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The existence of the Soviet Union was a remarkable anomalie in the history of the 20th century, which was also characterized by the collapse of multinational and colonial empires. Starting with the structural definitions of empires, the author describes the particularities of the Soviet empire. He analyzes the order, ideology and culture of the Soviet Empire. Looking for the reasons of its collapse, he presents a genesis of the longterm and short-term reasons. He is focusing on the breakdown of the post-totalitarian Leviathan, the cultural decline, the renaissance of nationalism and of the imperial overstretching. Finally he asseses the role of the policy of Perestroika in the breakdown of the Soviet Empire in the beginning of the 1990s.
Borders are a main characteristic of political entities. The separation from and the interactions with the outside environment are realised simultaenously. This is now heavily questioned in the European Union as „the first post-modern political entity“ (Ruggie). Within the EU we have observed a process of „de-bordering“ and growing transborder cooperation. Simultaneously, the question of the external border of the EU is raised as a political and mental issue. Deepening of the present EU leads to the fostering of the external borders - this is the lesson of the last 10 years. This can be also observed at the EU’s Eastern border - after the „first Eastern enlargement“ in the context of German reunification in 1990 - to the Oder/Neisse. The article discusses the historic developments and specific challenges of this border line and argues for cooperative external borders of the EU.
Die Politikfeldanalyse der belgischen Frauenförderpolitik für die Privatwirtschaft wird anhand eines Analyserasters für Gleichstellungspolitik durchgeführt. Nach einer Einführung in das politische System Belgiens und die gesellschaftspolitischen Bedingungen für Gleichstellungspolitik wird die staatliche Initivative für Gleichstellung in der Privatwirtschaft dargestellt. Die Analyse der Policy bezieht die relevanten politischen, verwaltungstechnischen und gesellschaftlichen Faktoren ein und nutzt Analyseinstrumente der Verwaltungswissenschaft und der feministischen Politikwissenschaft.
Mit den immensen Aufgaben und Problematiken der Transformation konfrontiert, wechselten die Mehrparteien-Regierungen in Estland vergleichsweise häufig. Im Jahr 2002 war die insgesamt achte Regierung seit 1992 im Amt. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Regierungsstabilität am Beispiel von Estlands bis dato sieben Regierungen erscheint daher angebracht, da das Land trotz der häufigen Regierungswechsel im osteuropäischen Vergleich als erfolgreichstes Transformationsland angesehen wird. Kann Regierungsstabilität auch dann vorliegen, wenn die Regierungen selbst sehr häufig wechseln? Dies ist die eigentliche Fragestellung der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich Regierungsstabilität aus mehreren Variablen zusammensetzt, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Angaben über die durchschnittliche Verweildauer einer Regierung im Amt besitzen wenig Aussagekraft, vielmehr müssen die eigentlichen Hintergründe für einen Wechsel beleuchtet werden.
The question of use or non-use of nuclear weapons has suddenly got new prominence as part of the search for an effective strategy against international terrorism. This dispute is not new. Within the deterrence strategy, American and NATO nuclear weapons policy over the years shifted from massive retaliation over flexible response towards nuclearweapons only as a last resort. In the multilateral framework, deliberations have focussed on positive and negative assurances for non-nuclear weapons states. The International Court of Justice, in its Advisory Opinion, considers the use of nuclear weapons as generally contrary to the rules of international law. Today, there are strong indications that the U.S. is moving towards giving nuclear weapons a war-fighting role. For future wars, the likelihood of nuclear weapons being used would grow considerably.
This book is about inventing successes and good practices of governments that are "closer to the people". Numerous examples throughout Latin America indicate-often despite macroeconomic instability, high inflation, and strong top-down regulation-that subnational actors have repeatedly achieved what their central counterparts preached: sound policymaking, better administration, better services, more participation, and sustained economic development. But what makes some governments change course and move toward innovation? What triggers experimentation and, eventually, turns ordinary practice into good practice? The book answers some of these questions. It goes beyond a mere documentation of good and best practice, which is increasingly provided through international networks and Internet sites. Instead, it seeks a better understanding of the origins and fates of such successes at the micro level. The case studies and analytical chapters seek to explain: How good practice is born at the local level; Where innovative ideas come from; How such ideas are introduced in a new context, successfully implemented, and propagated locally and beyond; What donors can do to effectively assist processes of self-induced and bottom-up change.
Landwirtschaftsverwaltung in Polen : verzögerte Reformen in einem instabilen politischen Umfeld
(2004)
Die Studie befasst sich mit der Entwicklung der Landwirtschaftsverwaltung in Polen im Zeitraum 1989/90 bis 2003. Die Darstellung konzentriert sich auf Veränderungen von Organisationsstrukturen und Personal in der polnischen Landwirtschaftsverwaltung im Prozess der Transformation und der europäischen Integration.