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It is commonly known that irresponsible alcohol use can have adverse effects. For some people, it results in health problems, for others in productivity loss, and some experience the worst possible outcome of alcohol misuse - death. This paper estimates the effect of reduced alcohol sales hours on alcohol-attributable mortality (AAM) in Estonia. Using novel mortality data from 1997 to 2015, this paper analyzes the effect of alcohol sales policies at both the county level and the country level. By applying the difference-in-differences method and the ARIMA model, this paper finds that the alcohol sales policy reduced AAM to between 1.710 and 2.401 deaths per 100,000 per month, which equals a reduction of 31% to 40% in AAM deaths. These findings suggest that individuals who are the most at risk of dying from alcohol-attributable causes of death benefit remarkably from reduced alcohol availability.
Media artists have been struggling for financial survival ever since media art came into being. The non-material value of the artwork, a provocative attitude towards the traditional arts world and originally anti-capitalist mindset of the movement makes it particularly difficult to provide a constructive solution. However, a cultural entrepreneurial approach can be used to build a framework in order to find a balance between culture and business while ensuring that the cultural mission remains the top priority.
Beyond good faith
(2021)
The ambitious climate targets set by industrialized nations worldwide cannot be met without decarbonizing the building stock. Using Germany as a case study, this paper takes stock of the extensive set of energy efficiency policies that are already in place and clarifies that they have been designed “in good faith” but lack in overall effectiveness as well as cost-efficiency in achieving these climate targets. We map out the market failures and behavioural considerations that are potential reasons for why realized energy savings fall below expectations and why the household adoption of energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies has remained low. We highlight the pressing need for data and modern empirical research to develop targeted and cost-effective policies seeking to correct these market failures. To this end, we identify some key research questions and identify gaps in the data required for evidence-based policy.
The Collatz conjecture is a number theoretical problem, which has puzzled countless researchers using myriad approaches. Presently, there are scarcely any methodologies to describe and treat the problem from the perspective of the Algebraic Theory of Automata. Such an approach is promising with respect to facilitating the comprehension of the Collatz sequence’s "mechanics". The systematic technique of a state machine is both simpler and can fully be described by the use of algebraic means.
The current gap in research forms the motivation behind the present contribution. The present authors are convinced that exploring the Collatz conjecture in an algebraic manner, relying on findings and fundamentals of Graph Theory and Automata Theory, will simplify the problem as a whole.
The Collatz conjecture is a number theoretical problem, which has puzzled countless researchers using myriad approaches. Presently, there are scarcely any methodologies to describe and treat the problem from the perspective of the Algebraic Theory of Automata. Such an approach is promising with respect to facilitating the comprehension of the Collatz sequences "mechanics". The systematic technique of a state machine is both simpler and can fully be described by the use of algebraic means.
The current gap in research forms the motivation behind the present contribution. The present authors are convinced that exploring the Collatz conjecture in an algebraic manner, relying on findings and fundamentals of Graph Theory and Automata Theory, will simplify the problem as a whole.
It is well known that the inverted Collatz sequence can be represented as a graph or a tree. Similarly, it is acknowledged that in order to prove the Collatz conjecture, one must demonstrate that this tree covers all (odd) natural numbers. A structured reachability analysis is hitherto not available. This paper investigates the problem from a graph theory perspective. We define a tree that consists of nodes labeled with Collatz sequence numbers. This tree will be transformed into a sub-tree that only contains odd labeled nodes. The analysis of this tree will provide new insights into the structure of Collatz sequences. The findings are of special interest to possible cycles within a sequence. Next, we describe the conditions which must be fulfilled by a cycle. Finally, we demonstrate how these conditions could be used to prove that the only possible cycle within a Collatz sequence is the trivial cycle, starting with the number 1, as conjectured by Lothar Collatz.
It is well known that the inverted Collatz sequence can be represented as a graph or a tree. Similarly, it is acknowledged that in order to prove the Collatz conjecture, one must demonstrate that this tree covers all odd natural numbers. A structured reachability analysis is hitherto not available. This paper investigates the problem from a graph theory perspective. We define a tree that consists of nodes labeled with Collatz sequence numbers. This tree will be transformed into a sub-tree that only contains odd labeled nodes. The analysis of this tree will provide new insights into the structure of Collatz sequences. The findings are of special interest to possible cycles within a sequence. Next, we describe the conditions which must be fulfilled by a cycle. Finally, we demonstrate how these conditions could be used to prove that the only possible cycle within a Collatz sequence is the trivial cycle, starting with the number one, as conjectured by Lothar Collatz.
It is well known that the inverted Collatz sequence can be represented as a graph or a tree. Similarly, it is acknowledged that in order to prove the Collatz conjecture, one must demonstrate that this tree covers all odd natural numbers. A structured reachability analysis is hitherto unavailable. This paper investigates the problem from a graph theory perspective. We define a tree that consists of nodes labeled with Collatz sequence numbers. This tree will be transformed into a sub-tree that only contains odd labeled nodes. Furthermore, we derive and prove several formulas that can be used to traverse the graph. The analysis covers the Collatz problem both in it’s original form 3x + 1 as well as in the generalized variant kx + 1. Finally, we transform the Collatz graph into a binary tree, following the approach of Kleinnijenhuis, which could form the basis for a comprehensive proof of the conjecture.
Der Businessplan
(2015)
Nur langsam scheinen jene Schockwellen abzuebben, die ausgelöst durch die Ergebnisse der PISA-Erhebungen seit mehr als einem Jahrzehnt die Bildungsrepublik Deutschland durchqueren und weite Teile der Gesellschaft in den Zustand regelrechter Bildungspanik versetzten. An der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert belegte eine Reihe von Studien für das wiedervereinte Deutschland eine im OECD-Vergleich besonders ausgeprägte Abhängigkeit des Bildungserfolges von der sozialen Herkunft. Als eine Konsequenz ist der Zugang zu tertiärer Bildung bis dato deutlich durch soziale Ungleichheit gekennzeichnet. Vor diesem Hintergrund leistet die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur ursächlichen Erklärung von Mustern sozialer Selektivität, die an den Gelenkstellen zwischen sekundären und postsekundären Bildungsangeboten sichtbar werden. Auf innovative Weise verbindet die Arbeit ein zeitgemäßes handlungstheoretisches Modell mit einer komplexen Lebensstilanalyse. Die Analyse stützt sich auf Erhebungsdaten, die zwischen Januar und April 2010 an mehr als 30 weiterführenden Schulen des Bundeslandes Brandenburg erhoben wurden. Im Mittelpunkt des Forschungsinteresses steht einerseits die Identifikation von sozial-kognitiven Determinanten, die das Niveau und die Richtung postsekundärer Bildungsaspirationen maßgeblich vorstrukturieren sowie andererseits deren Verortung im Kontext jugendlicher Lebensstile. Das komplexe Analysedesign erweist sich als empirisch fruchtbar: So erbringt die Arbeit den empirischen Nachweis, dass die spezifischen Konfigurationen der bestätigten psychosozialen Prädiktoren nicht nur statistisch bedeutsam zwischen jugendlichen Stilmustern variieren, sondern sich diesbezüglich erfolgreiche von weniger erfolgreichen Typen unterscheiden lassen.