530 Physik
Refine
Has Fulltext
- no (949)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (949) (remove)
Language
- English (949) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (949)
Keywords
- diffusion (25)
- anomalous diffusion (22)
- gamma rays: general (20)
- ISM: supernova remnants (12)
- cosmic rays (12)
- stars: massive (11)
- organic solar cells (9)
- stars: atmospheres (9)
- astroparticle physics (8)
- perovskite solar cells (8)
- acceleration of particles (7)
- methods: numerical (7)
- stars: early-type (7)
- Magellanic Clouds (6)
- X-rays: binaries (6)
- galaxies: active (6)
- galaxies: evolution (6)
- galaxies: formation (6)
- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal (6)
- stochastic processes (6)
- turbulence (6)
- Residual stress (5)
- dynamics (5)
- fractional Brownian motion (5)
- galaxies: high-redshift (5)
- gamma rays: ISM (5)
- gamma rays: galaxies (5)
- intergalactic medium (5)
- stars: evolution (5)
- stars: neutron (5)
- Galaxy: halo (4)
- ISM: abundances (4)
- X-rays: stars (4)
- binaries: close (4)
- binaries: general (4)
- binaries: spectroscopic (4)
- catalogs (4)
- charge transport (4)
- chemotaxis (4)
- first-passage time (4)
- galaxies: star formation (4)
- instabilities (4)
- methods: data analysis (4)
- model (4)
- non-fullerene acceptors (4)
- organic photovoltaics (4)
- photochemistry (4)
- quasars: absorption lines (4)
- residual stress (4)
- stars: winds, outflows (4)
- subdwarfs (4)
- synchronization (4)
- techniques: imaging spectroscopy (4)
- techniques: spectroscopic (4)
- Aluminum alloys (3)
- Fokker-Planck equation (3)
- Galaxy: evolution (3)
- ISM: clouds (3)
- Langevin equation (3)
- Lasers (3)
- Levy walk (3)
- Neutron diffraction (3)
- Phonons (3)
- Solar cells (3)
- Ti-6Al-4V (3)
- X-ray (3)
- X-ray refraction (3)
- additive manufacturing (3)
- astrophysical plasmas (3)
- dark ages, reionization, first stars (3)
- density (3)
- dust (3)
- electrons (3)
- first passage time (3)
- first-passage (3)
- galaxies: interactions (3)
- galaxies: jets (3)
- gamma rays: stars (3)
- gamma-ray burst: general (3)
- geometric Brownian motion (3)
- hysteresis (3)
- magnetic fields (3)
- magnetosphere (3)
- methods: observational (3)
- networks (3)
- neutrinos (3)
- neutron diffraction (3)
- nonergodicity (3)
- photocurrent generation (3)
- photoluminescence (3)
- photovoltaics (3)
- polymer solar cells (3)
- pulsars: general (3)
- quasars: general (3)
- recombination (3)
- shock waves (3)
- solar wind (3)
- stars: Wolf-Rayet (3)
- stars: abundances (3)
- stochastic resetting (3)
- superstatistics (3)
- techniques: image processing (3)
- transport (3)
- 2D perovskites (2)
- 4 (2)
- ARPES (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- Blocking (2)
- Boltzmann distribution (2)
- Bragg peak (2)
- Brownian motion (2)
- Comb model (2)
- Computed tomography (2)
- Crystal lattices (2)
- Curie transition (2)
- Doping (2)
- Dynamical systems (2)
- Electrical properties and parameters (2)
- Energy (2)
- Equilibrium-line altitudes (2)
- FLASH (2)
- Gaussian processes (2)
- Genetic programming (2)
- H II regions (2)
- Heterostructures (2)
- Hilbert transform (2)
- Holocene (2)
- Hysteresis (2)
- ISM (2)
- ISM: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- ISM: magnetic fields (2)
- ISM: structure (2)
- Kuramoto (2)
- Kuramoto model (2)
- LIBS (2)
- Levy flights (2)
- Levy walks (2)
- MHD (2)
- Magnetism (2)
- Molecules (2)
- NAP-XPS (2)
- Network reconstruction (2)
- Nitrogen (2)
- Organic semiconductors (2)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer (2)
- Perovskites (2)
- Radiation belts (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Schrodinger operators (2)
- Statistical and Nonlinear Physics (2)
- Sun: activity (2)
- Sun: chromosphere (2)
- Synchronization control (2)
- TIG-welding (2)
- Thermal effects (2)
- Thin films (2)
- Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (2)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (2)
- XPS (2)
- astronomical databases (2)
- behavior (2)
- biological physics (2)
- biological transport (2)
- bumps (2)
- charge generation (2)
- charge-transfer (2)
- climate (2)
- collective motion (2)
- comets: general (2)
- comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (2)
- computed tomography (2)
- conductivity (2)
- control (2)
- convection (2)
- coupled rotators (2)
- creep (2)
- crystal structure (2)
- dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (2)
- diffusing diffusivity (2)
- dwarfs galaxies (2)
- electrostatic interactions (2)
- entanglement (2)
- first passage (2)
- first-hitting time (2)
- flexibility (2)
- galaxies (2)
- galaxies: ISM (2)
- galaxies: abundances (2)
- galaxies: haloes (2)
- galaxies: nuclei (2)
- galaxies: starburst (2)
- gamma-rays: galaxies (2)
- genomic DNA conformation (2)
- globular clusters: general (2)
- graphene (2)
- graphs (2)
- gravitational waves (2)
- group field theory (2)
- impact (2)
- infrared thermography (2)
- interface recombination (2)
- iron (2)
- memory effects (2)
- morphology (2)
- nanoparticles (2)
- neural networks (2)
- neutron (2)
- noise (2)
- noisy systems (2)
- non-Langevin recombination (2)
- nonfullerene acceptors (2)
- numerical relativity (2)
- oscillations (2)
- outflows (2)
- planets and satellites: rings (2)
- plasma instabilities (2)
- plasmas (2)
- power spectral analysis (2)
- processing (2)
- quantum field theory (2)
- quantum thermodynamics (2)
- quasi-Fermi level splitting (2)
- radiation belts (2)
- random diffusivity (2)
- relativistic processes (2)
- scattering (2)
- selective laser melting (SLM) (2)
- solar cells (2)
- stars: AGB and post-AGB (2)
- stars: activity (2)
- stars: black holes (2)
- stars: chemically peculiar (2)
- stars: emission-line, Be (2)
- stars: fundamental parameters (2)
- stars: kinematics and dynamics (2)
- stars: low-mass (2)
- stars: magnetic field (2)
- stars: mass-loss (2)
- stars: rotation (2)
- stars: solar-type (2)
- stars: winds (2)
- subdiffusion (2)
- submillimetre: ISM (2)
- sulfur (2)
- surface (2)
- surveys (2)
- synchronization transition (2)
- synchrotron X-ray diffraction (2)
- systems (2)
- thermal (2)
- thick junctions (2)
- time-series analysis (2)
- transient chaos (2)
- ultrafast dynamics (2)
- ultraviolet: ISM (2)
- voltage losses (2)
- waves (2)
- work function (2)
- (TSNMRS) (1)
- (high-)voltage measurements (1)
- (magnetohydrodynamics) MHD (1)
- 1,3,4-oxadiazole (1)
- 15 (1)
- 16 (1)
- 30S subunit (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D tomography (1)
- AG (1)
- AI (1)
- APCI (1)
- ARTOF (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Accelerator mass spectrometry (1)
- Actin cytoskeleton dynamics (1)
- Adam-Delbruck scenario (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Aggregate states (1)
- All-polymer heterojunctions (1)
- Alternating copolymers (1)
- Amazon rainforest (1)
- Ambipolar charge transport (1)
- Ambipolar materials (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Annealing (metallurgy) (1)
- Annealing treatment (1)
- Anomalous diffusion (1)
- Anomalous diffusion exponent (1)
- Anomalous transport (1)
- Answer Set Programming (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Approximation algorithms (1)
- Aqueous solution (1)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (1)
- Aromatic compounds (1)
- Array Seismology (1)
- Array design (1)
- Asia (1)
- Astroparticle physics (1)
- Astrophysics (1)
- Asymmetric warming (1)
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (1)
- Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Auger decay (1)
- Auger electron spectroscopy (1)
- Auger–Meitner (1)
- BESSY II (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (B2 1215+30, VER J1217+301) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (BL Lacertae = VER J2202+422) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (HESS J1943+213, VER J1943+213) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual (TXS 0506+056, VER J0509+057) (1)
- BL Lacertae objects: individual: Markarian 501 (1)
- Backbone modifications (1)
- Bayesian Model Averaging (1)
- Beam dynamics (1)
- Bessel functions (1)
- Beta-eucryptite (1)
- Big Data (1)
- Bilayer solar cells (1)
- Biological Physics (1)
- Biomimetic sensors (1)
- Black– Scholes model (1)
- Bloch-Torrey equation (1)
- Boolean model (1)
- Booster cavity (1)
- Boundary value problem (1)
- Breathing chimera states (1)
- Brownian motors (1)
- Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (1)
- C-13 chemical shift (1)
- C60 (1)
- CDA (1)
- CH3NH3SnI3 (1)
- CMAS (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRNS (1)
- CU (1)
- Caccioppoli inequality (1)
- Capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- Carrier dynamics (1)
- Cassini (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cations (1)
- Cattaneo equation (1)
- Ce/Zr (1)
- Cellular polypropylene (PP) (1)
- Central asia (1)
- Ceramics (1)
- Chaos synchronization (1)
- Charge separation (1)
- Charge-transfer state (1)
- Chebyshev inequality (1)
- Chorus waves (1)
- Chromosphere (1)
- Chromosphere, quiet (1)
- Climate modeling (1)
- Coherence-incoherence (1)
- Cohesive finite elements (1)
- Colorimetric analysis (1)
- Comb-lattice model (1)
- Comets (1)
- Comets composition (1)
- Comets nucleus (1)
- Communications/decision making (1)
- Complementarity (1)
- Complete asymptotics (1)
- Complexity theory (1)
- Computational chemistry (1)
- Concentrating solar power (CSP) (1)
- Conducting polymers (1)
- Conformational disorder (1)
- Continuum (1)
- Convolutional neural networks (1)
- Cosmogenic isotopes (1)
- Cosmogenic nuclides (1)
- Coster–Kronig (1)
- Coupled oscillators (1)
- Covalent interaction (1)
- Creep (1)
- Crystalline phases (1)
- Crystallization (1)
- CuI (1)
- Curie-transition (1)
- Cw electron beam (1)
- Cyclones (1)
- Cylindrical comb (1)
- DIC (1)
- DLR equations (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA-PAINT (1)
- Damage (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- Data assimilation (1)
- Data-driven modelling (1)
- Debye screening (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Defects (1)
- Deimos (1)
- Detergent (1)
- Dictyostelium (1)
- Dictyostelium discoideum (1)
- Dielectric hysteresis (1)
- Diffraction (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Diffusion NMR (1)
- Diffusion coefficients (1)
- Dislocation motion (1)
- Disorder (1)
- Disperse dyes (1)
- Dispersion force (1)
- Distributed (1)
- DoS (1)
- Donor-Acceptor (DA) interface (1)
- Donor-acceptor copolymers (1)
- Doped semiconductors (1)
- Double-jet (1)
- Drude model (1)
- Dye transfer (1)
- Dynamic loading (1)
- Dynamical invariants (1)
- E-ring (1)
- E.coli (1)
- EMIC (1)
- Earth System trajectories (1)
- Econophysics (1)
- Edwards-Anderson order parameter (1)
- Electrets (1)
- Electric polarization (1)
- Electric potential (1)
- Electron back-scattered diffraction (1)
- Electron populations (1)
- Electron traps (1)
- Electronic noise (1)
- Electronic properties and materials (1)
- Electronics, photonics and device physics (1)
- Embedding (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emergency response (1)
- Energetic disorder (1)
- Energy science and technology (1)
- Energy-level alignment (1)
- Epidemic spreading models (1)
- Epoxy resin (1)
- Epoxy resins (1)
- Equatorial ionosphere (1)
- Equilibrium (1)
- Essential spectrum (1)
- European storm-time model (1)
- Excited-state calculations; (1)
- Experimental techniques (1)
- Explainable AI (1)
- External quantum efficiency (1)
- Extreme events (1)
- Extreme precipitation (1)
- False negative (1)
- False positive (1)
- Fe2TiO5 (1)
- Femtosecond lasers (1)
- Fermi-level alignment (1)
- Fermi-level pinning (1)
- Field emission (1)
- Field experiments (1)
- Flashing ratchets (1)
- Flims (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Fokker– Planck equation (1)
- Forcemyography (1)
- Fortuin-Kasteleyn representation (1)
- Fox H-function (1)
- Fox H-functions (1)
- Fractal (1)
- Fractal dimension (1)
- Fractional Brownian motion (1)
- Frank-Condon analysis (1)
- Free-electron-laser science (1)
- Functional dependencies (1)
- Functional scaffolds (1)
- GEANT4 modeling (1)
- GMR sensors (1)
- Galaxies: high-redshift (1)
- Galaxies: interactions (1)
- Galaxy: center (1)
- Galaxy: general (1)
- Galaxy: structure (1)
- Gardner equation (1)
- Gas phase (1)
- Generalized Langevin equation (1)
- Geomagnetic secular variation (1)
- Gibbs point process (1)
- Ginzburg-Landau lattice (1)
- Glaciation (1)
- Glaciation Central Asia (1)
- Gold (1)
- Gold@polydopamine (1)
- Granite (1)
- Granulation (1)
- Green function (1)
- Green's function (1)
- Greenland (1)
- Green’ s functions (1)
- HALS (1)
- HRTEM (1)
- HTL (1)
- Haake-Lewenstein-Wilkens approach (1)
- Heat Transfer (1)
- Hermite polynomial expansion (1)
- Heterogeneous (1)
- Hexagonal grid (1)
- High specific surface area (1)
- Hodge theory (1)
- Hofmeister effect (1)
- Hong-Ou-Mandel effect (1)
- Hooke's law (1)
- Hybrid materials (1)
- Hydraulic models (1)
- Hydraulic networks (1)
- Hydrocarbons (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrogels (1)
- Hydrogen activation (1)
- Hypernetwork (1)
- IACT (1)
- IMD (1)
- IMPTAM (1)
- IN718 (1)
- IR ellipsometry (1)
- IR spectroscopy (1)
- ISM : supernova remnants (1)
- ISM: general (1)
- ISM: individual objects (RX J1713.7-3946, G347.3-0.5) (1)
- ISM: jets and outflows (1)
- ISM: lines and bands (1)
- ISOS-L-1I protocol (1)
- IZO (1)
- Impurity segregation (1)
- In-situ (1)
- India (1)
- Inner magnetosphere (1)
- Instrumentation (1)
- Instrumentation and data management (1)
- Insulators (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interdisciplinary Physics (1)
- Interface dipole (1)
- Interfaces (1)
- Interfacial strength (1)
- Interferometry (1)
- Interlayer (1)
- Intermittency (1)
- Internal stress (1)
- Interstellar medium (1)
- Intrachain order (1)
- Intragap states (1)
- Ir(111) (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Junction model (1)
- Kalman filtering (1)
- Kelvin probe (1)
- Khalerchinskaya tundra (1)
- Kp index (1)
- LII (1)
- LLG equation (1)
- Laboratory astrophysics (1)
- Lakes (1)
- Land-sea thermal contrast (1)
- Laplace-type operator (1)
- Large deviation statistics (1)
- Laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Lattice dynamics (1)
- Levy flight (1)
- Ligand-field state (1)
- Ligands (1)
- Localization regime (1)
- Localized chaos (1)
- Low carbon steel (1)
- Lysozyme (1)
- Lévy flights (1)
- Lévy walks (1)
- MATROSHKA-R (1)
- MO (1)
- Machine learning control (1)
- Magellanic Cloud (1)
- Magnetic field (1)
- Magnetic fields (1)
- Magnetic stray field (1)
- Magnetooptical effects (1)
- Markov additive processes (1)
- Mars (1)
- Maximum entropy method (1)
- Maximum likelihood estimation (1)
- Memory effects (1)
- Metal matrix composite (1)
- Metal oxides (1)
- Metals (1)
- Microcracked ceramics (1)
- Micromechanical modeling (1)
- Micromechanical schemes (1)
- Microscopic morphology (1)
- Microstructure (1)
- Microstructure and (1)
- Microstructure and texture (1)
- Mid-temperature transition (1)
- Mittag-Leffler function (1)
- Mittag-Leffler functions (1)
- MoS2 (1)
- Mobility imbalance (1)
- Mobility relaxation (1)
- Mode function (1)
- Model structural error (1)
- Molar water content (1)
- Molecular structure (1)
- Molecularly imprinted polymer (1)
- Monomers (1)
- Monte Carlo (1)
- Monte Carlo simulation (1)
- Moonlight (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Multi-dimensional Markovian embedding of non-Markovian dynamics (1)
- Multiphase composites (1)
- Multiple trapping model (1)
- NEXAFS (1)
- NLP (1)
- NTCM (1)
- NTF (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanoreactor (1)
- Near-Field Optics (1)
- Network inference (1)
- Neumann problem (1)
- Neurooscillators (1)
- Ni (1)
- Nickel-based (1)
- Nickel-based superalloy (1)
- Node degree distribution (1)
- Noise floor (1)
- Non-Markovian processes (1)
- Non-linear dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- Non-perturbative analysis (1)
- Nonlinear analysis (1)
- Nonlinearity (1)
- Nonradiative recombination (1)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1)
- OFET (1)
- OSSS inequality (1)
- Observing methods (1)
- Oligomers (1)
- Open-circuit voltage (1)
- Optical resonators (1)
- Optoelectronic devices and components (1)
- Optoelectronic properties (1)
- Optoelectronics (1)
- Organic LEDs (1)
- Organic electronics (1)
- Organic thermoelectrics (1)
- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (1)
- Ott - Antonsen reduction (1)
- Ott-Antonsen equation (1)
- Ott-Antonsen reduction (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) (1)
- PBLG (1)
- PEDOT (1)
- PEDOT:PSS (1)
- PNIPAm (1)
- Paleoclimate modeling (1)
- Parametric drift estimation (1)
- Pareto law (1)
- Partial synchrony (1)
- Partial wavelet coherence (1)
- Partially alternating copolymers (1)
- Periodic solutions (1)
- Perovskite solar cell (1)
- Perovskite solar cells (1)
- Phase dynamics (1)
- Phase modulation (1)
- Phase reconstruction (1)
- Phase transitions (1)
- Photo-CELIV (1)
- Photoconductivity (1)
- Photocurrent (1)
- Photoexcitations (1)
- Photon density wave spectroscopy (1)
- Photonic devices (1)
- Photosphere (1)
- Photothermal conversion (1)
- Photovoltaic gap (1)
- Pipe networks (1)
- Plasma Physics (1)
- Plasmonics (1)
- Plastibodies (1)
- Polarization (1)
- Polaron (1)
- Polycrystals (1)
- Polyetlioxysiloxane (1)
- Polymer intermixing (1)
- Probabilistic projections (1)
- Probability (1)
- Process analytical technology (1)
- Prominences (1)
- Prominences, magnetic field (1)
- Prominences, quiescent (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Pseudo-Voigt fit function (1)
- Pulse induced transparency (1)
- PyTorch (1)
- Python (1)
- Quantum optics (1)
- Quartz (1)
- Quasimodes (1)
- Quiescent (1)
- Quiet (1)
- RF gun (1)
- RIXS (1)
- RIXS at FELs (1)
- Radiation dose calculation (1)
- Radiation on the ISS (1)
- Radiation protection (1)
- Raman imaging (1)
- Random cluster model (1)
- Random feature maps (1)
- Randomised tree algorithm (1)
- Rashba effect (1)
- Reaction mechanisms (1)
- Reactive adsorption (1)
- Reactive coupling (1)
- Recombination losses (1)
- Recurrence plots (1)
- Recurrence quantification analysis (1)
- Reflective writing (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric (RF) fluoropolymers (1)
- Relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (1)
- Residual stresses (1)
- Residue (1)
- Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength (1)
- Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- Robin boundary condition (1)
- Rock (1)
- Rocks (1)
- RsgA (1)
- SCAPS-1D (1)
- SEM (1)
- SHPB (1)
- SIO₂ (1)
- SIR model (1)
- SLM (1)
- STM (1)
- Saddle Point (1)
- Saturn (1)
- Scaling exponents (1)
- Scan strategies (1)
- Scanning transmission electron microscopy (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Scattering breakdown (1)
- Schottky junction (1)
- Schrödinger equation (1)
- Science education (1)
- Seebeck coefficient (1)
- Seismicity modelling (1)
- Semantics (1)
- Shannon entropy (1)
- Shnol theorem (1)
- Shockley-Queisser model (1)
- Shockley-Read-Hall (1)
- Shocks (1)
- Signal processing (1)
- Silica source (1)
- Silicification (1)
- Silicon (1)
- Sinai diffusion (1)
- Small (1)
- Societal impacts (1)
- Solar Cycle, observations (1)
- Solar cycle (1)
- Solar energy (1)
- Solar energy and photovoltaic technology (1)
- Solvents (1)
- South-America (1)
- Space plasmas (1)
- Space radiation (1)
- Spectral diffusion (1)
- Spectral gap (1)
- Spectroscopy (1)
- Spin-echo (1)
- Stability (1)
- Stars: individual: 4U2206+54, BD+53 2790 (1)
- Statistical Physics (1)
- Statistical copolymers (1)
- Statistical inference (1)
- Steppest Descend method (1)
- Stern-Gerlach effect (1)
- Stille-type cross-coupling (1)
- Stimulated scattering (1)
- Stimuli-responsive materials (1)
- Stochastic reaction– diffusion (1)
- Strain hardening (1)
- Strain measurement (1)
- Stratosphere (1)
- Stress-strain relations (1)
- Structure-performance relationship (1)
- Structure-property relationships (1)
- Sub-gamma random variable (1)
- Subdiffusion (1)
- Sun (1)
- Sun: Chromosphere (1)
- Sun: corona (1)
- Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (1)
- Sun: filaments, prominences (1)
- Sun: flares (1)
- Sun: heliosphere (1)
- Sun: magnetic fields (1)
- Sun: photosphere (1)
- Supernova remnants (1)
- Surface properties (1)
- Surface treatment (1)
- Surfactant (1)
- Surfactants (1)
- TCOs (1)
- TD-DFT (1)
- TRMM (1)
- Teleconnection patterns (1)
- Tensile load (1)
- Tension (1)
- Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (1)
- Thermal Radiation (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermo optic effects (1)
- Thermoclectrics (1)
- Thermodynamic efficiency (1)
- Thermodynamic properties (1)
- Thiouracil (1)
- Time delay (1)
- Time series (1)
- Time-dependent mobility (1)
- Time-of-flight (TOF) (1)
- Topological matter (1)
- Transient photocurrent (1)
- Transition metals (1)
- Transition-metal ion (1)
- Trypanosoma cruzi (1)
- Tunneling (1)
- UV cross-linking (1)
- UV nanoimprint lithography (1)
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy (1)
- Ultra-high vacuum (1)
- Ultrafast X-rays (1)
- Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- University physics (1)
- Uracil (1)
- V*V884 Sco (1)
- V-OC loss (1)
- VERB (1)
- VERB code (1)
- VERITAS (1)
- Vacuum fields (1)
- Vacuum-level alignment (1)
- Van Allen Probes (1)
- Vector bundle (1)
- Viscoelasticity (1)
- WAAM (1)
- WKB-expansion (1)
- Washing fastness (1)
- Water Vapor (1)
- Water distribution systems (1)
- Water-assisted crystallization (1)
- Wave Propagation (1)
- Wavelets (1)
- Wealth and income distribution (1)
- Weather regimes (1)
- X-ray absorption (1)
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray and (1)
- X-ray computed (1)
- X-ray emission (1)
- X-ray optics (1)
- X-ray refraction; (1)
- X-ray scattering (1)
- X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- X-ray synchrotron diffraction (1)
- X-rays (1)
- X-rays : stars (1)
- X-rays: individuals: Circinus X-1 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: GRS 1915+105 (1)
- X-rays: individuals: V4641 Sgr (1)
- Yield strength (1)
- Zeolite synthesis (1)
- absorption (1)
- absorption lines (1)
- absorption measurements (1)
- acceleration (1)
- acceptance (1)
- acidic crosslinking (1)
- actin (1)
- actin waves (1)
- active matter (1)
- active particles (1)
- activity (1)
- actuators (1)
- adaptation and mitigation (1)
- additive (1)
- additive manufacturing (AM) (1)
- aerosol. photoacoustics (1)
- ageing (1)
- aggregation (1)
- air pollution (1)
- aluminium alloys (1)
- amphiphilic side chains (1)
- amplitude response (1)
- analysis (1)
- analytical model (1)
- analyzer-based imaging (1)
- anatomical connectivity (1)
- and governance (1)
- and surface diffusion (1)
- anomalous (1)
- anomalous (or non-Fickian) diffusion (1)
- anomalous heat conduction (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antireflection (1)
- applications (1)
- approximate methods (1)
- aspect ratio (1)
- assembly factor (1)
- astronomy (1)
- astroparticle physic (1)
- asymmetric Levy flights (1)
- asymptotic analysis (1)
- asynchronous design (1)
- atmosphere (1)
- atomic force microscopy (AFM) (1)
- attosecond phenomena (1)
- authentication (1)
- authentication protocol (1)
- autocorrelation (1)
- autocorrelation function (1)
- autocorrelations (1)
- autoregressive models (1)
- axial next nearest neighbour Ising chains (1)
- azobenzene (1)
- azobenzene containing polymers (1)
- azobenzene containing surfactants (1)
- azobenzene-containing molecules (1)
- background (1)
- bacteria (1)
- bacterial swimming strategies (1)
- ball mill (1)
- bandgap (1)
- barrier escape (1)
- basis-sets (1)
- battery (1)
- battery-depletion attack (1)
- beam splitter (1)
- bifurcation analysis (1)
- binaries: eclipsing (1)
- binary neutron stars (1)
- biochemical oscillators (1)
- biohybrid microsystems (1)
- bioindicators (1)
- bioreceptors (1)
- biosensing (1)
- biosphere feedbacks (1)
- bismuth (1)
- bismuthene (1)
- black carbon (1)
- blade (1)
- block copolymer films (1)
- blue stragglers (1)
- boron-10 (1)
- boundary local time (1)
- brownian motion (1)
- brushes (1)
- bubbles (1)
- built-in potential (1)
- bulk (1)
- bulk heterojunction (1)
- bulk heterojunctions (1)
- bulk-heterojunction solar cells (1)
- cambridge cb4 0wf (1)
- cambs (1)
- cancer diagnosis (1)
- capacitance spectroscopy (1)
- carbene electron deficiency (1)
- carbenes (1)
- carbohydrate derivatives (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- carrier density (1)
- cascading regime (1)
- cataclysmic variables (1)
- catalysis (1)
- catanionic vesicles (1)
- cell migration (1)
- cell motility (1)
- cell nucleus (1)
- cell polarity (1)
- cell-cell (1)
- cellular signalling (1)
- cesium lead halides (1)
- chains (1)
- channel (1)
- chaos (1)
- characterization (1)
- charge (1)
- charge carrier density (1)
- charge carrier extraction (1)
- charge collection (1)
- charge density (1)
- charge generation yield (1)
- charge injection across hybrid interfaces (1)
- charge recombination yield (1)
- charge repulsion (1)
- charge shielding (1)
- charge storage (1)
- charge transfers (1)
- charge transport layers (1)
- charge-carrier transport (1)
- charge-transfer states (1)
- chemical (1)
- chemical interface damping (1)
- chemical modification (1)
- chemical oxidative polymerization (1)
- chemomechanical coupling (1)
- chimera (1)
- chimera state (1)
- chimera states (1)
- chirality (1)
- chloroplast ribosome (1)
- chorus waves (1)
- chromosphere (1)
- circulation (1)
- circumstellar matter (1)
- classification (1)
- cleaner energy transitions (1)
- climate benefits (1)
- climate change (1)
- clustering (1)
- coarse-grained order parameter (1)
- code (1)
- codifference (1)
- coefficient (1)
- coefficients (1)
- cohomology (1)
- collective dynamics (1)
- colloidal particles (1)
- coloured (1)
- coloured and quantum noise (1)
- coma (1)
- comets (1)
- compacton (1)
- complementarity (1)
- complex (1)
- complex networks (1)
- complex systems (1)
- complexes (1)
- composites (1)
- configuration (1)
- confinement (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformational and hydrodynamic characteristics (1)
- conformational changes (1)
- conjugated polymers (1)
- consequences (1)
- conservation laws (1)
- conservative random walks (1)
- contact resistance (1)
- continuous distribution model (1)
- continuous symmetries (1)
- continuous time random (1)
- continuous time random walk (1)
- continuous time random walk (CTRW) (1)
- contraction (1)
- convolutional neural networks (1)
- cooperation (1)
- coordinate measurement machine (1)
- copper iodide (1)
- copper minerals (1)
- correlated noise (1)
- correlation functions (1)
- correlations (1)
- cortical network (1)
- costs (1)
- coupled initial boundary value problem (1)
- coupling (1)
- coupling function (1)
- covariance (1)
- craters (1)
- critical adsorption (1)
- critical avalanche dynamics (1)
- critical phenomena (1)
- cross layer chip (1)
- crossover anomalous diffusion dynamics (1)
- crossover dynamics (1)
- cryolithology (1)
- crystal (1)
- crystal growth (1)
- crystal orientation (1)
- crystalline (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cylindrical geometry (1)
- damage (1)
- dark matter (1)
- dark matter detectors (1)
- dark matter experiments (1)
- dark matter theory (1)
- data analysis (1)
- data assimilation (1)
- data based NARMAX modeling (1)
- data behind figure (1)
- data cleansing (1)
- data profiling (1)
- databases (1)
- de Rham complex (1)
- decomposing anomalous diffusion (1)
- deep learning (1)
- defect detection (1)
- defects (1)
- delay differential equation (1)
- delay faults (1)
- delayed feedback (1)
- denial-of-service attack (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- density functional theory (1)
- dependent velocity (1)
- dermis (1)
- design for Testability (1)
- detector (1)
- diamagnetic currents (1)
- dielectric (1)
- dielectric barrier discharges (1)
- dielectric hysteresis (1)
- dielectrics (1)
- differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- diffraction (1)
- diffraction enhanced imaging (1)
- diffraction-elastic constants (1)
- diffuse radiation (1)
- diffusion coefficients (1)
- diffusion exponent (1)
- diffusion-controlled reactions (1)
- diffusion-influenced (1)
- diffusion-wave equation (1)
- dimension independent bound (1)
- dimensional reduction (1)
- direction of optomechanical stress (1)
- diselenide (1)
- dislocations (1)
- dispatchable renewable electricity (1)
- dispersion (1)
- dispersion force (1)
- doctor-blade coating (1)
- domain purity (1)
- domino effect (1)
- donor (1)
- donor-acceptor interfaces (1)
- doping (1)
- double-multilayer monochromators (1)
- doubly transient chaos (1)
- driven (1)
- driving force (1)
- droughts (1)
- dynamic light scattering (1)
- dynamic loading (1)
- dynamical cluster (1)
- dynamical systems (1)
- dynamics simulation (1)
- dynamo (1)
- early warning indicators (1)
- ecological (1)
- ecology and biodiversity (1)
- econophysics (1)
- ecosystems (1)
- efficiency (1)
- ejecta (1)
- electret polymers (1)
- electrets (1)
- electrical breakdown (1)
- electrical polarization hysteresis (1)
- electro-electrets (1)
- electro-fused zirconia (1)
- electro-modulation microscopy (1)
- electroanalysis (1)
- electrochemistry (1)
- electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (1)
- electromagnetic radiation (1)
- electron flux (1)
- electron flux forecasts (1)
- electron lifetimes (1)
- electron localization (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- electron spectroscopy (1)
- electron-transfer (1)
- electrostatic (1)
- electrostatics (1)
- elevated-temperature effects on the operation of dielectric-elastomer (1)
- ellipsometry (1)
- emic waves (1)
- emission factor (1)
- empirical modeling (1)
- empirical prediction (1)
- enacted PCK (1)
- energetic disorder (1)
- energetic disorders (1)
- energetic offset (1)
- energetic particle (1)
- energy (1)
- energy decarbonization (1)
- energy gradients (1)
- energy system modeling (1)
- energy-level alignments (1)
- england (1)
- ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacement (1)
- ensemble methods (1)
- entrance test (1)
- entropy production (1)
- epidermis (1)
- equation (1)
- equation approach (1)
- equation of state; (1)
- equatorial ionization anomaly (1)
- equatorial ionosphere (1)
- equatorial plasma bubbles (1)
- equatorial plasma depletions (1)
- ergodicity (1)
- exact results (1)
- excited-state proton-transfer (1)
- exciton dynamics (1)
- exciton plasmon coupling (1)
- excitonic materials (1)
- exclusion process (1)
- exclusion processes (1)
- expanding medium (1)
- expectation maximisation algorithm (1)
- experiments (1)
- exploit (1)
- external generation efficiency (1)
- external quantum efficiency (1)
- extremal values (1)
- extreme statistics (1)
- extrusion (1)
- fastest first-passage time of N walkers (1)
- femtosecond laser spectroscopy (1)
- ferro- and piezoelectrets (1)
- ferroelectric semiconductors (1)
- ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in polymers (1)
- fiber-electrophoresis chip (1)
- field experience (1)
- field-effect transistor (1)
- figure of merit (1)
- fill factor (1)
- fill factor losses (1)
- film sensor (1)
- films (1)
- filter (1)
- financial time series (1)
- finite-size effects (1)
- first-arrival density (1)
- first-passage time distribution (1)
- first-passage times (1)
- first-reaction time (1)
- flagellum (1)
- flashover (1)
- flexible (1)
- flow network (1)
- fluorescence (1)
- fluorinated organic spacer (1)
- fluorination (1)
- fluoroethylenepropylene (FEP) copolymer (1)
- force methods (1)
- forcing from below (1)
- forecast (1)
- formal specification (1)
- formal verification (1)
- formation (1)
- fractal (1)
- fractal dimension (1)
- fractional diffusion (1)
- fractional dynamic equations (1)
- fractional dynamics (1)
- free-electron laser (1)
- friction (1)
- fullerenes (1)
- functional connectivity (1)
- functional materials (1)
- functionalization (1)
- fungus (1)
- galaxies: clusters: general (1)
- galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD (1)
- galaxies: individual (1)
- galaxies: individual: NGC 4038, NGC 4039 (1)
- galaxies: individual: Small Magellanic Cloud (1)
- galaxies: star clusters (1)
- galaxy evolution (1)
- gamma ray detectors (1)
- gamma rays: (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse (1)
- gamma rays: diffuse background (1)
- gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 150323A) (1)
- gamma-ray bursts: general (1)
- gamma-rays: general (1)
- gas (1)
- gas chromatography (1)
- gene regulatory networks (1)
- general relativity (1)
- generalised langevin equation (1)
- generalized diffusion equation (1)
- generalized eigenfunction (1)
- generalized eigenfunctions (1)
- generational comparison (1)
- genetic networks (1)
- geomagnetic activity (1)
- geomagnetic observatory data (1)
- geomagnetic storm drivers (1)
- geomagnetic storms (1)
- geometrical deformations (1)
- geostationary orbit (1)
- glass (1)
- glassy systems (1)
- global surface warming (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 2808 (1)
- globular clusters: individual: NGC 3201 (1)
- gold cluster (1)
- gold nanoflowers (1)
- gradient boosting (1)
- gradients (1)
- grafted polymers (1)
- granite (1)
- gravitational lensing: strong (1)
- gravitational-wave astronomy (1)
- gravity (1)
- green solvents (1)
- greenhouse gas (1)
- ground state (1)
- group-subgroup relationships (1)
- guided self assembly (1)
- healing (1)
- heart failure (1)
- heat transfer (1)
- helium-3 alternative (1)
- heteroatoms (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion (1)
- heterogeneous diffusion process (1)
- heterogeneous ensemble of Brownian particles (1)
- heterogeneous media (1)
- heterojunction silicon solar cells (1)
- heterostructures (1)
- high dimensional (1)
- high-frequency force (1)
- high-redshift (1)
- historical geomagnetic storms (1)
- history and philosophy of astronomy (1)
- hole (1)
- hole extraction (1)
- hole selective materials (1)
- hopping dynamics (1)
- human behaviour (1)
- humidity (1)
- hybrid manufacturing (1)
- hybrid material (1)
- hybrid metal oxides (1)
- hybrid nanoparticles (1)
- hybrid synthesis (1)
- hydration layer (1)
- hydrochemistry (1)
- hydrodynamic model (1)
- hydrogels (1)
- hydrogen bonds (1)
- hyperbolic attractor (1)
- ice harboring (1)
- image registration (1)
- imaging (1)
- impedance spectroscopy (1)
- implantable medical device (1)
- implants (1)
- imprinted electrodes (1)
- in situ (1)
- in situ monitoring (1)
- incoherent light (1)
- incoherent radiation (1)
- individual (1)
- individual: CU Vir (1)
- inference (1)
- influence of weak magnetic fields on living systems (1)
- information (1)
- information theory (1)
- infrared: galaxies (1)
- infrared: general (1)
- infrared: planetary systems (1)
- infrared: stars (1)
- inorganic perovskites (1)
- instability (1)
- instructional (1)
- instructional explanation (1)
- instrumentation: adaptive optics (1)
- interactions (1)
- interface engineering (1)
- interfaces (1)
- intermittency (1)
- intermolecular force (1)
- intersystem crossing (1)
- inversion (1)
- ion beam (1)
- ion channels (1)
- ion mobility spectrometry (1)
- ion optics (1)
- ionic crosslinking (1)
- ionosphere (1)
- iron cyanides (1)
- jump detection (1)
- kinetic of cis-trans isomerization (1)
- laboratory x-ray diffraction (1)
- land use (1)
- large area devices (1)
- large deviation function (1)
- large-deviation statistic (1)
- large-scale structure of Universe (1)
- laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (1)
- laser pulses (1)
- laser-based additive manufacturing (1)
- lattice gas (1)
- layer-by-layer deposition (1)
- lead halide perovskite films (1)
- leakage scheme (1)
- light emission (1)
- light management (1)
- light photocontrol (1)
- linear stability analysis (1)
- linearized gravity (1)
- lipid bilayer membrane dynamics (1)
- living cells (1)
- local equilibrium (1)
- localisation (1)
- localization microscopy (1)
- loss mechanisms (1)
- low (1)
- low donor content (1)
- low-frequency force (1)
- lunar exploration (1)
- machine learning (1)
- magnetic microstructures (1)
- magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- magnetic pressure (1)
- magnetic proximity effect (1)
- magnetic stray field (1)
- magnetisation (1)
- magnetostriction (1)
- manipulation (1)
- manufacturing (AM) (1)
- mass (1)
- master (1)
- material (1)
- matrix composites (1)
- maximum and range (1)
- maximum entropy analysis (1)
- mean residence time (1)
- mean versus most probable reaction times (1)
- mean-field model (1)
- mechanisms (1)
- melt-quench-anneal (1)
- membrane (1)
- membrane channel (1)
- memory and delay (1)
- memory kernel (1)
- mesoporous silicon (1)
- metal (1)
- metal halide perovskites (1)
- metal optics (1)
- metal species (1)
- methane localization (1)
- methods (1)
- methods: Data analysis (1)
- methods: MHD (1)
- methods: Observational (1)
- methods: statistical (1)
- micro computed tomography (XCT) (1)
- microcracking (1)
- microfluidic paper analytic device (mu PAD) (1)
- microscopy (1)
- microstructure-property relations (1)
- microtransport and -assembly (1)
- mid-temperature transition(s) (1)
- milton rd (1)
- minerals (1)
- miscellaneous (1)
- mixed boundary conditions (1)
- mixed domains (1)
- mobile ions (1)
- mobile-immobile model (1)
- mobility (1)
- modeling (1)
- modelling (1)
- models (1)
- modified electrode (1)
- modular logic programs (1)
- mold (1)
- molecular bottle brushes (1)
- molecular brushes (1)
- molecular conformation (1)
- molecular crystals (1)
- molecular hydrodynamics and (1)
- molecular overcrowding (1)
- molecular weight (1)
- molecules (1)
- monitoring (1)
- monolayer (1)
- monsoon (1)
- monte-carlo (1)
- motion registration (1)
- movement data (1)
- multi-messenger astrophysics (1)
- multichannel (1)
- multidimensional fractional diffusion equation (1)
- multiple (1)
- myosin II (1)
- nanocomposite (1)
- nanofiber (1)
- nanoscale energy transports (1)
- nanoscale heat transfer (1)
- nanoscale modeling (1)
- narrow escape problem (1)
- natriuretic peptide system (1)
- natural resources (biological and non-biological) (1)
- near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- nebulae: general (1)
- negative thermal expansion (1)
- network dynamics (1)
- neural (1)
- neuronal networks (1)
- neutron powder diffraction (1)
- neutron resonance spin-echo spectroscopy (1)
- neutron spin-echo (1)
- neutron stars (1)
- neutrophils (1)
- nitride materials (1)
- nitrogen (1)
- non-Gaussian (1)
- non-Gaussian diffusion (1)
- non-Gaussian distribution (1)
- non-Gaussian probability (1)
- non-Gaussianity (1)
- non-Langevin reduction factors (1)
- non-contact heat transfer (1)
- non-destructive evaluation (1)
- non-equilibrium (1)
- non-equilibrium steady state (1)
- non-exponential relaxation (1)
- non-exponential statistics (1)
- non-extensive statistics (1)
- non-integer dimension (1)
- non-radiative recombination (1)
- non-repudiation (1)
- nonequilibrium physics (1)
- nonequilibrium stationary state (1)
- nonlinear (1)
- nonlinear frequency conversion (1)
- nonlinear lattice (1)
- nonlocal coupled oscillators (1)
- nonlocal coupling (1)
- nonradiative voltage losses (1)
- nonstationary diffusivity (1)
- novae (1)
- nucleobase (1)
- nucleobases (1)
- nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) (1)
- numerical simulations (1)
- ocean heat uptake (1)
- on-farm evaluation (1)
- onshore wind (1)
- opacity (1)
- open quantum systems (1)
- open-circuit voltage (1)
- optical manipulation (1)
- optical simulations (1)
- optical spectroscopy (1)
- optical tomography (1)
- optics (1)
- option pricing (1)
- optoplasmonic (1)
- organic (1)
- organic field-effect transistors (1)
- organic interfaces (1)
- organic semiconductors; (1)
- organic solar cell (1)
- organohalide lead perovskites (1)
- orientation approaches (1)
- origins (1)
- osmotic-pressure (1)
- overdamped brownian systems (1)
- oxidation state (1)
- oxygen (1)
- oxygen plasma (1)
- p-type (1)
- parameter (1)
- parameter inference (1)
- part I (1)
- particle morphology (1)
- passivation (1)
- patterning glass microfiber (1)
- patterns (1)
- peptides (1)
- percolation (1)
- percolation threshold (1)
- period doubling (1)
- periodically poled material (1)
- perovskite semiconductors (1)
- perovskite solar cell (1)
- perovskites (1)
- persistence (1)
- perturbation approach (1)
- phase approximation (1)
- phase behavior (1)
- phase diffusion (1)
- phase field model (1)
- phase oscillators (1)
- phase purity (1)
- phase response (1)
- phase response curve (1)
- phase transition (1)
- phase transitions (1)
- phase-isostable reduction (1)
- phase-transition boundary (1)
- phospholipid membranes (1)
- photocontrol (1)
- photodissociation region (PDR) (1)
- photoelectron (1)
- photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- photoexcited hole transfer (1)
- photofragmentation (1)
- photoisomerization (1)
- photoluminescence quenching (1)
- photon recycling (1)
- photon statistics (1)
- photonic crystal fibers (1)
- photosensitive polymers (1)
- photosensitive surfactants (1)
- photostability (1)
- photovoltaic devices (1)
- physical hydrogels (1)
- physics education (1)
- picosecond ultrasonics (1)
- piezoelectret (1)
- piezoelectrets (1)
- pink beams (1)
- pitch angle (1)
- pitch angle scattering (1)
- planetary (1)
- planetary nebulae: individual: SwSt1 (1)
- planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability (1)
- planets and satellites: individual (Saturn) (1)
- planning constraints (1)
- plasma flows (1)
- plasma pressure (1)
- plasmaspheric hiss (1)
- plasmaspheric plume (1)
- plasmonic chemistry (1)
- plasmonics (1)
- polarization (1)
- policies (1)
- politics (1)
- poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (1)
- poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) (1)
- polyelectrolyte adsorption (1)
- polyelectrolytes (1)
- polymer (1)
- polymer ferroelectrets (1)
- polymer-foam films (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1)
- polypyrrole (1)
- polysulfobetaines (1)
- polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (1)
- polyurethanes (1)
- polyzwitterions (1)
- populations (1)
- pore orientation (1)
- porosity (1)
- porous carbon materials (1)
- porphyrin (1)
- positioning (1)
- positive solutions (1)
- posttranslational protein translocation (1)
- potential ene rgy surface (1)
- power conversion efficiency (1)
- power spectral density (1)
- power spectrum (1)
- pp-wave solutions (1)
- practicum (1)
- pre-service teachers (1)
- precipitation (1)
- prediction (1)
- preferred orientation (1)
- preparedness (1)
- pressures (1)
- printed electroacoustic thin-film transducers (1)
- printing (1)
- probabilistic inference (1)
- probability density function (1)
- process (1)
- process inference (1)
- process monitoring (1)
- professional knowledge (1)
- projections (1)
- proteasome (1)
- protein folding (1)
- protein search (1)
- protein translocation (1)
- proteins (1)
- protocols (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0656+14 (1)
- pulsars: individual: PSR B0833-45 (1)
- pulsars: individual: SXP 1062 (1)
- pulse compression (1)
- pulse front matching (1)
- pump-probe (1)
- purification (1)
- quality (1)
- quantum (1)
- quantum correlations (1)
- quantum gravity (1)
- quantum mechanics (1)
- quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- quasar: absorption line (1)
- quasars: (1)
- quasars: emission lines (1)
- quasars: individual: 3C 279 (1)
- quasars: individual: LBQS 0302-0018 (1)
- quasi-Fermi level (1)
- quasi-particles (1)
- quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorptions (1)
- radiation belt (1)
- radiation belt electrons (1)
- radiation belt forecasts (1)
- radiation pressure (1)
- radiative limit (1)
- radiative transfer (1)
- radio continuum: stars (1)
- rainy-season (1)
- random forest (1)
- random search processes (1)
- random walk (1)
- random-walk (1)
- random-walks (1)
- rare events (1)
- ratchets (1)
- reaction cascade (1)
- reaction-diffusion models (1)
- reactions (1)
- readout electronics (1)
- reanalysis (1)
- recombination losses (1)
- recombination order (1)
- recombinations (1)
- rectification (1)
- recurrence plot (1)
- reflected Brownian motion (1)
- reflecting boundary conditions (1)
- regional equity (1)
- regression (1)
- relationships (1)
- relative total electron content (1)
- relativistic electron precipitation (1)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymer (1)
- relaxor-ferroelectric polymers (1)
- remote monitoring (1)
- repertory grid (1)
- research priorities (1)
- resetting (1)
- residual stress analysis (1)
- resolution matrix (1)
- resonant X-ray scattering (1)
- resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (1)
- resource assessments (1)
- reversible binding (1)
- ribosome assembly (1)
- right limits (1)
- ring (1)
- ring current (1)
- ring current electrons (1)
- ring current model (1)
- rock (1)
- rotation curves of galaxies (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- royal soc chemistry (1)
- run and tumble (1)
- rutile-type (1)
- scalability (1)
- scaled Brownian motion (1)
- scanning tunneling microscopy (1)
- scanning tunneling spectroscopy (1)
- school internship (1)
- science park (1)
- screen (1)
- search dynamics (1)
- search efficiency (1)
- segmentations (1)
- selective contact (1)
- selective laser melting (1)
- self-organisation (1)
- self-sufficiency (1)
- self-sustained oscillations (1)
- sensors and actuators (1)
- seperation (1)
- sequence-controlled polymers (1)
- shell-like geometries (1)
- shifts (1)
- silicon (1)
- silver (1)
- single chain folding (1)
- single trajectories (1)
- single trajectory analysis (1)
- single-molecule (1)
- single-particle tracking (1)
- single-stranded-dna (1)
- single-trajectory analysis (1)
- sintering (1)
- skutterudite (1)
- small molecules (1)
- smart card (1)
- social acceptance (1)
- soft X-ray (1)
- soft X-ray absorption (1)
- soft X-ray beamline (1)
- soft X-ray spectroscopy (1)
- soft electro-active materials (1)
- soft matter (1)
- soil moisture (1)
- solar coronal mass ejections (1)
- solar storm (1)
- solid-state nanopores (1)
- solitary wave (1)
- soliton (1)
- solvation (1)
- solvent vapor annealing (1)
- space charge (1)
- space-charge effects (1)
- space-charge stability (1)
- space-dependent diffusivity (1)
- space-time fractional diffusion equation (1)
- spacing (1)
- spark plasma (1)
- spatial (1)
- spatial poisson distribution (1)
- specific ion effects (1)
- spectra (1)
- spectrometry (1)
- spectroscopic (1)
- spectroscopy (1)
- spin (1)
- spin foam models (1)
- spin glass (1)
- spin state (1)
- spin- and angle-resolved photoemission (1)
- spin-crossover (1)
- spin-dependent forces (1)
- spin-orbit coupling (1)
- spin-orbit interaction (1)
- spin-related factors (1)
- spin-resolved (1)
- spiro-OMeTAD (1)
- split Hopkinson pressure bar (1)
- splitting (1)
- spontaneous parametric down-conversion (1)
- spread F (1)
- sputtering (1)
- stability analysis (1)
- stability and accuracy (1)
- stable water isotopes (1)
- stars (1)
- stars : Wolf-Rayet (1)
- stars : atmospheres (1)
- stars : early-type (1)
- stars : evolution (1)
- stars : individual : xi Per (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Oph (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Ori (1)
- stars : individual : zeta Pup (1)
- stars : mass-loss (1)
- stars : winds, outflows (1)
- stars evolution (1)
- stars: Wolft-Rayet (1)
- stars: circumstellar matter (1)
- stars: early-typeP (1)
- stars: flare (1)
- stars: formation (1)
- stars: horizontal branch (1)
- stars: horizontal-branch (1)
- stars: individual (PHL 457, EQ Psc) (1)
- stars: individual: 4U1700-37 (1)
- stars: individual: DGCVn-gamma rays: stars (1)
- stars: individual: HD 137366 (1)
- stars: individual: HD 93129A (1)
- stars: individual: HR 5907 (1)
- stars: individual: PG 1610+062 (1)
- stars: individual: R 145 (1)
- stars: individual: SMC AB 6 (1)
- stars: individual: WR 7 (1)
- stars: late-type (1)
- stars: magnetars (1)
- stars: oscillations (1)
- stars: oscillations (including pulsations) (1)
- stars: variables: general (1)
- state space modelling (1)
- stationary stochastic process (1)
- statistical physics (1)
- statistics (1)
- stellar content (1)
- stellar coronal mass ejections (1)
- stimuli-responsive structured polymer films (1)
- stochastic dynamics (1)
- stochastic models (1)
- stochastic process (1)
- stochastic resonance (1)
- stochastic thermodynamics (1)
- stochastic time series (1)
- stochastics (1)
- strain-free lattice (1)
- stress exponent (1)
- stress recovery (1)
- stress-relaxation (1)
- stroboscopic imaging (1)
- strong coupling (1)
- structure (1)
- structure of water (1)
- structure-property (1)
- structured polynucleotides (1)
- structures (1)
- stuck-at faults (1)
- subgrain structure (1)
- summer (1)
- sunspots (1)
- superalloys (1)
- superdiffusion and (1)
- superluminescent diodes (1)
- supernovae: general (1)
- supervised machine learning (1)
- support vector machines (1)
- surface band bending (1)
- surface charge (1)
- surface cracks (1)
- surface modification (1)
- surface morphology (1)
- surface photovoltage (1)
- surface reactivity (1)
- surface recombination (1)
- surface reconstruction (1)
- surface states (1)
- surface tension (1)
- surface treatment (1)
- surface wetting (1)
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1)
- surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (1)
- surface-roughened (1)
- susceptibility (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction (1)
- synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (1)
- synchrotron radiation (1)
- synchrotron x-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) (1)
- synthesis (1)
- systems subjected to parameter drift (1)
- table-top sources (1)
- tandem solar cells (1)
- tau proteins (1)
- techniques (1)
- techniques: Image processing (1)
- techniques: radial velocities (1)
- telegrapher's equation (1)
- telluride (1)
- tellurium (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature dependence (1)
- ternary blends (1)
- texture (1)
- thermal barrier coatings (1)
- thermal conductivity (1)
- thermal energy storage (1)
- thermal expansion (1)
- thermal stimulation of (1)
- thermally enhanced actuators (1)
- thermally stimulated depolarization current (1)
- thermodynamic control (1)
- thermodynamic length (1)
- thermodynamics (1)
- thermoelectric materials (1)
- thermoelectric properties (1)
- thermoelectrics (1)
- theta neurons (1)
- thickness insensitive active layers (1)
- thin films (1)
- thin-film solar cells (1)
- thiouracil (1)
- thomas graham house (1)
- threshold voltages (1)
- through space NMR shieldings (1)
- time (1)
- time averaging (1)
- time series analysis (1)
- time-averaged mean squared displacement (1)
- time-fractional Schrödinger equation (1)
- time-resolved X-ray probing (1)
- time-resolved photoemission (1)
- timing resilient design (1)
- tipping cascade (1)
- tipping elements (1)
- tipping interactions (1)
- tomography (XCT) (1)
- topological community (1)
- tracking (1)
- trade (1)
- tranfer excited-state (1)
- transfer dynamics (1)
- transient absorption spectroscopy (1)
- transient grating spectroscopy (1)
- transient spectroscopy (1)
- transmission (1)
- transparent conductors (1)
- transport layer (1)
- transport layers (1)
- transports (1)
- transversal instabilities (1)
- traveling waves (1)
- triple-axis spectroscopy (1)
- triple-cation perovskite (1)
- truncated power-law correlated noise (1)
- twisted state (1)
- ultrafast molecular dynamics (1)
- ultrafast optics (1)
- ultrafast phenomena (1)
- ultrafast photoacoustics (1)
- ultrafast spectroscopy (1)
- ultrafast x-ray diffraction (1)
- ultrarelativistic electrons (1)
- ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- ultraviolet: galaxies (1)
- ultraviolet: stars (1)
- upconversion nanoparticles (1)
- utility-scale batteries (1)
- vacuum fields (1)
- van allen probes (RBSP) (1)
- van allen probes; (1)
- verb (1)
- verb simulations; (1)
- vibrational resonance (1)
- vibrational spectroscopy (1)
- viscoelastic effects and anomalous diffusion (1)
- viscosity (1)
- walks (1)
- water (1)
- water diffusion in the brain (1)
- water ice (1)
- water-interface (1)
- water-methane films (1)
- wave particle interaction (1)
- wave structure (1)
- wave-particle interactions (1)
- waveguides (1)
- weak ergodicity breaking (1)
- wearable (1)
- weather (1)
- weighted (1)
- whispering gallery modes (1)
- wurtzite type (1)
- x-ray free-electron lasers (1)
- x-ray photoemission (1)
- x-ray spectroscopies and phenomena (1)
- x-ray-absorption (1)
- zebrafish (1)
- zero-power defense (1)
- zwitterions (1)
- иперболический аттрактор (1)
- когомологии (1)
- комплекс де Рама (1)
- оллективная динамика (1)
- проблема Неймана (1)
- синхронизация (1)
- теория Ходжа (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie (876)
- Institut für Chemie (34)
- Institut für Mathematik (15)
- Extern (8)
- Institut für Geowissenschaften (6)
- Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie (6)
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät (5)
- Fachgruppe Politik- & Verwaltungswissenschaft (3)
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut für Digital Engineering gGmbH (3)
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie (3)
The quantification and identification of aerosols in industry plays a key role in process monitoring and control and lays the foundation for process automation aspired by the industry 4.0 initiative.
However, measuring particulate matter's mass and number concentrations in harsh environments poses great analytical constraints.
The presented approach comprises a comprehensive set of light-and imaging-based techniques, all contactless, in-line, and real-time. It includes, but is not limited to, stroboscopic imaging, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser-induced incandescence (LII). Stroboscopic imaging confirmed the particles sphericity and was used to measure the particle number density. A phase-selective LIBS setup with low fluence and 500 Hz repetition rate was used to classify each particle with a single-pulse and in real time. Simultaneously, the created plasma was captured by CCD imaging to determine the detection volume and hit rate of the LIBS setup.
Both data sets combined were converted to a particle number density, which was consistent with the particle number density of the stroboscopic measurements. Furthermore, using a photodiode and microphone in parallel to the LIBS setup allowed for the photoacoustic normalization of the spectral line intensity at the laser repetition rate of 500 Hz.
This was done as a partial photoacoustic normalization method with the cut-off based on the coefficient of variation (CV), reducing it by 25%. Aside from that photodiode and microphone were proven to be valuable event counting with the advantage of the less spatially constricted. A second laser setup was used for laser -induced incandescence (LII) making it possible to classify the particles based on their incandescence tendency. Given its larger probing volume, LII could be employed at very low particle number densities.
With respect to the current literature, this is the first approach of using LII as an in-line, real-time analytical technique for the compositional classification of metal-bearing aerosols.
The BAMline at the BESSY II synchrotron X-ray source has enabled research for more than 20 years in widely spread research fields such as materials science, biology, cultural heritage and medicine.
As a nondestructive characterization method, synchrotron X-ray imaging, especially tomography, plays a particularly important role in structural characterization.
A recent upgrade of key equipment of the BAMline widens its imaging capabilities: shorter scan acquisition times are now possible, in situ and op erando studies can now be routinely performed, and different energy spectra can easily be set up.
In fact, the upgraded double-multilayer monochromator brings full flexibility by yielding different energy spectra to optimize flux and energy resolution as desired.
The upgraded detector (based on an sCMOS camera) also allows exploiting the higher flux with reduced readout times.
Furthermore, an installed slip ring allows the sample stage to continuously rotate.
The latter feature enables tomographic observation of processes occurring in the time scale of a few seconds.
Inferring oscillator's phase and amplitude response from a scalar signal exploiting test stimulation
(2022)
The phase sensitivity curve or phase response curve (PRC) quantifies the oscillator's reaction to stimulation at a specific phase and is a primary characteristic of a self-sustained oscillatory unit.
Knowledge of this curve yields a phase dynamics description of the oscillator for arbitrary weak forcing. Similar, though much less studied characteristic, is the amplitude response that can be defined either using an ad hoc approach to amplitude estimation or via the isostable variables.
Here, we discuss the problem of the phase and amplitude response inference from observations using test stimulation. Although PRC determination for noise-free neuronal-like oscillators perturbed by narrow pulses is a well-known task, the general case remains a challenging problem. Even more challenging is the inference of the amplitude response. This characteristic is crucial, e.g. for controlling the amplitude of the collective mode in a network of interacting units-a task relevant to neuroscience. Here, we compare the performance of different techniques suitable for inferring the phase and amplitude response, particularly with application to macroscopic oscillators. We suggest improvements to these techniques, e.g. demonstrating how to obtain the PRC in case of stimuli of arbitrary shape. Our main result is a novel technique denoted by IPID-1, based on the direct reconstruction of the Winfree equation and the analogous first-order equation for isostable dynamics. The technique works for signals with or without well-pronounced marker events and pulses of arbitrary shape; in particular, we consider charge-balanced pulses typical in neuroscience applications. Moreover, this technique is superior for noisy and high-dimensional systems. Additionally, we describe an error measure that can be computed solely from data and complements any inference technique.
Random logic networks
(2021)
We investigate dynamical properties of a quantum generalization of classical reversible Boolean networks. The state of each node is encoded as a single qubit, and classical Boolean logic operations are supplemented by controlled bit-flip and Hadamard operations. We consider synchronous updating schemes in which each qubit is updated at each step based on stored values of the qubits from the previous step. We investigate the periodic or quasiperiodic behavior of quantum networks, and we analyze the propagation of single site perturbations through the quantum networks with input degree one. A nonclassical mechanism for perturbation propagation leads to substantially different evolution of the Hamming distance between the original and perturbed states.
We apply the concepts of relative dimensions and mutual singularities to characterize the fractal properties of overlapping attractor and repeller in chaotic dynamical systems. We consider one analytically solvable example (a generalized baker's map); two other examples, the Anosov-Mobius and the Chirikov-Mobius maps, which possess fractal attractor and repeller on a two-dimensional torus, are explored numerically. We demonstrate that although for these maps the stable and unstable directions are not orthogonal to each other, the relative Renyi and Kullback-Leibler dimensions as well as the mutual singularity spectra for the attractor and repeller can be well approximated under orthogonality assumption of two fractals.
The fundamental sensitivity limit of atomic force microscopy is strongly correlated to the thermal noise of cantilever oscillation. A method to suppress this unwanted noise is to reduce the bandwidth of the measurement, but this approach is limited by the speed of the measurement and the width of the cantilever resonance, commonly defined through the quality factor Q. However, it has been shown that optomechanical resonances in interferometers might affect cantilever oscillations resulting in an effective quality factor Q(eff). When the laser power is sufficiently increased cantilever oscillations might even reach the regime of self-oscillation. In this self-oscillation state, the noise of the system is partially determined by the interaction with laser light far from equilibrium. Here, we show and discuss how tuning of laser power leads to nonlinear optomechanical effects that can dramatically increase the effective quality factor of the cantilever leading to out-of-equilibrium noise. We model the effects using a fourth order nonlinearity of the damping coefficient. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
Data-driven expectations for electromagnetic counterpart searches based on LIGO/Virgo public alerts
(2022)
Searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational-wave signals have redoubled since the first detection in 2017 of a binary neutron star merger with a gamma-ray burst, optical/infrared kilonova, and panchromatic afterglow. Yet, one LIGO/Virgo observing run later, there has not yet been a second, secure identification of an electromagnetic counterpart. This is not surprising given that the localization uncertainties of events in LIGO and Virgo's third observing run, O3, were much larger than predicted.
We explain this by showing that improvements in data analysis that now allow LIGO/Virgo to detect weaker and hence more poorly localized events have increased the overall number of detections, of which well-localized, gold-plated events make up a smaller proportion overall.
We present simulations of the next two LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA observing runs, O4 and O5, that are grounded in the statistics of O3 public alerts. To illustrate the significant impact that the updated predictions can have, we study the follow-up strategy for the Zwicky Transient Facility. Realistic and timely forecasting of gravitational-wave localization accuracy is paramount given the large commitments of telescope time and the need to prioritize which events are followed up.
We include a data release of our simulated localizations as a public proposal planning resource for astronomers.
Stochastic resetting, a diffusive process whose amplitude is reset to the origin at random times, is a vividly studied strategy to optimize encounter dynamics, e.g., in chemical reactions. Here we generalize the resetting step by introducing a random resetting amplitude such that the diffusing particle may be only partially reset towards the trajectory origin or even overshoot the origin in a resetting step. We introduce different scenarios for the random-amplitude stochastic resetting process and discuss the resulting dynamics. Direct applications are geophysical layering (stratigraphy) and population dynamics or financial markets, as well as generic search processes.
Comb-like geometric constraints leading to emergence of the time-fractional Schrödinger equation
(2021)
This paper presents an overview over several examples, where the comb-like geometric constraints lead to emergence of the time-fractional Schrodinger equation. Motion of a quantum object on a comb structure is modeled by a suitable modification of the kinetic energy operator, obtained by insertion of the Dirac delta function in the Laplacian. First, we consider motion of a free particle on two- and three-dimensional comb structures, and then we extend the study to the interacting cases. A general form of a nonlocal term, which describes the interactions of the particle with the medium, is included in the Hamiltonian, and later on, the cases of constant and Dirac delta potentials are analyzed. At the end, we discuss the case of non-integer dimensions, considering separately the case of fractal dimension between one and two, and the case of fractal dimension between two and three. All these examples show that even though we are starting with the standard time-dependent Schrodinger equation on a comb, the time-fractional equation for the Green's functions appears, due to these specific geometric constraints.
We present the discovery of a new double-detonation progenitor system consisting of a hot subdwarf B (sdB) binary with a white dwarf companion with a P (orb) = 76.34179(2) minutes orbital period. Spectroscopic observations are consistent with an sdB star during helium core burning residing on the extreme horizontal branch. Chimera light curves are dominated by ellipsoidal deformation of the sdB star and a weak eclipse of the companion white dwarf. Combining spectroscopic and light curve fits, we find a low-mass sdB star, M (sdB) = 0.383 +/- 0.028 M (circle dot) with a massive white dwarf companion, M (WD) = 0.725 +/- 0.026 M (circle dot). From the eclipses we find a blackbody temperature for the white dwarf of 26,800 K resulting in a cooling age of approximate to 25 Myr whereas our MESA model predicts an sdB age of approximate to 170 Myr. We conclude that the sdB formed first through stable mass transfer followed by a common envelope which led to the formation of the white dwarf companion approximate to 25 Myr ago. Using the MESA stellar evolutionary code we find that the sdB star will start mass transfer in approximate to 6 Myr and in approximate to 60 Myr the white dwarf will reach a total mass of 0.92 M (circle dot) with a thick helium layer of 0.17 M (circle dot). This will lead to a detonation that will likely destroy the white dwarf in a peculiar thermonuclear supernova. PTF1 J2238+7430 is only the second confirmed candidate for a double-detonation thermonuclear supernova. Using both systems we estimate that at least approximate to 1% of white dwarf thermonuclear supernovae originate from sdB+WD binaries with thick helium layers, consistent with the small number of observed peculiar thermonuclear explosions.
The study addresses the question, if observed changes in terms of Arctic-midlatitude linkages during winter are driven by Arctic Sea ice decline alone or if the increase of global sea surface temperatures plays an additional role. We compare atmosphere-only model experiments with ECHAM6 to ERA-Interim Reanalysis data. The model sensitivity experiment is implemented as a set of four combinations of sea ice and sea surface temperature boundary conditions. Atmospheric circulation regimes are determined and evaluated in terms of their cyclone and blocking characteristics and changes in frequency during winter. As a prerequisite, ECHAM6 reproduces general features of circulation regimes very well. Tropospheric changes induced by the change of boundary conditions are revealed and further impacts on the large-scale circulation up into the stratosphere are investigated. In early winter, the observed increase of atmospheric blocking in the region between Scandinavia and the Urals are primarily related to the changes in sea surface temperatures. During late winter, we f nd a weakened polar stratospheric vortex in the reanalysis that further impacts the troposphere. In the model sensitivity study a climatologically weakened polar vortex occurs only if sea ice is reduced and sea surface temperatures are increased together. This response is delayed compared to the reanalysis. The tropospheric response during late winter is inconclusive in the model, which is potentially related to the weak and delayed response in the stratosphere. The model experiments do not reproduce the connection between early and late winter as interpreted from the reanalysis. Potentially explaining this mismatch, we identify a discrepancy of ECHAM6 to reproduce the weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex through blocking induced upward propagation of planetary waves.
We consider a system of noninteracting particles on a line with initial positions distributed uniformly with density ? on the negative half-line. We consider two different models: (i) Each particle performs independent Brownian motion with stochastic resetting to its initial position with rate r and (ii) each particle performs run -and-tumble motion, and with rate r its position gets reset to its initial value and simultaneously its velocity gets randomized. We study the effects of resetting on the distribution P(Q, t) of the integrated particle current Q up to time t through the origin (from left to right). We study both the annealed and the quenched current distributions and in both cases, we find that resetting induces a stationary limiting distribution of the current at long times. However, we show that the approach to the stationary state of the current distribution in the annealed and the quenched cases are drastically different for both models. In the annealed case, the whole distribution P-an(Q, t) approaches its stationary limit uniformly for all Q. In contrast, the quenched distribution P-qu(Q, t) attains its stationary form for Q < Q(crit)(t), while it remains time dependent for Q > Q(crit)(t). We show that Q(crit)(t) increases linearly with t for large t. On the scale where Q <; Q(crit)(t), we show that P-qu(Q, t) has an unusual large deviation form with a rate function that has a third-order phase transition at the critical point. We have computed the associated rate functions analytically for both models. Using an importance sampling method that allows to probe probabilities as tiny as 10-14000, we were able to compute numerically this nonanalytic rate function for the resetting Brownian dynamics and found excellent agreement with our analytical prediction.
We present a detailed spectroscopic and timing analysis of X-ray observations of the bright pulsar PSR B0656+14. The observations were obtained simultaneously with eROSITA and XMM-Newton during the calibration and performance verification phase of the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission (SRG). The analysis of the 100 ks deep observation of eROSITA is supported by archival observations of the source, including XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and NICER. Using XMM-Newton and NICER, we first established an X-ray ephemeris for the time interval 2015 to 2020, which connects all X-ray observations in this period without cycle count alias and phase shifts. The mean eROSITA spectrum clearly reveals an absorption feature originating from the star at 570 eV with a Gaussian sigma of about 70 eV that was tentatively identified in a previous long XMM-Newton observation. A second previously discussed absorption feature occurs at 260-265 eV and is described here as an absorption edge. It could be of atmospheric or of instrumental origin. These absorption features are superposed on various emission components that are phenomenologically described here as the sum of hot (120 eV) and cold (65 eV) blackbody components, both of photospheric origin, and a power law with photon index Gamma = 2 from the magnetosphere. We created energy-dependent light curves and phase-resolved spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The phase-resolved spectroscopy reveals that the Gaussian absorption line at 570 eV is clearly present throughout similar to 60% of the spin cycle, but it is otherwise undetected. Likewise, its parameters were found to be dependent on phase. The visibility of the line strength coincides in phase with the maximum flux of the hot blackbody. If the line originates from the stellar surface, it nevertheless likely originates from a different location than the hot polar cap. We also present three families of model atmospheres: a magnetized atmosphere, a condensed surface, and a mixed model. They were applied to the mean observed spectrum, whose continuum fit the observed data well. The atmosphere model, however, predicts distances that are too short. For the mixed model, the Gaussian absorption may be interpreted as proton cyclotron absorption in a field as high as 10(14) G, which is significantly higher than the field derived from the moderate observed spin-down.
Perovskite semiconductors are an attractive option to overcome the limitations of established silicon based photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to their exceptional opto-electronic properties and their successful integration into multijunction cells. However, the performance of single- and multijunction cells is largely limited by significant nonradiative recombination at the perovskite/organic electron transport layer junctions. In this work, the cause of interfacial recombination at the perovskite/C-60 interface is revealed via a combination of photoluminescence, photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principle numerical simulations. It is found that the most significant contribution to the total C-60-induced recombination loss occurs within the first monolayer of C-60, rather than in the bulk of C-60 or at the perovskite surface. The experiments show that the C-60 molecules act as deep trap states when in direct contact with the perovskite. It is further demonstrated that by reducing the surface coverage of C-60, the radiative efficiency of the bare perovskite layer can be retained. The findings of this work pave the way toward overcoming one of the most critical remaining performance losses in perovskite solar cells.
The bimolecular recombination characteristics of conjugated polymer poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,5-bis 3-tetradecylthiophen-2-y1 thiazolo 5,4-d thiazole)-2,5diy1] (PDTSiTTz) blended with the fullerene series PC60BM, ICMA, ICBA, and ICTA have been investigated using microsecond and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, in conjunction with electroluminescence measurements and ambient photoemission spectroscopy. The non-Langevin polymer PDTSiTTz allows an inspection of intrinsic bimolecular recombination rates uninhibited by diffusion, while the low oscillator strengths of fullerenes allow polymer features to dominate, and we compare our results to those of the well-known polymer Si-PCPDTBT. Using mu s-TAS, we have shown that the trap -limited decay dynamics of the PDTSiTTz polaron becomes progressively slower across the fullerene series, while those of Si-PCPDTBT are invariant. Electroluminescence measurements showed an unusual double peak in pristine PDTSiTTz, attributed to a low energy intragap charge transfer state, likely interchain in nature. Furthermore, while the pristine PDTSiTTz showed a broad, low-intensity density of states, the ICBA and ICTA blends presented a virtually identical DOS to Si-PCPDTBT and its blends. This has been attributed to a shift from a delocalized, interchain highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the pristine material to a dithienosilole-centered HOMO in the blends, likely a result of the bulky fullerenes increasing interchain separation. This HOMO localization had a side effect of progressively shifting the polymer HOMO to shallower energies, which was correlated with the observed decrease in bimolecular recombination rate and increased "trap" depth. However, since the density of tail states remained the same, this suggests that the traditional viewpoint of "trapping" being dominated by tail states may not encompass the full picture and that the breadth of the DOS may also have a strong influence on bimolecular recombination.
Multijunction solar cells can overcome the fundamental efficiency limits of single-junction devices. The bandgap tunability of metal halide perovskite solar cells renders them attractive for multijunction architectures(1). Combinations with silicon and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as all-perovskite tandem cells, have been reported(2-5). Meanwhile, narrow-gap non-fullerene acceptors have unlocked skyrocketing efficiencies for organic solar cells(6,7). Organic and perovskite semiconductors are an attractive combination, sharing similar processing technologies. Currently, perovskite-organic tandems show subpar efficiencies and are limited by the low open-circuit voltage (V-oc) of wide-gap perovskite cells(8) and losses introduced by the interconnect between the subcells(9,10). Here we demonstrate perovskite-organic tandem cells with an efficiency of 24.0 per cent (certified 23.1 per cent) and a high V-oc of 2.15 volts. Optimized charge extraction layers afford perovskite subcells with an outstanding combination of high V-oc and fill factor. The organic subcells provide a high external quantum efficiency in the near-infrared and, in contrast to paradigmatic concerns about limited photostability of non-fullerene cells(11), show an outstanding operational stability if excitons are predominantly generated on the non-fullerene acceptor, which is the case in our tandems. The subcells are connected by an ultrathin (approximately 1.5 nanometres) metal-like indium oxide layer with unprecedented low optical/electrical losses. This work sets a milestone for perovskite-organic tandems, which outperform the best p-i-n perovskite single junctions(12) and are on a par with perovskite-CIGS and all-perovskite multijunctions(13).
When two initially thermal many-body systems start to interact strongly, their transient states quickly become non-Gibbsian, even if the systems eventually equilibrate. To see beyond this apparent lack of structure during the transient regime, we use a refined notion of thermality, which we call g-local. A system is g-locally thermal if the states of all its small subsystems are marginals of global thermal states. We numerically demonstrate for two harmonic lattices that whenever the total system equilibrates in the long run, each lattice remains g-locally thermal at all times, including the transient regime. This is true even when the lattices have long-range interactions within them. In all cases, we find that the equilibrium is described by the generalized Gibbs ensemble, with three-dimensional lattices requiring special treatment due to their extended set of conserved charges. We compare our findings with the well-known two-temperature model. While its standard form is not valid beyond weak coupling, we show that at strong coupling it can be partially salvaged by adopting the concept of a g-local temperature.
Core-collapse supernova remnants are structures of the interstellar medium (ISM) left behind the explosive death of most massive stars ( ?40 M-?). Since they result in the expansion of the supernova shock wave into the gaseous environment shaped by the star's wind history, their morphology constitutes an insight into the past evolution of their progenitor star. Particularly, fast-mo ving massiv e stars can produce asymmetric core-collapse superno va remnants. We inv estigate the mixing of materials in core-collapse supernova remnants generated by a moving massive 35 M-? star, in a magnetized ISM. Stellar rotation and the wind magnetic field are time-dependently included into the models which follow the entire evolution of the stellar surroundings from the zero-age main-sequence to 80 kyr after the supernova explosion. It is found that very little main-sequence material is present in remnants from moving stars, that the Wolf-Rayet wind mixes very efficiently within the 10 kyr after the explosion, while the red supergiant material is still unmixed by 30 per cent within 50 kyr after the supernova. Our results indicate that the faster the stellar motion, the more complex the internal organization of the supernova remnant and the more ef fecti ve the mixing of ejecta therein. In contrast, the mixing of stellar wind material is only weakly affected by progenitor motion, if at all.
Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high-performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free-charge generation and photoluminescence in wnon-fullereneacceptor (NFA)-based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and the NFA Y5-a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artifacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady-state photoluminescence intensity and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low-offset system is entirely controlled by the field-dependent dissociation of local excitons into charge-transfer states. (c) 2023 Author(s).
Modern stationary X-ray spectroscopy is unable to resolve rotational structure.
In the present paper, we propose to use time-resolved two color X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy with picosecond resolution for real-time monitoring of the rotational dynamics induced by the recoil effect.
The proposed technique consists of two steps.
The first short pump X-ray pulse ionizes the valence electron, which transfers angular momentum to the molecule.
The second time-delayed short probe X-ray pulse resonantly excites a 1s electron to the created valence hole.
Due to the recoil-induced angular momentum the molecule rotates and changes the orientation of transition dipole moment of core-excitation with respect to the transition dipole moment of the valence ionization, which results in a temporal modulation of the probe X-ray absorption as a function of the delay time between the pulses.
We developed an accurate theory of the X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy of the recoil-induced rotation and study how the energy of the photoelectron and thermal dephasing affect the structure of the time-dependent X-ray absorption using the CO molecule as a case-study.
We also discuss the feasibility of experimental observation of our theoretical findings, opening new perspectives in studies of molecular rotational dynamics.
We characterize finite-time thermodynamic processes of multidimensional quadratic overdamped systems.
Analytic expressions are provided for heat, work, and dissipation for any evolution of the system covariance matrix.
The Bures-Wasserstein metric between covariance matrices naturally emerges as the local quantifier of dissipation.
General principles of how to apply these geometric tools to identify optimal protocols are discussed.
Focusing on the relevant slow-driving limit, we show how these results can be used to analyze cases in which the experimental control over the system is partial.
A magnetic field modifies optical properties and provides valley splitting in a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer.
Here we demonstrate a scalable approach to the epitaxial synthesis of MoS2 monolayer on a magnetic graphene/Co system.
Using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy we observe a magnetic proximity effect that causes a 20 meV spin-splitting at the (Gamma) over bar point and canting of spins at the (K) over bar point in the valence band toward the in-plane direction of cobalt magnetization.
Our density functional theory calculations reveal that the in-plane spin component at (K) over bar is localized on Co atoms in the valence band, while in the conduction band it is localized on the MoS2 layer.
The calculations also predict a 16 meV spin-splitting at the (Gamma) over bar point and 8 meV (K) over bar-(K) over bar' valley asymmetry for an out-of-plane magnetization. These findings suggest control over optical transitions in MoS2 via Co magnetization. Our estimations show that the magnetic proximity effect is equivalent to the action of the magnetic field as large as 100 T.
Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) has been used to examine the electron correlation and itinerance effects in transition metals Cu, Ni and Co.
It is shown that the LVV Auger, in coincidence with 2p photoelectrons, spectra can be represented using atomic multiplet positions if the 3d-shell is localized (atomic-like) and with a self-convoluted valence band for band-like (itinerant) materials as explained using the Cini-Sawatzky model.
For transition metals, the 3d band changes from band-like to localized with increasing atomic number, with the possibility of a mixed behavior.
Our result shows that the LVV spectra of Cu can be represented by atomic multiplet calculations, those of Co resemble the self-convolution of the valence band and those of Ni are a mixture of both, consistent with the Cini-Sawatzky model.
Diffusion with stochastic resetting is a paradigm of resetting processes. Standard renewal or master equation approach are typically used to study steady state and other transport properties such as average, mean squared displacement etc.
What remains less explored is the two time point correlation functions whose evaluation is often daunting since it requires the implementation of the exact time dependent probability density functions of the resetting processes which are unknown for most of the problems.
We adopt a different approach that allows us to write a stochastic solution for a single trajectory undergoing resetting.
Moments and the autocorrelation functions between any two times along the trajectory can then be computed directly using the laws of total expectation. Estimation of autocorrelation functions turns out to be pivotal for investigating the ergodic properties of various observables for this canonical model.
In particular, we investigate two observables (i) sample mean which is widely used in economics and (ii) time-averaged-mean-squared-displacement (TAMSD) which is of acute interest in physics.
We find that both diffusion and drift-diffusion processes with resetting are ergodic at the mean level unlike their reset-free counterparts. In contrast, resetting renders ergodicity breaking in the TAMSD while both the stochastic processes are ergodic when resetting is absent. We quantify these behaviors with detailed analytical study and corroborate with extensive numerical simulations.
Our results can be verified in experimental set-ups that can track single particle trajectories and thus have strong implications in understanding the physics of resetting.
With the increasing sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors, we expect to observe multiple binary neutron-star systems through gravitational waves in the near future. The combined analysis of these gravitational-wave signals offers the possibility to constrain the neutron-star radius and the equation of state of dense nuclear matter with unprecedented accuracy. However, it is crucial to ensure that uncertainties inherent in the gravitational-wave models will not lead to systematic biases when information from multiple detections is combined. To quantify waveform systematics, we perform an extensive simulation campaign of binary neutron-star sources and analyze them with a set of four different waveform models. For our analysis with 38 simulations, we find that statistical uncertainties in the neutron-star radius decrease to 1250 m (2% at 90% credible interval) but that systematic differences between currently employed waveform models can be twice as large. Hence, it will be essential to ensure that systematic biases will not become dominant in inferences of the neutron-star equation of state when capitalizing on future developments.
Numerical studies of the dynamics of gravitational systems, e.g., black hole-neutron star systems, require physical and constraint-satisfying initial data. In this article, we present the newly developed pseudospectral code ELLIPTICA, an infrastructure for construction of initial data for various binary and single gravitational systems of all kinds. The elliptic equations under consideration are solved on a single spatial hypersurface of the spacetime manifold. Using coordinate maps, the hypersurface is covered by patches whose boundaries can adapt to the surface of the compact objects. To solve elliptic equations with arbitrary boundary condition, ELLIPTICA deploys a Schur complement domain decomposition method with a direct solver. In this version, we use cubed sphere coordinate maps and the fields are expanded using Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Here, we explain the building blocks of ELLIPTICA and the initial data construction algorithm for a black hole-neutron star binary system. We perform convergence tests and evolve the data to validate our results. Within our framework, the neutron star can reach spin values close to breakup with arbitrary direction, while the black hole can have arbitrary spin with dimensionless spin magnitude ∼0.8.
We perform numerical studies of a thermally driven, overdamped particle in a random quenched force field, known as the Sinai model. We compare the unbounded motion on an infinite 1-dimensional domain to the motion in bounded domains with reflecting boundaries and show that the unbounded motion is at every time close to the equilibrium state of a finite system of growing size. This is due to time scale separation: inside wells of the random potential, there is relatively fast equilibration, while the motion across major potential barriers is ultraslow. Quantities studied by us are the time dependent mean squared displacement, the time dependent mean energy of an ensemble of particles, and the time dependent entropy of the probability distribution. Using a very fast numerical algorithm, we can explore times up top 10(17) steps and thereby also study finite-time crossover phenomena.
Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) as used in state-of-the-art organic solar cells feature highly crystalline layers that go along with low energetic disorder.
Here, the crucial role of energetic disorder in blends of the donor polymer PM6 with two Y-series NFAs, Y6, and N4 is studied.
By performing temperature-dependent charge transport and recombination studies, a consistent picture of the shape of the density of state distributions for free charges in the two blends is developed, allowing an analytical description of the dependence of the open-circuit voltage V-OC on temperature and illumination intensity.
Disorder is found to influence the value of the V-OC at room temperature, but also its progression with temperature. Here, the PM6:Y6 blend benefits substantially from its narrower state distributions.
The analysis also shows that the energy of the equilibrated free charge population is well below the energy of the NFA singlet excitons for both blends and possibly below the energy of the populated charge transfer manifold, indicating a down-hill driving force for free charge formation.
It is concluded that energetic disorder of charge-separated states has to be considered in the analysis of the photovoltaic properties, even for the more ordered PM6:Y6 blend.
The formation of large polarons has been proposed as reason for the high defect tolerance, low mobility, low charge carrier trapping, and low nonradiative recombination rates of lead halide perovskites. Recently, direct evidence for large-polaron formation has been reported from a 50% effective mass enhancement in angle-resolved photoemission of CsPbBr3 over theory for the orthorhombic structure. We present in-depth band dispersion measurements of CsPbBr3 and GW calculations, which lead to similar effective masses at the valence band maximum of 0.203 1 0.016 m0 in experiment and 0.226 m0 in orthorhombic theory. We argue that the effective mass can be explained solely on the basis of electron-electron correlation and largepolaron formation cannot be concluded from photoemission data.
Only a fast and global transformation towards decarbonization and sustainability can keep the Earth in a civilization-friendly state. As hotspots for (green) innovation and experimentation, cities could play an important role in this transition. They are also known to profit from each other's ideas, with policy and technology innovations spreading to other cities. In this way, cities can be conceptualized as nodes in a globe-spanning learning network. The dynamics of this process are important for society's response to climate change and other challenges, but remain poorly understood on a macroscopic level. In this contribution, we develop an approach to identify whether network-based complex contagion effects are a feature of sustainability policy adoption by cities, based on dose-response contagion and surrogate data models. We apply this methodology to an exemplary data set, comprising empirical data on the spreading of a public transport innovation (Bus Rapid Transit Systems) and a global inter-city connection network based on scheduled flight routes. Although our approach is not able to identify detailed mechanisms, our results point towards a contagious spreading process, and cannot be explained by either the network structure or the increase in global adoption rate alone. Further research on the role of a city's abstract "global neighborhood" regarding its policy and innovation decisions is thus both needed and promising, and may connect with research on social tipping processes. The methodology is generic, and can be used to compare the predictive power for innovation spreading of different kinds of inter-city network connections, e.g. via transport links, trade, or co-membership in political networks.
We investigate the effects of Markovian resetting events on continuous time random walks where the waiting times and the jump lengths are random variables distributed according to power-law probability density functions.
We prove the existence of a nonequilibrium stationary state and finite mean first arrival time.
However, the existence of an optimum reset rate is conditioned to a specific relationship between the exponents of both power-law tails.
We also investigate the search efficiency by finding the optimal random walk which minimizes the mean first arrival time in terms of the reset rate, the distance of the initial position to the target, and the characteristic transport exponents.
Leptonic nonthermal emission from supernova remnants evolving in the circumstellar magnetic field
(2022)
The very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission observed from a number of supernova remnants (SNRs) indicates particle acceleration to high energies at the shock of the remnants and a potentially significant contribution to Galactic cosmic rays. It is extremely difficult to determine whether protons (through hadronic interactions and subsequent pion decay) or electrons (through inverse Compton scattering on ambient photon fields) are responsible for this emission. For a successful diagnostic, a good understanding of the spatial and energy distribution of the underlying particle population is crucial. Most SNRs are created in core-collapse explosions and expand into the wind bubble of their progenitor stars. This circumstellar medium features a complex spatial distribution of gas and magnetic field which naturally strongly affects the resulting particle population. In this work, we conduct a detailed study of the spectro-spatial evolution of the electrons accelerated at the forward shock of core-collapse SNRs and their nonthermal radiation, using the RATPaC code that is designed for the time- and spatially dependent treatment of particle acceleration at SNR shocks. We focus on the impact of the spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field through the efficiency of diffusion and synchrotron cooling. It is demonstrated that the structure of the circumstellar magnetic field can leave strong signatures in the spectrum and morphology of the resulting nonthermal emission.
Ultrafast X-ray diffraction is used to quantify the transport of energy in laser-excited nanoscale gold-nickel (Au-Ni) bilayers.
Electron transport and efficient electron-phonon coupling in Ni convert the laser-deposited energy in the conduction electrons within a few picoseconds into a strong non-equilibrium between hot Ni and cold Au phonons at the bilayer interface.
Modeling of the subsequent equilibration dynamics within various two-temperature models confirms that for ultrathin Au films, the thermal transport is dominated by phonons instead of conduction electrons because of the weak electron-phonon coupling in Au.
Magnetic reconnection is a multi-faceted process of energy conversion in astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas that operates at microscopic scales but has macroscopic drivers and consequences.
Solar flares present a key laboratory for its study, leaving imprints of the microscopic physics in radiation spectra and allowing the macroscopic evolution to be imaged, yet a full observational characterization remains elusive.
Here we combine high resolution imaging and spectral observations of a confined solar flare at multiple wavelengths with data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic modeling to study the dynamics of the flare plasma from the current sheet to the plasmoid scale. The analysis suggests that the flare resulted from the interaction of a twisted magnetic flux rope surrounding a filament with nearby magnetic loops whose feet are anchored in chromospheric fibrils. Bright cusp-shaped structures represent the region around a reconnecting separator or quasi-separator (hyperbolic flux tube).
The fast reconnection, which is relevant for other astrophysical environments, revealed plasmoids in the current sheet and separatrices and associated unresolved turbulent motions.
Solar flares provide wide range of observational details about fundamental processes involved. Here, the authors show evidence for magnetic reconnection in a strong confined solar flare displaying all four reconnection flows with plasmoids in the current sheet and the separatrices.
In the last years, electron density profile functions characterized by a linear dependence on the scale height showed good results when approximating the topside ionosphere. The performance above 800 km, however, is not yet well investigated.
This study investigates the capability of the semi-Epstein functions to represent electron density profiles from the peak height up to 20,000 km. Electron density observations recorded by the Van Allen Probes were used to resolve the scale height dependence in the plasmasphere.
It was found that the linear dependence of the scale height in the topside ionosphere cannot be directly used to extrapolate profiles above 800 km.
We find that the dependence of scale heights on altitude is quadratic in the plasmasphere. A statistical model of the scale heights is therefore proposed. After combining the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere by a unified model, we have obtained good estimations not only in the profile shapes, but also in the Total Electron Content magnitude and distributions when compared to actual measurements from 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017.
Our investigation shows that Van Allen Probes can be merged to radio-occultation data to properly represent the upper ionosphere and plasmasphere by means of a semi-Epstein function.
Plasmon-driven dehalogenation of brominated purines has been recently explored as a model system to understand fundamental aspects of plasmon-assisted chemical reactions. Here, it is shown that divalent Ca2+ ions strongly bridge the adsorption of bromoadenine (Br-Ade) to Ag surfaces.
Such ion-mediated binding increases the molecule's adsorption energy leading to an overlap of the metal energy states and the molecular states, enabling the chemical interface damping (CID) of the plasmon modes of the Ag nanostructures (i.e., direct electron transfer from the metal to Br-Ade).
Consequently, the conversion of Br-Ade to adenine almost doubles following the addition of Ca2+.
These experimental results, supported by theoretical calculations of the local density of states of the Ag/Br-Ade complex, indicate a change of the charge transfer pathway driving the dehalogenation reaction, from Landau damping (in the lack of Ca2+ ions) to CID (after the addition of Ca2+).
The results show that the surface dynamics of chemical species (including water molecules) play an essential role in charge transfer at plasmonic interfaces and cannot be ignored. It is envisioned that these results will help in designing more efficient nanoreactors, harnessing the full potential of plasmon-assisted chemistry.
A large Rashba effect is essential for future applications in spintronics. Particularly attractive is understanding and controlling nonequilibrium properties of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors. Here, time- and angle-resolved photoemission is utilized to access the ultrafast dynamics of bulk and surface transient Rashba states after femtosecond optical excitation of GeTe. A complex thermalization pathway is observed, wherein three different timescales can be clearly distinguished: intraband thermalization, interband equilibration, and electronic cooling. These dynamics exhibit an unconventional temperature dependence: while the cooling phase speeds up with increasing sample temperature, the opposite happens for interband thermalization. It is demonstrated how, due to the Rashba effect, an interdependence of these timescales on the relative strength of both electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions is responsible for the counterintuitive temperature dependence, with spin-selection constrained interband electron-electron scatterings found both to dominate dynamics away from the Fermi level, and to weaken with increasing temperature. These findings are supported by theoretical calculations within the Boltzmann approach explicitly showing the opposite behavior of all relevant electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering channels with temperature, thus confirming the microscopic mechanism of the experimental findings. The present results are important for future applications of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors and their excitations in ultrafast spintronics.
Using over-5-year EMFISIS wave measurements from Van Allen Probes, we present a detailed survey to identify the controlling factors among the geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters for the 1-min root mean square amplitudes of lower band chorus (LBC) and upper band chorus (UBC).
A set of important features are automatically determined by feature selection techniques, namely, Random Forest and Maximum Relevancy Minimum Redundancy. Our analysis results indicate the AE index with zero-time-delay dominates the intensity evolution of LBC and UBC, consistent with the evidence that chorus waves prefer to occur and amplify during enhanced substorm periods. Regarding solar wind parameters, solar wind speed and IMF B-z are identified as the controlling factors for chorus wave intensity. Using the combination of all these important features, a predictive neural network model of chorus wave intensity is established to reconstruct the temporal variations of chorus wave intensity, for which application of Random Forest produces the overall best performance.
Plain Language Summary
Whistler mode chorus waves are electromagnetic waves observed in the low-density region near the geomagnetic equator outside the plasmapause. The dynamics of Earth's radiation belts are largely influenced by chorus waves owing to their dual contributions to both radiation belt electron acceleration and loss. In this study, we use feature selection techniques to identify the controlling geomagnetic and solar wind factors for magnetospheric chorus waves. Feature selection techniques implement the processes which can select the features most influential to the output.
In this study, the inputs are geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters and the output is the chorus wave intensity. The results indicate that AE index with zerotime delay dominates the chorus wave intensity. Furthermore, solar wind speed and IMF B-z are identified as the most important solar wind drivers for chorus wave intensity.
On basis of the combination of all these important geomagnetic and solar wind controlling factors, we develop a neural network model of chorus wave intensity, and find that the model with the inputs identified using the Random Forest method produces the overall best performance.
The determination of the spin state of iron-bearing compounds at high pressure and temperature is crucial for our understanding of chemical and physical properties of the deep Earth. Studies on the relationship between the coordination of iron and its electronic spin structure in iron-bearing oxides, silicates, carbonates, iron alloys, and other minerals found in the Earth's mantle and core are scarce because of the technical challenges to simultaneously probe the sample at high pressures and temperatures. We used the unique properties of a pulsed and highly brilliant x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) beam at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European XFEL to x-ray heat and probe samples contained in a diamond anvil cell. We heated and probed with the same x-ray pulse train and simultaneously measured x-ray emission and x-ray diffraction of an FeCO3 sample at a pressure of 51 GPa with up to melting temperatures. We collected spin state sensitive Fe K beta(1,3) fluorescence spectra and detected the sample's structural changes via diffraction, observing the inverse volume collapse across the spin transition. During x-ray heating, the carbonate transforms into orthorhombic Fe4C3O12 and iron oxides. Incipient melting was also observed. This approach to collect information about the electronic state and structural changes from samples contained in a diamond anvil cell at melting temperatures and above will considerably improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of planetary and exoplanetary interiors.
We present a study of the control of electric field induced strain on the magnetic and electrical transport properties in a magnetoelastically coupled artificial multiferroic Fe3O4/BaTiO3 heterostructure.
In this Fe3O4/BaTiO3 heterostructure, the Fe3O4 thin film is epitaxially grown in the form of bilateral domains, analogous to a-c stripe domains of the underlying BaTiO3(001) substrate.
By in situ electric field dependent magnetization measurements, we demonstrate the extrinsic control of the magnetic anisotropy and the characteristic Verwey metal-insulator transition of the epitaxial Fe3O4 thin film in a wide temperature range between 20-300 K, via strain mediated converse magnetoelectric coupling.
In addition, we observe strain induced modulations in the magnetic and electrical transport properties of the Fe3O4 thin film across the thermally driven intrinsic ferroelectric and structural phase transitions of the BaTiO3 substrate.
In situ electric field dependent Raman measurements reveal that the electric field does not significantly modify the antiphase boundary defects in the Fe3O4 thin film once it is thermodynamically stable after deposition and that the modification of the magnetic properties is mainly caused by strain induced lattice distortions and magnetic anisotropy.
These results provide a framework to realize electrical control of the magnetization in a classical highly correlated transition metal oxide.
The time instant-the first-passage time (FPT)-when a diffusive particle (e.g., a ligand such as oxygen or a signalling protein) for the first time reaches an immobile target located on the surface of a bounded three-dimensional domain (e.g., a hemoglobin molecule or the cellular nucleus) is a decisive characteristic time-scale in diverse biophysical and biochemical processes, as well as in intermediate stages of various inter- and intra-cellular signal transduction pathways. Adam and Delbruck put forth the reduction-of-dimensionality concept, according to which a ligand first binds non-specifically to any point of the surface on which the target is placed and then diffuses along this surface until it locates the target. In this work, we analyse the efficiency of such a scenario and confront it with the efficiency of a direct search process, in which the target is approached directly from the bulk and not aided by surface diffusion. We consider two situations: (i) a single ligand is launched from a fixed or a random position and searches for the target, and (ii) the case of 'amplified' signals when N ligands start either from the same point or from random positions, and the search terminates when the fastest of them arrives to the target. For such settings, we go beyond the conventional analyses, which compare only the mean values of the corresponding FPTs. Instead, we calculate the full probability density function of FPTs for both scenarios and study its integral characteristic-the 'survival' probability of a target up to time t. On this basis, we examine how the efficiencies of both scenarios are controlled by a variety of parameters and single out realistic conditions in which the reduction-of-dimensionality scenario outperforms the direct search.
How related are the ergodic properties of the over- and underdamped Langevin equations driven by fractional Gaussian noise? We here find that for massive particles performing fractional Brownian motion (FBM) inertial effects not only destroy the stylized fact of the equivalence of the ensemble-averaged mean-squared displacement (MSD) to the time-averaged MSD (TAMSD) of overdamped or massless FBM, but also dramatically alter the values of the ergodicity-breaking parameter (EB). Our theoretical results for the behavior of EB for underdamped or massive FBM for varying particle mass m, Hurst exponent H, and trace length T are in excellent agreement with the findings of stochastic computer simulations. The current results can be of interest for the experimental community employing various single-particle-tracking techniques and aiming at assessing the degree of nonergodicity for the recorded time series (studying, e.g., the behavior of EB versus lag time). To infer FBM as a realizable model of anomalous diffusion for a set single-particle-tracking data when massive particles are being tracked, the EBs from the data should be compared to EBs of massive (rather than massless) FBM.
We employ Langevin-dynamics simulations to unveil non-Brownian and non-Gaussian center-of-mass self-diffusion of massive flexible dumbbell-shaped particles in crowded two-dimensional solutions. We study the intradumbbell dynamics of the relative motion of the two constituent elastically coupled disks. Our main focus is on effects of the crowding fraction phi and of the particle structure on the diffusion characteristics. We evaluate the time-averaged mean-squared displacement (TAMSD), the displacement probability-density function (PDF), and the displacement autocorrelation function (ACF) of the dimers. For the TAMSD at highly crowded conditions of dumbbells, e.g., we observe a transition from the short-time ballistic behavior, via an intermediate subdiffusive regime, to long-time Brownian-like spreading dynamics. The crowded system of dimers exhibits two distinct diffusion regimes distinguished by the scaling exponent of the TAMSD, the dependence of the diffusivity on phi, and the features of the displacement-ACF. We attribute these regimes to a crowding-induced transition from viscous to viscoelastic diffusion upon growing phi. We also analyze the relative motion in the dimers, finding that larger phi suppress their vibrations and yield strongly non-Gaussian PDFs of rotational displacements. For the diffusion coefficients D(phi) of translational and rotational motion of the dumbbells an exponential decay with phi for weak and a power-law variation D(phi) proportional to (phi - phi(star))(2.4) for strong crowding is found. A comparison of simulation results with theoretical predictions for D(phi) is discussed and some relevant experimental systems are overviewed.
We consider the spatiotemporal states of an ensemble of nonlocally coupled nonidentical phase oscillators, which correspond to different regimes of the long-term evolution of such a system. We have obtained homogeneous, twisted, and nonhomogeneous stationary solutions to the Ott-Antonsen equations corresponding to key variants of the realized collective rotational motion of elements of the medium in question with nonzero mesoscopic characteristics determining the degree of coherence of the dynamics of neighboring particles. We have described the procedures of the search for the class of nonhomogeneous solutions as stationary points of the auxiliary point map and of determining the stability based on analysis of the eigenvalue spectrum of the composite operator. Static and breather cluster regimes have been demonstrated and described, as well as the regimes with an irregular behavior of averaged complex fields including, in particular, the local order parameter.
The field of movement ecology has seen a rapid increase in high-resolution data in recent years, leading to the development of numerous statistical and numerical methods to analyse relocation trajectories. Data are often collected at the level of the individual and for long periods that may encompass a range of behaviours.
Here, we use the power spectral density (PSD) to characterise the random movement patterns of a black-winged kite (Elanus caeruleus) and a white stork (Ciconia ciconia). The tracks are first segmented and clustered into different behaviours (movement modes), and for each mode we measure the PSD and the ageing properties of the process.
For the foraging kite we find 1/f noise, previously reported in ecological systems mainly in the context of population dynamics, but not for movement data. We further suggest plausible models for each of the behavioural modes by comparing both the measured PSD exponents and the distribution of the single-trajectory PSD to known theoretical results and simulations.
Lennard-Jones mixtures represent one of the popular systems for the study of glass-forming liquids.
Spatio/temporal heterogeneity and rare (activated) events are at the heart of the slow dynamics typical of these systems. Such slow dynamics is characterised by the development of a plateau in the mean-squared displacement (MSD) at intermediate times, accompanied by a non-Gaussianity in the displacement distribution identified by exponential tails.
As pointed out by some recent works, the non-Gaussianity persists at times beyond the MSD plateau, leading to a Brownian yet non-Gaussian regime and thus highlighting once again the relevance of rare events in such systems.
Single-particle motion of glass-forming liquids is usually interpreted as an alternation of rattling within the local cage and cage-escape motion and therefore can be described as a sequence of waiting times and jumps. In this work, by using a simple yet robust algorithm, we extract jumps and waiting times from single-particle trajectories obtained via molecular dynamics simulations.
We investigate the presence of correlations between waiting times and find negative correlations, which becomes more and more pronounced when lowering the temperature.
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have progressed rapidly in recent years through the development of novel organic photoactive materials, especially non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Consequently, OSCs based on state-of-the-art NFAs have reached significant milestones, such as similar to 19% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and small energy losses (less than 0.5 eV). Despite these significant advances, understanding of the interplay between molecular structure and optoelectronic properties lags significantly behind. For example, despite the theoretical framework for describing the energetic disorder being well developed for the case of inorganic semiconductors, the question of the applicability of classical semiconductor theories in analyzing organic semiconductors is still under debate. A general observation in the inorganic field is that inorganic photovoltaic materials possessing a polycrystalline microstructure exhibit suppressed disorder properties and better charge carrier transport compared to their amorphous analogs. Accordingly, this principle extends to the organic semiconductor field as many organic photovoltaic materials are synthesized to pursue polycrystalline-like features. Yet, there appears to be sporadic examples that exhibit an opposite trend. However, full studies decoupling energetic disorder from aggregation effects have largely been left out. Hence, the potential role of the energetic disorder in OSCs has received little attention. Interestingly, recently reported state-of-the-art NFA-based devices could achieve a small energetic disorder and high PCE at the same time; and interest in this investigation related to the disorder properties in OSCs was revived. In this contribution, progress in terms of the correlation between molecular design and energetic disorder is reviewed together with their effects on the optoelectronic mechanism and photovoltaic performance. Finally, the specific challenges and possible solutions in reducing the energetic disorder of OSCs from the viewpoint of materials and devices are proposed.
In organic solar cells, the resulting device efficiency depends strongly on the local morphology and intermolecular interactions of the blend film. Optical spectroscopy was used to identify the spectral signatures of interacting chromophores in blend films of the donor polymer PM6 with two state-of-the-art nonfullerene acceptors, Y6 and N4, which differ merely in the branching point of the side chain. From temperature-dependent absorption and luminescence spectroscopy in solution, it is inferred that both acceptor materials form two types of aggregates that differ in their interaction energy. Y6 forms an aggregate with a predominant J-type character in solution, while for N4 molecules the interaction is predominantly in a H-like manner in solution and freshly spin-cast film, yet the molecules reorient with respect to each other with time or thermal annealing to adopt a more J-type interaction. The different aggregation behavior of the acceptor materials is also reflected in the blend films and accounts for the different solar cell efficiencies reported with the two blends.
We investigate a class of diffusion-controlled reactions that are initiated at the time instance when a prescribed number K among N particles independently diffusing in a solvent are simultaneously bound to a target region.
In the irreversible target-binding setting, the particles that bind to the target stay there forever, and the reaction time is the Kth fastest first-passage time to the target, whose distribution is well-known. In turn, reversible binding, which is common for most applications, renders theoretical analysis much more challenging and drastically changes the distribution of reaction times.
We develop a renewal-based approach to derive an approximate solution for the probability density of the reaction time.
This approximation turns out to be remarkably accurate for a broad range of parameters.
We also analyze the dependence of the mean reaction time or, equivalently, the inverse reaction rate, on the main parameters such as K, N, and binding/unbinding constants. Some biophysical applications and further perspectives are briefly discussed.
We consider an array of nonlocally coupled oscillators on a ring, which for equally spaced units possesses a Kuramoto-Battogtokh chimera regime and a synchronous state. We demonstrate that disorder in oscillators positions leads to a transition from the synchronous to the chimera state. For a static (quenched) disorder we find that the probability of synchrony survival depends on the number of particles, from nearly zero at small populations to one in the thermodynamic limit. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the synchrony gets destroyed for randomly (ballistically or diffusively) moving oscillators. We show that, depending on the number of oscillators, there are different scalings of the transition time with this number and the velocity of the units.