighbored by an equipotential zone enclosed with low-density heterocharges. The equipotential zone tends to be broadened after 20 flashovers. The nano-Al2O3 is noticed as beneficial to downsize the equipotential zone due to its capability on charge migration, which is reasonable to maintain flashover voltage at a high level after multiple flashovers. Hence, nano-Al2O3 plays a significant role in improving epoxy with high resistance to multiple flashovers.
Concurrent observation technologies have made high-precision real-time data available in large quantities. Data assimilation (DA) is concerned with how to combine this data with physical models to produce accurate predictions. For spatial-temporal models, the ensemble Kalman filter with proper localisation techniques is considered to be a state-of-the-art DA methodology. This article proposes and investigates a localised ensemble Kalman Bucy filter for nonlinear models with short-range interactions. We derive dimension-independent and component-wise error bounds and show the long time path-wise error only has logarithmic dependence on the time range. The theoretical results are verified through some simple numerical tests.
Analysis of electrochemical and liver microsomal transformation products of lasalocid by LC/HRMS
(2022)
Rationale:
Lasalocid (LAS), an ionophore, is used in cattle and poultry farming as feed additive for its antibiotic and growth-promoting properties. Literature on transformation products (TP) resulting from LAS degradation is limited. So far, only hydroxylation is found to occur as the metabolic reaction during the LAS degradation. To investigate potential TPs of LAS, we used electrochemistry (EC) and liver microsome (LM) assays to synthesize TPs, which were identified using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS).
Methods:
Electrochemically produced TPs were analyzed online by direct coupling of the electrochemical cell to the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a Sciex Triple-TOF high resolution mass spectrometer. Then, EC-treated LAS solution was collected and analyzed offline using LC/HRMS to confirm stable TPs and improve their annotation with a chemical structure due to informative MS/MS spectra. In a complementary approach, TPs formed by rat and human microsomal incubation were investigated using LC/HRMS. The resulting data were used to investigate LAS modification reactions and elucidate the chemical structure of obtained TPs.
Results:
The online measurements identified a broad variety of TPs, resulting from modification reactions like (de-)hydrogenation, hydration, methylation, oxidation as well as adduct formation with methanol. We consistently observed different ion complexations of LAS and LAS-TPs (Na+; 2Na(+) K+; NaNH4+; KNH4+). Two stable methylated EC-TPs were found, structurally annotated, and assigned to a likely modification reaction. Using LM incubation, seven TPs were formed, mostly by oxidation/hydroxylation. After the identification of LM-TPs as Na+-complexes, we identified LM-TPs as K+-complexes.
Conclusion:
We identified and characterized TPs of LAS using EC- and LM-based methods. Moreover, we found different ion complexes of LAS-based TPs. This knowledge, especially the different ion complexes, may help elucidate the metabolic and environmental degradation pathways of LAS.
On 2015 July 18, near perihelion at a heliocentric distance of 1.28 au, the Visible InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M) on board the Rosetta spacecraft had the opportunity of observing dust activity in the inner coma with a view of the night side (shadowed side) of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. At the time of the measurements we present here, we observe a dust plume that originates on the far side of the nucleus. We are able to identify the approximate location of its source at the boundary between the Hapi and Anuket regions, and we find that it has been in darkness for some hours before the observation. Assuming that this time span is equal to the conductive time scale, we obtain a thermal inertia in the range 25-36 W K-1 m(-2) s(-1/2). These thermal inertia values can be used to verify with a 3D finite-element method (REM) numerical code whether the surface and subsurface temperatures agree with the values found in the literature. We explored three different configurations: (1) a layer of water ice mixed with dust beneath a dust mantle of 5 mm with thermal inertia of 36 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5 ; (2) the same structure, but with thermal inertia of 100 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5; (3) an ice-dust mixture that is directly exposed. Of these three configurations, the first seems to be the most reasonable, both for the low thermal inertia and for the agreement with the surface and subsurface temperatures that have been found for the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spectral properties of the plume show that the visible dust color ranged from 16 +/- 4.8%/100 nm to 13 +/- 2.6%/100 nm, indicating that this plume has no detectable color gradient. The morphology of the plume can be classified as a narrow jet that has an estimated total ejected mass of between 6 and 19 tons when we assume size distribution indices between -2.5 and -3.
We use ultrafast x-ray diffraction to investigate the effect of expansive phononic and contractive magnetic stress driving the picosecond strain response of a metallic perovskite SrRuO3 thin film upon femtosecond laser excitation. We exemplify how the anisotropic bulk equilibrium thermal expansion can be used to predict the response of the thin film to ultrafast deposition of energy. It is key to consider that the laterally homogeneous laser excitation changes the strain response compared to the near-equilibrium thermal expansion because the balanced in-plane stresses suppress the Poisson stress on the picosecond timescale. We find a very large negative Grüneisen constant describing the large contractive stress imposed by a small amount of energy in the spin system. The temperature and fluence dependence of the strain response for a double-pulse excitation scheme demonstrates the saturation of the magnetic stress in the high-fluence regime.
When the network is reconstructed, two types of errors can occur: false positive and false negative errors about the presence or absence of links. In this paper, the influence of these two errors on the vertex degree distribution is analytically analyzed. Moreover, an analytic formula of the density of the biased vertex degree distribution is found. In the inverse problem, we find a reliable procedure to reconstruct analytically the density of the vertex degree distribution of any network based on the inferred network and estimates for the false positive and false negative errors based on, e.g., simulation studies.
We study populations of globally coupled noisy rotators (oscillators with inertia) allowing a nonequilibrium transition from a desynchronized state to a synchronous one (with the nonvanishing order parameter). The newly developed analytical approaches resulted in solutions describing the synchronous state with constant order parameter for weakly inertial rotators, including the case of zero inertia, when the model is reduced to the Kuramoto model of coupled noise oscillators. These approaches provide also analytical criteria distinguishing supercritical and subcritical transitions to the desynchronized state and indicate the universality of such transitions in rotator ensembles. All the obtained analytical results are confirmed by the numerical ones, both by direct simulations of the large ensembles and by solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation. We also propose generalizations of the developed approaches for setups where different rotators parameters (natural frequencies, masses, noise intensities, strengths and phase shifts in coupling) are dispersed.
We study populations of globally coupled noisy rotators (oscillators with inertia) allowing a nonequilibrium transition from a desynchronized state to a synchronous one (with the nonvanishing order parameter). The newly developed analytical approaches resulted in solutions describing the synchronous state with constant order parameter for weakly inertial rotators, including the case of zero inertia, when the model is reduced to the Kuramoto model of coupled noise oscillators. These approaches provide also analytical criteria distinguishing supercritical and subcritical transitions to the desynchronized state and indicate the universality of such transitions in rotator ensembles. All the obtained analytical results are confirmed by the numerical ones, both by direct simulations of the large ensembles and by solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation. We also propose generalizations of the developed approaches for setups where different rotators parameters (natural frequencies, masses, noise intensities, strengths and phase shifts in coupling) are dispersed.
Chorus waves play an important role in the dynamic evolution of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of Van Allen Probe data, we developed a new analytical model for upper‐band chorus (UBC; 0.5fce < f < fce) and lower‐band chorus (LBC; 0.05fce < f < 0.5fce) waves, where fce is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency. By applying polynomial fits to chorus wave root mean square amplitudes, we developed regression models for LBC and UBC as a function of geomagnetic activity (Kp), L, magnetic latitude (λ), and magnetic local time (MLT). Dependence on Kp is separated from the dependence on λ, L, and MLT as Kp‐scaling law to simplify the calculation of diffusion coefficients and inclusion into particle tracing codes. Frequency models for UBC and LBC are also developed, which depends on MLT and magnetic latitude. This empirical model is valid in all MLTs, magnetic latitude up to 20°, Kp ≤ 6, L‐shell range from 3.5 to 6 for LBC and from 4 to 6 for UBC. The dependence of root mean square amplitudes on L are different for different bands, which implies different energy sources for different wave bands. This analytical chorus wave model is convenient for inclusion in quasi‐linear diffusion calculations of electron scattering rates and particle simulations in the inner magnetosphere, especially for the newly developed four‐dimensional codes, which require significantly improved wave parameterizations.
How cells establish and maintain a well-defined size is a fundamental question of cell biology. Here we investigated to what extent the microtubule cytoskeleton can set a predefined cell size, independent of an enclosing cell membrane. We used electropulse-induced cell fusion to form giant multinuclear cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Based on dual-color confocal imaging of cells that expressed fluorescent markers for the cell nucleus and the microtubules, we determined the subcellular distributions of nuclei and centrosomes in the giant cells. Our two- and three-dimensional imaging results showed that the positions of nuclei in giant cells do not fall onto a regular lattice. However, a comparison with model predictions for random positioning showed that the subcellular arrangement of nuclei maintains a low but still detectable degree of ordering. This can be explained by the steric requirements of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as confirmed by the effect of a microtubule degrading drug.
Neutrophil granulocytes are essential for the first host defense. After leaving the blood circulation they migrate efficiently towards sites of inflammation. They are guided by chemoattractants released from cells within the inflammatory foci. On a cellular level, directional migration is a consequence of cellular front-rear asymmetry which is induced by the concentration gradient of the chemoattractants. The generation and maintenance of this asymmetry, however, is not yet fully understood. Here we analyzed the paths of chemotacting neutrophils with different stochastic models to gain further insight into the underlying mechanisms. Wildtype chemotacting neutrophils show an anomalous superdiffusive behavior. CXCR2 blockade and TRPC6-knockout cause the tempering of temporal correlations and a reduction of chemotaxis. Importantly, such tempering is found both in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that the maintenance of anomalous dynamics is crucial for chemotactic behavior and the search efficiency of neutrophils.
The motility of neutrophils and their ability to sense and to react to chemoattractants in their environment are of central importance for the innate immunity. Neutrophils are guided towards sites of inflammation following the activation of G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors such as CXCR2 whose signaling strongly depends on the activity of Ca2+ permeable TRPC6 channels. It is the aim of this study to analyze data sets obtained in vitro (murine neutrophils) and in vivo (zebrafish neutrophils) with a stochastic mathematical model to gain deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms. The model is based on the analysis of trajectories of individual neutrophils. Bayesian data analysis, including the covariances of positions for fractional Brownian motion as well as for exponentially and power-law tempered model variants, allows the estimation of parameters and model selection. Our model-based analysis reveals that wildtype neutrophils show pure superdiffusive fractional Brownian motion. This so-called anomalous dynamics is characterized by temporal long-range correlations for the movement into the direction of the chemotactic CXCL1 gradient. Pure superdiffusion is absent vertically to this gradient. This points to an asymmetric 'memory' of the migratory machinery, which is found both in vitro and in vivo. CXCR2 blockade and TRPC6-knockout cause tempering of temporal correlations in the chemotactic gradient. This can be interpreted as a progressive loss of memory, which leads to a marked reduction of chemotaxis and search efficiency of neutrophils. In summary, our findings indicate that spatially differential regulation of anomalous dynamics appears to play a central role in guiding efficient chemotactic behavior.
How does a systematic time-dependence of the diffusion coefficient D(t) affect the ergodic and statistical characteristics of fractional Brownian motion (FBM)? Here, we answer this question via studying the characteristics of a set of standard statistical quantifiers relevant to single-particle-tracking (SPT) experiments. We examine, for instance, how the behavior of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean-squared displacements-denoted as the standard MSD < x(2)(Delta)> and TAMSD <<(delta(2)(Delta))over bar>> quantifiers-of FBM featuring < x(2) (Delta >> = <<(delta(2)(Delta >)over bar>> proportional to Delta(2H) (where H is the Hurst exponent and Delta is the [lag] time) changes in the presence of a power-law deterministically varying diffusivity D-proportional to(t) proportional to t(alpha-1) -germane to the process of scaled Brownian motion (SBM)-determining the strength of fractional Gaussian noise. The resulting compound "scaled-fractional" Brownian motion or FBM-SBM is found to be nonergodic, with < x(2)(Delta >> proportional to Delta(alpha+)(2H)(-1) and <(delta 2(Delta >) over bar > proportional to Delta(2H). We also detect a stalling behavior of the MSDs for very subdiffusive SBM and FBM, when alpha + 2H - 1 < 0. The distribution of particle displacements for FBM-SBM remains Gaussian, as that for the parent processes of FBM and SBM, in the entire region of scaling exponents (0 < alpha < 2 and 0 < H < 1). The FBM-SBM process is aging in a manner similar to SBM. The velocity autocorrelation function (ACF) of particle increments of FBM-SBM exhibits a dip when the parent FBM process is subdiffusive. Both for sub- and superdiffusive FBM contributions to the FBM-SBM process, the SBM exponent affects the long-time decay exponent of the ACF. Applications of the FBM-SBM-amalgamated process to the analysis of SPT data are discussed. A comparative tabulated overview of recent experimental (mainly SPT) and computational datasets amenable for interpretation in terms of FBM-, SBM-, and FBM-SBM-like models of diffusion culminates the presentation. The statistical aspects of the dynamics of a wide range of biological systems is compared in the table, from nanosized beads in living cells, to chromosomal loci, to water diffusion in the brain, and, finally, to patterns of animal movements.
We investigate a diffusion process with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient, both exponentially increasing and decreasing in time, D(t)=D-0(e +/- 2 alpha t). For this (hypothetical) nonstationary diffusion process we compute-both analytically and from extensive stochastic simulations-the behavior of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean-squared displacements (MSDs) of the particles, both in the over- and underdamped limits. Simple asymptotic relations derived for the short- and long-time behaviors are shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of simulations. The diffusive characteristics in the presence of ageing are also considered, with dramatic differences of the over- versus underdamped regime. Our results for D(t)=D-0(e +/- 2 alpha t) extend and generalize the class of diffusive systems obeying scaled Brownian motion featuring a power-law-like variation of the diffusivity with time, D(t) similar to t(alpha-1). We also examine the logarithmically increasing diffusivity, D(t)=D(0)log[t/tau(0)], as another fundamental functional dependence (in addition to the power-law and exponential) and as an example of diffusivity slowly varying in time. One of the main conclusions is that the behavior of the massive particles is predominantly ergodic, while weak ergodicity breaking is repeatedly found for the time-dependent diffusion of the massless particles at short times. The latter manifests itself in the nonequivalence of the (both nonaged and aged) MSD and the mean time-averaged MSD. The current findings are potentially applicable to a class of physical systems out of thermal equilibrium where a rapid increase or decrease of the particles' diffusivity is inherently realized. One biological system potentially featuring all three types of time-dependent diffusion (power-law-like, exponential, and logarithmic) is water diffusion in the brain tissues, as we thoroughly discuss in the end.
Ocean-induced melting below ice shelves is one of the dominant drivers for mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet at present. An appropriate representation of sub-shelf melt rates is therefore essential for model simulations of marine-based ice sheet evolution. Continental-scale ice sheet models often rely on simple melt-parameterizations, in particular for long-term simulations, when fully coupled ice-ocean interaction becomes computationally too expensive. Such parameterizations can account for the influence of the local depth of the ice-shelf draft or its slope on melting. However, they do not capture the effect of ocean circulation underneath the ice shelf. Here we present the Potsdam Ice-shelf Cavity mOdel (PICO), which simulates the vertical overturning circulation in ice-shelf cavities and thus enables the computation of sub-shelf melt rates consistent with this circulation. PICO is based on an ocean box model that coarsely resolves ice shelf cavities and uses a boundary layer melt formulation. We implement it as a module of the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) and evaluate its performance under present-day conditions of the Southern Ocean. We identify a set of parameters that yield two-dimensional melt rate fields that qualitatively reproduce the typical pattern of comparably high melting near the grounding line and lower melting or refreezing towards the calving front. PICO captures the wide range of melt rates observed for Antarctic ice shelves, with an average of about 0.1 ma(-1) for cold sub-shelf cavities, for example, underneath Ross or Ronne ice shelves, to 16 ma(-1) for warm cavities such as in the Amundsen Sea region. This makes PICO a computationally feasible and more physical alternative to melt parameterizations purely based on ice draft geometry.